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Texas just added a new exam to its curriculum—a fitness test for all students in grades 3-12. The Dallas Morning News reported that starting next year, students will be measured on aerobic endurance, body fat, flexibility, and muscle strength. To pass, students must score better than seven out of 10 peers in their age and sex group. Students who fail, however, will not be penalized. Texas education officials say the test results will help guide state research into possible links among physical health and student achievement, school attendance, and discipline problems.
In many schools across the country, PE has taken a back seat to such academic subjects as reading, math, and science. But as more and more children nationwide are identified as overweight or obese, Texas will bring PE more to the forefront and will become the first state to comprehensively gauge students’ physical health.
The first round of tests will be next spring. We’ll have to wait and see what the final score is, and whether other states will follow suit. | <urn:uuid:1a05956f-d840-4de5-bf24-e6a70de8f769> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.naesp.org/blog/putting-pe-test | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00125-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959236 | 208 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Feral Swine in Michigan - A Growing Problem Like other Midwestern states, Michigan is experiencing a growing problem with feral or wild swine. Thirty years ago, there were no feral swine sightings reported in Michigan. By the end of 2011, more than 340 feral swine had been spotted in 72 of Michigan's 83 counties, and 286 have been reported killed. A sow can have two litters a year of four to six piglets. Based on their prolific breeding practices, it is estimated that feral swine in Michigan currently could number between 1,000 and 3,000.
Feral swine are a problem for two main reasons - they can host many parasites and diseases that threaten humans, domestic livestock and wildlife; and they can cause extensive damage to forests, agricultural lands and Michigan's water resources.
Recission of Feral Swine Declaratory Ruling The December 13, 2011, Declaratory Ruling on feral swine requested by the Michigan Animal Farmers Association is rescinded effective June 16, 2014. The Invasive Species Order remains in effect, and possession or sale of Russian boar and hybrids of Russian boar is still prohibited.
False Rumors About Feral Swine Enforcement - Setting the Record Straight False rumors have circulated about the manner in which the Michigan Department of Natural Resources is enforcing a 2010 Invasive Species Order declaring a certain species of swine prohibited in Michigan. We'd like to set the record straight. Click on the link above to learn the facts about enforcement of the Invasive Species Order.
A Pickup Load of Pigs: The Feral Swine Pandemic Video This film, made available by the Mississippi State University Extension Service, addresses the issue of wild pigs as a nuisance species of growing concern. The film discusses the biology, behavior and distribution of wild pigs, and the damage and threats they present to native wildlife, agriculture, forestry and public health in the United States. | <urn:uuid:db4c3d56-95ed-4653-9a3c-f763df2de375> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-10370_12145_55230---,00.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946158 | 389 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Sir Walter Scott
The Minstrelsy of
the Scottish Border
Graeme and Bewick
|The date of this ballad, and its subject, are uncertain. From internal evidence, I am inclined to place it late in the sixteenth century. Of the Graemes enough is elsewhere said. It is not impossible that such a clan, as they are described, may have retained the rude ignorance of ancient Border manners to a later period than their more inland neighbours; and hence the taunt of old Bewick to Graeme. Bewick is an ancient name in Cumberland and Northumberland. The ballad itself was given, in the first edition, from the recitation of a gentleman, who professed to have forgotten some verses. These have, in the present edition, been partly restored from a copy obtained by the recitation of an ostler in Carlisle, which has also furnished some slight alterations.
The ballad is remarkable, as containing, probably, the very latest allusion to the institution of brotherhood in arms, which was held so sacred in the days of chivalry, and whose origin may be traced up to the Scythian ancestors of Odin. Many of the old romances turn entirely upon the sanctity of the engagement, contracted by the freres d'armes. In that of Amis and Amelion, the hero slays his two infant children, that he may compound a potent salve with their blood, to cure the leprosy of his brother-in-arms. The romance of Gyron le Courlois has a similar subject. I think the hero, like Graeme in the ballad, kills himself, out of some high point of honour, towards his friend.
The quarrel of the two old chieftains, over their wine, is highly in character. Two generations have not elapsed since the custom of drinking deep, and taking deadly revenge for slight offences, produced very tragical events on the Border; to which the custom of going armed to festive meetings contributed not a little. A minstrel, who flourished about 1720, and is often talked of by the old people, happened to be performing before one of these parties, when, they betook themselves to their swords. The cautious musician, accustomed to such scenes, dived beneath the table. A moment after, a man's hand, struck off with a back-sword, fell beside him. The minstrel secured it carefully in his pocket, as he would have done any other loose moveable; sagely observing, the owner would miss it sorely next morning. I choose rather to give this ludicrous example, than some graver instances of bloodshed at Border orgies. I observe it is said in a MS. account of Tweeddale, in praise of the inhabitants, that, "when they fall in the humour of good fellowship, they use it as a cement and bond of society, and not to foment revenge, quarrels, and murders, which is usual in other countries;" by which we ought, probably, to understand Selkirkshire and Teviotdale. - MacFarlane's MSS.
GRAEME AND BEWICK
Gude Lord Graeme is to Carlisle gane;
Sir Robert Bewick there met he;
And arm in arm to the wine they did go,
And they drank till they were baith merrie.
Gude Lord Graeme has ta'en up the cup,
"Sir Robert Bewick, and here's to thee!
And here's to our twae sons at hame!
For they like us best in our ain countrie." -
"O were your son a lad like mine,
And learn'd some books that he could read,
They might hae been twae brethren bauld,
And they might hae bragged the Border side.
"But your son's a lad, and he is but bad,
And billie to my son he canna be;
* * * * * * *
"Ye sent him to the schools, and he wadna learn,
Ye bought him books, and he wadna read." -
"But my blessing shall he never earn,
Till I see how his arm can defend his head." -
Gude Lord Graeme has a reckoning call'd,
A reckoning then called he;
And he paid a crown, and it went roun';
It was all for the gude wine and free.
And he has to the stable gane,
Where there stude thirty steeds and three,
He's ta'en his ain horse amang them a',
And hame he rade sae manfullie.
"Welcome, my auld father!" said Christie Graeme,
"But where sae lang frae hame were ye?" -
"It's I hae been at Carlisle town,
And a baffled man by thee I be.
"I hae been at Carlisle town,
Where Sir Robert Bewick he met me;
He says ye're a lad, and ye are but bad,
And billie to his son ye canna be.
"I sent ye to the schools, and ye wadna learn;
I bought ye books, and ye wadna read;
Therefore my blessing ye shall never earn,
Till I see with Bewick thou save thy head." -
"Now, God forbid,, my auld father,
That ever sic a thing suld be!
Billie Bewick was my master, and I was his school,
And aye sae weel as he learned me." -
"O hald thy tongue, thou limmer loon,
And of thy talking let me be!
If thou does na end me this quarrel soon,
There is my glove, I'll fight wi' thee." -
Then Christie Graeme he stooped low,
Unto the ground, you shall understand; -
"O father, put on your glove again,
The wind has blown it from your hand?" -
"What's that thou says, thou limmer loon?
How dares thou stand to speak to me?
If thou do not end this quarrel soon,
There's my right hand thou shalt fight with me." -
Then Christie Graeme's to his chamber gane,
To consider weel what then should be;
Whether he should fight with his auld father,
Or with his billie Bewick, he.
If I suld kill my billie dear,
God's blessing I shall never win;
But if I strike at my auld father,
I think twaid be a mortal sin.
"But if I kill my billie dear,
It is God's will, so let it be;
But I make a vow, ere I gang frae hame,
That I shall be the next man's die." -
Then he's put on's back a gude auld jack,
And on his head a cap of steel,
And sword and buckler by his side;
O gin he did not become them weel!
We'll leave off talking of Christie Graeme,
And talk of him again belive;*
And we will talk of bonny Bewick,
Where he was teaching his scholars five.
When he had taught them well to fence,
And handle swords without any doubt,
He took his sword under his arm,
And he walk'd his father's close about.
He look'd atween him and the sun,
And a' to see what there might be,
Till he spied a man in armour bright,
Was riding that way most hastilie.
"O wha is yon that came this way,
Sae hastilie that hither came?
I think it be my brother dear!
I think it be young Christie Graeme. -
"Ye're welcome here, my billie dear,
And thrice ye're welcome unto me!" -
"But I'm wae to say, I've seen the day,
When I am come to fight wi' thee.
"My father's gane to Carlisle town,
Wi' your father Bewick there met he;
He says I'm a lad, and I am but bad,
And a baffled man I trow I be.
"He sent me to schools, and I wadna learn;
He gae me books, and I wadna read;
Sae my father's blessing I'll never earn,
Till he see how my arm can guard my head." -
"O God forbid, my billie dear,
That ever such a thing suld be!
We'll take three men on either side,
And see if we can our fathers agree." -
"O hald thy tongue, now, billie Bewick,
And of thy talking let me be!
But if thou'rt a man, as I'm sure thou art,
Come o'er the dyke, and fight wi' me." -
"But I hae nae harness, Billie, on my back,
As weel I see there is on thine." -
"But as little harness as is on thy back,
As little, billie, shall be on mine." -
Then he's thrown aff his coat o'mail
His cap of steel away flung he;
He stuck his spear into the ground,
And he tied his horse unto a tree.
Then Bewick has thrown aff his cloak,
And's psalter-book frae's hand flung he;
He laid his hand upon the dyke,
And ower he lap most manfullie.
O they hae fought for twae lang hours;
When twae lang hours were come and gane,
The sweat drapp'd fast frae aff them baith,
But a drap of blude could not be seen.
Till Graeme gave Bewick an ackward ** stroke,
Ane ackward stroke strucken sickerlie;
He hae hit him under the left breast,
And dead-wounded to the ground fell he.
"Rise up, rise up, now, billie dear!
Arise and speak three words to me! -
Whether thou's gotten thy deadly wound,
Or if God and good leeching may succour thee?" -
"O horse, O horse, now, billie Graeme,
And get thee far from hence with speed;
And get thee out of this country,
That none may know who has done the deed." -
"O I hae slain thee, billie Bewick,
If this be true thou tellest to me;
But I made a vow, ere I came frae hame,
That aye the next man I wad be."
He has pitch'd his sword in a moodie-hill, ***
And he has leap'd twenty lang feet and three,
And on his ain sword's point he lap,
And dead upon the ground fell he.
'Twas then came up Sir Robert Bewick,
And his brave son alive saw he;
"Rise up, rise up, my son," he said,
"For I think ye hae gotten the victorie." -
"O hald your tongue, my father dear!
Of your prideful talking let me be!
Ye might hae drunken your wine in peace,
And let me and my billie be.
"Gae dig a grave, baith wide and deep,
And a grave to hald baith him and me;
But lay Christie Graeme on the sunny side,
For I'm sure he wan the victorie." -
"Alack! a wae!" auld Bewick cried,
"Alack! was I not much to blame?
I'm sure I've lost the liveliest lad
That e'er was born unto my name."
"Alack! a wae! Quo' gude Lord Graeme,
"I'm sure I hae lost the deeper lack!
I durst hae ridden the Border through,
Had Christie Graeme been at my back.
"Had I been led through Liddesdale,
And thirty horsemen guarding me,
And Christie Graeme been at my back,
Sae soon as he had set me free!
"I've lost my hopes, I've lost my joy,
I've lost the key but and the lock;
I durst hae ridden the world round,
Had Christie Graeme been at my back."
* Belive - by and by
** Ackward - backward
*** Moodie-hill - mole-hill
to the The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border Index Page | <urn:uuid:fdb2bbb0-ec23-488b-bfc1-14a46d2b927a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/scott/graeme_bewick.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95561 | 2,747 | 2.671875 | 3 |
PHPFreaks.com has posted part one of a series of tutorials covering some of the basics of one of the more powerful features in any language - regular expression support.
Regular expressions (which will now be referred to as "regexes") are basically pattern matching inside of text. They use special syntax and concepts in order to obtain information from a string. Many programming languages have some sort of support for regexes, because of the sheer usefulness of them. Not only can patterns be used to validate that a certain pattern exists in a string, but they can also be used to physically extract matched portions and make them usable in your PHP code.
They look at some of the basics - example structure, metacharacters, greediness as well as include a brief comparison of PCRE versus POSIX versions. The tutorial is peppered with plenty of example expressions too, giving you a good idea of what you're working towards knowing. | <urn:uuid:45625d3f-9c54-4beb-99ad-b5e4358075db> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.phpdeveloper.org/tag/metacharacter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944562 | 190 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Laclede, Pierre (pyĕr läklĕdˈ) [key], c.1724–1778, French pioneer in the United States. His surname was Liguest, but he adopted the name Pierre Laclede. He went to New Orleans in 1755 and was a member of the fur-trading firm that received (1762) a monopoly of the fur trade of the Missouri region. Accompanied by his stepson René Auguste Chouteau, he led a party up the Mississippi River to found a trading post. Since the region east of the river was transferred to Great Britain in 1763, Laclede established (1764) his post on the west bank. It was the beginning of the city of St. Louis.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:75f763fc-4427-4e32-b38a-bc8279fa69a2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/laclede-pierre.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00110-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962616 | 186 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Wednesday February 25 2015
The drug stops HIV from replicating
"Scientists hail discovery of 'game-changer' that cuts the risk of infection among gay men by 86%," The Independent reports. The drug, Truvada, has proved very successful in a "real-world" trial involving 545 participants.
Truvada is currently used as part of a treatment plan for people with HIV. It stops the virus from replicating, which helps protect the immune system.
Researchers wanted to see if it could also prevent the infection taking hold in the first place and have now presented initial results at a conference.
They recruited gay men, other men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women who were HIV negative and at high risk of HIV infection from 13 sexual health clinics in England. They randomly assigned them to either immediately start taking Truvada each day, or to wait and start taking it 12 months later.
The researchers also wanted to see if taking the medication made people more likely to increase their sexual risk-taking behaviour because they thought they were protected.
It is reported that both groups had the same rate of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), an indication that sexual risk-taking did not change. The incidence of HIV infection in their first year of the study was much smaller in the Truvada group, at three people compared to 19 in the group who had to wait for a year before starting taking Truvada.
The researchers plan to submit the study to a peer-reviewed journal in April and are working with a range of stakeholders to determine whether a Truvada service could be commissioned across the NHS for high-risk individuals.
Where did the story come from?
The study was carried out by researchers from the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, Public Health England and 12 NHS trusts across England. It was co-funded by the Medical Research Council and Public Health England.
The results of the study were presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Seattle, Washington. The study has not yet been published, so has not gone through external peer review to ensure the methodology and findings are reliable. The Medical Research Council reports that the study will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal in April.
As the study has not yet been published, this article is based on the information so far released from the Medical Research Council and Public Health England.
Most of the UK media’s reporting of the study is accurate. An exception to this is the headline from The Daily Telegraph – "HIV drug taken before and after sex cuts risk by 86pc", which is misleading as it implies that Truvada could be taken like a morning after pill, but this has not been tested.
It is highly likely that taking it in this manner would not be effective.
What kind of research was this?
This was a randomised controlled trial that aimed to see if Truvada was effective in reducing the incidence of HIV infection in gay and other MSM, and trans-women.
The use of drugs such as Truvada to prevent infection, rather than treat infection, is known as Pre-Exposure Prophylaxes (PrEP). Truvada is an anti-retroviral (anti-HIV) drug, which is usually used to treat HIV. It contains two antiviral compounds called emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. The drug is taken once a day. Anti-retrovirals work by stopping the virus replicating in the body, allowing the immune system to repair itself and preventing further damage. They have proved very successful, though resistance can be a problem, so people with HIV are usually required to take a combination of drugs.
Truvada has already been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of HIV infection compared to placebo (dummy pill). The purpose of this study was to see if taking Truvada changed sexual risk-taking behaviour, by making people feel that they were less likely to be infected and thus increasing their exposure to HIV.
This kind of research is important because among gay men, MSM, and trans-women in the UK the rate of HIV infection remains high at 2,800 in 2013.
What did the research involve?
The researchers recruited 545 gay men, MSM, and trans-women who were HIV negative into the PROUD study (Pre-exposure Option for reducing HIV in the UK: immediate or Deferred). The participants were randomly assigned to have Truvada immediately (N=276) or to wait and have it after 12 months (N=269).
The participants were recruited from 13 sexual health clinics in England between November 2012 and April 2014. People were eligible to be included in the study if they had reported having anal sex without a condom in the previous three months and planned to do so again in the near future. This put them in the very high risk category.
Participants in both groups were advised to continue other risk prevention strategies such as condom use. They were also asked to keep a short diary, fill out a monthly questionnaire and attend a clinic appointment every three months.
What were the basic results?
Those taking Truvada were 86% less likely to be infected with HIV:
- HIV infection occurred in three people taking Truvada compared to 19 in the group who had to wait for a year.
- The infection rate in the Truvada group was 1.3 people infected per 100 people followed up for one year (100 person-years).
- The infection rate in the waiting group was 8.9 per 100 person-years.
Sexual risk-taking behaviour was judged not to have increased in the Truvada group as there was no difference between the groups in terms of the number of participants who had a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
No results were provided from the diaries or questionnaires.
How did the researchers interpret the results?
The chief investigator of the study, Sheena McCormack, is reported to have said: "These results are extremely exciting and show PrEP is highly effective at preventing HIV infection in the real world." They are now working with a range of stakeholders to determine whether a PrEP service could be commissioned across the NHS.
The results of this unpublished study were presented at a conference in Seattle and have been reported by the Medical Research Council, who helped fund it. As it has not been published, some important details are not yet known, such as:
- The researchers report that there was "high adherence" to taking the medication, but it is not known how regularly it was taken, or how many people stopped taking it and why.
- No details have been provided about any side effects experienced on the medication.
- The incidence of STIs was used to determine whether taking Truvada changed sexual risk-taking behaviour. It is currently unclear which STIs were compared between the two groups. Three common STIs are viral (genital herpes, genital warts and human papilloma virus), so it is possible that the Truvada reduced their incidence in addition to HIV. This could be an added bonus, but we will need to await publication of the study to look at this.
A limitation of the study is the amount of contact the participants had with the sexual health clinics. They were asked to fill out monthly questionnaires and attend a clinic every three months. It is possible this frequent contact with services caused this particular group to be more aware of the risks of HIV infection.
The researchers plan to submit the study to a peer-reviewed journal in April. In the meantime, they are working with a range of stakeholders to determine whether a PrEP service could be commissioned across the NHS. It has been suggested that men may wish to take PrEP during periods in their life when their sexual risk is highest, rather than continuously. This will no doubt be among the many considerations that will be taken into account.
In conclusion, the researchers report that PrEP reduced HIV infection by 86% in this very high risk group when it was taken on a daily basis. Full publication of this study, and any further developments, are awaited.
The most effective method of reducing your risk of HIV if you are sexually active – and whether you are gay, bisexual, trans or straight, is to always use a condom.
Analysis by Bazian. Edited by NHS Choices. Follow Behind the Headlines on Twitter. Join the Healthy Evidence forum. | <urn:uuid:90b4a511-ba25-45af-8e05-bfe30b0fab67> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nhs.uk/news/2015/02February/Pages/Game-changer-HIV-drug-cuts-infection-risk-by-86-per-cent.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978543 | 1,747 | 2.8125 | 3 |
If you are thinking of adding streamed audio and/or video presentations to your blended or online course, here are some things to consider.
- Post complete text versions of the audio portion of the streamed presentations. My limited study suggests that student learning is most enhanced when students can study both streamed presentations and transcripts of the audio. You should encourage students to study both the presentations and the transcripts and advise them to avoid studying only the presentations.
- Keep your presentations relatively short. I suggest keeping them under 15 minutes. If this is not sufficient to cover all the content for a given topic, then the content should be chunked at appropriate spots into several presentations. Each presentation should come with a table of contents that students can click on to navigate within the presentation.
- Plan out the slide or video portion of the presentation first. This will allow you to focus on the main ideas that you want to emphasize, and it will provide you with an outline for developing the narration. You should make use of images to illustrate and represent ideas and arguments. This will allow you to present content in several modes.
- Write out a script of the narration. Doing this will help you to organize your thoughts. It will also result in fewer audio mistakes, since you can add the narration by simply reading the script. Writing out the narration beforehand will also provide you with a text version of the narration that you can post to the course website.
- Choose presentation software that allows you to easily edit the separate video and audio portions of the presentation and that in a few simple steps converts the presentation into a format for streaming over the Web.
Jerry Kapus is an associate professor in the Department of English and Philosophy at University of Wisconsin–Stout.
From Tips from the Pros – 5 Tips for Using Streaming Audio and/or Video, Online Classroom, May 2009. | <urn:uuid:6eabc375-76cf-4b15-aecd-f0807061cb61> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/asynchronous-learning-and-trends/five-quick-tips-for-using-streaming-audio-or-video-in-your-blended-or-online-courses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921812 | 373 | 2.59375 | 3 |
🔼The name Shaddai in the Bible
Shaddai is a divine name but not a creation name. It is first used in Genesis 17:1 where YHWH introduces Himself to Abram, saying "I am El Shaddai". God commands Abram to be blameless and promises him the covenant. Then He changes Abram's name to Abraham.
🔼Etymology of the name Shaddai
The meaning of Shaddai is difficult to establish. The authors of the Septuagint and the Vulgate translated it with Almighty (pantokrator and omnipotens) but that's probably more out of enthusiasm than out of sound etymology (it really doesn't mean that).
It's possible that these authors deemed the name Shaddai so holy, that they circumvented it in a same way as the Masoretes would later do with the name YHWH (by pointing it as the word Adonai; hence giving rise to the pseudo-name Jehovah).
Some say that this name Shaddai (שׁדי) is derived from the verb שׁדד (shadad), meaning to destroy, hence: My Destroyer:
Others furiously refute this because this meaning would go against the nature of God. The prophet Isaiah, however, seems to be in the camp of the first when he writes, "Wail, for the day of YHWH is near. It will come as destruction (shad) from Shaddai" (Isaiah 13:6).
Those of the latter camp suggest that Shaddai comes from sadu, a word meaning mountain in the Babylonian (Akkadian) language that Abram spoke, and so El Shaddai would be El Of The Mountain, or El of the Gathering.
Yet another possibility is that Shaddai comes from שׁד (shed), the Babylonian version of the Roman genius; the house-spirit or one's personal protector spirit, the idea of which is not unbiblical at all, see Matthew 18:10 and Acts 12:15. The Babylonian depiction of the shedu, as they called it, had the familiar form of the winged bull. That would possibly relate our name Shaddai to the name Abir in essence, and would denote the "house-spirit" of Israel, which is also not unbiblical, see Exodus 23:23.
🔼Some other ideas:
The rabbinic theory is that שדי may be formed by the particle ש, meaning who, which, or where, or that, plus the word די, meaning sufficient, enough:
Hence the name Shaddai also contains the meaning of Self-Sufficient. This is particularly interesting in light of Psalm 8:5.
שדי may even have to do with the verb שדה, meaning to moisten. God is after all the great Rain-maker (Genesis 2:6, Genesis 7:12, also see our article on the name Torah). It may even have to do with the derived noun שד, breast, bosom, used both in erotic scenes and the practical usage of feeding babies. A relation with the name Shaddai is not unthinkable, as this is the name by which God initiates the covenant of which Jesus is the final fulfillment. The apostle Paul compares introduction to the basics of the gospel with feeding milk to infants (1 Corinthians 3:1-2).
The name Shaddai may have originated in Akkadian, meaning Mountain, but to a Hebrew audience that hears God introduces Himself as El Shaddai, it must have meant My Destroyer, [Our] House Spirit, Self-Sufficient One, the Rain-Maker and Source Of Food For Babies, all at once. | <urn:uuid:d969c076-efe2-4260-8601-594d02963529> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Shaddai.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00185-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953124 | 796 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Urban Farming: How to Sow Seeds
You don’t need to plant everything as seedlings. For those annual flowers and vegetables that you want to sow directly in the soil from seeds, follow these steps:
Determine the right time to sow the seeds in your area.
Use your seed-starting schedule, look at each seed packet for information on the best sowing time for your region, or contact the Master Gardener Program in your area to determine the right time to plant.
Prepare the soil.
Prepare your raised bed or garden soil the day before seeding. Remove large rocks, sticks, and other debris and amend the soil with a 1- to 2-inch-thick layer of compost.
Sow your seeds in patterns.
Sow your seeds in straight rows or broadcast them in wide rows. Straight rows are more orderly and easier to weed, while broadcasting seeds allows you to fit more plants in the bed. Broadcast sowing works best on raised beds. Sow at the proper depth and spacing for each seed, based on the seed packet information. Press the soil over the seeds with your hands or a hoe after sowing.
Gently water the seed bed.
You want the water to soak into the soil and not wash away the seeds. Use a soaker hose or a watering can with small holes in the head so only a gentle spray falls on the seed bed.
Weed your garden regularly.
Watch for weeds in your bed and pull them as soon as you see them. If you become familiar with what your young seedlings look like, it will be easier to figure out which seedlings are weeds to pull and which are plants to keep.
Thin your seedlings.
After the second set of leaves (called true leaves) forms, thin your seedlings to the proper spacing based on the recommendation on the seed packet. Unthinned seedlings will be overcrowded, resulting in poor root formation (for root crop vegetables like carrots) or poor flowering (for annual flowers). | <urn:uuid:3d40928d-6676-437c-b388-dd730cb9746a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/urban-farming-how-to-sow-seeds.navId-403871.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925055 | 420 | 3.46875 | 3 |
It is nearly impossible to walk between any two points in New Haven without being affected in some small way by our city’s homeless problem. On seeing these people, in many cases, it becomes clear that they suffer from some mental disability that, unaided, will obviously impede their living a normal life. In fact, according to the Report of the Federal Task Force on Homelessness and Severe Mental Illness, one in every three homeless people suffers from a severe mental illness, most of which are treatable. In a country that devotes so many resources to various welfare programs for nearly every group, how can this problem persist? The answer to this question lies in a major national policy shift, deinstitutionalization, which occurred progressively between 1960 and 1980. Though deinstitutionalization addressed a necessary problem, in practice, it only worsens the problems facing the mentally disabled and society at large. What prevailing social ideas and changes brought an end to our nation
’s established system of state psychiatric hospitals? What is the logic behind our new and inefficient system of community centered outpatient mental health
Until the middle of the last century, public mental health in the United States had been the responsibility, for the most part, of individual states, who chose to deal with their most profoundly mentally-ill by housing them safely and with almost total asylum in large state mental hospitals. Free of the stresses we all face in our lives, the mentally-ill faced much better prospects for peaceful lives and even recovery than they would in their conditions in ordinary society. In the hospitals, doctors were always accessible for help, patients were assured food and care, and they could be monitored to insure they never became a danger to themselves or others. Our nation’s state hospital system was a stable, efficient way to help improve the lives of our mentally disabled.
Around the middle of the last century though, huge developments were made in treating many mental illnesses, which until then had largely been life-long problems. This change made many organizational hospital practices used to insure order and asylum to patients no longer fully necessary. These practices seemed inhumane and excessive on the promise that emerging science could provide alternative treatments to indefinite hospitalization. One huge development that helped turn public opinion against institutionalization of the mentally ill was the introduction of the prefrontal leukotomy. Widely attributed to Portuguese psychiatrist and statesman Dr. Antonio Egaz Moniz, the operation was actually the product of years of research, many of the most influential studies having happened here at Yale under Dr. Carlyle Johnson. An American psychiatrist, Dr. Walter Freedman, was so impressed with the operation’s early results that he developed a faster, less precise form of the surgery which he publicly advertised as a new miracle treatment in psychiatry, and greatly increased its use. Instead of Dr. Moniz’s two small holes drilled on either side of the forehead through which fine tools were used to sever the prefrontal lobe’s syntaxes to the rest of the brain, Freedman pounded an ice pick through the eye cavity and swished the frontal lobe around with the same too until it was completely functionless. These quick and dirty “assembly line lobotomies” provided the perfect fodder for journalists already questioning what they saw as prison-like hospitals that stigmatized the mentally ill while depriving their lives of meaning.
The response to this sudden outcry against state mental hospitals was the formation of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health which in 1961 published Action for Mental Health, which further decried the efficient state mental hospitals as inhumane, cold places where recovery was impossible. Throughout the next two decades, a string of government actions on both federal and state levels gradually transitioned the national system for the treatment of the mentally ill from state hospitals to community outpatient centers, attempting to mainstream the mentally ill into society, the process now commonly referred to as deinstitutionalization. Rather than re-examine the state hospital system, the nation frantically overturned the stable existing system for a yet unproven network of community care centers which, it was hoped, could handle more effectively and humanely those previously served by the state hospitals, as normal members of society, not stigmatized inmates of institutional asylums.
Ultimately, however, the process of deinstitutionalization seems to have failed. We have since learned that mainstream reintroduction of the severely mentally ill into society, a solution we hastily deemed acceptable, is really no solution at all. Though we initially decried the state mental hospitals as being inhumane, we are now seeing that asking the mentally ill to fend for themselves in mainstream society while taking their treatment into their own hands is far worse to everybody.
Asylum as a word has grim connotations today, owing to the prison-like mental hospitals referred to as such. The hospitals were commonly referred to as “asylums” or “insane asylums.” Simply put, however, asylum is merely what the hospitals offered to patients, asylum from the struggles of normal life
. The challenges we face on a daily basis in attempting to lead productive lives are nearly overwhelming even when we are healthy. Deinstitutionalization has shown that asking people to deal with all of these stresses on top of their existing condition can be an obviously overwhelming experience. Often, this leads to depression coupled with the existing condition, and the individual is still not able to fully assimilate into society. According to the Federal Task Force on Homelessness and Severe Mental Illness, persons with pre-existing mental illnesses are far more likely to develop depression in difficult situations than persons without. Also, the condition and stresses of homelessness tends to worsen the effects of most severe mental illnesses. Those with pre-existing conditions are far more likely to develop depression and give their condition greater control of their life when faced with the challenges of everyday life than they ever were in the hospital setting, where they held asylum.
One reason frequently cited for abandoning the state hospital system has been the stigma of mental illness placed on patients in these hospitals. Common sense leads us to ask is the stigma of being in a hospital surrounded by others facing similar challenges is really any worse than the stigma of being homeless and severely mentally ill. It is, in fact, the crippling stigma of the latter that leads many of the homeless mentally ill to avoid human contact and interaction. This common desire to hide costs many the treatment and outreach to which they are entitled under the umbrella of government welfare. Outside the institutional setting, most mentally-ill persons experience little but failure. Severe mental disorders greatly diminish a person’s chances of productive employment or beneficial relationships. Many mentally disabled persons do not easily come to terms with their diminished ability to lead a normal life, and as such interpret every shortcoming as a disappointment. Additionally, the fear and unease we unjustly feel toward the mentally-disabled society at large each time we read about crimes committed by overwhelmed, largely unknowing mentally disabled persons, the small majority who pose any remote threat to themselves or society, is a sweeping emotional cost of the transition with which the mentally disabled population is now burdened.
Another major point in public opinion against the hospitals was the idea that the care they sometimes had to involuntarily give patients was inhumane. Mainstream media at the time conveyed involuntary treatment as a nightmare of restraints, electroshock, solitary confinement, and generally torturous practices performed on frightened patients, obvious sensationalism in most cases. Associating involuntary treatment only with the large state mental hospitals, however, is a fallacy. In reality, involuntary treatment, at least initially, is the only way many mentally disabled persons will ever follow any structured treatment regimen. By the very nature of most mental illness, and the shame and stigma the mentally disabled feel in normal society, their seeking out the help they need is seldom the case. Were we to look at the issue not as “our moral obligation to protect the wellbeing of the mentally ill by granting them every freedom,” but instead “our moral obligation to protect their well being by seeing that they receive all the care we are capable of offering them to improve their lives,” as the psychiatric community, according to the American Psychiatric Association, always has. In reality, though possibly unpleasant sounding, involuntary treatment is often the only option, whether provided in an institutionalized setting, or a satellite community health center.
The process of deinstitutionalization, while still fairly young, seems early on to be failing. Statistically, the vast majority of the nation’s mentally ill population is not better off in the least. Though we can easily say that the resources for our mentally disabled population are out there, for countless reasons, access to them is nearly impossible for many people. Because of the difficulty in acquiring statistics on our nation’s homeless population, we cannot say for certain that reversing deinstitutionalization would be a significant fix for our nation’s homeless problem. We can say, however that the conditions the majority of severely mentally disabled persons are placed in now and what they are expected to do in fending for themselves leaves them far worse off than they had been before the process of deinstitutionalization. Though we can easily say that the resources for our mentally disabled population are out there, for countless reasons, access to them is nearly impossible for many people.
Lamb, H. Richard, Leona Bachrach, Frederic Kass, Treating the Homeless Mentally Ill: A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, American Psychiatric Association Press. 1993
Renato Sabbatini, "The History of Psychosurgery" (Brain and Mind, June 1997).
Task Force on Homelessness and Sever Mental Illness, Outcasts on Mainstreet, Report of the Task Force on Homelessness and Sever Mental Illness. Washington, US Department of Health and Human Services. 1992. | <urn:uuid:30ac4ead-8176-4033-ba36-f564d46a4db0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=61767 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964412 | 2,004 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The following suicide warning signs have been compiled from leecountycares.org. Visit their website for suicide prevention information and resources.
Warning Signs to Look For
- Dramatic Mood Changes
- Withdrawing from friends, family and society
- Self destructive behavior, rage and anger
- Changes in behavior
- Talking about feeling worthless or helpless
- School, work, family crisis
- Giving away prized possessions
What To Do Next
- Familiarize yourself with the warning signs
- Get involved
- Listen, be direct, have open communication
- Offer hope and alternatives, ways to get help
- Take action
Take a step, stretch or leap towards suicide prevention with the ideas and tips below.
Help Prevent Suicide—Keep Your Eyes Open
People who are thinking about suicide often give warning signs. Visit Stop A Suicide and print out a checklist to understand the warning signs. Share what you’ve learned with your family, friends and neighbors.
Walk for suicide prevention. Join your local chapter or start your own.
For more information, visit these websites:
- Suicide Awareness Voices of Education
- The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
- Suicide Prevention Resource Center | <urn:uuid:2c5ca31f-fe15-497a-a0e5-74f5d25ac17a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rd.com/health/conditions/suicide-warning-signs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00029-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867889 | 251 | 2.8125 | 3 |
It takes an enormous amount of energy and resources to produce simple building materials such as concrete, bricks, and asphalt – however Ginger Krieg Dosier has developed a low-impact way to simply grow building blocks instead! Her award-winning company Biomason recently received 500,000 EUR (about $560,000 USD) from the 2013 Postcode Lottery Green Challenge to continue the groundbreaking work of producing bricks from sand and bacteria.
Easily able to fit in the human hand, modular, and strong, bricks are used in over 80 percent of global construction. According to Dosier and the Carbon War Room, 1.23 trillion bricks are created annually worldwide. It is estimated the fabrication of bricks emit over 800,000,000 tons of CO2 each year.
Dosier starts with sand as a substrate for her bricks due to its great natural abundance. Next, a liquid cement is prepared that includes bacteria to provide an environment for crystals to form, a nitrogen source, food for the bacteria, a calcium source, and water. The solution is placed over a bed of sand in a mold and repeatedly added over five days until a solid material has formed. Once the food and water source run out, the bacteria die. The irrigation solution is then fully recycled in a closed loop system to save water resources and recapture a byproduct of the bacteria as a natural fertilizer.
Currently, Dosier is working with teams in the US and UAE to scale up her process. They have found that the methods for growing bricks are similar to cultivating plants in greenhouses. In addition to the 2013 Postcode Lottery Green Challenge award, Biomason was the recipient of Metropolis magazine’s $10,000 Next Generation Design award in 2010.
Images via Siddharth Siva | <urn:uuid:8c2d1764-4ed2-4540-8eb3-3d1a642cd2bb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://inhabitat.com/award-winning-biomason-grows-bricks-from-sand-and-bacteria-to-reduce-co2-emissions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00120-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946969 | 362 | 3.015625 | 3 |
In the early stages of development, there is no separation of the urinary and alimentary tracts. A common chamber, known as the cloaca, forms in the caudal region of the fetus. At the caudal end of the cloaca, ectoderm lies directly over endoderm forming the thin cloacal membrane. As development progresses, a septum forms (Toureux's fold) dividing the hind gut from an anterior chamber, the urogenital sinus. This septum extends in a caudal direction. Two tissue folds arise from the lateral sides of the cloaca (Rathke's plicae). These folds move medially toward each other to complete the separation of the hind gut from the urogenital sinus. Tourneux's folds and Rathke's plicae together form the uro-rectal septum.
At 10 weeks gestation, the bladder is a cylinder. The cranial portion of the cylinder tapers to become the vesico-allantoic canal. By 12 weeks, the vesico-allantoic canal closes completely leaving the median umbilical ligament. What happens if this tract fails to close?
See an axial plane movie of normal bladder development.
To next page of Normal Bladder Development
Return to G/U Development Home Page
©David A. Hatch, M.D., 1996 | <urn:uuid:c9094eac-895b-4c6b-ac48-80b96236de59> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/urology/nlbladdv.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.816264 | 290 | 3.625 | 4 |
As a new genealogist, I felt like a bee jumping from one flower to the next, searching for nectar. However, my mentor introduced me to a simple five-step process to discover my ancestors.
