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Third generation TSH assay is the current requirement for modern standards of care. At present, TSH testing in the United States is typically carried out with automated platforms using advanced forms of immunometric assay. Nonetheless, there is currently no international standard for measurement of thyroid-stimulating ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
David Eusthatios Manolopoulos (born 14 December 1961) is a Professor of Theoretical Chemistry at University of Oxford. His research focuses on the computational modeling of the dynamics of elementary chemical reactions in the gas phase and quantum mechanical effects in chemical dynamics. His research highlights include... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main difference is in the reversal of these two types of neuromuscular-blocking drugs.
* Non-depolarizing blockers are reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drugs since non-depolarizing blockers are competitive antagonists at the ACh receptor so can be reversed by increases in ACh.
* The depolarizing blockers... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron with an alloying element. In plain-carbon steel, austenite exists above the critical eutectoid temperature of 1000 K (727 °C); other alloys of steel have different eutectoid temperatures. The aust... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conventional mirrors reverse the handedness of circularly polarized waves upon reflection. In contrast, a chiral mirror reflects circularly polarized waves of one handedness without handedness change, while absorbing circularly polarized waves of the opposite handedness. A perfect chiral mirror exhibits circular conver... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From a thermodynamics point of view, at the melting point the change in Gibbs free energy ∆G of the substances is zero, but there are non-zero changes in the enthalpy (H) and the entropy (S), known respectively as the enthalpy of fusion (or latent heat of fusion) and the entropy of fusion. Melting is therefore classifi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radical reactions must be carried out under inert atmosphere as dioxygen is a triplet radical which will intercept radical intermediates. Because the relative rates of a number of processes are important to the reaction, concentrations must be carefully adjusted to optimize reaction conditions. Reactions are generally ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acid catalysis can be applied to hydrolyses. For example, in the conversion of cellulose or starch to glucose. For the case of ester hydrolysis and amides, it can be defined as an acid catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. Carboxylic acids can be produced from acid hydrolysis of esters.
Acids catalyze hydr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MECP2 duplication syndrome (M2DS) is a rare disease that is characterized by severe intellectual disability and impaired motor function. It is an X-linked genetic disorder caused by the overexpression of MeCP2 protein. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The body is the main pressure containing structure of the valve and the most easily identified as it forms the mass of the valve. It contains all of the valve's internal parts that will come in contact with the substance being controlled by the valve. The bonnet is connected to the body and provides the containment of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some basic conventions, such as (1) that animal/human homolog (ortholog) pairs differ in letter case (title case and all caps, respectively) and (2) that the symbol is italicized when referring to the gene but nonitalic when referring to the protein, are often not followed by contributors to medical journals. Many jour... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calciothermic reactions are metallothermic reduction reactions (more generally, thermic chemical reactions) which use calcium metal as the reducing agent at high temperature.
