text stringlengths 199 648k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 1 value | url stringlengths 14 419 | file_path stringlengths 139 140 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 50 235k | score float64 2.52 5.34 | int_score int64 3 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The trail consists of sites throughout the state that are of significance to African-American and U.S. history. Shumlin said Megan Smith, commissioner of tourism and marketing, made the project a reality along with the Vermont Partnership for Fairness and Diversity and its executive director, Curtiss Reed. An advisory committee also is involved in the project.
Two goals guided the project, Shumlin said.
"The first was to bring attention to the history of African-Americans in Vermont and of a select few fellow Vermonters whose life's work focused on issues of equality and freedom," he said. "And the second is to expand tourism efforts across Vermont to welcome a more diverse population." The trail and its brochure bring "visitors to 19 sites throughout the state of Vermont which includes museums, cultural sites, exhibits, films and tours illuminate the lives of African-Americans for whom Vermont is part of their identify," Shumlin said. "Other historic places along the route chronicle areas, people and events significant to the journey of all African-Americans."
Hildene, the mansion built by Robert Todd Lincoln, the only child of President Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln to survive into adulthood, is included on the trail not only because Abraham Lincoln was the "Great Emancipator.
The trail brochure states, "The Pullman Company at the turn of the century was the largest employer of African Americans in the country, offering former slaves jobs as Pullman porters. In spite of the exploitive work environment, these men were able to improve their lives and those of their families, helping to give rise to America's black middle class."
Shumlin spoke at Hildene before the Pullman charter railroad car, Sunbeam, a luxury car that was the corporate jet of its day. Hooked onto the back of a train, such charter cars were self-contained and included a heat source, kitchen, and two porters who worked on board, cooked three meals a day and tended to all the needs of the passengers.
The Sunbeam installation features a timeline on a wall showing the intersections of the Lincoln family, the Pullman Company, and the African American struggle for equality and civil rights in the U.S.
Said Shumlin, "I think it's worth mentioning that in the 100 years between Emancipation and the March on Washington, it was the Pullman Corporation, headed by President Lincoln's son, who actually created this family compound ... that gave many African Americans who'd just been freed jobs, in tough living conditions, tough conditions far from what we wished they had been.
"But that's what spurred unions in America, was the Pullman Car hard-working African-Americans who found this as a company where they could organize and to start to fight for equal rights and equality for African-Americans across the country."
In fact, A. Philip Randolph, who inspired the famous March on Washington, organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly African American labor union.
Other sites on the trail include the Grafton History Museum in Grafton, the River Street Cemetery in Woodstock, and the Early Black Settlers Historic Marker in Hinesburg.
"The history of those of African-American descent in Vermont in many ways exemplifies the history of Vermont itself, from its founding in 1777 to the present day," said Curtiss Reed, the executive director of the Vermont Partnership for Fairness and Diversity. "This trail provides out-of-state visitors and residents alike a glimpse of the rich and enduring impact both black and white Vermonters have had in sustaining communities locally and promoting racial equality nationally."
Educator, author, and former state representative Bob Walsh, of South Burlington, has taught African-American history since 1980 at the high school level and at the University of Vermont.
"One of the common threads I've received form all the students I've had, it really surprised me, they said to me: 'why haven't we been taught this stuff before?'"
Walsh noted that the students took the classes on this topic as electives, not mandatory courses. "Students would be upset: 'We never hear about this in our history courses,'" he said. "I'm delighted this is going to happen, Walsh said of the trail. "One of the problems is that African-American history is not taught in depth in any of our schools."
Smith said that after the disaster and challenge the tourism department in Vermont had been through with tropical storm Irene, which occurred two years ago, the Vermont African American Heritage Trail "project has been just such a bright light for us, and it's really kept us happy and focused." The state Department of Tourism and Marketing is not done with the project, and it is going to pursue educational opportunities the trial provides. The trail opens up new markets for advertising and bringing groups to Vermont. "We're going to bring busloads of people to Vermont who had no reason to come before," Smith said. | <urn:uuid:66691958-c503-4a0b-b2c8-22c95dd596b0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.manchesterjournal.com/headlines/ci_24081160/governor-highlights-heritage-trail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978813 | 1,030 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Histiocytic diseases are a complicated group of disorders we face in veterinary medicine. The terminology can be overwhelming, and owners seeking information can easily become frustrated when trying to understand their pets’ diagnosis.
Many different diseases include the word “histiocytic” or some variant of the term, lending to the intricacy surrounding the diagnosis. Though difficult, I thought it important to attempt to break this complicated topic into simplistic terms.
Histiocytic diseases arise from histiocytes, which are immune cells produced in the bone marrow. These cells travel in the bloodstream as monocytes and then enter into different tissues, where they will mature into histiocytes. The three major categories of histiocytes in tissues are dendritic cells, macrophages, and Langerhan’s cells. Identification of the different subtypes of cells can provide a great deal of information as to the precise etiology of a particular histiocytic disorder.
When I am presented with a case of a pet diagnosed with a “histiocytic disorder,” I first try to understand if the disease fits into one of two broad categories, either representing a reactive or a neoplastic histiocytic condition. This often requires a biopsy of affected tissue, so I will urge owners to consider this, especially in cases where the exact nature of the disease is uncertain.
Reactive histiocytic diseases are non-malignant conditions, meaning they are not considered cancers per se. However, they still represent excessive proliferation of mixed reactive immune cells. In this example, malignant means something that spreads throughout the body in an uncontrolled fashion.
The two main subtypes of reactive histiocytic diseases are cutaneous histiocytosis (CH) and systemic histiocytosis (SH). These are typically considered diseases of a dysregulated immune system and are often treated by veterinary dermatologists with immunosuppressive medications and supplements. Though not true cancers, these conditions can severely affect a pet’s quality of life, and in advanced cases, even cause significant morbidity or even be fatal.
Neoplastic histiocytic diseases are also disorders of unregulated growth of immune cells. Though not intuitive, some neoplastic diseases are considered benign while others are malignant. The distinguishing feature between the two would be determined upon features seen on biopsy or fine needle aspirate cytology. Whether the tumor remains localized within one anatomical area (benign) or can spread to distant sites in the body (malignant) will determine the diagnosis.
The quintessential example of a benign neoplastic histiocytic tumor would be a histiocytoma. These are tumors that are typically located in the superficial layers of the skin on the head, neck, ears, or limbs of young dogs. Histiocytomas are considered benign because they very rarely spread from their site of origin to other sites in the body.
Histiocytomas are readily diagnosed via needle aspiration cytology. Spontaneous regression of these tumors is common; therefore immediate surgical removal is not always indicated. Surgery may be recommended in cases where tumors do not resolve, or when they are irritating to the pet (or in some cases, to the owner).
Malignant histiocytic tumors are neoplastic masses falling under the “truly cancerous” category. Neoplastic histiocytic tumors originating at a single site in the body are referred to as localized histiocytic sarcomas (LHS). They can arise within many different organs of the body but are more commonly found in the skin, spleen, lymph nodes, lung, bone marrow, brain, and the tissue surrounding the joints of the limbs.
Localized histiocytic sarcoma has the best prognosis if treated early by wide surgical excision. As a tumor can arise in many different tissues, surgical removal could entail amputation of an affected limb, removal of an entire effected lung lobe, or excision of a skin mass, depending on where the growth originated.
When a localized histiocytic sarcoma tumor spreads to distant sites in the body, beyond the lymph node located closest to its tissue of origin, the disease is termed disseminated histiocytic sarcoma (DHS).
In some animals, multiple histiocytic tumors are diagnosed simultaneously in several areas of the body (e.g., in the skin and in internal organs and lungs at the same time). Some will refer to this condition as malignant histiocytosis (MH). However, I personally feel this terminology is rather outdated, and I still prefer using disseminated histiocytic sarcoma in such cases.
Where it becomes incredibly confusing is when we consider how both localized histiocytic sarcoma and disseminated histiocytic sarcoma tumors are capable of widespread metastasis (spread), hence with time, the two syndromes virtually merge. This makes it nearly impossible to differentiate true cases of disseminated histiocytic sarcoma versus cases of massive spread of a localized histiocytic sarcoma.
The way I see it, it’s often the proverbial “chicken or egg” question when deciding if a pet has a localized histiocytic sarcoma that can spread throughout the body versus disseminated histiocytic sarcoma where multiple tumors arose and were detected at the same time. As we will see next week, we would usually approach treating either condition the same way, so it may not matter in the end.
Histiocytic sarcoma occurs more commonly in Bernese mountain dogs, Rottweilers, Golden retrievers, and Flat-coated retrievers. As is typical for most cancers, little information is known in cats, but both localized and disseminated forms of the disease are known to occur in our feline patients.
A diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma can be devastating for owners. The first and most important steps are to take a deep breath, pause, and consider the information you are given. Seeking referral to a veterinary oncologist may be the best plan of action for many owners in order to feel equipped to make the best decision for their pets and to better understand the disease and all of the available options.
In next week’s article I will discuss staging, treatment options, and prognosis for histiocytic sarcoma in veterinary patients.
Dr. Joanne Intile | <urn:uuid:e337837e-e3d3-4070-802c-a1d4815c4b43> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/jintile/2013/dec/reactive-neoplastic-histiocytic-diseases-in-cats-dogs-31104 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939561 | 1,339 | 3.25 | 3 |
Delegates at a special convention in Bangkok are examining ways to protect wildlife through better policing.
Forty years have passed since the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species was introduced, yet illegal trafficking and poaching is more rampant than ever.
Now the UN is focusing on training police and immigration officials in countries that have become key transit hubs, to help prevent those responsible for trafficking wildlife from operating as freely as they do now.
Al Jazeera's Steve Chao reports from Trat, Thailand.
Source: Al Jazeera | <urn:uuid:2212581c-f740-4700-af5d-50b73e914c9b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia-pacific/2013/03/20133425746231898.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955254 | 104 | 2.546875 | 3 |
1 Answer | Add Yours
Let us remember that Malvolio is described, rather insultingly by Sir Toby and Maria, as a "very Puritan." Puritans stood against drama and the theatre in Shakespeare's day, and their approach to religion was to adopt an incredibly plain form of worship. Their clothes were just black and white, and any form of merriment or diversion was frowned upon, meaning that theatregoing was completely out. Thus we can see in the way that Malvolio is punished that perhaps Shakespeare is definitely going for the crowd pleasing approach. The scenes where Malvolio is abused and locked in a dungeon, and made to believe that his mistress is in love with him, would have been hilarious to an audience of theatregoers who probably disagreed with the Puritan creed of simplicity and to whom Purtains were figures of fun. Let us remember that the Puritans faced so much opposition in various forms that they left to found a new religious community in New England on the Mayflower. Thus we can see in the character of Malvolio the stark simplicity and theology of denial that was so unpopular in Shakespeare's day. Malvolio is a character who would have opposed the merriment of the theatre, and so having him punished in such a public way through that medium adds to the irony of the situation.
We’ve answered 327,910 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:df523db2-6a6c-4a99-84e5-ccbc317aaa8c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-does-malvolio-reflect-contemporary-attudies-262934 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986526 | 291 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Posted on 6 November 2015
Despite being discovered 20 years ago, very little is known about brown dwarfs – notably why they fail to grow into stars.
Scientists say part of the answer probably lies in the physics of how dense plasmas merge inside them.
Now researchers, led by the York Plasma Institute at the University of York and the UK’s Science and Technology Facilities Council’s (STFC) Central Laser Facility, have created “lumps” of plasma to recreate the conditions similar to those found deep inside brown dwarfs.
They were able to do this using one of the world’s most powerful lasers, STFC’s Vulcan Petawatt that is based at their Oxfordshire laser laboratory, to create the first test of resistivity and viscosity found in brown dwarfs.
Brown dwarfs bridge the gap between very low mass stars and planets and share characteristics with both.
Despite being numerous across the immensity of space, these little “starlets” are hard to spot because they are small and cool in temperature so tend to be faint and difficult to record.
But by measuring the x-rays emitted from these objects, the researchers were able to build up a profile of how dense plasmas form inside brown dwarfs.
The results, published in Nature Communications, pave the way towards furthering our understanding of these celestial objects.
Professor Nigel Woolsey, from the Department of Physics at York, said: “Brown dwarfs are really difficult to observe because they are cool and our atmosphere absorbs the emissions from cool objects.
“One of the issues you have in brown dwarfs with dense matter is how this material comes together and how hot it gets.
“This basic research is furthering our understanding of matter in extreme environments and furthering our understanding of exotic objects.
“We think, but we don’t know because we can’t see them, but we think there are lots of brown dwarfs about.
“There is a suggestion there is at least as many brown dwarfs as there are stars. There’s more than a billion stars in our galaxy.”
Lead author, Dr Nicola Booth, an alumna of York and now an experimental research scientist at STFC’s Central Laser Facility, added: “The Vulcan Petawatt laser is one of the few places on Earth where we can produce conditions close to those at the centre of a brown dwarf.
“We hope that with the predicted future observations of brown dwarfs, our experiments can help with the understanding of how energy is transported in these ‘starlets’.”
It is hoped NASA’s premier observatory, the James Webb Space Telescope, currently under construction in the U.S will help scientists understand brown dwarfs in the future.
The research was led by the University of York and STFC, in collaboration with researchers from the University of Oxford, University of Nevada, Instituto Nazionale di Optica, and Queen’s University Belfast.
The York Plasma Institute, or YPI, was opened in 2012 following a major investment by the University and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. It forms a centre of excellence in plasma science for the UK, delivering research and training across a diverse range of applications from cancer treatment to simulating supernovae explosions in the laboratory, and from advanced manufacturing to fusion energy. Our research benefits from state of the art laboratories here in York, but also from a wide range of international experimental facilities including the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the US and JET here in the UK, as well as international-class high performance supercomputers.
The Central Laser Facility (CLF) at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory is one of the world’s leading laser facilities, providing scientists from the UK and Europe with an unparalleled range of state of the art technology. Wide-ranging laser applications include experiments in physics, chemistry and biology, accelerating subatomic particles to high energies, probing chemical reactions and studying biochemical and biophysical processes. Our laser facilities range from advanced, compact tuneable lasers which can pinpoint individual particles to high power laser installations that recreate the conditions inside stars. A vigorous development programme ensures that our facilities maintain their international competitiveness. http://www.clf.stfc.ac.uk/CLF/
The paper: "Laboratory measurements of resistivity in warm dense plasmas relevant to the microphysics of brown dwarfs” can be found here: http://www.nature.com/naturecommunications.
For further information please visit: | <urn:uuid:b0d9f747-28d7-49ac-921e-b8a40013e8b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2015/research/browndwarfs-laser-physics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929313 | 955 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Led by a coalition of blacks and whites with funding from congressional radicals, the Union League was a secret society whose express purpose was to bring freedmen into the political arena after the Civil War. Angry and resentful of the lingering vestiges of the plantation system, hundreds of thousands of freedmen joined local chapters, speaking and acting collectively to undermine the residual trappings of slavery in plantation society.
In this impressive work the first full-scale study of the effect the Union League had on the politicization of black freedmen Michael W. Fitzgerald explores the League's influence in Alabama and Mississippi and offers a fresh and original treatment of an important and heretofore largely misunderstood aspect of Reconstruction history.
Found an Error? Tell us about it. | <urn:uuid:4e3e974b-a647-4946-8107-9c5d46fe1697> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lsupress.org/books/detail/the-union-league-movement-in-the-deep-south/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933263 | 149 | 2.734375 | 3 |
I. What is a cylindrical projection?
A cylindrical projection can be imagined in its simplest form as a
cylinder that has been wrapped around a
globe at the equator. If the graticule of latitude and longitude are projected
onto the cylinder and the cylinder unwrapped, then a grid-like pattern
of straight lines of latitude and longitude would result. The meridians
of longitude would be equally spaced and the parallels of latitude would
remain parallel but may not appear equally spaced anymore. In reality cylindrical
map projections are not so simply constructed.
The three aspects of the cylindrical projections:
- Tangent or secant to equator is termed regular,
- Tangent or secant to a meridian is the transverse
- Tangent or secant to another point on the globe is called oblique.
Text: Originally prepared for the Seminar in Map Projections
and is currently being adjusted to a common format with the other Map Projection
Graphics: Come from two sources: 1. Paul S. Anderson, these
are graphics containing the graticule shorelines and 2. Shaded maps by
Peter H. Dana, The Geographers Craft Project. Department of Geography,
The University of Texas at Austin. http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/gcraft/notes
II. Regular cylindrical projections
- Lines of latitude and longitude are parallel intersecting at 90 degrees.
- Meridians are equidistant.
- Forms a rectangular map.
- Scale along the equator or standard parallels is true.
- Simple construction.
- Can have the properites of equidistance, conformality or equal area.
- Among the oldest projections and simplest.
- Parallels are equally spaced.
- Plate Carree-square grid.
- Invented by Marinus of Tyre at about 100 A.D.
- Popular during Renaissance.
- Declined in popularity in 18th century.
- Used for regional maps.
- Meridians unequally spaced, distance increases away from equator directly
proportional to increasing scale.
- Loxodromes or rhumb lines are straight.
- Used for navigation and regions near equator.
- Invented in 1569 by Gerardus Mercator (Flanders) graphically.
- Standard for maritime mapping in the 17th and 18th centuries.
- Used for mapping the world/oceans/equatorial regions in 19th century.
- Used for mapping the world/U.S. Coastal and Geodetic Survey/other planets
in 20th century.
- Much criticism recently.
Lambert's Cylindrical Equal Area
- Meridians are equally spaced
- Parallels get closer near poles.
- Parallels are sines.
- True scale at equator.
- Invented in 1772 by Johann Heinrich Lambert with along with 6 other
- Prototype for Behrmann and other modified cylindrical equal-area projections.
- Neither equal area or conformal.
- Projected geometrically from a point on the equator opposite meridian
- Invented by James Gall in 1855
- Modified in 20th century by changing standard parallels
- America's compromise projection
- 4 proposals with different lat. spacing
- Perspective compromise
- Modified Mercator A
- Modified Mercator B-.8 spacing of Mercator
- Modified Gall's
- Invented by Osborn Maitland Miller (Scot) in 1942
- Hired by U.S. Dept. of State
III. Transverse Cylindrical Projections
- Equirectangular rotated 90 degrees-applied to ellipsoid
- Scale true along central meridian, meridians 90 degrees to central
meridian, and equator
- Invented by Giovanni Cassini
- Used for topo maps in France until 1803
- Modified in 1810 by Soldner and used for topo maps in U.K. and German
- Declined use in 20th century
- Mercator rotated 90 degrees
- Applied to sphere
- Invented by Lambert in 1772
- Modified for ellipse by Gauss in 1822, Kruger in 1912
- Used for regions with a N/S expanse
- Used for topo mapping
- Basis for State Plane Coordinate System, UTM
Transverse Cylindrical Equal Area Projection
- Transverse of Lambert's Cylindrical Equal Area-for N/S expanse
- Used sparingly
Modified Transverse Mercator
- 2 standard meridians-Guozco Li (1981)
IV. Oblique Cylindrical Projections
- 45 degree tilt of regular cylinder
- Introduced by Charles Peirce in 1894 with little fan fare
- Used by Debes's Atlas for S.E. Asia and Central America
Return to the Map Projection Home Page
Last modified 5/9/97 by Karen Mulcahy email@example.com | <urn:uuid:1f18d2f5-ef42-4545-ae57-41b5ecf78f04> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/mp/cylind.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.789483 | 1,097 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Preventing Ulcer in Aspirin, Advil Users
Jan. 4, 2002 -- Ulcers were once blamed on stress and spicy foods, but today doctors know that they are most often caused by two things -- a common gut bacteria known as Helicobacter pylori and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and Advil. Now, research suggests that ulcer risk can be reduced dramatically for patients taking NSAIDs by screening for and eradicating H. pylori infection.
Two studies, published in the Jan. 5 issue of The Lancet, offer the best evidence yet that H. pylori infection and prolonged NSAID use have a synergistic effect on the development of ulcers. An analysis of 25 major studies found that NSAID takers who also had H. pylori infection were 61 times more likely to develop ulcers than those who were not infected and did not take NSAIDs.
"We have known for years that NSAIDs cause ulcers and they cause pre-existing ulcers to bleed," gastroenterologist Richard H. Hunt, MD, tells WebMD. "Serious complications from regular NSAID use occur in about 4% of users each year."
Pain relievers such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) interfere with the stomach's ability to protect itself from damaging acids. These NSAIDs promote ulcers by disrupting the mucus that coats the stomach lining, and by disturbing other natural defenses against digestive juices.
H. pylori's role in promoting ulcers has been known for several decades, but it has been unclear whether the infection increases ulcer risk in NSAID users. A study from the United Kingdom suggested that infection with the bacterium is actually protective against ulcers in people who routinely take anti-inflammatory drugs.
In their analysis of the best available research, Hunt and colleagues from Ontario's McMaster University Medical Center found that 42% of NSAID users with H. pylori infection developed ulcers, compared with 26% of users without the infection. H. Pylori infection and NSAID use increased the risk of bleeding ulcers by nearly 2-fold and 5-fold, respectively. But when patients both took NSAIDs and were infected, they had a 6-fold greater risk.
"What we found is that these are two independent risk factors that carry a similar level of risk," Hunt says. "But when they occur together, the risk is far greater." | <urn:uuid:1df3215e-58e5-4e94-acad-dba41e3f1aee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.webmd.com/arthritis/news/20020104/preventing-ulcer-in-aspirin-advil-users | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972035 | 524 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Kids and DanceSport
Kids and Dancesport
While not all dancers choose to compete, dancing in a competition can foster self-esteem for young dancers.
Dancesport is the name given to competitive Ballroom Dancing. Competitions are held on local, regional, National, and International levels. Dancers compete in groups against other dancers of the same age and skill level. Although competition may bring visions of elaborate costumes, covered in rhinestones, in a competition sponsored by USA Dance, there are strict and simple guidelines for costumes. SEE DRESSCODE RULES in section 3.11 of the Rule Book.
Dancers are grouped by skill level, age, and dance style. They are compared with other couples by qualified judges, on relative performance and execution using a defined and recognized set of standards.
As skills and proficiency improve they advance and move up to the next higher level and compete against dancers at the higher proficiency level.
Age groups are based on the individual’s age. To determine a dancer’s age for a competition, subtract his/her birth year from the current calendar year..
|Pre-Teen I||Reach 9th birthday or less in the calendar year|
|Pre-Teen II||Reach 10th or 11th birthday in the calendar year|
|Junior I||Reach 12th or 13th birthday in the calendar year|
|Junior II||Reach 14th or 15th birthday in the calendar year|
|Youth||Reach 16th, 17th, or 18th birthday in the calendar year|
There are four major styles or divisions of dances: International Standard, International Latin, American Smooth, and American Rhythm. Each style and each of the 4 or 5 dances within that style has distinct characteristics.
Each dance has a list of recognized steps associated with it. This list of steps is known as the “Syllabus.” The syllabus for each dance is broken into three levels, called bronze, silver, and gold steps. These steps are grouped together because of the level of difficulty. Once a dancer has mastered the Syllabus steps, he/she may dance in “Open Categories”: Novice, Pre Championship and Championship. SEE FULL DANCESPORT RULEBOOK | <urn:uuid:680f4159-4e91-4ed3-bf67-341b037fcc2e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.usadance.org/k-12/kids-and-dancesport/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928228 | 472 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Although Dallas and Tarrant counties have been all over the news recently with more than 200 West Nile virus cases each, those of us in Denton County have not escaped, with 118 people infected with the virus as of Thursday afternoon.
According to Bing Burton of the county health department, this gives Denton County the state’s highest per capita rate of West Nile infection. This prompted Denton County to declare a West Nile virus health emergency this week, which means aerial spraying might not be far behind.
Many factors have contributed to this problem, but a chief concern is stagnant water — which serves as breeding grounds for mosquitoes to lay eggs that can produce thousands of mosquitoes in just a few weeks.
While we will never know the exact source of each individual case of West Nile virus, it is likely that neglected swimming pools are partially to blame.
Owning a swimming pool carries with it a responsibility to provide care and maintenance for the pool. Operating the filter and keeping the water chemistry in balance is the solution to keep mosquitoes from breeding in a pool, but that does not always happen.
As a matter of fact, there is no better solution than to just maintain the pool. Even in extreme situations that make it difficult to care for a pool — such as financial issues for the owner, absentee homeowners, foreclosures, etc. — pool maintenance outweighs the alternatives.
A few alternatives have been used to help keep mosquitoes out of swimming pools:
• Mosquito Dunks — A Mosquito Dunk is a doughnut-shaped tablet that you put into a body of stagnant water and as it dissolves, it distributes Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, a bacterium that kills mosquito larvae. One Mosquito Dunk lasts for about 30 days. There are two problems to using Mosquito Dunks in pools: Surface staining from algae is a possibility, and the lack of water clarity becomes a safety issue.
• Mosquitofish — Although I have no experience with mosquitofish, they have been used with success in other parts of the country. Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) are about the size of minnows and eat mosquito larvae. They were used in the New Orleans area after the Hurricane Katrina disaster and have also been used in California during the foreclosure crisis. If mosquitofish are used in a pool, chemicals such as chlorine cannot be added. They carry the same problems as Mosquito Dunks — surface staining and the lack of pool clarity.
• Cover the pool — Another option is keeping water in the pool and covering it, though you must be sure that the pool cover does not hold water.
• Drain the pool — This sounds like an easy solution, but there are major problems with it. Most pools are not designed to be drained, and doing so can cause structural damage to the pool. Once a pool is drained, it is very difficult to keep it completely dry — because of rain and sprinkler systems.
• Remove the pool — Although it might seem like an extreme solution, if you no longer use the pool and it has become a liability, you might consider removing the pool.
There are certainly neglected pools in the Denton area that continue to contribute to the mosquito problem. If you suspect that a neglected pool is a breeding ground for mosquitoes, you can call the city code enforcement office at 940-349-8743.
Stagnant water elsewhere
Many other sources around a house can contribute to the mosquito problem. The basic rule is that if it can hold untreated water for more than a few days, it can be a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Following are some of the other sources of stagnant water:
• Bird baths — Although they are attractive and attract birds, they also attract mosquitoes. Because a birth bath holds warm and untreated water, it is perfect for mosquitoes. The best solution would be to drain and clean bird baths every two to three days.
• Fish ponds and water features — Although they can be beautiful, fish ponds and other water features can be ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes, especially if they are stagnant. If you have a small pond or water feature that is stagnant, it is best to drain it. You might consider using mosquitofish, which have been used in several parts of the country in larger fish ponds and water features that are too large to drain.
• Storm drains — Storm drains are obviously necessary, but they can become a problem if they do not drain properly. If you have a storm drain near your house, be sure that it is draining. If it is not, contact city staff to correct the problem. Also check the street gutters that lead to storm drains, as they can sometimes hold water because of concrete curbs shifting.
• Clogged rain gutters — Rain gutters are out of sight, out of mind, but many of them hold water for a few days after a rain. This could be because of debris that needs to be cleaned out, or even possibly a lack of drainage because the gutters need repair or adjustment.
• Tarps — Tarps that cover boats, RVs and other equipment oftentimes are capable of holding water. Be sure that these tarps are not currently holding water, then check for standing water after each rain.
• Containers and miscellaneous items — Most homeowners have containers (buckets, unused flower pots, etc.) and other miscellaneous objects (children’s toys, old tires, tree holes, etc.) that are capable of holding water, especially with the recent rain that we received. Turn over these containers or drill holes in them to keep them from holding water.
As you can see, there are many stagnant water sources that have contributed to this mosquito problem, but if we all do our part, we can make an impact to improve the situation.
MATT GOHLKE, certified building professional, is the owner of Gohlke Pools and a member of the National Spa & Pool Institute, Aquatech and the Better Business Bureau. His firm has received national awards, certifications and recognitions in the swimming pool industry. He may be reached at 940-387-7521. | <urn:uuid:08b23fc0-5e9e-4237-a054-c7fc304ffa0d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dentonrc.com/living-in-denton/home-garden/matt-gohlke-headlines/20120824-matt-gohlke-pools.ece | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965471 | 1,265 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The fountain house was built during the first century BC as a U-shaped portico with a courtyard open towards the south. The back wall of the west portico was rebuilt during the early 2nd century AD after an earthquake and at the same spot. The south side was closed off by a wall with a stairway. Near the beginning of the 3rd century AD the fountain house was incorporated into an esplanade surrounding it on three sides. After the earthquake of 518 AD the courtyard was partly filled and the water was distributed by terracotta pipes over the city. | <urn:uuid:c60c71bf-4c18-400d-a619-5dc76d4b5c1a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/image/145191176 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.99344 | 116 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Civil designer Sam J. Lucido discusses using AutoCAD's Find command to help fix errors in your drawing annotations.
"The Find command can replace incorrectly spelled words or text strings in a drawing. For example, you could have spelled the word Cadalyst incorrectly in ten places, and replace it with the correct version with one command. But what about trying to find something other than text?
"Have you ever tried to locate an object on a drawing by zooming and panning around until you found it? What about trying to find a building number or attributed block name? Frequently, drawing revisions can be located by a number or a text string.
"Simply type Find, enter the text string, and select Find. AutoCAD will zoom to the selected area where the text is located. Press Done, and you will remain in the zoomed area. This is a great way to move about your drawing without having to zoom and pan."
Notes from Cadalyst Tip Reviewer Brian Benton: The Find command is a very useful tool. It will locate text in your entire drawing, within your current space/layout, or from within only a selected set of objects. There are several settings, shown below, that can help you filter out what you don't want. | <urn:uuid:944bfee5-e234-49b2-a10a-970223cd1af2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://cadtips.cadalyst.com/find-text/move-around-drawings-finding-text-strings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93522 | 260 | 3.140625 | 3 |
His name in Hebrew is: נח Nôach (no’-akh) Strongs #5146, rest. His name in Greek
is: Νωε Nōĕ (no-eh) Strongs #3575.
Lamech, Noah’s father was 182 when Noah was born. According to Jasher 5:18, Noah
was 502 years old when Shem was born. After the birth of Shem, Noah lived to the
age of 950.
When Noah was born, his father Lamech named him Menachem, but Methuselah called him
In the days of Noah, the sons of men did evil in the eyes of Yahvah, and Noah knew
that they would be destroyed if they returned not to the ways of Yahvah. Yahvah
told Noah that He would give the sons of men 120 years to return to the ways of Yahvah.
If the sons of men would repent of their evil, then Yahvah would repent of what
he had planned for them by wiping them out with The Flood.
However, Noah did not want to take a wife and beget children, because he was sure
that Yahvah would destroy the earth and having children would be useless.
With the advice of Yahvah, Noah married Naamah his great-aunt at the age of 498.
(25) Naamah was 82 years older than Noah was. (26)
After the death of Lamech, Yahvah told Noah and Methuselah to speak to the people
so they might repent from their ways, but they would not listen. Then Yahvah told
Noah to build an ark (or a ship), the dimensions of it were 450’ long, 75’ wide and
45’ high (if the cubit is 18 inches.) This ship was also to have a window so that
light could be seen on all three decks. This window was used as a sanitary port
and for ventilation for the animals that would be on the ark.
The ark that Noah built was the largest ship ever constructed for thousands of years
until the Cunard liner Eturia was built in England in 1854 AD.
Noah started building the ark at the age of 595, and it took him five years to complete
After the death of Methuselah, Yahvah told Noah to move into ark, and He would bring
the animals of the earth to be loaded into the ark. Therefore, Noah loaded per species
of animal, seven clean animals and two unclean animals.
Seven days after the animals went into the ark, it started to rain, there were also
earthquakes and electrical storms, and finally the earth was flooded with water killing
those on the earth that was outside the ark. Noah and his family was in the ark
for one year and 17 days, but the rains continued without ceasing for forty days
and forty nights.
Soon, the ark rested on Lubar, which is one of the mountains of Ararat. (27)
Noah released the animals from the ark, and then built himself a house and began
to raise a vineyard. This was at the top of the hill of Lubar which is in the mountains
of Ararat. (28)
Noah lived long enough to teach his 8th great-grandson Abram. However, after The
Flood, Yahvah shortened the lives of men to 120 years.
More About Noah:
Burial: 1895 BC Mount Lubar (29) | <urn:uuid:abf8cceb-91b7-42f7-bcb8-731c5bdf18db> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://biblebibliographies.net/noah.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98341 | 767 | 3.46875 | 3 |
These findings raise the possibility that heart infection could be a new aspect of prion diseases, including those that affect humans and livestock, and that these diseases could travel through the blood.
The paper is being published on Friday, July 7 in an advanced, online edition of the journal Science.
Prion diseases-also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies because of the sponge-like holes created in the brain-include scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease in cattle, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, and new variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans. These diseases are unusual because unlike other infectious diseases, prion diseases appear to be transmitted by a protein, specifically a misfolded form of a normal cellular protein, the prion.
"Until now, prion disease has been thought of as a chronic neurological condition," says Scripps Research Professor Michael B. Oldstone, M.D., who led the research. "Our study has shown, however, that it can have other manifestations, therefore expanding the types of conditions it could cause."
In the newly reported study, investigators at Scripps Research found infectious misfolded prion protein in heart muscle. Although several types of protein are known to form heart amyloid, this is the first time prion protein amyloid in heart tissue has been identified. Only misfolded prion proteins are infectious.
After making this surprising finding, Scripps Research investigators secured the help of Kirk Knowlton, M.D., chief of the division of cardiology at the University of California, San Diego, who investigated the effect of prion protein amyloid on mouse heart function, discovering that it decreased the heart's ability to pump blood.
Significantly, unusually high levels of scrapie infectivity were also identified in the blood of the same mice used in the heart study. "This is the first system in which prion disease agents were found reproducibly and reliably at high titers in the blood," notes Oldstone.
In the future, this finding could help scientists answer basic questions such as how prions travel in the bloodstream, as well as develop such important applications as a blood-based diagnostic test to identify brain-wasting diseases and possibly a way to filter or chemically treat blood to remove any infectious prion disease agents. Currently, in the United States individuals who lived in the United Kingdom for three months or more during the outbreak of mad cow disease from 1980 to 1996 are asked not to donate blood. In the United Kingdom, only individuals born after the outbreak may donate.
The new research will also provide scientists with an animal model in which to study heart amyloidosis, a family of heart diseases that affect humans. Amyloidoses involve waxy protein deposits that stiffen the heart, limit its pumping ability, and typically lead to fatal heart stoppage.
"Undoubtedly, this work will enable scientists to pursue new theories about the effects of these deadly brain wasting diseases," says NIH Director Elias A. Zerhouni, M.D. "The implications of this research could be vital to our efforts to slow or stop these diseases."