Step 1: Write down what you know.
What do you know about the person or family group? This step can take from a few hours to several weeks, depending on how thorough you are. I find that the more complete my understanding of the person or family I am going to research, the easier and more productive my research will become.
Information can come from firsthand experience or documents you have. Look for copies of birth, marriage and death certificates; journals; scrapbooks; old letters; family bibles; photographs; school records; military records; obituaries; deeds and wills. Check your genealogy software program, read through your genealogy notes, and review files you have kept on the family to see what you know and what you want to learn about your ancestors. Make a record of each piece of information you learn about your ancestor. I found it valuable to learn all I could about my ancestor and the events, circumstances, relationships and background that pertained to their lives.
If this is your first time doing genealogy, create a pedigree chart – a list of direct ancestors – starting with yourself and working backward in time. Go back as far as you can from memory. Pedigree charts graphically outline relationships across generations. Each person is identified by full name, birthdate and place, marriage date and place, and death date and place. Start by completing a pedigree chart with yourself on the far left and then information about your parents and grandparents on the right, writing as much information as you already know. Answer questions from the following list that apply to your specific family members (if needed, estimate dates and places as a starting point):
What do you know about yourself?
State your full birth name.
When were you born? Include exact date and place.
When were you married? Include exact date and place.
Who are your parents?
State the full birth name of each parent.
When was each parent born? Include exact date and place.
When were your parents married? Include exact date and place.
When did your parents die? Include exact date and place.
Who are your grandparents? Start with your mother's parents, followed by your father's parents.
State the full birth name of each grandparent.
When was each grandparent born? Include exact date and place.
When were your grandparents married? Include exact date and place.
When did each grandparent die? Include exact date and place.
If needed, estimate dates and places as a starting point.
This exercise will expose missing information. Don't worry if you're unable to fill in all the information. You will gather this information during the research process. Evidence of a person's life events is usually found in historical documents stored in a repository near the place where a person lived. You will want to record what you know on printed or electronic forms, such as pedigree charts and family group sheets.
Family group records show information about a single family. Each family group record includes information about the father, the mother and their children, identifying each person by name.
If the birth dates are known, children are listed in order of birth. If you have the names of children's spouses, you can list that. There is often space on the family group sheet to record birth, marriage, and death information and other notes about the family, as needed. This can include censuses, joining or leaving churches, christenings, confirmations, burials, acquisition or sale of land, migrations, citizenship changes, jury duty, lawsuits, probated wills, paid taxes, obituaries, mentions in newspaper articles, new jobs, draft registration, military service, working on the county road crew, jail, serving as a witness, bondsman or godparent and more.
It helps to keep notes about family history on a separate sheet of paper, Familysearch.org says. "These notes could be biographical information such as military service; education; social or economic status; migrations; participation in community, social, religious, or historical events; or physical descriptions."
Step 2: Decide what you want to learn.
Start by selecting an ancestor you would like to know more about. If you are just starting, I suggest choosing an ancestor about which you already have some information, preferably someone before 1920. In my experience, it is easier to get information from family and sources such as vital records, census records and land records.
Step 3: Choose a record or source of information.
Once you know what information you're looking for, ask yourself where you might find it. Then choose one source or record on which to focus your research. For example, if I wanted to find the birthdate of an ancestor, I would ask these questions: "What type of records would have a birthdate? Where are these records kept? How do I get access to the records?" And so forth. I record all questions, thoughts and findings in my research log.
The types of records you will search include the following:
Compiled Records. These are records of earlier research on people and families already done by others, such as family histories, biographies or genealogies with pedigree charts and family group records, according to FamilySearch.org. It is best to search compiled records first.
Original Records. These are records created during important events in your ancestors' lives. For example, a local church or government may have recorded your ancestors' births, christenings, marriages and burials. "Other original documents include court, land, naturalization, taxation, business, medical and school records," Familysearch.org suggests. "Be sure to check all jurisdictions (for example town, county, state, and country) that may have kept records about your ancestor.
- Background Information. These are records dealing with geographical, historical or cultural information. "They include local histories, maps, gazetteers, language dictionaries and guidebooks," Familysearch.org. "Search these to learn more about the area where your ancestors lived and the events that may have affected their lives and the records about them."
Finding Aids. These help you find records, name indexes, library catalogs or websites.
Step 4: Obtain and search the record.
Investigate the record or source for the information want. Once I have made a choice about the source I will search, I try to learn about the source and how to use the information I might find. For example, if I were planning on searching the 1880 United States Federal Census, I would read a study guide to learn about how to research and use the information in the record. If my source were a person, I would contact the person, make a list of questions and conduct and record my interview. I would record or make a copy of the information I found to help with citing and analyze.
When researching a record or source, these are some of the common issues you will face:
Name changes: It was common for immigrants to change or shorten their names after arriving in a new country. You may need to check for various possibilities.
Spelling variations: Many ancestor names have variant spellings. Many recorders spelled names according to sound. A person may also be listed under a nickname or abbreviation.
Handwriting: Most original documents you will search are handwritten. "If you cannot read a letter, look at other names in the record to see how the writer made certain letters," Familysearch.org suggests. "Some handbooks illustrate the way letters were written in earlier times."
- Dates: You may want to check a range of dates for an event, which could be recorded on a different date than expected.
Step 5: Use and record what you learned.
Evaluate the results of your inquiry and share information with others. This is an important part of the process. Sometimes what I find is only a clue; other times, it's a goldmine. I record what I learn in my research log. At this point, based on the information I've gathered, I decide where I want to go and start with step one again.
As you check information, Familysearch.org suggests asking the following questions:
Did I find the information I was looking for?
Is the information complete?
Does the information conflict with other information I have?
Is the source of the information credible?
Transfer any new information to your pedigree charts and group records. It's important to include sources, which are valuable in helping you resolve problems with conflicting information. For example, you may have a birth record that provides a birthdate and an obituary with another birthdate. You will want to decide which date is the most reliable by reviewing your sources; the most reliable source is usually the source made closest to the time of the event.
Editor's note: The original version of this story was posted July 6, 2013, and failed to properly attribute all source materials, which violates our editorial policies. The story was revised on March 14, 2014 and attribution to original sources were added. A version of this column also appeared in the print edition of the Deseret News on Sept. 5, 2013. The Deseret News demands accuracy in attribution and sourcing and considers any lapses to be a serious breach of ethics. The Deseret News is no longer publishing Barry J. Ewell's writings.
Barry J. Ewell is author of "Family Treasures: 15 Lessons, Tips and Tricks for Discovering your Family History" and founder of MyGenShare.com, an online educational website for genealogy and family history.
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>The minimal growth of trees around 2350 BC has been associated in the past
>with the eruption of a volcano in Iceland. Yet, the period in question is
>also associated with floods, the creation of new lakes, and even
>the start of Chinese history.
I don't buy this. The Chinese Calendar starts at 1953 BC.
"For centuries astronomers have sought the starting point of the
Chinese calendar, which has cycles seemingly linked to planetary
motions. Thanks to a brief passage in an ancient text and some
computer calculations, a pair of researchers have finally found
the event to which it is pegged. Kevin D. Pang (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory) and John A. Bangert (U. S. Naval Observatory)
announced at the June meeting of the American Astronomical
Society that the Chinese calendar is synchronized to March 5,,
1953 B. C.
"The key shred of information that led to Pang and Bangert's
success was found in a passage in the 1st-century-B. C. text Hong
Fan Zhuan, written by Liu Xiang. It reads: 'The Ancient Zhuanxu
calendar began at dawn, in the beginning of spring, when the Sun,
new Moon and five planets gathered in the constellation Yingshi
[Pegasus].' Using accurate planetary ephemerides developed at
JPL, the astronomers searched back to 2000 B. C. - and found only
"Sure enough, the dawn skies of late February and early
March 1953 B. C. featured all five naked eye planets rising with
pegasus. The faithful match with Liu's statement suggests that
the description was carefully recorded and passed down by
eyewitnesses some 2,000 years earlier. As Pang explains, Liu and
his contemporaries could not possibly have computed positions of
the Sun, Moon and planets and the precession of the sky back to
the previous millennium." ~ "Ancient Celestial Sign Started
Chinese Calendar", Sky and Telescope 86:6, Dec. 1993, p. 13.
And farming communities were founded about 4000 BC along the Huang He and
they are the people from whom the Chinese civilization arose.
The oracle bones of the Shang dynesty date to 1700 BC or later.
for lots of creation/evolution information
personal stories of struggle
This archive was generated by hypermail 2b29 : Mon May 06 2002 - 01:05:23 EDT | <urn:uuid:76bcfeb4-d9b1-4971-868f-3838108b467b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www2.asa3.org/archive/asa/200205/0235.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00151-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925932 | 512 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Taiwan (Taihoku) Grand Shrine
The Japanese Lantern (Ishidoro) seen on the far left side of the photo above is still located in the same place today.
The Japanese era bridge was cut up into sections in 2003 and is stored on the side of the river. (for later restoration?)
A brief history of the Taiwan Shrine can be found here: Wiki Grand Shrine
A list of Japanese Shrines in Taiwan can be found here: Wiki List of Shinto shrines in Taiwan
To read an interesting Japanese Shrines in Taiwan overview, visit the Tainan Japanese Shrine page.
There is also a good overview of the Taiwan Shrine here: Taiwan Jinja
A Chinese translation of a Japanese Shrine article can be found here. A CTS Chinese article can be found here
Overview of the Taiwan ShrineCredit: http://www.himoji.jp A larger image can be found at this link.
A Japanese transport plane crashed into the new Taiwan Shrine (on right) in 1944 destroying it. (see links above)
The 2 Lion-Dog statues dedicated to the Japanese Army (Bo the dog?) in the photos above now sit at a small stairway on ChungShan N. Rd.
A Brass cow statue from the Taiwan Shrine now sites at the entrance of the Taipei 228 Peace Park. photo credit: wiki
Very early photo from around 1895
Printed on the back: "Canadian Pacific Cruise"
These must be very early photos. Note the lion statues have been moved elsewhere in later photos. (Maybe around 1922 in preperation for the Japanese Prince visit in 1923?)
The Grand Hotel now sits on the site of the Taiwan Shrine. This Japanese Tori gate remained in place until around 1960 when the KMT finally replaced it with a Chinese gate. | <urn:uuid:170a5a30-9995-461f-9b85-ca0f26463cf3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://taipics.com/taipei_shrine.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935868 | 372 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Metronidazole can cause cancer in laboratory animals. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of using this medication.
About your treatment
Your doctor has ordered metronidazole, an antibiotic, to help treat your infection. The drug will be added to an intravenous fluid that will drip through a needle or catheter placed in your vein for 1 hour, three or four times a day.
Metronidazole eliminates bacteria that cause many infections, including meningitis; pneumonia; and stomach, skin, bone, joint, heart, and gynecological infections. This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
Your health care provider (doctor, nurse, or pharmacist) may measure the effectiveness and side effects of your treatment using laboratory tests and physical examinations. It is important to keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. The length of treatment depends on how your infection and symptoms respond to the medication.
Before administering metronidazole,
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to metronidazole or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially anticoagulants ('blood thinners') such as warfarin (Coumadin), astemizole (Hismanal), disulfiram (Antabuse), lithium (Lithobid), phenobarbital, phenytoin (Dilantin), and vitamins.
- tell your doctor if you have or have ever had blood, kidney, or liver disease or Crohn's disease.
- tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking metronidazole, call your doctor.
- remember you should not drink alcoholic beverages while taking metronidazole. Alcohol may cause an upset stomach, vomiting, abdominal cramps, headache, sweating, and flushing (redness of the face).
- plan to avoid unnecessary or prolonged exposure to sunlight and to wear protective clothing, sunglasses, and sunscreen. Metronidazole may make your skin sensitive to sunlight.
Administering your medication
Before you administer metronidazole, look at the solution closely. It should be clear and free of floating material. Gently squeeze the bag or observe the solution container to make sure there are no leaks. Do not use the solution if it is discolored, if it contains particles, or if the bag or container leaks. Use a new solution, but show the damaged one to your health care provider.
It is important that you use your medication exactly as directed. Do not stop your therapy on your own for any reason because your infection could worsen and result in hospitalization. Do not change your dosing schedule without talking to your health care provider. Your health care provider may tell you to stop your infusion if you have a mechanical problem (such as a blockage in the tubing, needle, or catheter); if you have to stop an infusion, call your health care provider immediately so your therapy can continue.
Metronidazole may cause side effects. Tell your health care provider if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
- upset stomach
- loss of appetite
- dry mouth or sharp, unpleasant metallic taste
- dark or reddish-brown urine
- furry tongue or mouth or tongue irritation
- numbness or tingling of the hands or feet
If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your health care provider immediately:
- stuffy nose
- joint pain
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online (http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch) or by phone (1-800-332-1088).
Storing your medication
- Your health care provider probably will give you a several-day supply of metronidazole at a time. You will be told to store it at room temperature and protect it from direct light.
Store your medication only as directed. Make sure you understand what you need to store your medication properly.
Keep your supplies in a clean, dry place when you are not using them, and keep all medications and supplies out of reach of children. Your health care provider will tell you how to throw away used needles, syringes, tubing, and containers to avoid accidental injury.
In case of emergency/overdose
In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.
Signs of infection
If you are receiving metronidazole in your vein or under your skin, you need to know the symptoms of a catheter-related infection (an infection where the needle enters your vein or skin). If you experience any of these effects near your intravenous catheter, tell your health care provider as soon as possible:
- Flagyl® I.V.
- Flagyl® I.V. RTU® | <urn:uuid:9bfc7d14-8e1d-455c-ad3f-ec8531035110> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601159.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899732 | 1,083 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Fischer's lovebirds are brightly colored and relatively small parrots. Females and males are identical in appearance. Individuals range in length from 12.7 to 15 cm with a wingspan of 88 to 89 mm, and weigh from 42 to 58 g. The eyes are surrounded by a white ring that makes the eyes stand out. The iris is dark brown, the beak is dark orange-red, ending in a white band near the nares. The face is orange, becoming olive-green and brown on the back of the head to the middle of the nape of the neck. The cheeks are dark orange, becoming lighter on the throat and yellow on the belly. The remainder of the body is a vibrant green. The wings are a darker shade of green compared to the body. The tail is wedged shaped and primarily green except for some blue feathers. The feet are light gray. (Bannerman, 1953; Forshaw, 2006; Fry, et al., 1988; Rogers, 1975; Soderburg, 1977; Vriends, 1978; Williams, 1963)
Fischer's lovebirds, like other lovebirds in the genus Agapornis, mate for life. The term lovebird arose from the strong bonds that mates make with one another. When separated, the physical health of each individual will suffer. Mates like to be in physical contact as much as possible. They affectionately preen one another and bite each other’s beak (this action looks like the pair is kissing which is where to common name "lovebird" arose). (Forshaw, 2006; Fry, et al., 1988; Rauzon, 2001; Soderburg, 1977)
The mating ritual takes place when a male bird approaches a female, sidling back and forth, while bobbing his head up and down and twittering. The male will repeat this behavior, then approach the female to regurgitate into her mouth. (Forshaw, 2006; Fry, et al., 1988; Rauzon, 2001; Soderburg, 1977)
Fischer's lovebirds are cavity nesters. They seek out natural cavities in rocks, trees, buildings, or even deserted nests. Then the female collects vegetation in her beak such as grass, stalks, and strips of bark to line the cavity and create the nest. When finished, the nest is a bulky roofed structure which has a tunnel that leads to an enclosed chamber where the female will lay and sit on the eggs. The female becomes very aggressive, vicious and protective when nesting. (Fry, et al., 1988; Hansell, 2000; Maclean, 1990; Teitler, 1979)breed January to April and June to July during the dry season. The female lays 3 to 8 eggs per clutch. The eggs are small, round, and white. The eggs hatch after 21 to 23 days of incubation. Young fledge in approximately 38 days and become independent 4 1/2 weeks after hatching.
Only females incubate the eggs. While the female incubates the eggs, her mate feeds her through regurgitation. Baby birds hatch naked and helpless approximately 21 to 23 days after the females first lays the eggs. As soon as baby lovebirds hatch, both parents begin to feed their young through the process of regurgitation. (Fry, et al., 1988)
Currently there is not much information on lifespan in wild (Teitler, 1979). Captive Fischer's lovebirds can live from 15 to 25 years.
Fischer's lovebirds tend to travel in tight flocks. When flying long distances, flocks fly quickly and directly. Flock size varies from 10 to 20 individuals up to hundreds when they congregate at food sources. (Forshaw, 2006; Rauzon, 2001)
The home range and territory size of Fischer's lovebirds is not well documented. They tend to stay in one general area unless drought or famine forces them to move in order to find water or food. (Dickinson, 2003)
Fischer's lovebirds are very vocal birds. Their calls are comprised of sets of high-pitched, loud twitterings. The mating ritual is performed using physical and vocal signs. When threatened, they fly away or puff up their feathers to make themselves look larger and open their beaks slightly in preparation to bite if necessary. State of health can also be determined by physical cues such as resting position and feather appearance. (Fry, et al., 1988; Rauzon, 2001; Williams, 1963)
Fischer's lovebirds are ground feeders. They forage mainly for seeds, but they also eat fruits such as small figs. They are not migratory, but will travel widely to find food and water when hard pressed. They flock to agricultural areas at harvest time to eat cultivated millet and maize. Fischer's lovebirds need water daily. If it is unusually hot they can be found near water holes or water sources where they can get water several times a day. (Fry, et al., 1988; Rauzon, 2001; Williams, 1963)
The main known predators of Fischer's lovebirds are lanner falcons (Falco biarmicus).
Fischer's lovebirds contribute to seed dispersal by eating fruits and seeds. They are also prey to predatory birds such as lanner falcons (Falco biarmicus).
When Fischer's lovebirds flock to feed on crops their numbers can reach up to several hundred. In such large numbers they often damage fruit and grain crops. As a result, they are often killed by farmers because they are seen as pests. (Forshaw, 2006; Higdon, 2001; Williams, 1963)
The main threats toare the live bird trade and human habitat destruction. Populations are not currently considered threatened but, as is true for most parrot species, populations may become vulnerable if collection and habitat destruction are not curbed.
Fischer's lovebirds are difficult birds to keep healthy in captivity. They are active birds that need a lot of room. When confined to a cage their health tends to suffer. Instead of being active and vocal they often sit on the floor of the cage in a corner. Negative physical problems such as molting and becoming overweight also shorten the lifespan of captive. Surprisingly, they don't seem to have to much trouble acclimating to cold weather despite the fact that their original habitat is tropical. If they are kept away from drafts they can weather winters well.
Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
Leah Blazek (author), Kalamazoo College, Ann Fraser (editor, instructor), Kalamazoo College.
living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar.
uses sound to communicate
living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.
Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing.
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
an animal that mainly eats fruit
an animal that mainly eats seeds
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
imitates a communication signal or appearance of another kind of organism
Having one mate at a time.
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
generally wanders from place to place, usually within a well-defined range.
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets.
scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons.
breeding is confined to a particular season
remains in the same area
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
associates with others of its species; forms social groups.
uses touch to communicate
Living on the ground.
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.
A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.
A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.
uses sight to communicate
"Amazing Animals: Lovebird" (On-line). Science & Nature : Animals. Accessed November 11, 2006 at http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/reallywild/amazing/lovebird.shtml.
Bannerman, D. 1953. The Birds of West and Equatorial Africa - Volume I. Birmingham, Great Britain: Kynoch Press.
Dickinson, E. 2003. The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. New Jersey, United States of America: Princeton University Press.
Forshaw, J. 2006. Parrots of the World - An Identification Guide. Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America: Princeton University Press.
Fry, H., S. Keith, E. Urban. 1988. The Birds of Africa - Volume III. San Diego, California, United States of America: Academic Press, Inc.
Hansell, M. 2000. Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Higdon, P. 2001. The Lovebird: An Owner's Guide to a Happy Healthy Pet. New York, New York, United States of America: Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Maclean, G. 1990. Ornithology for Africa. South Africa: University of Natal Press Pietermaritzburg.
Rauzon, M. 2001. Parrots Around the World. United States of America: Grolier.
Rogers, C. 1975. Encyclopedia of Cage and Aviary Birds. New York: Macmillian Publishing Co., Inc.
Soderburg, p. 1977. All About Lovebirds. Neptune City, New Jersey, United States of America: T.F.H. Publications, Inc.
Stattersfield, A., S. Butchart. 2004. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Species Information: Agapornis fischeri" (On-line). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed November 12, 2006 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/661/summ.
Teitler, R. 1979. Taming & Training Lovebirds. Neptune, New Jersey, United States of America: T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd.
Vriends, D. 1978. Encyclopedia of Lovebirds and Other Dwarf Parrots. Neptune, New Jersey, United States of America: T.F.H. Publications, Inc.
Williams, J. 1963. A Field Guide to the Birds of East and Central Africa. Great Britain: Houghton Mifflin Company Boston : The Riverside Press Cambridge. | <urn:uuid:1947464e-32d7-4e00-9991-5fc7910c2e4f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Agapornis_fischeri/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921002 | 2,574 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Alphabet tracing page for lower case letter C.
Lower case letter H printable tracing worksheet.
Printable alphabet tracing page for letter D lowercase.
Pre-K worksheet for tracing the alphabet lowercase letter I
Lowercase letter E printable letter tracing page.
Lower case letter J alphabet tracing page, for preschool learning.
Lower case letter F printable tracing alphabet worksheet for preschool education.
Printable Alphabet tracing pages for preschool learning, this is the lower case letter K.
Printable alphabet tracing page for lower case letter G.
Alphabet tracing worksheet for lower case letter L | <urn:uuid:a521e4d4-27c7-41d5-8c03-c9442dcdcf2d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ziggityzoom.com/category/categories/preschool-education?page=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.658881 | 127 | 2.75 | 3 |
near the famous red pipestone quarry of the Coteau des Prairies is mentioned by Catlin, who says that the Indians never went quite to them, but standing some distance away they would throw plugs of tobacco to them, thus asking permission of the indwelling spirits to dig and remove the precious pipestone.
Still later survivals of the ancient customs connected with the use of tobacco may be noted. According to Colonel Garrick Mallery, an instance of the use of tobacco as incense was furnished by the Iroquois as late as 1882. The following words were addressed to the fire: "Bless thy grandchildren; protect and strengthen them. By this tobacco we give thee a sweetsmelling sacrifice, and ask thy care to keep us from sickness and famine." The Iroquois still make an annual sacrifice of a white dog, on which occasions tobacco is solemnly burned. The idea underlying this employment of tobacco is well shown in the prayer which accompanies the ceremony: "I now cast into the fire the Indian tobacco, that as the scent rises up into the air it may ascend to thy abode of peace and quietness; and thou wilt perceive and know that thy counsels are duly observed by mankind, and wilt recognize and approve the objects for which thy blessing has been asked." Another late custom of the Iroquois is thus related by Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith: "In a dry summer season, the horizon being filled with distant thunderheads, it was customary to burn what the Indians call real tobacco, as an offering to bring rain. . . . Every family was supposed to have a private altar upon which its offerings were secretly made; after which that family must repair, bearing its tithe, to the council house where the gathered tithes of tobacco were burned in the council fire. . . . Burning tobacco is the same as praying. In times of trouble or fear, after a bad dream, or any event which frightens them, they say, 'My mother went out and burned tobacco.'" The Cohuilla Indians of California believe in evil spirits called sespes, and when they can not sleep they make offerings to these of tobacco. In making their buffalo medicine the Dakotas were accustomed to burn tobacco to bring the herds. Some American Indians before killing a rattlesnake would make an offering to its spirit by sprinkling a pinch of tobacco on its head. Others would beg pardon of a bear which they had killed, and by placing the peace pipe in its mouth and blowing the smoke down its throat, ask its spirit not to take revenge. The Sioux in Hennepin's time looked toward the sun when they smoked, and when the calumet was lighted they held it aloft, saying, "Smoke, sun." A like custom prevailed among the Creeks. Gordon William Lillie ("Pawnee Bill"), speaking of the pipe dance of the Pawnees, says that "before lighting their pipes they throw a pinch of the tobacco into the air. This, with the first three puffs of smoke, which are | <urn:uuid:d4a59bd5-4fda-46fd-b958-d934a3c8ba85> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_43.djvu/189 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976679 | 630 | 3.1875 | 3 |
September 12, 2001
Paper Cranes Spread Peace-Teacher Tip:
The crane has become an international symbol of peace. With current events that profoundly touch us all, this might be a good time to make origami cranes and create a little peace corner in your classroom. (Find directions for folding paper cranes in library books or on the Web.)
Legend says that folding a thousand cranes makes a wish come true. You may wish to share the origins of the custom by reading the story of Sadako Sasaki, a young Japanese girl who was two years old when the atom bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. As she grew up, Sadako was a strong, courageous and athletic girl. In 1955, 11-year-old Sadako suddenly took ill while practicing for a big race. She was diagnosed with Leukemia, "the atom bomb" disease. Sadako began folding paper cranes after her best friend told her of an old Japanese legend saying that anyone who folds a thousand paper cranes would be granted a wish. Sadako's wish was to get well so that she could run again. She never gave up, and folded more than 1000 paper cranes before her death on October 25, 1955 at the age of twelve. In 1958, a statue of Sadako holding a golden crane was unveiled in Hiroshima Peace Park. Her friends and classmates made this wish, which is inscribed at the bottom of the statue: "This is our cry, This is our prayer, Peace in the world."
Try This! Journaling Questions
Journey North is pleased to feature this educational adventure made possible by the Whooping Crane Eastern Partnership (WCEP).
Copyright 2001 Journey North. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:ca5589ed-5f4e-480c-bcd1-ecab55227bfd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/crane/WCEPHighlight091201.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963973 | 354 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge northeast of Thief River Falls turns 75 this year, and an anniversary celebration is scheduled for 9 a.m. to noon June 23. Events on tap include a bird walk, management tour and kids’ activities.
According to a news release from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, “Agassiz NWR was established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937 as Mud Lake Migratory Waterfowl Refuge. Its primary purpose was to be ‘a refuge and breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife.’
“Although its original focus was on waterfowl (ducks and geese), over the years, other migratory birds and year-round resident wildlife, including mammals such as moose, deer and wolves, have received an increasing emphasis in refuge management.
“In 1961 the Refuge’s name was changed to Agassiz NWR, after the vast, ancient body of water — Glacial Lake Agassiz — that produced the exceedingly flat terrain which characterizes the area today.”
If you’ve never been to Agassiz, which is just over an hour’s drive from Grand Forks, put it on your list. The refuge offers an abundance of wildlife-watching and hiking opportunities, along with a four-mile self-guided auto drive, an observation deck and a 100-foot observation tower. (Not being a big fan of heights, I have yet to make the climb to the top of the tower.)
Located in eastern Marshall County, Agassiz covers 65,500 acres, including 4,000 acres that were designated as a wilderness area in 1976.
For more information, click here: | <urn:uuid:5edc7037-cbbf-474c-8920-35524f8c9a03> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://braddokken.areavoices.com/2012/05/31/agassiz-nwr-to-mark-75th-anniversary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967289 | 354 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Despite the efforts of producers, as well as regulators to help protect people from getting sick from foodborne pathogens, a good bulk of the responsibility for food safety may ultimately rest in the hands of the consumers, according to a new book from two award-winning journalists.
Michael Booth and Jennifer Brown contend in “Eating Dangerously: Why the Government Can’t Keep Your Food Safe… and How You Can,” that consumers can take a larger role in protecting their own health, especially as our food system is full potential safety issues from farm to kitchen. Booth and Brown — who were on investigative reporting teams that won Pulitzer Prizes while at The Denver Post in 2013 — focus on recent stories of foodborne illness to make the case that E. coli, listeria, salmonella and other pathogens all bring their own challenges throughout the food system.
Booth recently answered questions from Meatingplace about the state of the effort to keep food safe as well as what steps can be taken to prevent people from getting sick.
Is there a common thread in the stories featured in “Eating Dangerously” that food producers, regulators and even the public should be taught to recognize?
The common thread is that there's more to be done. We can't just throw up our hands and say "pathogens happen." We began our investigative journalism after the 33 cantaloupe deaths in 2011 because journalists believe most things don't happen randomly — yes, there's a pathogen in a farm field that can't be eradicated, but there are systemic reasons those pathogens ended up in the food supply, and they could have been prevented without busting the bank. So, as Congress has said, we still have a lot of work to do overhauling third-party audit systems so that they are accountable, based on common standards and then followed up on. We need a full-fledged public debate on robust funding for the Food Safety Modernization Act. What good are all the rules being written — which are years late, by the way — if there is no money for boots on the ground to enforce them?
What are some of the top suggestions you offer readers with regard to protecting themselves from issues that endanger consumer health?
Learn to love a meat thermometer. Take kitchen sanitizing seriously. Seek out groceries where the grower or the packer or the grocery chain has taken extra pains to make things safe, such as Omaha Steaks irradiating its ground beef, or Costco requiring more of its produce suppliers, or Cargill trying new pathogen-busting techniques in ground poultry.
What were the most surprising findings with regard to protecting meat — beef, poultry and pork, in particular — from a production, storage and retail angle?
As Pew and others have recently pointed out, the time seems ripe for consumer advocates to turn from past E. coli worries to making similar changes in handling salmonella. Why do we allow chicken to be sold with salmonella and other pathogens? Why aren't there clear standards of testing and rejecting poultry? Why do other nations move ahead with vaccinating their flocks, but we don't?
What would you consider the most important lesson with regard to food safety that our readers still may need to learn?
We're disconnected from our farming and ranching ancestry, and so many of us assume everything gets tested before we eat it. It doesn't. There's still huge responsibility on the consumer, as there should be, and there are some simple techniques that boost your chances of avoiding illness.
What are some of the challenges faced by those in the business of producing “organic” proteins in terms of maintaining or improving food safety?
Consumer advocates are not your enemy. And you can be proactive about educating consumers on new techniques they are suspicious of. Find a way to market irradiation of pathogens as a positive safety step. Accept the idea that consumer want GMOs labeled, and figure out a way to do it that increases confidence in the food chain.
You might also like: | <urn:uuid:d27b1509-1c59-4955-8368-b92f876791ef> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nationalhogfarmer.com/business/new-book-indicates-consumers-are-just-responsible-food-safety-producers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00071-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968832 | 823 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What drug may have been detected had Dorothy’s and the Cowardly Lion’s urine been tested as they entered Emerald City?
Morphine, as long as we let L. Frank Baum get away with a little poetic license. In the 1939 movie classic The Wizard of Oz, the Wicked Witch of the West conjures up a poppy field in front of the Emerald City to prevent Dorothy, the Lion, the Tin Man and the Scarecrow from entering. As the four wander through the field, Dorothy and the Lion mysteriously fall asleep, succumbing to the vapours released by the poppies. The Tin Man and the Scarecrow, not possessed of human or animal biology, are unaffected. Poppies really can be associated with sleep; indeed, the Latin botanical name of the flower, Papaver somniferum, translates as “sleep-bringing poppy.” But smelling poppies is not enough to bring on sleep, as the active components are not volatile. Ingestion or injection of “opiates,” is required. Opiates are biologically active compounds extracted from opium, the dried latex that exudes from an incision made in the seed pods of the plant before these blossom into flowers. Morphine is the major opiate, but codeine, thebaine, papaverine and noscapine are also present. Small amounts of opium can also be found in the seeds of the plant. While not enough to produce any sort of a physiological effect, they can yield a positive urine test. Had Dorothy consumed a few poppy seed bagels, she could have run into some legal problems in Emerald City.
Morphine is the proverbial double edged sword! It can induce sleep, but at the wrong dose, it can induce sleep permanently. However, it is an extremely effective pain killer, produced for medical use by pharmaceutical companies mostly in Australia, Turkey and India. Unfortunately morphine can also induce euphoria, an artificial feeling of well-being that comes with a steep price tag. Addiction! Extracted from poppies grown illegally, mostly in Afghanistan, opium is a social curse. The smoke-filled opium dens of the nineteenth century may be gone, but morphine and its synthetic derivative heroin are widely available street drugs, their use connected with crime and disease. Sadly, in the real world there is no Good Witch of the South to destroy the poppies’ narcotic power with a magical snowfall. Victims of opium do not easily extricate themselves from the clutches of the drug to skip towards a happy future. | <urn:uuid:6ccdb2b1-5f00-4761-b384-860bc84ec5da> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.mcgill.ca/oss/2013/04/25/what-drug-may-have-been-detected-had-dorothy%E2%80%99s-and-the-cowardly-lion%E2%80%99s-urine-been-tested-as-they-entered-emerald-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944567 | 527 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Declarative and Interrogative Sentences Downloads 5,001 6
An introduction to declarative and interrogative sentences
File Type: SMART Notebook lesson
Subject: English Language Arts
Grade: Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade 5
Date submitted: June 17, 2010
Submitted by: jmorehouse402
Note: By using any resource from this site, you are agreeing to these Terms. | <urn:uuid:e806b853-6c74-44f0-923e-0fd73d6b0137> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://exchange.smarttech.com/details.html?id=5e2d678c-b6a1-4937-b8d6-97ad21705815 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00200-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851386 | 86 | 3.375 | 3 |
The remains of a small Jewish village were found at the site. Several dwellings were arranged around a broad square, at the center of which stood a public building - the synagogue. The buildings were well constructed and separated by narrow alleys; their walls made of large, trimmed stones, and the entrances of well-dressed ashlars.
Each dwelling consisted of several rooms around an inner courtyard. In them were various installations, such as pits for storing water, cut into the rock to considerable depth, olive presses with stone basins for crushing and heavy stone weights for pressing. The mikva'ot (Jewish ritual baths) in the houses were cut into the rock and plastered, with stairs leading to the bottom. Their presence attests to the resident's attention to Jewish ritual purity regulations. One structure, with several particularly large rooms, probably served as a warehouse for the products of the inhabitants.
A small building with a unique plan stood in the village square. It was a square structure (9.6 m. wide on each side), the façade with the main entrance facing north. This wall was particularly well built of large ashlars with margins and smoothed boss, unlike the other walls, which were constructed of large, trimmed stones like the village houses. The entrance in the center of the façade had a lintel with a rosette in relief, within a triangular frame.
The floor of the synagogue was carefully laid of large, trimmed stones. Around three of the building's inner walls (all except the entrance wall) were high, wide benches constructed of stone. Four pillars made of stone sections and topped with Dorian-style capitals stood in the center. At each side of the entrance, and in the back wall of the building, protruded two pairs of square stone pilasters with capitals. The columns and the pilasters created two rows along the length of the building that supported arches, originally surmounted by a wooden structure that in turn supported the roofing. Fragments of red-painted plaster are evidence that the walls were painted. In the western wall of the building was an entrance to a small, plastered room in which ritual objects of the synagogue were probably kept.
The presence of synagogues in the Second Temple period is known from Jewish sources, as well as from the New Testament. The remains of a few such synagogues have been uncovered, including the well-known one in the fortress of Masada on the Dead Sea and the one of Gamala, on the Golan. During this period, the Temple still stood in Jerusalem and served as the center of Jewish cult. Synagogues existed in Jewish settlements, serving the needs of the community as places for Torah study and prayer. Their existence did not compete with, or challenge, the centrality and importance of the Temple. The synagogue discovered at Kiryat Sefer demonstrates that synagogues were built even in small villages on the fringes of the area inhabited by Jews. The synagogue of Kiryat Sefer was a modest structure, built according to the economic means and the requirements of the village community.
The building has architectural features similar to those of other synagogues of this period, thereby aiding researchers in identifying it as a synagogue. The fact that it is not oriented towards Jerusalem only demonstrates that during this period regulations governing synagogue orientation (prayer facing Jerusalem) had not yet been consolidated. Finds from the houses of the village, such as pottery and coins, show that the village had been founded in the Hellenistic period (3rd-2nd centuries BCE), but the buildings in the village and the synagogue date from the 1st century BCE.
The village was established by Jews who had left the hills of Benjamin and Ephraim (the Samaria region). They developed vineyards and olive groves, sold their products on local markets, and even exported abroad. Export of olive oil and wine brought them economic prosperity, as reflected in several hoards of coins, including many gold coins, which were found in the ruins of the village. Though few in number, the inhabitants were able to construct spacious houses and to fund the building of a synagogue, in which to gather for religious and social functions.
The village of Kiryat Sefer was abandoned during the suppression of the First Jewish Revolt against Rome (66-70 CE). It was briefly resettled, but was destroyed during the Roman suppression of the Bar-Kokhba Rebellion (132-135 CE).
The remains of the village and the synagogue have been preserved within the area of the modern settlement of Kiryat Sefer. After reconstruction, the site will be opened to the public.