Calcium is one of the most potent reducing agents available, usually drawn as the strongest oxidic reductant in Ellingham diagrams, though the la... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the sequencing of the genomes of a diverse array or model organisms, it became clear that the number of genes does not correlate with the human perception of relative organism complexity – the human proteome contains some 20 000 genes, which is smaller than some species such as corn. A statistical approach to calc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to many chemical engineering professors, the first edition is much better than the second edition. There are many reasons in this regard; The second edition has been revised many times despite the fact that there are still many defects and typographical errors in many parts of the book. On account of revision... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Harmonized standards for the accuracy and precision of laser diffraction measurements have been defined both by ISO, in standard ISO 13320:2020, and by the United States Pharmacopoeia, in chapter USP <429>. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pharmacophore model for TRPV1 antagonists consists of three essential features: a hydrogen-bond acceptor, a hydrogen-bond donor, and a ring feature. In addition, the TRPV1 antagonists have been superimposed in such a way that they could fit in the volume of the TRPV1 pore. When the homology model is considered, app... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a nitrene or imene () is the nitrogen analogue of a carbene. The nitrogen atom is uncharged and univalent, so it has only 6 electrons in its valence level—two covalent bonded and four non-bonded electrons. It is therefore considered an electrophile due to the unsatisfied octet. A nitrene is a reactive int... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MgCu can react with boron or its oxide to form magnesium borides. It can also react with magnesium hydride to produce orthorhombic MgCu, liberating hydrogen. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The connection between plant productivity and biodiversity is a significant topic in ecology, although it has been controversial for decades. Both productivity and species diversity are constricted by other variables such as climate, ecosystem type, and land use intensity. According to some research on the correlation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases. While the conjugate acid of an amine has a pK of about 9.5, the conjugate acid of an amide has a pK around −0.5. Therefore, compared to amines, amides do not have acid–base properties that are as noticeable in water. This relative lack of basicity is explained by the with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The advantage of OM over traditional mapping techniques is that it preserves the order of the DNA fragment, whereas the order needs to be reconstructed using restriction mapping. In addition, since maps are constructed directly from genomic DNA molecules, cloning or PCR artifacts are avoided. However, each OM process i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The structure of histatin is unique depending on whether the protein of interest is histatin 1, 3 or 5. Nonetheless, histatins mainly possess a cationic (positive) charge due to the primary structure consisting mostly of basic amino acids. An amino acid that is crucial to histatin's function is histidine. Studies show ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Generically: Rg + X + hν → RgX + X, where Rg is a rare gas and X is a halogen
* Ba...FCH + hν → BaF + CH
*K + CHI → KI + CH | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iron plantations were rural localities emergent in the late-18th century and predominant in the early-19th century that specialized in the production of pig iron and bar iron from crude iron ore.
Such plantations derive their name from two sources. First, because they were nearly self-sufficient communities despite ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arslantepe probably participated in the metal and ore trade between the areas north and south. To the north were the metal-rich areas of the Black Sea coast; ores and metals from there were traded to Upper Mesopotamia in the south. Already during the older Arslantepe VII period, metal objects could be found with a sign... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups. Typical non-ionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside. Common examples of the former include Tween, Triton, and the Brij series. These materials are also known as ethoxylates or PEGylates and their metabolites, nonylph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several journals publish papers related to chemistry education. Some journals focus on particular education levels (schools vs. universities) while others cover all education levels. Journal articles range from reports on classroom and laboratory practices to educational research.
* Australian Journal of Education in C... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clinical trials involving new drugs are commonly classified into five phases. Each phase of the drug approval process is treated as a separate clinical trial. The drug development process will normally proceed through phases I–IV over many years, frequently involving a decade or longer. If the drug successfully passes ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a thial or thioaldehyde is a functional group which is similar to an aldehyde, , in which a sulfur (S) atom replaces the oxygen (O) atom of the aldehyde (R represents an alkyl or aryl group). Thioaldehydes are even more reactive than thioketones. Unhindered thioaldehydes are generally too reactive... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During elongation, RNA polymerase slides down the double stranded DNA, unwinding it and transcribing (copying) its nucleotide sequence into newly synthesized RNA. The movement of the RNA-DNA complex is essential for the catalytic mechanism of RNA polymerase. Additionally, RNA polymerase increases the overall stability ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials, and often have a pleasant characteristic, fruity odor. This leads to their extensive use in the fra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Schoell was born in Germany, although the bulk of his career and adult life he has spent in the United States. Since retiring, Schoell resides in California. Aside from his research, Schoell has experience in winemaking. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If there are two spheres of radii and on the axis, and the spheres are distance apart, where is much smaller than and , then the force, , in the direction is
In this equation, , and is the normal force per unit area between two flat surfaces distance apart.