The new research follows last year's finding from the Oldstone group in collaboration with Bruce Chesebro, M.D., at the NIH's Rocky Mountain Laboratories, which suggested a specific part of the prion protein is essential for the pathogenesis of prion diseases (Science (308 (5727):1435-39 (2005)). In this study, the investigators engineered scrapie-infected mice without an "anchor"-specifically the glycophosphoinositol anchor, a stretch of amino acids at the COOH end of the protein-between the membrane of cells and the prion protein. By taking off this anchor, the researchers showed that the prion protein still folded but was no longer able to attach in normal amounts onto the surface of cells. In contrast to scrapie-infected wild mice, which typically die after about 150 days, the engineered mice regularly lived for more than 600 days with minimal symptoms, ultimately dying of old age.
In prion diseases, the normal form of the prion protein is converted into an abnormal, misfolded form. Disease occurs because these abnormal proteins have the ability to convert normal prion proteins into the abnormal form. Like bad apples spoiling the lot, the infectious prions will multiply, and their insolubility will lead to their aggregation and the formation of plaques, which can interfere with normal function in the brain.
Of the prion diseases, most in the news has been bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, which has caused widespread public concern over the last two decades after it has appeared primarily in cattle in England but also in other countries in Europe, Canada, and the United States. Perhaps the number one reason why a disease that infects cows is of such concern to world governments is that scientists believe that the disease can be transmitted across species through the consumption of tainted meat from a diseased animal's central nervous system. The first major outbreak of mad cow disease in Britain is believed to have originated with the now outlawed practice of feeding cattle meat and bone meal derived from other slaughtered animals. Chronic wasting disease in U.S. deer and elk is also of concern, as the abnormal protein has been found in both wild and farmed animals.
Scientists now know that humans who eat meat from BSE-infected cattle may be susceptible to the prion disease new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob. There are now more than 140 such cases. This incurable disease is named after a similar condition called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, after the German neurologists Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt and Alfons Maria Jakob, who first diagnosed it. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease most commonly strikes older people, and it causes neurologic abnormalities, dementia, memory loss, hallucinations, seizures, and eventually death. New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob is similar clinically, but can strike much younger people. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the median age of death for Americans with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is 68, whereas the median age of death of people with new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob in Great Britain, where most cases have occurred, is 28.
Authors of the newly released study, entitled "Prion-induced amyloid heart disease with high blood infectivity in transgenic mice," (Science, 313:94-97 (2006)) are: Matthew J. Trifilo, Toshitaka Yajima, Yusu Gu, Nancy Dalton, Kirk L. Peterson, Richard E. Race, Kimberly Meade-White, John E. Portis, Eliezer Masliah, Kirk Knowlton, Bruce Chesebro, and Michael B.A. Oldstone.
The research was supported by a program project grant for the study of prion disease from the NIH's National Institute on Aging.
About The Scripps Research Institute
The Scripps Research Institute, headquartered in La Jolla, California, in 18 buildings on 40 acres overlooking the Pacific Ocean, is one of the world's largest independent, non-profit biomedical research organizations. It stands at the forefront of basic biomedical science that seeks to comprehend the most fundamental processes of life. Scripps Research is internationally recognized for its research into immunology, molecular and cellular biology, chemistry, neurosciences, autoimmune, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases, and synthetic vaccine development. Established in its current configuration in 1961, it employs approximately 3,000 scientists, postdoctoral fellows, scientific and other technicians, doctoral degree graduate students, and administrative and technical support personnel.
Scripps Florida, a 364,000 square-foot, state-of-the-art biomedical research facility, will be built in Palm Beach County. The facility will focus on basic biomedical science, drug discovery, and technology development. Palm Beach County and the State of Florida have provided start-up economic packages for development, building, staffing, and equipping the campus. Scripps Florida now operates with approximately 160 scientists, technicians, and administrative staff at 40,000 square-foot lab facilities on the Florida Atlantic University campus in Jupiter. | <urn:uuid:99c390eb-533f-472b-99e7-82f127674e42> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-07/sri-pda070706.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946564 | 1,712 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Remembering Dr. King
Symbolic march across campus ends with keynote speaker Chuck D.
This is the second consecutive year that classes were canceled at Grand Valley State University in celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. On their day off, many GVSU students took the time to commemorate and remember the legacy of King with the annual silent march and keynote speaker.
More than 100 members of the GVSU community gathered Monday in front of Zumberge Hall for the march, which symbolizes the march on Washington, D.C. in August 1963 when King made his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.
Sabrina Elzinga, a sophomore at GVSU, was glad to take time out of her day for the walk and was hoping for a very emotional experience.
“I guess I expect the mood to kind of change,” Elzinga said before the walk. “I just think it will be a great time of reflection.”
The march moved swiftly and silently from the south side of campus, across the Little Mackinac bridge, up the hill past Fresh foods and across the pathway between Mackinac and Manitou halls.
It eventually made its way back to the Kirkhof Center where it finished in the Grand River Room. However, the celebration was only beginning.
Shortly after, a large crowd filtered inside the room to listen to Chuck D., legendary rapper and creator of the group Public Enemy. As the crowd entered, the room was filled with the voices of the Fisk Jubilee Singers from Fisk University.
Before Chuck D. spoke, President Thomas Haas explained what kind of impact he believes King had on the people of his time as well as the people of today.
“He gave people a sense of purpose,” Haas said. “A conviction for a just cause, and I think that people showed up there on those steps of the Lincoln Memorial not for Dr. King, but for themselves as you are showing up here today, for yourself.”
Chuck D. then emphasized the importance of getting and using a college degree and traveling the world.
“It’s not important how you look like on the outside; it’s your insides, and to design your insides it takes a lot of work,” he said. “Knowledge, wisdom and understanding does not come in a microwave.”
Chuck D. also mentioned the importance of remaining cautious of giving in to new technologies.
“They are an unbelievable tool, but if you ain’t smarter than your smartphone, you’ve lost,” he said. “Don’t be crippled by social media to not learn anything else on the Internet other than social media and taking 7,000 selfies of yourself.” | <urn:uuid:51c5fc49-0629-4b18-8a7c-c172a7804fbd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lanthorn.com/article/2014/01/1337-news-mlk-celebrations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968421 | 586 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Full Moon: Tomorrow's Blue Moon Not Happening Again Until 2015
Tomorrow's full moon, scheduled for Tuesday (Aug. 20), will be known as as Blue Moon due to the fact that this will be the third full moon in the season, according to various reports.
History shows us that a Blue Moon is technically the third full moon in a four-full-moon season. Yahoo News notes, via a 1946 article titled "Sky & Telescope" magazine, that the Blue Moon was previously mistaken as the second full moon of the season, and unfortunately, the definition stuck at the time.
Yet this annual August moon has also become known as the Full Sturgeon Moon because of a large fish named sturgeon that can easily be caught during this time of the year, a name that allegedly came from bodies of water including the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain.
Full moons occur approximately every 29.5 days. This is the proper time period for the moon to be facing opposite the sun, according to meteorologists. Though the moon is usually full, sometimes a lunar eclipse occurs and may cause a dark disk instead of a full white circle.
Blue Moons however are certainly rare. Various reports note that the next one isn't coming until 2015. Make sure you step outside for a look tomorrow! | <urn:uuid:ce330b28-2f83-42d3-81a9-0d25dd668f8a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/8915/20130819/full-moon-tomorrows-blue-happening-again-until-2015.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972217 | 262 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Although diagnostic interviews for cognitive impairment and memory loss have improved and are mostly reliable, researchers are looking for tests that more accurately predict the onset of various types of cognitive impairment.
With that in mind, a new method of more accurately diagnosing cognitive impairment may be on the horizon thanks to ongoing research by Stuart Zola, PhD, director of Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, and his colleagues. The researchers discovered certain behavioral tasks that are harbingers to various types of cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's disease, which afflicts more than five million Americans at a cost estimated to approach $150 billion annually.
Using what's known as a preferential looking task, Zola was able to detect a pattern of eye movement that points to memory impairment or to normalcy when volunteers viewed specific visual stimuli.
"You watch where the person is looking when they're looking at two stimuli. In one case, the stimuli are identical," says Zola. "In the second case, the stimuli are different. When we look at the familiar stimulus and the novel stimulus preferentially, we look longer at the novel stimulus. That's because the old is familiar to us, not as interesting. The novel stimulus more significantly draws our attention and focus. People with mild cognitive impairment look at the two about equally. They're at chance both times. And that suggests that they don't remember what they saw before in the earlier part of the test," says Zola.
The test, which is featured in the current online issue of The American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, is helping researchers further understand the role of the brain structures critical to human memory.
To hear Zola's own words about his research and its intriguing details, use the player at the top left of this page or subscribe to the podcast. | <urn:uuid:00b25c75-979a-4fab-8dd9-8f121b89a2ad> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://whsc.emory.edu/soundscience/2009/zola.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965052 | 371 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The World War II Memorial, Washington
Type: Physical memorial
Location: Washington DC
Country: United States
Updated: 1/7/2010 11:11:38 AM
The National World War II Memorial is a national memorial to Americans who served and died in World War II. It is located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., at the eastern end of the Reflecting Pool, between the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument. It opened to the public on April 29, 2004, and was dedicated by President George W. Bush on May 29, 2004, two days before Memorial Day. It is administrated by the National Park Service.
"Here we mark the price of freedom"—each of the 4000 gold stars represents 100 Americans who died during the war.The memorial consists of 56 pillars, each measuring 17 feet (5.18 m) tall, arranged in a semicircle around a central plaza with two 43-foot (13.11 m) arches on opposite sides. Each pillar is inscribed with the names of the then-48 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the Alaska Territory and Territory of Hawaii, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Each arch is inscribed with "Atlantic" and "Pacific." Freedom Wall, containing 4000 gold stars, one for each 100 American deaths incurred in the war, is also a part of the memorial. The plaza is 337 feet, 10 inches (103 m) long and 240 feet, 2 inches (73 m) wide, is sunk 6 feet (1.83 m) below grade, and contains a pool that is 246 feet, 9 inches, by 147 feet, 8 inches (75 by 45 m).
The memorial under construction (August 2002)
The Pacific end of the memorialIn 1987, World War II veteran Roger Durbin approached Representative Marcy Kaptur, a Democrat from Ohio, to ask if a World War II memorial could be constructed. Kaptur introduced the World War II Memorial Act to the House of Representatives as HR 1624 on December 10. The resolution authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) to establish a World War II memorial in "Washington, D.C., or its environs," and was passed by voice vote of the full House on June 22, 1992.
However, in October 1992 the Senate version (S. 2244) was not approved before Congress went into recess. Kaptur reintroduced it in the House as HR 682 on January 27, 1993, a day after Senator Strom Thurmond (a Republican from South Carolina) introduced companion Senate legislation.
On March 17, the Senate approved the act, and the House approved an amended version of the bill on May 4. On May 12, the Senate also approved the amended bill, and the World War II Memorial Act was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on May 25 of that year, becoming Public Law 103-32.
On September 30, 1994, Clinton appointed a 12-member Memorial Advisory Board (MAB) to advise the ABMC in site selection and design, and to promote fundraising to support memorial construction. The board was led by two co-chairs: Senator Bob Dole, a decorated World War II veteran and 1996 Republican nominee for president, and Frederick W. Smith, the president and chief executive officer of FedEx Corporation and a former U.S. Marine Corps officer. Of the $197 million raised in cash and pledges, the U.S. federal government provided about $16 million; the remainder was supplied by private donors and organizations.
On October 6 and October 7, the House and Senate passed Joint Resolution 227, mandating that the monument be located somewhere in downtown Washington, near other memorials. The president signed the resolution into law on October 25.
On January 20, 1995, the ABMC and MAB held their first joint meeting to discuss site selection. Representatives from the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA), the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC), the National Capital Memorial Commission (NCMC), and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, as well as the National Park Service, also attended the meeting.
Seven sites are considered: Capitol Reflecting Pool area (between 3rd Street and the Reflecting Pool) Tidal Basin (northeast side, east of the Tidal Basin parking lot and west of the 14th Street Bridge access road)
West Potomac Park (between Ohio Drive and the north shore of the Potomac River, northwest of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial);
Constitution Gardens (east end, between Constitution Avenue and the Rainbow Pool);
Grounds of the Washington Monument (at Constitution Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets, west of the National Museum of American History);
Freedom Plaza (on Pennsylvania Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets)
Henderson Hall, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery (this site was dropped from consideration because of its unavailability).
Friedrich St. Florian’s design was selected in 1997, but construction did not begin until September 2001. The memorial took more than two years to complete and opened to the public on April 29, 2004, and was dedicated on May 29. At its opening, thousands of people visited the memorial from all parts of the country. Many veterans came; currently, American World War II veterans are dying at a rate of over 1,000 per day. The memorial became a national park on November 1, when authority over it was transferred from the American Battle Monuments Commission to the National Park Service.
Many citizens liked the park-like atmosphere of the memorial. Others remarked that the plaza was symbolic of the nation’s commitment to the war because it recreated the sense of community that the war stimulated within the nation.
Critics such as the National Coalition to Save Our Mall opposed the design and the location of the memorial. The main critique of the location is that it interrupts the vista between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. It was also criticized for taking up open space that has historically been used for major demonstrations and protests.
The northern end of the memorial, dedicated to the Atlantic theaterThere were also aesthetic objections to the design. A critic from the Boston Herald called the monument "vainglorious, demanding of attention and full of trite imagery." The Philadelphia Inquirer noted the irony that "this pompous style was also favored by Hitler and Mussolini" (see Nazi architecture).
Most irksome to the critics was the expedited approval process, which is normally quite lengthy for such an important site. Congress, worried that World War II veterans were dying before an appropriate memorial was built, passed legislation exempting the National World War II Memorial from further site and design review. They also dismissed pending legal challenges to the memorial.
Source: WikiPedia | Published under GFDL 1.2 Licence | WikiPedia Article
PHOTOS: COPYRIGHT AND CREDIT
1. The Atlantic side of the World War II Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, DC. Photo 8/2004 by Dan Smith. Published by wikimedia under the Creative Commons
Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 License
2. The Stars. Each of the 4000 stars represent 100 fallen US soldiers , DC. Photo by Raul654 on June 23, 2004. originally published by wikipedia, published here under the GNU Free Licence 2.1
3. View of the Lincoln Memorial as seen from the World War II Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, DC. Photo 8/2004 by Dan Smith. Published by wikimedia under the Creative Commons
Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 License
POSTED BY JON BRUNBERG ON 12/9/2006blog comments powered by Disqus | <urn:uuid:0636e37c-95e3-4e22-920f-ab90879651db> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.war-memorial.net/The-World-War-II-Memorial,-Washington-1.46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95476 | 1,599 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into
liquid phase, and is the reverse of evaporation. The word most often refers to the
May 2, 2016 ... Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into
liquid water. Condensation is crucial to the water cycle because it ...
Condensation definition, the act of condensing; the state of being condensed.
Condensation. Condensation is the opposite of evaporation. It takes place when
water vapor in the air condenses from a gas, back into a liquid form, and leaves ...
Condensation is the process where water vapor becomes liquid.
Condensation can describe the act of making something shorter, like the
condensation of the unabridged dictionary to one that is geared to elementary
Condensation Here is a scenario of how condensation works: Put a pot of water
on the stove and bring it to a boil. Take a dry lid and cover it for a minute, and lift ...
Condensation is the change from a vapor to a condensed state (solid or liquid).
Evaporation is the change of a liquid to a gas. The Microscopic View of ...
Define condensation. condensation synonyms, condensation pronunciation,
condensation translation, English dictionary definition of condensation. n. 1. The
condensation (plural condensations) ... The condensate so formed. ... “
condensation” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized
Treasury of ... | <urn:uuid:a79d4e2d-2def-412f-9601-83a5c850e922> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ask.com/web?q=Condensation&oo=2603&o=0&l=dir&qsrc=3139&gc=1&qo=popularsearches | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.816201 | 334 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Sep 14, 2015 | By Alec
As regular readers might have observed, Chinese surgeons and academic hospitals are very readily adopting 3D printed implants and surgical models in their procedures, which is leading to some very groundbreaking surgeries. And another has just been completed, as doctors in the TangDu Hospital of the fourth Military Medical University in Xi'an city, Shaanxi province, China, have recently and successfully completed a complex pectus excavatum procedure in which a 3D printed titanium alloy plate was implanted into a young girl’s chest all. It was the first time 3D printing technology was used in such a rare and complex surgery, that absolutely requires a customized approach. In short, it was nothing but a major breakthrough.
The patient in question was the 18 year old Xia Ling, from the Shanxi province, a student who had recently finished her entrance examination for the University of Medical Science (majoring in clinical medicine). Unfortunately, she had been suffering from chest wall deformities since she was a child, resulting in severe pectus excavatum, spine scoliosis, left thorax are concave, and right thorax convex. In her case, the Haller index for pectus excavatum is 6.76, with a funnel being about 15cmx15cmx6cm in size and 45 cm3 in volume. ‘The patient's chest wall deformity is very serious, with the chest 'hole' being as big as a bowl,’ explained Thoracic surgeon Huang Lijun, who is Deputy Director at the hospital. She had previously undergone two deformity correction surgeries, which both failed.
This condition occurs in about three in 10,000 people, and correction becomes increasingly difficult as patients become older. Little complications tend to occur when a patient is about four to six years old, as the rib cage recovers quickly. But as the age increases, the likelihood of surgical success decreases. Mistakenly, many parents believe that this condition is caused by calcium deficiency, Huang Lijun says. Adding more calcium to a diet doesn’t solve the problem. Pectus excavatum can further be divided into three categories: light, medium and heavy. When occurring at birth, sometimes it is not very serious as it can correct itself over time. However, when still occurring around the ages of four to six, surgery is advised if assessed as medium or heavy.
This time around Xia Ling and her father came to the TangDu hospital, hoping for an unconventional method to relieve pain and rebuild her rib cage, which would obviously also do wonders to restore her confidence. This did, however, required the abandoning of traditional methods and adopting 3D printing. Upon admission to the hospital, Director Li Xiaofei and Professor Huang Lijun, and their team, discussed the situation several times. As traditional surgical approaches had already failed twice (which involved lifting the sternum and implanting an orthopedic plate), they needed something else. Due to the tremendous advances made in medical 3D printing, they opted for a 3D printed and fully personalized orthopedic plate this time.
With the surgical plan decided upon, the TangDu medical 3D printing group – that includes professor Cao Tiesheng, surgeon Dr Huang Lijun, Dr. Wang Lei, ultrasound diagnostic Department’s Dr Wang Zhen, and technician Yang Guanying, spent two weeks designing and 3D printing a custom plate made from titanium alloy. It was designed to fit snugly within the chest, and is retractable to match the patient’s chest size. Not only would it be a perfect fit, it also overcomes the restrictions that conventional plates place upon the thorax. Being so happy with the concept, they have already applied for a national patent.
After rigorously planning the surgery, surgeons Huang Lijun, Wang Lei, Guo Haihua and Yang Feng jointly worked to implement the plate. This took about six hours, during which the misshapen sternum was raised by nearly 5 cm. The surgery was a success, and both the patient and her family were very happy with the orthopedic effect.
What’s more, this can go into the medical history books as being the first time 3D printing was used to implement a customized corrective plate during a pectus excavatum surgery, and it probably won’t be the last as 3D printing has brought a lot of advantages to the table. ‘The plate fits snugly within the chest, and we have also added a telescopic adjustable structure to the plate,’ Dr Wang Lei said. ‘The traditional method depends on clinical experience, meaning that it is difficult to do a good simulation before operation, and now with the development of science and 3D printing technology, we have achieved a completely personalized surgical procedure that greatly improves the safety of operation.’
Another problem with the traditional approach is that the plate needs to be taken out again within two years. But due to the patient’s young age and her own weak physical condition, her recovery period is even longer than that. Fortunately, 3D printing has also offered a solution here. ‘We added an adjustable structure on the plate, which can be automatically adjusted within her chest along with the development of her body. It can be made longer, so it can better serve its purpose of remodeling the Thoracic outlet,’ Huang Lijun said, adding that this is a breakthrough for the pectus excavatum patient.
Posted in 3D Printing Applications
Maybe you also like:
- LUXeXceL secures €7.5 million investment to further develop 3D printed optical lens
- Did MakerBot knowingly sell faulty 3D printers? Class action lawsuit alleges yes.
- Interview: Adafruit puts CEO of MakerBot in the hot seat
- 3D printing company Proto Labs expands operations to NC, adds 170 jobs
- Poland's Zmorph receives $1 million investment to ramp up production and expand worldwide
- Siemens launches new Frontier Partner Program for 3D printing startups
- University of Nottingham unveils jaw-dropping £2.7 million 3D printing lab
- Ministers of Education of 90 Countries visited China's AnyPrint 3D
- Procter & Gamble jumps into 3D bio printing with grant program in Singapore
- China establishes its first national 3D printing lab for the advancement of 3D printing technologies
- Worldwide 3D printer market disappoints in the first quarter of 2015 | <urn:uuid:6cb9f827-05ed-4d50-a260-829ec57d3986> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.3ders.org/articles/20150914-pectus-excavatum-correction-surgery-with-3d-printed-titanium-plate-completed-in-china.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967638 | 1,332 | 2.84375 | 3 |
|Wilson Home | One Page | X-Sects. | B-Rift | E-Volc. Arc | F-Arc-Cont. | G-Cordill. | H-Cont.-Cont.| Self Tests|
Tectonic Regime IdentificationDo one of two things with these lettered locations, either:
» Identify the stage of the Wilson cycle they formed in, or . . .
» Identify what tectonic regime they represent; e.g. DCM, volcanic arc, axial rift. etc.
Each letter is hot; clicking on it will take you to the stage the tectonic feature first formed in. Sometimes their formation extends over more than one stage.
Answers here for all letters.
OR, go to the labeled cross section.
Return to Stage I.
Return to Wilson home page. | <urn:uuid:11cda7c9-6a5b-4275-a3dd-85bf54e913c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/fichter/Wilson/Quest1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00049-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842562 | 181 | 2.5625 | 3 |
To regenerate the same is incredible; to regenerate uniqeness is immeasurable.
The human liver is the only organ in the human body that has the ability to regenerate its self similar to a starfish.
This is mainly due to the unique qualities of the human liver and also the sameness of the human liver as a whole.
In other words a doctor can cut off some of your liver and it will grow back.
Imagine, getting a flesh wound and not having a scar? To take it even further, imagine you lose a finger, it is cut off, and the finger can literally grow back exactly the same as it was before?
Basically what this entails is the ability for the human bodies healing agents to be able to remap the DNA that was orignally used to gorw the finger or heal a flesh cut to the exact same skin variations therefore making the concept of a scar nill.
A scar is a regrowth of skin in a dis-similar pattern than the previous skin, thus an akward appearance refered to as a scar.
The reason the skin regrows and regrows with imperfections is mainly due to the fact that in a flesh wound the flesh, primary word 'flesh', cannot be regrown but the skin can.
So we have skin regrowth, liver regrowth, and starfish regrowth.
They all share regrowth of generic properties the ability to use DNA and human healing agents to remap and regrow a unique quality such as flesh or an appendage would be a humna breakthrough unseen as of yet.
Second Gem of the Day:
There is a race on to see who can be the first to create a all-in-one, self-reliant computer that looks and feels like a real newspaper.
The PC's handicap is the PC itself. Taking the computer out of the computer will bring the computer to everyone.
Imagine real printable paper that was made with a stand-alone computer shell that can be pre-programmed with very simple user functionality.
Think of a musical greeting card or a visual hologram to get a basic idea.
An example of a self-contained use would be to have a hologram popup layer on-touch command to search for a text word on the newspaper and it reponds with a column and paragraph number.
Simple computers, small enough to not be noticable or cumbersome and usefull enough to make something common much more useful and easier to use.
This would be a true breakthrough and user-friendly implementation the bespeaks the purpose of computers in helping us all. | <urn:uuid:fe1499e5-a648-4997-b0dc-a4e93aa12189> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.advogato.org/person/mglazer/diary.html?start=238 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00088-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948263 | 536 | 2.578125 | 3 |
on May 14, 2014 at 4:02 PM, updated May 14, 2014 at 4:04 PM
Mrs. Prakapas's fourth grade students at Roosevelt School in Rahway, recently began the Structures of Life science unit of study. The student scientists counted and compared the seeds of various fruits. The children learned that all fruits contain seeds, and some of what they thought were fresh vegetables, like cucumbers, peppers, and green beans are scientifically known as fruits because they contain seeds. Pictured Brian Alicea, Clive Campbell, and Sa-May Knordle found the tiny kiwi seeds hard to count. | <urn:uuid:daabea9c-715d-4546-b8db-df5f83e57e86> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nj.com/suburbannews/index.ssf/2014/05/roosevelt_school_fourth_grader_3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970246 | 128 | 2.78125 | 3 |
French Enlightenment Architecture and Its Legacy
For Etlin, the eighteenth-century city was a place in which actual physical space was subjected to a complex mental layering of conceptual spaces. He focuses on the design theory of Boullée and Durand and charts their legacy through the architecture of Paul Philippe Cret, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Louis Kahn. He defines the distinctive features of neoclassicism and outlines the new grammar for classical architecture articulated by theorists and architects such as Laugier, Leroy, and Ledoux.
After discussing the eighteenth-century hôtel, revolutionary space, and the transformation of the image of the cemetery, Etlin examines the space of absence as embodied in commemorative architecture from Boullée and Gilly to Cret, Wright, and Terragni. His book provides an accessible introduction to a century of architecture that transformed the classical forms of the Renaissance and Baroque periods into building types still familiar today.
1: Paris: The Image of the City
2: Revolutionary Space
3: Character and Design Method
4: The Neoclassical Interlude
5: The System of the Home
6: Landscapes of Eternity
7: The Space of Absence
American Institute of Architects: International Architecture Book Awards | <urn:uuid:5cb65e2e-8957-4f84-9d36-a84c24633e1e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3622947.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00177-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894549 | 257 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Saturn's moon Dione, in the foreground of this Cassini spacecraft image, appears darker than the moon Tethys.
Tethys appears brighter because it has a higher albedo than Dione, meaning Tethys reflects more sunlight. This higher albedo is due to Tethys being closer to the moon Enceladus and the E ring. Bright debris spews from Enceladus, feeding the E ring. This debris then coats Enceladus and Tethys with bright material. See PIA08921 and PIA11688 to see images of Enceladus's plume and the E ring.
Because of the viewing geometry, lit terrain seen here is on the anti- Saturn side of Dione (1,123 kilometers, or 698 miles across) and the leading hemisphere of Tethys (1,062 kilometers, or 660 miles across).
The image was taken in visible green light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on March 23, 2010. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 1.2 million kilometers (746,000 miles) from Dione and at a Sun-Dione-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 88 degrees. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 1.8 million kilometers (1.1 million miles) from Tethys and at a Sun-Tethys-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 88 degrees. Image scale is 7 kilometers (4 miles) per pixel on Dione and 11 kilometers (7 miles) per pixel on Tethys.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.
For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/. The Cassini imaging team homepage is at http://ciclops.org. | <urn:uuid:0da0323d-4374-426f-848a-a1900bd22e22> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12666 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891157 | 467 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Bibliographical Essay for Slavery
The most comprehensive guides
to the literature on slavery are Joseph C. Miller, Slavery:
A Worldwide Bibliography, 1900-1996 (1999) and John David
Smith, Black Slavery in the Americas: An Interdisciplinary
Bibliography, 1865-1980 (1982). Updated bibliographies appear
annually in Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Comparative
Studies, which also publishes important articles and debates
on slavery and antislavery.
General reference works that
include succinct essays on important topics are Seymour Drescher
and Stanley Engerman, eds., A Historical Guide to World Slavery (1998); Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, eds., Macmillan
Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1998); Randall M. Miller and
John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery (updated ed., 1997); and Junius P. Rodriguez, eds., The Historical
Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997).
On the historiography of slavery
in the United States, see Charles B. Dew, "The Slavery Experience,"
in John B. Boles and Evelyn Thomas Nolen, eds., Interpreting
Southern History (1987), Peter J. Parish, Slavery: History
and Historians (1989), John David Smith, Slavery, Race,
and American History: Historical Conflict, Trends, and Method,
1866-1953 (1999), and Mark M. Smith, Debating Slavery:
Economy and Society in the Antebellum American South (1998).
An institution that began in
prehistoric times, slavery was practiced on virtually every continent.
Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death (1982) compares
and contrasts the forms that slavery took in diverse societies
around the world. For Asian slavery, see Anthony Reid, ed., Slavery,
Bondage, and Dependency in Southeast Asia (1983) and James
L. Watson, ed., Asian and African Systems of Slavery (1980).
On Middle Eastern slavery, see Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery
in the Middle East (1990). An incisive overview of the origins,
nature, and abolition of Islamic and New World slavery is David
Brion Davis, Slavery and Human Progress (1984).
On African slavery and the
African slave trade, see Patrick Manning, Slavery and African
Life (1990); Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery:
A History of Slavery in Africa (1983); Joseph C. Miller, Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade,
1730-1830 (1988); and John Thornton, Africa and Africans in
the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1680 (2nd ed., 1998),
a study which also examines the critical role of Africans in
the development of New World economies and cultures.
The literature on U.S. slavery
is vast. Among the important general studies that have emphasized
slaves' capacity to resist slavery and establish separate communities
are John B. Boles, Black Southerners (1983); John D. Blassingame, The Slave Community (1979); Eugene D. Genovese, Roll,
Jordan Roll (1974); Charles Joyner, Down by the Riverside (1984); Peter Kolchin, American Slavery (1993); and Leslie
Howard Owens, This Species of Property (1976).
Valuable studies of slaves'
culture and world views include Daniel J. Crowley, ed., African
Folklore in the New World (1977); Dena J. Epstein, Sinful
Tunes and Spirituals (1977); Joseph E. Holloway, Africanisms
in American Culture (1990); Lawrence Levine, Black Culture
and Black Consciousness (1977); Albert J. Raboteau, Slave
Religion (1978); Mechal Sobel, Travelin' On: The Slave
Journey to an Afro-Baptist Faith (1979); Sterling Stuckey, Slave Culture (1987); Michael Vlach, The Afro-American
Tradition in Decorative Arts (1978); and Thomas L. Webber, Deep Like the Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community (1978).
A number of historians have
penetrated America's national boundaries to compare southern
slavery with other systems of slavery and forced labor. Important
works that locate southern slavery in a comparative perspective
include Carl N. Degler, Neither Black Nor White: Slavery and
Race Relations in Brazil and the United States (1971); Richard
S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves (1972); George M. Frederickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South
African History (1981); Herbert S. Klein, Slavery in the
Americas (1967); and Peter Kolchin, Unfree Labor: American
Slavery and Russian Serfdom (1987).
Not all of the scholars who
have studies slavery are historians. Many economists, who are
interested in the impact of slavery on economic growth, also
conducted intensive research on the institution. The modern debate
over the profitability of slavery and its impact on the southern
economy began with an article by Alfred H. Conrad and John R.
Meyer entitled "The Economics of Slavery in the Antebellum
South," which appeared in the Journal of Political Economy in 1958. Among the scholars inspired by Conrad and Meyer's approach
were Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, who used sophisticated
econometric and statistical techniques in their highly controversial
reinterpretation of the slave economy, Time on the Cross (1974). Relying on a wide array of quantitative data, this book
argued that slavery was a highly profitable institution; that
slave labor was highly efficient; that masters promoted stable
nuclear families; and that slaves were healthy, well fed, rarely
whipped, and seldom sold away from their spouses. The volume
produced withering criticism that challenged the book's evidence,
methods, and interpretations, including Herbert B. Gutman, Slavery
and the Numbers Game (1975) and Paul A. David et al., Reckoning
with Slavery (1976). Fogel responded to his critics in 1989
with a volume entitled Without Consent or Contract, which
synthesizes much recent quantitative research on slavery.
Until remarkably recently,
there was a tendency to treat slavery as a static, unchanging
institution. A number of recent volumes chronicle the historical
evolution of American slavery. Valuable studies of colonial slavery
include Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries
of Slavery in North America (1998); Timothy H. Breen and
Stephen Innes, "Myne Owne Ground": Race and Freedom
on Virginia's Eastern Shore (1980); Allan Kulikoff, Tobacco
and Slaves: Southern Culture in the Chesapeake (1986); Daniel
C. Littlefield, Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade
in Colonial South Carolina (1981); Edmund S. Morgan, American
Slavery, American Freedom (1975); Philip D. Morgan, Slave
Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake
and Low Country (1998); Robert Olwell, Masters, Slaves,
and Subjects: The Culture of Power in the South Carolina Low
Country, 1740-1790 (1998); Mechal Sobel, The World They
Made Together: Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (1987); Lorena S. Walsh, From Calabar to Carter's Grove: The
History of a Virginia Slave Community (1997. and Donald R.
Wright, African Americans in the Colonial Era (1990).
For slavery during the revolutionary
era, see Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman, eds., Slavery and
Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution (1983); Paul
Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the
Age of Jefferson (1996); Sylvia R. Frey, Water from the
Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (1991); and
Shane White, Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery
in New York City (1991).
A large number of important
recent studies have explored slavery's aftermath. Among the important
recent works that focus on the African American experience during
the Civil War and Reconstruction are Ira Berlin, ed., Freedom:
A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867 (1982);
Barbara Jean Fields, Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground:
Maryland (1985); Eric Foner, Reconstruction (1988);
Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance
Between Black Soldiers and White Officers (1990); Leon Litwack "Been in the Storm So Long" (1979); and Jay
R. Mandle, Not Slave, Not Free (1992).
No aspect of slavery has gone
unexamined. For the origins and implications of racism, see George
M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind (1971)
and Winthrop Jordan, White Over Black (1968). On the nature
of antislavery movements and comparative emancipations, see Ira
Berlin, et al. Slaves No More (1992); David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1967) and The
Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution (1975); Eric
Foner, Nothing But Freedom (1983); Thomas C. Holt, The
Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor and Politics in Jamaica and Britain,
1832-1938 (1992); and Robert Brent Toplin, The Abolition
of Slavery in Brazil (1975).
There are many specialized
studies worthy of note. The law of slavery is analyzed in Paul
Finkelman, ed., Slavery and the Law (1996); A Leon Higginbotham,
Jr., In the Matter of Color (1978); Mark Tushnet, The
American Law of Slavery (1981); and Alan Watson, Slave
Law in the Americas (1989).
On slave resistance in the
Americas, see Eugene D. Genovese, From Rebellion to Revolution:
Afro-American Slave Revolts (1979). On fugitive slaves, see
John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger, Runaway Slaves (1999).