Sources: Israeli Foreign Ministry | <urn:uuid:2e41c08e-337d-4cc0-a182-59b06a903d77> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Archaeology/Kiryat_Sefer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983036 | 963 | 3.53125 | 4 |
by Kerri-Ann Jennings, M.S., R.D. in Healthy Tips, March 19, 2015
by Amy Reiter in Food and Nutrition Experts, February 6, 2015
White sugar is a standby in the kitchen, but there are plenty of reasons to seek out alternatives. Alternative sweeteners lend a different flavor to foods — be they baked goods, salad dressings or cocktails — and some of them even have health benefits. (Keep in mind, though, that added sugar is added sugar, no matter the source. For your health, that should be limited to 6 teaspoons a day for women and 9 teaspoons for men.) Read more
by Toby Amidor in Food and Nutrition Experts, October 21, 2014
In this week’s news: New findings about sugar and diabetes are not so sweet; vitamin drinks may do more harm than good; weight training could prevent your weight from yo-yoing.
by Amy Reiter in Food News, September 19, 2014
New research is giving us another reason to question the safety of artificial sweeteners. Researchers concluded that artificial sweeteners may be contributing to diseases like obesity and diabetes. It may be another reason you should swap the pink or blue packet of the artificial stuff for something more natural.
A recent study published in the journal Nature found that folks who were given saccharin (a type of artificial sweetener) over a week developed glucose intolerance, a condition that can lead to diabetes. Additionally, researchers also analyzed close to 400 people and found that the gut bacteria of those who used artificial sweeteners were really different from folks who did not use the fake stuff. The study concluded that more research should be done to really determine the safety of these calorie-free sugar alternatives.
by Sally Wadyka in Trends, May 31, 2014
In this week’s news: Comfort foods are found to be not so soothing; diet soda gets a gut check; and addiction programs quit with the sweets.
Cold Comfort for Comfort Food Fans
What’s your go-to food when you’re feeling down? Carbs? Ice cream? You might as well reach for the carrot sticks and celery — or not snack at all. A new study has found that scarfing down comfort foods doesn’t actually boost mood more than eating healthier foods — or no food — does. Bad moods go away, the researchers determined, whether we eat that big pile of cookies or not. “We found no justification for people to choose comfort foods when they are distressed,” the researchers concluded, adding that they hoped their findings would lead people to skip the high-cal indulgences and “focus on other, food-free methods of improving their mood.” Read more
by Sara Reistad-Long in Food News, April 17, 2014
If fat was the star dietary villain for the past few decades, sugar is quickly stepping up to take its place. The sweet stuff figures prominently in the recent documentary Fed Up. There are websites, such as I Quit Sugar, devoted to eliminating sugar from the diet. And several books published this year chronicle or advocate similar nutritional journeys, including Year of No Sugar — which recounts a family’s quest to rid their lives of added sugars — and The Blood Sugar Solution 10-Day Detox Diet, written by Dr. Mark Hyman, who just so happens to advise the Clinton family on matters of healthy eating.
by Sara Reistad-Long in Food News, March 7, 2014
In this week’s news: Mondays get even more meatless; the world learns what happens when a household bans sugar (hint: a book deal); and coupon-clipping takes a healthier turn.
Hitting the Beach — and the Tofu
Why book Canyon Ranch when you can visit Grandma in Boca? Earlier this week, the Florida city announced that it was joining Meatless Mondays — a national movement that advocates exactly what the name suggests. The logic is this: Research suggests that when you eliminate a day’s worth of meat, you’re cutting 15 percent of saturated fat intake. That, in turn, may decrease your risk of obesity, heart disease, stroke and cancer. Twenty percent of Boca Raton’s residents are 65 or older, and with role models like Bill Clinton, whose health swami — Mark Hyman — was featured in the New York Times earlier this week, it might not be a surprise that the trend caught on.
by Toby Amidor in Food News, February 5, 2014
In this week’s news: The World Health Organization doesn’t sugarcoat its advice; fruits and vegetables feel the love (even in school cafeterias); and food labels get ready for their makeover.
No More Sweet Talk
Studies have associated sugar with everything from headaches to heart disease, and yet most of us still get 18% of our total caloric intake from the stuff. That’s about 22 teaspoons each day. Here in the United States, nutritionists have long lobbied to coax us down to about 10%. But the international community is taking an even harder line. This week, the World Health Organization (WHO) brought its recommendation down to 5%, or about 100 calories per day. The recommendation is yet another strong case for transparent food labels, but until the new ones come out, here’s a crib sheet for some of the most sugar-stuffed packaged foods: Ketchup, salad dressing, soup, crackers, flavored yogurt, spaghetti sauce, bread, frozen dinners, granola, protein bars, shakes and (yep!) sushi.
by Dana Angelo White in Healthy Tips, February 5, 2014
In this week’s nutrition news: There’s no sugar-coating a new study on heart disease; scientists back every mom who has ever nagged about breakfast; and — who cares? — most people don’t believe a word of dietary advice, anyway.
Heartbreak for Sugar Lovers
A new study released this week in the Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine found that sugar fiends may be in for more heart trouble than they realize. The study observed an association between higher sugar consumption and risk of death from heart disease. But added sugar isn’t found only in sweet foods like soda, cakes and ice cream. Researchers cautioned that savory foods like salad dressing also contain added sugars.
by Toby Amidor in Diets & Weight Loss, January 2, 2014
It may not surprise anyone that a 20-ounce bottle of soda can contain anywhere from 15 to 22 teaspoons of sugar per serving, but sugar is also lurking in less obvious places. The USDA’s Dietary Guidelines suggest no more than 10 teaspoons a day of added sugar, but if you’re not paying attention, those spoonfuls can add up fast. Here are 5 sources of sugar found in seemingly healthy choices.
When the New Year arrives and the weight loss promises are made, the diet advice soon follows — and lots of it. But you’re better off ignoring these five “helpful” suggestions. | <urn:uuid:dd697ac7-e54a-4b66-b340-08d7675ef0bf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.foodnetwork.com/healthyeats/tag/sugar/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937196 | 1,466 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Karaites, Karaite Judaism or Karaism is a Jewish denomination characterized by the sole reliance on the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) as scripture, and the rejection of the Oral Law (the Mishnah and the Talmud) as halakha (legally binding, required religious practice). The word "Karaite" comes from the Hebrew word קְרָאִים (Standard Qəra’im Tiberian Qərā’îm), meaning "Readers (of Scripture)," and is derived from the old Hebrew word for the Hebrew Bible, Mikra, or Kara. This name was chosen by the adherents of Karaite Judaism to distinguish themselves from the adherents of Rabbinic Judaism, who called themselves "rabaniyin" (“Followers of the Rabbis”) or talmudiyin (“Followers of the Talmud”).
Karaism requires each individual to read the Tanakh and take personal responsibility for interpreting the meaning of the text. This necessitated the study of the ancient Hebrew language in which the Tanakh is written. Beginning in the ninth century, the polemic between Karaite Jews and Rabbinic Jews became a catalyst for the development of Hebrew scholarship and resulted in the creation of the first Hebrew dictionaries and grammatical works, as well as numerous Biblical commentaries and works on religious philosophy.
During the ninth and tenth centuries, Karaites were a significant portion of the Jewish population. Today there are left an estimated 20,000 Karaites in Russia, 2,000 in the United States, about 100 families in Istanbul, and about 12,000 in Israel, most of them living near the town of Ramleh. In modern times Karaite Judaism has affiliated itself with Reform Judaism.
Karaism appears to have arisen from a combination of various Jewish groups that rejected the Talmudic tradition as an innovation. The Islamic conquest of the Middle East during the seventh century extended the authority of the Exilarchy, a system of autonomous Jewish self-government already established in Babylonia and Persia, to cover all the Jewish communities in the Empire. Resistance to the Exilarchy arose among various non-Talmudic groups, especially those in isolated communities in the east. During the second half of the eight century, Anan ben David organized a coalition of non-Talmudic groups and campaigned for a second Exilarchate to govern those who did not follow Talmudic law. The caliphate granted Anan and his followers’ religious freedom to practice Judaism according to their own traditions. During the ninth century the followers of Anan ben David absorbed sects such the Isawites (followers of Abu Isa al-Isfahani), Yudghanites and the remnants of the pre-Talmudic Sadducees and Boethusians. Anan borrowed some of his doctrines from Rabbinical Judaism, but supported them with references to the Hebrew Bible. His extreme ascetic practices were difficult to follow in everyday secular life, and during the tenth century the extremist Ananites disappeared.
Karaism reached its epitome during the ninth and early tenth centuries. (According to historian Salo Wittmayer Baron, the number of Jews affiliating with Karaism comprised as much as ten percent of world Jewry.) The idea of unrestricted study of the Bible as the only source of religious truth was attractive, not only to non-Talmudic Jews, but to liberals within traditional Judaism who were dissatisfied with the stagnation within the Babylonian academies of Sura and Pumbedita. The leaders of these academies did not have the philosophical methods to counter the arguments of the Karaites. At the end of the ninth century, several Rabbinical scholars took up the study of the Bible, Hebrew grammar and secular scientific and philosophical works. The most outstanding of these was the gaon Saadia al-Fayyumi (882-942) the first great Jewish philosophical writer after Philo of Judea. Saadia was the first to organize a Hebrew dictionary, the Agron, which became the foundation for Hebrew lexicography and was widely used by the Karaites. He created, in part, the rules and categories used by later grammarians to develop the study of the Hebrew language. He also launched a vigorous attack on the Karaites in defense of Rabbinical Judaism, which stimulated scholarship on both sides in the fields of Hebrew grammar and lexicography, religious philosophy, law, and biblical exegesis. Saadia’s attacks on Karaism eventually led to a permanent split between some Karaitic and Rabbinic communities, which were, however, reconciled by the time of Maimonides.
A large number of Karaitic works were produced during “The Golden Age of Karaism.” Al-Kirkisani was the first Karaite writer to defend the use of reason and investigation in religious matters; he began a schism within Karaism between those who followed scientific investigation, who patterned their theology on the Islamic Motekallamin and the Motazilites; and the orthodox Karaites who rejected philosophy and science. Among the philosophical writers were Yusuf al-Basir and his pupil Abu al-Faraj Furkan (Jeshua B. Judah). The orthodox writers included Sahl ibn Mazliah, Solomo ben Jeroham, and Yafith ibn Ali. After the middle of the eleventh century there were no original Karaite writers, but there were significant exegetes, translators and editors.
During the eighteenth century, Russian Karaites perpetrated a historical forgery which freed them from various anti-Semitic laws that affected other Jews. A Karaite merchant, Simhah Bobowitsch, and his tutor, the Karaite writer Avraham Firkovich, fabricated documents and tombstone inscriptions in Crimea stating that those buried were descendants of the Lost Tribes of Israel, in order to represent the Karaites as an ancient people dwelling in Crimea since the time of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser in the seventh century B.C.E., and dissociate them from the Rabbinic Jews. This hoax was designed to convince the Russian Czar that Karaite ancestors could not have killed Jesus and thus their descendants were free of familial guilt, which a Russian pretext was given at that time for anti-Semitic laws. As a consequence, Russian Karaites received full civic liberties in 1863, and these liberties were confirmed in 1881 by the anti-Semitic minister Nicolai Ignatieff. As a result of the hoax, and also because of a ruling by Rabbinic Jewish authorities in Germany intended to protect the Karaites, the Karaites were generally excluded from the persecution of the World War II Nazis during the Holocaust.
The Karaim (Turkish Qaraylar) are a distinctive Karaite community from the Crimea. Their Turkic language is called Karaim. Some Crimean Karaim were invited in the 1400s by Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas to settle in Trakai. A small community remains there to this day, which has preserved its language and distinctive customs, such as its traditional dish called "kybynlar" (a sort of meat pastry), and its houses with three windows (one for God, one for the family, and one for Grand Duke Vytautas), and has access to two “Kenessas.”
During the tenth and eleventh centuries, Karaite Jews began to exert considerable influence in Spain. In Castile, high-ranking Rabbinical Jews such as Joseph Ferrizuel persuaded the king to allow the persecution and expulsion of Karaite Jews. With royal assistance, Rabbi Todros Halevi and Joseph ibn Alfakhar successfully drove out a large portion of the surviving Karaite population.
When interpreting scripture, Karaites strive to adhere only to the p'shat (plain meaning) of the text. This is in contrast to Rabbinical Judaism, which employs the methods of p'shat, remez (implication or clue), drash ("deep interpretation," based on breaking down individual words, for example, breaking down "be'ra'shit" to "beit" "ra'shit" which then means two "startings of") and sod ("secret," the deeper meaning of the text, drawing on the Kabbalah and understood only by the initiated). The need to understand the correct meanings of ancient Hebrew words inspired serious scientific study of the Hebrew language among both Karaite and Rabbinical Jewish scholars.
Rabbinical Judaism considers Karaism a form of heresy because it denies the Mishnah, or Talmudic law. Maimonides wrote that people who deny the Godly source of the "teaching of the mouth" are to be considered among the heretics, and that one who kills a heretic is afforded a tremendous benefit for removing a stumbling block for the pious (Hilchot Mamrim 3:2) However, at the same time Maimonides holds (ibid. 3:3) that most of the Karaites and others who claim to deny the "teaching of the mouth" are not to be held accountable for their errors in the law because they are led into error by their parents and are thus referred to as a tinok she'nishba, or a "captive baby."
The Karaites believe in an eternal, one, and incorporeal God, Creator of Universe, who gave the Tanakh to humankind, through Moses and the Prophets. Karaites trust in the Divine providence, hope for the coming of the Messiah and the Resurrection of the dead.
Solomon ben Jeroham (Salmon ben Yeruham), in his Books of the Wars of YHVH, written during the ninth century, gives several reasons why Karaites do not accept the Mishnah (Oral Law), mainly referring to the integrity of Mosaic law. First, they question why the law is written in the Mishnah if it was intended to be oral. Secondly, they argue that the truth of the law given to Moses can only lie in one opinion; the Mishnah quotes many contradictory opinions and does not confirm which one is the true one. They also question why the Mishnah does not solely speak in the name of Moses.
Theoretically, most historical Karaites would not object to the idea of a body of interpretation of the Torah, along with extensions and development of halakha (Jewish law); several hundred such books were written by various Karaite sages throughout the movement's history, though most are lost today. The disagreement arises over the perceived exaltation of the authority of the Talmud and the writings of the Rabbis above that of the Torah. According to the Karaites, many traditions and customs of Rabinnic Judaism are in contradiction with those prescribed in the Torah.
Karaites have their own traditions, "Sevel HaYerushah," "the yoke of inheritance," which have been passed down from their ancestors and religious authorities; these are practiced primarily by traditional Egyptian Karaites. Modern Karaites rely upon only the Torah and those practices found within it, as well as adapting Biblical practices into their own cultural context.
Karaites rely on observations of the Moon to begin their months, and on observations of the growth of the annual barley crop (called the Aviv) to begin their years, as deduced from instructions in the Torah. (“Aviv” is the next-to-last stage in the growth of barley, and is used as a marker for the first season of the Biblical Hebrew calendar, because it was during this stage that the plague of hail destroyed the barley crops shortly before the first Passover). Before quick worldwide communication was available, Karaites in the Diaspora used the calendar of Hillel II.
Like other Jews, during the Jewish Shabbat Karaites attend synagogues to worship and to offer prayers. However, most Karaites refrain from sexual relations on the Shabbat. Karaite prayer books are comprised almost completely of biblical passages. Unlike Rabbinic Jews, Karaites do not uphold the traditional lighting of ritual candles before Shabbat, (in the Tanakh, "kindling a fire" is a prohibition of Shabbat). Most Karaites take this commandment to heart and refrain from utilizing, or deriving benefit from, all forms of artificial light until the Shabbat ends. Theoretically this practice is not universal, since different readings of the scriptural Sabbath prohibitions could yield a variety of points of view.
Karaites wear ‘‘tzitzit’’ (tassels on the four corners of a prayer shawl or garment) with blue threads in them. In contrast to Rabbinic Judaism, they believe that the techelet (the "blue"), does not refer to a specific dye. The traditions of Rabbinic Judaism used in the knotting of the tzitzit are not followed, so the appearance of Karaite tzitzit is quite different from that of Rabbanite tzitzit. Contrary to some myths, Karaites do not hang tzitzit on their walls.
Contrary to the beliefs of some, Karaites do not wear tefillin (small leather boxes containing passages of scripture and worn on the head and arm during the prayer service) in any form. According to the Karaite interpretation, the Biblical passages cited for this practice are metaphorical, and mean to “remember the Torah always and treasure it.” This is because the commandment in scripture is, "And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be upon thy heart… And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thy hand, and they shall be for frontlets between thine eyes." (Deuteronomy 6:5,9) Since words cannot be on one's heart, or bound on one's hand, the entire passage is understood metaphorically.
Karaites also interpret the scripture that mandates inscribing the Law on doorposts and city gates as a metaphorical admonition, specifically, to keep the Law at home and away. Therefore, they do not put up mezuzot, (a small parchment, usually in a case, inscribed with two Biblical verses, Deuteronomy 6:4-9 and 11:13-21, and placed on the doorpost of every home and business) although many Karaites do have a small plaque with the Aseret haDibrot on their doorposts.
In Israel, the Karaite Jewish leadership is directed by a group called "Universal Karaite Judaism." Most of the members of its Board of Hakhams are of Egyptian Jewish descent. There are about 2,000 Karaites living in the United States. Most live near Bnei Yisra'el, the only Karaite synagogue in the United States, located in Daly City, California. There are groups with legal recognition in Lithuania and Poland. The Karaites are estimated to number about 20,000 in Russia.
Karaism produced a vast library of commentaries and polemics, especially during its "Golden Age." These writings prompted new and complete defenses of the Talmud and Mishna, culminating of these in the writings of Saadia Gaon and his criticisms of Karaism. Though he opposed Karaism, the Rabbinic commentator Abraham Ibn Ezra regularly quoted Karaite commentators, particularly Yefet ben Ali, to the degree that a legend exists among some Karaites that Ibn Ezra was ben Ali's student.
The most well-known Karaite polemic is חיזוק אמונה (Faith Strengthened), a comprehensive Counter-Missionary polemic which was later translated into Latin under the name of The Fiery Darts of Satan. Scholarly studies of Karaite writings are still in their infancy.
All links retrieved June 4, 2014.
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Posted at: 08/29/2013 2:11 PM
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Neptune all have traveling companions - space rocks that share the planets' orbits as they circle the sun.
Now scientists have discovered one that tags along with Uranus. About 38 miles wide, the icy rock runs ahead of the planet.
The object was first spotted in 2011 by a group of Canadian and French scientists led by the University of British Columbia. The team reported the discovery in Friday's issue of Science.
Some 6,000 space rocks are known to follow Jupiter, the most of any planet. Earth shares its orbit with a tiny asteroid.
Scientists say the latest find looks like an asteroid, but its makeup is similar to a comet. A million years from now, the rock will escape back into the outer solar system.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.) | <urn:uuid:aba93c92-8d50-459f-a431-10b5ba132f6d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://hbispace.com/printStory/wdio/index.cfm?id=3143728 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913333 | 199 | 3.09375 | 3 |
500 Years On - Why John Calvin Still Matters
July 10, 2009 marks 500 years since the birth of John Calvin in Noyon, France. Dr. Robert Godfrey in an article "Calvin: Why He Still Matters" writes:
There can be no serious doubt that Calvin once mattered. Any honest historian of any point of view and of any religious conviction would agree that Calvin was one of the most important people in the history of western civilization. Not only was he a significant pastor and theologian in the sixteenth century, but the movement of which he was the principal leader led to the building of Reformed and Presbyterian churches with millions of members spread through centuries around the world. Certainly a man whose leadership, theology, and convictions can spark such a movement once mattered.
Historians from a wide range of points of view also acknowledge that Calvin not only mattered in the religious sphere and in the ecclesiastical sphere, but Calvin and Calvinism had an impact on a number of modern phenomena that we take for granted. Calvin is certainly associated with the rise of modern education and the conviction that citizens ought to be educated and that all people ought to be able to read the Bible. Such education was a fruit of the Reformation and Calvin.
Later in the article, concerning Calvin's insights into Christ as our Prophet, Priest and King, Godfrey states:
Calvin is the first in the history of the church to develop the work of Christ in terms of those three offices. Martin Bucer had talked about it but had never developed it. Calvin is the pioneer here. What has Christ done for us? He has been our prophet—he has told us the truth, the full truth of God’s saving plan. What has Christ done for us? He has been our priest—he has offered himself as a sacrifice in our place to cover our sin, that we might belong to him. What has Christ done for us? He has been our king—he has promised us an eternal kingdom that will never pass away and never be shaken into which he will take us by his power. He has also promised us right now that we are citizens of that kingdom. Right now we enjoy his kingship and his care for us. That is his promise to us.
Read more here. - JS | <urn:uuid:69f8dd34-8a78-4a2e-a9fc-f348e36c7c56> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.reformationtheology.com/2009/05/500_years_on_why_john_calvin_s.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00200-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985227 | 475 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Learning Center Lighting Basics Safety Coated Lamps and Animals Many safety coated lamps are coated with a substance called polytetrafluoroethylene, or PTFE. It is also known by the trade name Teflon, and is fundamentally the same substance that many non-stick cooking pans are coated with. When lamps coated with PTFE are burned, a small amount of gas is emitted from the lamp. PTFE has been shown to be safe when used around humans and most animals, but birds have very sensitive respiratory systems and are therefore very susceptible to sickness or death. We strongly recommend against the use of any PTFE coated lamps in areas where birds are kept, such as chicken coops. | <urn:uuid:d14050a6-dc57-4ff1-bab8-fb9f1095afe9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bulbs.com/learning/animalsafety.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972057 | 145 | 3.140625 | 3 |
for Veterans and the Public
Monitor your health
Once you have been diagnosed with HIV, you need to pay closer attention to your health than you did before.
You can keep track of your immune system in two ways. First, have regular lab tests done. Lab tests often can show signs of illness before you have any noticeable symptoms.
Second, listen to what your body is telling you, and be on the alert for signs that something isn't right. Note any change in your health--good or bad. And don't be afraid to call a doctor.
Have regular lab tests
Your doctor will use laboratory tests to check your health. Some of these tests will be done soon after you learn you are HIV positive.
The lab tests look at several things:
- how well your immune system is functioning
- how rapidly HIV is progressing
- certain basic body functions (tests look at your kidneys, liver, cholesterol, and blood cells)
- whether you have other diseases that are associated with HIV
For your first few doctor visits, be prepared to have a lot of blood drawn. Don't worry. You are not going to have so much blood drawn at every appointment.
For information on specific tests, go to the Understanding Laboratory Tests page in this section. | <urn:uuid:81603280-9e07-4bf7-8e20-b3881dec9cc7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hiv.va.gov/patient/diagnosis/steps-monitor-health.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00074-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964098 | 259 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The Volcanic Island of Iceland
Mount Katla is the largest and most dangerous volcano in Iceland.
Iceland sits on top of the boundary between the Eurasian and North American plates.
80% of Iceland’s buildings are heated by geothermal hot springs.
99% of Iceland’s electricity is from renewable sources.
Iceland widens by a couple of centimetres every year.
During the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions, more than 100,000 flights were cancelled, stranding five million travellers across the world. | <urn:uuid:72323d6e-64a1-4046-8902-d5a5052236f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://hiddenjourneys.co.uk/London-Vancouver/Iceland.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937159 | 119 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Hobby-Eberly Telescope Enters Early Operation Phase
2 March 2000
Mount Fowlkes near Fort Davis, Texas: The Board of Directors of the William P. Hobby-Robert E. Eberly Telescope (HET) declared in October that the commissioning phase for the innovative telescope in West Texas had ended, and that the early operations phase had begun.
"Early operations marks the beginning of regular use of the HET for science," says Frank Bash, chairman of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Board, director of McDonald Observatory, and the Frank N. Edmonds, Jr., Regents Professor in Astronomy at the University of Texas at Austin. "This is an important milestone for an unique and powerful new scientific instrument, and we want the astronomical community to know about it."
"Scientists at all institutions participating in the HET have been eagerly anticipating the flow of astronomical data that early operations are now producing. Indeed, the HET is already paying scientific dividends by making contributions in the areas for which it was designed: spectroscopic surveys and time-domain astrophysics," says Larry Ramsey, the HET project scientist and professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State. Ramsey is is one of the original designers of the HET concept, along with Daniel Weedman, formerly at Penn State and now at the National Science Foundation Division of Astronomical Science."
Adds Thomas G. Barnes III, associate director of McDonald Observatory, who led the commissioning team, "We are especially delighted that the early weeks of operations for the telescope have yielded exciting results that hint at the kind of capability the telescope will have when it is in full operation."
The HET contains the world's largest primary mirror, measuring 11 meters (433 inches) from edge to edge. Due to its innovative design, the HET was built and commissioned for $15 million, a fraction of the cost of other comparable telescopes. The HET was constructed and is operated by a consortium of five universities: the University of Texas at Austin; Pennsylvania State University (Penn State); Stanford University; and two German universities, Georg-August University in Goettingen and Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich.
Because of the way the Hobby-Eberly Telescope will be used, 9.2 meters (362 inches) of its surface will be accessible at any given time. Thus, the Hobby-Eberly Telescope is effectively the third-largest telescope in the world, after the twin 10-meter (393-inch) Keck I and Keck II telescopes in Hawaii.
The HET attained "first light" in December 1996 and "first spectrum" in September 1997. It was dedicated in October 1997. The telescope's commissioning phase, during which the telescope's sophisticated optical, mechanical, and electrical systems were de-bugged, integrated, and optimized for science operations, lasted until October 1999. In early operations, the telescope will be used for scientific research for half of each month. So far, the telescope is operating with the Marcario Low-Resolution Spectrograph, designed and built by a team led by Gary Hill and Phillip MacQueen of McDonald Observatory, and the Upgraded Fiber Optic Echelle spectrograph, an instrument built at Penn State by Larry Ramsey and Penn State graduate students Jason Harlow and David Andersen. A high-resolution spectrograph, designed and built by a team led by Robert Tull of McDonald Observatory, will be installed in early 2000, to be followed by a medium-resolution spectrograph, being constructed under the direction of Larry Ramsey.
Users of the HET report exciting results. The first paper based on observations with the HET was recently accepted by the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and will appear in the January 2000 issue. Donald Schneider, professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State; Gary Hill, of Texas; and Xiaohui Fan, a graduate student at Princeton University, have led a project to obtain HET spectra of high-redshift quasar candidates found by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). During this past spring, five quasars with redshifts between 2.9 and 4.2 were discovered by observations with the LRS. This work has continued through the fall, and the HET has observed more than a dozen distant quasar candidates in the past few weeks.
Edward L. Robinson, the William B. Blakemore II Regents Professor in Astronomy at the University of Texas at Austin, has used the HET to observe a new X-ray star in visible light. The X-ray properties of the new star, named J1859+226, show that it is probably a black hole that has begun to swallow gas pulled off a normal star orbiting around the black hole.
New X-ray stars, called X-ray transients, are rare. About one X-ray transient erupts per year in our galaxy. J1859+226 erupted a week after the beginning of Early Operations on the HET. Because objects observed with the HET are chosen dynamically and in real time (the HET is "queue scheduled"), Robinson was able to begin observing J1859+226 as soon as it was identified at visible wavelengths, several days before the peak of the eruption. He continued observing J1859+226 every one or two days for the next six weeks. The HET observations are a unique contribution to understanding how black holes attract and swallow matter.
The namesakes of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope are William P. Hobby, the former Lieutenant Governor of Texas, and Robert E. Eberly of Pennsylvania, an industrialist and philanthropist. The HET stands on Mount Fowlkes at McDonald Observatory in far West Texas, which has the darkest skies of any major observatory in the continental United States.
The Hobby-Eberly Telescope: A joint project of The University of Texas at Austin, The Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Stanford University, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and Georg-August-Unversität Göttingen | <urn:uuid:d2e4b11d-78de-4672-946f-768ac8476151> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mcdonaldobservatory.org/news/releases/2000/0302.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940897 | 1,253 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Managing an Agent's Web of Beliefs
"An information system characterizes a view of the world with which it interacts, and broadly speaking, its input can take two forms; a query or an impetus for change. Physically the information held by an information system might be a diagram, a graph, a spreadsheet, a database, a rulebase, or a more sophisticated cognitive entity. More often than not, information is uncertain and subject to change; this is the case even for simple database systems. Consequently an information system requires a mechanism for modifying its view as more information about the world is acquired."
- Mary-Anne Williams. Tutorial: Belief Revision: Modeling The Dynamics Of Information Systems, 1995.
"Intelligent agents, like robots and infobots, have to manage beliefs about the world in order to achieve their design goals. We all know that beliefs can sometimes be wrong, so intelligent agents need to be able to revise beliefs when they acquire new information that contradicts their old beliefs. Belief Revision capabilities are crucially important for sound decision making and effective communication. In fact, belief revision is fundamental to an intelligent agent's being! This website is designed to provide useful resources and pointers into the world of Belief Revision."
- Belief Revision Organization. Resources include: conference information, publications, software, and tutorials.
"We mourn the cancellation of what was arguably to have been the highlight of the Pacific Rim conference on Artificial Intelligence in Tokyo last week. Still, if the organisers of the International Workshop on Belief Change can't change their minds, who can?"
- Feedback column September 7, 2002. New Scientist (Vol. 175; pg. 108). | <urn:uuid:c56584f3-83a8-4b3f-98dc-2e5e5eed8756> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://aitopics.org/topic/belief-revision | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907673 | 337 | 2.859375 | 3 |
ACHIEVING PLAYGROUND SAFETY
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission has compiled a safety checklist for playgrounds at schools and other public spaces:
Make sure surfaces around playground equipment have at least 12 inches of wood chips, mulch, sand or pea gravel, or are mats made of safety-tested rubber or rubber-like materials.
Protective surfacing should extend at least 6 feet in all directions from play equipment. For swings, be sure the surfacing extends, in back and front, twice the height of the suspending bar.
Make sure play structures more than 30 inches high are spaced at least 9 feet apart.
Check for dangerous hardware, such as open “S” hooks or protruding bolt ends.
Make sure spaces that could trap children, such as openings in guardrails or between ladder rungs, measure less than 3.5 inches or more than 9 inches.
Check for sharp points or edges in equipment.
Look out for tripping hazards, such as exposed concrete footings, tree stumps and rocks.
Make sure elevated surfaces, such as platforms and ramps, have guardrails to prevent falls.
Check playgrounds regularly to see that equipment and surfacing are in good condition.
Carefully supervise children on playgrounds to make sure they're safe.
The National Program for Playground Safety (NPPS) has been awarded a $500,000 grant from the Iowa Legislature to study the safety of playground surfacing material manufactured in Iowa.
The program, based at the University of Northern Iowa, will examine how playground-surfacing mats created from recycled tires affect playground safety.
“Our primary reason for pursuing this project is improving safety on the playground since falls account for 70 percent of playground injuries,” says Donna Thompson, NPPS director.
Playgrounds often are surfaced with wood chips, sand or pea gravel, but the NPPS says that rubber surfacing offers several advantages. The cushioning effect of other materials decreases over time because of displacement by children or the elements; rubber mats offer uniform coverage that lasts longer. The mats also improve playground accessibility for children with disabilities.
Rubber mats will be installed at randomly chosen school playgrounds throughout Iowa. The NPPS will track injury information for one year after installation and then report the results.
MORE PLAYGROUNDS NEEDED
Children and adolescents in the United States do not have adequate access to playgrounds, according to a Gallup survey.
The 2003 study found that only one in two households believes the playground nearest to their home is in very good condition and well-maintained. It also found that less than half of American children have a playground within walking distance of their homes. One in three of those responding said there are not enough playgrounds in their community to serve the population of children living there.
The random survey of 1,200 persons nationwide was conducted by Gallup in 2003 and sponsored by KaBoom! and The Home Depot.
KaBoom! is a not-for-profit organization that brings individuals, civic groups, businesses and foundations together to build much-needed, safe playgrounds. From its founding in 1995 through the end of 2003, KaBoom! created more than 600 playgrounds and improved 1,300 others at schools and other community sites.
|Several times a week||24%|
|Once a week||17%|
|Several times a month||18%|
|Once a month||14%|
|Less than once a month||14%|
|Not at all||7%|
|(Figures rounded) |
Source: 2003 Gallup Playground Study, commissioned by KaBoom! and The Home Depot | <urn:uuid:d1445469-8b4b-4c41-bef5-e8fa02da5512> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://asumag.com/mag/inside-playgrounds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947415 | 764 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Functional languages require infrastructure that inevitably adds overheads over what can theoretically be attained using assembler by hand. In particular, first-class lexical closures only work well with garbage collection because they allow values to be carried out of scope.
Beware of self selection. C acts as a lowest common denominator in benchmark suites, limiting what can be accomplished. If you have a benchmark comparing C with a functional language then it is almost certainly an extremely simple program. Arguably so simple that it is of little practical relevance today. It is not practically feasible to solve more complicated problems using C for a mere benchmark.
The most obvious example of this is parallelism. Today, we all have multicores. Even my phone is a multicore. Multicore parallelism is notoriously difficult in C but can be easy in functional languages (I like F#). Other examples include anything that benefits from persistent data structures, e.g. undo buffers are trivial with purely functional data structures but can be a huge amount of work in imperative languages like C.
Functional languages will seem slower than C because you'll only ever see benchmarks comparing code that is easy enough to write well in C and you'll never see benchmarks comparing meatier tasks where functional languages start to excel.
However, you've correctly identified what is probably the single biggest bottleneck in functional languages today: their excessive allocation rates. Nice work!
The reasons why functional languages allocate so heavily can be split into historical and inherent reasons.
Historically, Lisp implementations have been doing a lot of boxing for 50 years now. This characteristic spread to many other languages which use Lisp-like intermediate representations. Over the years, language implementers have continually resorted to boxing as a quick fix for complications in language implementation. In object oriented languages, the default has been to always heap allocate every object even when it can obviously be stack allocated. The burden of efficiency was then pushed onto the garbage collector and a huge amount of effort has been put into building garbage collectors that can attain performance close to that of stack allocation, typically by using a bump-allocating nursery generation. I think that a lot more effort should be put into researching functional language designs that minimize boxing and garbage collector designs that are optimized for different requirements.
Generational garbage collectors are great for languages that heap allocate a lot because they can be almost as fast as stack allocation. But they add substantial overheads elsewhere. Today's programs are increasingly using data structures like queues (e.g. for concurrent programming) and these give pathological behaviour for generational garbage collectors. If the items in the queue outlive the first generation then they all get marked, then they all get copied ("evacuated"), then all of the references to their old locations get updated and then they become eligible for collection. This is about 3× slower than it needs to be (e.g. compared to C). Mark region collectors like Beltway (2002) and Immix (2008) have the potential to solve this problem because the nursery is replaced with a region that can either be collected as if it were a nursery or, if it contains mostly reachable values, it can be replaced with another region and left to age until it contains mostly unreachable values.
Despite the pre-existence of C++, the creators of Java made the mistake of adopting type erasure for generics, leading to unnecessary boxing. For example, I benchmarked a simple hash table running 17× faster on .NET than the JVM partly because .NET did not make this mistake (it uses reified generics) and also because .NET has value types. I actually blame Lisp for making Java slow.
All modern functional language implementations continue to box excessively. JVM-based languages like Clojure and Scala have little choice because the VM they target cannot even express value types. OCaml sheds type information early in its compilation process and resorts to tagged integers and boxing at run-time to handle polymorphism. Consequently, OCaml will often box individual floating point numbers and always boxes tuples. For example, a triple of bytes in OCaml is represented by a pointer (with an implicit 1-bit tag embedded in it that gets checked repeatedly at run-time) to a heap-allocated block with a 64 bit header and 192 bit body containing three tagged 63-bit integers (where the 3 tags are, again, repeatedly examined at run time!). This is clearly insane.
Some work has been done on unboxing optimizations in functional languages but it never really gained traction. For example, the MLton compiler for Standard ML was a whole-program optimizing compiler that did sophisticated unboxing optimizations. Sadly, it was before its time and the "long" compilation times (probably under 1s on a modern machine!) deterred people from using it.
The only major platform to have broken this trend is .NET but, amazingly, it appears to have been an accident. Despite having a Dictionary implementation very heavily optimized for keys and values that are of value types (because they are unboxed) Microsoft employees like Eric Lippert continue to claim that the important thing about value types is their pass-by-value semantics and not the performance characteristics that stem from their unboxed internal representation. Eric seems to have been proven wrong: more .NET developers seem to care about unboxing than pass-by-value. Indeed, most structs are immutable and, therefore, referentially transparent so there is no semantic difference between pass-by-value and pass-by-reference. Performance is visible and structs can offer massive performance improvements. The performance of structs even saved Stack Overflow and structs are used to avoid GC latency in commercial software like Rapid Addition's!
The other reason for heavy allocation by functional languages is inherent. Imperative data structures like hash tables use huge monolithic arrays internally. If these were persistent then the huge internal arrays would need to be copied every time an update was made. So purely functional data structures like balanced binary trees are fragmented into many little heap-allocated blocks in order to facilitate reuse from one version of the collection to the next.