When the Derjaguin approximation is applied to deple... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
VIPA was proposed and named by Shirasaki in 1996. Prior to the publication in the paper, a preliminary presentation was given by Shirasaki at a conference. This presentation was reported in Laser Focus World. The details of this new approach to producing angular dispersion were described in the patent. Since then, in t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1999, the virulence genes associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis were identified through transposon mutagenesis-mediated gene knockout. A plasmid named pCG113 containing kanamycin resistance genes and the IS1096 insertion sequence was engineered to contain variable 80-base pair tags. The plasmids were then trans... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Patricia A. M. Huntington. [http://www.meteorman.org/Cape%20York.pdf Robert E Peary and the Cape York meteorites] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Optical bonding is the use of an optical-grade adhesive to glue a glass to the top surface of a display. The main goal of optical bonding is to improve the display performance under outdoor environments. This method eliminates the air gap between the cover glass and the display. Moreover, anti-reflective coating is of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism of partially competitive inhibition is similar to that of non-competitive, except that the EIS complex has catalytic activity, which may be lower or even higher (partially competitive activation) than that of the enzyme–substrate (ES) complex. This inhibition typically displays a lower V, but an unaffecte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic fluxes typically consist of four major components:
* Activators – chemicals disrupting/dissolving the metal oxides. Their role is to expose unoxidized, easily wettable metal surface and aid soldering by other means, e.g. by exchange reactions with the base metals.
** Highly active fluxes contain chemicals that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A separatory funnel, also known as a separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (partition) the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. Typically, one of the phases will be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Vlasov equation is a differential equation describing time evolution of the distribution function of plasma consisting of charged particles with long-range interaction, such as the Coulomb interaction. The equation was first suggested for the description of plasma by Anatoly Vlasov in 1938 and later discussed by hi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Earths were defined by the Ancient Greeks as "materials that could not be changed further by the sources of heat then available". Several oxides were thought to be earths, such as aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide. It was not discovered until 1808 that these weren't elements but metallic oxides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solventogenesis is the biochemical production of solvents (usually acetone and butanol) by Clostridium species. It is the second phase of ABE fermentation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Overload, shocks and vibrations (bridges, roads submitted to intense truck traffic...) can induce mechanical stress and deformations in concrete structures and be responsible for the mechanical degradation of concrete. Beside the long-term drying shrinkage of concrete, pre-stressed and post-tensioned civil engineering ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first example of cyclopropane being activated by a metal complex was reported in 1955, involving the reaction of cyclopropane and hexachloroplatinic acid. This reaction produces the polymeric platinacyclobutane complex Pt(CH)Cl. The bis(pyridine) adduct of this complex was characterized by X-ray crystallography.
T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some isotopes/nuclides are radioactive, and are therefore referred to as radioisotopes or radionuclides, whereas others have never been observed to decay radioactively and are referred to as stable isotopes or stable nuclides. For example, is a radioactive form of carbon, whereas and are stable isotopes. There are a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sundström studied chemistry at Umeå University, obtaining his PhD in 1977. During his study, he visited Bell Labs and worked under Peter Rentzepis. Upon his return to Sweden, he started building the first ultrafast spectroscopy laboratory in Scandinavia at Umeå University and later at Lund University in Sweden. In 1994... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycosylation increases diversity in the proteome, because almost every aspect of glycosylation can be modified, including:
*Glycosidic bond—the site of glycan linkage
*Glycan composition—the types of sugars that are linked to a given protein
*Glycan structure—can be unbranched or branched chains of sugars
*Glycan leng... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solid state NMR (SSNMR), unlike LSNMR uses a solid state sample, for example a nitrogen vacancy diamond lattice rather than a liquid sample. This has many advantages such as lack of molecular diffusion decoherence, lower temperatures can be achieved to the point of suppressing phonon decoherence and a greater variety o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LSD historian Jay Stevens, author of the 1987 book Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream, has said that in the early days of its recreational use, LSD users (who were at that time mostly academics and medical professionals) fell into two broadly delineated groups. The first group, which was essentially conservati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The conventional understanding of pi stacking involves quadrupole interactions between delocalized electrons in p-orbitals. In other words, aromaticity should be required for this interaction to occur. However, several groups have provided contrary evidence, calling into question whether pi stacking is a unique phenome... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EAB sensors possess the potential to significantly advance our comprehension of metabolism, endocrinology, pharmacokinetics, and neurochemistry as valuable research tools. Specifically, these sensors offer improved resolution and more quantitative measurements of phenomena such as drug delivery, clearance, and the main... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the diffusing particles are hindered by obstacles or pushed by a force (molecular motors, flow, etc.) the dynamics is often not sufficiently well-described by the normal diffusion model, where the mean squared displacement (MSD) grows linearly with time. Instead the diffusion may be better described as anomalous dif... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Evidence suggests that NS can react with itself to reach NS, NS, and polymers of the form (NS). (NS) forms from polymerization of cyclo-NS.