Women's lives under slavery
are skillfully explored in Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within
the Plantation Household: Black and White Women in the Old South (1988); Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow (1985); Melton A. McLaurin, Celia: A Slave (1991); and
Deborah Gray White, Ar'n't I a Woman (1985).
On slave families, see Herbert
G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom (1976)
and Brenda Stevenson, Life in Black and White: Family and
Community in the Slave South (1996). For slave children,
see Wilma King, Stolen Childhood: Slave Youth in Nineteenth-Century
America (1995) and Marie Jenkins Schwartz, Born in Bondage (1999).
Medical histories of slavery include Kenneth F. Kiple and Virginia
Himmelsteib King, Another Dimension to the Black Diaspora:
Diet, Disease, and Racism (1981) and Todd L. Savitt, Medicine
and Slavery (1978).
For urban slavery, see Claudia
D. Goldin, Urban Slavery in the American South (1976)
and Richard C. Wade, Slavery in the Cities (1964). On
free blacks, see Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Masters (1974);
and Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roark, Black Masters (1984) and No Chariot Let Down: Charleston's Free People of
Back to Top | <urn:uuid:026d9c2d-0689-4537-a453-e9ba673344e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/teachers/modules/slavery/bibliographical_essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00054-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.786656 | 2,515 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Product: Corn Is Maize
Category: Fun Fall and Autumn Thematic Book List for Elementary Students
Age: toddler, preschool, kindergarten, elementary
Corn Is Maize by Aliki (Illustrator)
What's so great about corn?
Popcorn, corn on the cob, cornbread, tacos, tamales, and tortillas.
All of these and many other good things come from one amazing plant.
Aliki tells the story of corn: How Native American farmers thousands
of years ago found and nourished a wild grass plant and made it an important
part of their lives. They learned the best ways to grow and store and
use its fat yellow kernels. And then they shared this knowledge with
the new settlers of America. | <urn:uuid:175f2443-4b42-44c0-b91b-a6eb3bb72d5d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.apples4theteacher.com/holidays/fall/kids-books/corn-is-maize.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881854 | 155 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Christmas In SCOTLAND|
The Scots celebrate Christmas rather somberly and reserve their merriment for New Year's Eve which is called Hogmanay. This word may
derive from a kind of oat cake that was traditionally given to children on New Year's Eve. The first person to set foot in a residence in a New Year is
thought to profoundly affect the fortunes of the inhabitants. Generally strangers are thought to bring good luck. Depending on the area, it may be
better to have a dark-haired or fair-haired stranger set foot in the house. This tradition is widely known as "first footing."
Should you have any comments or ideas for our web site,
Copyright © 1996 The-North-Pole.com | <urn:uuid:df14009e-d578-4701-abb0-b42215d672a7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.the-north-pole.com/around/scotland.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954027 | 154 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The slow process of capturing science data is about to go into serious overdrive with a NASA laser communication experiment set to launch to the International Space Station.
The Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS) — which will be sent up to the space station aboard SpaceX's cargo-carrying Dragon capsule Sunday (March 16) — will test a substantial upgrade to the data streaming process by sending information via laser beam rather than radio wave.
"Optical communications has the potential to be a game-changer," mission manager Matt Abrahamson said in a statement. [See photos of the 3rd SpaceX cargo mission to the space station]
Information sent by optical communications, also known as lasercomm, will reach scientists faster than data sent by conventional radio transmission. This is an important step as improving scientific instruments generate measurements in greater detail, but taking up significantly larger memory sizes.
Successful tests of the technology, like OPALS, will help pave the way toward operational optical communications in NASA's planetary and deep space missions, enhancing connections to engineers and scientists as well as to the public.
"Our ability to generate data has greatly outpaced our ability to downlink it," OPALS project systems engineer Bogdan Oaida said.
OPALS could help to change that problem.
'From dial-up to DSL'
The rapid pace of technology means that the scientific instruments utilized on space missions gather larger chunks of data than their predecessors. But the increasingly high-quality information continues to be bottle-necked by the radio frequency transmissions that convey it to Earth.
Many of the existing deep space missions send back 200 to 400 kilobits of information per second. OPALS will send information by laser beam rather than radio wave, demonstrating a speed of up to 50 megabits per second. Future deep space optical communication systems should reach up to one gigabit per second.
"Imagine trying to download a movie at home over dial-up," Oaida said. "It's essentially the same problem in space, whether we're talking about low-Earth orbit or deep space."
Upgrading from radio to optical communications will be "like upgrading from dial-up to DSL," Oaida added.
After its launch Sunday, OPALS will be positioned by robotic arm on the station's exterior. Over a period of almost three months, a telescope on the ground will track the instrument and conduct a number of transmission tests.
When a laser from the ground-based telescope hits the uplink beacon on OPALS, the instrument will downlink a modulated laser beam with a formatted video. The tests will study the pointing, accuracy, and tracking of the very tightly focused laser beam. Scientists will also study the characteristics of optical links through the planet's atmosphere, as well as training and educating NASA personnel in the operation of optical communication systems.
The communications system relies primarily on commercial off-the-shelf hardware enclosed in a pressurized container, an approach that allowed for a lower-cost development on an efficient schedule. Scientists beamed images of the Mona Lisa by laser to NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2013, making it the first optically transmitted data sent over planetary distances.
The technology was conceived, constructed, and tested at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., by engineers working through the lab's Phaeton early-career-hire program. | <urn:uuid:4fa94037-6698-43b5-8c0b-c01becbcc7b0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.space.com/25039-nasa-laser-space-station-video.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922376 | 688 | 3.5 | 4 |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- This article is about the animal. See also Gazelle (disambiguation) for other uses.
A gazelle is an antelope of the genus Gazella. Gazelles are known as swift animals; they are able to reach high speeds for long periods of time. Gazelles are mostly found in the grasslands and savannas of Africa, but they are also found in southwest Asia. They tend to live in herds and will eat less coarse, easily digestible plants and leaves.
The gazelle species are classified as part of the order Artiodactyla, family Bovidae and genus Gazella. Members of the Articodacycla order are principally distinguished by the foot; they have an even number of toes (The bovid family includes 49 genera and 59 species.) The taxonomy of the genus Gazella is a confused one, and the classification of species and subspecies has been an unsettled issue. Three species—the Red Gazelle, the Arabian Gazelle, and the Queen of Sheba's Gazelle—are extinct. All other gazelle species are listed as endangered, to varying degrees.
A recognizable example of the gazelle is Thomson's Gazelle (Gazella thomsonii), which is around 60 to 90 cm in height at the shoulder and is coloured brown and white with a distinguishing black stripe (as in the picture on the right). The males have long, often curved, horns. Tommies, as they are familiarly called, exhibit a distinctive behaviour of stotting (running slowly and jumping high before fleeing) when they are threatened by predators such as lions or cheetahs. This is a primary piece of evidence for the handicap principle advanced by Amotz Zahavi in the study of animal communication and behaviour.
- Chinkara, also known as Indian Gazelle, G. bennettii
- Cuvier's Gazelle, G. cuvieri
- Dama Gazelle, G. dama
- Dorcas Gazelle, G. dorcas
- Mountain Gazelle, G. gazella
- Grant's Gazelle, G. granti
- Rhim Gazelle, G. leptoceros
- Red-fronted Gazelle, G. rufifrons
- Saudi Gazelle, G. saudiya
- Soemmerring's Gazelle, G. soemmerringii
- Speke's Gazelle, G. spekei
- Goitered Gazelle, G. subgutturosa
- Thomson's Gazelle, G. thomsonii
Fossils of genus Gazella are found in Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Eurasia and Africa. The tiny Gazella borbonica is one of the earliest European gazelles, characterized by its small size and short legs. Gazelles disappeared from Europe at the start of Ice Age, but they survived in Africa and Middle East. Three species become extinct in recent times due to human causes:
- Arabian Gazelle, G. arabica
- Queen of Sheba's Gazelle, G. bilkis
- Red Gazelle, G. rufina | <urn:uuid:4c0bdc50-8786-455d-9fa7-e254800e958d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.englishgratis.com/1/wikibooks/animals/gazelle.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923903 | 678 | 2.953125 | 3 |
[Written by Peter Nielsen].
Whether you are a calorie counter or not, everyone has checked the the number of calories for a meal or item at some point.
A common question is, how many calories should you eat a day? That depends on a variety of factors, including age, size, and lifestyle. The Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference suggests that women between ages of 31-59 should eat between 1,800 and 2,200 calories, depending on their level of activity. Men in the same age group should eat between 2,200 and 2,800. Calorie usage varies between individuals and are only one factor in a healthy nutritional regimen. That said, it is important to understand what calories are.
A calorie is often described as a measure of heat. It is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise 1 kilogram of water from 15° to 16° Celsius and is provided by fat, carbohydrate, and protein. Counting calories is a method to help balance the calories you consume with the calories you burn throughout the day. What you eat as the source of your calories is vitally important.
Counting calories can be difficult. We have busy lives and are eating out more than ever! Fast food and prepared dishes don’t help either. Twenty years ago, the average cheeseburger in the United States had 333 calories now it’s over 600 calories! A small order of french fries from a popular fast food restaurant has 230 calories, 100 calories from fat, 11 grams of fat, 29 grams of carbohydrates, and 3 grams of protein and that’s not counting the 15 calories and 3 grams of carbohydrates with every ketchup packet you use with those fries! Fats have the highest concentration of calories with nine calories per gram of pure fat. Pure protein and carbohydrates each have four calories per gram.
The best option is to eat fruits, vegetables, and other lower-fat foods. The simple fact is that you get more food for less calories! A cup of raw broccoli gives you 31 calories, but fill that cup with ice cream and you’re at 250. Additionally, you get all the great nutrients found in healthy, low-fat food, along with the fiber that will keep you feeling full longer!
If you eat the right kind of calories, you don’t need to count them. Nearly one-quarter of Americans’ calories come from sweets, soft drinks, and alcoholic beverages (Did I mention there’s 7 calories per gram of pure alcohol?). Five percent comes from fruit-flavored drinks and salty snacks like potato chips, while fruits and vegetables make up a paltry 10% of the average American’s daily calorie intake. In other words, we’re not eating the nutrient-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains that can help prevent heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, as much as the empty, damaging things like candy, soft drinks and white bread that have been proven to contribute to many serious problems.
Count calories as a gauge to help balance your diet with your needs, but be sure those calories count when it comes to your health!
*To receive Dunham’s coupons and information on new products, events and sales, sign up for Dunham’s Rewards. | <urn:uuid:4849b898-e675-4da3-9a36-bc090e5cbf36> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dunhamssports.com/2013/09/in-for-the-count/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9475 | 670 | 3.234375 | 3 |
We’ve been living with information overload from our computers and smartphones for long enough that studies are beginning to draw conclusions that are a bit worrisome. The most benign of these conclusions is that multi-tasking doesn’t increase productivity for the most part, in fact you lose about 20-30% efficiency going back and forth between tasks. Scientists are also beginning to point out that people who communicate predominantly through electronic means are forgetting how to read verbal cues and body language.
I am reminded of a New York Times article from a few years ago entitled Hooked on Gadgets, and Paying a Mental Price . The main character in the article is your typical 30-something small business owner, who falls asleep every night with a laptop or iPhone on his chest, and goes online as soon as he wakes up. Seems his family has noticed that he gets downright “crotchety until he gets his fix”.
The article references several studies, in particular a 2004 Stanford study, that point to the possibility that the excitement of responding to a constant wave of applications, tweets, and other bursts of information is akin to the primitive impulse to respond to immediate opportunities and threats. The stimulation causes bursts of dopamine to the brain and can become quite addictive. People with addictions often think that they perform better under the influence, and many people think that multitasking makes them more productive, but research shows otherwise. Heavy multitaskers actually have more trouble focusing and shutting out irrelevant information, scientists say, and they experience more stress. What’s even more interesting is that scientists have demonstrated that this can have a permanent effect, so that the brain becomes wired to multitask no matter what the situation: “the chime of incoming e-mail can override the goal of writing a business plan or playing catch with the children”.
So what do we do? I think the answer is – we acknowledge the problem and mitigate. Multi-tasking is an essential survival skill in certain situations, and a health concern in others. Once we recognize the imbalance we can consciously build habits that bring us back to center. For example:
- Build in moments of focused single-tasking, which could be as simple as getting up regularly to stretch, look around and observe your surroundings.
- If you feel the urge to check your email or switch to another task, stop yourself. Breathe deeply. Re-focus yourself. Take a few minutes to meditate.
- Set aside blocks of time which are exclusively for one activity (could be work related, or recreational). Practice focusing in an enjoyable way.
In the workplace,
- Prioritize tasks and set up blocks of time to do each one, starting with the most important, interspersed with periods for checking in and catching up on all the new stuff that’s come in. Be disciplined about how long you give yourself to check email, tweets and all other information sources.
- Design a creative thinking space for yourself, as did NASA Langley Research Center, as part of their overall Center Innovation/Creativity Initiative. This is a private work area for researchers to be away from their usual setting, a comfortable and quiet space to focus.
- Keep meetings focused and participatory. By using the right technology tools, such as group decision support software, you can keep participants engaged and away from their emails.
Nicholas Carr wrote in response to this article “Life would be intolerable if we weren’t able to multitask. Imagine not being able to cook a meal while listening to the radio or chatting with your spouse.” I agree – the ability to multitask in appropriate contexts and in moderate amounts is a valuable skill; we just need to recognize that too much of any good thing can be bad for your health.
posted by Danuta McCallShare/Save | <urn:uuid:523ea13b-2857-40d2-9efe-1f70c9fe88b0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://facilitate.com/blog/index.php/2014/10/this-is-the-brain-on-ipads/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957936 | 785 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A UN-accredited global energy body, the WEC has compiled data on the world’s energy resources since 1934. Now, with BNEF, the effort will expand to renewable energy technologies.
The WEC says its 2010 Survey of Energy Resources has been downloaded more than three million times. The new report, titled “World Energy Survey of Resources and Technologies,” will be published in October 2013, during the 22nd World Energy Congress in Daegu, South Korea.
It will include BNEF indices that track equipment prices for solar PV, wind turbines, batteries, and other technologies, while also monitoring the costs of capital associated with financing clean energy projects through an network of financial and energy sector clients.
WEC says that by combining those two elements – equipment costs and costs of capital – BNEF “produces, on a quarterly basis, the definitive estimate of levelized costs of electricity for clean energy technologies worldwide.”
“With fast-changing and ever more globalized energy markets, we recognize that effective decision-making requires not only a detailed understanding of resources but also how energy technologies are used to provide energy,” WEC Secretary General Christoph Frei said. “Sustainable energy can only be achieved through the combination of robust policy frameworks and a strong, competitive energy industry. Both require a strong evidence base.”
BNEF spoke in much the same vein, including the use of the word ‘robust.’ “Energy prices are in a period of unusual flux: on top of the usual market volatility, we have seen a dramatic fall in U.S. gas prices due to the breakthrough ‘fracking’ technology,” said CEO Michael Liebreich. “We have also seen extremely rapid reductions in renewable energy costs, in particular for wind and solar. It is absolutely vital that policymakers, investors and energy industry executives have access to robust, up-to-the-minute data on the price landscape.”
Frei and Liebreich launched the first stages of the study in London last month during a meeting of the UN Secretary General’s Sustainable Energy for All High-Level Group.
The complimentary and collaborative nature of this project could turn into a powerful and necessary resource for global policy-makers seeking ways to devise the most efficient energy systems and strategies over the coming decades. But what took so long? This information was needed years ago. | <urn:uuid:586f9ce5-74bb-412e-85bc-0e9cc8835c3c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/05/wec-bloomberg-hook-complete-view-global-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00171-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933074 | 502 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Bathtub Analogy Doesn’t Hold Water
By William L. Chameides
When we think of sea level, we tend to envision the water level in a bathtub—flat and uniform everywhere. In turn, we assume rising sea level is just like water in a tub with the spigot on, rising evenly along the coasts just as it does along the porcelain walls.
But the bathtub analogy is problematic. The unusual tides along the U.S. eastern seaboard—which recently ran anywhere from 15 to 60 centimeters higher than predicted—are a case in point.
Certainly the key determinant in seawater height along a coast is the amount of water in the ocean. Add more water to the ocean and sea level will rise, increasing its inland reach. But other factors come into play—wind, for example. An onshore wind pushes water inland, increasing the tides’ height. Offshore winds do just the opposite. And the effects can go way beyond tides.
Consider the so-called El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the South Pacific. Periodic shifts in Pacific wind patterns contribute to a sloshing back and forth of the entire ocean basin. Here, the bathtub analogy works: think of water sloshing in a tub. The ocean water moves in one direction during El Niño and piles up along the South American coast; it sloshes in the other direction during La Niña. The shifts from El Niño to La Niña have far-reaching effects, influencing rainfall patterns and temperatures around the globe.
It has been speculated that the anomalous U.S. tides are related to a similar phenomenon called the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). During the NAO’s positive phase, there is a large difference between high pressure over the Atlantic in the subtropics and low pressure in the polar regions. As the pressure difference between those regions increases and decreases, air sloshes to the north and then to the south, and the westerly winds over the ocean intensify and weaken.
Is the NAO responsible for the high tides along the East Coast? Maybe. A more interesting question is whether whatever is causing the tidal anomalies also contributed to the unusually cool summer weather in the eastern U.S.
Regardless, the unusual tides provide a lesson for preparing for global warming. In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that sea levels will rise an average of 18 to 58 centimeters by the end of the century without fully accounting for ice sheet melting. More recent estimates incorporating an ice-sheet thaw tend to predict larger rises—at the upper end of the range, nearly a meter or more by 2100.
But like the anomalous high tides in the U.S., the sea level increase will not necessarily be uniform around the globe, because global warming will also cause changes in atmospheric circulation.
That means changes in winds and thus potential tidal changes. In fact, climate models predict that the northeastern coast of the United States will experience a particularly large rise in sea levels. Two recent papers estimate that the Northeast coast might see an additional rise of about 20 centimeters or 30–50 centimeters on top of the global average. And if all this has you confused, try experimenting in the bathtub. ❧
William L. Chameides is Dean of Duke University’s Nicholas School of the Environment. He blogs regularly at www.theGreenGrok.com. | <urn:uuid:35a1208f-905a-4798-8da4-37c72b2316ce> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://conservationmagazine.org/2009/11/bathtub-analogy-doesnt-hold-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905383 | 709 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Definitions for hawai
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word hawai
Hawai was a town located in Tōhaku District, Tottori, Japan. On October 1, 2004, Hawai was merged with the town of Tōgō, and the village of Tomari, all from Tōhaku District, to form the new town of Yurihama. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,011 and a population density of 655.03 persons per km². The total area was 12.23 km².
The numerical value of hawai in Chaldean Numerology is: 5
The numerical value of hawai in Pythagorean Numerology is: 6
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
I love the ocean and mountains, and when I arrived here I immediately fell in love with the place and the fact that it had both. Plus, it has the only navigable rivers in Hawai'i.
Find a translation for the hawai definition in other languages:
Select another language: | <urn:uuid:7e02b45f-73f1-4cbe-a0ba-5f9a8238bdf5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/hawai | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933952 | 222 | 2.609375 | 3 |
|SE Quadrant, Architecturally Significant, Major Literary Awardees, Translators, Also of Interest|
St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Chestnut Ward,
Pound, winner of the Bollingen Award, was imprisoned here for treason for 12 years, from 1946 to 1958.
A major figure in early modernist poetry, Pound developed the Imagist movement, and is best known for Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920) and his unfinished epic poem, The Cantos (1917-1969). Pound was foreign editor for several American literary magazines, and helped to discover and shape the work of several writers, including T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Ernest Hemingway. He lived most of his adult life in London, Paris, and Rapallo, Italy.
When Pound was released from St. Elizabeth's Hospital, thanks to a protracted campaign by Archibald MacLeish and other writers, he returned to Italy. He published over 30 books of poems during his lifetime, in addition to essays and translations.
Architect: Thomas U. Walter
The Government Hospital for the Insane was the first federal mental institution in the US; it was organized by the Department of the Interior in 1855, and renamed St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in 1916. The center building was designed in the Gothic Revival style by the same architect who designed the dome and wings of the US Capitol. The hospital played a national role in developing standards for the treatment of mental illness. It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1990. | <urn:uuid:003d97a5-ed79-4062-8cdb-ed01efc5dd8b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dcwriters.poetrymutual.org/pages/pound.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97433 | 314 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Fields of Electronics: Understanding Electronics Using Basic Physics
To put it frankly, the traditional education of most engineers and scientists leaves them often unprepared to handle many of the practical problems they encounter. The Fields of Electronics: Understanding Electronics Using Basic Physics offers a highly original correction to this state of affairs.
Most engineers learn circuit theory and field theory separately. Electromagnetic field theory is an important part of basic physics, but because it is a very mathematical subject, the connection to everyday problems is not emphasized. Circuit theory, on the other hand, is by its nature very practical. However, circuit theory cannot describe the nature of a facility, the interconnection of many pieces of hardware, or the power grid that interfaces each piece of hardware.
The Fields of Electronics offers a unique approach that brings the physics and the circuit theory together into a seamless whole for today's practicing engineers. With a clear focus on the real-world problems confronting the practitioner in the field, the book thoroughly details the principles that apply to:
* Capacitors, inductors, resistors, and transformers
* Utility power and circuit concepts
* Grounding and shielding
* Analog and digital signals
* Facilities and sites
Written with very little mathematics, and requiring only some background in electronics, this book provides an eminently useful new way to understand the subject of electronics that will simplify the work of every novice, experienced engineer, and scientist.
1. The Electric Field.
2. Capacitors, Magnetic Fields, and Transformers.
3. Utility Power and Circuit Concepts.
4. A Few More Tools.
5. Analog Design.
6. Digital Design and Mixed Analog/Digital Design.
7. Facilities and Sites.
Appendix I: Solutions to Problems.
Appendix II: Glossary of Common Terms.
Appendix III: Abbreviations.
"...loaded with practical information?any electrical engineer...will find this book an invaluable reference...circuit theory teachers could also find this excellent..." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 5, September/October 2002)
"Recommended for libraries...upper-division undergraduates; professionals" (Choice, Vol. 40, No. 3, November 2002)
"...it could very usefully find a place on the shelves of an electronics laboratory..." (Contemporary Physics, Vol.44, No.1, 2003)
Buy Both and Save 25%!
The Fields of Electronics: Understanding Electronics Using Basic Physics (US $115.00)
Total List Price: US $224.95
Discounted Price: US $168.71 (Save: US $56.24) | <urn:uuid:141f6e16-4310-437b-a4ba-66577578b289> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471222909,subjectCd-PHA0.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878273 | 546 | 3.234375 | 3 |
This isn't the first time in Mississippi agricultural history that demand for biofuel has encouraged huge corn plantings in the state.
Back in the 1940s and 1950s, over a million acres of corn were planted annually in the Magnolia State to feed and power mules. Those sturdy steeds of yesteryear performed many Mississippi farmers' field operations prior to the widespread adoption of tractors.
Today, demand for ethanol has pushed corn acres in the state to the highest level since the 1960s, but it's still far short of what was planted during corn's heyday. The state grew more than 2 million acres of corn annually between 1931 and 1950 and planted as many as 3 million acres in 1942. More than 2.5 million acres of cotton were planted during back then.
But with mechanization, mule fuel is no longer a major destination for corn. Noted Erick Larson, Mississippi Extension corn specialist, “By the time we got into the 1970s, we were no longer feeding corn to livestock to work the fields, and corn went to 300,000 acres or less from 1969 through 1996, when corn prices went above $3.” This year, Mid-South corn acres are expected to jump to 2.99 million from 1.38 million last year.
According to USDA, Mississippi will plant 950,000 acres to corn in 2007, compared to 340,000 acres last year. Arkansas will increase from 190,000 acres to 560,000 acres; Louisiana, from 300,000 acres to 700,000 acres; and Tennessee from 550,000 acres to 780,000 acres.
There's still some question whether this acreage will be planted. Tennessee Extension corn specialist Angela Thompson noted in late March that some growers “haven't put any seed in the ground yet, and if they can't get a lot of planting done in the next two weeks, they may plant soybeans.”
Thompson said that west Tennessee corn planting was about 70 percent complete, but middle and east Tennessee “ have been too dry and hardly anything has been planted.”
Larson said Mississippi's final tally won't be known for a while. He estimated that about 76 percent of the state's corn crop had been planted by the end of March, a normal planting pace. But corn planters had been parked about a week due to dry weather.
“We usually don't have to worry about droughty conditions during March, but this year we basically have not gotten any rainfall the entire month. We don't have enough soil moisture to germinate corn.”
Larson expects final Mississippi corn acreage to fall between 700,000 acres and a million acres, with most of the increase in the Delta portion of the state.
Larson advises corn producers, especially those new to the crop, to pay attention to fertilizer management, particularly nitrogen. Also important — scouting for insect pests, herbicide timing and selection and irrigation scheduling.
“Corn can require water anytime between emergence and physiological maturity, so keep close tabs on soil moisture levels,” Larson advised. “Corn's maximum water use period is the four weeks from tasseling to early grain filling. But when (irrigation) needs to be initiated depends on environmental conditions during the season.
“Right now, we are rapidly depleting subsoil moisture levels. Fortunately the crop is small and water demands are relatively low. We need some rainfall to get the rest of the crop planted, but we still have plenty of time. We're within the optimum planting period. If we have some rain in the next week to 10 days (first week in April), we can plant the remainder of the crop.”
Corn producers in the Mid-South suffered extensive economic losses in 1998 due to aflatoxin contamination, but Larson doesn't expect significant problems this year. “Last year we had the second worst drought in climatological history dating back to 1895 and we had very slight problems with aflatoxin contamination. That's optimistic, but a lot depends on demand for corn at harvest. Demand eased a lot of the pressure associated with aflatoxin last year.”
Larson says over 90 percent of the corn in the Mississippi Delta is grown in Roundup Ready hybrids to combat the problem of glyphosate herbicide drift.
Larson noted that Bt corn “has proven to be a very profitable technology when corn borers are present, but the pest hasn't been as much of a problem recently, so the adoption rate is less than 50 percent of the acreage generally, statewide.”
Corn harvest is expected to stress the state's transportation infrastructure this fall. “Fortunately we have the Mississippi River and the Tombigbee Waterway and resources that utilize a lot of corn,” Larson said. “We normally consume twice as much corn as we produce in the state. We have limited long-term storage, so we cannot store a significant portion of the crop. We'll have to rely on short-term storage and moving the corn out of the state as soon as possible.”
On March 30, USDA projected total U.S. corn area at 90.5 million acres, which would be the highest acreage planted in 63 years. In the Mid-South, much of the increase is coming at the expense of cotton. If USDA's projections prove accurate, there will be a 40 percent decline this year in Mississippi's cotton acreage this year, dropping about 490,000 acres — from 1.23 million acres to 740,000 acres. This would be the first year since 1958 that corn acreage exceeded cotton acreage. | <urn:uuid:a2ef30f1-0ffc-4c32-818b-a31412eb9b86> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://deltafarmpress.com/need-power-steeds-boosts-corn-demand-then-and-now | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967533 | 1,160 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The role of society, in regards to child abuse, is key to prevention. Our society, as a whole, must make some changes. New and stronger laws must be implemented, while some of the older laws must be reformed in order to bring about change.
There are several areas of change that I would like to highlight in this article. The first being how our society views men and women in general. From the time a child enters Kindergarten, they do role playing. The boys get ready and leave for work and the girls stay at home and take care of the house. Another viewpoint is that the boys feel they must be the prince or the rescuer while the girl is the one that needs rescuing from a prince. Many movies portray this role playing as well. Cinderella had a prince that rescued her. Snow White needed a prince to save her. The list for this type of role playing goes on and on.
As children grow, they take what our society has taught them and begin to think using those ideals. It is my opinion that it is stereotypical thinking and believing. The boys, according to our society, are supposed to be big and strong and able to rescue. The girls are supposed to be overwhelmed with the fact that the boys can do the rescuing. I think Mulan is the first movie I remember that doesnít have this stereotypical reasoning behind it. Instead, Mulan is an independent soul. However, at the end of the movie, the boy she likes comes to her house and she is smitten, as are her mother and grandmother. Interestingly, she dressed as a man. However, she did the rescuing. It was a refreshing change.
In high school, those same children listed above begin to act out what they learned when they were much younger. The girls look for boys that can save them or rescue them. They look for their prince charming. The boys take on a serious role of being the provider and rescuer. This is where abuse begins, in my opinion. The boys may mistakenly think that they are the superior person, because they are boys, and begin to treat their girlfriends as inferior. This is where the abuse begins. The girls may be confused as to their role in the relationship. They may think they are stuck in that type of relationship because that is how they grew up thinking.
How is our society supposed to bring about change? Where does it all begin? I believe that children, early on, need to be taught to respect everyone, regardless of gender. Boys should respect girls and vice-versa. There is no person superior over another in regards to relationships. Relationships should be about equality on both sides. If children are taught, from Kindergarten on, to respect everyone else, that thinking would hopefully remain with the children throughout their life. In high school, it is also about respect. Itís about boys and girls having equality and respect for each other.
Our society must educate everyone on the issues of abuse. It needs to start at a young age. One idea would be that children in elementary school are given role models to follow that mirror respect for all people. They should also be taught that no one is to hit another person or practice name calling. An idea for our high school students might be to address them through assemblies. Guest speakers could come into the schools and talk to the students about equality and respect. There should also be times set aside to bring in women, or men, that have experienced abuse and now share their stories to educate others.
The more education there is with our youth, the better the chances of breaking the cycles of abuse. Education, as I have said before, brings about prevention. | <urn:uuid:f5d7e36f-d1d7-440f-8cf2-776bf267a4ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art23737.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982324 | 747 | 2.921875 | 3 |
nounchiefly North American
Another term for woodlouse.
- One nontermite host of Arthromitus that my colleagues and I examined in depth was the common sow bug, Porcellio scaber.
- The children's trays began to fill with mayfly nymphs, aquatic sow bugs, and the larvae of blackflies, caddis flies, and bloodred midges.
- Decomposing organisms consist of bacteria, fungi, and larger organisms such as worms, sow bugs, nematodes, and numerous others.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: sow¦bug
Definition of sowbug in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:2092da8d-7b97-4970-8f82-9d1780886629> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sowbug | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870856 | 166 | 2.875 | 3 |
Angel Wings & hidden fields
Click Image to Enlarge.- Image by Roger Johnston @ techrepublic
Though we have discovered most of the constituent part-icles that make up the Universe, the very thing that gives matter mass - the very stuff that we and everything is 'made' off - still eludes us.
The Higgs boson, a fundamental particle predicted by theorist Peter Higgs, may be the key to understanding why elementary particles have mass. The vacuum — or empty space — is far from empty.
Empty Space is "noisy" and full of virtual particles and force fields. The origin of mass seems to be related to this phenomenon.
In Einstein's theory of relativity, there is a crucial difference between massless and massive particles: All massless particles must travel at the speed of light, whereas massive particles can never attain this ultimate speed. But, how do massive particles arise?
Higgs proposed that the vacuum contains an omnipresent field that can slow down some (otherwise massless) elementary particles — like a vat of molasses slowing down a high-speed bullet.
Such particles would behave like massive particles travelling at less than light speed. Other particles — such as the photons of light — are immune to the field: they do not slow down and remain massless.
Hunt for the Higgs from International Science Grid
Although the Higgs field is not directly measurable, accelerators can excite this field and "shake loose" detectable particles called Higgs bosons. So far, experiments using the world's most powerful accelerators have not observed any Higgs bosons, but indirect experimental evidence suggests that particle physicists are poised for a profound discovery.
Welcome to CERN - The World's largest Particle Physics Lab | <urn:uuid:29d19bb4-c4e9-4794-ad03-50d58d984c6c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://quasar9.blogspot.com/2007/08/angel-wings-rising.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881187 | 357 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Międzybóż (Polish), Меджибіж (Ukrainian), Меджибож – Medzhibozh (Russian), מעזשביזש, Mezbizh (Yiddish)
Medzibozh, a small town in the Khmelnitsky district (former Kamenets-Podolski district), Ukraine; until 1793 a part of Poland and then a part of the Russian Empire until 1917 it came under the jurisdiction of the province of Podolia..
Medzibozh Jewish community is one of the oldest in Ukraine, a Jewish community here is mentioned in the Polish sources dating back to 1509 when a Medzhibozh Jew called Liberman was appointed as a tax collection supervisor. Jewish gravestones from the first half of the 16th century in what is now called the Old Jewish Cemetery also indicate the presence of the Jews in Medzibozh in the medieval period.
1571 census recorded the population of Medzibozh as being made up of 95 Ruthenians, 35 Jews, and 30 Poles.
At the beginning of the XVII century Medzhibozh Jewish Community was the biggest and the most influential in the South-East Poland. At that time Rabbi Israel Sirkes (1561, Lublin – 1640, Krakow), more known as Bach (according to abbreviation of his main book’s name “Bait Hadash” – “New House”, which were a comments to codex “Arba Turim”) was the leader of the community, where he stayed for two terms and then left Medzhibozh in 1612. The Main Synagogue built shortly before he left was named “Bach Synagogue” after him and remained that until its demolition in the 1950s.
Jewish population of Medzhibozh:
1765 — 2039 jews
1847 – 1719 jews
1897 ~ 6040 (73%)
1926 – 4614 (58,2%)
1939 – 2347 (51,64%)
1950 ~ 80 jews
1993 – 2 jews
2012 – 1 jew
2015 – 0
In 1648 the cossack uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky resulted in the town being captured three times and the whole region occupied for a year. At the time, there were approximately 12,000 residents living in Medzhybizh and its environs. Among them there were 2,500 Jews living in Medzhibozh in the year 1648 out of the total 4,000 strong Jewish population of Podolia, living in 18 communities in the area. The Jews of Medzhybizh were massacred on July 20, 1648 by the cossacks under the command of Danylo Nechay and Maxym Kryvonis, who some contemporary sources refer to as a Scotsman, his name being a corruption of Cameron. Almost all 2,500 Jews were either killed or captured during the massacre. The Jewish population in Medzhybizh was virtually wiped out and there were no burials recorded for several years after 1648, consistent with the picture of depopulation.
In 1649 Jan Casimir, the king of Poland, and Bohdan Khmelnitsky, the leader of the cossack uprising, negotiated a treaty, however the hostilities continued in 1651 and 1653. In 1657 the Hungarian Prince Rákóczi took the city, ceding it to the Turks in 1672. It remained under their administration until 1682. By 1661, only a handful of Jews remained in Medzhybizh. In the 1678 census their numbers increased to 275 souls.