Clojure uses a neat trick to alleviate this problem when collections like dictionaries are only written to during initialization and are then read from a lot. In this case, the initialization can use mutation to build the structure "behind the scenes". However, this does not help with incremental updates and the resulting collections are still substantially slower to read than their imperative equivalents. On the up-side, purely functional data structures offer persistence whereas imperative ones do not. However, few practical applications benefit from persistence in practice so this is often not advantageous. Hence the desire for impure functional languages where you can drop to imperative style effortlessly and reap the benefits. | <urn:uuid:cd3c8dcf-c883-4bb6-8119-cfc9b5286778> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://flyingfrogblog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/are-functional-languages-inherently.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94052 | 1,373 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Resurgence and Strategy of Chinese Popular Religion in North Rural China
Dr. FAN Lizhu
Since 1979, with the ending of the Cultural Revolution and the beginning of the economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping, a massive resurgence and re-invention of local ritual traditions, perhaps the greatest in history, has taken place across China. The revival of folk religion at the village level is not simply taken as the result of gambles between the state and people. Rather the revival is a much more complex process of interaction among different social forces and cultural-historical resources, in which temple and folk religions are taken as a source of considerable cultural capital. This research focuses on devotional beliefs and rituals that are alive in the practices of ordinary Chinese people today, and are especially present in rural temples and as a characteristic as local devotion. The research is based on the data from ethnographical studies in rural areas of northern China in recent years.
Fan Lizhu holds a B.A. and an M.A. in history (both from Nankai U. China) and PhD in sociology from Chinese University of Hong Kong. She is Professor of Sociology and Associate Dean of School of Social Development and Public Policy at Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Teaching and research areas: Sociology of Religion, Religion in Chinese Society.
“Created Equal” or “Born Equal”: An Issue in Intercultural Communication
Dr. CHEN Na
That “all men are created equal” has become an unquestionable motto in American culture. Once it is translated into Chinese, however, it reads “all men are born equal.” The inherent meaning of the Christian belief - human beings are created by God and all men are equal in the sense that they are all creatures of God - cannot find its “equivalent” in the cultural context of the Chinese language. The cultural barrier in the translation of “all men are created equal” into Chinese is extremely difficult, if possible at all, to overcome. As a result, its Chinese version - all men are born equal - is a twisted translation. This twisted translation is consequential. To a great extent, the democratic system proposed by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence finds its justification in the abovementioned Christian belief. Can we expect the Chinese to establish or accept a democratic system based on the justification that “all men are born equal”, meanwhile it is more likely that “all men are born unequal” in a “typical” Chinese society?
Chen Na holds a B.A. in English language and literature and an M.A. in comparative literature (both from Peking University, China), an M.A. in communications (U. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, U.S.), and an M.A. and PhD in sociology from Temple University, Philadelphia, U.S. He is Associate Professor of Communication and Academic Advisor for International Programs at the School of Journalism at Fudan University.
Teaching and research areas: Intercultural Communications, Comparative Study of Cultures.
November 30, 2009
Room 301. 3F, Building 10
Lecture in English (No translation provided)
No registration required
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announcements appearing in this service. (Administration) | <urn:uuid:0d832747-7764-4d6c-8336-3ca8fcae3f68> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.h-net.org/announce/show.cgi?ID=172101 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947253 | 752 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What Medical Scientists Do
Medical scientists design and conduct studies to investigate human diseases, and methods to prevent and treat them.
Medical scientists conduct research aimed at improving overall human health. They often use clinical trials and other investigative methods to reach their findings.
Medical scientists typically do the following:
- Design and conduct studies that investigate both human diseases and methods to prevent and treat them
- Prepare and analyze medical samples and data to investigate causes and treatment of toxicity, pathogens, or chronic diseases
- Standardize drug potency, doses, and methods to allow for the mass manufacturing and distribution of drugs and medicinal compounds
- Create and test medical devices
- Develop programs that improve health outcomes, in partnership with health departments, industry personnel, and physicians
- Write research grant proposals and apply for funding from government agencies and private funding sources
- Follow procedures to avoid contamination and maintain safety
Many medical scientists form hypotheses and develop experiments, with little supervision. They often lead teams of technicians, and sometimes students, who perform support tasks. For example, a medical scientist working in a university laboratory may have undergraduate assistants take measurements and make observations for the scientist’s research.
Medical scientists study the causes of diseases and other health problems. For example, a medical scientist who does cancer research might put together a combination of drugs that could slow the cancer’s progress. A clinical trial may be done to test the drugs. A medical scientist may work with licensed physicians to test the new combination on patients who are willing to participate in the study.
In a clinical trial, patients agree to help determine if a particular drug, a combination of drugs, or some other medical intervention works. Without knowing which group they are in, patients in a drug-related clinical trial receive either the trial drug or a placebo—a pill or injection that looks like the trial drug but does not actually contain the drug.
Medical scientists analyze the data from all the patients in the clinical trial, to see how the trial drug performed. They compare the results with those obtained from the control group that took the placebo, and they analyze the attributes of the participants. After they complete their analysis, medical scientists may write about and publish their findings.
Medical scientists do research both to develop new treatments and to try to prevent health problems. For example, they may study the link between smoking and lung cancer or between diet and diabetes.
Medical scientists who work in private industry usually have to research the topics that benefit their company the most, rather than investigate their own interests. Although they may not have the pressure of writing grant proposals to get money for their research, they may have to explain their research plans to nonscientist managers or executives.
Medical scientists usually specialize in an area of research. The following are examples of types of medical scientists:
Cancer researchers research the causes of cancers, as well as ways to prevent and cure cancers. They may specialize in one or more types of cancer.
Clinical and medical informaticians develop new ways to use large datasets. They look for explanations of health outcomes through the statistical analysis of data.
Clinical pharmacologists research, develop, and test current and new drugs. They investigate the full effects that drugs have on human health. Their interests may range from understanding specific molecules to the effects that drugs have on large populations.
Gerontologists study the changes that people go through as they get older. Medical scientists who specialize in this field seek to understand the biology of aging and investigate ways to improve the quality of our later years.
Immunochemists investigate the reactions and effects that various chemicals and drugs have on the human immune system.
Neuroscientists study the brain and nervous system.
Research histologists have a specific skill set that is used to study human tissue. They investigate how tissue grows, heals, and dies, and may investigate grafting techniques that can help people who have experienced serious injury.
Serologists research fluids found in the human body, such as blood and saliva. Applied serologists often work in forensic science. For more information on forensic science, see the profile on forensic science technicians.
Toxicologists research the harmful effects of drugs, household chemicals, and other potentially poisonous substances. They seek to ensure the safety of drugs, radiation, and other treatments by investigating safe dosage limits. | <urn:uuid:532ccccc-aa9e-4b4f-83ce-ccf13a5a0656> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/medical-scientists.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954515 | 872 | 3.625 | 4 |
|Hyperthyroidism in Cats
Contributed by Southwest Veterinary Oncology, PLLC
|Diagnosis and Clinical Signs of Hyperthyroidism in Cats
Hyperthyroidism is one of the most common endocrine disorders diagnosed in cats. Hyperthyroid cats will often present with
weight loss, increased appetite, vomiting or signs of hypertension. Thyroid testing will usually reveal an elevated T4 level
but some cats can have borderline bloodwork and still be truly hyperthyroid cats. The vast majority of cats (90-95%) will
have a benign, functional thyroid adenoma that will produce excessive thyroid hormone but has no risk of metastasis. A
very small percentage of cats will have a thyroid carcinoma which will also respond to treatment with I-131 although a larger
dose will be required and there is a chance of metastatic disease. A significant number of cats will also be hypertensive.
Hyperthyroidism in cats will often mask underlying renal disease (see below). For this reason we recommend full bloodwork
and a urinalysis prior to treatment.
Treatment Options for Hyperthyroid Cats
Hyperthyroid cats can be treated surgically, medically or with radioactive iodine therapy. Surgery has some risk associated
with it as these are older, often hypertensive patients in a hypermetabolic state. When bilateral disease is present it also
carries the risk of damaging the parathyroid glands which can result in life-threatening changes in calcium homeostasis.
Post-surgically, cats may require thyroid supplementation and close monitoring and adjustment of calcium levels long term.
Medical management of hyperthyroidism involves the use of methimazole (Tapazole) to decrease the production of active
thyroid hormone. It does not have any anti-tumor activity, but only controls the clinical signs. Most cats will require
increases in their dose over time as the tumor will continue to increase in size, and it needs to be given daily for the
remainder of the cat’s life. Approximately one out of six of cats will have gastrointestinal side effects, and CBC’s must be
monitored for evidence of bone marrow dyscrasias .
Treatment with radioactive I-131 is the only option to specifically treat the dysfunctional thyroid tissue with minimal impact on
any remaining normal tissue.
How I-131 Works
Treatment involves giving an IV injection of a radioactive form of iodine (I-131). The only tissue in the body that actively
uptakes this iodine is thyroid tissue which is actively producing the thyroid hormone. Any normal thyroid tissue that is
present is atrophied and inactive, therefore it is largely spared. The I-131 will also be taken up by the ectopic functional
In order to verify that a functional mass is present, to measure the mass, and to identify any possible ectopic or metastatic
tissue a pre-treatment scan with technetium is indicated. I-131 is a very safe drug with a low chance of overdosing the
patient; the greater concern is under dosing the patient resulting in the need for a second treatment. The tech scan allows
us to accurately identify those cats that require a higher than average dose, and is particular useful in cats that have a long
history of treatment or are very difficult to manage on medical treatments. In asymptomatic cats that are diagnosed on
routine bloodwork, a scan is not required if finances are a concern.
To visualize a thyroid nodule, a dose of a very low strength radioactive tracer (Technetium-99m) is given intravenously and
a scan of the cat is obtained with a gamma camera. The radioactive tracer will concentrate in any abnormal, functional
thyroid tissues and allows us to confirm the diagnosis, evaluate whether disease is unilateral or bilateral, roughly quantitate
the amount of abnormal tissue present, identify any ectopic sites and look for evidence of malignancy such as invasion or
metastasis to regional lymph nodes. All of these factors are used to determine the dose necessary to effectively treat the
I-131 Treatment Protocol
The tech scan is performed on a Wednesday or Thursday after the initial appointment. Patients will come in the morning,
meet with the veterinarian, and then have the scan done later that day. The radiation oncologist will examine the patient as
well as previous bloodwork and urinalysis, and interpret the scan that day to assess for presence of abnormal tissue, size
and location of the thyroid mass(es) and determine the appropriate treatment dose to be given. Due to the low radioactivity
of the technetium (half life of 6 hours), the patient will only need to stay overnight and can go home the following morning.
The patient will return the following Monday morning to receive their I-131 treatment. Since the radioactive strength of this
drug is significant (half life of 8 days), patients will need to stay in the hospital in a dedicated radiation ward while the drug
decays to safe levels for release to the public. The average patient will need to stay in the hospital for 4-5 days and can
usually be sent home on Thursday or Friday of that treatment week. The occasional cat will need to stay in isolation longer
depending on the dose given. Starting on Wednesday of the week of treatment, cats are scanned daily to determine their
radiation level and when they can be released.
Since the pet is eliminating radioactive material during the treatment week, there is no visitation allowed for the owners
therefore we will call them daily with updates. The pets are taken care of 24 hours a day by veterinary personnel trained in
radiation safety. Any toys or personal objects brought in with the cat cannot be returned to owners and need to be
disposed of properly following state regulations.
Once the cat’s radioactive emissions drop to an acceptable level (set by state and federal agencies) the pet can be
released to the owner. We advise keeping the pet indoors for two weeks following treatment. During this time the owners
should not spend significant time with the cat on their laps or neck and should avoid contact with children and pregnant
women. Contact with other pets is fine.
Treatment Results and Follow-up
Greater than 90% of cats undergoing treatment with I-131 will become euthyroid within one to three months following
treatment. Recheck T4 values at one month can be normal, low or elevated. Recheck thyroid values at three months
should be within normal range. A small number (2%- 8%) of animals will remain hyperthyroid and will need a second
treatment in the future. There are also a small number (<10%) of cats that become hypothyroid and need daily
supplementation long term.
Hyperthyroidism and Renal Disease
Hyperthyroidism in cats can frequently mask underlying chronic renal disease. True kidney function cannot be accurately
assessed until the cat is treated and has normal thyroid function. A rough idea of kidney function may be identified by a
Tapazole trial for several weeks prior to I-131 treatment. It is given as an option to owners that would not treat their cat if
they discover that underlying renal insufficiency is present. The feline kidneys seem to be very sensitive to high and low
thyroid levels, so our goal is always to return them to normal. Cats with thyroid levels that remain less than 1.0 mg/dl should
be supplemented. We will obtain full bloodwork and a urinalysis prior to treatment (this can be done at either the family vet
or here during workup). We recommend recheck bloodwork and urinalysis at one month and three months post treatment.
Potential renal function issues will be discussed in detail with owners prior to starting treatment. Mild renal disease and/or
hypertension are not contraindications to treatment with I-131.
Hyperthyroidism in Cats (by Michigan Veterinary Specialists)
Thyroid Tumors in Cats (by Veterinary Society of Surgical Oncology)
|PET CANCER CENTER
Comprehensive guide to cancer diagnosis and treatment in cats and dogs | <urn:uuid:1b418ccc-74c2-4da2-85d2-e15affa25bee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://petcancercenter.org/Cancer_Types_thyroid_cats.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927126 | 1,694 | 2.8125 | 3 |
About six weeks ago the Times reported on museum directors’ wages, finding something of a gender gap:
Women run just a quarter of the biggest art museums in the United States and Canada, and they earn about a third less than their male counterparts, according to a report released on Friday by the Association of Art Museum Directors, a professional organization.
The group examined salary data on the 217 members it had last year through the prism of gender, for the first time. The report noted strides made by women at small and midsize museums, with budgets under $15 million, often university or contemporary-art institutions. Here, women have basically achieved parity, holding nearly half of the directorships and earning just about the same as men. But the gap is glaring at big institutions, those with budgets over $15 million: Only 24 percent are led by women, and they make 29 percent less than their male peers.
And just five of the 33 most prominent art museums — those with budgets greater than $20 million — have women at the helm.
In the mail today I received the latest issue of the American Economic Review, and this issue contains the Presidential Address given by labor economist Claudia Goldin, “A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter“, that builds upon a significant body of research (this is not a one-off piece), on how women’s wages have converged towards men’s, yet with still a gap to be explained. It’s a fascinating essay, and I will try to do it justice in this post.
Let’s focus on educated men and women in the US. During the twentieth century women’s investments in education rose, catching up or even surpassing men in many professions (as we see in current enrollments in professional and graduate degrees), and also their work experience, which is also a predictor of wages. But wage gaps develop, and widen, as workers age. Why? We know that women tend more than men to reduce their working hours, or temporarily leave the workforce, when having children. Well, if someone works fewer hours we expect them to have lower annual earnings. But Professor Goldin finds that something more is at play – the change in hours does not have a linear effect on earnings. In many high-pressure occupations, those who put in seventy-hour weeks earn more than twice as much as those who put in thirty-five-hour weeks. Furthermore, those whose hours they must spend at the workplace are not flexible tend to earn more than those in professions where hours can easily be varied. Inflexibility tends to come in jobs where (1) the worker needs to be at work when others are there, and (2) where there are fewer easy ways to substitute one employee for another, say because there are certain aspects of the job that only one person is really familiar with.
An interesting case is the profession of pharmacy. There is virtually no gender gap in wages for this highly skilled job. But it is also true that it is a task where one pharmacist can easily substitute for another, more worksharing is possible, and the pharmacist who works sixty hours per week is not more productive, per hour, than the one who works thirty hours per week. The same pattern would be found in, say, a small, general, legal practice. But it would not be the case in a large, corporate law firm, where flexible hours, or lower hours, could be seen as more problematic. She writes, in her conclusion, “A flexible schedule often comes at a high price, particularly in the corporate, financial, and legal worlds.”
Are there reasons to have optimism? She continues:
There are many occupations and sectors that have moved in the direction of less costly flexibility. Firms in many sectors, including healthcare, retail sales, banking, brokerage, and real estate, are making their employees better substitutes for each other and trying to convince clients of that. When clients perceive there is a greater degree of substitutability among workers, a more linear payment schedule emerges.
And that means that the employee with fewer hours per week, or who takes time out of the labor force for a spell, continues to earn the same amount per hour.
If I look at the art world – and this is speculative on my part, I don’t have the data or research at hand – I wonder what parts of the sector tend to have the “linear” pay schedules, where flexibility in hours does not require the worker to pay a price for it, and what parts come with a significant degree of inflexibility, together with a demand for sixty or seventy hours per week, and how this influences patterns of pay between genders. Good thesis topic, yes? | <urn:uuid:5af253c5-23f9-4d1f-bf0d-7e278a4da1ac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.artsjournal.com/worth/2014/04/the-gender-gap-in-wages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970585 | 973 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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SAT Regular Math - Question #2
Information provided by www.kaptest.com
An amusement park charges $8 for an adults' ticket, and $6 for a children's ticket. On a certain day, a total of 150 tickets were sold for a total cost of $1020. How many more children's tickets were sold than adults' tickets?
Back to the introduction to the SAT | <urn:uuid:49eb360b-8505-4616-aa18-6946757af76b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.math.com/students/kaplan/sat_intro/sample_qs/rm_sample_qs/rm2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94984 | 102 | 2.578125 | 3 |
how I make the numbers in descending order ? how I make the numbers in descendingorder ? public class Quiz1...]+" ");
how I make the numbers in descendingorder ?
The given code allow the user to enter 20 numbers and display them in descendingorder
Ascending or descending order - JSP-Servlet
in asc order and show.so how to do it in jsp please help me sir.......
Thanks...Ascending or descending order I have a table by name employee... fields in a column empid,fstname,lastname
1 for asc and another for desc order
MySQL Order By
It will show the result set in the descendingorder of emp...;
Here, you will learn how to use MySQL Order By clause. The Order By clause is used for sorting the data either
ascending or descendingorder according to user
Mysql ASC Order
Mysql ASC Order
Mysql ASC Order is used to sort the result set by ascending or descendingorder. The Order by CLAUSE sort the result by specified column.
PHP SQL ORDER BY
This example illustrates how to execute query with ORDER BY clause
in the php... in
the ascending order or descendingorder. By default, the it is taken in
ascending order... in descendingorder, "DESC"
keyword is used. ORDER BY clause is used
Mysql Date Order
Understand with Example
The Tutorial illustrate an example...)
Query for viewing the date field in descendingorder
using order by:-
The below Query return you the sorted records from a
table by the descendingorder of field
how to ajax components are synchronized how to ajax components are synchronized How to ajax components are synchronized
Ajax consist of set of technologies to get the data... is responsible to getting the server data.
Please read Ajax First Example.
order order write a java code to enter order of number of chocolates(bar,powder,giftbox) in arraylist.
Also consider exceptional cases like entering integer in name
use try,catch ,throw to deal with exception
SQL ORDER BY
The ORDER BY keyword sort the table result set by a specified column.
You.... If you want to sort the records in descendingorder, you can use...
in descendingorder by Stu_Id.
SELECT Stu_Id, Stu_Name, Stu_Class
how set data in a dialog howset data in a dialog Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button1);
how to set background image how to set background image how to set image in background in that image i want over lay text how it possible in jsp?
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Navigable Set Example
: 10 20 30 50 80 100
Descendingorder navigable set: [100, 80, 50, 30, 20... the elements in ascending order, descendingorder, also to
retrieve the element... the NavigableSet in descendingorder. If you want to get
the data in ascending order
how to solve 'Stop Running This Script' Error ? how to solve 'Stop Running This Script' Error ? Hi..
When opened the page on IE browser(version : 8.0),it gives an java script error (i.e.Stop Running This Script).
I have used jsp/servlet for this.
Please help to resolved
How to set NSZombieEnabled iPhone How to set NSZombieEnabled iPhone Hi,
In my application I have to find and fix the object release issue. How to set NSZombieEnabled iPhone to find the bugs?
Please see the thread NSZombieEnabled iPhone
UINavigationController how to set title
UINavigationController how to set title I want to set the tile of the UINavigationController when a view is displayed once new view is pushed.
You should use the following code
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i am dispalaing videos in two table coloumn,if the video in one coloumn is clicked,it should be played in another coloumn.
plzz suggest any idea
How to index a given paragraph in alphabetical order How to index a given paragraph in alphabetical order Write a java program to index a given paragraph. Paragraph should be obtained during runtime. The output should be the list of all the available indices.
how to set image - EJB how to set image public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping... in this pdf, how can i set pls help me sir,
my image in E:/rose.jpg,how can set this jpg to my pdf file | <urn:uuid:64629df9-55bf-4837-ab97-327689cf5993> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.roseindia.net/answers/viewqa/Ajax/31822-how-to-set-running-watch-with-descending-order-in-applycation-with-ajax-.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.758205 | 1,011 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Pseudo-nitzschia is a pennate diatom of global importance due to its production of the neurotoxin domoic acid that can cause Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning and Domoic Acid Poisoning. It has been recorded from nearly every major marine and estuarine environment and domoic acid has been found in the tissue or feces of organisms in multiple trophic levels in the oceans. Studies show that blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are increasing in frequency and duration due to changes in coastal nutrients (Anderson et al. 2002, Dortch et al. 1997, Parsons et al. 2002). It is often found in areas of upwelling or nutrient enrichment. The genus can be recognized by its characteristic "step-chain" formation. Approximately 12 Pseudo-nitzschia species are documented domoic acid producers. On the west coast of the United States, the major DA producers are P. australis, P. multiseries and P. cf. pseudodelicatissima (could be P. cuspidata; Adams et al. 2000, Stehr et al. 2002, Lundholm et al. 2003, Bates & Trainer 2006). Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima, P. seriata and P. calliantha have caused DA contamination in shellfish in Atlantic Canada (Bates et al. 1998, Bates & Trainer 2006). In Europe, the toxigenic species are P. seriata, P. australis and P. multiseries (Bates & Trainer 2006). In New Zealand P. australis is the main source of domoic acid (Rhodes et al. 1998). The reason for domoic acid production is not fully understood. Laboratory analyses show cultures of Pseudo-nitzschia produce domoic acid under silicate or phosphate limitation, but not nitrogen or light limitation. Field studies in the Pacific Ocean and laboratory studies have found increased domoic acid production under conditions of iron limitation. More information about domoic acid production under nutrient stress can be found in Bates (1998), Maldonado et al. (2002), Wells et al. (2005), Bates et al. (2000), Pan et al. 1998), Pan et al. (1996) and Trainer et al. (2009).
No one has provided updates yet. | <urn:uuid:f990f1d6-5230-4516-be97-0b7852b00888> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eol.org/data_objects/17781531 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851174 | 500 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Definitions for pastpæst, pɑst
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word past
past, past times, yesteryear(noun)
the time that has elapsed
"forget the past"
a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret)
"reporters dug into the candidate's past"
past, past tense(adj)
a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past
earlier than the present time; no longer current
"time past"; "his youth is past"; "this past Thursday"; "the past year"
past(a), preceding(a), retiring(a)(adverb)
of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office
"a retiring member of the board"
so as to pass a given point
"every hour a train goes past"
The period of time that has already happened, in contrast to the present and the future.
The past tense.
in a direction that passes
I watched him walk past
Having already happened; in the past; finished.
Following expressions of time to indicate how long ago something happened; ago.
Of a period of time: having just gone by; previous.
during the past year
Of a tense, expressing action that has already happened or a previously-existing state.
beyond in place, quantity or time
of or pertaining to a former time or state; neither present nor future; gone by; elapsed; ended; spent; as, past troubles; past offences
a former time or state; a state of things gone by
beyond, in position, or degree; further than; beyond the reach or influence of
beyond, in time; after; as, past the hour
above; exceeding; more than
by; beyond; as, he ran past
Origin: [From Pass, v.]
The past is a term used to indicate the totality of events which occurred before a given point in time. The past is contrasted with and defined by the present and the future. The concept of the past is derived from the linear fashion in which human observers experience time, and is accessed through memory and recollection. In addition, human beings have recorded the past since the advent of written language. The past is the object of such fields as history, archaeology, archaeoastronomy, chronology, geology, historical geology, historical linguistics, law, ontology, paleontology, paleobotany, paleoethnobotany, palaeogeography, paleoclimatology, and cosmology.
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
past, pa.p. of Pass.—adj. gone by: elapsed: ended: now retired from service: in time already passed.—prep. farther than: out of reach of: no longer capable of.—adv. by.—The past, that which has passed, esp. time.
British National Corpus
Spoken Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'past' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #1133
Written Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'past' in Written Corpus Frequency: #521
Rank popularity for the word 'past' in Nouns Frequency: #552
Rank popularity for the word 'past' in Adverbs Frequency: #285
Rank popularity for the word 'past' in Adjectives Frequency: #138
APTS, pats, spat, stap, taps
The numerical value of past in Chaldean Numerology is: 7
The numerical value of past in Pythagorean Numerology is: 2
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
Images & Illustrations of past
Translations for past
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- الماضي, ماضٍArabic
- minulý, minulostCzech
- Vergangenheit, Präteritum, vergangen, vorbeiGerman
- παρελθών, τα περασμένα, πρότερος, παρελθόν, πρωτύτερος, περασμένος, πρώην, αόριστος, τέως, επέκεινα, πέρα, παρελθοντικόςGreek
- preter, estintecoEsperanto
- pretérito, pasadoSpanish
- mennyt, ohi, menneisyys, yli, viime, imperfekti, jälkeenFinnish
- dernière, passé, passée, dernier, aprèsFrench
- tar éis, i ndiaidh, caiteIrish
- seach, an dèidh, seachadScottish Gaelic
- múlt, múlt időHungarian
- 過去形, 過去, 過去時制Japanese
- 과거형, 지나간, 이전의, 과거, 過去, 과거의Korean
- pagātne, pagājisLatvian
- passat, passataMaltese
- verleden tijd, voorbije, verleden, voorbij, verder, vervlogene, afgelopenDutch
- preteritum, forbi, bortenfor, fortidNorwegian
- przeszłość, czas przeszłyPolish
- passado, pretéritoPortuguese
- trecut, trecutăRomanian
- былое, мимо, прошлый, прошедшее время, прошлоеRussian
- próšlo, prošlo vreme, прошлост, prošla, prošlost, prošliSerbo-Croatian
- preteklik, preteklostSlovene
- గత, పూర్వం, భూతకాలము, గతించిన, గతకాలం, జరిగిన, వెనుక, పూర్వపు, గతం, పోయింది, జరిగిందిTelugu
- geçtiğimiz, geçmiş zaman, geçen, geçmiş, öncekiTurkish
- quá khứ, 過去Vietnamese
Get even more translations for past »
Find a translation for the past definition in other languages:
Select another language: | <urn:uuid:f9325467-800f-4f24-9eec-784c0fa8ac1a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/past | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00074-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.717332 | 1,700 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Cities and towns have many natural areas that support white-tailed deer. Urban deer populations benefit from abundant food and shelter. They have few natural predators and bylaws prohibit hunting them within city limits. As a result, urban deer populations have tremendous growth potential.
Deer sometimes damage gardens, shrubs, fruit trees and other public or private property. They can be a threat to human health and safety when they wander onto roadways and collide with vehicles. They can also carry deer ticks, which may transmit Lyme disease to humans.
The challenge is to find an acceptable balance between the number of deer in the city and the associated risk to people and their property.
To minimize or reduce the damage caused by deer to your property, you may want to consider using one or more of the following techniques:
Although well intentioned, feeding deer can actually endanger their health and survival. There are many reasons why Conservation and Water Stewardship does not recommend feeding deer.
Human Safety and Property Damage
Deer Health and Safety
Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship can order people to stop feeding wildlife due to concerns about the health and safety of wildlife, the safety of people or to prevent property damage. Additional enforcement action, up to and including charges and possible fines, may occur if orders issued are not complied with.
Fencing yards, vegetable gardens and flowerbeds, or wrapping individual plants and shrubs, are the best methods to prevent deer damage. There are many effective fencing materials including snow fencing, plastic bird netting, burlap or wire mesh (chicken wire) and permanent woven-wire or wood fencing with gates that can provide protection from deer.
Repellents help prevent deer from feeding on vegetables, flowers, ornamental shrubs and trees. A wide variety of repellents are available, in two different categories:
The effectiveness of commercial or homemade repellents depends on the number of deer, their feeding habits and weather conditions. Contact repellents are more effective than area repellents. Most repellents must be reapplied on a regular basis to be effective. Property owners should still expect some damage, even when repellents are used.
Deer are selective feeders that prefer some plants to others. To minimize damage to vegetable gardens, ornamental plants, shrubs and trees, try gardening with plants that deer usually avoid. Some of these include:
The use of motion-activated devices (ie; lights, sprinklers, barking dogs) and scarecrows may be effective. Other electronic devices such as radios are also effective, but deer quickly become habituated to the noise or action and their effectiveness is short-lived. To prevent habituation and prolong the scaring effect, devices must be regularly moved around the property. Some scaring devices may not be practical in residential areas. Check with your municipal office for by-laws regarding the use of noise making devices in your area.
There are currently about 300 hundred deer-vehicle collisions on Winnipeg streets each year. These collisions are the major cause of deer mortality in the city. Vehicle damage can be costly and injury to occupants is possible. Wildlife collisions can even cause severe traffic accidents involving more than one vehicle. The frequency of deer-vehicle collisions relates directly to the size of the city’s deer population.
Tips: Most collisions occur between dusk and dawn. Deer also become more active during their breeding season in October through late November. To avoid collisions: | <urn:uuid:dbd19798-3982-4c7c-aed2-0928bb767a0a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/wildlife/problem_wildlife/wtd.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948185 | 705 | 3.46875 | 3 |
A wound or injury can occur to anyone anytime. The wound can be acute or chronic and depending on the intensity of damage done to the blood vessels underneath, wound takes time for healing. Any type of chronic wound undergoes the following 4 phases for complete healing.
The healing of wound is divided into 4 stages as below :
Hemostasis phase is the first step of the natural response of the body to the wound. The blood vessels in the wound get shrunk forming blood clot. The wounded blood vessels have to be sealed just like the utility workers seal the gas pipes and water lines, once the house got damaged due to flood. This process is called haemostasis and this is followed by dilation of blood vessels which eventually relaxes. The blood platelets begin to secrete vasoconstrictive particles to help in the process of sealing the blood vessel. The defense mechanism of the body springs into action sending lots of enzymes, growth factors and nutrients to the wounded area.
Slowly the platelets collect together and move towards the exposed collagen by name Adenosine diphosphate. In this process they would interact with each other thus triggering intrinsic clotting by the release of thrombin, which eventually produces fibrin. This fibrin forms a mesh or net which strengthens the platelets forming stable hemostatic zone. Now, it is the turn of platelets which produce cytokines which is one of the essential factors for subsequent process. This stage is called hemostasis and all the above steps occurs within minutes of initial wound.
Inflammation Phase :
This is the second stage in the process of wound healing. This stage will lasts for 4 days after injury. Neutrophils are responsible for removing the debris and microorganisms and thus are involved in cleaning the wound. Local mast cells help the neutrophils in this cleaning process. During this process, fibrin gets broken down and it is the macrophages are particles that direct the defense mechanism of wound healing process. Macrophages are effective in removing the bacteria thus aiding in defense. They also discharge various growth factors like fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor thus repairing the wounded skin and taking it to the next stage.
Proliferative Phase :
It is also called as granulation and contraction stage which lasts anywhere from 4-20 days after injury. If the size of the wound is large it may take even long time for proliferation. Fibroblasts start producing collagen fibers for repairing the wounds upon which dermal regeneration takes place. This process involves replacement of dermis layer of the skin and sub-dermal tissues in case of deeper wounds. Special layers of fibroblasts are involved for wound contraction. It is time for the pericytes to regenerate the outer layers of blood vessels and endothelial cells starts giving the inner lining for capillaries. This process that involves forming new lining is called angiogenesis. Epithelization takes place by keratinocytes and after the completion of this task, they separate to form the outer protective layer called stratum corneum.
Maturation Phase :
Once the task of remodeling of dermal tissues is complete, fibroblasts will start the work of strengthening the cells. It builds up strength for the wounded cells. This phase of remodeling or maturation can take up to 2 years or even more depending on the size and intensity of wound. Fibroblasts will repeatedly carry out this task of remodeling the cells. Since this stage of building up strength lasts for long time, any minor injury on the healing wounds will cause them to break down easily. In this stage, collagen particles are transformed from type III to type I. There will be more of cellular activity and number of blood vessels found in the wounded area will gradually reduce. | <urn:uuid:488b713f-5681-4b00-a637-debcc4d4163e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://diseasespictures.com/wound-healing-stages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939214 | 777 | 3.5625 | 4 |
What Responsibilities Should We Require of Our Babysitter?
A babysitter’s primary function is to care for your children. Thus, the majority of her responsibilities will be related to this area. The should include:
– Correctly responding to an emergency. Your babysitter should be willing and able to use emergency contact numbers. She should have a grasp of general first aid practices, and know where the first aid kit is kept. She should know if you have specific emergency procedures with your family, such as a “safe meeting spot” in case of a fire. She should be able to contact a neighbor or other individual of your choice in case of an emergency.
– Implementing your rules and plans for the children. You should specify any places that in the home that they children are not allowed to be. You should specify activities that the children are allowed to engage in. You should clearly indicate how much TV is allowed and when. You should expect your babysitter to discipline the children according to your wishes (i.e., through the use of time-outs or whatever method you choose). Your sitter should put the kids to be at the time and in the way you wish.
– Engaging the children in specific activities. You may wish to have your babysitter help your child with homework, or to play a specific game with the child.
– Dispensing medications. If your child needs to take medication while you are gone, your sitter should know where the medicine is, what dosage to give, and when to give it.
– Feeding the children. If the children will need to eat while you are gone, she should know what you expect them to eat and be able to prepare it. She should know what sorts of snacks are allowed, how much, and when.
In addition, you should clearly spell out rules for your sitter to follow. These can include rules about her use of the phone, whether she can have friends visit, when, and how many. She should know what you expect from her as far as the use of your things and eating your food.
Some babysitters are able and willing to help with other household chores. For example, after the children are in bed, she may be willing and able to do the dishes, clean the living room, or any number of things. You should discuss these items specifically with your sitter ahead of time, remembering that her first responsibility is for your children. | <urn:uuid:e9842688-7966-42ff-a4af-9fa8d329a05d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thelaboroflove.com/articles/what-responsibilities-should-we-require-of-our-babysitter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959391 | 503 | 2.625 | 3 |
The map, the classical tool of geographic descriptions of the world and its various 'parts', similarly embodies the logic of such a 'colonization'. It is through its simulation of more or less reliable reproductions of the territory, that mappings have succeeded in naturalizing the continual evocation of some underlying, objective reality which only awaits to be unveiled, to be narrated; a reality whose order – and whose very existence – necessarily depended on its representability.(Minca 2001: 198).
Minca is saying that cartography has the process of naturalising the allocation (or acquisition) of territories that are inherent in its project. What it does is merely offer a representation of space as seen from a particular perspective; but over time this model of the world becomes concretised within a particular worldview. If this is the problem with the modernist geographic project of mapping, it is important to consider the impact of this on a postmodern cartographic project. It has been the aim of this project to lift the consumerist veil which cloaks the university, in order to challenge its corporate 'logic'. But, this is based on an assumption that there is an objective reality hiding underneath, that can be revealed. This assumption could be problematic if one is attempting to locate a locus of power within the university.
To further explain the problems of creating a cartography of the world, Minca provides a complex example of two types of maps: Map A is a map that is a representation of an area that sees itself as part of a project that exists because this materiality can only be realised through the actual territory; Map B is a hidden map of meaning that can only be brought to light through concrete actualisation; this is “the real referent” (2001: 212-213). A useful way of thinking about these models might be to apply the Freudian concepts of manifest (Map A) and latent (Map B) to them. Map A, then, becomes what appears to the dreamer (to the viewer of the map) and is a reproduction that becomes lost in the process of translation (the dreamwork). It is the exterior appearance of the dream that can be recounted upon waking; for the map it is what appears in place of the unrepresentable. Map B, as the latent one, becomes available through the decoding of the manifest map. It is the manifest map that draws the latent map into the light. Map B is interior and hidden. Minca explains that when Map B fits with Map A, we consider it to be 'real' (2001: 213). Overdetermination, in regards to maps, being the consequence of the (latent) elements of Map B being represented many times in the, fewer, manifest signs that appear in Map A. In a political sense, Althusser sees overdetermination as the multiple voices available in a given situation that represent different viewpoints. Even though the dream is the product of one person, it is often the result of competing internal voices that represents certain drives. The process of mapping, while the product of a particular worldview, can say as much about the terrain by what it disregards or sweeps aside, as it can by what it promotes in its ideological manifesto.
Minca describes this modernist cartographic model as “the 'secret' of the colonization of the world” because it is a closed logic and describes only one possible reality:
It is here that we come fact to face with the iron-clad logic of cartographic reason, a logic which recognizes the existence of the territory in the only form in which it is capable of conceiving it; as the representation of a plan, a project; essentially as the representation of the cartography which has produced it.(2001: 214).
Minca's discussion on cartography hinges around the colonization of the world and not the form of representation capital takes in the postmodern world. However, what is comparable here is that capitalism represents a plan, even if that plan involves the illusion of incorporation (everyone can have a stake) or the idea that it has behind it that we are free citizens, existing in a free market, able to make free choices. Globalization is the culmination of this free-market model. But at the same time, the ideology behind this model disguises social relations. This is apparent in the way poorer countries, in their attempt to get a foothold in the dominant financial model, have to make sacrifices on a human level: for example, in negotiating with richer countries a rate to be paid for disposing of their nuclear waste for them. This exchange produces a whole new concept of space: territory is altered by becoming a prohibited space due to the dangers from radioactive matter imported from elsewhere in the world.