Trans-NSSN results from direct dimerization of NS.
NS has been observed through photoelectron spectroscopy of vapors of the (SN), polymer, but has not yet been characterized furthe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Maltase-glucoamylase is a membrane-bound enzyme located in the intestinal walls. This lining of the intestine forms brush border in which food has to pass in order for the intestines to absorb the food. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction, reported in 1971 by several research teams, is an early example of an enantioselective catalytic reaction in organic chemistry. Its scope has been modified and expanded through the development of related reactions including the Michael addition, asymmetric aldol reaction,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The significance of peptide plane flips in the dynamics of the native state has been inferred in some proteins by comparing crystal structures of the same protein in multiple conformations. For example, peptide flips have been described as significant in the catalytic cycle of flavodoxin and in the formation of amyloi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model is a model in organometallic chemistry that explains the chemical bonding in transition metal alkene complexes. The model is named after Michael J. S. Dewar, Joseph Chatt and L. A. Duncanson.
The alkene donates electron density into a π-acid metal d-orbital from a π-symmetry bonding orbi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like any other linear free-energy relationship established, the Swain–Lupton equation will too fail when special circumstances arise, i.e. change in the rate determining step of a mechanism or solvation structure. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two general types of methods for preparing miniemulsions:
* High-energy methods - For the high-energy methods, the shearing proceeds usually via exposure to high power ultrasound of the mixture or with a high-pressure homogenizer, which are high-shearing processes.
* Low-energy methods - For the low-energy m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gelatin is prepared from the denaturation of collagen and many desirable properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-immunogenity in physiological
environments, and easy processability make this polymer a good choice for tissue engineering applications. It is used in engineering tissues for the skin, b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*France–Japan: TOULOUSE–NARA, Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier University. CEMES (CNRS) and Nara Institute of Science and Technology.
*United States–Austria: Rice–Graz nanoprix, Rice University and University of Graz
*Germany: GAZE, Technische Universitat Dresden
*United States: Ohio Bobcat Nanowagon, Ohio University
*Fran... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unloading is the release of pressure due to the removal of an overburden. When the pressure is reduced rapidly, the rapid expansion of the rock causes high surface stress and spalling. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a liquid film such as a soap film suspended on a wire frame. Some force is required to stretch this film by the movable portion of the wire frame. This force is used to overcome the microscopic forces between molecules at the liquid-air interface. These microscopic forces are perpendicular to any line in the s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several national and international bioanalytical organisations active throughout the world. Often they are part of a bigger organisation, e.g. Bioanalytical Focus Group and Ligand Binding Assay Bioanalytical Focus Group, which are both within the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) and FA... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thujaplicinol is either of two isomeric tropolone-related natural products. They are found in tree species primarily in bark, needles, xylem, of the family of Cupressaceae like the Cupressus, Thuja, Juniperus and Thujopsis. The thujaplicinols are structurally equivalent to the thujaplicins with an additional hydroxyl g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HITEMP is the molecular spectroscopic database analogous to HITRAN for high-temperature modeling of the spectra of molecules in the gas phase. HITEMP encompasses many more bands and transitions than HITRAN for eight absorbers: HO, CO, NO, CO, CH, NO, NO and OH. Due to the extremely large number of transitions required ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When using the entropy change of a process to assess spontaneity, it is important to carefully consider the definition of the system and surroundings. The second law of thermodynamics states that a process involving an isolated system will be spontaneous if the entropy of the system increases over time. For open or clo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The P1 plasmid has a separate origin of replication (oriL) that is activated during the lytic cycle. Replication begins by a regular bidirectional theta replication at oriL but later in the lytic phase, it switches to a rolling circle method of replication using the host recombination machinery. This results in numerou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