Weakened by the cossack uprising, Podolia was invaded and occupied by Turkey in 1672. Medzhybizh became a part of the Turkish Ejalet of Kamieniecki as “Mejibuji” and was a sanjak centre. In 1682, Medzhybizh was recaptured by the Poles led by the Polish military leader Jan Sobieski. However, Poland did not regain full control of the area until 1699 because the town was frequently raided in the ongoing fighting between the Poles and the Turks.
Besht name in a Tax List at 1758
After Medzhybizh was recaptured from the Turks, it went through what many consider its golden age during the 17th and 18th century. Under the Sieniawski family and later the Czartoryski family, the town prospered. Medzhybizh successfully defended itself from several Haidamak attacks. By the mid 1700s, Medzhybizh was the seat of power in Podilia Province. It had a population of nearly 5,000 of which 2,500 were Jews.
In 1765 there were 2,039 Jews registered in the community of Medzibozh and the nearby villages.
The founder of Hasidism, Israel ben Eliezer Ba’al Shem Tov, made the town his seat from about 1740 until his death in 1760 and was buried there. The zaddikim Baruch ben Jehiel, Israel’s grandson, and R. Abraham Joshua Heschel of Apta also lived and were buried here.
In 1792 Medzhybizh fell into the Russian hands during the second partition of Poland. The Czartoryski family continued to own the town until Prince Adam Czartoryski was forced into exile in 1831. During the rule of the Russian Empire, the seat of power for Podilia moved from Medzhybizh to Kamianets-Podilskyi. The economy of Medzhybizh deteriorated because the railway line bypassed the town to the south. The nearby town of Letychiv however flourished.
From 1815 to 1827 a printing press published hasidic and kabbalistic works in Medzhybizh.
Big Synagogue in Medzhibozh at 1935
The main Jewish occupations between the 18th and early 20th centuries were trade and crafts, including tailoring, shoemaking, ironmongery, carpentry, metalwork, weaving, glassblowing, jewellry-making, bookbinding, baking. Among the Jews of Medzhibizh were doctors, chemists, barbers, musicians, and carters. Community functions were performed by a rabbi, a treasurer, a gabay, a melamed, a shochet and a bathhouse attendant. In 1813 Avrom-Yehoshua Heschel from Opatov (1755-1825) became the rabbi, in the middle of 19th century his grandson Avrom Yehoshua Heschel (1832-1887) took up this position, followed by Yisroel-Shalom-Yosef Heschel (1853-1911) in 1881.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Rabbi Avraham Jehoshua Heschel became the rabbi of Medzhibozh.
Medzhybizh enterpreneurs list from the Russian Empire Business Directory from 1904
From 1,719 in 1847 the number of Jews grew to 6,040 (73.9% of the total population) in 1897, then fell to 4,614 (58.2%) in 1926.
In 1881-82, in 1896 and 1905 pogroms occurred in Medzhibozh but they were stopped by the military.
In 1900 a Jewish Hospital was founded with a free clinic, working on the “Ezra Hoylem” principles. In 1902-12 Shaul Issachar Bick was the rabbi, in 1912-25 his cousin took office who became the last rabbi of Medzhibozh, Chaim Michl Bik. Joseph Leibovich Schwartzman was the state-appointed rabbi in 1914. There were nine synagogues. All three hotels in Medzhybizh were in Jewish ownership as well as two bookstores, all three pharmacies, four lumberyards, 21 manufactories, 19 grocery stores, all nine haberdashery shops, two bakeries, a mill and a brewery.
By the end of 19th-early 20th century Medzhybizh was the residence of Avrom Yehoshua Heschel son’s – Meshulam-Zusi (? -1929). Later a dynasty Yitzchak Meir Heschel (1904-1985, Haifa, Israel)became the leader of the dynasty.
Medzhibozh castle. Postcard from the early 20th century
At the beginning of the 20th century the official leadership of the community was transferred to the official rabbi Shwartzman, but a real spiritual leader remained the rabbi from a local synagogue from the Bick family. In the early 1900s there was an active Zionist group here. During the WWI a Jewish boy from Medzhybizh David Wolfowitz Bots was awarded St. George Medal and the Cross of St. George of the 4th and the 3rd class.
In 1912 the Jews of Medzhybizh tried to rename it ‘Borodino’but it was unsuccessful.
Map of sites of Jewish heritage in Medzhibozh which is standing near Besht’s grave
A local resident called Blonskiy tried to organise a pogrom with the local farmers but the pogrom failed because Jewish self-defense organization proved to be a strong opposition. The Jewish self-defence group in Medzhybizh was led by by Yakov Myshlin who later on became an Red Army officer and was killed during Stalin’s purges. Midzhybizh suffered no serious pogroms during the Civil War of the early 1920s.
After Civil War
In 1921 the members of “He-Halutz” went to Israel. Kantor Iosel Karolnik and “Hanuya-Di-Melamed” teach Hebrew unofficially. Until the mid-1920s there were ten synagogues and six heders in Medzhybizh. By the mid-1920s the last heder belonging to melamed Beresh Midaner-Grinshtein was closed.
In 1925 the last rabbi from the Bik family Haim emigrated to the US.
The family of the last Medzhibozh Rabbi Chaim Bick in 1926
In 1923 Medzhybizh became a district center.
In 1922 a Jewish school was built on the foundations of the former Jewish Hospital complete with a musical band, a choir and a drama studio. It was closed by 1936. By the end of 1920s most synagogues were closed. In 1926 a Jewish Settlement Council was organised in the town, led by Motl Greenstein (? -1942, Stalingrad).
In 1930 a Jewish collective farm ‘Equality’ was set up not far from Medzhybizh. Managed in succession by Vergynis, Derevickiy, Tsigelshteyn, Grinshteyn, Rydenberg, unofficial “Bikur Hoyle” and Chevra Kadisha societies continued to operate on the farm.
Unknown Medzhibozh synagogue 1930s
In 1939 the number of Jews in the town fell to 2,347 (52% of the total population). Before the war the rabbi of the community was appointed Avrum, last name unknown, who was a baker and was killed together with the other Jews of Medzhibozh in 1942.
After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, only a small number of Medzhibozh Jews managed to evacuate. Many believed that the spirit of the great rabbis would save the town from misfortune as had happened before during the pogroms of 1905 and 1919. Others recalled moderate German occupation regime of 1918.
Following the Red Army retreat on July 6, local Ukrainian nationalists carried out a pogrom against the Jews. The Germans occupied Medzhibozh on July 8, 1941.
Medzhibozh enterpreneurs list from the Russian Empire Business Directory from 1913 (save and zoom on your PC)
Blonskiy became the head of the local police, the son of another Blonskiy who tried to organize Jewish pogroms during the Civil War of the 1920s. The policemen, noted for their barbarity, were Dobrovolskiy, Lisovskiy brothers, Kisilnik, Gonchar, Pavlovskiy who said that he murdered over 500 Jews with his own hands.
From the first days of occupation, they humiliated the remaining Jews, demolished the famous Besht Beit Midrash, Ashkenaz Kloiz and other Jewish sacred sights. All the Jews of the town were then relocated into a ghetto, occupying the poorest area in town around Bannaya Str. Haim Milis was appointed the Head of the ghetto. The ghetto was surrounded with high wall topped with barbed wire. Many Jews died in the ghetto from starvation and exposure, some were burried in the ghetto cemetery.
On April 14, 1942, 220 Jewish men were sent with horses to the front line. None returned.
The Germans murdered more than 2,000 Jews on September 21 (according to another source, September 22), 1942. Several Jews who managed to escape this mass murder operation were caught and killed over the following two weeks.
About 100 young Jews of Medzhibozh who had been selected before the massacre, together with some other Jews caught in the first days after the operation, were sent to the Letichev labor camp. Only some of them survived. A few Jews from Medzhibozh survived in the neighboring villages, helped by the locals.
The Red Army liberated Medzhibozh on March 24, 1944.
After the war, about two dozen Jewish families returned to Medzhibozh. The head of the local police Vasiliy Cherniy had to help them to re-settle in their houses as many had been occupied by the local Ukrainians.
Jewish houses Medzhibozh Main Street. 2010
Remains of the Old Synagogue, destroyed in 1950s. Local Jews opposed this but unsuccessfully
In 1967, on the site of the mass execution of the Jews of Medzhibozh a memorial was erected . In 1969 the district center moved to Letichev and most Jewish families left Medzhibozh.
In 1981 only three Jewish families lived in Medzhibozh.
Since the late 1980s Medzhibozh became a place of mass pilgrimage of Hasidim from the US, Israel and other countries.
In 2011 Perla Shmulevna Derevitskaya died, the wife of Vladimir Samoloivich Dilman. She was the last native Jew in Medzhibozh. In 2012 Vladimir Dilman (96 years old) was the last surviving Jew of Medzhibozh. He lives alone, his children live in Russia.
Vladimir Semenovich Dilman died in August 16, 2014…
Visit of USA students in Medzhibozh in 2010’s:
You can find more detailed Medzhiboz’s Jewish history in “100 Jewish towns in Ukraine”, published by Peterburg Jewish University. For more details, please contact us.
An excellent documentary was made by Peterburg Jewish University in Medzhibozh in 1988:
Interview with the last Jew of Medzhibozh made in 2009
Baal Shem Tov grave
Rabbi Yisroel (Israel) ben Eliezer (Hebrew: רבי ישראל בן אליעזר), often called Baal Shem Tov or Besht, was a Jewish mystical rabbi. He is considered to be the founder of Hasidic Judaism. Died in Medzhibozh at May 22, 1760 and was burried in a local Jewish cemetery.
Synagogue and ohel
Synagogue near the old Jewish cemetery
Insaid Besht’s Ohel
Jews near Besh’t Grave at 1960th
Besht Grave. Photo at 1960th
Ohel on Besht’s Grave. End of 1980th
Old Jewish Cemetery in Medzhibozh
Graves on Medzhibozh old Jewish Cemetery
Graves on Medzhibozh old Jewish Cemetery
Besht’s Ohel in 1993
Baal Shem Tov is buried among a host of his students and descendents, including Reb Wolf Kitzes, Reb Baruch of Mehzbehz, The Degel Machanei Ephraim, and The Ohev Yisrael – Rav Avraham Yehoshua Heschel of Apt.
The oldest burial in this cemetery dates from 1556. The latest burials were in 1840-1850s.
A wooden canopy over Baal Shem Tov’s grave survived untill the WWII. After the war the cemetery was completely abandoned, grave stones taken by the locals and some graves looted in attempts to find gold. The grave stone on the Besht’s grave was stolen or destroyed. In 1960s the older Jews who could remember the place of the grave put a concrete slab on it.
Besht street in Medzhibozh
In 1977 a rabbi from Monreal Izhak Gehtman, rabbi Shalom Kleiman from Moscow, and rabbis Eli and Gilel Lapickiy from Kiev arrived in Medzhibozh. Gehtman brought plan of the old Jewish cemetery which he received from the son of the last Medzhibozh rabbi Moshe Bick. According to the map, on the right to Besht’s grave his student rabbis Vulf Kices, Monish-Dayan and Dov Berish Kohen-Rappoport were buried. Along the passage leading to the Besht’s grave, on the left there was a grave of his grandson rabbi Moishe Haim Efraim from Sydilkov and on the right another Besht’s grandson rabbi Baryh from Medzhibozh was buried, a part of his gravestone survived.
Gravestones from the Jewish Cemetery within the castle walls at the end of 1980s
e with his name still remain on cemetry). The grave of Apter-rebe was located on the right from rabbi Baryh’s grave.
The local authorities gave permission to place a gravestone on Besht’s grave. At this time two open concrete ohels were built here.
At the end of 1980s the local museum moves a part of the gravestone from the Jewish cemetery to the museum yard. They were moved back to the cemetery by the ethnographic expedition from Leningrad University. At that time due to the efforts of Mihail Grinberg from Moscow, a fence was constructed around the cemetery.
At the beginning of 1990s a brick ohel was built on Besht’s grave.
Over the past few years, the “Agudas Ohalei Tzadikim” organization, based in Israel, has restored many graves of Tzadikim (Ohelim) in Ukraine, including Baal Shem Tov’s (2006). A new guesthouse and a synagogue are also being built next to the Ohel of Baal Shem Tov.
New Jewish Cemetery
This later Jewish cemetery was used from the early 1840s through to the 2011. Here the graves of tzadikim from Heshel family can be found. In 2011 the wife of the last Jew in Medzhibozh, Polina Dilman, was buried here.
The cemetery has a new wall around it.
Besht Beit Midrash
A synagogue constructed between 2000 and 2005 on the site of the old Besht Synagogue which was destroyed by the Nazis during WWII.
Besht Beit Midrash in 2010
Photo of 1930th
Photo of 1930th
Inside Beit Midrash in 2010
Besht Beit Midrash in 2010
This sinagogue was built alongside with the Big Synagogue in the 16th century. It belonged to the Heshel family of Medzhibozh tzadikim and was connected by a gallery to their house. The synagogue was also known as “Medzhibozher-rebens Beit Midrash”.
Apter Synagogue. Photo from jews.in.ua
The synagogue was nationalized in 1917 and until the 1960s the building was used as a bank. In the 1960s this was the fire brigade headquarters. The synagogue was returned to the Jewish community in the 1990s and now it is one of three working synagogues in Medzhibozh.
Holocaust mass grave
In the morning of September 22, 1942, before dawn, on the first day of Yom Kippur, the Germans came to the ghetto of Medzhibozh and, with the help of the Ukrainian policemen, rounded up the remaining Jews. They marched them along the Rusanovtsy road in the direction of the Southern Bug, and shot them in the ravine. On this day over 2,000 women, children and older people were killed.
Many Jews from Staraya Sinyava and Novokonstantinov villages were also killed here.
Monument on the grave of Holocaust victims
Memorial plate on the monument
Memorial monument during erection in 1960th
Photo from photohunt.org.ua
In 1965, a group of local Jews decided to commemorate the Jews murdered in Medzhibozh on September 22, 1942. A community of Jews from Georgia donated a significant part of the money, which was collected to install a memorial and place a concrete slab over the mass grave. The group intended to prepare two separate plaques for the monument, one in Yiddish and one in Russian. However, the local authority banned the Yiddish inscription, and ordered the word “Jews” to be deleted from the Russian text. Instead the cliché “Soviet citizens,” used in lots other localities, was inscribed on the memorial.
The group fought to add the words “the prisoners of the Medzhibozh ghetto.” The plaque’s final Russian inscription reads: “In these ravines, on September 22, 1942, the German-Fascist barbarians brutally shot over 3,000 elderly people, women and children, the prisoners of the Medzhibozh ghetto. Eternal memory to our dear fellow residents. September 22, 1967.” The monument was erected for the 25th annual memorial ceremony. Many Jews from across the USSR used to come to the gravesite annually to participate in the memorial ceremony. At the end of the 1980s, during the Perestroika period, some 100 Jews, many with their children and grandchildren, gathered for the annual memorial ceremony in Medzhibozh. After the ceremony, they visited the tomb of the Besht in the old Jewish cemetery.
Testimony of Bronya Khalfina about the mass murder of the Medzhibozh Jews:
Other buildings and places
The basement of the Old Synagogue still exists near the new Besht Synagogue.
On the main street you can still see two-storey Jewish houses. They are in need of restoration but they witnessed the ups and downs of the great Jewish history of Medzhibozh.
On Shevchenko Str., 5 you can see a two-storey building where the last rabbi of Medzhibozh Haim Bick lived.
Medzhibozh music school now occupies the building of the Jewish School, built by the Jewish community in 1922. | <urn:uuid:ab8db682-fe39-4139-9b86-e4e6a4d71ffe> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://jewua.org/medzhibozh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970692 | 5,055 | 3 | 3 |
Several methods analyze assemblies for stress. Some work better than the others.
Assembly analysis is one of the most complex techniques for predicting how multicomponent structures will perform. But thanks to advancements in automation, engineers can now benefit from an easier assembly analysis with proven methods. As with any tool, users must understand its capabilities, limitations, and potential hazards to make the most of it. Armed with this knowledge, they’ll soon discover that all analysis methods aren’t created equal.
The common-mesh technique is the most basic assembly-analysis method because it simulates what’s called perfectly bonded geometry — the structure is one continuous finite-element mesh. The technique lets engineers assign different material properties to different parts. It works best on assemblies that are intended to perform as though they are perfectly bonded. Examples include parts welded together without regard for weld strength, or bonded materials such as metal plating. While the technique gives reasonable answers for such situations, users must be aware of its limitations.
For example, actual assemblies typically combine welded and moving parts, with surfaces coming into contact. The common-mesh method, however, assumes all components are rigidly fixed to each other. There is no way to account for interaction among parts. This also means there is no way to account for an individual part’s nonlinear behavior. The common-mesh technique typically indicates areas of stress or deformation that are inaccurate due to individual part movement not being taken into consideration. In short, unless the actual assembly is perfectly bonded, results can be misleading if not blatantly wrong. While excellent programs are available for conducting true assembly analysis, beware of programs that only provide for common-mesh assembly analysis.
The Node-to-node assembly analysis technique is an improvement over the common-mesh method. The primary difference between the two is node-to-node’s consideration of interaction between parts. The node-to-node method simulates contact between parts by using contact elements. A “coordinated mesh” places nodes across the interface between two independent parts but still lines them up with one another. Contact elements are placed between nodes that separate one material property of an assembly from another. The technique puts strict requirements on mesh generation for an entire assembly, often at the expense of meshing robustness and accuracy for a given part. The technique assumes the accuracy required by the whole assembly is greater than the needed accuracy of individual parts.
However, although the method allows some part movement, serious limitations to this technique go beyond just the assembly mesh issue. For example, contact locations must be known if node-to-node contact elements, or gap elements, are going to be used. This can be nearly impossible in assemblies with moving parts. To make matters worse, contact problems usually handle relatively small sliding motion between contact surfaces of parts, even in cases of geometric nonlinearities. So, even if users can accurately determine which areas may contact each other, they are still limited to models in which nodes of individual parts line up perfectly, relative part sliding is negligible, and part deflections or rotations are small.
The “node-to-surface” technique performs true assembly analysis using several advanced techniques. Unlike node-to-node analysis, this method accounts for large deformations and large relative part sliding without needing to know the exact locations of contact. The node-to-surface technique also eliminates the need for contacting parts to have compatible meshes. Node-to-surface elements typically model point-to-surface contact, such as those found with snap-fits.
The surface-to-surface technique is even more recent and handles real-world interactions between parts in an assembly. The technique uses either rigid-to-flexible or flexible-to-flexible contact elements. These elements have a target surface and a contact surface to form a contact pair. Once formed, FEA software can simulate real-world interactions among the parts. | <urn:uuid:cc1af5b4-465f-4e1a-9dd8-3ee0c17a02c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://machinedesign.com/cad-cam-cae-fea/better-ways-find-stress-assemblies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00029-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923452 | 807 | 3.796875 | 4 |
This is a very fun science experiment to do with children. Fill about 1/2 inch of water into a glass and add food coloring. Place a piece of celery with leaves still attached into the colored water and keep an eye on it for a day or two.
Watch how the water travels up the stalk to the leaf and changes color. As you can see, we had the best luck with the color red.
Cut the stalk across and show children where the coloring is showing the tubes that carry the water up the stalk of the plant. This is an example of capillary action. | <urn:uuid:b30b985f-6b7d-4cda-9554-29037e4a87af> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://eileensplace.blogspot.com/2012/04/considering-celery.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960511 | 120 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Babies born with low birth weight may benefit from iron supplements given during the first few months of their life, according to a study published in the journal Pediatrics (December 10).
The study, undertaken by Swedish doctors, demonstrated that babies given the iron supplement had similar rates of behavioral problems later in childhood as those born at normal birth weight. Meanwhile, a second group of low birth weight babies, given a placebo, had higher rates of behavioral problems later in childhood.
"These results not only suggest that the increased risk of behavioral problems in children with low birth weight may be partially prevented but also lend support to a causal relationship between preventive iron supplementation and improved neurobehavioral development in infants at risk for iron deficiency," wrote the researchers.
Low birth weight, defined as lower than 5.5 pounds, are known to be at risk for behavioral problems as well as iron deficiency, which itself has been previously linked to behavioral problems.
by RTT Staff Writer
For comments and feedback: email@example.com | <urn:uuid:0596bb21-b966-4c9f-a2ea-a132fe2a9830> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rttnews.com/2020622/iron-may-give-babies-behavioral-boost.aspx?type=hnr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979487 | 205 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Health and Environment CoP
The Health and Environment CoP, whose members include national and international organizations, seeks to address the user perspective on issues involving environment and health, with an emphasis on using environmental observations to improve health decision-making at the international, regional, country, and district levels.
The CoP held three workshops in 2009 and 2010 to convene GEO members and others interested in contributing, and has been exploring possibilities for partnering with user communities and other support mechanisms.
Areas of interest include information architecture for the environment, ecosystems, climate, and health; oceans, water quality, and health; vector-borne disease; and disasters and health.
The CoP supports several ongoing projects in GEO’s Work Plan involving:
- Health information systems integrating Earth observation remote-sensing
imagery as a contributor to the World Health Organization’s OpenHealth
- Health monitoring and prediction systems for aerosol impacts on health and
the environment, air quality observations and forecasting, global monitoring of
persistent organic pollutants, and monitoring of atmospheric mercury.
- End-to-end projects for health aimed at implementing a meningitis decision-support
tool and a globally coordinated malaria warning system, and at
describing the linkage between ecosystems, biodiversity, and health in order to
integrate these components into decision-support tools.
Members also have expressed interest in several new CoP efforts, including the
Vibrio disease-causing bacteria that inhabit coastal waters; the link between
biodiversity/landscape change and infectious diseases; and the influence of
weather/climate and airborne sand and dust on northern African meningitis. | <urn:uuid:564c941a-f458-424c-8a18-9ce3a29090ac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.earthobservations.org/cop_he_henv.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906891 | 341 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Hope rises for Africa's wild dog
- Africa's wild dogs pussyfoot round the big cats. Barnett, Adrian // New Scientist;4/30/94, Vol. 142 Issue 1923, p17
Reports on the avoidance by African hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus) of big cats. Study by two British researchers; Distribution of population of hunting dogs in South Africa's Kruger National Park; Comparison with distribution of dog's main prey impala antelope; Comparison with distribution of lions.
- It Takes a Pack. LAMBETH, ELLEN // Ranger Rick;Jun/Jul2011, Vol. 45 Issue 6, p9
The article discusses the hunting practices of a pack of African wild dogs.
- Sizing up the competition. Creel, Scott // Natural History;Sep98, Vol. 107 Issue 7, p34
Studies the habitat and life conditions of the African wild dogs. Behavior of the dogs; Factors that endanger the existence of the wild dogs; Animals that compete with the dogs; Favorite prey of the dogs. INSET: Travel and reading.
- A dog's dilemma. Blackman, Stuart // New Scientist;02/09/2002, Vol. 173 Issue 2329, p17
Describes the social organization of the African wild dog, Lycaon pictus. Contribution of the dog's social relationship to its decline; Modeling of the costs of babysitter change with decreasing pack size.
- High hunting costs make African wild dogs vulnerable to kleptoparasitism by hyaenas. Gorman, Martyn L.; Mills, Michael G.; Raath, Jacobus P.; Speakman, John R. // Nature;1/29/1998, Vol. 391 Issue 6666, p479
Presents research which studied the impact of kleptoparasitism on energy balance in the African wild dog Lycaon pictus. Lycaon pictus being critically endangered; Negative relationship between densities of wild dogs and the spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta; Daily energy expenditures of six dogs;...
- An empirical and experimental test of risk and costs of kleptoparasitism for African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) inside and outside a protected area. van der Meer, Ester; Moyo, Mkhalalwa; Rasmussen, Gregory S.A.; Fritz, Hervé // Behavioral Ecology;Sep2011, Vol. 22 Issue 5, p985
The energetic output of hunting African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) is extremely high. Therefore, survival and reproductive success depend not only on the ability to secure prey but also on minimizing foraging costs. African wild dogs often coexist with lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyenas...
- A preliminary study of the effects of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of captive African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Price, Laura J. // Bioscience Horizons: The National Undergraduate Research Journal;Jun2010, Vol. 3 Issue 2, p132
Environmental enrichment has been used in a number of studies of captive animals with goals of increasing activity, increasing behavioural diversity, increasing the utilization of the environment and reducing the abnormal behaviours of captive animals. This study investigated the effects of...
- Behavioural cues can be used to predict the outcome of artificial pack formation in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Potgieter, Katherine R.; O'Riain, M. Justin; Davies-Mostert, Harriet T. // South African Journal of Wildlife Research;Sep2015, Vol. 45 Issue 2, p215
The managed metapopulation of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in South Africa consists of a number of subpopulations in geographically isolated reserves. These subpopulations are managed as one metapopulation through direct human intervention. Central to the success of the managed...
- Ecological predictors of African wild dog ranging patterns in northern Botswana. POMILIA, MATTHEW A.; MCNUTT, J. WELDON; JORDAN, NEIL R. // Journal of Mammalogy;2015, Vol. 96 Issue 6, p1214
Extinction risk in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) has been linked to their wide-ranging movement behavior. However, drivers of variability in African wild dog ranging are not well understood. This study examines the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on ranging patterns and describes... | <urn:uuid:d6614e99-3eea-4004-8274-3a0c55608ecc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9604261399/hope-rises-africas-wild-dog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00016-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.824452 | 932 | 2.984375 | 3 |
One of the most fascinating valves you will ever see, the Loewe 3NF incorporates three triodes, two capacitors and four resistors in a single glass envelope. The inclusion of the passive components reduced the number of pins required to six, but to avoid them contaminating the vacuum, they are each sealed inside a glass tube.
One of the reasons for the development of this amazing device was that in Germany, there was a tax on receivers based on the number of valves in the set, so in 1926, Loewe Radio A.G introduced the 3NF, and also another multi-valve, the 2HF, which contained two screen-grid tetrodes, two resistors and a capacitor, intended for use as a two-stage RF amplifier. The original Loewe multi-valves are masterpieces of glasswork, which must have been very expensive to manufacture, so later versions used a mica supports, and the glass was given an aluminium outer coating to hide the less elegant internal structure. An obvious drawback of putting three valves in a single envelope is that if one filament fails, the whole device becomes useless, but to counter this disadvantage, Loewe offered a repair service to replace failed filaments.
Loewe later developed a more sophisticated multi-valve, the WG36, which was enclosed in a metal shield, containing two variable-mu pentodes and a triode, used respectively as RF amplifier, IF Amplifier, and oscillator.
My 3NF with holder, close-up showing passive components, and the anode cylinder of the central vertical triode.
(Left) Close-up showing the two horizontal triodes, with the spiral wire grids just visible inside. (Right) later 1929 mica-support version of 3NF, with outer coating partially removed, in the London Science Museum.
Loewe OE333 radio, Deutsches Museum, Munich.
Base diagrams - 2HF, 3NF, WG38
Circuit diagram of radio using 3NF , Glass encapsulated capacitor and
resistors as used in 3NF
Another multi-valve type device, containing a photocell and amplifier in the same envelope. | <urn:uuid:fe1a28d2-bfdb-4093-adfb-f7b02fa531e4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.electricstuff.co.uk/loewe.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939542 | 452 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Implantable Chip Could Combat Memory Loss
A neuroscientist aims to restore people's ability to form long-term memories and is experimenting with silicon chips that can process information.
Neuroscientist Theodore Berger from the University of Southern California claims to have deciphered the code by which the brain forms long-term memories. This development hints at future possibilities of prosthetics for memory loss.
According to MIT Technology Review, Berger believes that patients with severe memory loss could be aided by an electronic implant. A chip implanted in the brain would mimic the signal processing that their disrupted neuronal networks usually carry out when healthy, restoring the ability to create long-term memories.
Berger and his research partners haven’t conducted human tests of their neural prostheses yet, but when they externally connected a chip to rat and monkey brains using electrodes, it was found to process information like neurons and retrieve long-term memories.
Within the next two years, they hope to implant a memory prosthesis in animals and show that their chips can form long-term memories in different behavioral situations. They are also planning human studies, collaborating with clinicians testing implanted electrodes for the detection and prevention of seizures in epileptic patients. | <urn:uuid:82c6cc10-47c2-4791-94e0-1501b0ac31a0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.psfk.com/2013/04/chip-fight-memory-loss.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936611 | 244 | 3.453125 | 3 |
National Archives re-investigates Kennedy assassination
August 20, 2004
Scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have begun work using a digital scanning apparatus that they hope will be able to reproduce sound from the only known audio recording of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963, in Dallas.
The recording was made through an open microphone on a police motorcycle during Kennedy's motorcade into Dealey Plaza, where the president was shot. The sounds were captured onto a Dictaphone belt at police headquarters, but scientific analyses of them over decades proved inconclusive, leaving unresolved whether three of four shots were fired that day.
Repeated analysis using mechanical means is wearing out the Dictaphone belt to the point of unusability. Leslie C. Waffen, an archivist with the National Archives, suggested that digital analysis could both map the sounds and remove extraneous noise like static and distant voices to reveal gun shots. After a June meeting of the National Archives Advisory Committee on Preservation, the job was left to Carl Haber and Vitaliy Fadeyev of the Berkeley laboratory, who have used a digital optical camera to replicate sounds on fragile Edison cylinders and long-play records. The process involves scanning the grooves of the Dictaphone belt electronically to create a digital image of the sound patterns.
Back to the top | <urn:uuid:0e0b0c17-ddc6-4f7d-91dc-33a602f05a04> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tvtechnology.com/audio-etc./0193/national-archives-re-investigates-kennedy-assassination/234627 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951601 | 276 | 2.71875 | 3 |
memorial - A monument to the memory of someone or something, which is sometimes an event or a group effort. Monuments can range widely in size, from the smallest and most intimate and personal to the famously elaborate and monumental.
One type of memorial is the descanso, a Spanish tradition dating back at least to the Conquistadors, who marked the location of deaths in the Americas with crosses or descansos, a Spanish word for "rest." Descansos served both as remembrances of the departed and as a place of rest for weary travelers. As modes of transportation changed, the reason for marking the location of death also changed. The automobile has had a dramatic impact on the role of the descansos, which now mark roadside locations where people died unattended by family members and without having received the church's last rites. Roadside memorials have become a common site along major highways and city streets since the late 1980s, and their increased numbers and types have created a need by states’ departments of transportation to implement policies for dealing with the shrines.
Greece, Grave stele of a little girl with doves, c. 450-440 BCE, Parian marble relief, height 31 1/2 inches (80 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. See stele.
English (Barlow, Derbyshire), Memorial to Robert and Margaret Barley, 1467, incised brass plaque attached to an interior wall of a church, represented by a rubbing (frottage). Robert Barley is wearing the Yorkist collar of suns and roses is shown, attesting the deceased's connections with the Yorkist royal line. See costume.
Augustus Saint-Gaudens (American, 1848-1907), The Adams Memorial, 1890-1891, bronze (entire and a detail), Washington D.C., Rock Creek Cemetery. Also, a clay sketch (Dartmouth College Library).
Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Regiment Memorial, 1897-1900, patinated plaster, National Gallery, Washington, DC. The subject of this sculpture is also that of the movie Glory [link to a still from the movie] (Edward Zwick, 1989).
Daniel Chester French (American, 1850-1931), The Angel of Death and the Sculptor from the Milmore Memorial, 1889-1893 (this version, 1926), marble, 93 1/2 x 100 1/2 x 32 1/2 inches (237.5 x 255.3 x 82.6 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. The Milmore Memorial was commissioned by the family of the Boston sculptor Martin Milmore (1844-1883) to honor his memory and that of his brother, Joseph (1841-1886).
Henry Bacon (American, 1866-1924), architect, Lincoln Memorial, 1914-22, Washington, DC. At the center of this structure is the sculpture by Daniel Chester French, Abraham Lincoln, 1920, marble, height 19 feet. From Mr. Lincoln's vantage, a visitor to the Memorial has an impressive view down the length of the reflecting pool to the Washington Monument.
Maya Lin (American, 1959-), Vietnam War Memorial, Washington, D.C.,1982, a powerfully evocative minimalist monument, a V-shaped wall of polished black granite on which have been carved the names of Americans who died. The height of the wall is 10.1 feet at its center. The entire length of the wall is 493.5 feet; each half is 246.75 feet long. The wall contains 58,175 names (as of October 1990). The names (and other words) on the wall are 0.53 inches high and 0.015 inches deep. See chevron.
Also see architecture, cairn, death, posterity, posthumous, public art, and Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. | <urn:uuid:036a1394-8ce0-4ad4-8adc-9e62648ef57a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/m/memorial.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926897 | 815 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Q: Was Mary aware of God's presence from the moment of her Immaculate Conception?
A: One of the consequences of the Immaculate Conception is a particularly fine-tuned sensitivity for the reality of God in Mary's life. Correspondingly, Mary lived up to God's expectation, bringing to harmony her awareness of God and the practical response to it. Thus, she is the one we call sinless. However, this should not mean that Mary lived beyond her status as creature as some quasi-divine being or goddess. Her awareness of God's presence corresponds to her status as exceptionally graced creature and the developmental state of her person. The baby Mary has not the same awareness of God's presence as the adolescent or adult Mary. At each stage of her life she was capable of the highest possible response to God's presence, but there are qualitative differences between these stages corresponding to the human receptiveness of the Immaculate Conception. The Church has no binding statement on this question. However, it can easily be seen in Scripture how Mary, from Annunciation to Pentecost, grows in the presence/response to God. | <urn:uuid:136c3b91-b2f6-42d4-838f-3f5e77eab843> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/questions/yq/yq189.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964046 | 234 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Previous | Session 58 | Next | Author Index | Block Schedule
B. L. Welther (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)
The years between 1915 and 1925 were probably the most exhilarating in the career of Annie Jump Cannon. In 1896, when she joined the staff of women computers at Harvard College Observatory, there were two preliminary schemes for classifying photographic stellar spectra. The first was a simple one-dimensional alphabetical scheme evolved by Edward Pickering and Williamina Fleming in the late 1880s; the second was a complex two-dimensional scheme developed by Antonia Maury in the early 1890s. Neither of these schemes suited the project that Pickering had in mind: the publication of a large catalogue of spectral types for 100,000 stars to be named in honor of Henry Draper. As a result, one of the first projects that Pickering assigned to Cannon was to compare integrate, and revise the two schemes into what became known as the Harvard Classification. Cannon’s scheme lay dormant, however, until 1910 when Pickering finally persuaded astronomers at the Solar Union meeting to adopt it as the standard. From 1911 to 1915, then, Cannon undertook the truly heroic work of classifying the photographic spectra of not just 100,000 stars, but 225,300 stars down to eighth magnitude. Finally, after the publication of the first volume of the HD Catalogue in 1918, Cannon began to reap both personal recognition and tangible rewards for her work on developing and implementing the Harvard Classification. This paper will review some of the events in her life from 1915 to 1925: the problems she encountered in publishing the nine volumes of the HD Catalogue; the sabbatical leave she took at Harvard’s Southern Station in Arequipa, Peru; the six honorary doctorates she received, especially the one in 1925, when she sailed to England to participate in the academic ceremonies at Oxford University.