As Minca says of modern cartography, it is simply a representation of itself, of its own model. This is the simulacra of capitalism that the Situationists so abhorred, and of which Jean Baudrillard discusses when he talks about the simulated signs that proliferate in the postmodern environment, never finding a resting place. This is the power of capitalism's face; attempting to look behind that face might imply there is something static, solid and central hiding behind the surface. In an essay entitled 'Hiding the Target: Social Reproduction in the Privatized Urban Environment' Cindi Katz states that the concept of a “hidden city” implies that the globalizing machine takes advantage of the already existing imbalance in concrete social practices (2001: 93). But, she goes on to say: “The hidden city is itself an outcome and representation of what might be understood as 'postmodern geographical praxis', but so too is the project of its unhiding.” (ibid.). But, because there is no central place where capitalism exists, this does not mean it cannot be revealed. It just means, in a way, it is located everywhere. This makes the search for the signs of capitalism easier than first appears. In relation to the project at hand, the university, this becomes apparent when historically examining objects that exist in space.
Katz, Cindi. 2001. ''Hiding the Target: Social Reproduction in the Privatized Urban Environment'', Postmodern Geography: Theory and Praxis, ed. by Claudio Minca (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers). pp. 93-110.
Minca, Claudio. 2001. 'Postmodern Temptations', Postmodern Geography: Theory and Praxis, ed. by Claudio Minca (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers). pp. 196-225. | <urn:uuid:bb128f4f-e24d-4ae3-9222-53a474fe1ee9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://particulations.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938948 | 1,350 | 2.5625 | 3 |
By Bill Nichol
A serious challenge for many dogs is what's known as a far-bank retrieve, where the dog has to cross an expanse of water and then hunt on land for a bird that has crawled into vegetation on the opposite shore. This may not seem difficult, but it can be a confusing situation for a retriever.
"If a dog has never been taught to get out of the water for a retrieve, he's not used to getting out on the opposite side," says Mike Stewart, a professional trainer who operates Wildrose Kennels in Oxford, Mississippi
. "But don't put a dog out on an opposite bank until he will handle. He needs to stop and cast. Otherwise, he'll learn to be out of control on an opposite bank, and there's not much you can do about it."
The primary lesson for a dog to learn here is not all birds are found in the water. For this purpose, Stewart selects a command during training
to signal the dog to hunt on the opposite bank. He says a simple command such as "get over" works best. He begins training by putting on his waders, placing a bumper on the far bank, and then wading into the water with the dog at his side. When the water is about nose-deep on the dog (still shallow enough for the dog to get some footing), he sends it to the bumper. Gradually, Stewart progresses to sending the dog from one bank to the other, using large, easy-to-see bumpers placed near the water at first and then progressively farther up the bank. Having an assistant on the opposite bank to toss the bumper can help the dog understand what it needs to do.
"You just want to train the dog so that he handles easily from the opposite bank," Stewart says. "You want to use a long but narrow body of water, such as a slow-moving river, for your work, so that the dog doesn't cut corners." | <urn:uuid:412325d6-b124-4e84-b68f-0251736ac8dc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ducks.org/printPage.aspx?documentID=9026 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97568 | 405 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Programming for Beginners: QuickStart
Basically, a menu entry called "Start Developing" or something similar could be added in the Programming sub-menu in the Main Menu.
This could either open up an application, or open up a browser to a place such as develop.ubuntu.com.
Either way, the application or website would provide a basic explanation of programming and how to start. For example, a list of programming languages/SDK's and their advantages could be shown. For example:
-Python: Easy to learn and use.
-GTK C++: Best integration into Ubuntu and Gnome.
-Java/Eclipse: Develop Java-based multi-platform applications.
-Qt C++: Multi-platform self-supported SDK.
Obviously this is not a complete list. In addition more details could be provided, distinguishing between each language. (When I first wanted to program in Ubuntu, I didn't start for a while because, coming from Microsoft, I didn't know what language to use).
After choosing a particular language, a short tutorial and a link to the website/download information would be provided.
- Not started
- Needs approval
- Series goal:
- Milestone target:
- Started by
- Completed by | <urn:uuid:dcbda7f3-02be-414b-a9cb-769593a9da26> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://blueprints.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+spec/programming-quickstart | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904313 | 264 | 2.921875 | 3 |
|Female elk are called "cows", but they are not the same as the cattle (beef cows). Males are called "bulls". Babies are called "heifer calves" or "bull calves".|
There are wild elk herds in Colorado, but some elk have been domesticated and are raised on ranches. Elk have not been domesticated as long as other livestock such as cattle and hogs, but elk have been raised commercially since well before 1900. There are elk ranches in many of the United States. They are also ranched in Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Russia, China, Korea and Mexico.
|Click here to see our elk.|
|Click here for more pictures of elk.|
|"A few facts about elk page" is available on the Kids Farm CD.|
|Click here to listen to a cow elk clatter.|
|Click here to listen to a bull elk bugle.|
Home | Where do you want to go? | Table of contents | Contact us | <urn:uuid:ba5a99a6-6681-4a74-9b24-f7dd0a22ee00> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.kidsfarm.com/elk.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963989 | 225 | 3.203125 | 3 |
First STEPS (Strengthening Together Early Preventive Services) is a learning initiative supported by Maine's CHIPRA quality demonstration grant to support measure-driven practice improvement in pediatric and family practices across the state on improving developmental, autism, and lead screening for children. This report, authored by research staff at the USM Muskie School, evaluates the impact of Phase II of Maine's First STEPS initiative, which was implemented from May to December 2012 and included 12 practices serving more than 20,000 children on MaineCare (Maine's Medicaid system). The authors assess changes in developmental, autism, and lead screening rates and evidence-based office processes in participating practices before and after the initiative, as well as related systems changes. They also summarize lessons learned in implementing changes in practices and challenges in using CHIPRA and IHOC developmental, autism, and lead screening measures at the practice-level to inform quality improvement.
Suggested Citation: Fox K, Gray C, Elbaum-Williamson M. First STEPS Phase II Initiative: Improving Developmental, Autism, and Lead Screening for Children. Portland, ME: University of Southern Maine, Muskie School of Public Service; August, 2013. Improving Health Outcomes for Children (IHOC) Final Evaluation Report. | <urn:uuid:f6814eaf-0b4b-4f9f-8ef3-24291d8df11d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://usm.maine.edu/muskie/cutler/first-steps-phase-ii-initiative-improving-developmental-autism-and-lead-screening | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929349 | 261 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Scientists are prying 8,000 feet beneath the Earth's crust. Their goal: to explore a geological formation that underlies Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York that they believe could be usable as a storage locker for carbon emissions from coal and natural gas plants.
The intended receptacle for the carbon dioxide is the Newark Basin, layers of rock and sand thousands of feet below the Garden State. It was born in the late Triassic period, from 201 million to 251 million years ago, when supercontinent Pangea was still splitting. The Atlantic didn't yet exist, and only a lake separated the Jersey Shore from the coast of Mauritania (now near the Sahara Desert in Africa).
Now federal officials and academics are exploring the Newark Basin with an eye toward the future, to see if it can hold gasses produced through the use of fossil fuels.
The idea is that carbon emissions would be pressurized and piped deep underground, away from the atmosphere, where they would remain indefinitely.
"Here in the metropolitan New York area, in New York, New Jersey, there's a lot of hydrocarbons being burned, a lot of CO2 generated," explained Rutgers professor Dennis Kent. "The idea is to find a place near where the CO2 is generated to find a resting home."
Kent is working with experts from Rutgers, Columbia University, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Sandia Technologies exploring the idea for the National Energy Technology Laboratory.
The team has about $10 million in federal money to spend in its research, as do similar groups of scientists looking at the Black Warrior Basin in Alabama and the Rock Springs Uplift in Wyoming.
"Congress said go out and characterize 10 specific sites, and gather even more specific sites," explained NETL's John Litynski. "These are the first to actually complete their drilling operations."
The first drilling site in this round of funding was off the New York State Thruway just north of the Jersey border, where scientists extracted core samples from around an 8,000-foot section of the Earth's history.
The workers used a tall drill rig suitable for mineral exploration and attracted their fair share of attention from curious passing motorists, Litynski said.
They already had some shallower cores of earth in hand from earlier studies near Princeton and Rutgers in New Brunswick.
Litynski said the government has spent about $1.1 billion since 1997 on the technology known as carbon sequestration, which some experts think is necessary to containing emissions that drive global warming.
"Carbon capture and storage technologies offer the potential for reducing CO2 emissions and, in turn, mitigating global climate change without adversely influencing energy use or hindering economic growth," states a NETL fact sheet.
Some environmentalists disagree with that: Greenpeace International put out a report calling the technology a "dangerous distraction" and questioning its safety and efficacy.
Some New Jersey environmentalists agree.
"Whenever you hide (carbon) in a rock formation, whether it's off the coast or on land, if you have an earthquake or natural pressure from gas in the land trying to rise, there could be a fissure or a crack and it could wind up getting released," said Jeff Tittel, director of the New Jersey Sierra Club. "What's disturbing is the Newark Basin is under one of the more populated areas of the country. If there was a breach, it could be catastrophic; you could be jeopardizing the lives of thousands of people."
The Newark Basin may be one of the first sites to be explored, but it's a relative blank slate compared with the others, since New Jersey hasn't traditionally been drilled much by the oil and gas industry.
No conclusions have been drawn yet, but the work shows promise, according to Paul Olsen, a Columbia professor who works in Palisades, N.Y., at the school's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
"We don't have a lot of data at the moment, because we're still in the process of the analyses," Olsen said. "The assumption was that you'd have extensive sandstones. That is borne out by the new results."
Sandstone is good news because it's a porous type of rock that carbon emissions can be stored in and around: Picture a bucket of golf balls, explained Kent.
"If you had a bunch of golf balls and you look at 'em, there's going to be spaces in between. Many sediment particles are round, they're not square and they can't fit together exactly," Kent said. "That creates space that, in our case, we're looking for so we can push some of the CO2 (emissions in). What you need for carbon sequestration is, you've got to put it somewhere."
But that doesn't mean compressed liquid or gas CO2 will be pumped under the Garden State any time soon, even after $1 billion of federal spending exploring the option of sequestration.
It's likely to be many years before the Newark Basin is pumped full of carbon emissions, if it ever is.
"This is just a first step," Kent said. "Chances are in our lifetimes, it may never be used for this purpose. It's just to get an assessment for the potentials."
Eliot Caroom: (973) 392-7919 or email@example.com | <urn:uuid:2096da99-ce25-49d3-9d24-8dc2b53f723f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nj.com/business/index.ssf/2012/06/a_carbon_sequestration_graveya.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00125-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957126 | 1,102 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Stock prices will always fluctuate — daily, monthly and annually. You need to accept this reality if you're going to be a long-term investor. But you do have some protection from extreme volatility — in the form of "circuit breakers" and "trading collars."
These strange-sounding terms refer to mechanisms designed to restrict "program trading" on the New York Stock Exchange. Program trading is a system of buying and selling stocks based on signals from computer programs, usually sent directly from a stock trader's computer to the market's computer system. Using this technique, major traders can buy and sell huge amounts of stocks in an instant.
Program trading was at least partially blamed for the stock meltdown in October 1987. Consequently, trading restrictions — such as circuit breakers and trading collars — were launched to prevent program trading from sending the markets into turmoil.
Each quarter, the New York Stock Exchange sets new circuit breaker levels, which represent the thresholds at which trading is halted. Circuit breakers are triggered by 10 percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent drops in the Dow Jones Industrial Average, based on the Dow's average closing values of the last month of the previous quarter.
To understand how circuit breakers work, consider the thresholds set for the second quarter of 2002:
• A 1,050-point drop in the Dow before 2 p.m. would have halted trading for one hour; if the same drop had occurred between 2 p.m. and 2:30 p.m., trading would have been halted for only 30 minutes. And if the 1,050-point threshold had been reached after 2:30 p.m., it wouldn't have stopped trading at all.
• A 2,100-point drop in the Dow would have halted trading for two hours if the decline had occurred before 1 p.m., but only one hour if it had happened between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. And if the Dow had fallen 2,100-points after 2 p.m., trading would have been halted for the day.
• A 3,150-point drop, at any time, would have halted trading for the rest of the day.
As you can see, circuit breakers are fairly easy to understand. But trading collars are a bit more complex. Trading collars restrict index-arbitrage trading, a strategy that professional traders use to profit from the difference in value between stock indexes — such as the S & P 500 — and "futures" contracts on those indexes. So, for example, a trader might buy the less expensive S & P 500 futures contract while simultaneously selling the more expensive underlying stocks of the S & P 500 index. Often, the price difference between the index and its futures contract is only a few cents. But because these traders — or "arbitragers" — trade such huge numbers of contracts at the same time, they can make big profits. And heavy arbitrage activity can greatly affect stock prices.
Just as it does for circuit breakers, the New York Stock Exchange sets new trading collar trigger levels every quarter. If the Dow Jones Industrial Average falls or rises a certain number of points, trading collars go into effect to restrict index-arbitrage trading.
Circuit breakers and trading collars may seem far removed from your everyday investment activities, but these restrictions are there for your benefit. You can't stop market volatility — but at least you know it won't be allowed to run amok. | <urn:uuid:654c1bd9-98f1-4e44-8a69-ddbdb76d6a72> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thewaynedalenews.com/business/6585-circuit-breakers-and-collars-help-stabilize-stock-trading.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00148-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961179 | 716 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The electrical circuitry in modern heating, cooling, and air conditioning systems is important to service technicians who install and service these systems, so a thorough understanding of the basic concepts is essential for troubleshooting and repairing them.
The most important kinds of circuits are parallel and series circuits. The parallel circuit has more than one path through which electricity can flow and it is designed to supply more than one load in the system. A series circuit has only one path through which electricity can flow and it is usually used for devices that are connected in the circuit for safety and control.
The series-parallel circuit is a circuit that has a combination series and parallel circuits. Most electrical systems in equipment and controls are made up of combination circuits. If we look at a series circuit we see that the switches and controls are wired in series with each other in control of one or more loads.
The simplest and easiest electric circuit to understand is the series circuit. The series circuit allows only one path for current flow through the circuit. In other words, the path of current flow must pass through each device in the circuit. Series circuits are incorporated into most control circuits used in our profession. A control circuit is an electric circuit that controls some major load in a system. Therefore, the opening of any switch in a series circuit will open the circuit and stop the flow of current to the load as shown in figure 1.
Parallel circuits have more than one path for the electron flow. That is, in the parallel circuit the electrons can follow two or more paths at the same time. The electric loads are arranged in the circuit so that each load is connected to the supply voltage conductors. Parallel circuits are common in this industry because most loads used operate from line voltage.
Line voltage is the voltage supplied to the equipment from the main power source of a building and typically has a value of 115 volts or 240volts. The parallel circuit allows the same voltage to be applied to all the loads connected in parallel, as shown figure 2.
Parallel circuits are used in the industry to supply the correct line voltage to several different circuits in a control system and are called power circuits. Figure 3 is a typical power circuit.
In figure 3 you see a control system with several circuits in parallel being fed line voltage. As you can see there are many different paths for electron flow in this parallel schematic. Parallel circuits are used in all power wiring that supplies the loads of heating, refrigeration, and air conditioning systems. The electric loads of a system must be connected to the power supply separately or in a parallel circuit to supply the load with full line voltage. Parallel circuits react differently from a series circuit. When a break occurs in a conductor, only the current in that path is interrupted, whereas in the series circuit, (when a break in the conductor occurs) all current is interrupted.
Series-Parallel (Combination) Circuits
Combination circuits are used on most types of heating, cooling, and refrigeration equipment. This type of circuit allows the voltage to be applied to all the electrical loads in the circuit. In the parallel circuit, the switches used to control the loads are connected in series. See figure 4 below for a typical series-parallel arrangement where switches are in series and loads are in parallel.
Notice that the compressor, condenser fan motor, and indoor fan motor are connected in parallel to the supply voltage. This is the power side of this circuit. On the low voltage side (24 volts) we have the indoor fan relay and the contactor coil in parallel with the 24 volt transformer supplying voltage to the loads. In addition we have all the various switches such as the system switch, the auto and on switch on the thermostat, and the various contacts on the power side that control the loads.
The three types of electric circuits used in our profession are series, parallel, and series-parallel. The series circuit has only one path for current flow and the most common type of circuit is parallel circuit which has more then one path for current flow. This type of circuit allows applied voltage to reach all loads. The series circuit is used for most of the control circuits, because when any switch in the circuit opens or closes, the load will stop or start, depending on the position of the switch. The series-parallel circuits are circuits that are used most often to operate equipment.
copyright(c)2009 Roger J. Desrosiers
About the Author: Roger is a contributing faculty member of HVACReducation.net He has over 40 years experience in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration. He is also a member of R.S.E.S., CM, The Association of Energy Engineers, Certified Energy Manager, ASHRAE, Certified Pipe Fitter United Association and is 608 Universal Certified. | <urn:uuid:00dae499-b81f-4d6e-8d34-4c248595eb9a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://hvacreducationtechtips.blogspot.com/2009/07/basic-electric-circuits.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00071-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935356 | 977 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Radium Hot Springs Pools
Dipping into History
Oral history tells us that the Ktunaxa (formerly Kootenay) bathed in Radium Hot Springs - perhaps to ease the pain of arthritis or to help cleanse and heal injuries received in battle. A number of other tribes, such as the Piegans, Bloods and Stoneys, may have also come to soak in the hot water.
In the 1880s, a settler, John McKay, staked a homestead along the Columbia River. His claim happened to include Radium Hot Springs. In 1890, a gentleman called Roland Stuart paid the lavish sum of $1 an acre to receive a crown grant for the 160 acres surrounding the pool. He was the first to see the economic potential of the springs, but initially he expected to reap his rewards from sales of bottled water, not from bathers.
In 1911, a British medical journal suggested that there might be radium in the water. Research by McGill University in 1913, showed this to be true. Stuart realized that his slightly radioactive spring water might have more curative power than the famous springs at Bath, England. He envisioned even more financial possibilities if he could come up with enough money for development. That dilemma was solved, at least temporarily, by multi-millionaire St. John Harmsworth. Harmsworth was paralyzed from the neck down when he first came to Radium Hot Springs and spent several hours each day suspended in the hot water. Apparently, after four months of treatment, he was able to move his feet. That meant a $20,000 contribution to Stuart, who constructed a concrete pool and a log bath house before heading for England at the start of the First World War.
Stuart still hadn't returned in 1920 when negotiations between the federal and provincial governments were concluded and the formation of Kootenay Dominion Park was announced. Stuart's agent, Earle Scovil, couldn't get any communication from his boss and encouraged the government to expropriate the springs. The feds complied in 1922, a year before the Banff-Windermere Road was completed. Stuart eventually received about $40,000 for his $160 investment, but even at that time, others placed the value of the springs at half a million dollars.
In the years to follow, the pool was modified slightly and a more elaborate bath house was built. It burned down during the winter of 1948 and was replaced by the present stone building. The new facilities, including a cool pool, were officially opened in 1951. The actual inlet of the springs permanently disappeared from the public's eyes under the concrete of the hot pool.
Major renovations during the winter of 1967-68 meant removal of the old pool and the installation of a collecting system for all the hot water sources. Recently, extensive renovations have refreshed the entrance foyer and the change rooms so that they provide all that visitors have come to expect in a modern facility. There are now food and gift concessions in the lobby as well as a new 4000 square foot day spa that restores the historic spa services and offers a wide variety of treatment options to patrons. | <urn:uuid:57903794-2efc-4da7-909a-630a406a969c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/bc/kootenay/natcul/sources-springs.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00108-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977444 | 642 | 3.125 | 3 |
Disebutkan bahwa A narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people (teks narasi adalah cerita imaginatif yang bertujuan menghibur orang).
Jika melihat pada kamus bahasa Inggris, secara harfiah narrative bermakna (1) a spoken or written account of connected events; a story. (2) the narrated part of a literary work, as distinct from dialogue. (3) the practice or art of narration.
(Narrative bermakna : 1. sebuah cerita baik terucap atau tertulis tentang peristiwa-peristiwa yang berhubungan. 2. bagian yang diceritakan dalam sebuah karya sastra, berbeda dengan dialog. 3. Praktik atau seni bercerita)
Jika disimpulkan, maka sebuah narrative text adalah teks yang berisi sebuah cerita baik tertulis ataupun tidak tertulis dan terdapat rangkaian peristiwa yang saling terhubung.
- Orientation : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are introduced.(berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan dan dimana)
- Complication : Where the problems in the story developed. (Permasalahan muncul / mulai terjadi dan berkembang)
- Resolution : Where the problems in the story is solved. Masalah selesai, --- secara baik "happy ending" ataupun buruk "bad ending".
Contoh Contoh nyaa ,,,, #wewewewew Oooo Pruuung
The Legend of Rawa Pening
Once upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a little village. He was very hungry and weak. He knocked at every door and asked for some food, but nobody cared about him. Nobody wanted to help the little boy.
Finally, a generous woman helped him. She gave him shelter and a meal. When the boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave him a “lesung”, a big wooden mortar for pounding rice. She reminded him, “please remember, if there is a flood you must save yourself. Use this “lesung” as a boat”. The “lesung” was happy and thanked the old woman.The little boy continued his journey. While he was passing through the village, he saw many people gathering on the field. The boy came closer and saw a stick stuck in the ground. People challenged each other to pull out that stick. Everybody tried, but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the little boy. The crowd laughed mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck so he stepped forward and pulled out the stick. He could do it very easily. Everybody was dumbfounded.
Suddenly, from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until it flooded the village. And no one was saved from the water except the little boy and the generous old woman who gave him shelter and meal. As she told him, he used the “lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge lake. It is now known as Rawa Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.
The Greedy Mouse
A mouse was having a very bad time. She could not find food at all. She looked here and there, but there was no food, and she grew very thin.At last the mouse found a basket, full of corn. There was a small hole in the basket, and she crept in. She could just get through the hole.Then she began to eat the corn. Being very hungry, she ate a great deal, and went on eating and eating. She had grown very fat before she felt that she had had enough. When the mouse tried to climb out of the basket, she could not. She was too fat to pass through the hole.”How shall I climb out?” said the mouse.“Oh, how shall I climb out?”Just then a squirrel came along, and he heard the mouse.”Mouse,” said the squirrel, “if you want to climb out of the basket, you must wait till you have grown as thin as you were when you went in.”
Orientation : A mouse that have a bad time because she can’t find a food , and she looked very thin
Conflication : she find a food place , and grown so fat before , and can’t go from the basket of food
Conculusion : wait until she grown as thin as she were when she went in
Moral Message : As a human we should not be greedy
Oke Terimakasih telah membaca ,,,L | <urn:uuid:8a7cd5f7-c861-4287-9dd1-4b7d1363b974> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://semenekraya74.blogspot.com/2012/09/contoh-narrative-text-dan-generic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927667 | 1,080 | 3.375 | 3 |
Eating peanuts prevents peanut allergies FEB 24 2015
The results of a major new trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, indicate that for children who are at risk of developing a peanut allergy, eating peanuts greatly reduces the chance of an allergy. This is pretty huge news.
All the babies were between 4 and 11 months old when they were enrolled, and all had either an egg allergy, severe eczema, or both-putting them at high risk of a peanut allergy down the road. Indeed, 98 of them were already heading in that direction: They tested positive for mild peanut sensitivity in a skin-prick test. This meant that these babies were already churning out antibodies to the peanut protein. Eating peanuts in the future could set off an allergic reaction.
The team divided the babies into two groups. Half were to avoid eating peanut products until they were 5 years old. The other half received at least 6 grams of peanut protein a week, spread across at least three meals, until they were 5 years old. Bamba was the preferred offering, though picky eaters who rejected it got smooth peanut butter.
Around the 5th birthdays of the trial subjects came the big test. The children consumed a larger peanut portion than they were used to in one sitting, and the results were clear-cut. Among 530 children who had had a negative skin-prick test when they were babies, 14% who avoided peanuts were allergic to them, compared with 2% of those who'd been eating them. In the even higher risk group, the children who were sensitized, 35% of the peanut-avoiders were allergic versus just over 10% of the peanut eaters.
Even if further studies confirm these results, will American parents start feeding their infants peanuts? I don't know...there are lots of similarities to vaccines in play here.
Update: Somewhat related: children in developed countries might be growing up too clean, making them more likely to develop allergies.
The findings are the latest to support the "hygiene hypothesis," a still-evolving proposition that's been gaining momentum in recent years. The hypothesis basically suggests that people in developed countries are growing up way too clean because of a variety of trends, including the use of hand sanitizers and detergents, and spending too little time around animals.
As a result, children don't tend to be exposed to as many bacteria and other microorganisms, and maybe that deprives their immune system of the chance to be trained to recognize microbial friend from foe.
That may make the immune system more likely to misfire and overreact in a way that leads to allergies, eczema and asthma, Hesselmar says. | <urn:uuid:b9c268f1-4ef7-40ae-b9c8-adf02553801c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://kottke.org/15/02/eating-peanuts-prevents-peanut-allergies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00058-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983563 | 554 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The War of the Worlds requires little introduction. Originally published in 1898, it is one of the taproot texts of the science fiction genre, the father of all the alien invasion stories that have come along since. It was written during H.G. Wells's most astonishingly inventive and prolific period (1895-1901) in which time he also created or explored the fields of genetic engineering (The Island of Doctor Moreau), time travel (The Time Machine and, arguably, When the Sleeper Wakes) and interplanetary exploration (The First Men in the Moon), arguably the most important, and certainly one of the most impressive, sustained period of creative enterprise in the history of the genre. It's also arguably Wells's most popular and influential novel, remade, re-envisaged and adapted for other mediums many times over the past century.
The book is told mostly from the first-person viewpoint of an unnamed narrator, a philosophical writer who relates his tale matter-of-factly, possibly for a book or newspaper report (the narrator seems annoyed by other accounts of the war between the worlds and has apparently decided to set the record straight). He relates how a giant cylinder, fired from the surface of Mars, lands near his house and disgorges several alien war machines which move on three legs. The Martians are unrelentingly hostile, using a powerful 'heat ray' to destroy the military forces the British government deploys against them and harvesting humans for their blood. More cylinders and tripods arrive and southern England is overrun, sparking a massive exodus from London and the surrounding towns. The British army and navy attempt a counter-attack, managing to destroy several tripods with the use of artillery, explosives and warships, but the Martians resort to using gas warfare to clear areas ahead of their advance, ending organised resistance. In addition an alien weed takes root and begins overwhelming local wildlife and fauna.
For a book with the title of The War of the Worlds, relatively little of the war is shown, especially after the first half (in which most of the military action is related second-hand by the narrator's brother, who is attempting to escape from London by boat to the continent). In the second half, the narrator tries to make his way to Leatherhead to rendezvous with his wife, but finds himself caught near the centre of Martian-occupied territory, with alien activity too high to move about safely. He takes refuge initially with a clergyman who has been driven mad by the stress of the invasion, and later with an artilleryman who entertains fanciful visions of a worldwide resistance to the occupiers and using the Martians' own weapons against them, but is far too lazy to do any work towards this end himself.
I tried to read The War of the Worlds as a youngster and didn't get very far, possibly because the novel didn't have the requisite number of explosions and laser blasts I'd been expecting (I was about seven or eight the first time I saw the impressive 1953 movie and had been expecting something more along those lines). Rereading the book now is a revelation: this is really impressive writing and feels as fresh and vibrant now as a hundred years ago. Wells is way ahead of his time here, with his depiction of interstellar travel (albeit by being fired through space by a giant cannon), gas warfare, the placing of civilians on the front lines and an early form of a laser, but on the human level he is pitiless in exposing the foibles of his characters. The narrator is a thinker who is often paralysed by fear in the face of the Martian threat, to the point where his observations are sometimes unreliable (one moment apparently suggesting the Martians attacked England as it's the heart of the greatest empire in the world, the next suggesting that the Martians see humans as ants and take no interest in how they are organised). The artilleryman has grandiose visions but lacks the ability to translate them into action, whilst the curator's inability to reconcile his faith that God will save mankind with the mass slaughter unleashed by the aliens drives him insane. Overall the theme of The War of the Worlds appears to be nihilistic: humanity can score minor victories but the technical gulf between them and the Martians is so vast that victory is an unrealistic prospect.
The defeat of the Martians is something that has been criticised over the years for being anti-climatic, but in context it feels appropriate. At the time the science of microbiology and germs was relatively new and exciting, and the idea that the Martians (as a product of their sterile environment) might have no experience with germs and thus no defences against them is reasonable. It also highlights Wells's suggestion that the war between the two races is Darwinian: the Martians have superior intelligence and weapons but their lack of adaptation to the environment of Earth eventually destroys them. Not just humanity but the entire biosphere rejects them. Of course, this has been misinterpreted over the years, notably through a religious prism, particularly in the 1953 film which cheesily ends with people gathering together in a church and praying for a miraculous deliverance and then being granted it. But Wells's take is more mundane: humanity is lucky and has spent millions of years evolving and adapting to the biosphere to the point where it can survive and the Martians cannot, and nothing more than that.
Criticisms are few. The book's focus is perhaps weakened a little by the lengthy pause in the narrator's story as we follow his brother's tale, but this also allows us a glimpse of the wider scope of the war (and, in the case of HMS Thunder Child's famous duel with two Martian tripods, gives humanity a rare victory), but that's about it.
The War of the Worlds (*****) is a short, dark and haunting story of war, death and hopelessness, where victory only comes from sources outside of the control of the characters. Powerfully written and rich in atmosphere, it remains the finest novel of alien invasion ever published. There are many different editions available in the UK and USA. | <urn:uuid:1b7cba02-03c8-4b68-b7c3-5b22ddac2105> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thewertzone.blogspot.com/2010/11/wertzone-classics-war-of-worlds-by-hg.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97312 | 1,242 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Hepatitis C infections occurring in recent years in the European Union may cost countries billions of euros in future healthcare, according to research published in this monograph. A conglomeration of state-of-the-art research on hepatitis C, drug use and public health methods, this publication presents analyses on the impact and costs of the disease among injecting drug users, as a basis for sound policy-making. Other issues addressed include: quality of life; treatment, surveillance and prevention; and the cost-effectiveness of measures such as needle-exchange programmes and substitution therapy. Hepatitis C affects an estimated 170 million people worldwide and at least a million, but possibly several million, people in Western Europe who are at risk of developing liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. It is a highly infectious and potentially fatal blood-borne disease that attacks the liver and for which there is as yet no vaccine. | <urn:uuid:fc100d54-cfc9-4cde-a84d-70639e5aa7d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index31213EN.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00071-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954381 | 182 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Newberry collection is rich in European printed and manuscript sources from 1300 to 1800. Italy, France, and England are best represented, but the holdings are also strong for Spain, Portugal, Germany, the Low Countries, and the Americas.
The Center for Renaissance Studies enacts programming, including fellowships and seminars, that allows participants to draw from the Newberry’s collections in their research. Newberry librarians have created Research Guides in certain subject areas to support research at the Newberry; several medieval, Renaissance, and early modern-related guides are below.
For late medieval, Renaissance, and early modern studies, the Newberry collections are especially outstanding in six subject areas:
Early Modern Colonialism (French, English, Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese)
Including maps, travel, exploration, and settlement; ethnography; indigenous languages; missions; colonial histories; music and dance; natural history; and law and sovereignty.
Humanism, Education, and Rhetoric
Including history of learned institutions; historiography, historical theory, and philosophy of history; editions of classical authors; neo-latin literature; courtesy books; emblem books; language textbooks, grammars; and dictionaries, encyclopedias.
Maps, Travel, and Exploration
Including manuscript maps (including portolan charts); printed atlases from Ptolemy onward; voyages and travel narratives; and separately printed maps.
Music and Dance
Including theory and instructional books; psalmody and hymnody, vocal performance; polyphonic performance; lute books; opera scores, opera librettos; and music and dance notation.
History of the Book
Including medieval manuscripts, incunables; calligraphy, type specimens, bindings; specimen imprints from major presses; printing and paper processes and technology.
Including reform and Reformation; recusancy and Jansenism; sermons, devotions, and controversial literature; church history and canon law; theology, doctrine, and liturgy; scripture and scripture commentaries; hebraica; and missionary efforts.
Including French political pamphlets; British local history and heraldry; British political pamphlets, broadsides, and prints; eighteenth-century periodicals (especially British and French); languages, historical linguistics, and philology; biographies; works by women writers in all genres; archival materials for Italy, Portugal, and Spanish Empire; and gypsy lore, Arthuriana.
See also the listing of Medieval, Renaissance, and Early Modern Studies Collection Strengths - in Geographical Terms.
The most thorough guide to the Newberry’s medieval manuscripts is Paul Saenger’s Catalogue of the Pre-1500 Western Manuscript Books at the Newberry Library (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). Guides to Pre-1500 European Manuscripts and Post-1500 European Manuscripts are also available online, as is a bibliography of publications about the Newberry’s Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts.
Please call the reference desk at (312) 255-3506 with questions on our holdings, or Contact a Librarian with research questions. | <urn:uuid:7f977c9e-26dd-4178-b8eb-5b5007d90b13> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://newberry.org/medieval-renaissance-and-early-modern-studies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00200-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888867 | 655 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Can we be assured, however, that there was never any echo of Evil in it? The diabolical is not limited to the wickedness popular wisdom ascribes to it and whose malice, based on guile, is familiar and predictable in an adult culture. The diabolical is endowed with intelligence and enters where it will. To reject it, it is first necessary to refute it. Intellectual effort is needed to recognize it. Who can boast of having done so? Say what you will, the diabolical gives food for thought.
Emmanuel Levinas, in his essay, "As If Consenting to Horror," which can be found in Critical Inquiry, Vol 15, No 2 (as translated by Paula Wissing). Prior to the Second World War, Levinas was one of the most important interpreters of Heidegger in France. Interested in phenomenology, he had gone to meet Husserl, and in so doing took a course by Heidegger, and was bowled over by him -- very impressed. Being and Time, which he considered an extraordinary philosophical work to the end of his life (but which he is speaking of in the quotation above), completely changed his view of the world. News of Heidegger's joining of the Nazi Party in 1933 left him thoroughly stunned, and it may well be this that led the Jewish philosopher to develop his own original work; some have argued that it did so be leading Levinas to regard Heidegger's work as in a fundamental way anti-anti-pagan -- and thus anti-Jewish in this indirect sense, Judaism being anti-paganism in its purest historical form. Levinas seems to have felt guilt at times, or at least embarrassment, for not recognizing, in his enthusiasm for Heidegger, even the possibility of Heidegger's commitment to a cause like the Nazi cause. | <urn:uuid:8d15c373-ff6c-4cb6-8311-e45aeef804c8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://branemrys.blogspot.com/2011/09/levinas-on-heidegger-and-nazism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981654 | 382 | 2.65625 | 3 |
I have a site hosted in IIS which I am able to access on the local machine using the IP address and port number eg http://188.8.131.52:86/ . What I would like instead is to access this using something like http://simplesite.dev and I would also like to be able to access this site from any other machine on the network. Is it possible to achieve this? And if so, how?
Yes! You just need to make it run on port 80 instead of 86, and then create a dns record pointing to it.
If you already have a DNS server, just create an A record in the existing zone, something like testdev.yourdomain.com . Creating arbitrary host names doesn't work across a network.
If it's a small number of machines, you can edit the %windir%\system32\drivers\etc\HOSTS file on all the machines, and put in an entry like
In order to map that name to that IP.
Fundamentally, you need to learn the fundamentals of name resolution. The rest is easy.
You can access the site from other hosts on the same network by typing http://184.108.40.206:86 in their browser address bar if those hosts also use an ip address in the 114.12.34.x netblock. I suspect though that your network doesn't use ip addresses in the 114.12.34.x netblock and that you're referring to your ISP assigned ip address. Where are you assigning the ip address? On your router or directly on your web server? | <urn:uuid:14409318-e93e-432c-b963-211f3ccc1d96> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://serverfault.com/questions/286009/using-iis-7-for-accessing-site-more-easily-on-network | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924487 | 334 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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We don't post anything without your permission | <urn:uuid:79cd6dab-474a-416a-b477-fe2a02e65846> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.transtutors.com/questions/fixed-cost-and-variable-cost--80143.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00111-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904282 | 224 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Legacy: The formation of institutions
By the 1920s the first generation of collectors began to institutionalize their holdings. The Phillips Memorial Art Gallery was inaugurated in late 1921; in 1922 Barnes chartered his eponymous foundation as an educational institution, making his collection the central core of a curriculum of study. It opened on March 19, 1925, in Merion, Pennsylvania. Quinn died in 1924, and his collection was dispersed. Arensberg, Dreier, and Bliss bought significantly from the Quinn estate. So did Ferdinand Howald, A. Conger Goodyear, and Mary and Cornelius J. Sullivan. These four became prominent buyers in the 1920s, and they all planned to give their collections to museums. Doubtless the sad fate of Quinn's possessions further influenced the first wave of collectors to preserve their collections by founding or affiliating with public institutions.