(Cholesterol epoxide hydrolase or ChEH), is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and to a lesser extent plasma membrane of various cell types but most highly express in liver. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of certain 3-hydroxyl-5,6-epoxides of cholesterol to their 3,5,6-trihydroxy products (see Cholesterol-5,6-ox... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Measurement of VOCs from the indoor air is done with sorption tubes e. g. Tenax (for VOCs and SVOCs) or DNPH-cartridges (for carbonyl-compounds) or air detector. The VOCs adsorb on these materials and are afterwards desorbed either thermally (Tenax) or by elution (DNPH) and then analyzed by GC-MS/FID or HPLC. Reference... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If a still removes 99% of impurities from water (leaving .01 the original amount of impurities), a cascade of three stills will leave (1-0.99) = 0.000001 = 0.0001% the amount of impurities (99.9999% removed). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two discoveries led to the development of glycosynthase enzymes. The first was that a change of the active site nucleophile of a glycosidase from a carboxylate to another amino acid resulted in a properly folded protein that had no hydrolase activity.
The second discovery was that some glycosidase enzymes were able t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Miniemulsions have wide application in the synthesis of nanomaterials and in the pharmaceutical and food industries. For example, miniemulsion-based processes are, therefore, particularly adapted for the generation of nanomaterials. There is a fundamental difference between traditional emulsion polymerisation and a min... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water.
Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is known as the most widely applied and “one of the most powerful techniques” for the sequence analysis of synthetic copolymers. NMR spectroscopy allows determination of the relative abundance of comonomer sequences at the level of dyads and in cases of small repeat units ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order for proper gene expression to occur, transcription must stop at specific sites. Two termination mechanisms are well known:
*Intrinsic termination (also called Rho-independent termination): Specific DNA nucleotide sequences signal the RNA polymerase to stop. The sequence is commonly a palindromic sequence that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pesticides can be classified by target organism (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and pediculicides – see table),
Biopesticides according to the EPA include microbial pesticides, biochemical pesticides, and plant-incorporated protectants.
Pesticides can be classified into structural classes, wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Not like the grafting from and grafting to approach which can conjugate several polymers onto one protein core, the grafting through approach enables several proteins to connect to one polymer chain due to the multivalent nature of protein. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon nucleophiles such as Grignard reagents, convert acyl chlorides to ketones, which in turn are susceptible to the attack by second equivalent to yield the tertiary alcohol. The reaction of acyl halides with certain organocadmium reagents stops at the ketone stage. The reaction with Gilman reagents also afford ket... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Joseph Burchenal, at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, with Farber's help, started his own methotrexate study and found the same effects. He then decided to try to develop anti-metabolites in the same way as Farber, by making small changes in a metabolite needed by a cell to divide. With the help of G... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants. Phytochemists strive to describe the structures of the large number of secondary metabolites found in plants, the functions of these compounds in human and plant biology, and the biosynthesis of these compounds. Plants synthesize ph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A bioassay is a biochemical test to estimate the potency of a sample compound. Usually this potency can only be measured relative to a standard compound. A typical bioassay involves a stimulus (ex. drugs) applied to a subject (ex. animals, tissues, plants). The corresponding response (ex. death) of the subject is there... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The λ (lambda) universality class is a group in condensed matter physics. It regroups several systems possessing strong analogies, namely, superfluids, superconductors and smectics (liquid crystals). All these systems are expected to belong to the same universality class for the thermodynamic critical properties of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Krige is originally a physical chemist by training, earning a PhD from the University of Pretoria in the subject. After earning a PhD in philosophy at the University of Sussex, in the United Kingdom in 1979, Krige's intellectual career has been in the history of science and technology, including notable efforts within ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A molecular demon or biological molecular machine is a biological macromolecule that resembles and seems to have the same properties as Maxwells demon. These macromolecules gather information in order to recognize their substrate or ligand within a myriad of other molecules floating in the intracellular or extracellula... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pharmacometabolomics, also known as pharmacometabonomics, is a field which stems from metabolomics, the quantification and analysis of metabolites produced by the body. It refers to the direct measurement of metabolites in an individual's bodily fluids, in order to predict or evaluate the metabolism of pharmaceutical c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In September 1951, H. S. Gutowsky, D. W. McCall, and C. P. Slichter reported experiments on , , and , where they explained the presence of multiple resonance lines with an interaction of the form .