Previous | Session 58 | Next
Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 37 #4
© 2005. The American Astronomical Soceity. | <urn:uuid:50d56e9b-6f0d-4312-b9ee-625d55cc520c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://aas.org/archives/BAAS/v37n4/aas207/972.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945411 | 420 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Albania is the first nation to completely eliminate its full stockpile of chemical weapons, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons announced today (see GSN, April 27).
The Chemical Weapons Convention verification body said it confirmed yesterday that Albania had incinerated more than 16 metric tons of mustard, lewisite, mixed mustard/lewisite, adamsite and chloroacetophenone agents.
The exact provenance of the weapons remains unclear (see GSN, Jan. 13, 2005).
Albania and five other treaty nations have declared chemical stockpiles totaling more than 71,000 metric tons. India, Libya, Russia, South Korea and the United States are continuing efforts to eliminate their arsenals of banned materials such as VX nerve agent and mustard blister agent. More than one-third of the total amount had been eliminated by the end of June, according to a OPCW press release (Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons release, July 12). | <urn:uuid:8b6315c5-84b1-48d9-8fa1-bf41e0cbb696> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/albania-first-nation-to-eliminate-chemical-arsenal-11575/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941308 | 199 | 2.828125 | 3 |
What is COPD?
What does the term COPD mean? It stands for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and refers to a problem with breathing air out from your lungs. If you have difficulty breathing "used" air out of your lungs, not enough space is left for oxygen-rich air to enter your lungs. In order to detect airway obstruction associated with COPD, a simple breathing test called spirometry is required.
Until recently, most people who had COPD were grouped together and considered to have one disease. We now know that several different diseases cause this difficulty in releasing air from the lungs. Asthmatic bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema are three of the major diseases that are grouped together as COPD.
Asthmatic and Chronic Bronchitis
Both asthmatic and chronic bronchitis occur when the large airways or bronchi are inflamed and swollen. Imaging what happens to your skin when you've gotten an insect bite and it becomes swollen, red, and painful. This same idea can be applied to the swelling that occurs with bronchitis. The lining of the air tubes becomes swollen and produces large amounts of mucus. Because mucus clogs the airways, it complicates the problem, much like pus infects and irritates a wound and delays healing.
The muscles that surround the airways may tighten when they should not, causing bronchospasm. These narrowed airways prevent all the "used" air from leaving the lungs. Bronchospasm, inflammation, and swelling all make the space inside the airways smaller. This reduces the amount of air that can flow in and out of the lungs.
The first symptom of chronic bronchitis is a persistent cough that brings up mucus. This is often followed by wheezing, shortness of breath, and frequent chest infections. The symptoms of bronchitis can usually be relieved or improved with treatment.
Emphysema develops when many of the small air sacs or alveoli in the lungs are destroyed. This reduces their elasticity and decreases their ability to pass oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
Shortness of breath is the major symptom of emphysema. At first, this difficulty in breathing may occur only with heavy exercise. Later it happens with light exercise and, still later, even when walking or engaging in other everyday activities. Many people who have emphysema also have chronic bronchitis. The mucus produced by these inflamed airways makes breathing even more difficult.
In most cases, a person's lungs can take a lot of abuse. It may be 20 or more years before someone who has emphysema notices a change in his or her health. However, when emphysema is diagnosed early, more can be done to treat it. By stopping smoking and using appropriate treatments or medication, persons with emphysema can generally lead a comfortable life.
What causes COPD?
Asthmatic bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema develop as a result of one or more of these factors:
- cigarette smoking,
- family susceptibility, or
- inhaling large amounts of dust at work or at home.
Conditions that can make these diseases worse are frequent colds or infections in the nose, sinus, throat, or chest.
It is also known that emphysema can be hereditary. In some families this might be due to a lack of normal lung "defenses" that fight damage within the lung. It may also be because certain habits are passed along to other family members. For example, if parents smoke, there is a good chance that their children will smoke. Since smoking is the main cause of COPD, persons with family members who smoke are at greater risk of getting these diseases. | <urn:uuid:091d248d-446b-4b7d-9bf4-4d8842c7a51c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nlhep.org/Pages/COPD-and-Asthma.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954926 | 793 | 3.4375 | 3 |
"A suspected case of BSE in a goat slaughtered in France in 2002 has been confirmed today by a panel of European scientists," the EU Commission said in a statement on Friday.
Scientists initially thought the animal, born in 2000, had scrapie, a disease from the same family as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the formal name for mad cow disease.
The commission said there was little risk of humans catching the disease because of strict food hygiene and animal feed rules.
"Precautionary measures to protect consumers from this eventuality have been applied in the EU for several years ... any possible risk to consumers is minimal," it said.
The EU's food safety authority EFSA said it was too early to analyse the risk from goat meat and further checks were needed.
"I want to reassure consumers that existing safety measures in the EU offer a very high level of protection"
EU health and consumer protection commissioner
"Important information gaps do not allow at this stage the quantification of BSE-related risk with regard to the consumption of goat meat," it said in a statement.
The 25-nation bloc has about 11.6 million goats, with the largest herds in France, Spain and Greece.
Until now, the risk of mad cow disease jumping species has focused on sheep, not goats.
No case of BSE has been confirmed as naturally occurring in sheep, but there are fears that some sheep diagnosed as having scrapie - not known to be harmful to humans - might be carrying the brain-wasting affliction.
Disease from feed
Mad cow, first discovered in Britain in 1986, is thought to have been introduced into herds from feed made with meat and bone meal. It rampaged across Europe in the 1980s and 1990s. More than 100 people have died from the human form of the disease after eating tainted meat.
Meat and bone found in animal
feed is blamed for the disease
The EU subsequently banned the use of animal parts in feed and also removed high risk material such as spinal cord, intestines and brain from the food and feed chain.
The commission said it wanted to increase BSE testing in goats for at least six months and would focus on EU states that have BSE cases in cattle.
"I want to reassure consumers that existing safety measures in the EU offer a very high level of protection," EU Health and Consumer Protection Commissioner Markos Kyprianou said.
The French agriculture ministry said the goat came from the Ardeche region, in southeast France, and was part of a flock of 300 goats that all were slaughtered and their carcasses destroyed. All the other animals killed had tested negative.
ANICAP, the French goat producers' group, said they were not worried by the discovery because BSE does not affect milk products and people consume little goat meat.
"Many protective measures had been taken by the administration long ago to face any possible (BSE) case," ANICAP director Marilyne Le Page said. "We are not worried." | <urn:uuid:581b2b45-0acd-47f2-a1bb-2ba2a70f928b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2005/01/200841013422910108.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978631 | 624 | 3.25 | 3 |
This medium to large tree has a spreading, irregular canopy that
presents a spectacular sight when in full, bright red autumn colours.
Any gardener with a medium to large garden will welcome this as
a pleasing addition to their garden.
medium to large tree with a rounded crown and showing beautiful
autumn colours from April to May. The trunk is known to branch near
the base. Smooth grey bark, often showing irregular patching. The
pale green leaves are crowned at the end of the branchlets and changes
colour from reddish to bright scarlet in autumn. The flowers appear
from spring to summer in sprays of greenish white to greenish cream.
The fruit is pale brown and appears in summer; the fruit capsule
splits open, revealing 4 valves.
Kirkia wilmsii can be found on granite and dolomitic soils
in dry bushveld, preferring rocky places. It is endemic to Mpumalanga
and Limpopo. It can tolerate mild frost, but generally prefers a
warm climate. It needs a moderate amount of water, but if necessary
can survive short periods of drought as it stores water in its roots.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
This is a small genus with only two genera and five species in Africa.
The members of this genus are known to prefer rocky areas. The genus
name Kirkia was derived from kirkii referring to Dr
(and later titled Sir) John Kirk (1832-1922). He was an English
doctor and a plant collector. Apparently he accompanied Livingstone
on his Zambezi expedition.
The species name wilmsii comes from F. Wilms (1848-1919)
who was a German apothecary (pharmacist), botanist and plant collector,
residing in Lydenburg. Another noteworthy Kirkia is Kirkia
acuminata (white kirkia, white seringa) that has equally
stunning, bright yellow to red autumn colours. It has a wider distribution,
occurring in Limpopo.
This tree stores water in its roots, enabling it to survive short
periods of drought. The flowers are thought to be pollinated by
small insects and the seeds are mainly dispersed by the wind. Although
browsers do not particularly like the leaves of this tree, elephants
seem to be the exception, favouring the foliage.
Uses and cultural aspects
The leaves of this tree are used as goat fodder. The tree is a handy
source of water to people in periods of drought - they get the water
from the thickened roots of the tree, where it stores the water.
The fibre obtained from the bark, young shoots and roots is rather
strong and can be used for weaving.
Growing Kirkia wilmsii
deciduous tree grows at medium tempo, preferring well-drained soils
in a warm, sheltered place in cold areas. It grows best in full
It is capable of withstanding mild frost and requires a moderate
amount of water.
The tree is easily grown from seed and truncheons and is an excellent
subject for large to medium-sized gardens, providing shade in summer,
attracting butterflies in spring and providing exquisite autumn
colours. It will do well as an accent point in your garden.
No significant pests have been documented on this tree.
- Grant, R. & Thomas, V. 2001. Sappi tree spotting: Lowveld
including Kruger National Park, edn 2. Jacana, Johannesburg.
- Joffe, P. 1993. Die tuinier se gids tot Suid-Afrikaanse plante.
Tafelberg, Cape Town.
- Leistner, O.A. (ed.). 2000. Seed plants of southern Africa:
families and genera. Strelitzia 10. National Botanical
- Schmidt, E., Lötter, M. & McCleland, W. 2002. Trees
and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana,
- Van Wyk, B. & Van Wyk, P. 1997. Field guide to trees
of southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town.
Lou-Nita Le Roux | <urn:uuid:74aa76d9-9eff-4ad6-a893-eb261f45d433> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantklm/kirkwill.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89803 | 908 | 2.953125 | 3 |
For a baby, digesting milk is a piece of cake. But the same can't be said of adults. Infants have the ability to digest milk’s essential sugar, lactose, thanks to an enzyme called lactase, which breaks it up into two smaller sugars, glucose and galactose. As we get older, many people stop producing lactase and lose this ability. Others don’t.
Scientists have been trying to decipher the how, the when, and the why of lactose tolerance in humans for a while. People with lactose tolerance (or lactase persistence, in scientific speak) tend to come from northern Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The general hypothesis: in some people, mutations naturally arose nearby the gene for lactase and kept production of the enzyme going into adulthood, and because of something going on in the environment, adults with lactase had a survival advantage over the lactose intolerant. "Whatever it was, it was really, really beneficial because it rapidly spread," explains Sarah Tishkoff, a geneticist at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
Scientists disagree over what drove the adaptation in different regions, but they have identified a handful of mutations that may be linked to lactose tolerance. It's hard to tell, though, which mutations are the most important and how much that varies from one region to another.
Tishkoff and her colleagues published a new study today in the American Journal of Human Genetics—the largest study of lactose tolerance across Africa today—that takes another step in identifying the most relevant mutations, and hints at an evolutionary cause of them. The work confirmed that previously identified genetic mutations are indeed linked to lactase persistence in Africans. By demonstrating that these genes show up in disproportionately high frequencies in African pastoral groups, the findings also put genetic data behind the idea that the domestication of animals is inextricably linked to the spread of lactose tolerance.
In 2007, Tishkoff's lab found three mutations that roughly correlated with lactase persistence in smaller groups of east Africans, and other groups have found other mutations associated with lactase persistence in select African populations, such as communities in Ethiopia. But, within these studies, "there are people who can digest milk, who don't have these [mutations]," says Tishkoff, "So, we thought there might be something else out there."
In their new work, the researchers wanted to use a wider lens to look at lactase persistence. The team took blood samples and sequenced DNA from 819 Africans (representing 63 different populations) and 154 non-Africans (representing nine populations in Europe, the Middle East and Central and East Asia). They focused on three regions of the human genome near the lactase gene: a promoter region (which turns the gene on or off, causing lactase production to occur) and two enhancer regions (involved in keeping the gene on or increasing production of lactase). When they sequenced these regions, they found five mutations known to be associated with lactase persistence, and measured their frequencies across all of the different populations.
To match the genetic data with lactose tolerance, they needed to test for the condition in the field, including remote areas across Africa. They gave participants sweet lactose powder equivalent to one to two liters of milk. “It kind of tastes like orange Cool-Aid,” says Tishkoff.
Then, using a portable diabetic testing kit, researchers measured glucose blood levels every 20 minutes over the course of an hour. An increase in blood glucose meant the person’s body was breaking down lactose. "Based on that we can categorize people as tolerant, partially tolerant, or intolerant," says Alessia Ranciaro, a research scientist in Tishkoff's lab who conducted most of the field work.
Comparing the genetic data to field data, they confirmed the connection between the three enhancer region mutations they previously discovered and lactase persistence. Two other mutations, one in the promoter and one in an enhancer region, were also associated with lactase persistence, but those are less common and less clear cut in their correlation with the trait.
To get a sense of where these mutations might have originated geographically, they looked at mutation patterns (called haplotypes) on the chromosomes of participants where the lactase genes were located. Different haplotypes are known to have historically originated in different geographic regions, so by looking at the correlation between different haplotypes in Africa today and the presence or absence of mutations in the lactase gene, the researchers were able to retrace the geographic spread of these mutations across Africa.
The data suggest that the spread of the lactase mutations coincided with the spread of people and livestock domestication across Africa. The evolutionary history of the mutations lines up with known migration patterns and archaeological evidence for the beginnings of livestock domestication, the authors found. In particular, a mutation that spread from the Middle East to northern Africa is about 5,000 to 12,300 years old, putting it at about the same age as cattle domestication in Northern Africa and the Middle East, which occurred around 10,000 years ago. Another variant, prevalent on the Arabian Peninsula, corresponds in age to archaeological evidence of camel domestication in that region around 5,000 years ago.
"When those groups migrate into other regions, they’re bringing that mutation with them, and if they intermarry with the local group, whoever they run into, it's beneficial in them too, so it’s also going to increase in frequency," says Tishkoff.
In another example, a specific mutation prevalent in Tanzania, Kenya, and South Africa, is believed to be only 2,700 to 6,800 years old, based on previous studies. That coincides with the timing of pastoralist migrations down from northern Africa to east Africa. How it showed up in southern Africa is a little more complicated, but it may have something to do with the spread of the Bantu people in east Africa and their intermixing with local pastoralists as they moved south.
It's not totally surprising that genetic variants which cause the lactase persistence trait would be associated with pastoralism. In fact, scientists have known of the association of the trait for a long time, notes geneticist Dallas Swallow of University College London. The new study backs up a lot of previous work, including her own. But, "the correlation with lifestyle [is] far from absolute," she says.
Ranciaro and Tishkoff acknowledge that their study doesn't answer all the questions surrounding lactase persistence in Africa. Not having cattle does not necessarily mean a population can't digest milk or vice versa. Additionally, it seems that there are other as-yet unidentified mutations involved in lactase production. For example, some members of the hunter-gatherer Hadza people in Tanzania don’t have genetic traces of lactase persistence, but it appears that some can digest milk without a problem.
Lactase can also play a role in breaking down proteins in plants, so that could explain why some groups that don't have cattle might still produce lactase as adults. Alternatively, some researchers have hypothesized that gut bacteria might be helping some digest milk when they lack the mutation.
What does this all mean for the average milk drinker? If you're of African descent, it explains the evolutionary journey behind your lactase-related mutations pretty well. In the arid environments of Africa, milk is a key source of liquid when water is scarce, so the evolutionary advantage of lactase persistence is clear.
But if you're of European descent—another region with a tradition of livestock domestication and common lactase persistence—the story remains a mystery. Scientists have proposed various theories for the evolutionary pressures that propelled lactase persistence across Europe, but the hard genetic evidence still needs to be discovered. | <urn:uuid:29c46b06-62bd-421d-b7b6-a6a1cb9a116d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/africans-ability-digest-milk-came-livestock-agriculture-180950064/?no-ist | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955452 | 1,615 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Assessing the sources, quantities, and trends on human waste contamination along protected south Florida ecosystem: A chemical tracer based study
The common occurrence of human derived contaminants like pharmaceuticals, steroids and hormones in surface waters has raised the awareness of the role played by the release of treated or untreated sewage in the water quality along sensitive coastal ecosystems. South Florida is home to many important protected environments ranging from wetlands to coral reefs which are in close proximity to large metropolitan cities. Since large portions of South Florida and most of the Florida Keys population are not served by modern sewage treatment plants and rely heavily on the use of inefficient septic systems; a comprehensive survey of selected human waste contamination markers is needed in these areas to assess water quality with respect to non-traditional micro-constituents. ^ This study reports the development and application of new sensitive and selective analytical methods for the fast screening of multiple wastewater tracers, classified as Emergent Pollutants of Concern (EPOC). Novel methods for the trace analysis of non-traditional markers of human-specific contamination such as aminopropanone were developed and used to assess the potential of non-traditional markers as wastewater tracers. ^ During our investigation, surface water samples collected from near shore environments along the South Florida were analyzed for fifteen hormones and steroids, and five commonly detected pharmaceuticals. The compounds most frequently detected were: coprostanol, cholesterol, estrone, β-estradiol, caffeine, triclosan and DEET. Concentrations of caffeine, bisphenol A and DEET were usually higher and more prevalent than the hormonal steroids. In general, it was found that common pharmaceuticals and steroids are widely present in major coastal environments in South Florida. It is also evident that aquatic bodies in heavily urbanized sectors such as the Miami River and Key Largo Harbor contain higher concentrations of several compounds while relatively open bay waters and agricultural areas show reduced chemical signatures. Concentrations of hormones in the Little Venice area of Marathon Key were above the Lowest Observable Effect Levels (LOELs) for several species, indicating that biological resources in this area are at risk. Water quality issues in some of these coastal water environments go beyond eutrophication, thus EPOC should be the target goal for future mitigation projects. ^
Chemistry, Analytical|Environmental Sciences
Simrat Pal Singh,
"Assessing the sources, quantities, and trends on human waste contamination along protected south Florida ecosystem: A chemical tracer based study"
(January 1, 2006).
ProQuest ETD Collection for FIU. | <urn:uuid:ec09bb68-957e-43a0-9f25-6eeec3513451> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/dissertations/AAI3235619/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00054-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931535 | 521 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Library Open Repository
Comparative floral presentation and bee-pollination in two Sprengelia species (Ericaceae)
Johnson, K and McQuillan, PB (2011) Comparative floral presentation and bee-pollination in two Sprengelia species (Ericaceae). Cunninghamia, 12 (1). pp. 45-51. ISSN 0727-9620
SprengeliaPubli...pdf | Request a copy
Full text restricted
Available under University of Tasmania Standard License.
Pollination by sonication is unusual in the Styphelioideae, family Ericaceae. Sprengelia incarnata and Sprengelia propinqua have floral characteristics that suggested they might be adapted to buzz pollination. Both species have florally similar nectarless flowers except that the stamens of Sprengelia propinqua spread widely after the flower opens, while those of Sprengelia incarnata cohere in the centre of the flower. To test whether sonication occurs, we observed bee behaviour at the flowers of both plant species, documented potential pollinators, and examined their floral and pollen attributes. We found that Sprengelia incarnata had smaller and drier pollen than Sprengelia propinqua. We found that Sprengelia incarnata was sonicated by native bees in the families Apidae (Exoneura), Halictidae (Lasioglossum) and Colletidae (Leioproctus, Euryglossa). Sprengelia propinqua was also visited by bees from the Apidae (Exoneura) and Halictidae (Lasioglossum), but pollen was collected by scraping. The introduced Apis mellifera (Apidae) foraged at Sprengelia propinqua but ignored Sprengelia incarnata. The two Sprengelia species shared some genera of potential pollinators, but appeared to have diverged enough in their floral and pollen characters to elicit different behaviours from the native and introduced bees.
|Journal or Publication Title:||Cunninghamia|
|Page Range:||pp. 45-51|
|Additional Information:||Copyright © 2011 Botanic Gardens Trust|
|Date Deposited:||20 Sep 2011 01:01|
|Last Modified:||22 Sep 2011 00:18|
|Item Statistics:||View statistics for this item|
Actions (login required)
|Item Control Page| | <urn:uuid:6144ae9a-0d56-4a2f-8f60-0b496d867c8c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://eprints.utas.edu.au/11844/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.79221 | 513 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Every blade of grass and grain of sand in Mehrangir has a story to tell: The story of how one of the greatest sons of India lived here, planned and executed from here a technological and scientific enterprise which became the envy of the world. The government must save Mehrangir for future generations, says Dr K S Parthasarathy.
The unseemly controversy over the legacy of the father of India's nuclear programme Dr Homi Bhabha, particularly over declaring Mehrangir, the house in which he lived the most productive part of his life, as a national monument is regrettable. The disinformation campaign on Homi's home is unbelievably shocking.
Scientists want the government to declare Mehrangir a national monument. The National Centre for the Performing Arts wants to sell Mehrangir so that the NCPA can promote music in its own way.
A PTI report says 'Around 80 eminent people believe that the appeals of scientists are "completely misplaced" as they were based on only "partially" correct information. One of them claimed that Homi Bhabha lived in Mehrangir only for a few years whereas (his younger brother) Jamshed Bhabha (the guiding light of the NCPA for many years) lived in it all his life.'
This claim was repeated in an interview granted to a national television channel. It was also stated that when the Bhabha family bought the home Homi was overseas and later he spent a lot of time in Delhi.
Evidently, sympathisers of NCPA's scheme have no access to various archives which tell the correct story. When the Bhabha family bought the house in 1937, both brothers were studying overseas. They returned in 1939.
According to the Tata Archives:
'A Cambridge graduate with a historical tripos, Jamshed Bhabha was due to take the bar finals at Lincoln's Inn, London, when the outbreak of hostilities interrupted his studies and brought him back to India in 1939. He joined Tata Steel the following year and became assistant chief town administrator at Jamshedpur in 1941.'
In 1939, both Bhabhas lived in Mehrangir with their mother. Shortly afterwards Homi went to Bangalore and Jamshed went to Jamshedpur. The claim of NCPA sympathisers that Homi was always in Delhi is incorrect. He never lived in Delhi.
Homi successfully prevailed on Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to ensure that the Department of Atomic Energy is headquartered in Bombay (Mumbai). The DAE was the first department and for a long time the only government department to get this privilege.
How can we prove that Homi Bhabha lived in Mehrangir during his most productive years? We could not get, a ration card, driving license, passport, electricity bill and other sundry documents belonging to Homi. The munificence of the NCPA's present officials helped.
While the cash-strapped organisation sold about 900 priceless articles like clocks, textiles, rare rugs and carpets, silverware, glass and pottery and antique furniture and paintings and other artifacts which are inseparable parts of the Bhabha legacy at three auctions, they handed over letters addressed to Homi Bhabha to the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
This writer saw letters written by Homi Bhabha and his mother which show that the Bhabha family moved in to Mehrangir on March 16, 1939. Homi and Jamshed lived with their parents when they came back from England.
We could gather letters from V T Krishnamachari, deputy chairman, Planning Commission, Sri Prakasa, Governor of Bombay, Miss Lucille Kach, Captain K K Lalkaka, besides 15 other post marked envelopes addressed to Homi at the Mehrangir address during 1945 to 1966. Are they not enough to prove Homi Bhabha's stay in Mehrangir?
Another half truth spread by an NCPA official is that the 'Bhabha Atomic Centre' razed Kenilworth at Peddar Road, a cottage in which Homi Bhabha was born and constructed the DAE's staff quarters there.
Dr Bhabha himself ensured that the DAE purchased this prime property and erected the staff quarters there. This writer found that contractors completed the construction of Kenilworth in 1962-1963. The DAE allotted the flats on April 1, 1964, nearly two years before Dr Bhabha's death.
The thoughtfully prepared auction brochure from NCPA itself bears testimony to the heritage nature of Mehrangir. The main photograph in the brochure has a telling quotation from J R D Tata: 'Whatever he built had to be beautiful and had to have gardens.'
The brochure thus describes the eminence of Mehrangir:
'Mehrangir can boast of visits by some of the most prominent personalities of those times, including Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, who was a dear friend of Homi Bhabha. Also in 1960, the family entertained the Queen of England in the very dining room, which had witnessed visits by many famous personalities.'
'Mehrangir was designed by Dr Homi Bhabha himself and he was responsible for christening the bungalow "Mehrangir".'
'Homi Bhabha made a portrait of his mother Meherbai, wearing an intricately embroidered Chinese gara saree, which adorned the walls of the massive dining room.'
An unbiased observer will plead that the government must declare Mehrangir a national monument if s/he reads the artistically designed and carefully drafted auction document on Meharngir published by NCPA!
'...Having a museum and a monument is only useful for historians,' a supporter of NCPA's scheme argued. The inspiration and pride, the compatriots get while visiting a museum and a monument dedicated to someone who influenced the whole generation of scientists and young people cannot be counted in terms of their cash value.
There is a palpable contradiction here. Scientists who are expected to be objective and rational are accused of suffering from 'misplaced sentiments.' Music lovers who are generally endowed with finer sentiments are accused of selling the 'family silver', for promoting music in their own way.
Sentiments and sense of pride are invaluable human qualities. Let us not forget that we are honouring an individual who by persistence and inspiring hard work demonstrated to the world how a country which had only soaps and may be some electric transformers as industrial products in 1947 could achieve self sufficiency in the frontier areas of nuclear technology.
The foundation laid by this visionary helped India to deliver a jolt in 1974 to the world to wake up and take note.
Every blade of grass and grain of sand in Mehrangir has a story to tell: The story of how one of the greatest sons of India lived here, planned and executed from here a technological and scientific enterprise which became the envy of the world.
The government must save Mehrangir for future generations.
Let us thus honour Homi Bhabha, the great visionary who, as Sir C V Raman described, 'was a great lover of music, a gifted artist, a brilliant engineer and an outstanding scientist... the modern equivalent of Leonardo da Vinci.'
Dr K S Parthasarathy is a former secretary of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board. | <urn:uuid:c8aa311c-e787-4048-a744-aaeed784eac6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rediff.com/news/column/homi-bhabhas-home-belongs-to-india-/20140716.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966188 | 1,539 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Professor Peter Singer discusses the importance of reducing greenhouse gas footprints and other ways to improve conditions in this environmental awareness speech. Singer is a philosophy professor who focuses on morals and public ethics. In this eco-focused speech, he tells viewers what steps he has taken to reduce his own footprint and improve the environment.
Singer explains that he has given up eating meat for the past 30 years because meat production produces a considerable amount of greenhouse gas emissions. He suggests that everyone scale back their meat intake if possible to try and reduce the impact that meat production has on the environment. Singer also discusses donations that he makes to environmentally focused charities. He says that one percent of someone's income is an extremely reasonable amount to donate. While he has increased the percentage of his own donations over the years, he acknowledges that that won't work for everyone.
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Footprints
More Stats +/-
The Future of Green Energy
Impact of Change
New Age Sustainability
Maximizing Renewable Fuel
The Key to Green Packaging
Peter Singer Keynotes
Australian-born Peter Singer is a Professor of Philosophy who has given speeches on public ethics...
Get inspired by our collection of 2,000+ keynote speaker videos and 100+ courses of innovative content. | <urn:uuid:ac88c600-a9fc-4f31-a6e7-1a624628f422> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.trendhunter.com/keynote/environmental-awareness-speech | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950836 | 256 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Digoxin (Lanoxin®) is prescribed in the elderly to treat common cardiac diseases including atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
The elderly are at increased risk of toxicity due to age-related and disease-related changes in physiology.
The half-life of digoxin is prolonged in the elderly.
Changes in dosing are required because of declining renal function with age.
Serum levels of digoxin may not be a good indicator of potential for toxicity.
Signs of toxicity in the elderly include heart block, cardiac arrhythmias, anorexia, vision changes (blurred), confusion and depression.
Elderly patients on digoxin require vigilant monitoring for adverse effects.
- Monitor patients on digoxin vigilantly for adverse effects.
|If using digoxin, measure digoxin levels, and target the range of 0.5 to 1.0 ng/DL.
When treating atrial fibrillation, rate control is the goal, and higher digoxin levels are sometimes needed. However, side effects are common.
Other drugs (diltiazem, beta blockers) are often effective for rate control, so reliance on digoxin is no longer necessary in most such cases.
When possible, use other drugs, like diltiazem or beta blockers for rate control to avoid digoxin side effects.
(Semla TP, Beizer JL, Higbee MD. Geriatric Dosage Handbook, 8th edition. Hudson (Cleveland): Lexi-Comp Inc., 2003.)
- When treating atrial fibrillation, rate control is the goal.
- When possible, use other drugs for rate control to avoid digoxin side effects. | <urn:uuid:f38a5577-6ea4-4bdc-94da-9ce690045cb5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.virginiageriatrics.org/consult/medications/not8.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869768 | 348 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A biographical consideration of Pearl S. Buck (1892–1973), an author few take seriously today.
Conventional wisdom dictates that Buck—whose bestselling novel The Good Earth (1931) captured the difficulties of life among poor farmers in rural China—is at best an important footnote in 20th-century American literature. Whatever accolades that novel earned her (including the Pulitzer and Nobel prizes), many critics agree that she squandered her talents in her late career on thin, sentimental books. Spurling (Matisse the Master, 2005, etc.) doesn’t deny her subject’s serious shortcomings as a writer, but she adds valuable perspective by explaining the complicated circumstances of her rise to literary stardom. The daughter of American missionaries, Buck (nee Sydenstricker) spent the bulk of her childhood in parts of China characterized by hard living. The people her parents were hoping, and usually failing, to convert were subsistence farmers whose livelihoods were routinely unsettled by abusive rival warlords. Pearl’s father was hard-headed and often absent, and her mother was often ill. The young girl took refuge in authors like Charles Dickens, though Western novels were poor preparation for the culture shock she experienced when she moved to the United States to attend college. Buck channeled her frustration with Westerners’ misunderstandings about China into essays, stories and ultimately The Good Earth; in doing so, she had the support of her first husband, John Lossing Buck, a scholar on Chinese agriculture. Those writings earned her a place as a leading American spokesperson on the Chinese people, correcting numerous racist misconceptions. But Communist China eventually rejected Buck’s efforts, and Spurling somberly depicts the novelist as a woman without a country. After her success, she wrote mostly to provide financial support to her daughter, who was afflicted with phenylketonuria. Buck’s marriage eventually failed and her writings grew increasingly irrelevant, but Spurling speeds through this decline, emphasizing her high points as a leading novelist and advocate for China’s everyday citizens.
Does little to rehabilitate Buck’s literary reputation, but respectfully resets her life and work in its appropriate contexts. | <urn:uuid:1fbf1888-f3c7-453e-a9db-d650e203f140> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/hilary-spurling/pearl-buck-in-china/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977579 | 447 | 2.515625 | 3 |
They came from outer space--and you can have one! Genuine meteorites are now on sale in the Space Weather Store.
| || |
LAST GASP: Decaying sunspot AR1618 (not to be confused with growing sunspot AR1620) erupted on Nov. 27th (1557 UT), producing a last-gasp solar flare ranking M1.6 on the Richter Scale of Flares. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded the extreme ultraviolet flash:
The movie shows a twisted plume of plasma flying away from the blast site, but only temporarily. The sun's gravity pulled the plume back to the stellar surface before it could escape. Extreme UV radiation from this explosion created some ripples of ionization in Earth's atmosphere above North America and Europe. Otherwise, the blast was not geoeffective. Solar flare alerts: text, voice.
BIG SUNSPOT KEEPS GROWING: Sunspot AR1620 doubled in size again yesterday. It is now a behemoth almost 10 times as wide as Earth. A movie from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory shows the sunspot materializing over the past 48 hours:
So far the sunspot has been relatively quiet, producing no strong flares. However, the sunspot's magnetic field is rapidly changing as the sunspot grows, and rapidly-changing magnetic fields have a tendency to reconnect and erupt. NOAA forecasters estimate a 35% chance of M-class eruptions in the next 24 hours. Solar flare alerts: text, voice.
Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
MORNING CONJUNCTION: As dawn begins on Wednesday morning, look southeast to find Venus and Saturn less than 2° apart in the constellation Virgo. Venus is very bright, Saturn much less so. A small telescope will reveal the rings of Saturn and the gibbous phase of Venus. Sky maps: Nov. 27, Nov. 28
Cole Clark of Big Lake, MN, photographed Venus passing by Saturn on the morning of Nov. 27th:
"Venus and Saturn were less than 1 degree apart," says Cole. "The morning was so beautiful with the nearly full Moon setting, the ISS gliding overhead, and Venus and Saturn in conjunction. It was a moment to live for...."
Realtime Conjunction Photo Gallery
Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Realtime Eclipse Photo Gallery
Realtime Noctilucent Cloud Photo Gallery
[previous years: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs
) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones
all the time.
On November 27, 2012 there were 1353 potentially hazardous asteroids. Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on the date of closest approach.
| ||The official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| ||The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| ||Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| ||3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory |
| ||Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| ||from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| ||the underlying science of space weather | | <urn:uuid:2af11b4f-3d21-4ad1-a798-44cc59348355> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=27&month=11&year=2012 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890378 | 763 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Carbohydrates are the body’s most important and readily available source of energy. Even though they’ve gotten a bad rap recently, "carbs’ are a necessary part of a healthy diet.
The two major forms are:
•   complex carbohydrates — starches found in vegetables, breads, grains and cereals
•   simple carbohydrates — sugars found in milk, fruit, vegetables, juice, honey, candy, soda as well as foods made with refined sugars
Complex carbohydrates, if they’re processed, can be converted to simple carbohydrates. Corn, for instance, can be converted into high fructose corn syrup. In the process, the grain gains a longer shelf life — and loses most of its nutritional content.
Not All Carbs Are Created Equal
Whether they’re complex or simple, all carbohydrates are broken down into the simple sugar glucose, which is absorbed into the bloodstream. As the blood sugar level rises, the pancreas releases a hormone called insulin, which helps move sugar into the cells to be used as energy or stored as fat.