In January 1926 the American art critic Forbes Watson wrote an editorial in The Arts mourning the breakup of the Quinn collection. He wished that someone had purchased everything for a new museum of modern art. One of Watson's readers was the painter and collector Albert E. Gallatin (1881-1952), who credited Watson's plea as the inspiration for establishing his Gallery of Living Art, which housed his personal collection of cubism, neo-plasticism, and constructivism, on the premises of New York University in 1927.23 Lillie Bliss was at the heart of the most momentous venture of all: in May 1929 she met with fellow collectors Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, Mary Sullivan, and Goodyear to discuss establishing a museum in New York.24 The Museum of Modern Art opened on November 8, 1929. These and other new museums of contemporary and modern art25 were the fruit of the Armory Show and the collections it inspired or engendered. No longer branded freakish aberrations, vanguard painting and sculpture were vindicated as permanent additions to the history of art.
AVIS BERMAN is a writer and art historian specializing in American art. This article is adapted from her essay in the catalogue for the exhibition The Armory Show at 100. | <urn:uuid:a95c0fdd-1b8d-4b1e-b8fd-92a052c5d6c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.themagazineantiques.com/articles/forces-for-the-new/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969395 | 430 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Foods that Eliminate Constipation
By Dr. Donald A. Ozello DC
Develop easy to use nutritional strategies to help prevent and eliminate constipation. Constipation is the most common gastro-intestinal complaint in the United States. An estimated four million Americans suffer from frequent constipation.
Common sources of constipation include lack of exercise, lack of dietary fiber, dehydration, overuse of laxatives, medications, ignoring the need to have a bowel movement, age, travel, pregnancy and poor diet.
Constipation refers to infrequent bowel movements. Regularity of bowel movements depends on the person. An individual is typically considered to be constipated when bowel movements occur fewer than three times a week and result in only the passage of small amounts of hard, dry stool.
Symptoms of constipation may include difficult and painful bowel movements, bloated feeling, uncomfortable sensation, sluggishness and abdominal pain. Constipation can be a precursor to other health issues including lower back pain, fatigue, hemorrhoids, rectal prolapse and fecal impaction.
Constipation occurs when the colon absorbs too much water. Generally as food moves through the colon, the colon absorbs water while forming the stool. Involuntary muscle contractions push the stool toward the rectum. By the time the stool reaches the rectum, most of the water has been absorbed and the stool is solid. When the muscle contractions are too slow and/or too much water is absorbed constipation results.
Avoid this annoying and painful condition with healthy nutritional strategies. Eat smarter and exercise to prevent and manage constipation. Perform a minimum of twenty minutes of cardiovascular exercise three to four times a week. This strengthens the heart, lungs, musculo-skeletal system and increases thirst. The extra water consumed due to the increased thirst helps prevent constipation.
Nutritional Strategies: Ingest more fruits and vegetables, chew your foods thoroughly, increase your intake of dietary fiber, drink more water and up the amount of healthy juices you drink to help combat constipation.
Hydration: Dehydration is a major source of constipation. Consume eight to ten glasses of water daily. Don’t let yourself get thirsty. Drink your water throughout the day. If necessary, carry a water bottle with you. In warmer temperatures increase your water intake. An easy step to drinking more water is to have a cup of water upon rising in the morning. This simple practice starts your day in a healthy manner.
Juices: Drink more fruit and vegetable juice. Fruit and vegetable juices contain large amounts of water, high levels of dietary fiber and health promoting vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals. Choose juices with the lowest amount of artificial sugar. The best juices to add in elimination are prune, pear, apricot, apple and orange juice. Drinking a serving of one of these healthy juices each day will increase your regularity.
Fruit: Fruit is a key ingredient to eliminating constipation. Prunes, dates, figs, raisins, papaya, bananas, apricots, peaches, pears, pineapples, mangos, unpeeled apples, oranges, nectarines, kiwi, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries are fruits that aid elimination. Consume five to nine servings of fruits and vegetables daily for optimum health. Include one of the fruits that assist elimination in your daily fruit consumption.
Vegetables: Eating vegetables is a vital component to preventing and managing constipation. Brussels sprouts, beets, spinach, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, green beans, green peas, acorn squash, buttermilk squash, artichoke hearts, kale, potatoes with their skin, avocado and asparagus are vegetables which assist elimination. Consume one of these health promoting vegetables every day to increase regularity.
Fiber: Dietary fiber is essential in the prevention and elimination of constipation. Fiber is a carbohydrate that is often referred to as roughage or bulk. Digestive enzymes in the human stomach and small intestine are unable to breakdown dietary fiber. Therefore, fiber passes through the digestive tract quickly and promotes elimination.
Two types of fiber exist, soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber dissolves in water while insoluble does not. Soluble fiber absorbs water to form a gel-like substance that softens stools. Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and supplies bulk to stools. Both forms are found in all plant based foods.
Dietary fiber is available in numerous tasty and nutritious foods. All of the above mentioned fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of fiber. Quality sources of dietary fiber are present in a plethora of grains, seeds, nuts and beans.
Whole grain sources of fiber include barley, brown rice, millet, oats, wheat germ, wheat bran, whole wheat pasta, pumpernickel bread, rye bread, wholegrain bread and whole wheat bread.
Nut and seed sources of fiber are raw almonds, dry roasted peanuts, walnuts, flaxseeds, sesame seeds and sunflower seeds. Cooked beans such as black beans, garbanzo beans, kidney beans, lentils, pinto beans and white beans are sources of dietary fiber.
Flaxseed: Flaxseed is an easy to add ingredient that helps eliminates constipation. It is high in omega-3 fatty acids and dietary fiber. Only a small amount is needed. Start by sprinkling half a teaspoon of flaxseed into a smoothie, in your yogurt or on your cereal.
Chewing: Chew your food thoroughly for proper digestion and elimination. Digestion begins in the mouth. Proper digestion and elimination requires the breakdown and assimilation of food. Chewing of the food breaks it down in smaller pieces, thus making the gut’s efforts much easier.
Digestive enzymes and saliva are released when we smell and taste food. These digestive enzymes not only aid in digestion but also protect the gut. An important step in regular elimination and a healthy digestive system is the chewing and breaking down of food before it reaches the stomach.
Consume a variety of these healthy foods to combat constipation. Develop your nutritional strategies to supply yourself an array of foods that contain dietary fiber and improve your regularity. Defeat constipation with sound nutritional strategies that work for you.
Dr. Donald A. Ozello DC
Dr. Donald A Ozello DC is the owner and treating doctor at Championship Chiropractic located at 2595 S. Cimarron Rd, Suite #100, Las Vegas, NV 89117. His web address is www.ChampionshipChiropractic.com and he can be contacted at (702) 286-9040 and DrO@ChampionshipChiropractic.com .
Dr. Donald A. Ozello DC writes a weekly health, fitness, exercise and nutrition column for The Las Vegas Informer. His is also published in OnFitness magazine, LiveStrong.com, SpineUniverse.com, MyHealthZine.com and EHow.com.
Dr. Donald A. Ozello DC is an award-winning public speaker. He has spoken to various groups on health, fitness, exercise and nutrition topics. His mission is to educate and inspire others to live healthier, fitter, more functional lives.
Dr. Donald A. Ozello DC loves to exercise. Bike riding and kettlebell training are his current favorite forms of exercises. He credits “The Godfather of Fitness” Mr. Jack LaLanne as an early influence on his life.
Before pursuing his career in Chiropractic, Dr. Donald A. Ozello DC served in the United States Navy aboard the USS Bremerton, SSN 698. | <urn:uuid:6e95a60b-0cc0-4937-ba0c-8117e37e27f0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lasvegas.informermg.com/2012/03/17/foods-that-eliminate-constipation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921623 | 1,589 | 2.984375 | 3 |
But skeptics say that extending life span through genetic manipulation is not inevitable. The distinguished gerontologist Leonard Hayflick, a pioneer in the study of aging cells, says he doubts that lives can be significantly prolonged by genetic tinkering and has famously stated that eradicating cancer, heart disease, diabetes and other principal causes of death would add, at most, about 15 years to average life expectancy. S. Jay Olshansky, a biodemographer at the University of Illinois at Chicago, applauds the work on nematode aging but questions its relevance to people. Human life span, he suggested at a recent scientific meeting, is not a simple matter of genetics: “There are no death or aging genes—period.” He bases his assertion on evolutionary reasoning, arguing that natural selection operates primarily on traits that affect an organism’s ability to reproduce; accordingly, one would not expect evolution to favor genes that extend an organism’s life much beyond its reproductive years. In fact, Olshansky has warned that trying to extend human life by manipulating genes could have “unintended and unwanted consequences,” such as an extremely old person who is physically fit but cognitively impaired.
Every month, however, it seems a new research report adds credence to the notion that the fundamental ravages of aging might at least be blunted by exploiting the biochemical pathways discovered by Kenyon and Guarente. This past August, HarvardMedicalSchool researcher David Sinclair and colleagues reported that several common organic molecules— including resveratrol, an ingredient in red wine—activate sir-like proteins in human cells and extend the life span of laboratory yeast. Those findings have bolstered the observation that people who drink moderate amounts of alcohol, including wine, appear to live longer than those who abstain. Sinclair, a former post-doctoral fellow in Guarente’s MIT lab, has said he plans to set up his own company to develop a drug that acts like resveratrol. Says Kenyon: “It’s kind of romantic that red wine contains something that could extend your longevity, don’t you think?”
Given the mere hint of such possibilities, she is struggling to balance the unforgiving demands of science against the expectations of a public understandably eager to live longer. Some scientists have gone so far as to talk of “practical immortality,” the idea that human life span can be extended perhaps hundreds of years. Kenyon recoils from the notion, but does not entirely retreat from its contemplation. “These worms aren’t immortal. They live twice as long. Or they live four times as long. In fact, we can now get ’em to live six times as long.” She pauses, then allows that it’s not theoretically impossible to make nematodes practically immortal, though, she says, “we haven’t.”
And therein may lie the difference between molecular biologists and philosophers: the latter often inflect their pronouncements with a palpable, if unspoken, “but.” The unspoken phrase for biologists is always “not yet.” | <urn:uuid:f65954c9-2d2c-45b5-a053-ccbfb7c50de0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/kenyons-ageless-quest-103525532/?page=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957157 | 650 | 2.859375 | 3 |
ORGANISATION OF FRENCH FORCES IN MEDITERRANEAN THEATRE
(Capture of Corsica and Elba Excluded)
French High Command
Soon after the move of General de Gaulle from London to Africa the parties of de Gaulle (President of the Comité Nationale de la France Combattane) and Giraud (Civil and Military Commandant en Chef en Afrique Francaise) combined together on 3 June 1943 to set up a new provisional French government: Le Comité Francais de la Liberation Natuionale. In a decree dated 22 June the Committee arrogated to itself the general control of the French war effort on land sea and air.* The organisation, supply and administration of the
* The original is very vague: 'Le Comité … assure le direction générale de l'effort francais dans la guerre. Il dispose de l'ensemble des forces terrestres, navales et aériennes.'
French armed forces was entrusted to a Permanent Military Committee, headed jointly by de Gaulle and Giraud. (The remainder of the Cttee was to consist of the three COS and a secretarait.) The planning of operations was to ber carried out by the two Cs-in-C in conjunction with the Allied command.
This system of a dual presidency and a dual command (Giraud being
responsible for forces in North and West Africa and de Gaulle for all
other, including the French resistance) was obviously the product of
circumstances and could not continue for long. The capture of Corsica,
which was staged by Giraud virtually without the knowledge of the
National Cttee, brought matters to a head. Early in October 1943,
at the instigation of de Gaulle, government and command were
re-organised to curtail the independence of the military. De Gaulle
became sole President of the C.F.L.N. Le Comté de la
Défense Nationale, headed by a civil Minister, was set up
to administer the armed forces and command all those not allocated to
the command of the C-in-C (Giraud) by the C.F.L.N. Giraud now used the
tital of 'Commandant en Chef
des Forces Francaises' (previously it had been CenC des Forces Francaises en
Afrique du Nord et an A.O.F.) A further shift of power came
in December 1943 when de Gaulle was granted the powers formerly
allotteed to the French President in time of war. Finally on 4 April
1944 the C.F.L.N. ordered that de Gaulle as President, was to became
Chief of the Armed Forces (Chef des armées) and was to have the
final authority on all matters concerning the composition, organisation
and employment of these forces. He was to be assisted by the Cttee of
National Defence, of which the COS (Le Chef d'Etat-Major de
la Défense Nationale) was to be Lieut-Gen. Marie Emile Bethouart. The post of C-in-C ceased to exist and Giraud went into voluntary retirement. Thenforward S.A.C., General Wilson, dealt with General de Gaulle and his representatives. On the French side, most of the correspodence seems to have been carried out by General Bethouart.
At the Anfa conference in January 1943, the Allied Governments decided that a comprehensive programme for the re-equipment of the French Army should be started immediately. The material was to come from the Americans and Giraud obtained their promise for a swift rearmament of an army of about 300,000 men. With this he hoped to equip 12 American style divisions (including three armed), plus the necessary Army and Corps troops., For the build-up of this force the French were allocated 25,000 ship tons per months.
A French General went to Washington to act as a link with the Amn War Dept and in North Africa, at the orders of General Eisenhower, a Joint Rearmament Cttee was quickly set up. The Chairman of the Cttee was an American officer, the other members were drawn from the U.S. Army and Navy and the British Navy, and it included five French officers.
The French target force was in fact established as 11 divisions and was later reduced to 8 and 4 Groupes (regts) of Tabors. (See p. 5 for further details.) These formations were almost totally equipped by the Amns, noy only as regards arms and equipment but everything necessary for life in the field. Use also was made of Amn training facilities. The rearmament programme was intended by the C.C.S. to cover only the French expeditionary force. The equipment of troops meant solely for local security remained the responsibility of the French themselves.
Organisation of French Forces
Although the following information will probably not be of direct use, it may be helpful to have some knowledge of (i) the organisation of the French Army in the Mediterranean Theatre and (ii) the quality and character of their native troops:-
Base Units At Casablanca, Oran, Algiers, Bizerta, Ajaccio. For the reception and assembly of equipment and supplies, and forwarding of the same. Working for the F.E.F. and Sovereignty Troops. In May 1944 about 13,300 men. Territorial Troops (Force Territoriales*) HQs of the different territories; schools, hospitals etc. No combat
* Armée Territoriale, Armée de Territoire, Force Territoriales refer to Sovereignty Troops or Territorial organisations as a whole. 'Regions' of N. and W. Africa were sub-divided into 'Divisions Territoriales' which was a land area and not a fighting formation. Another possible source of confusion is the title 'XIX Army Corps'. In time of peace Algiers was the Home Station of this Corps, all others were in Metropolitan France. The Corps fought in Tunisia but its formations were afterwards absorbed into the Expeditionary Force and for a while the HQ ceased to exist. It was later revived again at Algiers.
troops except for a sort of Gendarmérie, but largely an administrative and supporting service for the F.E.F. and the Sov. Troops. In May 1944 about 45,250 in N. Africa and over 4,400 in W. Africa.
Sovereignty Troops (Troupes de Souverainété) All combat troops which remained permanently on home territory. The regt was the largest grouping. Arms, supplied by the French, were obsolescent. Duties consisted of internal security, prison guard, defence of the coast and frontiers,** air defence.
** The defence of N. Africa had originally been shared between the British, French and U.S. armies. After 5 US Army left Morocco the necessary forces were provided by the French although some British divs were available until Jan 1944.; After a meeting at AFHQ in June 1944 was agreed that the ground defence of N. Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, French Morocco and the defence of the Spanish Moroccan border) should become entirely a French responsibility. The protection of Allied dumps and installations remained the concern of Allied Commanders.
Expeditionary Forces (Forces Expeditionnaires) Field combat troops intended for overseas service. The development of this Force is described in the next section.
(ii) Character of Native Troops
* The Goumier was normally armed with rifle or carbine. A Tabor (Bn) consisted of an HQ & heavy weapon Goum (81mm mortars & mgs) and three Infantry Goums. Total sterngth was 65 French Officers and NCOs and 859 native NCOs and ORs. 247 horses and mules. A Groupe de Tabors (Regt) consisted of an HQ and three Tabors. This HQ added 28 French, 283 natives and 73 animals, which would give a Regt total of nearly 3,100.
From the above it will be seen that the CEF was particularly suited to warfare in mountin country such as Italy. This was brought home to the Corps' Commander, General Juin,* when he visited General Clark near Salerno in late September 1943 and observed the tank of 7 British Armd Div locked nose to tail along the congested roads. He at once asked General Giraud
that at least two Groupes de Tabors should be added to the Corps which was then being formed, and that the mountain div, 4e DMM, should be included at a future date. Expereince of fighting in Italy strengthened his wish for an Alpine Corps, souples de légères', and on 4 April, before the summer offensive, he addressed General Clark a Memoir on the coming operation of the CEF in the Arunci Mountains. The area he pointed out, was devoid of roads except for two which were easily defendable. The Corps should take the to the mountains so that they could come at the enemy from their rear. The presensce of 'un petit corps de montagne (4e DMM et tabors) permet une tellemanouevre'.
Build up of the Expeditionary Force
On 18 November 1943 General Giraud, as C-in-C, issued an order laying down the organisation of the F.E.F. as from 12 November. It was divided into four parts (as this O.B. was largely theoretical, it is not worth quoting formations by name):-
The first part of Juin's force, which for the winter of 1943/4 made up the C.E.F. in Italy, began to embark at Oran and Bizerta on 19 November. The Men Div was not as yet included in it and the Spahi Bde never appeared. The Corps indeed possessed only two main formations: 2e DIM Brigadier Dody, which began to disembark at Naples towards the end of Nov., and 3e DIA Major-General de Monsabert which arrived about a month later. The whole force, including the support troops given above, number 65,000 men, 2,500 animals and 12,000 vehicles.*
* A detailed OB is given in AFHQ 2391/2 op cit. To giave an idea of the strength of French formations:
2 DIM = 15,283 men and 2,432 vehicles
3 DIA (swollen by over 1,000 Commandos) = 15,283 men and 2,432 vehicles
Each div included on regt of spahis, three regts of Tirailleurs, three bns of 12x105mm guns and bn of 12 x155mm guns.
Juin, with his COS, Brigadier Marcel Carpentier reached Naples on 24 Nov, but did not take up command at the front until 3 Jan 1944. In order to ease relations with the Americans he chose to retain the title of C.E.F. (Corps Expéditionaire Francaise) for his force, ahe himself used the title 'Commandant le C.E.F.' Juin indicates that this was a matter of delicacy - he himself being a full General of a year's standing and Clark only a temporary Lieut-General, but he may also have considered the fact that he possessed only a Corps HQ (according to a memo of the J.R.C.) and had command of only two divs.
Reorganisation of Feb 1944
Early in 1944 the French recognised that they could re-equip 11 divs and provide them with the necessary supporting troops. The revised programme which the J.R.C. drew up in Feb ran as follows:-
Vol I Juin p. 237 & AFHQ 2391/2 (Troop List 1 FEC 8.11.43
Juin p. 244
Juin I p. 257
Juin I p. 254
Juin I p. 248
AFHQ 1090/13 1.12.43
De Gaulle p. 267 (Decree of 7.1.44)
AFHQ 2391/2 (J.R.C. 15.2.44 & AFHQ Memo 29.2.44); AFHQ 1090/13 (CFND Decree of 1.7.44) and AFHQ 1090/13 (Fr. OBs of Inf and Armd Divs 20.1.44) & AFHQ 2391/2 (Memo 29.4.44)
(Reorganisation of Feb 1944 cont.)
All these HQ had been organised and all but one equipped in Feb 1944.
(These included a mechanized cavalry recce sqn)
Mtn Div: (combined inf and mtn div; pack arty):
(Roughly the same an Amn three bn type. Mechanized cavalry recce sqn included light tanks)
* Translated as Shock Bn. Almost 600 men.
C.E.F. Order of Battle for summer offensive, 11.5.44
|1re DMI (Brosset)
|2e DIM (Dody)
|3e DIA (de Monsabert)
|4e DMM (Seves)
|Trois Groupes de Tabors
||Estimated strength close on
10,000 to form a 'Corps de
These formations were backed by supporting arms and services with an Establishment strength of 54,289, which includesthe 10,000 Goums given above.
* Establishment figures are taken from a return of 21 July in AFHQ 1093/3: Situation des Effectives des Forces Expéditionnaires Francaises. Actual strengths at this date are also given.
C.E.F. after the fall of Rome
For the pursuit to the Arno General Juin, who took command of his sector on 11 June, had organised 'un corps de poursuite' under the orders of General de Larminat. This included 3e DIA (de Monsabert) and 1re DMI (Brosset) 2e DIM and 4e DMM were grouped NW of Rome ready to follow. De Larminat's appointment was probably a personal one and need not imply that another HQ had arrived. General de Gaulle had for some time been urging that a second Corps HQ should be sent to Italy in order to gain battle expereince before 'Anvil'. AFHQ had no objection to the attachement of individuals but felt that there were not sufficient French troops in Italy to justify a second HQ. When the Amn Official History comes out it will presumably clear up this point.
As the 'Anvil' troopss began to assemble near Naples Juin's troops were successively reduced. He handed over his command to the Britisih on 22 July and soon after left Italy. He had, as General Beaumon-Nesbitt wrote, commanded the Corps 'with great personal distinction', being 'invaraibly good-humoured, never ruffled and always accessible.' He had made the best of impressions on all Allied Commanders with whom he had come into contact. The
qualities which Juin himself demanded in a leader, and this perhaps shows another side to his character, were 'le rayonnement et le gôut de risque.'
Planning for 'Anvil'
The decision that a major assault should be made in the south of France had been taken by the CCS at the Sextant Conference in November 1943. The original Outline Plan was completed by the JPS of AFHQ before the end of the year and just before Eisenhower gave up his command of the Medn Theatre to General Wilson. Apart from the area of landing it was not materially altered. The plan envisaged an assault landing of two, and if resources allowed, three divs; five divs to be ashore by D + 5 or a total of 125,000 men. The force would be built up to ten divs of 450,000 men (reckoning roughly 14,000 men per div; the remainder would be supporting arms and services.) In April it was decided that D day for the operation would be roughly ten weeks after the first div began to refit. HQ Force 163 (US 7 Army) opened on 12 Jan 1944 in Bouzarea under a Brigadier of 5 US Army. On 1 March Major-General Patch was made Commanding General.
There were many fluctuations in planning, in April it even appeared that the whole operation might be called off except for a feint. Not until 2 July did the CCS finally decide that the assault should go forward, target date 15 August. Preparations for 'Anvil' however had steadily continued and by mid-July most of the assault and immediate follow-up divs had reached their mounting areas and were being refitted and trained.
Just before Eisenhower gave up his command, a meeting was held at General de Gaulle's HQ at which AFHQ COS, General Bedell Smith made known the plans of the CCS for a possibel operation on French soil. This would require all the French land and air force re-equipped with Amn equipment and all the French air forces re-equipped with British equipment which would be aailable at the time. 'The greatest part of the French forces' it was agreed 'would be employed as a French Army'.* To this General Eisenhower gave his consent.
The French do not appear to have been brought further into the planning until early March, when meetings too place between Generals Wilson, Devers (Deputy SAC) and Giraud, and a little later between Wilson and de Gaulle. There were two matters of some delicacy to be settled. The first, the nationality of the assault divs, passed off
* Apparently de Gaulle made the sending of further divs to Italy conditional upon this.
quite easily. Wilson stated that these must be American; they had previous experience of amphibious ops, whereas the French had none; moreover, because of the strong state of the fortifications the landings were likely to be the most hazardous yet tackled in the theatre and the problem of signals and other possible complications demanded a common language. Giraud recognised his arguments and only suggested strengthening the force with some specialist French units: a para regt, the Bn de Choc and a Commando bn.
Agreement was also reached on what French forces were to be used and where they were to be mounted. Wilson asked for two experience Corps HQs to command an eventual force of seven divs. Two daysa later Giraud informed him that these formations could be provided. There was to be no such quick settlement on the matter of command. Wilson insisted thatthe overall Commander should be American, both because of the initial role of their Army and because of the important part to be played by Allied air and naval forces. Giraud held out for a Frenchman, arguing that the bulk of the ground force - 7 out of 10 divs would be French, and that he alone would be able to make full use of the French Resistance Movement. What was doubtless the chief reason of all, a psychological one, was not then given but was put forward by General Gammell (Wilson's COS) in a memo on the 'Differences between the French Cttee and the Allied High Command': that 'the French regard it as essential to the regeneration of France that a French Army take part in its liberation, and that it be commanded by a Frenchman.' This man had indeed already been appointed as General de Gaulle informed Wilson, General de Lattre de Tassigny CG French Armee 'B'.
After conferring with de Gaulle, Giraud modified his request; General Patch should command the assault phase of 'Anvil' but at a later stage a separate French Army Command must be established. This point was taken up and pressed with considerable vigour by General de Gaulle after Giraud's retirement on 4 April.* In point of fact Wilson had never
* To give an edge to his argument, de Gaulle insisted that even in the minor operation against Elba, which was to be carried out from Corsica by the French Corps Commander General Martin, a French Army HQ should be included in the chain of command. In Dec 1943 Giraud had agreed that Martin should come under direct command of AFHQ. On 17 April AFHQ were informed that General de Lattre would command all French ground forces, excluding the C.E.F. in Italy, and that all communications must pass through him. The direct line between AFHQ and Corsica was cut.
been opposed to the introduction of a French Army Command at a later stage in operation and the source of the trouble
seems to have been that the French required a firm promise before planning had become sufficiently advanced. Thus it was not until the end of May that agreement was reached on the basis that de Lattre should command the initial French landings, under 7 Army, with a mixed Army/Corps Staff and that when the two French Corps were landed he should assume his Army Command, parallel to the U.S. 7 Army, under an Army Group Commander.
On 30 May the French were asked to provide a Planning Staff to co-operate with Force 163 at Algiers as from 10 June. General de Lattre was nominated to head them. On 14 June Wilson informed Alexander of the C.C.S.'s decision to go ahead with 'Anvil' and at the same time gave orders to the withdrawal of the first formations from the line, including two French Divisions. 'Anvil' troops were to come under command of 7 Army in Naples. The relief of the whole C.E.F. was completed before the end of July, Juin, as has been stated, handing over command on the 22nd. As his forces were withdrawn from the line they were absorbed in Armee 'B' commanded by General de Lattre.
Naples was the chief port for mounting both the assault and follow-up convoys though, in order to relive congestion and lend support to the cover plan of an attack on Genoa, Taranto and Brindisi were used for loading 1re DMI and 3e DIA, the two French follow-up divisions. Oran was second in importance to Naples and from here sailed two combat commands of 1re DB, one of which was to land on D day.*
* Main Distribution of the French Expeditionary Force (fighting troops and services) on 1 August was:
A few thousand were stationed at Algiers and a few hundred in Tunisia.
By early August all plans had been finished and the mounting of the three U.S. assault divs and the two French follow-up divs was well under way. The assault convoy was to sail on 13 August.
The strength of the French formations, roughly up to Establishment, on 1 August was as follows:
Supporting arms and Services totalled 95,353.
* This file also gives French Naval Strengths in Algeria and Tunisia from March 1943 to Aug 1944, and French Air Forces (incl AA) on 10.1.44.
Full references for published sources used:
Carpentier's book is more inclined to give the full script of operation orders and other battle details than is that of Juin's.
(Signed) D. F. Butler | <urn:uuid:ec617f96-d155-45ce-bee9-7b8e7cc3cbe8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/rep/PRO/CAB/101/CAB-101-222.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96486 | 4,934 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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The Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) has begun a multi-year study of air quality in southwest Indianapolis neighborhoods. The study will focus on more than 60 hazardous air pollutants, also referred to as air toxics, that are regulated by the Clean Air Act. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) awarded $244,000 grant to IDEM to conduct the study, partly because the 1996 and 1999 National Air Toxics Assessments (NATAs) identified southwest Indianapolis as an area of concern.
Air toxics are emitted from certain factories and commercial establishments, motor vehicles, wood-burning fireplaces and stoves and other human activities. Air toxics can also come into neighborhoods from distant sources.
"While the NATAs point us in the right direction, I believe that actual air quality measurements form the best foundation for assessing health risk from air toxics," said IDEM commissioner Thomas W. Easterly. "We will work with U.S. EPA officials, the City of Indianapolis, local community groups, environmental groups and local businesses to keep them informed of the study's capabilities, results and recommendations."
IDEM has developed a community outreach plan and has established a Technical Advisory Group in order to best address community concerns and technical issues. Computer simulations will be used to supplement the measured air quality data in order to see how air toxics levels vary throughout the entire study area. Standard U.S. EPA methods and recommendations from the Technical Advisory Group will be used to characterize and communicate the results of the study to the public.
The study area will be roughly bound by 10th Street to the north, Bluff Road on the east, Hanna Avenue to the south and High School Road to the west. Stationary automatic monitors will collect air samples at two locations in the central portion of the study for two years. IDEM will compile an emissions inventory, which is a list of local sources of air toxics that includes amounts and method of release into the air.
"This study will help all of us better understand the role that air toxics have on air quality in southwest Indianapolis," said Easterly.
IDEM implements federal and state regulations regarding the environment. Through compliance assistance, incentive programs and educational outreach, the agency encourages and aids businesses and citizens in protecting and improving Indiana's environment. IDEM pursues enforcement action when a party disregards safety and endangers human health. | <urn:uuid:cae56dfb-c7d7-44c4-b725-9932b35fd609> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.in.gov/idem/toxic/2370.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93593 | 526 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Sorry typo error
Scatter diagram 1:
Scatter diagram 2 (instead of 3)
I'm not sure if I should have posted this under statistics or advanced statistics so if this question is placed incorrectly, I am sorry.
The question shows 2 scatter diagrams
I can't upload the pictures as Im using my mobile but i'll just describe how they kinda look
scatter diagram 1: the points form a very straight line
scatter diagram 3 : the points form a somehow straight line but not as straight as scatter diagram 1
Both scatter diagrams do not have statistics given
the two scatter diagrams are for 2 samples of bivariate data. The scales on each axis are identical
(i) for the sample shown in scatter diagram 2 , state an approximate value for the linear (product moment) correlation coefficient r.
is there a way to answer this question? there is no statistics given on the scatter diagram so I think I am supposed to just estimate r based on how the scatter diagram looks like?
(ii) the value of r for the sample for scatter diagram 1 is + 1. Explain why this need not imply that a linear relationship holds for the whole population.
I hope you'll be able to understand what I wrote If there are any uncertainties I Will try my best to clarify.
Thank you very much!!
Not sure if this is going to be useful, but:
(1) Difficult to answer that without the figure. But I guess that rho would be roughly 1
(2) It seems simple: The rho you are referring to is a sample correlation, so the results are valid for the sample at hand and that rho is only an estimate for the population correlation.
That estimate, however, is associated with a certain degree of uncertainty, which reflects the sample size available. The smaller the sample size, the larger our uncertainty.
To sum up, even if the sample correlation rho is 1, there is uncertainty in relation to the population correlation. | <urn:uuid:24d3aadd-1ed7-4dae-99b9-777eb738906e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-statistics/220164-correlation-question.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00200-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931679 | 408 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Simpson’s Paradox Hides NAEP Gains (Again)
Is the education space mature enough to handle NAEP tests every two or four years? I’m not so sure.
NAEP is the “Nation’s Report Card.” It takes a representative sample of United States students and tests them in reading, math, social studies, science, the arts, etc. There are several versions of NAEP intended to sample different groups of students–the nation as a whole, individual states, or large cities–but its overall goal is to provide citizens a snapshot of how we’re doing as a country.
The United States is a big country, and it takes a long time to move the needle on student achievement scores. Depending on the subject and sample, NAEP releases test results every two or every four years. When those scores come out, they almost always look flat. Once this same “flat” result gets repeated over and over, that starts to seep into our collective consciousness about how American students are doing.
But that’s the wrong way to look at it. From a long-term perspective, the achievement levels of American students are at or near all-time highs. Some groups of students are doing particularly well. The achievement scores of black, Hispanic, and low-income students have increased dramatically.
Because NAEP takes a representative sample, it’s also vulnerable to something called Simpson’s Paradox, a mathematical paradox in which the composition of a group can create a misleading overall trend. As the United States population has become more diverse, a representative sample picks up more and more minority students, who tend to score lower overall than white students. That tends to make our overall scores appear flat, even as all of the groups that make up the overall score improve markedly.
Recent NAEP results in history, geography, and civics illustrate this trend once again. Education Week reported that scores were “flat” from 2010 to 2014. That’s mostly true–the scores were all higher than in 2010 but didn’t meet the standard for statistical significance. But scores are up over longer periods of time. Here are the gains since 2001 on geography (* signifies statistically significant):
• All students: +1
• White students: +4*
• Black students: +7*
• Hispanic students: +9*
• Students with disabilities: +8*
• English Language Learners: +7
Here are the gains since 2001 on history:
• All students: +7*
• White students: +9*
• Black students: +11*
• Hispanic students: +17*
• Students with disabilities: +15*
• English Language Learners: +12*
And here are the gains since 1998 on civics (civics has a slightly longer time period of comparable data):
• All students: +3*
• White students: +6*
• Black students: +6
• Hispanic students: +14*
• Students with disabilities: +13*
• English Language Learners: +14*
A few things jump out from these longer-term results. First, overall scores are up a little bit, but particular groups of students are making big gains. One rule of thumb suggests that 10-15 points on the NAEP translates into one grade level. Applying that here, scores for most groups of students have improved by roughly a full grade level over the last 15 years or so. Second, achievement gaps are closing as lower-performing groups are catching up to higher-performing ones. Third, Simpson’s Paradox makes the overall scores look relatively “flat.” Don’t let that mislead you. Although we might wish for faster progress, American achievement scores are rising.
– Chad Aldeman
This first appeared on Ahead of the Heard | <urn:uuid:6636d21a-7122-4404-99e3-a58dbb65dafa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://educationnext.org/simpsons-paradox-hides-naep-gains/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944559 | 804 | 3 | 3 |
Stuck in someone else's frames? break free!
HOW FAST DOES
This experiment is kind of like doing laundry! We will find out how long it takes for water to evaporate from cloth, by weighing the cloth when it is wet, and then as time goes past, weigh it several times more.
It would be best to weigh it on an arm balance scale, if one is available for our use.
be best to measure the amount of water we will put onto the cloth, and
note the time that we wet the cloth. Make a note of the kind of day it
is, also. (If it is a
Why on earth would we weigh something to see how fast it dries? Water has weight. As it evaporates, the object that is wet will lose weight.
If you measure 1/4 cup of water, then weigh it, weigh the cloth before it is wet and then, weigh it after it is wet, you can learn how fast water evaporates in two ways: by weight and by volume.
As the water evaporates, the end of the scale with the cloth on it will rise, because it becomes lighter as it dries.
Weigh it every half-hour until it is dry.
Make a graph which shows the rate at which the water evaporates from the cloth.
This experiment can be varied by having all other elements the same, but use a fan, or, if the heater is on in the room, place the wet cloth close to (abut not touching) the heat (being careful, of course, not to cause a fire).
Your graph can then show the conditions under which the evaporate faster.
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Tired of Geek Speak when | <urn:uuid:70d2e551-cd45-4fb6-9b6e-9f2e118ac268> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://spikesworld.spike-jamie.com/science/liquids/c121-02-liquid-evaporate.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938165 | 431 | 2.84375 | 3 |
for National Geographic News
Famed explorer Christopher Columbus and his crew unleashed the scourge of syphilis on Europe, a new genetic study suggests, though some experts say the data is not conclusive.
The research adds more fuel to a controversial debate on the origins of the devastating sexually transmitted disease that can cause blindness, mental illness, and death.
Europe's first-known venereal syphilis epidemic occurred during the years immediately following Columbus's return, fueling a long-held theory that the explorer carried the disease to the continent.
Study lead author Kristin Harper and colleagues compared genetic data from 26 strains of the treponema bacteria family—those responsible for venereal syphilis as well as nonvenereal forms of the disease—and closely related ailments such as yaws, a tropical bacterial infection.
The results showed that modern-day syphilis strains resembled those found in South America.
This New World origin for syphilis strongly supports the Columbus theory, said Harper, an evolutionary biologist at Atlanta's Emory University.
"We hope to find genetic differences we can use to build a family tree of these bacteria," she added. "In doing that we hope to get an idea of where and when syphilis evolved."
Bones on each side of the Atlantic have yielded some tantalizing but inconclusive clues suggesting where and when the disease existed before Columbus's voyages.
Numerous pre-Columbian Old World remains appear to show signs of syphilis, including pitted skulls and unnaturally large lower leg bones, some researchers say.
But few examples survive, and those that appear to show syphilis may in fact be evidence of other related bacteria.
"Diagnosis of specific [syphilis-causing] diseases can be problematic in skeletal remains from archaeological sites, because they are often fragmentary and poorly preserved," said Charlotte Roberts, a bioarchaeologist at Durham University in the United Kingdom.