Independently, in October 1951, E. L. Hahn and D. E. Maxwell reported a spin echo experiment which indicates the existence... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ca plays an important role in nodule formation in legumes. Nitrogen is an essential element required in plants and many legumes, unable to fix nitrogen independently, pair symbiotically with nitrogen-fixing bacteria that reduce nitrogen to ammonia. This legume-Rhizobium interaction establishment requires the Nod factor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of space corrosion is being actively investigated. One of the efforts aims to design a sensor based on zinc oxide, able to measure the amount of atomic oxygen in the vicinity of the spacecraft; the sensor relies on drop of electrical conductivity of zinc oxide as it absorbs further oxygen. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fretting decreases fatigue strength of materials operating under cycling stress. This can result in fretting fatigue, whereby fatigue cracks can initiate in the fretting zone. Afterwards, the crack propagates into the material. Lap joints, common on airframe surfaces, are a prime location for fretting corrosion. This i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Subdivisions of inorganic chemistry are numerous, but include:
*organometallic chemistry, compounds with metal-carbon bonds. This area touches on organic synthesis, which employs many organometallic catalysts and reagents.
*cluster chemistry , compounds with several metals bound together with metal-metal bonds or bridg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of zinc chloride as a flux, sometimes in a mixture with ammonium chloride (see also Zinc ammonium chloride), involves the production of HCl and its subsequent reaction with surface oxides.
Zinc chloride reacts with metal oxides (MO) to give derivatives of the idealized formula . This reaction is relevant to the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several ways to mathematically define quasicrystalline patterns. One definition, the "cut and project" construction, is based on the work of Harald Bohr (mathematician brother of Niels Bohr). The concept of an almost periodic function (also called a quasiperiodic function) was studied by Bohr, including work ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By replacing the alcohol with a silane, C-glycosides can be formed. With triethylsilane (R'=H), the reaction yields a 2,3-unsaturated deoxy sugar. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the presence of copper(II) chloride, methanesulfonyl chloride will add across alkynes to form β-chloro sulfones. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A 2D synchronous spectrum expresses the similarity between spectral of the data in the original dataset. In generalized 2D correlation spectroscopy this is mathematically expressed as covariance (or correlation).
where:
*Φ is the 2D synchronous spectrum
*ν and ν are two spectral channels
*y is the vector composed of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A bloomery is a type of metallurgical furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides. The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron. Bloomeries produce a porous mass of iron and slag called a bloom. The mix of slag and iron in the bloom, termed sponge iron, is usually consolidate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although, solasonine has anti-infection properties it has many adverse side effects as a steroidal glycoalkaloid. These side effects include low blood pressure, a decrease in respiratory activity, rapid heart beat etc. These side effects are the direct result of the cytotoxic properties of solasonine (at high levels) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trials of using algae as biofuel were carried out by Lufthansa and Virgin Atlantic as early as 2008, although there is little evidence that using algae is a reasonable source for jet biofuels. By 2015, cultivation of fatty acid methyl esters and alkenones from the algae, Isochrysis, was under research as a possible jet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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