Simple carbohydrates are easy to digest and cause your blood sugar level to rise (and then fall) quickly. This creates a quick energy peak, also known as a sugar rush, followed by a dip in energy which can leave you feeling tired and/or hungry.
On the other hand, complex carbohydrates are broken down more slowly, causing a more sustained rise in blood sugar. The energy you get from whole, unprocessed carbohydrates is steadier and more long-lasting.
“Good” Carbs vs. “Bad” Carbs
In addition to being a good source of energy, fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains contain plenty of fiber and are loaded with vitamins and minerals. That’s why these are often referred to as “good” carbs.
Excessive consumption of refined and/or simple carbohydrates like soda and foods made with refined sugar, white flour and corn syrup is one reason behind the obesity epidemic. These so-called “bad” carbs are often tasty, cheap, come in large portions and aren’t too filling. Foods like cola and candy give us “empty calories” with none of the nutrients we need.
Eating too many sugary foods can also lead to tooth decay. What’s more, a diet high in foods that cause a rapid rise in blood sugar may increase a person’s risk of developing health problems like diabetes and heart disease.
The Right Amount
The average American currently eats 200 to 300 grams of carbohydrates per day. The USDA’s 2005 dietary guidelines recommend that 40 to 60 percent of the total calories in our diet come from carbohydrates. The guidelines urge us to increase our whole grain consumption, and limit our intake of added sugar. | <urn:uuid:d9a6784c-416b-485d-b209-88cb77fd0230> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.meatlessmonday.com/articles/carbohydrates-the-good-the-bad-and-the-complex-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917888 | 595 | 3.53125 | 4 |
A Wizard of Earthsea Theme of Language
In A Wizard of Earthsea, language is power. We don't mean that in some metaphorical way, like, if you're good with language, you can convince people to do what you want them to do. We mean that language is magical power: in order to cast a spell, you need to know the true names of things and you need to know how to speak the right language. But there's something odd about this. Language is usually a very social thing, right? It's something you use to talk to other people. But magical language is often a secret thing, with the wizards guarding their secret spells and everyone guarding their secret name.
Questions About Language
- There are a few scenes where people discuss their secret true names – Ged, Estarriol, Yevaud, etc. Are there any similarities between these scenes? If not, why are they different?
- Are there any words that are difficult to understand in this book? For instance, does Le Guin use words that are totally invented or old-fashioned? If so, where does she use difficult words? If not, why do you think she avoids difficult words?
- Why does the text refer to Ged so often as Ged, his true name, while it refers to Vetch mostly as Vetch (rather than as Estarriol, which is his true name)? We also never learn some characters' true names, including Ogion. How does this impact the way you read the book?
- Think about the times when Ged can't speak with other characters. For instance, Ged can't talk to the exiled Kargad royalty because he doesn't speak their language. Are there other instances of language differences? Are these episodes significant?
- Why do you think Le Guin made language and names the basis of her system of magic? | <urn:uuid:88d4e2f6-ee7f-40d0-95d0-e2f358143ce5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.shmoop.com/wizard-of-earthsea/language-theme.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978434 | 388 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Long before our mountains were formed, the Appalachian geosyncline existed as a low-lying basin, mostly to entirely covered by a shallow sea. This continued throughout the Paleozoic Era, from about 570 million to 240 million years ago. The basin continued to subside through that tremendously long stretch of time, and to receive sediment from adjacent lands to the west and east. The lands to the east were the dominant source of sediment to the subsiding basin (geosyncline), as those lands were being intermittently raised by continental collisions between the North American and European-African plates; this uplifting accelerated erosion. With time and the tremendous pressures of burial and later mountain building, the thousands of feet of sediment became rock, containing the great mineral wealth of today’s Appalachia.
The size of the Appalachian geosyncline fluctuated somewhat during the 330 million years of its existence, but generally it ranged from what is now New York in the north to Georgia and Alabama in the south. The Appalachian Basin encompasses much of present Pennsylvania and Maryland, all of West Virginia, and parts of Ohio, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The geologic strata that occur in that area were deposited as sediments of mud, sand, silt, lime muds, and peat that today are sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and coal beds.
The sedimentary rocks deposited in that widespread, long-enduring basin contain considerable mineral deposits and fossil fuel deposits. The term ‘‘Appalachian Basin’’ is commonly used among fossil fuel prospectors and developers to refer to the portion of that ancient sedimentary basin that now contains those fossil fuels and other minerals such as salt and salt brines. Other sedimentary basins occur in other parts of the United States and around the world, and are the sources of the world’s fossil fuel supplies, along with other important mineral resources.
The mineral resources of the Appalachian Basin were recognized early in the region’s settlement history, and in fact were used to some extent by the native tribes. Natural occurrences of saltwater springs and seeps were used by Indians and early European settlers alike, and natural oil and gas seeps were recorded by early explorers. Coal was dug and used locally by blacksmiths and others before commercial mines were opened. The Appalachian Basin resources began to be developed in earnest in the mid- and late-1800s and fueled the Industrial Revolution in the United States with oil, gas, and coal deposits, including the high-quality coals needed for production of steel.
In West Virginia, the Appalachian Basin produces natural gas, oil, and coal. In 2002, West Virginia was the nation’s second-leading coal producer. The commercial coal beds occur only in strata deposited during the Pennsylvanian Period of geologic time, while oil and gas deposits are found in strata from throughout the Paleozoic Era. The large chemical industry of the Kanawha Valley at and near Charleston originated with development of the natural salt brine deposits.
This Article was written by Ron Mullennex
Last Revised on December 08, 2010
Janssen, Raymond E. Earth Science: A Handbook on the Geology of West Virginia. Clarksburg: Educational Marketers, 1973.
Cite This Article
Mullennex, Ron "Appalachian Basin." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 08 December 2010. Web. 25 June 2016. | <urn:uuid:8f3c7208-e74d-40d2-a167-26d9b2384ef0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/233 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00108-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966803 | 719 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Subscribers: LOG IN Not a member? SUBSCRIBE!
TFK Family Edition
Get the monthly edition for tablets
Have students read a zoo schedule and complete an activity.
Students read scenarios and decide who is wasting water and who is saving it.
Students draw pictures to illustrate ideas about water.
Students read a chart comparing George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.
Give students practice building a graph.
Students sequence the steps from mailing a letter to its delivery.
Students read a diagram of a lunch tray to find out how each food helps their bodies.
Students decide which foods are good to eat every day.
© 2016 Time Inc. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:b6266610-4245-482a-a913-3be4eed7fb5c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.timeforkids.com/worksheets?page=266 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908055 | 140 | 3.21875 | 3 |
EDA 5152: Foundations of Teaching and Learning for Inclusive Classrooms in Adolescent Education
Books in the Main Stacks
Some searches to get you started:
Citing Your Resources
Doing ethical research means citing sources. It is critical to credit writers for their work and their contributions to your research. To not do so is unethical and leads to plagiarism - unintentionally or not. Here are some sources to help you cite properly and to avoid the problem of plagiarism.
NoodleBib is an online resource that will help you format MLA and APA bibliographies, exporting them directly to your word processing program.
- Tips on avoiding plagiarism
Reynolds, C.R., & Fletcher-Janzen, E. (Eds.). (2007). Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference for the Education of the Handicapped and Other Exceptional Children and Adults. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Reynolds, C.R., & Fletcher-Janzen, E. (Eds). (2002). Concise encyclopedia of special education. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
A to Z guide reference guide for terms and topics in special education. There is both an author and subject index and all entries include references.
Ref LC4007 .E53 2002
Russo, C.J. (Ed). (2008). Encyclopedia of education law. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Covers key cases in education law, constitutional issues, biographies of notable people, and more. Two volumes.
Ref KF4117 .E53 2008
Additional education resources.
To search for articles within a particular publication, use our databases. If you wish to browse through some issues, here are some suggested titles that the library owns.
- Exceptional Children
- Focus on Exceptional Children
- Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy
- Journal of Special Education
- Remedial and Special Education
- Teacher Education and Special Education
- Teaching Exceptional Children
- Topics in Early Childhood Special Education
To search for periodicals that may be available in our full-text databases, search the Journal Locator by keyword.
Error: It’s not possible to reach RSS file http://feeds.delicious.com/v2/rss/dowlinglibrarian/EDA5152 …
Evaluate Your Information Instruction Class
Please fill out this form to help us improve our program.
Leave a Comment/Suggestion
Do you have information to add? Then please Edit this page. Otherwise to leave a comment, use the box below.
Last Modified on June 09, 2015, at 10:41 AM by LPR | <urn:uuid:90cba635-92d9-4881-844e-065d4314a9ef> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://wwwx.dowling.edu/wikis/pmwiki.php/CourseGuides/EDU5152?action=browse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.791998 | 558 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Activated charcoal (also known as activated carbon) is just like regular charcoal. However, because of the “oxygen fusion” there are many more microscopic holes on it that make it a great way to absorb pollutants and poisons from the air, the water, and your gastrointestinal tract. Best of all, you can make it on your own – or you can just buy it, but then it’s not so cheap anymore.
There are several benefits and uses of activated charcoal, but the ones that pertain to survival are that it can be given to poison victims to absorb the poison before it does damage, and you can also use it to filter water and air.
Carbon is 100% alkaline and is spinning with electrons making the substance highly electrical. Carbon’s negative ionic charge attracts positive ionic charges (of toxins and poisons) causing them to bind and then escorts them out of the body via the eliminative channel of the intestines. It can be used to whiten your teeth and remove plaque, helps to heal all colon diseases, benefits the intestines, greatly counteracts flatulence (gas), and helps to eradicate foul odors in the colon or intestinal tract.
To see 3 easy wasy to make your own activated charcoal, click the link below… | <urn:uuid:2842bc2a-07b8-45fa-9c57-5bc44fe8027f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.survivalistdaily.com/activated-charcoal-a-must-have-prep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928472 | 266 | 2.640625 | 3 |
After one of the dullest winters for decades, sun-deprived Britons must worry whether they are "D deficient." Vitamin D, the "sunshine vitamin" is crucial to good health.
No wonder expat communities in the Mediterranean sunspots found exceptional numbers of early-season North European holidaymakers around their bars and beaches.
Dame Sally Davies, Chief Medical Officer for England, must include meteorology among her skills. Just before March's arctic freeze was forecast she advised health professionals to consider increasing vitamin D supplements for at-risk groups, including pregnant mothers.
The Health Department is now supporting research into the role of vitamin D deficiency in asthma, one of few medical conditions becoming more prevalent for no certain reason. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health recently called on family doctors and health authorities to promote use of vitamin D supplements.
Only 10 per cent of the vitamin is gained through food or pills. The main source is Ultra Violet B. It stimulates vitamin D receptors in the skin. The sun has to be above 45 degrees for rays to penetrate the atmosphere sufficiently to generate the vitamin.
Expatriates in sunny climates have less cause for concern than their compatriots in UK, but studies have shown pronounced vitamin D deficiency at winter's end at latitudes equivalent to Spain's Costa del Sol.
Shortage of the vitamin (also a hormone) is thought a likely explanation for higher rates of certain diseases in northern Europe compared with the Mediterranean basin. These include multiple sclerosis, breast cancer and prostate cancer.
The WHO European Health Report 2012 said prostate cancer is up to four times higher in northern Europe than Greece, Bulgaria and Romania. Highest rates are in Ireland, Metropolitan France, Belgium, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg and Denmark.
The incidence of prostate cancer in Britain is only slightly lower than this group. The disease is the most common cancer in British men, killing 10,000 a year.
While better detection and dietary factors are thought to account for some of the huge north-south European gap, vitamin D deficiency is a key candidate.
The pattern for breast cancer in women in Europe is similar to prostate tumours. Belgium, Denmark, Metropolitan France, Netherlands, Ireland, UK, Finland Italy Luxembourg, Germany and Sweden are all above the EU average | <urn:uuid:2f90bc50-1b32-43fd-b328-f33ad9b835b4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/10044948/Are-sun-deprived-expats-getting-enough-vitamin-D.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936215 | 465 | 3.078125 | 3 |
There are literally thousands of known kimberlites and many hundreds of lamproites and lamprophyres but only a handful contain commercial amounts of diamond. One estimate made many years ago suggested that less than 1% of all kimberlites are commercially mineralized (Lampietti and Sutherland, 1978). Although, many hundreds of new discoveries have been made since that paper was published, this statistic remains essentially valid.
Diamondiferous kimberlites and lamproites are essentially restricted to cratons and cratonized terrains. These include stable Archean cratonic cores (known as Archons) as well as cratonized Proterozoic margins (referred to as Protons) (Figure 4). Some unconventional diamondiferous host rocks have also been identified in cratons as well as outside cratonic terrains within tectonically active regions along the margins of cratons. Because high ore grades have been detected in some of these, unconventional commercial host rocks are anticipated to be found in the future (Erlich and Hausel, 2002). Presently, diamond exploration programs are designed to search for conventional host rocks (i.e., kimberlite and lamproite) or for placers presumably derived from these.
|The North American Craton showing |
regions of favorability for conventional
host rocks.. The diamond shapes are
locations for reported diamond finds
From Hausel, 1998.
Most diamonds are considered xenocrysts that separated from disaggregated mantle peridotite and eclogite during transportation to the earth’s surface in kimberlitic, lamproitic and some lamprophyric magmas. Kimberlites, lamproites, and lamprophyres tend to occur in clusters of a few to more than 100 occurrences. Structural control is thought to be important in the emplacement of these, and several structural orientations are often recognized within each district.
The majority of diamond mines are developed in kimberlite such as the Wesselton, DeBeers,
, Dutoitspan and Ekati, or in placers, particularly beach placers along the west coast of Kimberley Africa. Lampietti and Sutherland (1978) reported only about 10% of the known kimberlites were mineralized with diamond. This statistic may no longer be valid in that as many as 50% of kimberlites found in and Canada in recent years, and possibly as many as 90% in Wyoming have yielded diamond. Even so, only a very small portion are commercially mineralized. When economic, kimberlites may contain hundreds of millions to billions of dollars worth of stones, thus kimberlite should be a priority target in any exploration program. Colorado
Kimberlites are essentially carbonated alkali peridotites that exsolve CO2 during ascent to the surface from the earth’s upper mantle (according to the EPA, such a volcano would be poluting our atmosphere and require taxation under tax and trade) resulting in diatremes with considerable brecciation and dissolution-rounded xenoliths and cognate nodules. The diatremes appear as sub-vertical to vertical pipes that taper down at depth forming steeply inclined cylindrical bodies. The average angle of inclination of the walls of various pipes in the
region of Kimberley (Wesselton, DeBeers, South Africa and Dutoitspan) is 82° to 85°. Ideally, the pipes have rounded to ellipsoidal horizontal cross sections filled with kimberlitic tuff or tuff-breccia. Many continue from the surface to depths of 1 to 1.5 miles (2-2.4 km), where they pinch down to narrow root zones emanating from a feeder dike. Kimberley
pipe, which was mined out by 1915 (about 20 years after discovery), contracted sharply at depth. At the lowest level of mining (3,465 feet), it was no longer pipe shaped but rather had the appearance of three intersecting dikes (Kennedy and Nordlie 1968). Combined with the estimated 5,100 feet (1,600 m) of erosion since the time of emplacement, the depth to the original point of expansion was probably 1.5 miles (2.4 km). Kimberley
Kimberlitic magmas are interpreted to originate from depths as great as 120 miles (200 km) and travel to the Earth’s surface in a matter of hours (O’Hara and others, 1971). The magma is thought to rise rapidly, possibly 6 to 18 mi/hr (10 to 30 km/hr), in order to transport high-density ultramafic xenoliths. Within the last few miles of the surface, emplacement rates are thought to increase dramatically to several hundred miles per hour. Such velocities could bring diamonds from the mantle to the surface in less than a day. McGretchin (1968) estimated that the speed of the fluidized material near the surface increased to as much as 870 mi/hr (400 m/s), or about the speed of sound (Mach 1 or 331 m/s). Some estimates have even suggested kimberlite emplacement at the Earth’s surface may have achieved velocities exceeding Mach 3 (Hughes 1982)!
|Contact between kimberlite & granite|
shows no evidence of baking. The
contact is knife sharp and the adjacent
granitic rocks show no alteration. This
could only happen if the kimberlitic
magma was cool upon emplacement.
The temperature of the magma at the point of eruption is relatively cool (Figure 5). Watson (1967) indicated a magma temperature of less than 600°C on the basis of the coking effects on coal intruded by kimberlite. A low temperature of emplacement is also supported by the absence of any visible thermal effects on country rock adjacent to most kimberlite contacts. Davidson (1967) suggested the temperature of emplacement may have been as low as 200°C based on the retention of argon. Hughes (1982) pointed out that the near-surface temperatures of the gas-charged kimberlite melt may be as low as 0°C owing to the adiabatic expansion of CO2 gas as kimberlite erupts at the surface.
Kimberlites typically transport xenoliths and xenocrysts to the surface. Many of these are derived from mantle depths and some form a distinct suite of minerals that are referred to as kimberlitic indicator minerals. The traditional indicator minerals used to explore for kimberlite include pyrope garnet, chromian diopside, chromian enstatite, picroilmenite, chromite, and diamond.
Many lamproitic diamonds are relatively small and include common “fancy” yellow to brown stones. For example, macro diamonds (>1 mm) from the Ellendale field in
are dominantly yellow dodecahedra with many micro diamonds being colorless or pale-brown, frosted, step-layered octahedral (Shigley and others, 2001). Western Australia
Serious interest in lamproite intensified following the discovery of a world-class diamond deposit in olivine lamproite in 1979 in the
region at Argyle, Kimberley . Prior to this discovery, geologists around the world were focused only on kimberlite and argued that kimberlite was the only source rock for diamonds. It was essentially impossible to get exploration funding for projects other than those associated with kimberlite. This closed minded philosophy would have continued to the present if it were not for the fact that the drainage adjacent to Argyle had been filled with diamonds. The discovery led to the recognition of other diamondiferous lamproites in Western Australia , Australia , Brazil , China , Gabon , Zambia , Ivory Coast , India , and the Russia . US and also led to recognition that previous diamond producers in Arkansas and India were actually in olivine lamproite rather than kimberlite.
Scott-Smith (1996) subdivides lamproites into two general groups: phlogopite-leucite lamproites (~60% SiO2) and olivine lamproites (>20% MgO, 35–45% SiO2 and 7% K2O) with abundant serpentine pseudomorphs after olivine. Instead of pipes with steep walls that slowly diminish in diameter with increasing depth, lamproites are characterized by “champagne-glass” vents filled by tuffaceous rocks, often with massive volcanic rocks in the core.
Lamproites appear to have formed under variable thermal gradients originating from depth and in some cases extending into the diamond stability field (Nixon 1995). A qualitative correlation between diamond and olivine in lamproite is confirmed in both the Ellendale and Kapamba provinces, in which diamond grades are consistently higher in olivine lamproites than leucite lamproites (Figure 6). When found, diamonds occur primarily in pyroclastic rocks; the magmatic phases are notoriously diamond poor owing to the high temperatures sustained in the flows during eruption (Scott-Smith, 1986).
|Ellendale 7 diamondiferous lamproite|
exposed in dozer trench. This commercial
pipe was hidden under a few feet of soil.
Where vents flare out, a potential for substantial tonnages exist in larger craters. At Argyle, Western Australia, past reserve estimates of 94 million tons of ore at an average grade of 750 carats/100 tonnes led to its classification as a world-class deposit. Some of the richer portions of this deposit yielded grades as high as 2,000 carats/100 tonnes. However, large numbers of the Argyle diamonds are graphitized and partially resorbed; more than 60% are irregular in shape and include macles, polycrystalline forms, and rounded dodecahedrons. The largest Argyle diamond weighed 42.6 carats with the overall size of diamonds being quite small (average < 0.1 ct). Nearly 80% are brown with the remaining stones dominantly yellow or colorless. Very significant are rare but economically important pink to red diamonds that bring Argyle fame.
At one point, Argyle mined nearly 40% of the world’s annual diamonds: by the end of 2000, the mine had produced an extraordinary 558,400,000 carats (Shigley and others, 2001).
|Argyle diamond mine in 1986 shortly|
after discovery. This became the
largest producing diamond mine in
Because of a relatively high specific gravity (3.5), diamonds are often found in secondary stream or marine placers with other minerals of relatively high specific gravity such as magnetite, spinel, ilmenite, rutile, garnet, gold, etc. Historically, there have been many reports of gold prospectors finding diamonds while searching for placer gold. Examples include
, California , Colorado , Georgia and North Carolina in the Wyoming and United States in New South Wales (Hausel, 1998). Australia
Placer diamond deposits formed throughout geological history as is evident by diamonds in ancient Proterozoic paleoplacers in the
Witwatersrand metaconglomerates of and the Snowy Range Group in the Wyoming Province, United States, as well as modern placers along the South Africa of Atlantic Coast Africa and Smoke Creek near the Argyle mine, . Australia
Because of extreme hardness, diamonds can transport great distances in fluvial systems with little to no evidence of wear. Some of the more productive deposits include stream and marine placers where a large percentage of diamonds are gem-quality owing to fracturing and disaggregation of imperfect industrial diamonds during stream transport. Considerable numbers of diamonds have been mined from stream sediments along the
in southern Orange River basin Africa and continuing in beach sands down current from the mouth of the Orange River along the . Atlantic Coast | <urn:uuid:547f6e19-c93d-4f2f-950f-7ec8d082b94f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://diamond1872.blogspot.com/2010/11/origin-host-rocks-for-diamonds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941355 | 2,523 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Schwannomatosis is a genetic disorder that causes multiple tumors called schwannomas to grow on cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves. In addition, people with schwannomatosis have problems with chronic pain that often exceeds their neurological problems. Unfortunately, at the current time there is no blood test to determine if a patient has schwannomatosis, and there is no drug for the treatment of schwannomatosis-associated tumors. Thus, generation of an animal model for schwannomatosis is of urgent need, particularly in light of recent identification of mutations in two tumor suppressor genes named INI1/SNF5 and NF2 in multiple schwannomas from patients with schwannomatosis.
The goal of this study is to generate a mouse model for schwannomatosis by simultaneously inactivating both the mouse Ini1/Snf5 and Nf2 genes in specifically affected tissues including Schwann cells. To achieve this goal, we have designed a conditional gene knockout approach using the regulatory sequence of the NF2 gene to achieve target gene inactivation. We will also use the noninvasive small-animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor any tumor formation in these genetically engineered mice. If successful, this mouse model will allow us to study how simultaneous inactivation of both the INI1/SNF5 and NF2 tumor suppressor genes leads to the development of schwannomatosis. In addition, it will represent the first animal model that will aid in preclinical drug testing, ultimately leading to a cure of this horrible and painful disease. | <urn:uuid:187c3379-90dc-40f9-9c64-bf60f681eec0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://cdmrp.army.mil/search.aspx?LOG_NO=NF080021 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920997 | 337 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks
Do not give sensitive information to anyone unless you are sure that they are indeed who they claim to be and that they should have access to the information.
What is a social engineering attack?
In a social engineering attack, an attacker uses human interaction (social skills) to obtain or compromise information about an organization or its computer systems. An attacker may seem unassuming and respectable, possibly claiming to be a new employee, repair person, or researcher and even offering credentials to support that identity. However, by asking questions, he or she may be able to piece together enough information to infiltrate an organization's network. If an attacker is not able to gather enough information from one source, he or she may contact another source within the same organization and rely on the information from the first source to add to his or her credibility.
What is a phishing attack?
Phishing is a form of social engineering. Phishing attacks use email or malicious websites to solicit personal information by posing as a trustworthy organization. For example, an attacker may send email seemingly from a reputable credit card company or financial institution that requests account information, often suggesting that there is a problem. When users respond with the requested information, attackers can use it to gain access to the accounts.
Phishing attacks may also appear to come from other types of organizations, such as charities. Attackers often take advantage of current events and certain times of the year, such as
- natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, earthquake)
- epidemics and health scares (e.g., H1N1)
- economic concerns (e.g., IRS scams)
- major political elections
How do you avoid being a victim?
- Be suspicious of unsolicited phone calls, visits, or email messages from individuals asking about employees or other internal information. If an unknown individual claims to be from a legitimate organization, try to verify his or her identity directly with the company.
- Do not provide personal information or information about your organization, including its structure or networks, unless you are certain of a person's authority to have the information.
- Do not reveal personal or financial information in email, and do not respond to email solicitations for this information. This includes following links sent in email.
- Don't send sensitive information over the Internet before checking a website's security.
- Pay attention to the URL of a website. Malicious websites may look identical to a legitimate site, but the URL may use a variation in spelling or a different domain (e.g., .com vs. .net).
- If you are unsure whether an email request is legitimate, try to verify it by contacting the company directly. Do not use contact information provided on a website connected to the request; instead, check previous statements for contact information. Information about known phishing attacks is also available online from groups such as the Anti-Phishing Working Group (http://www.antiphishing.org).
- Install and maintain anti-virus software, firewalls, and email filters to reduce some of this traffic.
- Take advantage of any anti-phishing features offered by your email client and web browser.
What do you do if you think you are a victim?
- If you believe you might have revealed sensitive information about your organization, report it to the appropriate people within the organization, including network administrators. They can be alert for any suspicious or unusual activity.
- If you believe your financial accounts may be compromised, contact your financial institution immediately and close any accounts that may have been compromised. Watch for any unexplainable charges to your account.
- Immediately change any passwords you might have revealed. If you used the same password for multiple resources, make sure to change it for each account, and do not use that password in the future.
- Watch for other signs of identity theft.
- Consider reporting the attack to the police, and file a report with the Federal Trade Commission (http://www.ftc.gov/).
Produced by US-CERT http://www.us-cert.gov. | <urn:uuid:57fbeca0-e8fc-41e2-a2a6-635c65df5ccc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lsu.edu/securityawareness/avoiding_social_engineering_and_phishing_attacks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920415 | 842 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Photo: Alex Eflon
The decline in social and economic inequality registered in many Latin American countries since the late 1990s coincided with a shift away from the politics of market-based structural adjustment and towards a political landscape in which the social problems of poverty and inequality play a prominent role. This repoliticization of inequality has manifested itself both in the revival of mass protest movements and in an electoral turn to the left, and it has generated a diverse array of policy tools for tackling inequality, poverty and underemployment.
In the recent UNU-WIDER Working Paper No. 2012/8, “The Politics of Inequality and Redistribution in Latin America’s Post-Adjustment Era”, Kenneth M. Roberts explores how the region’s dual transitions to political democracy and market liberalism in the 1980s and 1990s set the scene for this new politics of inequality.
Market reforms spread across Latin America when the attempts at import substitution industrialization (ISI) collapsed in the debt crisis of the 1980s. (ISI is a policy aimed at aiding a country to reduce its foreign dependency by augmenting local production of industrialized products.) Governments across the region cut back their already limited redistributive measures, introduced during the populist-ISI era, which were viewed as wasteful and undermining market efficiency by market reformers. Governments pursuing market liberalization also slashed tariffs, privatized state-owned industries and public utilities, lifted price controls and subsidies, and deregulated labour, capital and foreign exchange markets.
These market reforms had three main implications for the politics of inequality. First, the combination of economic crisis and market restructuring altered the regional class structure by shifting employment from the formal to the informal sector of the economy. Second, these changes created impediments to collective action, thereby increasing the political challenges facing unions. Finally, this weakening of class-based collective actors helped shield neoliberal technocrats and policy makers, now in the ascent, from societal pressure, thus allowing them to experiment with social policies that were more compatible with free market principles.
Efforts to achieve greater growth and efficiency through market liberalization did not suffice to alleviate the region’s chronic problems with underemployment, inequality and poverty. In fact both the proportion of people living below the poverty line and the GINI coefficient, used to measure a county’s income inequality levels, rose between the 1980s and 1990s. The new economic model adopted by Latin America left the region with a “social deficit”; low wages and a lack of secure employment were central elements of this.
The failure of market liberalization to deal with the crisis of poverty, inequality and underemployment did not mean that these problems would inevitably be turned into political issues. In fact many of the social and political actors who had traditionally politicized such issues were not well positioned to do so during the period of economic adjustment.
The strength of labour unions was in decline and their ties to political parties had been eroded. The left was on the defensive due to the collapse of socialism in the Soviet Bloc, and in many countries it was the historically labour-based populist parties who took the lead in imposing structural adjustment policies.
However, while in the late 1990s over 70 percent of Latin Americans expressed support for free trade and in the aggregate placed themselves slightly to the right-of-centre on the ideological spectrum, there was growing discontent with other aspects of market liberalization. There was a high level of support for a state role in economic and social welfare activities and for the public control of key resources.
It is, therefore, not surprising that as democratic regimes became increasingly consolidated and the scourge of hyperinflation was extinguished, the political dynamics in the region shifted. This shift of political dynamic coincided with the economic downturn at the end of the twentieth century and expressed itself in two distinct ways: first through an outbreak of social protests, and second through the unprecedented election of 15 different left-leaning presidents across 11 countries in the region between 1998 and 2011.
The most explosive patterns of social protest occurred in those countries that had experienced bait-and-switch patterns of market reform, and which were therefore left with no major institutionalized left-wing party into which discontent with the process of liberalization could be channeled. The mass protests that erupted in countries such as Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia culminated in the traditional party system being outflanked on the left, leading to the rise of new populist or leftist movements seizing power, rewriting national constitutions and refounding state institutions. As a consequence of the bypassing of the traditional party system, the social policies introduced in these countries tend to be characterized by decisive breaks with macroeconomic orthodoxy.
However, not all the leftist electoral gains in the region were due to a bypassing of the traditional party system. In countries where a conservative military regime (Chile) or political parties (Uruguay, Brazil and El Salvador) led the process of market reform, and where a major party of the left remained in opposition, it was through these parties that discontent with market liberalization was channeled. Even in countries such as Mexico, where leftist parties have not captured political office, they have gained in strength and forced conservatives to pay greater attention to social issues.
Consequently, the broad pattern across the region is that equity gains have been made under some conservative as well as leftist governments. In these countries, where the opposition between left and right has been contained within the traditional party system, the policies introduced have generally been compatible with macroeconomic orthodoxy, although reforms have occurred on the social policy front.
Clearly, the Latin American “left turn” has not spawned a singular “model” of social and economic development that could be counterposed to that of neoliberalism. Instead, it offers a diverse array of policy tools for tackling social problems of poverty and unemployment, some of which are compatible with neoliberal orthodoxy and others that lead away from it.
♦ ♦ ♦
This article originally appeared in the April issue of the WIDER Angle newsletter. | <urn:uuid:d4c7c439-38f1-4b37-aa30-2d47f8f2d70a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://unu.edu/publications/articles/the-politics-of-inequality-and-redistribution-in-latin-america.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965771 | 1,238 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A recent study concludes domestic chickens display signs of empathy — the act of understanding and entering into another’s feelings.
These findings are particularly significant in view of the deeply criminal treatment animals receive on factory farms daily, which has been exposed in numerous published accounts and films like Farm to Fridge, narrated by actor James Cromwell.
Empathy most probably evolved to facilitate parental care, so the current study assessed whether birds responded to an aversive stimulus directed at their chicks, said the report’s authors.
Mothers of baby chicks displayed signs of stress when their chicks were exposed to intermittent puffs of air. The mother hens tested became increasingly alert, their eye temperature lowered, their heart rate increased, and they directed more clucking noises at their chicks, even though chicks produced few distress vocalizations.
The extent to which animals are affected by the distress of [others] is of high relevance to the welfare of farm and laboratory animals. It can therefore be concluded that adult female birds possess at least one of the essential underpinning attributes of ‘empathy’: the ability to be affected by, and share, the emotional state of another, said the researchers.
US hatchery companies produce 200 million female chicks and 200 million male chicks annually, but the unwanted male chicks are ground up alive in a meat grinder. This horridly inhumane practice is called “Instantaneous Euthanasia” — and is an industry wide standard that’s supported by the animal veterinary and scientific community, as well as the American Veterinary Medical Association.
“Given that the nervous system of a chicken originates during the 21st hour of incubation, and that a chick has a fully developed nervous system at the time of hatching, it is reasonable to conclude, as a fact of neurophysiology, that the chicks are suffering extreme pain as they are being cut up by macerator blades,” says Dr. Karen Davis, the founder and president of United Poultry Concerns.
“Not a single federal law provides protection to farmed animals during their lives on factory farms—meaning that billions of these animals are subjected to abuses so extreme that meat, egg, and dairy producers could be jailed if they treated dogs or cats in the same manner, said Nathan Runkle, Mercy for Animals (MFA) Founder and Executive Director.
“Factory farming values profit over principle in the ever-increasing race to reduce costs and increase revenue. In the end, animals are left to pay the ultimate price—a life of extreme deprivation and suffering.” | <urn:uuid:6e1fbf4b-4611-45e8-92df-953b85726a07> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.friendseat.com/criminal-treatment-farm-animals-chicken/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962062 | 530 | 2.75 | 3 |
Now a days all the applications are being created using the MVC architecture, as it a most powerful and successful way to develop the application.
In this article we will see comparison of different types of MVC architecture we have, which are as below:
As the name suggest, in this type of MVC we need to follow some predefined conventions in order to have it in working mode. This conventions are different from frameworks to frameworks. There are numbers of frameworks out there which follows convention based approach. Some of those frameworks are as below:
In this article we will see convention approach of the Codeigniter, we will see what types of convention are be there for creating a new model in Codeigniter.
First convention is storing of file, we need to store files under specific directory in order to treat it as model file. In Codeigniter all model files are stored under application/models/ directory.
Second convention is giving a name to the files. In Codeigniter model file name must be all lowercase.
Third convention is class name convention. In Codeigniter class name is depends on model file name which we have created in above step. Class name must be same as file name except First character in Class name must be uppercase, also model class in Codeigniter must extends the base class which is CI_Model. Let’s take all above cases with example.
In this example we will create a new model (product) from scratch.
Very first you need to create your model file under application/models/, in this case it would be /application/models/product_model.php
Now we need to define a class in that file. Based on our file name class name would be Product_model which will extend the base class CI_Model. So basic code of this class would be same as below code block.
Unlike Conventional based MVC, in Configuration based MVC we have full control over file name and class name we use. We can explicitly define which files to load for particular model and which class to find from that file.
Magento is the best example of Configuration based MVC architecture. In Magento each module have its own config.xml file. In this file all the configuration of that particular module, like which files to check, which class to load, etc.
Magento is the best example of Configuration based MVC architecture.
In Magento if we want to use custom Model in our module then we will need to add some code in config.xml file to instruct Magento about the class name to search for. Please check below example for the same:
So these are my thoughts on Different types of MVC architecture we can have with PHP. Hey guys do you have any other approach to create an MVC architecture?