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES | <urn:uuid:80460158-8806-4758-b22e-11af60a3d78c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080116-columbus-syphilis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91293 | 403 | 3.875 | 4 |
From Schenectady, New York, USA:
I am a volunteer with the Big Brothers/Big Sister Organization, and my Little Sister, who is 10 years old has type 1 diabetes, but I'm getting what I consider inadequate information from her mom regarding how many carbohydrates she should have during a day. Mom is saying that she can eat anything other than sweets, and I know from my reading and research that carbs are very important. As I spend more time with my Little Sister, including all day and overnight, I am concerned that I won't give her an appropriately balanced diet while she's with me. Is there a general number of carbohydrates I should aim for when planning our days together?
Yes you are right that carbohydrates are important in diabetes meal planning, even more important than the amount of sugar. I would recommend that you ask your Little Sister if she has received/or is using a carbohydrate counting based meal plan. Most food can be worked into a diabetes meal plan, but portion sizes are still important along with getting adequate calories for growth (especially for a 10 year old). In general, the amount of carbohydrates needed varies from child to child and changes quite frequently as calorie needs change. Hopefully, your little sister has an idea of how many are worked into each meal and/or snack.
[Editor's comment: You might ask her mom for a written copy of your Little Sister's meal plan. SS]
Original posting 12 Mar 2002
Posted to Meal Planning, Food and Diet
Last Updated: Tuesday April 06, 2010 15:09:32
This Internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. If you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional.
This site is published by T-1 Today, Inc. (d/b/a Children with Diabetes), a 501c3 not-for-profit organization, which is responsible for its contents. Our mission is to provide education and support to families living with type 1 diabetes.
© Children with Diabetes, Inc. 1995-2016. Comments and Feedback. | <urn:uuid:a2833bbe-459e-4894-a4f5-3fbceb5133c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dteam/2002-03/d_0d_8g7.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959807 | 437 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Öland (öˈländ) [key], narrow island (1995 pop. 25,690), 520 sq mi (1,347 sq km), Kalmar co., SE Sweden, in the Baltic Sea, separated from mainland Sweden by the Kalmarsund. Borgholm is the chief town; there are many summer resorts on the island. Sugar beets, cereals, and vegetables are grown, and cattle are raised. Cement making and quarrying are important industries. The island also has some industries and a fishing fleet. Öland has numerous monuments dating from the Stone Age and was first mentioned in the 8th cent. It has often been a battleground in the frequent wars among the Scandinavian countries.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:46da5e56-6151-44e2-a361-d1c2c095e94e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/world/oland.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937067 | 169 | 2.671875 | 3 |
CONTACT: Stanford University News Service (650) 723-2558
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE HELPS EVALUATE AIDS PROGRAMS
STANFORD - Widely used to improve efficiency in industry, mathematical models are now being applied to AIDS policy decisions by two researchers at Stanford University and the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Palo Alto.
Margaret Brandeau and Douglas Owens have found, for example, that offering HIV screening tests to all women of child-bearing age would be cost effective if the women found to be infected decreased their risky behavior by at least 13 percent.
"The largest benefit of screening women accrues not from preventing the infection in newborns, since relatively few births of HIV- infected children are prevented, but from reducing the spread of infection to other adults," they wrote in a journal article with two former colleagues, Carol Sox and Robert Wachter.
A clinic serving a higher risk subset of the population would find screening tests even more cost effective from society's point of view, said Owens, a researcher with the V.A. and the Stanford School of Medicine.
It was not cost effective, however, for the state of Illinois to require HIV tests of couples applying for marriage licenses, because the group screened was disproportionately made up of low-risk people, said Brandeau of Stanford's School of Engineering.
"After the first 12,000 people planning to marry in that state were screened, only four people were found to be infected. A study showed that with the same amount of money, the state could have purchased 160 million condoms, paid for AZT treatment for one year for everybody with AIDS in Illinois or quadrupled their annual expenditure on AIDS education," said Brandeau, who is co-editing a book due out later this year on modeling the AIDS epidemic.
In a separate study, Owens found that the risk to doctors and nurses from treating HIV-infected patients "is comparable in magnitude to other risks that health-care workers have faced knowingly and have accepted, such as the risk from Hepatitis B infection."
"HIV infection has a much higher mortality than Hepatitis B, but your chance of being infected with HIV from a needle-stick is about 1 in 300, compared with 1 in 5 for Hepatitis B," Owens said.
The occupational risks from both HIV and Hepatitis B are large enough that the medical profession should continue to look for cost- effective methods to increase the safety of medical personnel without reducing patients' access to health care, he said.
The researchers have yet to formally model the effectiveness of programs to make condoms available in high schools, but Brandeau said that simple "back-of-the-envelope calculations" tell her that high school students would have to increase their unprotected exposures to HIV by more than tenfold before providing condoms, which have a 10 percent failure rate, would lead to more cases of HIV infections than would occur if condoms were not made available to the students.
"We don't think this simple argument is sufficient to overcome some people's political or moral objections to condom availability programs, but it may nonetheless change one's opinion about whether a controlled experiment is necessary to investigate a program's effectiveness," she said.
The point of all their research on AIDS, Brandeau and Owens say, is not to tell health officials and elected officials what decisions to make, but to provide them with a way to compare the effectiveness of various proposals. "We don't have unlimited resources to fight this disease, so we need to choose to spend our money where it will do the most good," Brandeau said. To their economic analysis, she said, policy- makers must add consideration of the legal, social and ethical implications of proposed policies.
As a professor of industrial engineering and engineering management, Brandeau spends much of her time working on planning problems for manufacturing systems, such as how to set up printed circuit board assembly processes and how to design efficient automated material-handling systems. She became interested in how her mathematical skills could be applied to health policy when she was a Stanford student research assistant. She worked with former Stanford Professor David Eddy on calculating the social benefits and costs of different strategies of screening for colorectal cancer.
Owens, a medical doctor and professor, focuses his research on problems of health policy, such as using mathematical modeling to develop better screening and treatment guidelines for various medical conditions.
Owens and Brandeau began their work on AIDS by refining a turn-of-the-century model of how malaria spreads through a population.
"A good analogy to how an epidemic develops is the spread of a rumor or knowledge," Brandeau said. "Let's say one person in 100 at a cocktail party knows something, and people are walking around talking with each other. The process can be modeled with a differential equation that will tell you how many people will know the information at any point in time. With AIDS, our model can tell us how many will be infected with the disease."
To model AIDS well, Brandeau needed to work with Owens who better understood what characteristics of the disease and treatment were important to capture in the model.
"In the case of HIV infection, you may have 8 to 10 years without significant symptoms, so people can go a long period without knowing they are infected," he said. "That's one of the important features we have to capture in our model, because an infected person has more opportunities to unknowingly transmit infection if the disease progresses slowly."
The researchers divided the infected group into subcategories - those who don't know they have the disease, those who know it but are not sick, and those who are sick. Using other research on people's risky sexual and needle-sharing behavior, they then divided the population into people with high, low and medium risk for spreading and getting the disease.
In this basic framework, the model can mathematically incorporate the effects of a particular screening, education or partner- tracing program and the behavior changes expected to go along with them.
"Our purpose, unlike some other research, is not really to determine how many people will be in the high-risk group five years from now," Owens said. "We are asking what happens when you perform an intervention, such as screening for AIDS, that changes the course of the epidemic. We want to know how many cases of HIV infection will be prevented, along with the associated monetary costs and benefits."
In general, the researchers say they've found screening programs are cost effective, because it costs society little to screen compared to the value of the forgone labor that results from each new infection.
"Assuming that the cost of screening and counseling is $40 per woman screened, then the cost of identifying 10 HIV positive women is approximately $40,000," Brandeau said, since approximately 1,000 women screened would turn up 10 positives.
"Our analysis takes a societal perspective. If the identification of these 10 women leads to just one fewer HIV infection in total among their adult contacts, and the discounted future earnings of such an adult equal $500,000, then the $40,000 spent on testing and counseling yields $500,000 in indirect economic savings to society," Owens said.
Said Brandeau: "Even if an individual earns only $5,500 a year, getting sick with AIDS at age 30 leads to $100,000 in lost earnings."
Brandeau and Owens plan to continue their AIDS modeling work by assessing interventions targeted to adolescents, such as high-school- based condom availability programs, and by developing screening guidelines that are tailored to specific clinical settings.
This is an archived release.
This release is not available in any other form.
Images mentioned in this release are not available online.
© Stanford University. All Rights Reserved. Stanford, CA 94305. (650) 723-2300. | <urn:uuid:9945876c-9036-4a6c-8a8c-e84a3503a06d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.stanford.edu/pr/93/930501Arc3294.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967034 | 1,618 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Bishop Rosendo Salvado’s 1883 Report to Propaganda Fide provides a detailed account of the Benedictine mission among the Noongar people of Western Australia, illustrated by the origins, development and condition of New Norcia from 1844 to 1883. A primary source for those interested in the history of the Benedictine mission of New Norcia, or with an interest in Colonial Australia and the history of multi-cultural contact between Indigenous Australians and Europeans, it is also a fascinating, first-hand account of the scandals that were being played out in the Perth Catholic diocese between 1847 and 1883, recording not only the missionary achievements, but also the setbacks and failures caused by the harsh climate, diseases, ecclesiastical politics and greed. Throughout the pages of this book, we discover the adult life of Bishop Rosendo Salvado (1814-1900), one of the most fascinating figures in the history of Colonial Australia and a missionary characterised by an extraordinary blend of idealism and pragmatism.
Report of Rosendo Salvado to Propaganda Fide in 1883
Translated and edited by: Stefano Girola
Introduction by Emeritus Professor John Molony
Pages : 312
Publisher : Morning Star Publishing
Dimensions : 148mm x 210mm
IBSN : 9781925208986 | <urn:uuid:9ec068a9-2a2a-4437-ab76-dd6f810a8d7a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://morningstarpublishing.net.au/product/report-of-rosendo-salvado/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909605 | 271 | 2.625 | 3 |
Natural News
Thursday, Sept 24th, 2009
In spite of claims by pharmaceutical companies that they do not discharge their products into the water supply, federal researchers have discovered that waters downstream of pharmaceutical plants are more heavily contaminated with drug residue than waters elsewhere in the country.
In one study, conducted by scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), researchers tested the water entering two water treatment plants down the sewer line of several pharmaceutical factories, as well as at other plants not receiving sewage from drug plants. Researchers discovered drugs at “much higher detection frequencies and concentrations” at the plants receiving effluent from pharmaceutical factories. Drugs detected included opiates, a barbiturate and a tranquilizer.
In a second study, researchers from the Environmental Protection Agency tested the water entering a wastewater treatment plant in the city of Kalamazoo, Mich., down the sewage line from a Pfizer drug factory. They found that the water entering the plant was exceptionally high in levels of the antibiotic lincomycin, which the factory was producing at that time.
“There’s some product going down the drain,” said Bruce Merchant, the city’s public services director.
Prior studies have shown that lincomycin can cause genetic mutations, and that it encourages the growth of cancer cells when combined with minute concentrations of a number of other drugs that are common in surface water.
The two studies are among the first to test longstanding claims by the pharmaceutical industry that factory emissions are not a significant source of drug residue in drinking water supplies.
“It’s critical that those types of assumptions are confirmed through real testing,” USGS researcher Herb Buxton said.
Research outside of the United States also suggests that pharmaceutical companies are major sources of drug pollution. In Switzerland, a test by drug company Roche found that a full 0.2 percent of active drug ingredients enter the environment during the manufacturing process. Another study found that 100 pounds of the antibiotic ciproflaxin were entering the water every day from a drug factory in India. | <urn:uuid:265b99be-6d32-4d7c-86bf-f30e98fab865> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.prisonplanet.com/u-s-pharmaceutical-factories-dumping-huge-quantities-of-drugs-into-public-sewers-rivers-and-waterways.html/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948185 | 424 | 3.046875 | 3 |
As there is no place in Darwinism for free will, or any other sort of will, the Neo-Darwinists held that there is no such thing as self-control. Yet self-control is just the one quality of survival value which Circumstantial Selection must invariably and inevitably develop in the long run. Uncontrolled qualities may be selected for survival and development for certain periods and under certain circumstances. For instance, since it is the ungovernable gluttons who strive the hardest to get food and drink, their efforts would develop their strength and cunning in a period of such scarcity that the utmost they could do would not enable them to over-eat themselves. But a change of circumstances involving a plentiful supply of food would destroy them. We see this very thing happening often enough in the case of the healthy and vigorous poor man who becomes a millionaire by one of the accidents of our competitive commerce, and immediately proceeds to dig his grave with his teeth. But the self-controlled man survives all such changes of circumstance, because he adapts himself to them, and eats neither as much as he can hold nor as little as he can scrape along on, but as much as is good for him. What is self-control? It is nothing but a highly developed vital sense, dominating and regulating the mere appetites. To overlook the very existence of this supreme sense; to miss the obvious inference that it is the quality that distinguishes the fittest to survive; to omit, in short, the highest moral claim of Evolutionary Selection: all this, which the Neo-Darwinians did in the name of Natural Selection, shewed the most pitiable want of mastery of their own subject, the dullest lack of observation of the forces upon which Natural Selection works.
A SAMPLE OF LAMARCKO-SHAVIAN INVECTIVE
The Vitalist philosophers made no such mistakes. Nietzsche, for example, thinking out the great central truth of the Will to Power instead of cutting off mouse-tails, had no difficulty in concluding that the final objective of this Will was power over self, and that the seekers after power over others and material possessions were on a false scent.
The stultification naturally became much worse as the first Darwinians died out. The prestige of these pioneers, who had the older evolutionary culture to build on, and were in fact no more Darwinian in the modern sense than Darwin himself, ceased to dazzle us when Huxley and Tyndall and Spencer and Darwin passed away, and we were left with the smaller people who began with Darwin and took in nothing else. Accordingly, I find that in the year 1906 I indulged my temper by hurling invectives at the Neo-Darwinians in the following terms. | <urn:uuid:34478ffe-d83b-43cf-afa6-cb7b6367e462> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/13084/34.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979302 | 560 | 2.6875 | 3 |
|Click image to enlarge|
Friday, March 1, 2013
Celebrating Women’s History Month
It’s pretty much common knowledge these days (or at least it should be) that women play an integral role in enforcing the law around the country. Unfortunately, this has not always been the case. To think that even before women had the right to vote, they were taking up police positions all over the USA, is quite remarkable. However, there were a lot of people who found this idea—women as law enforcement officers—to be absolutely ridiculous. Check out this cartoon from an 1887 issue of Judge Magazine to see what other “crazy” things some people were afraid would happen if women got their rights. Thankfully, the skeptics were sorely mistaken, and women have the last laugh.
The cartoon was published in 1887 in response to women in Kansas being the first in the nation allowed to exercise suffrage in municipal elections. Kansan women were not, however, allowed to exercise full voting rights in federal elections until 1912. Kansas was the eighth state to pass this legislation, building up to the ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920 that granted all American women the right to vote.
Posted at 11:30 AM | <urn:uuid:80c2e31c-f669-4694-a831-9abbb8f5cb7e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lawenforcementmuseum.blogspot.com/2013/03/celebrating-womens-history-month.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987617 | 255 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Flag of Pakistan
This page is about the meaning, origin and characteristic of the symbol, emblem, seal, sign, logo or flag: Flag of Pakistan.
The national flag of Pakistan (Urdu: پاکستان کا قومی پرچم, Pākistān kā Qaumī Pārc̱am) was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly on August 11, 1947, just three days before the country's independence, when it became the official flag of the Dominion of Pakistan. It was afterwards retained by the current-day Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The flag is a green field with a white crescent moon and five-rayed star at its center, and a vertical white stripe at the hoist side. Though the green color is mandated only as 'dark green', its official and most consistent representation is Pakistan green, which is shaded distinctively darker. The flag was designed by Amiruddin Kidwai, and is based on the All-India Muslim League flag.
The flag is referred to in the national anthem as the Flag of the Crescent and Star. It is flown on several important days of the year including Republic Day and Independence Day. A designer named Amiruddin Kidwai studied the League’s flag, as he tried to design a flag for a new, independent nation. Finally he arrived at a design, and he presented it to the men who would run the new Pakistan government. The Pakistan government adopted his design on August 11, 1947. The Pakistan government has pronounced rules about the flying of the Pakistan flag. The government has called for display of the flag at full mast on March 23 of each year. That display recognizes both the adoption of the Lahore Resolution in 1940 and the Declaration of the Republic of Pakistan in 1956. Flag raisers in Pakistan also make a point of hoisting the flag each year on the fourteenth day of August. That is considered to be Pakistan’s Independence Day. Pakistan was carved out from British India as a home to Indian Muslims.
Before the Second World War, Muslims and Hindus lived together under the British Raj. A number of the Muslims formed the All India Muslim League. After the Second World War, when the partition of India led to the creation of Dominion of Pakistan, the flag of the Muslim League served as the basis for the flag of Pakistan.
The green represents Islam and the majority Muslims in Pakistan and the white stripe represents religious minorities and minority religions. In the centre, the crescent and star symbolizes progress and light respectively. The flag symbolizes Pakistan's commitment to Islam and the rights of religious minorities. It is based on the original flag of the Muslim League, which itself drew inspiration from the flag of the Sultanate of Delhi and the Flag of the Mughal Empire.
The official design of the national flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly together with a definition of the features and proportions.
According to the specifications it is a dark green rectangular flag in the proportion of length [A] and width [B] as 3:2 with a white vertical bar at the mast, the green portion bearing a white crescent in the centre and a five-pointed white heraldic star. The size of the white portion is one quarter the size of the flag [C], nearest the mast, so the green portion occupies the remaining three quarters [D].
Asymmetric, Closed shape, Colorful, Contains both straight and curved lines, Has no crossing lines.
More symbols in World Flags:
Flags from countries around the world, including their origins, design and history. read more »
More symbols in Flags:
A flag is usually a piece of fabric with a distinctive design that is usually rectangular and used as a symbol, as a signaling device, or decoration. The term flag is also used to refer to the graphi… read more » | <urn:uuid:9edb7a04-0834-4f69-b8af-6c64270a0bf0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.symbols.com/symbol/1889 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941378 | 810 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Quiz | Answers
- In which sacred text is the Geetha incorporated?
- What is the special name given to each chapter in the Geetha?
- How many chapters are there in the Geetha?
- Mention them.
- How many Slokas (verses) are there in the Geetha?
- What is the concluding commentary of each chapter?
- Where and when was Geetha taught?
- Why was the Geetha taught?
- Why was Arjuna overwhelmed by despondency though he had come prepared
- How did Lord Krishna dispel Arjuna's delusion?
- What is the central message of the Geetha?
- What is 'Svadharma' and what is 'Paradharma'?
- Why did Lord Krishna impart knowledge of Aatma only to Arjuna and
not either to Beeshma or Yudhishthira?
- Krishna addresses Arjuna during the course of the dialogue by many
names. Mention them.
- Give the meaning of each name.
- What light do these names throw on the personality of Arjuna?
- What is the meaning of yoga?
- How is yoga defined in Geetha?
- What are the principal yogas in the Geetha?
- What is Karma Yoga?
- How does Swami explain Karma, Vikarma and Akarma?
- Explain the meaning of the verse
Karmanyeva adhikaaras the ma phalehsu kadhachana.
Maa karma phala hethur bhuh maatha sangauthva karmani II 47.
- What is Bhakthi yoga?
- How many types of Bhakthi are there?
- Give examples of each.
- What are the qualities that a true devotee should have?
- What is Jnaana yoga?
- How many types of Jnaana are there?
- How can one earn Jnaana?
- What is Raaja yoga?
- King Janaka, Sant Naama Dhev, Sant Jnaana Dhev, are realised souls.
What was the yoga they practised?
- How does Swami explain the inter-relationship between Karma, Jnaana
and Bakthi maargas?
- What is it that prevents a spiritual aspirant from taking to these
- What is mind?
- Why should mind be controlled?
- How can mind be controlled?
- What are the other components of the mind?
- What are the impurities that affect the mind?
- What is Mala?
- What is Aavarana?
- What is Vikshepa?
- How can these impurities be removed?
- What is it that is responsible for these impurities?
- What are 'Gunas'?
- Describe the characteristics of these Gunas?
- What is the basis for these Gunas?
- How many types of food are there?
- What exactly is food according to Swami?
- What should we do to purify the food?
- What are the impurities related to food?
- Who digests the food that we eat?
- What are the types of food that He digests?
- How can we get rid of these Gunas?
- What are the three gates to Hell?
- How do they affect an?
- How does Geetha illustrate that 'desire leads to despair'?
- What are the three stages that make an aspirant merge in God?
- What is the illustration given by Swami to explain these stages?
- Which is more fruitful - the worship of God with name and form
or worship of God without form and name?
- What does Geetha say about Avathaaric mission?
- What is the message of the Vibhuti yoga?
- What is the purpose of the Visvaruupa Samdharshana yoga?
- What are the qualities of an Sthitha Pragna?
- How can the despondency of Arjuna be called a yoga?
- How does Lord Krishna explain the efficacy of the caste system?
- What does Geetha say about speech habit?
- What is the meaning of these terms as given by Swami to - SAADHU,
SAMAADHI, MOKSHA, PANDIT.
- What is the significance of Dhaivaasura Sampad Vibhaga yoga?
- Describe the tree of Samsaara.
- What are the seven excellences of (STHREE) woman as mentioned in
the Vibuthi yoga?
- How does Swami explain the eternal longing of man 'I want peace'
and how can one attain peace?
- Complete these quotations of Swami:
a. Death is the _____________of ___________
b. Death is sweeter than the __________of ignorance.
c. As you______________so you_______________.
d. The slokas of the Geetha will banish the ___________hearts (verses).
e. Mind is the puppet of the ______________ we take.
- What is the significance of the following similies:
(a) Goods wagon, (b) Fan with three blades, (c) Match box.
- The following quotations of Swami throws light on certain teachings
of the Geetha - explain.
a. Less luggage more comfort make travel a pleasure.
b. Be in the World but let not the world enter you.
c. Food -> Head -> God
d. Man minus desire is God
e. What matters is renunciation in action and not renunciation of
- What are the two verses that serve as two banks of the river of
- What is the significance of the verse:
Pathram Pushpam phalam thoyam yome bhakthya prayacchathi tad aham
bhakthi apahrtham ahsnaami prayatatmonah (IX/66)
- How can a lazy fellow interpret the verse:
Sarva dharmaan parityajya
Maamekam sharanam vraja
Ahamthvaa sarva papebhyo mokshayishyami maasulchah
- Mention at least three verses that point out the immanent divinity.
- What are the three types of Sharanaagathi?
- What is the meaning of total surrender?
- What is the key to gain spiritual wisdom?
- How does Lord Krishna describe Aathma?
- What is the meaning given by Swami to MAN?
- What is the foundation for the mansion of the Geetha?
- How should one regard and revere the Geetha the song and word of
- "Dharmakshethre Kurukshethre" is the line with which the Geetha
starts: what is the meaning of these terms?
- Aathma is described as free and independent, then what is the meaning
of Aathma Samyamana Yoga?
- What is meditation?
- How can we say that the Geetha is Universal Scripture?
- How could Arjuna rise to the occasion and fight?
- What is the symbolical significance of Kurukshethra battle?
- What is Akshara Parbrahma yoga?
- Krishna says that he had first taught the Geetha to the Sun and
the Sun to Manu as he is teaching to Arjuna? What is the meaning?
- How can ignorance or Ajnan be removed?
- What is the verse that says "nothing is greater than self discipline"
- What is the verse that says "you shall raise self by your own self"
- Who were the people other than Arjuna who heard the Geetha?
- Did Krishna teach the Geetha only to enlighten Arjuna?
- Give the meaning of the last verse of the Geetha?
- What is the famous quotation of Swami that portrays the greatness
of the Geetha? | <urn:uuid:8fcd325d-142a-428d-8598-19b9ba6f7740> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://s-a-i.info/self_trans/gita7.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933046 | 1,751 | 2.8125 | 3 |
By Tom Griffin
In 1979, smallpox vanished from Planet Earth due, in part, to a shortage of vaccine and a persuasive American doctor.
That year the World Health Organization verified that, for the first time in history, humanity was able to stomp out forever an infectious disease. A turning point in that campaign was a 1966 incident in eastern Nigeria.
A medical missionary, Dr. William Foege, was part of an effort to inoculate the people of West and Central Africa with smallpox vaccine. A shipment for mass vaccinations was due in a few months, but smallpox didn't wait.
Foege got a radio message that an isolated village had a smallpox case. Could he come and verify the outbreak? "Several of us went up. The village was seven or eight miles from a road. It was smallpox all right, but we did not have sufficient supplies a d we were not going to get supplies to vaccinate everybody.
"That night we sat around and asked ourselves, 'What would we do if we were a smallpox virus bent on immortality?' " Foege recalls.
The medical missionary resorted to military tactics. He spread out maps of the district. He asked a ham radio network of missionaries to seek out any cases.
"In 24 hours we had reports of every village with smallpox," he says. "Our first priority was to use vaccine in those villages - there were only three or four at first. Then we asked ourselves where would smallpox go, and followed the family and market atterns."
Smallpox has an incubation period of 14 days. Foege and others inoculated market villages and places where relatives of the first victims were living. When the disease broke out in those secondary locations, the rest of the population was already prote ted. "Four weeks later, there was no more smallpox."
Health authorities thought they needed to inoculate 80 to 100 percent of the population to stop smallpox. Foege was able to stop the disease with less than 50 percent. Through "surveillance" of the outbreaks and "containment" of the disease, the epidemic was stopped in its tracks, months before the shipment for mass vaccinations finally arrived.
Foege became an apostle of this good news, but the new technique, (eventually named "surveillance/containment") was a hard sell. Sent by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to stamp out smallpox in parts of Africa, many field workers considered Foege's idea a "typical, cracked-brain headquarters scheme, completely out of touch with reality."
But Foege, back at the CDC headquarters in Atlanta after civil war engulfed Nigeria, pressed his case. "Bill has a great talent for coming up with creative ideas and presenting them in a way that doesn't threaten people," says William Watson Jr., who was then deputy director of the CDC.
A skeptical CDC doctor in Sierra Leone, Donald Hopkins, decided to give surveillance/containment a try. The West African country was one of the most heavily infected nations in the world. Within nine months, with less than 70 percent of the population vaccinated, smallpox had vanished.
"The proof was that it worked," Foege says of surveillance/containment. "In almost every geographic area where smallpox was diagnosed, it was gone in 12 to 24 months."
Surveillance/containment soon became part of the worldwide vaccination campaign. On any list of that effort's "heroes," you'll find the name of Bill Foege. As the architect of a radical vaccination scheme, and an unrelenting advocate of the idea, he helped banish the scourge from the Earth.
Playing a pivotal role in smallpox eradication is one reason why Foege, a 1961 graduate of the UW School of Medicine, has been named the 1994 UW Alumnus Summa Laude Dignatus. The award is the highest honor the UW can bestow upon its graduates.
The U.S. -- and the world-- is a healthier place thanks to his efforts. As head of the CDC from 1977-83, Foege (pronounced FAY-gy) reorganized his agency, putting more resources into preventative medicine. During his tenure, the CDC was able to pin down quickly the cause of two major health crises: toxic shock syndrome and Reye's syndrome.
In his post-CDC career Foege has set his sights on destroying three more diseases: polio and two parasitic scourges, river blindness and Guinea worm.
Two presidents have asked Foege for his help. In 1986 former President Jimmy Carter invited Foege to become the executive director of the Carter Center in Atlanta, a position he held until last year. "He provided leadership for a broad array of intern tional programs addressing issues of human rights and conflict resolution throughout the world," Carter said.
President Bill Clinton recently nominated Foege to be the next executive director of UNICEF. Foege is one of five nominees; a decision by U.N. Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali is expected in October.
The globe-trotting Foege, who travels constantly for work and yet likes to takes family vacations in the Galapagos Islands, New Zealand or the Amazon rain forest, is the son of a Lutheran minister. He grew up in Chewelah and Colville in the far northeast corner of Washington.
With four sisters and a brother, it was a close-knit family, Foege recalls. His older sister, Grace, had a particular influence on him, blazing a trail to Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma and then the UW medical school, a trail which her brother followed.
While he was at PLU, Foege would visit his sister at the UW. "Every time I saw it, I liked it more and more," he says. Always interested in Africa, Foege applied to medical school in the hope of using those skills on that continent.
UW Physiology Chair Wayne Crill was a housemate during Foege's first two years in medical school. Foege is 6 foot 7 inches and Crill had the same response everyone else does on first meeting. "My reaction was 'Gee that guy is tall,' " Crill recalls.
Foege quickly earned the reputation as a practical joker, one he carries to this day. But as his classmates got to know him, one quality stood out, adds Crill. "He was clearly interested in those aspects of medicine that were not the money- making, flashy aspects. Always, always."
Planning to become a medical missionary, Foege concentrated in public health, which led him into contact with Dr. Reimert Ravenholt, then the King County public health officer. "He was an intriguing professor," Foege recalls, "who made public health much more interesting than it would be otherwise."
Fresh out of medical school, Foege joined the CDC's Epidemic Intelligence Service, sort of an FBI for hunting down infectious disease outbreaks. In 1965 he earned his master's in public health from Harvard and then headed for Yahe, Nigeria, to start a medical mission for the Lutheran church. "We lived in a village in Africa with no electricity, no water, in a mud hut with a 3- year-old boy. That's not easy," he says. Exhilarated by the discovery that surveillance/containment works, he was fighting smallpox across eastern Nigeria when one of that nation's states -- Biafra -- declared its independence. Civil war broke out in 1967 and his family was evacuated.
Foege stayed, though times were dangerous. Once he rescued a fellow health worker who had been held at gun point by a 13-year-old rebel. Foege himself was placed in detention twice, once for several days. To attend a conference in Ghana, he had to canoe across the Niger River. He never went back.
"There were things that made you wonder what you were doing there. I remember thinking, 'Medical school wasn't ever this hard.' "
With his mission in ruins, he returned to the CDC, working his way up to become head of the Smallpox Eradication Program. The World Health Organization had set a goal of wiping out smallpox by 1976. By the end of 1972, the scourge was active only in South Asia and the Horn of Africa.
One U.N. official asked that the CDC "loan" Foege to tackle the problem in India. But some of his colleagues urged him not to go. "You don't need a failure like that on your record," one warned. Then-CDC Deputy Director Bill Watson recalls a "very senior World Health Organization official" telling him and Foege, "If you eradicate smallpox from India, I'll eat the tire off your jeep."
After Foege arrived in India, the epidemic actually started to worsen. In one week in the state of Bihar, more than 11,000 cases were reported, resulting in up to 4,000 deaths.Ê"The number of cases reported went up," recalls Watson. "It really dismayed people. There was a lot of second guessing. The pressure was on to do it the old way; this new system isn't working."
Foege says he couldn't convince the minister of health to stay with surveillance/containment. At a meeting the minister was prepared to order mass vaccinations when an Indian physician stood up. The physician recalled growing up in a poor village. When there was a fire, the villagers poured water on the burning hut, not on all the houses, he said. "The minister was stunned. 'I'll give you one more month,' he told us," Foege says. In that month rates finally started to go down.
Foege says that unknown physician is the hero of the Indian eradication campaign. Watson says there's more to it than Foege is willing to admit. "I think Bill's major contribution was in the operational side," Watson says. "He convinced them to stick to it and see it through."
Of the international effort to curb smallpox, Foege says, "It was one of the greatest professional experiences of my life. The heady time was in the '60s, when we could visualize eradication and see the prophecy come true."
Twisting around the old proverb, he adds, "Some things have to be believed to be seen."
By May 1975, the disease was in retreat. Foege returned to Atlanta as assistant to CDC Director David Sencer.
The CDC's reputation -- spotless compared to most government agencies -- suddenly slipped into the barnyard over the swine flu vaccine fiasco. Sencer recommended mass vaccinations against an influenza strain (swine flu) thought to be the mass killer of the 1918-19 pandemic.
More than 50 million Americans received flu shots, but cases of a rare, polio-like disease called Guillain-Barre syndrome suddenly cropped up. The vaccine was pulled and public health officials -- especially Sencer -- were blamed for overreacting.
Months later, when President Jimmy Carter appointed Joseph Califano to head the Department of Health and Human Services, Sencer's days were numbered. "It is accurate to say that Califano fired Sencer. I am convinced in my mind that swine flu was part of that," recalls Watson. When Califano dumped Sencer, Foege was one of many CDC employees who signed a petition asking for Sencer's return.
CDC staff feared that politics would take precedence over public health. At first, Watson says, Foege didn't have much of a chance with the new health secretary. "I don't think he intended to appoint someone from within the CDC to follow Sencer. We played for at least getting Foege interviewed, and then Califano was taken with him like everyone else."
"He is not a shrinking violet," adds Physiology Chair Crill. "When you talk to Bill Foege, you find he is very approachable, solid, a deep thinker."
In his six years at the head of CDC, Foege completely reorganized the agency. "We did it so that when you have a problem to solve, you are organized to meet that particular problem," he says. "We're going to keep finding new diseases forever, that is, ew organisms, new expressions of old organisms, or a combination of sociological factors and new organisms, such as with AIDS. We must be prepared to face new infections."
As a director he faced three major health crises. In 1980 women started experiencing a high fever, low blood pressure, rashes, vomiting and diarrhea. With the help of state health departments, the agency was quickly able to pin down the cause -- toxic shock syndrome, stemming from a new brand of tampon. Procter and Gamble immediately pulled it off the market.
A different industry was not as cooperative when the CDC began to link aspirin with Reye's syndrome in children suffering from flu or chicken pox. Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious disease that kills about 40 percent of its victims and leaves others brain-damaged.
In 1981 CDC workers picked up the link in four or five studies, but each individual study was too small to show statistical validity. "We couldn't prove it statistically yet, but there was no question that this was valid," Foege recalls.
The aspirin industry launched a full-scale attack on the studies. Foege wanted a warning printed on all aspirin bottles. He was backed up by both the assistant secretary of health and the secretary, but the Reagan White House insisted on another study first. That study confirmed the link, and warning labels finally appeared on bottles in 1986.
"Politics still got involved in public health. I did not stay much longer," Foege says of that time.
But before he left, the man who helped stamp out one disease, smallpox, witnessed the birth of another -- AIDS.
In the summer of 1981 reports of young men with rare pneumonia or a rare form of skin cancer -- Kaposi's sarcoma -- trickled into the CDC. "We didn't know what it meant. But it didn't take long to realize that this was bigger than we expected," recalls Foege.
"It was a steam roller that just got bigger and bigger and you couldn't imagine it could get worse and worse. There was nothing like it on this scale. You have to remember that there not many things that are 100 percent fatal beyond rabies. AIDS just did not follow the rules in any way," Foege says.
While the CDC sounded the alarm, those outside remained skeptical. "We couldn't get anyone else to listen: politicians, blood banks, media. It was just so bad that people didn't want to believe it," Watson says.
"People preferred that this wasn't happening. They thought, 'It can't be as bad as people say it is.' I've found that there is an incubation period for ideas as well as for viruses," Foege adds.
"We used existing resources, mostly from the VD program itself. There was no extra money, no relevant articles in peer publications, very little press for a year and a half," Watson recalls. "It was a frustrating time but we did not sit around agonizing."
Though critics often complain about the lack of money devoted to AIDS, Foege points out that line items on budgets often don't reflect the reality of those times. "A lot of research dollars got directed early on," he says. "But even that wasn't enough."
Foege is particularly proud of publishing some of the first prevention information about AIDS, before it was conclusively proved that a virus caused the disease. The CDC "printed what we knew, and what we knew about prevention, back in 1983. And it is still valid today."
Asked if someday AIDS will be stamped out the way smallpox has been, Foege responds, "I cannot imagine that we will not ultimately find a preventive vaccine. That's the direction we're going."
A believer of things not yet seen, Foege has concentrated on destroying three diseases since he left the CDC in 1983. He is the head of the Task Force for Child Survival and Development, which has raised the general immunization level of the world's children from 20 percent to 80 percent in six years. Among its goals is the eradication of polio by the year 2000. "We're going to make it," Foege declares. "Polio is already finished in this hemisphere."
The task force has also targeted river blindness (onchocerciasis), a leading cause of blindness in Latin America and Africa. Thanks to a free supply of a drug furnished by Merck & Co., about 9.5 million people will be protected by the end of the year.
In 1986 President Jimmy Carter asked Foege to take over as head of the Carter Center, a public policy institute located at Emory University. "President Carter was very interested in international public health and he convinced me that it would be a good place to be," Foege says.
As part of the center's Global 2000 program, Foege hopes to knock out yet another disease by the end of 1995 -- Guinea worm. A parasite found in stagnant water, the worm can grow two to three feet long within the body, causing secondary infections, scarring and crippling similar to polio.
To combat the disease, Global 2000 uses surveillance/containment. It helps countries identify where cases occur and then focuses efforts on eradication. In four years cases decreased 90 percent in Ghana and Nigeria. Pakistan is expected to be completely free of Guinea worm by the end of the year.