Avinash Zala is leading various projects which deals with the various technology involved with the web. A combination of perfect technical and management skills. Avinash would like to chat with you and convert your imagination into the working system. You can get in touch with him on Facebook and Twitter.
View all posts by: Avinash | <urn:uuid:4264d07c-305c-410a-9a7a-589572206257> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.xpertdeveloper.com/2013/05/types-of-mvc-architecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940636 | 643 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Computer Lab Activities, Writing Activities
Writing Mysteries With Writers
Students learn to craft their own spooky stories!
- Grades: 3–5, 6–8
The Writing With Writers: Mystery Writing workshop includes a list of writing tips, mystery-specific writing challenges, and a set of guidelines for revising to help students write their own mystery stories. | <urn:uuid:0ac2f4d6-c836-4905-bd71-4d8e59bc5232> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/activity/writing-mysteries-writers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905276 | 73 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Preserving Elementary Social Studies Through Integrated Instruction
The goal of this project is to evaluate the merits of implementing integrated instruction at the elementary level. A particular focus is the use of social studies concepts to organize integrated instruction around significant problems or issues. This is considered as a valuable instructional approach for combatting the marginalization of social studies and other non-tested subjects in elementary classrooms due to the pressures of No Child Left Behind.This investigation includes a description of concept-based integrated instruction,an examination of elementary social studies in the current educational climate, and a discussion of the benefits that integrated instruction affords students and teachers. An integrated fifth grade unit on immigration, "Coming to America", helps serve to bring the discussion of integrated instruction from the theoretical to the practical. | <urn:uuid:533cac0f-02ca-456c-9d4c-f768a9082bd7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://discoverarchive.vanderbilt.edu/handle/1803/4932 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00068-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914109 | 152 | 3.21875 | 3 |
All That Glitters . . .
Myths and rumors about gold on Washington State's Olympic Peninsula have sparked the imaginations of curious treasure hunters for centuries. The search for gilded treasures hidden in its primeval forests and coastal coves began with the lore of British pirates and Spanish Conquistadors.
Many a campfire has flickered with tales of gold-laden galleons, knuckle-size nuggets, sunken safes and 24-carat beaches. The glint of the precious prize still spins its spell.
Does the abandoned Ruby gold mine near Kalaloch hide secrets to tell? Does gold still sluice in the beach sands at Shi Shi, Ozette and Yellow Banks? When the S.S. Governor sank off Port Townsend, how much gold was in her safe? Did Juan de Fuca really discover "gold, silver and pearls" as he claimed in the strait that bears his name?
Gold stories started in the late 1500s, when King Phillip II of Spain and Queen Elizabeth of England at war with each other sent explorers, the other would say "pirates," to find and claim a Northwest Passage across the New World. The most renowned of the Queen's seamen, whom she granted a "privateering commission" was Francis Drake. With his license to plunder in hand, he set off in 1577 "to do maximum damage to the Spanish king's lands."
Francis Drake's Golden Hind replica
In 1578 Drake crossed the Strait of Magellan and entered the Pacific to harass the Spanish from the deck of Her Majesty's Golden Hind with her 22 guns and displacement of 300 tons. El Draque (The Dragon), as Drake was to be known to his Spanish victims, captured near Lima a Spanish ship laden with Peruvian gold valued at $10,000,000 by modern standards and captured off Ecuador Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion, a Spanish galleon with the colorful nickname Cacafuego. Her 26 tons of silver and 80 pounds of gold, valued at $12,000,000 at modern rates, took six days to transship and would be Drake's greatest prize.
Oil painting of Drake's Golden Hind by John Batchelor, commissioned by BC Ferries for International Marine Transport meeting in Vancouver 1996.
With his plunder aboard Drake sailed north to the coastlines of present day Washington and British Columbia. The facts of Drake's voyage are sketchy at best, because Queen Elizabeth demanded secrecy of his bountiful quests. What happened to the ship logs? Many were lost and in 1698 a fire in Whitehall Palace burned the rest. Did Drake bury gold and silver along northwest beaches to lighten his load while charting straits and coves in search of the elusive passage?
In 1592 a Greek captain who called himself Juan de Fuca sailed under the flag of the Spanish Viceroy in Mexico and claimed to find "gold, silver and pearls" in his voyage on a northwest strait. Confronted with a threatening storm, Captain de Fuca's caravel, speculators think, had need to oft precious weight before it might sink. The strait that bears his name might still conceal de Fuca's buried gain.
Referred to in legend as a "most plausible liar," Juan de Fuca had other "peers as prevaricators" who sailed the peninsula's coast for the Spanish crown. Captain Lorenzo de Maldonado for one, and the "deep-sea liar" of even higher rank, Admiral Bartolome de Fone, who claimed to discover a great city on the strait, which he called the River of the Kings. The exploits of two pirates invite speculation about digging up treasures. The real hunt though becomes digging up the truth. But isn't that the nature of a treasure hunt?
Two hundred years later the Spanish sent Captain Juan Perez to the northwest in 1774, where he sighted a "glittering mountain" rising from the dark mainland of what is now the Olympic Peninsula and named it Sierra de Santa Rosalia, a name that gave way to Mt. Olympus.
In the next two years Bruno Heceta made landfall at Destruction Island in view of the peninsula coast and claimed it for the King of Spain. A party of men was sent ashore to fetch fresh water but was ambushed and killed or captured by Indians. Were they rowing ashore to bury gold? The battered crew returned to Mexico.
In 1787 the Strait of Santa Rosalia was renamed the Strait of Juan de Fuca, named by the English Captain Charles William Barkley for the colorful Greek Captain who sailed its waters two centuries prior.
Gifts of the Gods
Captain John Meares, aboard Felice, is credited with igniting the "Olympic" torch in the Northwest. In 1788, inspired by the grandeur of the peninsula's majestic mountains, Meares wrote his following famous words in the ship's log.
"If that not be the home where dwell the gods, it is certainly beautiful enough to be, and I therefore will call it Mt. Olympus".
The anointing of the Olympic Peninsula as "The Home of The Gods," ascribed a divine presense to the region and created a new treasure born from Greece's Golden Age, with its Olympic parthenon spawning Olympic games.
Captain Vancouver sealed the Olympic name for the peninsula three years after Meares, when he jotted "Olympic Peninsula" on the geographic region on one of his charts.
The richness of the Olympic treasure has grown to include a parthenon of twenty-five mountain peaks on Mount Olympus, named for Greek, Roman and Norse gods. Local native Americans believed that the glacier-covered peak was the home of Thunderbird, their highest ranked totem.
The search for gold on the Olympic Peninsula is documented in reports from the 1850s to 1980s.
As early as 1859 settlers reported traces of gold in the rivers draining out of the Olympic Mountains both to the north and to the south. By 1877 fairly reliable reports were published on the likelihood that gold would be found on the North Fork of the Skokomish River in Mason County.
Mine Cabin in Olympic Mts.
In the 1890s a report spread that pay sand could be found almost anywhere along the Olympic Coast from Cape Flattery to Grays Harbor. Successful claims were made at a number of beaches along the Pacific Coast of the Olympic Peninsula.
Kalaloch beach gold mine
In the 1920s a geologist described the gold on the Olympic Pacific coast as forming in a layer of heavy sand and gravel, concentrated by the waves on the beach at the foot of the sea cliff.
A mineralogist in the 1980s sites beaches that have produced considerable gold, usually a very fine gold, through beach erosion and reconcentration by storm wave action that replenish the source of gold periodically.
A report in the 1950s lists gold-bearing beaches and brief notes on eleven of the western beaches along the Pacific coast of the Olympic Peninsula.
The summary of the reports is contained in the book Olympic Peninsula Gold, edited and published by Dan Youra.
Olympic Peninsula Gold
To pan for gold and mine ore in Washington State, a prospector must know the rules governing mineral extraction. For answers about the laws download "Gold and Fish: Rules and Regulations for Mineral Prospecting and Placer Mining" published on April 2, 2009 by Washington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife.
Stories of sunken treasures aboard sunken ships abound around the Olympic Peninsula and Puget Sound.
The gold filled safe of S.S.Governor sunk off Port Townsend has yet to be recovered
From the S.S. Pacific sunk off Neah Bay to the S.S.Governor sunk off Port Townsend, hauling gold in her safe as part of her payload, glints of gold from their watery tombs spark flights of fancy to fill a treasure hunter's chest.
Where do tall tales end and facts begin? What would you expect to find on Gold Creek trail near Sequim? Is the gold dust on peninsula beaches from nearby gold mines or from pirates who buried Spanish doubloons? Is the gold from a sunken ship's safe? Or, is it simply fools gold reflecting the lure of riches in the eye of the beholder?
Written by Dan Youra, Travel Writer
OLYMPIC PENINSULA TREASURE HUNTERS, 160 E SHADY VALLEY LN, ALLYN, WA 98524. (360) 830-4709. Meets first Wednesday of each month at 7:30pm at Pinewood Manor Apt Rec Room, 280 Sylvan Way, Bremerton.
HOOD CANAL DETECTORISTS CLUB, 161 N.E. MAHONIA, BELFAIR, WA; (360) 275-3856. Sunday of each month at 2pm at the Belfair Fire Hall, 460 Old Belfair Hwy, Belfair. | <urn:uuid:55474db4-a191-4352-8574-f42585c57e1d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://olyportal.com/gold/history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951925 | 1,861 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Newspaper obituaries are an important part of any genealogical search. When you know only the name and date of death of an individual, a newspaper obituary can help you find other information about the person and his or her family. This additional information can then help shape the rest of your research.
What is an Obituary?
An obituary is a notice that announces the death of someone with a description of the person's life and list of family members. Sometimes an obituary can be called a death notice. An obituary can be published in a newspaper, online or in the funeral program. There are subtle differences in the obituary based on where it will be published and when it was published.
Where to search for Newspaper Obituaries?
The best resources for obituaries are at the library but more and more newspaper obituaries are becoming available online as more and more newspapers upload their archives onto their websites. If you are searching for an obituary from before the year 2000, you'll have to go to a library and view the newspaper on microfilm or purchase a subscription to an obituary repository. For a list of online Newspaper Obituaries. visit ObituariesHelp.org to find newspaper obituaries from across the country.
- Newspaper Obituaries Resources you might find helpful:
- Free Family Tree Templates - Over 20 pages of professionally designed family tree templates to download
- Free Genealogy Forms Downloads - Everything you need to organize your ancestor search
- Genealogy Resources - Genealogy Search Sources that lead you to lost ancestors
- Free Ancestry Records - Secrets to finding completely free ancestry records
- Meet Ancestors Online - Online Resources for people search and family ancestry search
- Census Forms - Create your own census form for research using our many examples
When searching for obituaries it's important to investigate all possible newspapers that the obituary might appear in. Start by locating the newspapers of the city or region that the person was born in, lived for several years and the city they died in. If the deceased lived in several cities or has surviving family living in a particular city, chances are that the obituary many appear in more than one newspaper. It is also likely that the obituary may have different information depending on where it is published. Sometimes the city in which the person lived the longest will have a longer more in depth write up of the life and family of the deceased. But to make sure you get all the details, be sure to find the newspapers from all the cities and townships that the person had any contact with.
What do I need to know before I search for a Newspaper Obituary?
First and foremost you will need to know the deceased's full name and approximate date of death. Knowing the exact date of death is even better because then it narrows your search to the date of death and about one week after. You are usually safe not looking more than a week after the date of death because obituaries are usually published as a death notice that includes the funeral service information or as a death announcement as close to the date of death as possible.
In addition to the name and date of death, date of birth is important too. There can be several people in the same community with the same name so knowing how old the person is when they died can make identifying the write ancestor much easier.
Of course you will also need to know the location. Where the deceased was born, where they died and where they spent most of their lives. As mentioned before, knowing the places the deceased lived will help you find the right newspapers and can lead you to different versions of the obituary.
Why search Newspaper Obituaries?
Genealogists both professional and amateur come to rely on the information found in obituaries to guide them on to other research. An obituary is the last and sometimes only article every written about a person and it can contain important information about who the person was, their relationships and interests. In short, obituaries add color and details about a life that otherwise may not be known. Clues about the clubs the deceased attended, awards, military service and religious affiliation can all be discovered in a well-written obituary. Most genealogists begin their research with obituaries so they know where to research next. For example if you find an obituary that gives the names of military regiments, you can then research military records about the battles the deceased participated in. The possibilities for research are endless when you start with newspaper obituaries. | <urn:uuid:75e182a5-999f-4dc3-86c4-ae42068b8bd1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://obituarieshelp.org/articles/searching_for_newspaper_obituaries.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965327 | 943 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Rock vs Mineral
Although everyone knows there is a difference between rock and mineral, not everyone knows those specific matters that make the two different from each other. It is common to see people who end up confusing a rock for a mineral and the other way around. Even educated individuals who have taken up a course or two in geology find it hard at times to tell one from the other.
Rocks are solid aggregates made up of minerals and mineraloids. They are classified according to their composition on the mineral and chemical level. These classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic. Rocks change from one type to another following the rock cycle model. When magma cools down, they form igneous rocks. Sedimentary rocks, on the other hand, are found close to the surface of the Earth. They are formed as a result of the deposition and compaction of sediments and organic matters. Rocks are transformed into metamorphic rocks after being exposed to varied pressure conditions and temperature levels. Both the pressure and temperature should be high enough to cause changes in the original mineral nature of the rocks.
A mineral, on the other hand, is a solid substance formed naturally with the aid of various geological conditions. Its chemical composition is considerably characteristic while its atomic structure is highly ordered. The composition of minerals can be in the form of simple elements and salts to silicates. Any substance can be considered a mineral only if it passes the set requirements. For one, it should come with a crystalline structure and be completely solid.
Difference between Rock and Mineral
The difference between rock and mineral lays on their very nature. While a mineral is something that occurs naturally and has a defined chemical composition, a rock is a collection of minerals. Some rocks contain a single mineral while others contain a large number of different minerals. There are minerals in rocks that can be found just anywhere such as mica and quartz, but there are also some that can be found in certain locations only. In some rocks, the minerals are large enough for the naked eye to see while other rocks contain really small bits that can only be seen with the use of a microscope.
› Rock is a solid aggregate made up of minerals and mineraloids.
› Mineral is a solid substance that has a defined chemical composition
› Rocks may contain a single mineral or a collection of many different minerals
› Rocks are always large solids whereas some minerals are minute bits that can only be seen through a microscope
› Some of the minerals are very rare and can be found in certain areas only, Some of the rare minerals are, arsenic, arcanite, Acetamide, Titanite & Arfvedsonite
Rocks and minerals are not completely opposite each other, but they are different entities. Being able to tell the difference between rock and mineral is really useful whether one is a student or just another working man. After all, minerals can end up being really valuable. No one wants to end up passing up on a valuable mineral simply because one fails to recognize it as one and is thinking that it is merely a rock of no value at all. | <urn:uuid:fe5fb49b-f391-487e-adec-3f203b4bcb2b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-rock-and-mineral/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953976 | 638 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Antivirus Protection & Internet Security Software
A new multi-component virus gathers steam. Kaspersky Labs, an international data-security software developer, announces the detection of a new Internet worm called Tanatos, which is currently spreading via email and is busy hijacking confidential information from infected...
The "Slapper" worm successfully uses the 14-year old technology Kaspersky Labs, an international data-security software-development company, warns about the detection of a new dangerous "Slapper" Internet-worm that infects computers running Linux operating system and uses the source code spreading technology, which was used in the notorious Morris Worm in 1988. Up to date Kaspersky Labs received no user reports about this malicious program to be detected "in-the-wild". However the detailed analysis of the worm confirms its high potential to cause a global virus outbreak and therefore poses a threat to Linux users. To find a victim computer "Slapper" scans computers connected to the Internet and chooses those having Linux operating system and Apache Web-server installed. After detecting such computer the worm creepingly uploads its copy there by exploiting the OpenSSL security breach (buffer overflow). The main distinctive feature of "Slapper" is that the uploaded worm copy is in source code, not already compiled executable package. After the uploading is competed, the worm uses the locally installed C compiler (gcc) to produce an executable copy of the worm and then launches it. Such an original method provides "Slapper" compatibility with all Linux types regardless of the distribution manufacturer and version of the kernel. This method was invented in November 1988 and applied for the first time in notorious Morris Worm that succeeded to infect more than 6000 companies worldwide (including NASA Research Institute) resulting in US$96 million loss. Until this very moment the method of source code spreading has never been used. "It is quite possible that "Slapper" will initiate a new wave of multi-platform malware development, which will be able to infect not only Linux, but Windows, Unix and other operating systems simultaneously. This is obvious because C compilers can be found on every commonly used platform as well as security breaches through which malware will "worm" on victim computers," said Eugene Kaspersky, Head of Anti-Virus Research for Kaspersky Labs. "The worm's other side effect will be the appearance of its numerous clones. To create its modification a person will only need to apply the necessary changes to the source code that will be available everywhere in the Internet. Considering this we already started the development of the applicable add-on to the heuristic technology integrated in Kaspersky Anti-Virus that will allow us to catch even unknown Slapper-style worms," he added. In addition, "Slapper" also poses a threat to the data confidentiality on the infected computers. The worm contains backdoor-features (unauthorized remote administration) that allow a malicious person to perform certain unwanted actions, such as execution of remote commands, data theft, implication in distributed DoS-attack, etc. Protection against "Slapper" already has been added to the daily update of KasperskyT Anti-Virus.
A Trojan has been detected, in a commercial product for processing graphic software, that destroys files on the Windows system directory Kaspersky Labs reports the detection of a Trojan horse, FireAnvil, embedded in a commercial product from US company, Firehand Technologies Corporation.
September 6 marks detonation day for one of the most widespread Internet worms Kaspersky Labs, an international data-security software developer, warns computer users of the Septemeber 6th activation of the destructive functions wielded by the Internet worm KLEZ.E - one of the most widespread...
Kaspersky Labs presents the Virus Top 20 for the month of August. The percentage shown represents the percentage of registered incidences. I-Worm.Klez 76,45 I-Worm.Lentin 21,66 Win95.CIH 0,45 Abba 0,24 I-Worm.Hybris 0,10 Win32.FunLove 0,07 I-Worm.Sircam 0,03 I-Worm.Magistr 0,01 Win95.Tecata 0,01 I-Worm.HappyTime 0,01 Trojan.Win32.Filecoder 0,01 Backdoor.Antilam 0,01 Armageddon 0,01 Backdoor.Arcanum 0,01 Attention 0,01 I-Worm.BadtransII 0,01 Backdoor.Antilam 0,01 Backdoor.Cabrotor 0,01 Backdoor.Death 0,01 Trojan.PSW.Stealth 0,01
© 1997 – 2016 Kaspersky Lab
All Rights Reserved. Industry-leading Antivirus Software | <urn:uuid:f31f0809-e19b-4420-a3d8-8a0930993e12> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus?time=1030824000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874153 | 977 | 3.0625 | 3 |
People need to take precautions with mosquitoes as evidence of increasing West Nile virus activity grows in Idaho.
Routine testing of Idaho mosquitoes verified the presence of West Nile infected mosquitoes in mid-June. On Friday, July 26th, Idaho announced the first cases of human and equine infections in the state. A second human infection was reported the following Monday. Both of the human infections are men in their 40s from Payette County. One of the two infected people required hospitalization.
Nine other counties in southwest and southern Idaho are also reporting WNV-positive mosquitoes -- Ada, Adams, Canyon, Gem, Gooding, Owyhee, Twin Falls, Valley and Washington counties. Infections have been reported in two unvaccinated horses in Ada and Canyon counties.
West Nile virus is usually contracted from the bite of an infected mosquito; it is not spread from person-to-person through casual contact. Symptoms of infection often include fever, headache, body aches, nausea, and sometimes swollen lymph glands or a skin rash. In some cases the virus can cause severe illness, especially in people older than 50. To reduce the likelihood of infection, people are advised to avoid mosquitoes, particularly between dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active. In addition, you should:
West Nile virus does not usually affect domestic animals, but it can cause severe illness in horses and certain species of birds. Although there is no vaccine available for people, there are several vaccines available for horses. People are advised to vaccinate their horses annually.
Last year, 17 people in Idaho reported West Nile virus infections, with West Nile activity reported in 11 Idaho counties. In 2006, Idaho led the nation in West Nile illnesses with almost 1,000 infections, which contributed to 23 deaths.
For more information, please visit http://westnile.idaho.gov | <urn:uuid:1965e6f0-63b4-47a2-8632-6db229bc4eac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/AboutUs/Newsroom/tabid/130/ctl/ArticleView/mid/3061/articleId/1727/West-Nile-10-Idaho-counties-reporting-positive-mosquito-pools-still-just-2-human-cases.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00177-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960894 | 374 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Which usage was more common during the Civil War itself: Confederates or Rebels? Which usage is more appropriate today? The answer to those questions require some careful thinking about evidence and perspective.
One way to test that proposition is by using an online tool from Google known as the Ngram Viewer. This resource allows users to chart the appearance of words in over 15 million printed books and pamphlets that have appeared since the 16th century. If you narrow the search to the period 1861-1865 and enter the terms Confederates and Rebels (case sensitive) separated by a comma (and with the smoothing function reduced to zero), you might get a sense of one possible answer (see image below).
Or you might try searching the Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln to see how he used the terms. During the war, his writings included 160 references to “rebels” and only about twenty references to “confederates.”
Perhaps the most fruitful way to answer this question would be to create a series of visualizations from various digitized historical newspapers. Of course, that idea is quite ambitious. It appears for now at least that nobody has yet attempted to do this. However, the New York Times Disunion series contains an excellent post from a professor and student at Gettysburg College that addresses an aspect of this issue in a thought-provoking way. Professor Scott Hancock and undergraduate student Alexandra Milano wrote about the “Real Rebels of the Civil War” in October 2013. Their post is worth reading for anyone interested in how the use of words can dramatically affect the interpretations of actions. | <urn:uuid:db27879c-bd6f-43b4-bbef-e01fa64793c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.dickinson.edu/hist-288pinsker/2015/01/21/confederates-or-rebels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960949 | 327 | 3.8125 | 4 |
November 28, 2007
Carbon could clean our waterways
Imagine a Brita filter big enough to clean up San Francisco Bay.
Richard Luthy, chair of Stanford's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, has a plan to clean polluted sediment at Hunters Point in San Francisco with activated carbonthe same technology in many water filters. Luthy proposes to sequester dangerous toxins by mixing activated carbon, a type of carbon with a large surface area, into the bay's contaminated sediment.
Luthy, the Silas H. Palmer Professor of Civil Engineering, has discovered that certain toxins in mud stick so well to activated carbon that they are rendered much less harmfullike flies stuck to a fly strip. Luthy and his team want to apply this technique to contaminated waterways. They recommended their technique to the U.S. Navy, which is responsible for the cleanup at Hunters Point.
"This technique is radical because we are changing the chemistry of the sediment rather than digging up the mud and hauling it away," Luthy said.
There are a lot of toxins in the bay, but Luthy's work concerns PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls. PCB is a long-lived industrial chemical and probable carcinogen. It has been banned since 1979, but the PCBs already in the environment show no signs of leaving. "Bacteria don't destroy them, and humans don't have an easy way to deal with them in our bodies," Luthy said.
The PCBs at Hunters Point, San Francisco's only Superfund site, oozed into the bay from contaminated soil in the nearby naval shipyard landfill. Although erosion from the landfill deposited PCBs into the bay, they don't mix well with water and instead attach themselves to the sediment on the mud flats. Since this land was leased to many different companies after the Navy ceased active operations there in 1974, it is impossible to point the finger of blame at one party, Luthy said. The Navy built a retaining wall around the landfill and recently excavated it, so no further PCBs can leak into the bay from this site
Like mercury, PCBs get into our bodies through fish. Small marine creatures, such as worms and clams, eat contaminated sediment and accumulate PCBs in their fatty tissues. When fish eat the clams and worms, the toxins concentrate even further in fish fat. So by the time the PCBs get to us, at the top the food chain, they are highly concentrated.
The land at Hunters Point will eventually be transferred to the city of San Francisco, but a 2002 bill requires it to be cleaned up first. At its current contamination levels, it is not safe for the city's planned use, which includes a new stadium for the San Francisco 49ers. Dredging, or scooping up, the contaminated sediment and dumping it elsewhere is currently a favored method for dealing with sediment contamination, but, as Luthy and other scientists wrote in a National Research Council committee statement released this July, it does not always work.
The dredge usually cannot get every inch of the sediment. And leaving behind just a small amount of contaminated sediment could actually make matters worse, Luthy said. The bottom few inches of sediment are sometimes more contaminated than what is taken away, since the lower, older layers of sediment could date back to days when PCBs were still in widespread use. Because the worms and clams live only in the top layer, organisms in that body of water could ultimately end up with higher levels of PCBs in their systems.
Even when dredging does work, "it's like a shell game; you have to put the contaminated sediment somewhere," Luthy said. "We have to learn how to solve our environmental problems where they are, and not ship the problems off somewhere else."
Luthy found that PCBs stick most readily to carbon particles naturally present in the aquatic environment and thought he might enhance this natural process by giving PCBs extra carbon to stick to. Luthy and his team members tested this theory in the lab by mixing soil from various polluted sites around the country, including Hunters Point, with activated carbon, a kind of porous carbon with extra surface area for the molecules of PCB to stick to. They found that a clam left in a mixture of contaminated sediment and activated carbon for a month absorbed one-tenth the amount of PCBs in its fatty tissues as a clam that sat in contaminated soil with no carbon. The researchers then marked PCBs with radioactive labels and mixed them with activated carbon. When they fed this radioactive mixture to the clam, they saw that 98 percent of the radioactivity passed right through it; the PCBs were so tightly bound to the carbon that they could no longer enter the food chain.
The Department of Defense funded a study for Luthy to move his technique from the lab to the bay. In one test, Luthy and his team members dumped more than 1,100 pounds of activated carbon onto about 400 square feet of the muddy flats in South Basin, an inlet just south of the naval shipyard. They mixed the carbon into the bay's sediment using an Aquamog, a machine normally used as a big weed whacker for marine vegetation, which Luthy described as a giant rototiller attached to a barge. Luthy's team tested the water to make sure they were not kicking up extra PCB contamination with their mixing, a step Luthy said is an important part of the field test for any contaminated locale.
Seven months later, after the carbon and PCBs had had plenty of time to find each other, they put mesh cages containing clams in the mud-carbon mixture. After another month, they saw 50 percent less PCBs in these clams compared with clams left in untreated dirt. So Luthy felt confident recommending his technique to the Navy: "It's not some wacko idea of a professor," he said. "You could get real environmental contractors out there doing this."
Luthy does not think adding extra carbon to our waterways will significantly affect the local environmentfield tests here have shown no major changes in the local organisms six months after carbon addition, and more tests are being done 18 months after mixing. However, Luthy is worried that the recent oil spill in the San Francisco Bay may have diminished the pool of healthy organisms that could repopulate Hunters Point once it is cleaned up.
It is hard to know how well this technique will translate into healthier fish, because fish will not stay put like clams and could be eating contaminated organisms from other waterways, Luthy said. But he sees smaller organisms, such as clams and worms, serving as the canaries in the coal mine for our bay: If their toxin levels go down, those of fish and humans will eventually follow suit.
Additional funding for Luthy's studies was provided by Stanford's Bio-X program, Schlumberger and Alcoa.
Rachel Tompa is a science-writing intern at the Stanford News Service. | <urn:uuid:a8bf4f99-fb94-432d-ab75-e22c4755ff88> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2007/pr-luthy-112807.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00133-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967373 | 1,442 | 3.625 | 4 |
Overview of Disability
Disability Back Pay
Requirements for Disability
Applications for disability
Tips and Advice for Disability Claims
How long does Disability take?
Winning Disability Benefits
Common Mistakes after a Denial
Mental Disability Benefits
Denials for Disability
Appeals for denied claims
Disability Benefits from SSA
Child Disability Benefits
Qualifications and How to Qualify
Working and Disability
Disability Awards and Notices
Disability Lawyers, Hiring Attorneys
Social Security List of Conditions
What Social Security considers disabling
Medical Evidence and Disability
Filing for Disability Benefits
Eligibility for Disability Benefits
SSD SSI Definitions
SSDRC authored by Tim Moore
Ask a question, get an answer
Facts about Neuralgia and Filing for Disability
These selected pages answer some of the most basic, but also some of the most important, questions for individuals who are considering filing a claim for disability benefits.
Facts about the condition
1) Neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that occurs when an individual feels the sensation of pain without any actual stimulation of pain receptor cells.
2) There are two categories of neuralgia, central and peripheral. Peripheral neuralgia is caused by trauma to the actual nerves involved, while central neuralgia is caused by injury to the central nervous system.
3) In trigeminal and atypical trigeminal neuralgia conditions affect the touch, temperature and pressure nerves in the face. Trigeminal neuralgia causes short attacks of severe pain that can be brought on by every day movements and activities like facial expressions and face washing. Attacks last under two minutes but are considered among the worst of human pain sensations. Atypical trigeminal neuralgia is different because it is constant aching pain.
4) The pain from trigeminal neuralgia has been described by patients as sharp stabbing pain or pain that burns or itches.
5) Postherpetic neuralgia has the most directly obvious cause, as it occurs after an outbreak of shingles. For this reason it is not usually difficult to diagnose.
6) In general, a neuralgia diagnosis is difficult to determine, and the condition is often misdiagnosed. Description of symptoms and trying different types of medications or procedures and observing the response are key to diagnosis.
7) Regular pain medications do not alleviate the pain of neuralgia. Instead, anticonvulsant medications and antidepressants are used.
8) Surgery to stimulate the affected nerve or nerves is also an option. This works by fooling the brain into recognizing input from the nerve normally. Other surgery options destroy nerve fibers to stop the pain and moving the vessels compressing the nerve to implant soft cushioning between them.
9) Complementary therapy such as nerve stimulation and hot-cold compresses and alternative medicine therapies such as acupuncture and chiropractic care are common in an attempt to manage pain. The response of the condition to these therapies varies widely among individuals.
Qualifying for disability benefits with this condition
Whether or not you qualify for disability and, as a result, are approved for disability benefits will depend entirely on the information obtained from your medical records.
This includes whatever statements and treatment notes that may have been obtained from your treating physician (a doctor who has a history of treating your condition and is, therefore, qualified to comment as to your condition and prognosis). It also includes discharge summaries from hospital stays, reports of imaging studies (such as xrays, MRIs, and CT scans) and lab panels (i.e. bloodwork) as well as reports from physical therapy.
In many disability claims, it may also include the results of a report issued by an independent physician who examines you at the request of the Social Security Administration.
Qualifying for SSD or SSI benefits will also depend on the information obtained from your vocational, or work, history if you are an adult, or academic records if you are a minor-age child. In the case of adults, your work history information will allow a disability examiner (examiners make decisions at the initial claim and reconsideration appeal levels, but not at the hearing level where a judges decides the outcome of the case) to A) classify your past work, B) determine the physical and mental demands of your past work, C) decide if you can go back to a past job, and D) whether or not you have the ability to switch to some type of other work.
The important thing to keep in mind is that the social security administration does not award benefits based on simply having a condition, but, instead, will base an approval or denial on the extent to which a condition causes functional limitations. Functional limitations can be great enough to make work activity not possible (or, for a child, make it impossible to engage in age-appropriate activities).
Why are so many disability cases lost at the disability application and reconsideration appeal levels?
There are several reasons but here are just two:
1) Social Security makes no attempt to obtain a statement from a claimant's treating physician. By contrast, at the hearing level, a claimant's disability attorney or disability representative will generally obtain and present this type of statement to a judge.
Note: it is not enough for a doctor to simply state that their patient is disabled. To satisy Social Security's requirements, the physician must list in what ways and to what extent the individual is functionally limited. For this reason, many representatives and attorneys request that the physician fill out and sign a specialized medical source statement that captures the correct information. Solid Supporting statements from physicians easily make the difference between winning or losing a disability case at the hearing level.
2) Prior to the hearing level, a claimant will not have the opportunity to explain how their condition limits them, nor will their attorney or representative have the opportunity to make a presentation based on the evidence of the case. This is because at the initial levels of the disability system, a disability examiner decides the case without meeting the claimant. The examiner may contact the claimant to gather information on activities of daily living and with regard to medical treatment or past jobs, but usually nothing more. At the hearing level, however, presenting an argument for approval based on medical evidence that has been obtained and submitted is exactly what happens.
Return to: Social Security Disability Resource Center, or read answers to Questions
Related Body System Impairments:
Get your pain symptoms on record so that Social Security can take this into consideration
Never minimize your pain or other symptoms because this can be used against you
Chronic Pain and Filing for Disability
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and Filing for Disability
Allodynia and Filing for Disability
Neuropathy and Filing for Disability
Neuralgia and Filing for Disability
Myofascial Pain Syndrome and Filing for Disability
Sciatica and Filing for Disability
Information on the following topics can be found here: Social Security Disability Questions and in these subsections:
Frequently asked questions about getting Denied for Disability Benefits | FAQ on Disability Claim Representation | Info about Social Security Disability Approvals and Being Approved | FAQ on Social Security Disability SSI decisions | The SSD SSI Decision Process and what gets taken into consideration | Disability hearings before Judges | Medical exams for disability claims | Applying for Disability in various states | Selecting and hiring Disability Lawyers | Applying for Disability in North Carolina | Recent articles and answers to questions about SSD and SSI
These pages answer some of the most basic questions for individuals who are considering filing a claim.
How to Apply for Disability - What medical conditions can you apply and qualify for?
How long does it take to be approved for SSI or Social Security disability?
What happens if I file a disability application and it is denied by a disability examiner or Judge?
How do you prove your disability case if you have a mental condition or impairment?
Social Security Disability Back pay and How Long it Takes to Qualify for it and receive it | <urn:uuid:93a80bc0-a2bc-4046-bfa4-55abecb7f887> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ssdrc.com/ssd-neuralgia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930323 | 1,648 | 2.625 | 3 |
Stata is a powerful and yet easy-to-use statistical package that runs on Windows, Macintosh and Unix platforms. This class is designed for people who are just getting started using Stata. The students in the class will have a hands-on experience using Stata for statistics, graphics and data management. The class notes are the scripts for the class available to the students in the class and to others on the Internet. The Stata class notes do not contain any of the output. The class notes are not meant to be a Stata textbook or a reference manual. However, it is possible for individuals to use the class notes to help in learning Stata even if they don't enroll in the class.
These are the latest version (as of January 2009) of the class notes designed to work with Stata version 10; however, many of the commands used will work with earlier versions of Stata.
* These movies were made with Camtasia Studio; please see the Techsmith web site for more information.
The content of this web site should not be construed as an endorsement of any particular web site, book, or software product by the University of California. | <urn:uuid:f9f20c13-b789-44c8-97d8-1b71093934a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/notes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945828 | 238 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Second Battle of Ypres was the first time Germany used poison gas on a large scale on the Western Front in the First World War and the first time a former colonial force (Canadians) pushed back a major European power (Germans) on European soil, which occurred in the battle of St. Julien-Kitcheners' Wood.
The Second Battle of Ypres consisted of four separate engagements:
- The Battle of Gravenstafel: Thursday 22 April – Friday 23 April 1915
- The Battle of Saint Julien: Saturday 24 April – 4 May 1915.
- The Battle of Frezenberg: 8–13 May 1915
- The Battle of Bellewaarde: 24–25 May 1915
The scene of the battles was the Ypres salient on the Western Front, where the Allied line which followed the canal bulged eastward around the town of Ypres, Belgium. North of the salient were the Belgians; covering the northern part of the salient itself were two French divisions (one Metropolitan and one Algerian) The eastern part of the salient was defended by one Canadian division and two UK divisions.
In total during the battles, the British Commonwealth forces were the II and V Corps of the Second Army made up of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Cavalry divisions, and the 4th, 27th, 28th, 50th, Lahore and 1st Canadian Divisions.
Battle of Gravenstafel (22–23 April 1915)
Today this tiny hamlet is named Gravenstafel.
Gas attack on Gravenstafel
At around 5:00 pm on April 22, 1915, the German Army released one hundred and sixty eight tons of chlorine gas over a 6.5 km (4 mile) front on the part of the line held by French Territorial and colonial Moroccan and Algerian troops of the French 45th and 78th divisions. While this is often recognized as the first use of chemical warfare, poison gases were used at several earlier battles, including the Battle of Bolimov three months earlier.
The attack involved a massive logistical effort, as German troops hauled 5730 cylinders of chlorine gas, weighing 90 pounds (41 kg) each, to the front by hand. The German soldiers also opened the cylinders by hand, relying on the prevailing winds to carry the gas towards enemy lines. Because of this method of dispersal, a large number of German soldiers were injured or killed in the process of carrying out the attack.
Approximately 6,000 French and colonial troops died within ten minutes at Ypres, primarily from asphyxiation and subsequent tissue damage in the lungs. Many more were blinded. Chlorine gas forms hydrochloric (muriatic) acid when combined with water, destroying moist tissues such as lungs and eyes. The chlorine gas, being denser than air, quickly filled the trenches, forcing the troops to climb out into heavy enemy fire.
With the survivors abandoning their positions en masse, a 4-mile (6.4 km) gap was left in the front line. However, the German High Command had not foreseen the effectiveness of their new weapon, and so had not put any reserves ready in the area. German troops started to enter the gap at 5:00PM in some numbers, but with the coming of darkness and the lack of follow up troops the German forces did not exploit the gap, and Canadian troops were able to put in a hasty defence by urinating into cloths and putting them to their faces to counter the effects of the gas. Canadians held that part of the line against further attacks until 3 May 1915 at a cost of 6000 wounded or dead. Casualties were especially heavy for the 13th Battalion of the CEF, which was enveloped on three sides and over-extended by the demands of securing its left flank once the Algerian Division had broken.
One thousand of these "original" troops were killed and 4,975 were wounded from an initial strength of 10,000.
At Kitcheners' Wood, the 10th Battalion of the 2nd Canadian Brigade was ordered to counter-attack into the gap created by the gas attack. They formed up after 11:00pm on the night of 22 April with the 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish) of the 3rd Brigade arriving as they were forming, tasked to support the advance. Both battalions stepped off with over 800 men, formed up in waves of two companies each, at 11:46 pm. Without prior reconnaissance, the battalions ran into obstacles half way to the objective and drew heavy automatic weapons fire from the Wood, prompting an impromptu bayonet charge. Their attack cleared the former oak plantation of Germans at the cost of 75 percent casualties.
The Canadian actions during the Battle of Gravenstafel are commemorated with the Saint Julien Memorial in the village of Saint Julien.
Battle of St Julien (24 April - 5 May)
Today this is known as Saint Juliaan.
The village of St. Julien had been comfortably in the rear of the 1st Canadian Division until the poison gas attack of 22 April, whereupon it became the front line. Some of the first fighting in the village involved a hasty stop, which included the stand of Lance Corporal Frederick Fisher of the 13th Battalion CEF's machine-gun detachment; who twice went out with a handful of men and a Colt Machine-gun and prevented advancing German troops from passing through St. Julien into the rear of the Canadian front line. Fisher was awarded the VC for his actions on the 22nd, but was killed when he attempted to repeat his actions on the 23; this was the first of 70 Canadian VCs awarded in the First World War.On the morning of 24 April 1915 the Germans released another cloud of chlorine gas, this time directly towards the re-formed Canadian lines just west of the village of St. Julien. On seeing the approach of the greenish-grey gas cloud, word was passed among the Canadian troops to urinate on their handkerchiefs and place these over their noses and mouths.
However, the countermeasures were ineffective and the Canadian lines broke as a result of the attack, allowing German troops to take the village.
The following day the York and Durham Brigade units of the Northumberland Division counterattacked failing to secure their objectives but establishing a new line close to the village. The third day the Northumberland Brigade attacked again, briefly taking part of the village but forced back with the loss of more than 1,900 men and 40 officers - two thirds of its strength.
The 2nd Royal Dublin Fusiliers Battalion suffered heavily, incurring hundreds of casualties and with no respite took part in the next two subsidiary battles at Frezenberg and Bellewaarde. On 24 May the battalion was subject to a German chlorine gas attack near Saint Julien and effectively disintegrated as a fighting unit.
Battle of Frezenberg (8–13 May)
The Germans had moved their artillery forward and put three Army corps opposite the 27th and 28th divisions on the Frezenberg ridge. The battle began on May 8 with a bombardment that disrupted the 83rd Brigade holding trenches on the forward side of the ridge but the first and second assaults by German infantry were repelled by the survivors. The third German assault of the morning pushed the defenders back. While the neighbouring 80th Brigade stopped the advance, the 84th Brigade was broken giving a two mile gap in the line. Further advance was stopped through counterattacks and a night move by the 10th Brigade. On the 9th the German attack was across the Menin road against the 27 Division.
On 10 May the Germans released another gas cloud but made little progress. The battle ended after six days of fighting with a German advance of 2000 yards.
Battle of Bellewaarde (24–25 May)
On 24 May the Germans released a gas attack on a 4.5-mile (7.2 km) front. British troops were able to defend against initial German attacks but eventually they were forced to retreat to the north and south. Failed British counterattacks forced a British retreat 1000 yards northwards. Upon the end of the battle the Ypres salient was 3 miles (4.8 km) deep.
By the end of the battle the size of the Ypres Salient had been reduced such that Ypres itself was closer to the line. In time it would be reduced by shelling until virtually nothing would remain standing.
The surprise use of poison gas was not a historical first (poison gas had already been used on the Eastern Front) but did come as a tactical surprise to the Allies. After Second Ypres, both sides developed more sophisticated gas weapons, and countermeasures, and never again was the use of gas either a surprise, nor especially effective. The British quickly developed their own gas attacks using them for the first time at the Battle of Loos in late September. Development of gas protection was instituted and the first examples of the PH helmet issued in July 1915.
The Canadian Division was forced to absorb several thousand replacements shortly afterwards, but presented a most favourable image to their allies and the world. Another Canadian division joined the British Expeditionary Force in late 1915, joined eventually by two more in 1916. The battle also blooded many commanders, singling out some for praise, such as brigade commander Arthur Currie, and others for criticism, such as Garnet Hughes.
The inadequacies of training and doctrine in the early CEF was made obvious by the antique tactics used at Kitcheners' Wood and St. Julien, though tactics in the British Colonial armies would be slow to evolve. At Second Ypres, the smallest tactical unit in the infantry was a company; by 1917 it would be the section. The Canadians were employed offensively later in 1915, but not successfully.
A Third Battle of Ypres, more commonly known as the Battle of Passchendaele was fought in the autumn of 1917. The battle was marked by Canadian tactical successes as a result of many innovations in organization, training and tactics in both the infantry and artillery.
It was during the Second Battle of Ypres that Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae M.D. of Guelph, Ontario, Canada wrote the memorable poem In Flanders Fields in the voice of those who perished in the war. Published in Punch Magazine December 8, 1915, it is still recited today, especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day.
- First Battle of Ypres
- Use of poison gas in World War I
- Saint Julien Memorial
- Third Battle of Ypres
- List of Canadian battles during World War I
- ^ Cassar, p. 191.
- ^ General Sir Horace Lockwood Smith-Dorrien commanded II Corps, British Expeditionary Force during the beginning of the battle. He was replaced by Lieutenant-General Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer (officially) on 6 May 1915.
- ^ Général Putz commanded the Détachement d'Armée de Belgique (formerly the French 8th Army).
- ^ Général-Major Armand-Léopold-Théodore de Ceuninck commanded the 6th Division, Belgian Army.
- ^ Général-Major Theophile Figeys commanded the 8th Division, Belgian Army.
- ^ General-Oberst Albrecht Maria Alexander Philipp Joseph of Württemberg commanded the 4th German Army.
- ^ 2 French divisions and 6 British, Canadian, and Newfoundland divisions.
- ^ Order of battle
- ^ Love, 1996.
- ^ Hobbes, Nicholas (2003). Essential Militaria. Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1843542292.
- ^ Croddy, Eric (2002). Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Guide for the Concerned Citizen. Copernicus Books. pp. 143–4. ISBN 0-387-95976-1.
- ^
- ^ Few blamed the French survivors for abandoning their trenches, though many did lay blame on the French African troops who broke as indicative of their "unreliability, lack of discipline, and ineffectualness." Field Marshal Sir John French, Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, wrote:
...I wish particularly to repudiate any idea of attaching the least blame to the French Division for this unfortunate incident. After all the examples our gallant Allies have shown of dogged and tenacious courage in the many trying situations in which they have been placed throughout the course of this campaign it is quite superfluous for me to dwell on this aspect of the incident, and I would only express my firm conviction that, if any troops in the world had been able to hold their trenches in the face of such a treacherous and altogether unexpected onslaught, the French Division would have stood firm.J.D.P. French, "To the Secretary of State for War," Supplement to the London Gazette No. 29225, 10 May 1915, 6787-96, 6788-89, http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/29225/supplements/6787 (accessed May 6, 2009).
- ^ General von Falkenhayn, Chief of German General Staff, apparently classified the attack as localised, and ordered the German 4th Army not to take distant objectives. From the German Army Official History of the War (Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Sommer und Herbst 1915, 8. Band, p. 41), as cited here.
- ^ It remains unclear who passed the order to urinate on the handkerchiefs. The order is attributed to [Capt. F.A.C. Scrimger], a medical officer by one modern source, Legion Magazine published by the Royal Canadian Legion. However, memoirs of two individuals at the battle do not recount this episode (see Nasmith, 1917, and Scott, 1922)
- ^ Whoever passed the order, the chemistry was valid. The urea in urine would react with chlorine, forming dichlorourea and effectively neutralizing it. See Chattaway (1908).
- ^ Howell, 1938, p. 280.
- ^ (Legion Magazine online)
- ^ 4th Territorial Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers
- ^ CWGC history of Ypres salient Frezenberg Ridge
- ^ John McCrae (from Historica)
- ^ John McCrae (from the Canadian Encyclopedia)
- Chattaway, F. D. (1908). "The Action of Chlorine upon Urea Whereby a Dichloro Urea is Produced". Proc. Roy. Soc. London. Ser. A 81 (549): 381–388.
- Chattaway, F. D. (1916). "Captain F.A.C. Scrimger, V.C.". Can. Med. Assoc. J. 6 (4): 334–336.
- Cassar, George H. (2010). Hell in Flanders Fields: Canadians at the Second Battle of Ypres. Dundurn Press. ISBN 9781554887286. http://books.google.ca/books?id=m7p4L0fVRBAC&lpg=PA10&dq=Beyond%20courage%3A%20the%20Canadians%20at%20the%20Second%20Battle%20of%20Ypres&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Howell, W. B. (1938). "Colonel F.A.C. Scrimger, V.C.". Can. Med. Assoc. J. 38 (3): 279–281.
- "Legion Magazine online". http://www.legionmagazine.com/features/victoriacross/04-07.asp.
- Love, D. (1996). "The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915". Sabretasche 26 (4).
- Nasmith, G. G. (1917). On the Fringe of the Great Fight. Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild & Stewart. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19876/19876-h/19876-h.htm.
- Scott, F. G. (1922). The Great War as I Saw It. Toronto: Goodchild Publishers. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19857/19857-h/19857-h.htm#page055.
|This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Second Battle of Ypres. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.|
|Father||Mother||Death date||Age at death|
|Kenneth Wyndham Arbuthnot (1873-1915)||William Reierson Arbuthnot (1826-1913)||Mary Helen Anstruther (1839-1912)||25 April 1915||42| | <urn:uuid:9fd9fe7e-c1cc-4eda-912b-7561608703d2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956152 | 3,562 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Joe Schwartz hosts a pie-eating contest:
The game consists of two circles (the pies) and a set of Angle Race cards. Partners take turns drawing a card and then using a protractor to measure off the right sized piece. Keep going until you’ve eaten your entire pie. Whoever finishes the pie first is the winner!
Joe improvises his lesson plan in two very interesting ways and he explains his thinking. That’s great blogging.
Matthew Jones gives us a nice picture of modeling in the elementary grades when he asks his students to help him put a new roof on the school gym:
Will any of them have to do this in the “real-world?” Who knows? Maybe, maybe not. But the pictures and slides set into motion a new enthusiasm about solving it because it was their school, it was their gym. It was something they know like the back of their hand. Maybe next time they’ll look up at the ceiling and remember how they figured out the area.
My students instantly wanted to play again. I had anticipated this, hence the double-sided bingo cards. Based on our first round of bingo, my students set out to create a better bingo card. One of my students decided to calculate the probability like I had. She accidentally left the BB combination off of her card. She was not happy about this!
I will have students make their own boards using geometric shapes that will convince someone to think they can win but that odds are still in the game owners favor. As an extension students can include winning different amounts of money depending on where you land so a player is more enticed to play. | <urn:uuid:5686fcdc-b548-4728-b1ce-c6739bed9190> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.mrmeyer.com/2014/great-classroom-action-16/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981246 | 343 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A study of consumer behaviour with a particular focus on the factors and attributes that influence the choice of toothpaste in the Pietermaritzburg market.
Gebreyohannes, Amanuel Gebreyonas.
MetadataShow full item record
All of us are consumers. We consume products such as bread and milk and services such as education, banking and transportation. A fundamental understanding of consumer behaviour forms the backbone of all marketing activities and is an imperative prerequisite for the success of businesses. Consumers' wants and needs in today's competitive world are continuously changing. Therefore companies are forced to understand how consumers make purchasing decisions before an effective marketing strategy could be designed. (Skinner, 1994:218) According to Lamb et al (2000:66) in order to design an appropriate marketing mix for their defined market, marketing managers must be able to understand consumers' behaviour thoroughly. This is essential because it will determine how successful the marketing strategy would be. Mowen (1995:5) define consumer behaviour as "the study of the buying units and the exchange processes involved in acquiring, consuming, and disposing of goods, services, experiences and ideas." In a nutshell, to stress the importance of understanding consumer behaviour, Assael summarises it by saying that "marketers have come to realise that their effectiveness in meeting consumer needs directly influences their profitability and the better they understand the factors underlying consumer behaviour, the better able they are to develop effective marketing strategies to meet consumer needs" (Assael,1998:5) This study examined toothpaste purchasing amongst Pietermaritzburg (PMB) consumers. The specific objectives were to evaluate which marketing stimuli affect the purchase of toothpaste in PMB, to evaluate the attributes consumers look for in toothpaste purchasing, to identify the various demographic variables that influence the purchase and finally to identify which brand of toothpaste has preference amongst PMB consumers. Theoretical reviews of the factors influencing consumer behaviour, which are categorised into marketing stimuli as well as environmental and individual factors are first discussed. These are followed by a brief description of the toothpaste industry and the various product attributes. The methodology used for the data collection as well as the interpretation procedures are also outlined. The key findings were Colgate Herbal was top on the list with 16.3% of respondents selecting it while Aquafresh All-in-One came in second with 15.3% of respondents having chosen it. Consumers attach different levels of importance to the different attributes of the toothpaste and the study found fresher breath to be the most important product attribute consumers look for when purchasing their toothpaste. The significance test done between brand preference and demographic variables indicated differences between racial groups. Based on the findings recommendations are then made for appropriate segmenting and positioning of the product that will be of use for manufacturers and retailers in the toothpaste industry. | <urn:uuid:a2281ecd-1d2d-4790-9d5f-310629d28468> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10413/1711 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945139 | 577 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A flag; a banner; a standard; esp., the national flag, or a banner indicating nationality, carried by a ship or a body of soldiers; -- as distinguished from flags indicating divisions of the army, rank of naval officers, or private signals, and the like.
A signal displayed like a standard, to give notice.
Sign; badge of office, rank, or power; symbol.
Formerly, a commissioned officer of the army who carried the ensign or flag of a company or regiment.
A commissioned officer of the lowest grade in the navy, corresponding to the grade of second lieutenant in the army.
To designate as by an ensign.
To distinguish by a mark or ornament; esp. (Her.), by a crown; thus, any charge which has a crown immediately above or upon it, is said to be ensigned.
ensign in French is fanion
ensign in German is Flagge, Fahne
ensign in Norwegian is fenrik, flagg, merke | <urn:uuid:3966617c-4200-41ab-8034-95a6fca0c0bc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.brainyquote.com/words/en/ensign160415.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914105 | 209 | 3.125 | 3 |
After completion of this module.
We would appreciate feedback for improving this paper and information about how it has been used for study and teaching. Please send your feedback to firstname.lastname@example.org. Please include the following text in the e-mail subject line, "Feedback on R Modules", to make sure your comments are received.
Understanding the spatial characteristics of a pathogen population or diseased plant population is essential for developing models or sampling programs in epidemiology and disease management (Campbell and Madden 1990). The pattern of disease can reveal much about the way a disease spreads or about effective controls (e.g., Avendo et al. 2003). While spatial aspects have been noted since the 1930s and earlier, most interest in spatial aspects of plant pathology has arisen since the 1980s (Campbell and Madden 1990) and there are now a number of approaches for describing and modeling spatial patterns.
Campbell and Madden (1990) note that it is important to clarify terminology to avoid confusion when discussing spatial aspects of plant disease epidemiology. For example, there is often confusion regarding use of the term distribution. 'Distribution' is commonly used to describe what is more appropriately referred to as a pattern, arrangement, or dispersion. In a statistical sense, 'distribution' can refer to the way variate values, with differing frequencies, are apportioned in a number of classes (Campbell and Madden 1990). For example, a random variable may follow a binomial distribution or a normal ('bell-shaped curve') distribution (Garrett et al. 2007). In this paper we will refer to the spatial organization of organisms as a pattern.
Three classifications are often used when discussing spatial patterns, aggregated (or clustered), random, and regular. These patterns are illustrated below. These classifications are part of a continuum; statistical analysis may be necessary to describe a pattern or determine what pattern classification fits an observed pattern of interest. One measure of where a particular pattern falls along the continuum is the relationship between the population variance (ơ2) and mean (μ) for each pattern, if the analyzed variable is discrete (such as an individual plant or pathogen propagule). The mean and variance are calculated by tallying the number of events within each of a set of sampling areas, such as a sampling grid, as will be discussed in more detail later. For a regular pattern, the variance is less than the mean (ơ2<μ); for a random pattern, the variance and mean are equal (ơ2=μ); and for an aggregated pattern the variance is greater than the mean (ơ2>μ) (Campbell and Madden 1990).
Below are hypothetical point pattern graphical illustrations of these three pattern definitions and the R-code used to generate them. Each point represents an organism, for example infected trees in an orchard planted in a grid fashion, 20x20 with 400 trees in each orchard. Note that the random pattern is generated independently each time it is called, so the R-code will generate a different pattern for that example each time.
#Create a regular pattern plot with R, where every# fifth tree is infected along a gridx <- c( 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20)y <- c( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20)
# An alternative method for creating these vectors isx <- rep(c(0,5,10,15,20),5)y <- sort(x)# use help(rep) and help(order)# to understand these commands better
plot(x, y, col='orange', xlab='X', ylab='Y', main='Regular Pattern', xlim=c(0,20), ylim=c(0,20))
Click to enlarge.
# Create a random pattern illustration, where# randomly selected trees are infected;# Each realization is independent so yours will# not appear exactly as pictured below.
plot(random.pattern, xlab="X", ylab="Y", col="orange")
In this example of a highly aggregated pattern, all the infected trees are grouped into two clusters.
plot(aggregated.pattern, xlab="X", ylab="Y", main="Aggregated Pattern", xlim=c(0,20), ylim=c(0,20), col="orange")points(aggregated.pattern2, col="orange")points(aggregated.pattern3, col="orange")points(aggregated.pattern4, col="orange")
An introduction to spatial analysis is presented through examples, many of which use the R programming environment (Garrett et al. 2007). We include four case studies and one advanced illustration which use spatial analysis techniques to understand how pathogens spread or what control methods could be useful. The first case study uses Pearson correlation analysis to evaluate spatial relationships between a primary and alternate host. The second case study uses Lloyd's Index of Patchiness (LIP) to measure aggregation of sclerotia in soil. The third uses linear regression, discussed by Sparks et al. (2008) in Ecology and epidemiology in R: Disease Progress over Time, to analyze the spread of a disease in an agricultural field. The last case study uses variograms to examine disease spread. An advanced discussion about using Beta-binomial distributions in spatial analysis of plant disease concludes this document.
We have arranged the case studies in order of difficulty, with the Beta-binomial illustration being the most advanced concept presented in this document.
Next, using Pearson correlation to analyze relationships | <urn:uuid:c5177149-4551-43e2-bc72-c493362ee03f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/advanced/topics/EcologyAndEpidemiologyInR/SpatialAnalysis/Pages/default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867942 | 1,229 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Our Policy: Coexistence Between Humans and Wildlife
As we have a rich natural environment around the town of Karuizawa, we also have
wild animals and plants inhabiting the area as well. This leads to
conflicts between humans and wildlife. NPO picchio conducts research
and management to solve these problems and to conserve our ecosystem.
| Siebold's Primrose
What is happening at the foot of Mt. Asama?
A planted larch forest
, located at the foot of the volcanic mountain,
Asama, is surrounded by forests and other natural habitats.
Its cool temperature in the summer and the beautiful natural environment
attract eight million visitors every year. This is the cause of
various problems between humans and the surrounding wildlife.
The vast majority of grassland has been lost due to development,
and the flora and fauna that used to inhabit this area have been
dramatically reduced in numbers. Siebold’s Primrose (Primula
), a flowering plant that plays a significant role in sustaining the ecosystem,
and several other species are now endangered. Deciduous forests have been
lost because of clear-cutting, and the huge larch forests that were planted
to replace them are now abandoned due to the decline in forestry.
These circumstances has resulted in the deterioration and disappearance
of habitats for many forms of wildlife.
In recent years garbage and other unnatural foodstuffs have become increasingly
easier to get at through the town. This attracts Asian Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus
) to residential districts repeatedly, and is one cause of conflicts occurring
between bears and humans.
Introduced species like raccoons are also having adverse effects
on native species and these too are causing problems with the human
inhabitants of the area as their population increases.
NPO picchio's Mission
Considering this situation in Karuizawa, we feel the need to
conserve the ecosystem and biodiversity at the foot of Mt. Asama.
We need to have a system to sustain and utilize the area’s
natural environment and culture at the same time. NPO picchio is
trying to understand what is happening in the ecosystem through
scientific research. These results are reflected in our wildlife
management program, and are also used to suggest improved plans
for future conservation to the government and related institutions.
We use these activities, research and management to assist in developing
eco-tours and environmental education programs.
Activities – To Understand and Conserve Karuizawa's Ecosystem
- Wildlife Management
- Conservation and management of Asian Black Bears
- The removal of raccoons and introduced species from the
- Research Around the Foot of Mt. Asama
- Meadow ecosystems
- Forest ecosystems | <urn:uuid:1256c260-c90d-454d-adb3-14ff2a9f14e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://npo.picchio.jp/en/about/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00175-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933718 | 579 | 3.015625 | 3 |
When scientists talk about the cryosphere, they mean the places on Earth where water is in its solid form, frozen into ice or snow. Read more ...
On Friday, 01 April 2016 from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. (USA Mountain Time), FTP and some applications on our web site may be unavailable due to system maintenance. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause you.
a general category of ice that represents the transition between nilas and first-year ice; usually 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) thick.
the thickness at which ice no longer grows because it is so thick that heat from the ocean can no longer be conducted through the ice; it may take several years of growth and melt for ice to reach an equilibrium thickness.
a long narrow area of pack ice, about 1 kilometer (0.6 mile) or less in width, usually composed of small fragments detatched from the main mass of ice, and run together under the influence of wind or current.
thick ridges that become grounded during the winter and become part of the fast ice zone; while the rest of the fast ice melts during the summer, a stamukhi remains throughout the summer attached to the ocean bottom. | <urn:uuid:5e082ba2-78de-4f08-b7f1-3e05f33eacb4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary-terms/sea-ice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945863 | 258 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What Causes Joint Pain?
Joints are very crucial in support and movement in the body. Thus, any pain experienced in the joints can affect mobility and to a serious extent weaken support provided to the body. Joint pain, also referred to as anthralgia, is one of the most common complaints among people today both young and old. While many people are tempted to ignore the pain and wait until it passes away, it is better to see a doctor soon before it gets worse.
To better understand joint pain, its diagnosis and treatment options available it is necessary to look at the various causes behind its occurrence.
Joint pain can occur as a symptom of a number of diseases. They include:
• Bone cancer
• Chicken pox, hepatitis and many others.
During a diagnosis, the doctor will ask a lot of questions some of them seemingly not related to the joint problem. The reason for this is that there is need to eliminate most of the above and many other illnesses that might be causing the joint pain. Once the real cause is found, treatment becomes more effective and lasting.
This is one of the most common causes of joint pain. Since joints are intricately involved in motion and support, they are vulnerable to injury. The injury can be as little as some soreness to as serious as a dislocation where bones move from their normal position. A dislocation usually immobilizes and results in extreme pain in the affected joint. Injury can be caused when walking, playing, lifting heavy objects or when you get involved in an accident.
Usually, joint pain resulting from an injury requires simple treatments such as an icepack and painkillers and lots of rest of the affected area. However, when the pain persists for more than three days without abating, see a doctor immediately, something more serious could have happened.
Generally, the chances and frequency of occurrence of joint pain increase as one gets older. Of course factors like illness can explain this. Sometimes, it can also be due to overuse of the joints. Over the years, one has definitely tasked the joints and it is inevitable that they will deteriorate and start experiencing problems like pain.
Even in younger individuals, joint pain due to overuse can still occur. This is most common for people who do jobs that involve one monotonous task done again and again. When a certain joint is overstressed due to too much use, inflammation and consequently pain sets in.
Many women undergoing menopause have complained of stiffness and pain in the joints. The reduction in the amount of estrogen hormone in the body is associated with these symptoms. Estrogen plays a role in keeping the joints and bones healthy and lower levels result in joint deterioration.
Another aspect of menopause that can cause joint pain is dehydration. It causes the buildup of uric acid which leads to joint inflammation.
Positive lifestyle habits such as a good diet, plenty of regular exercise and stress management can greatly help in preventing and even treating joint pain. | <urn:uuid:bf493eb6-3796-44cf-84fa-7775e4dc2283> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.indobis.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967182 | 608 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A Part of Conversation Questions for the ESL Classroom.
- Are you annoyed when your partner, husband, or wife flirts with someone else ?
- Do bad mannered people upset you?
- Do you get angry when politicians make promises they can't keep?
- Do you get angry when you watch the news on TV and see all the terrible things happening in the world?
- Does it annoy you when shop assistants try to sell you things you don't need?
- Does it annoy you when someone interrupts you when you are speaking?
- Does it annoy you when someone knows everything better than you and says so?
- Does it annoy you when you are waiting in a long queue and someone pushes in front of you?
- Does it annoy you when your teacher speaks too quickly?
- Does it drive you crazy to always see the same faces and read about the same celebrities in the gossip columns?
- Does it drive you crazy when waiters ignore you?
- Does it drive you crazy when you have invited people to dinner and they come late and the meal is spoiled?
- Does it make you angry when motorists drive too closely behind you?
- Does it make you angry when people make nasty comments about you ?
- Does it make you angry when you have made an appointment to see the doctor at a certain time and he/she keeps you waiting for ages ?
- Does it upset or annoy you when a beggar asks you for money?
- Does it upset you when have to say "No" when someone asks you for help?
- Does it upset you when you see homeless people?
- Does it upset you when you see people hitting children or animals?
- Does it upset you when you see pictures of famines in India, Africa or other countries?
If you can think of another good question for this list, please add it.
Thanks to Jenny who suggested this topic and contributed the first 32 questions in April 2008.
Copyright © 1997-2010 by The Internet TESL Journal | <urn:uuid:85151c38-4b10-4e92-9ffd-b63e1a0124cf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://iteslj.org/questions/feelings.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944554 | 420 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Multiculturalism is not just a statement of fact, it is also a value. It cherishes cultural diversity and envisions a society in which different communities forge a common identity while retaining their cultural provenance. When modern democratic societies embrace multiculturalism they demonstrate a deeper and more profound egalitarian impulse within them than the mere presence of plural cultures. Multiculturalism acknowledges the existence of diverse communities, but what is more important is that it accords positive value to the collective identities of all ethnic communities. It pictures a society which is characterized not by multiple cultural solitudes or endemic cultural strife, but by communities living together and participating as equal partners in national political life.
As such, multiculturalism represents a new kind of universalism – one where integration of individuals into the state is not predicated on a total disengagement from particularistic community ties. Rather, people are included into the nation state as members of diverse but equal ethnic groups. And the state recognizes that the dignity of individuals is linked to the collective dignity of the community to which they belong.
This radical redefinition of a democratic polity makes multiculturalism a normative value that is applicable as much to the modern liberal democracies of the West as it is to modernizing polities like India. Contrary to the general expectation, community identities have not dissolved in market economies or liberal democracies. No society is so completely modern or homogenized that collective group identities cease to be of relevance to its members.
The democratic citizen remains simultaneously embedded in a variety of particularistic ties. To believe that he is a deracinated individual, unconstrained by previous loyalties and identities is to grossly misread the human condition. Given this reality, multiculturalism endeavours to initiate policies that allow citizens to maintain their cultural distinctiveness. It sustains cultural diversity and helps in the forward movement of societies by engendering a broad-based acquiescence which is not thwarted or prejudiced by religious or cultural intolerance.
If multiculturalism and democracy appear together in history then this coexistence is neither fortuitous or accidental. Only democracy can reach out and explore formats of interaction that presume equality and respect. It is this concern for equality that precludes the possibility of democracy being ever associated with majoritarianism – either of the political or cultural type. The dangers of political majoritarianism are by now widely accepted. They have become an assimilated ingredient in the metabolism of modern democracies. Multiculturalism adds to this awareness by sensitizing us to the dangers of cultural majoritarianism. In particular, it points to the way in which cultural majoritarianism disadvantages minorities, alienates them, enhances conflicts between communities and limits self-understanding.
Remedying minority discrimination does not involve an act of benevolence on the part of the majority towards the minority. What is needed instead are policies that ensure full and equal membership to all communities within the state. This may, at times, require special consideration or even collective rights for vulnerable minorities who have been the victims of forced assimilation or exclusion. Group rights may also be given to preserve the diverse minority cultures against homogenization by the nation state. They must not therefore be regarded as, or confused with, policies of appeasement and containment of minorities.
All forms of special consideration and group rights have nevertheless to be justified in a democracy. Since rights granted to communities may not only fulfil expressive identity needs but also their instrumental power needs, what rights are granted to whom and under what circumstances has to be carefully examined in each instance. Further, as some community rights clash with and restrict individual rights, it is equally necessary to see whether special rights for minorities guard against cultural majoritarianism or uphold existing structures of domination within the community.
In India multiculturalism came along with the inauguration of democracy. In this respect India is quite unique. While our Constitution, with great foresight, allowed for universal adult franchise, minority protection and positive discrimination for the historically deprived, India still has a long way to go. The constitutional emphasis on inter-group equality justified special consideration for segregated communities and minorities, but it left the agenda of intra-group equality unattended. Consequently, cultural community rights could be appropriated to protect structures of domination and patriarchy.
Besides, in the context of an underdeveloped economy where resources are few and the claims on them many, and from diverse quarters, collective identities are often mobilized for political and economic gains. This is why identities have taken on a very potent form in which the concerns of multiculturalism have been transformed into policies of appeasement and containment. Problems of this nature which have emerged in the context of economic unevenness and underdevelopment make it incumbent to be ever vigilant of special group rights that are either demanded or given under the banner of multiculturalism in India.
Confronted with challenges of this kind, it is necessary to remind ourselves what multiculturalism does and does not represent. First and foremost, multiculturalism is not just the acceptance of diversity and multiple solitudes without a common public agenda. Second, multiculturalism is neither a gift of liberal democracy nor an optional policy within a democracy. It is not as if a democracy can choose to be multicultural or not. Every democracy must necessarily be multicultural if the democratic and liberal temper in it is to survive. Far from being an option, multiculturalism actually gives democracy its health and vigour. Finally, multiculturalism is not only about inter-group relations but also informs relations within a community. Respect for other cultures is always premised on first respecting the individual citizen. | <urn:uuid:d8529960-dbb9-4bb1-bc48-bbb07e0de6ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.india-seminar.com/1999/484/484%20problem.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933086 | 1,113 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The Madhubani Art
India has a rich tradition of nursing and nurturing pluralistic cultural and artistic heritage. But painting styles survive centuries only when adopted by unbroken generations of local populace. One such artistic heritage to survive the ravages of time, conquerors, and neglect is the Madhubani School of Painting, still practiced in the villages ensconced in the foothills of the Himalayas in eastern India.
Sunanda Sahay grew up in Darbhanga, the heart of the Madhubani region in northern India. The region, part of Mithila, lies near the border of India and Nepal and carries a rich pastel of cultural legacy in art and literature. Artistic interests led Sunanda to seek out practitioners of the art from local villages and learn directly from them. Now she practices and popularizes the art in the U.S.A. | <urn:uuid:00dedecf-6510-441d-884d-80d909e43746> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.colorofindia.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897107 | 177 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.