Foege recently stepped down as Carter Center director. Still a fellow at the center, he wants to spend more time on health programs. He may get his wish in spades if the U.N. secretary general taps him to head UNICEF.
"This is the only job in the world he would leave what he is doing now to take," says his long-time colleague Watson. "He'd be able to make an impact on the welfare of the children of the world."
Tom Griffin is managing editor of Columns. | <urn:uuid:4b718b08-2e54-45af-81d8-c0fa42caa2af> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/top10/calling_the_shots.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981055 | 3,799 | 3.140625 | 3 |
In a second letter to the Obama administration, 28 top ocean noise and whale researchers have raised serious concerns about planned seismic surveys along the east coast of the U.S. The scientists cite several recent studies that shed light ways that the long term health and reproductive rates of right whales have been affected by temporary stresses, and suggest that the planned seismic program could push this extremely endangered species over the edge. With only 500 individuals remaining, the loss of each individual creates a significant impact on long term population viability. According to the letter,
Notably, according to analysis by the New England Aquarium, even a small decline of only ten percent in right whale health can impair reproduction or eliminate it entirely. A newly published study shows that a population-wide deterioration in North Atlantic right whale health from 1998 to 2000 was correlated with a drastic drop in calving rates, further indicating that factors influencing health can be responsible for suppressing reproduction.
With previous studies showing noise causing lasting stress in right whales, and that whales that have been through an entanglement experience with fishing gear show lasting health effects and reduced reproduction, the researchers conclude:
In light of the desperate level of endangerment of the North Atlantic right whale and the serious consequences of entanglement, it is critical that other major stressors are minimized or removed to ensure the recovery and long-term survival of this species. The additional stress of widespread seismic airgun surveys may well represent a tipping point for the survival of this endangered whale, contributing significantly to a decline towards extinction.
A year ago, 75 scientists wrote to the Obama administration to urge them to reject plans for seismic surveys and oil and gas development along the Atlantic seaboard. In March of this year, plans to offer drilling leases for the five-year period 2017-2021 were abandoned. A future administration may re-open the area for later five-year planning periods, and the oil and gas industry wants to conduct new surveys in the meantime. Currently, four companies have applied to the Bureau of Ocean Energy and Management (BOEM) for permits to conduct surveys in the Atlantic (see maps above and below). This new letter from 28 of the same researchers who wrote last year asks the administration to follow up its announcement to keep the Atlantic closed to drilling, by now also withdrawing the 2014 decision to open the area to new surveys, in the light of the new research that is not included in the previous environmental impact statement—or at the very least, to refrain from issuing any permits until after NOAA’s planned 2017 right whale status review, which may confirm whether recent slowdowns in the species’ population growth have continued.
The NRDC elaborates on the expertise of these researchers:
The statement is signed by some 28 marine biologists with particular expertise on the right whale, from such institutions as Cornell, Duke, the New England Aquarium, Wildlife Conservation Society (the conservation arm of the Bronx Zoo), UNCW, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. For right whales, it doesn’t get much more authoritative than this.
The map at the top of this post highlights designated right whale Essential Habitat (red) and Seasonal Management Areas (blue cross-hatches). Note that the areas largely overlap; this duplication of effort and noise is among the concerns expressed by regional and national ocean advocacy organizations; oil and gas exploration companies routinely duplicate each others’ surveys, with everyone’s data being held as proprietary information. The larger map below shows designated Essential Habitat for a wide range of Atlantic species. One of the proposed survey areas is well offshore, fifty or more miles from the key right whale habitat, while the other three come right to the edge of the designated habits, or even overlap with them. Seismic survey sounds can routinely extend for tens of miles from the survey vessels (and up to 1500 miles in deep offshore waters), so concerns about increased stress—especially in the nursery areas along the southwest coast—apply to all the proposed survey areas, if they take place when whales are present.
For more from the researchers involved, see this press release that includes several quotes, and for more on the maps, produced by Oceana, see this article from the Coastal Review and this page on Oceana’s website. | <urn:uuid:391922bb-be03-4cd7-9c25-12714573919d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://aeinews.org/archives/category/ocean/seismic-surveys | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944368 | 863 | 2.75 | 3 |
As you've already discovered, it's a slur, and it means that you should play the notes that fall under it legato.
In musical notation the Italian word legato (literally meaning "tied together") indicates that musical notes are played or sung smoothly and connected. That is, in transitioning from note to note, there should be no intervening silence.
Essentially, you want one note to stop ringing the same instant that the next begins ringing. This is obviously contrasted with staccato, where notes are played sharply and stop ringing well before the next is played. Normal playing falls in between, though generally more towards the legato side.
This is just a matter of practice to get the feel and timing right. Experiment! | <urn:uuid:db6089ed-8b87-42ad-b0e3-1626f5cb96d2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://music.stackexchange.com/questions/4504/what-does-an-arc-mean-above-the-notes-in-a-piano-sheet-music-how-do-i-play-it/4505 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970563 | 150 | 2.796875 | 3 |
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Flank pain: A feeling of distress and agonycaused by the stimulation of pain nerve endings in the flank. See detailed information below for a list of 34 causes of Flank pain, including diseases and drug side effect causes.
» Review Causes of Flank pain: Causes
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causes of Flank pain.
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Chronic digestive conditions often misdiagnosed: When diagnosing chronic symptoms of the digestive tract, there are a variety of conditions that may be misdiagnosed. The best known, ...read more »
Antibiotics often causes diarrhea: The use of antibiotics are very likely to cause some level of diarrhea in patients. The reason is that antibiotics kill off not only "bad" bacteria, but can...read more »
Food poisoning may actually be an infectious disease: Many people who come down with "stomach symptoms" like diarrhea assume that it's "something I ate" (i.e. food poisoning). In fact, it's more likely to be an infectious...read more »
Mesenteric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children: Because appendicitis is one of the more feared conditions for a child with abdominal pain, it can be over-diagnosed...read more »
Celiac disease often fails to be diagnosed cause of chronic digestive symptoms: One of the most common chronic digestive conditions is celiac disease, a malabsorption disorder with a variety of symptoms (see symptoms of celiac disease). A variety of other chronic...read more »
Vitamin B12 deficiency under-diagnosed: The condition of Vitamin B12 deficiency is a possible misdiagnosis of various conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (see symptoms of multiple sclerosis). See symptoms of...read more »
Chronic lung diseases hard to diagnose: Some of the chronic lung diseases are difficult to diagnose. Even the well-knowns conditions such as asthma or lung cancer often fail to be diagnosed early....read more »
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This information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of Flank pain. Of the 34 causes of Flank pain that we have listed, we have the following prevalence/incidence information:
The following list of conditions have 'Flank pain' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom.
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Medical Conditions associated with Flank pain:
Abdominal pain (2568 causes), Chest pain (1053 causes), Pain (6458 causes), Digestive symptoms (5299 causes), Abdominal symptoms (5930 causes), Common symptoms (8589 causes), Breathing symptoms (3381 causes), Chest symptoms (1355 causes), Pain symptoms (6458 causes), Sensory symptoms (7134 causes), Nerve symptoms (9132 causes), Neurological symptoms (9575 causes), Flank symptoms (21 causes), Sensations (6520 causes), Throat symptoms (3410 causes), Brain symptoms (2787 causes), Respiratory symptoms (5166 causes), Mouth symptoms (6864 causes), Body symptoms (5672 causes), Breath symptoms (3023 causes), Head symptoms (10192 causes), Face symptoms (8109 causes)
Symptoms related to Flank pain:
Abdominal pain (2568 causes), Side pain (33 causes), Flank pain (34 causes), Diabetes (212 causes), Peripheral neuropathy (299 causes), Pyelonephritis (26 causes), Pancreatitis (68 causes), Peripheral nerve trauma, Peripheral nerve compression, Sciatica (30 causes), Cold (712 causes), Cerebrovascular accident (192 causes), Calculi
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Search Specialists by State and City | <urn:uuid:8a005698-931b-4c5c-b8f8-99d781bfaafa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/flank_pain.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906114 | 1,170 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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York University, Toronto, Ontario
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Robert H. Wozniak
© 1999 Robert H. Wozniak. All rights reserved. Previously published in Wozniak, R. H. (1999). Classics in Psychology, 1855-1914: Historical Essays. Bristol, UK: Thoemmes Press. Reprinted by permission of the author.
William James's The Principles of Psychology is widely considered to be the most important text in the history of modern psychology. Twelve years in the writing, The Principles was, and in many ways still is, a document unique in the history of human thought. It's author was not only completely conversant with the psychological literature in English, but with that in French, German, and Italian; and, as a result, The Principles presented the discipline for the first time as a truly international endeavor. James was also an artist, with the artist's eye for shading and detail, and one of the English language's truly great prose stylists. In The Principles these characteristics combined to yield some of the richest descriptions of human experience, human behavior, and human nature ever to appear in a work of non-fiction.
As a psychologist, James was as interested in and knowledgeable about the phenomena of psychopathology and exceptional mental states as he was in those of normal consciousness; and in The Principles he drew constantly from this material to enrich his analyses. Trained as a biologist and a physician, James felt compelled to ground his psychology wherever possible in the facts of nervous physiology; but he was also at heart a philosopher concerned with issues such as the problem of other minds, the relationship of mind to body, the continuity of self, the mechanism of objective reference, and the nature of necessary truths. In The Principles, both of these orientations were manifest, as James moved effortlessly back and forth from one level of analysis to another.
More important than any of these characteristics for the claim of James's text to uniqueness and for its extraordinary and continuing influence was the exceptionally innovative way in which the subject matter of psychology was approached. The more traditional topics (e.g., the functions of the nervous system, sensation, the perception of time, space, objects, and reality, imagination, conception, reasoning, memory, association, attention, emotions, and will) were rarely dealt with in a traditional manner; and a whole series of non-traditional topics (e.g., habit, the stream of thought, consciousness of self, discrimination and comparison, the production of movement, instinct, and hypnotism) were introduced in ways that forever changed the discipline.
Not surprisingly The Principles can still be read in its entirety with great profit. Of all James's contributions, however, there are three for which he has been especially famous in the history of psychology: his analysis of the stream of thought, his characterization of the self, and his theory of emotion. Each of these will be briefly described; but it should be kept in mind that, with James, there is no substitute for reading the original.
James's analysis of the stream of thought was first published in an article in Mind, entitled 'On some omissions of introspective psychology.' As it appeared in edited form in The Principles, it consisted of a number of components. Three of these, all of which flowed directly from James's recognition that psychology had traditionally attributed to thought a characteristic true only of the objects of thought(viz., analyzability into discrete elements), will be addressed here.
The first of these components was an attack on the idea that sensations constituted the fundamental elements of consciousness. Sensation, James argued, was an abstraction from not a fact of experience. 'No one,' he wrote, 'ever had a simple sensation by itself. Consciousness, from our natal day, is of a teeming multiplicity of objects and relations, and what we call simple sensations are results of discriminative attention, pushed often to a very high degree.'
The two remaining components emphasized change and continuity in thought. For James, thought contained no constant elements of any kind, be they sensations or ideas. Every perception was relative and contextualized, every thought occurred in a mind modified by every previous thought. States of mind were never repeated. Objects might be constant and discrete, but thought was constantly changing and sensibly continuous. 'Consciousness,' he wrote, '...does not appear to itself chopped up in bits. Such words as 'chain' or 'train' do not describe it fitly as it presents itself in the first instance. It is nothing jointed; it flows. A 'river' or 'stream' are the metaphors by which it is most naturally described.'
James's chapter on the self introduced numerous self-related concepts and distinctions into psychology. The phenomenal self (the experienced self, the 'me' self, the self as known) was distinguished from the self thought (the I-self, the self as knower). 'Personality,' he wrote, 'implies the incessant presence of two elements, an objective person, known by a passing subjective Thought and recognized as continuing in time. Hereafter let us use the words ME and I for the empirical person and the judging Thought.'
In discussing the me-self, James wrote of three different but interrelated aspects of self: the material self (all those aspects of material existence in which we feel a strong sense of ownership, our bodies, our families, our possessions), the social self (our felt social relations), and the spiritual self (our feelings of our own subjectivity). These aspects were then treated in terms of relevant feelings of self-worth and self-seeking actions; and in the course of this analysis, James made three major contributions to self theory. He articulated the principle of multiplicity of social selves ('a man has as many social selves as there are individuals who recognize him and carry an image of him in their mind'), defined self-esteem in terms of the ratio of successes to pretensions, arguing that self-esteem can be as easily increased by lowering aspirations as by increasing successes, and distinguished ideal selves from real selves ('In each kind of self, material, social, and spiritual men distinguish between the immediate and actual, and the remote and potential...' ).
In addressing the I-self, James turned first to the feeling of self identity, the experience that 'I am the same self that I was yesterday,' pointing out that 'the sense of our own personal identity...is exactly like any one of our other perceptions of sameness among phenomena.' He then proceeded to review the classical (spiritualist, associationist, and transcendentalist) theories of personal identity and concluded with an extremely important discussion of the phenomena and implications of multiple personality. In this last especially, we see James in his element, struggling with the nature of the most complex manifestations of the self.
Finally, James's chapter on the emotions, revised from an 1884 paper, presented his famous theory of emotion. The chapter began with a clear recognition of the close relationship between action and the expressive and physiological concomitants of emotion 'Objects of rage, love, fear, etc.,' he wrote, 'not only prompt a man to outward deeds, but provoke characteristic alterations in his attitude and visage, and affect his breathing, circulation, and other organic functions in specific ways.' Here James also made it clear that emotion could be as easily triggered by memory or imagination as by direct perception of an emotion producing event. As he phrased it, 'One may get angrier in thinking over one's insult than at the moment of receiving it.'
In what was to become known as the James-Lange theory of emotion, James then went on the argue that emotion consists of our experience of these bodily changes. As he put it, 'My theory...is that the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion...we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and not that we cry, strike, or tremble, because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be.' Although James may have been a bit overstrong in equating emotion with experience of bodily change (and in other sections of the chapter made claims in relation to the neural basis of emotion that have not been supported), his description of the nature of emotion anticipated much of what is commonly held by modern theorists to be characteristic of emotion: the presence of an external or internal precipitating event, physiological change, expressive movement, and a characteristic affective experience.
It is impossible in brief to summarize the many ways in which James's Principles, read and assimilated by those coming to academic maturity in the decades following its publication, altered the course of development of the newly emerging scientific psychology. James's views, especially those on the stream of consciousness, played a major role in shifting psychology away from elementalism toward a functional, process oriented account of mind (and eventually behavior). James's concern with emotion, motivation, and the nature of the self, the social self, and self-esteem, not only lay the groundwork for dynamic psychology, but for a dynamic psychology that recognized the importance of social factors in personality. And James's deep and abiding concern with exceptional mental states helped legitimize an emerging, indigenous American psychotherapy and pave the way for the eventual acceptance of psychoanalysis within psychology.
James's dates are 1842-1910; for general biographical information on James, see Allen, G.W. (1967). William James. New York: Viking Press; for biographical information presented in the context of portions of James's extensive correspondence, see Perry, R.B. (1935). The Thought and Character of William James (2 vols.). Boston: Little, Brown. The work under discussion here was first published as: James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology (2 vols.). New York: Henry Holt (Reprinted Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1999).
James signed a contract for the book with Holt in 1878. In the 12 years between signing of the contract and the book's appearance, James published sixteen articles on which he drew extensively in writing the Principles.
It has frequently been said of the James brothers that Henry James was a novelist who was really a psychologist and William a psychologist who was really a novelist.
Almost the only discussions in the Principles that appear truly dated are those devoted to the specifics of nervous structure and function. The more properly psychological analyses can still be mined for insight into the nature of human mental function. For multiple examples of the continuing value of James's work in this regard, see Johnson, M.G. & Henley, T.B. (Eds.). (1990). Reflections on "The Principles of Psychology." William James After a Century. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
James, W. (1884a). On some omissions of introspective psychology. Mind, 9, 1-26.
James (1890), op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 224.
Ibid., p. 239.
For an excellent and more in-depth discussion of James's self theory, see Leary, D.E. (1990). William James on the self and personality: Clearing the ground for subsequent theorists, researchers, and practitioners. In M.G. Johnson & T.B. Henley (Eds.), op. cit., pp. 101-37.
James (1890), op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 371.
Ibid., p. 294.
Ibid., p. 315.
Ibid., p. 332
Ibid., p. 334.
James, W. (1884b). What is an emotion? Mind, 9, 188-205.
James (1890), op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 442.
Ibid., p. 443.
The theory was independently articulated by James (1884b), op. cit., and by the Danish physiologist, Carl Lange, in Lange, C. (1885). Om sindsbevaegelser: et psyko-fysiologisk studie. Kjøbenhavn: Jacob Lunds.
James (1890), op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 449-50.
James, for example, argued that there were "no special brain-centres for emotion," see ibid., pp. 472-4.
For a superb account of this side of James's psychology, see Taylor, E. (1996). William James on Consciousness beyond the Margin. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. | <urn:uuid:6a36b14f-c7bf-46b0-b302-312bd160e869> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/Principles/wozniak.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948109 | 2,627 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Sport and physical recreation play a part in the lives of many Australians. Information relating to various aspects of participation in sport and physical recreation is collected through the use of a range of surveys conducted by the ABS. The following provides a summary of the various sources used in this chapter.
The 2011-12 Multipurpose Household Survey (MPHS) found that, during the 12 months prior to interview, 65% of Australians aged 15 years and over participated in physical activities for recreation, exercise or sport. The survey obtained data about the characteristics of people aged 15 years and over who participated in sport and physical recreation activities as a player, competitor or person who physically undertook the activity. People who were involved as coaches, umpires or club officials have been excluded from the data. Sport and physical recreation participation data from the MPHS have been published in ABS (2012f) Participation in Sport and Physical Recreation, Australia, 2011-12 (cat. no. 4177.0).
The MPHS included details on the number of people who participated in sporting events and physical recreation activities in the 12 months prior to interview; the socio-demographic characteristics of participants; the most popular sports and physical recreation activities; and the frequency and regularity of participation. Sport and physical recreation data has also been collected as part of the 2005-06 and 2009-10 MPHS.
Information on this topic was previously collected in the ABS (2001b) Population Survey Monitor, 1993 to 2000, the ABS (2003) General Social Survey, 2002. Care should be taken when comparing results from these surveys, as the methodology used in each of these surveys differed and this may affect the validity of comparisons.
Similar care should be taken when comparing information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults' participation in sport and physical activities, which was collected as part of the ABS (2008g) National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, 2008 (cat. no. 4714.0).
The Survey of Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities (CPCLA), conducted every three years since April 2000, collects data on participation in organised sports outside school hours for children aged 5 to 14 years. These data are available in ABS (2012c) Children's Participation in Cultural and Leisure Activities, Australia, 2012 (cat. no. 4901.0).
The 2009 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers collected information about whether people with a disability had participated in sport or physical recreation away from home in the previous 12 months. Data from this survey have been published in ABS (2010a) Disability, Ageing and Carers, Australia: Summary of Findings, 2009 (cat. no. 4430.0). The 2009 survey was largely a repeat of the 2003 survey, allowing for some comparisons over time.
Participating in sport and physical recreation is one way that adults and children can stay active and healthy. Preliminary results with data about adults' exercise levels are available in the ABS (2012a) publication Australian Health Survey: First Results, 2011-2012 (cat. no. 4364.0.55.001) with updated results scheduled for a May 2013 release. The preliminary results are included here as an indication of how much physical activity people are regularly undertaking. More detailed information on exercise based on 8 days of pedometer readings and more detailed physical activity questions will be available upon release of results from the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) in 2013.
When comparing data from different sources it is important to take into consideration the differing scope and methodology of the surveys. These issues are discussed in this chapter wherever such comparisons are made. | <urn:uuid:fdd55cf1-6002-4982-a847-f9a15d0a4119> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/62EF29AC7C6F95DDCA257AD9000E260D?opendocument | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94631 | 739 | 3.125 | 3 |
In a world that is constantly changing, are attempts to eradicate disease realistic?
Over 40 years ago, researchers were happy to have a War on Cancer. President Richard Nixon made it a national priority and it came with a lot of funding, so no one corrected what became an obvious point decades and billions of dollars later; you can't cure cancer.
Efforts at eradicating diseases may be doomed because of a mismatch between the ways humans structure the world and the ways pathogens move through the world, according to a paper in The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Polio is the poster child for diseases science has successfully conquered but the deadline for its eradication came and went in 2013 and is now 2018. What is going to change by then?
Computer-generated model of a poliovirus: Genetic material is tucked inside a protective protein shell. Credit: University of Arizona
Probably not much. In 1988, the 41st World Health Assembly adopted a resolution for the worldwide eradication of polio and 25 years seemed a long way off. They created the Global Polio Eradication Initiative but rather than being eradicated, it has resurfaced, and now it brings with it violent acts against health workers in places Pakistan and Nigeria, where rumors are that the polio vaccine is part of a Western plot.
Unlike smallpox, poliomyelitis – a debilitating disease affecting the nervous system and causing permanent paralysis – has never been completely eradicated. According to the authors, one of the biggest challenges in ridding the world of polio is a mismatch in the way humans perceive and structure the world and the ways viruses – and, by extension, other pathogens – move through the world.
"The ways we believe the world is structured clash with the structure of the world that is relevant to the virus," explained co-author Del Casino, professor of geography at the University of Arizona. "If we were to scale down our focus from the world of humans to the world of viruses, we'd end up in a different place in how we imagine the world and we'd start to think differently. Polioviruses don't need or rely on our view of the world. Their existence is based on human bodies and how to move from one to the next."
"In our society, we have a tendency to make sense of the world by organizing it into boxes," said Georgia Davis, a doctoral candidate in the School of Geography and Development. "We think certain pathogens occur here, but not there, and they get from this host to that host, and this is how they do it. But in reality, our attempt to understand the world by ordering it in certain ways may actually preclude us from really understanding it."
"Put another way," the authors write, "polioviruses maintain themselves by seeping through the boundaries – real or imagined – we use to contain them. In view of this, we need a more cautious approach to our thinking, and might need to reduce our expectations of global eradication efforts."
With Lyme, for instance, reporting happens on a county level, Davis said. On some maps, it appears that Lyme is endemic in one county but almost nonexistent just across the county border.
"It's the same for dengue fever," said Melinda Butterworth, also a doctoral candidate in the School of Geography and Development, who researches the mosquito-borne disease. "We're seeing a global resurgence of the virus, including several recent outbreaks in the U.S. Yet dengue is mostly thought of as a 'tropical disease,' so the diagnosis isn't always made."
"The issue of accurate testing and reporting of infectious diseases is a classic concern in health and medical science," Butterworth added. "But it matters for geography too, because it influences what our maps of disease distributions look like. Those maps influence how we understand where diseases are, and how we test for and monitor their spread."
The picture gets even more complicated in light of conflicts between people or entire nations, climate change and health care disparities.
"Climate and environmental changes alter the habitats of pathogens and vectors in ways we're still trying to understand," Butterworth said.
"Let's say a particular nation has vaccination programs, but a neighboring country doesn't, and yet another has them but can’t enforce them uniformly," Davis explained. "Add migration to the mix and you can see how this creates holes for pathogens to move through and escape our ability to map them, let alone eradicate them."
The number of new polio cases has dropped dramatically, from 716 in 2011 to 223 in 2013, but more cases are cropping up.
"What is interesting is that, since 2013, which saw tensions in Somalia, the crisis in Syria, and a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan, there has been a creeping increase in cases," Del Casino said. "There almost was a chance to contain the virus, but it has become very difficult to contain those spaces, because viruses move faster than that."
Citation: Vincent J Del Casino, Melinda Butterworth, Georgia Davis, 'The slippery geographies of polio', The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 14, Issue 7, Pages 546 - 547, July 2014 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70802-3
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- Clandestine black hole may represent new population | <urn:uuid:e5335416-dee6-4c90-b3ca-d06b41924455> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.science20.com/news_articles/is_eradicating_polio_realistic-142755 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944382 | 1,488 | 3.328125 | 3 |
This article was published in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 6, (MUP), 1976
Catherine Helen Spence (1825-1910), writer, preacher, reformer and feminist, was born on 31 October 1825 near Melrose, Scotland, daughter of David Spence, lawyer and banker, and his wife Helen, née Brodie. In 1839 David's wheat speculations failed and Catherine could not further her education in Edinburgh. The family migrated to South Australia in the Palmyra, arriving in November. David was clerk to the first Adelaide Municipal Council in 1840-43.
In Adelaide Spence became a governess and set out to fulfil her childhood ambition to be 'a teacher first and a great writer afterwards'. The first novel about Australia written by a woman, Clara Morison: A Tale of South Australia During the Gold Fever, was published in London (1854) in 2 volumes, followed by Tender and True: A Colonial Tale in 2 volumes (1856); both were anonymous. Mr. Hogarth's Will, 3 volumes (1865) was the first to bear her name as author, then came The Author's Daughter (1868) also in 3 volumes. 'Gathered In' was serialized in the Adelaide Observer in 1881-82, and 'Handfasted', submitted for a prize offered by the Sydney Mail in about 1880, was rejected as 'calculated to loosen the marriage tie … too socialistic and therefore dangerous', and remains in manuscript. Though never popular, these works won respect; but she stopped writing novels because her ambition changed as she grew older. An Agnostic's Progress from the Known to the Unknown (1884) and A Week in the Future (1889) were her last major fiction.
In her Autobiography (1910) she wrote, discerningly, 'my work on newspapers and reviews is more characteristic of me, and intrinsically better work than I have done in fiction'. By 1878 she had overcome her diffidence and won repute as a literary critic and social commentator, with articles in South Australian newspapers as well as in the Cornhill Magazine, Fortnightly Review and Melbourne Review. In becoming a regular, paid contributor of the South Australian Register she was able to express her keen interest in the colony and its future, and she obtained a ready forum for her chosen causes.
In 1872 Spence helped Caroline Emily Clark to found the Boarding-Out Society, to board orphaned, destitute and reformed delinquent children in the homes of families, and visit them to check on their behaviour and treatment. She was an official of the society in 1872-86 and worked strenuously as a visitor. When the State Children's Council was established in 1886 she became a member, and was later a member of the Destitute Board.
Most of her work for education was done with her pen. Spence supported the foundation of kindergartens and a government secondary school for girls. In 1877 she was appointed to the School Board for East Torrens, an ineffectual and short-lived body. Her book, The Laws We Live Under (1880), was the first social studies textbook used in Australian schools, and anticipated similar courses in the other colonies by twenty years.
Spence had become an enthusiast for electoral reform in 1859 when she read J. S. Mill's review of Thomas Hare's system of proportional representation. In 1861 she wrote, printed (at her brother's expense) and distributed A Plea for Pure Democracy. Mr. Hare's Reform Bill Applied to South Australia, but she commented, 'it did not set the Torrens on fire'. Though she later claimed that the system had been her life's major cause, she ignored it between 1861 and 1892, except to inject a discussion of it into Mr. Hogarth's Will and visit Hare when she was holidaying in Britain in 1864-65. She had initially presented Hare's scheme as a means of ensuring representation of minorities by men of virtue, learning and intelligence, which was seen as conservative support of privilege. In 1892 she propounded the modified Hare-Spence system as the only way of attaining truly proportionate representation of political parties, an argument well suited to the current political climate of the colony.
By then Spence had acquired greater confidence and become an accomplished public speaker, a process that had begun when she read papers to the South Australian Institute, being the first woman to do so, and brought her acclaim when she addressed the Australasian conferences on charity in 1891 and 1892. About 1856, after much doubt and distress over the doctrines of the Church of Scotland in which she had been raised, she joined the Unitarian Christian Church. In 1878 she substituted for the minister by reading a published sermon, and the same year seized an opportunity to deliver one of her own. Later she frequently preached in Adelaide, and occasionally in Melbourne and Sydney.
R. Barr Smith gave financial backing for her campaign for proportional representation; it was supported by the nascent Labor Party and several small populist and socialist groups, and was launched with widespread public meetings in 1892-93. In 1893 Spence went to the Chicago World Fair to address the International Conference on Charities and Correction, the Proportional Representation Congress, the Single Tax Conference, the Peace Conference, and a gathering in the Women's Building. She then lectured and preached across the United States, visited Britain and Switzerland and returned to South Australia in 1894. Next year she formed the Effective Voting League of South Australia. She ran for the Federal Convention in 1897, becoming Australia's first female political candidate, and came twenty-second out of thirty-three candidates. In 1899 and 1900 she campaigned unsuccessfully for the introduction of 'effective voting' in Federal elections, and in 1902-10 her supporters introduced proportional representation bills into the South Australian parliament. The heterogeneous executive of her Effective Voting League exemplified her non-party and probably personal following. Spence was 67 when she began her campaign, white-haired, short, stout, energetic, with a 'carrying' but not strident Scot's burr, and a direct, natural, sometimes brusque manner. She aroused much enthusiasm, especially for herself as a woman transcending social restrictions on permissible activities.
Spence joined the fight for female suffrage in 1891 and became a vice-president of the Women's Suffrage League of South Australia. After South Australian women were enfranchised in 1894, she supported campaigns in New South Wales and Victoria and spoke at meetings of the Women's League, a body formed in Adelaide for the political education of women. She urged the establishment of a local organization affiliated with the International Council of Women. This work also won her acclaim; she had become a symbol of what Australian women could attempt. When she died on 3 April 1910 she was mourned as 'The Grand Old Woman of Australia'. She had lived with her parents (her father died in 1843, her mother in 1886) and had raised three families of orphaned children in succession. Her estate was sworn at £215. Her portrait hangs in the South Australian Art Gallery.
Susan Eade, 'Spence, Catherine Helen (1825–1910)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/spence-catherine-helen-4627/text7621, published first in hardcopy 1976, accessed online 30 June 2016.
This article was first published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 6, (MUP), 1976 | <urn:uuid:8d4ecbb8-1d5d-4000-a3e2-5b49991420e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/spence-catherine-helen-4627 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00008-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978241 | 1,569 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Wood Smoke and Particle Pollution
Burning wood creates significant amounts of particle pollution. And the more scientists have learned about particle pollution, the more alarmed they’ve become.
Scientific studies have now linked particle pollution with a litany of health problems that include asthma attacks, diminished lung function, respiratory ailments, heart attacks, and stroke.
Both chronic and short-term exposure to particle pollution have been linked to increased hospital admissions and emergency room visits—and even to premature death from heart or lung diseases. Epidemiologic studies indicate that tens of thousands of excess deaths per year, and many more cases of illness, result from exposure to PM.
These are just a few of the reasons the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency now considers fine particle pollution its “most pressing air quality problem.”
The most hazardous particles from wood burning are smaller in diameter than a human hair. These fine particles are too small to be filtered out by the nose and upper respiratory system, so they end up deep in the lungs. Shutting the windows and doors of your home will not protect you from fine particle pollution—the particles are so small that they will infiltrate even the best quality double-paned windows and doors.
In the winter, residential wood burning produces more particle pollution than any other single source in the Bay Area, accounting for 30-50% of this area’s particle pollution. This adds up to 6,000 tons of sooty particles annually, more than the entire region’s vehicles and businesses. | <urn:uuid:151b5b6a-01cf-403f-bd5b-9c0c15e92d43> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.familiesforcleanair.org/health/health3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914117 | 313 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Compiled by Dave "The Bridge Man"
Construction Commenced -- Nov. 7th 1896
Construction of Main Cables Commenced-- Aug. 11th 1901
Opened To Traffic-- Dec. 19th 1903 6:00 a.m.
Bridge Commissioner at the Time-- Gustav Lindenthal *
* same person who built Hell Gate Bridge and Queensborough Bridge
[originally known as Blackwells Island Bridge.]
Total length of Bridge-- 7308 feet
Length of Suspended Span-- 1600 feet . 4 feet 6 inches longer than the
Side Spans length each-- 596' 6"
Height of Steel Towers above Mean Water Height-- 332' 9"
Towers sunk to Bedrock by Pneumatic Caisson Method, same as Brooklyn
Center of Roadway above Mean Water Height 135 feet
Stiffening Truss-- 40 feet high, Lattice "Town Type" Truss.
Main Cables-- 4. Wires per cable 8112. Strands per Cable 39. Wires per
All wires in Main Cables are of the Non-Galvanized Type.
Cable Diameter-- 18 6/10 inches including wrapping.
Length of each of the four cables--3224 feet.
Total length of wire in the four cables--23,132 Miles.
Total Weight of Steel in Bridge and Approaches 47,800 Tons.
Approximate cost of construction, in 1903-- $24,188,090.00
When first opened in 1903, Williamsburg
Bridge had four surface or trolley tracks(Streetcars) and two elevated,
or regular train tracks. Regular train service did not cross bridge
until 1908. Now, the bridge, has two inner and two outer vehicular
roadways and two subway tracks. Also two 17' wide foot walks.
The Williamsburg was the first all steel, large scale, suspension bridge.
Leffert Lefferts Buck, chief engineer. Born in Canton, New York.
Buck felt it was not necessary to galvanize main cable wires. Side spans
not suspended, rather supported by steel viaducts. Originally one
support per side span, in 1913 two extra supports per span were added
due to increased traffic loads. Total of three supports per side span.
Williamsburg Brooklyn was named after
Colonel Jonathan Williams a U.S. engineer and a a grand nephew to Ben
Franklin. Area was incorporated as a village in 1827. In 1998 Brooklyn
will 100 years as a borough of the City of New York. The original Dutch
spelling of Brooklyn is BREUKELEN.
The Williamsburg Bridge is one of three bridges to use Non-flexible type
of towers. The other two bridges are, the Brooklyn Bridge and the George
Washington Bridge. The main cables of the Williamsburg bridge were
spun by John A. Roebling Sons inc. Same company spun cables for the
magnificent Manhattan Bridge and the great George Washington Bridge.
Since the wires in the main cables in the Williamsburg Bridge are not
galvanized the bridge engineers have had a problem in terms of
protecting them from corrosion. Recent modern methods have been used to
repair and protect the cables.
Information From the
Library of Congress
On December 19, 1903, New Yorkers
celebrated the opening of the Williamsburg Bridge, the second of three
steel-frame suspension bridges to span the
East River. Designed by Leffert L. Buck and Henry Hornbostel, it had
taken over seven years to complete. Built to alleviate traffic on the
Brooklyn Bridge and to provide a link between Manhattan and the
Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, the 1,600 foot Williamsburg Bridge was
the world's longest suspension bridge until the 1920s.
Originally open to horse-drawn carriages,
bicycles, and pedestrians, the Williamsburg Bridge soon became a vital
transportation route for trolleys and trains, spurring the growth of
Brooklyn's working-class neighborhoods. In the 1920s, the bridge was
reconfigured to accommodate eight lanes of traffic. Today, it carries
over 140,000 vehicles per day and some 100,000 subway riders.
On hand to film the opening of the
Williamsburg Bridge were cameramen James Blair Smith and
G.W. "Billy" Bitzer. Their films,
Opening of New East River Bridge, produced by the Thomas
Edison Company, and
Opening the Williamsburg Bridge, produced by the American
Mutoscope and Biograph Company, contain footage of the bridge and
close-ups of the dignitaries and press in attendance. Note the large
wooden "box" cameras carried by the press photographers.
- See more photographs of the Williamsburg
Bridge. Search on Williamsburg Bridge in these collections:
"Considered from the
aesthetic standpoint, the (Williamsburg) Bridge is destined always to
suffer by comparison with its neighbor, the (Brooklyn) Bridge. Whatever
criticism has been made against the conservative features of the latter
structure, it has always been conceded to be an extremely graceful and
well-balanced design. It is possible that, were it not in existence, we
would not hear so many strictures upon the manifest want of beauty in
the later and larger (Williamsburg) Bridge, which is destined to be
popular more on account of its size and usefulness than its graceful
lines. As a matter of fact, the (Williamsburg) Bridge is an engineer's
bridge pure and simple. The eye may range from anchorage to anchorage,
and from pier to finial of the tower without finding a single detail
that suggests controlling motive, either in its design or fashioning
other than bald utility." - Scientific American (1903)
No poetry has been written about it, as
Hart Crane did with the Brooklyn Bridge. No songs have been written
about it, as Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel did with the 59th Street
(Queensboro) Bridge. No one ever attempted to sell this bridge. Indeed,
before it was ever completed, the span was described by John DeWitt
Warner as a "surrender of the City Beautiful to the City Vulgar." While
not renowned for its beauty, the Williamsburg Bridge has fulfilled its
original mission to relieve traffic congestion on the Brooklyn Bridge,
and to serve as an important link between Manhattan and the Williamsburg
section of Brooklyn.
PLANNING THE SECOND EAST RIVER SPAN:
As early as the late 1860's, John Roebling, the designer of the
Brooklyn Bridge, anticipated the need for additional bridges across the
East River to keep up with population growth in the cities of New York
and Brooklyn. One bridge was proposed between the Lower East Side of
Manhattan and the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn. Throughout the
1880's, leaders in Williamsburg battled officials in New York City and
powerful ferry interests who did not want the bridge. Although
legislative approval had been obtained from Albany for construction of
the bridge, the bill was not followed up by appropriations.
In 1892, Frederick Uhlmann, who sought to extend his Brooklyn elevated
railways across the East River into Manhattan, planned two new rail
lines: one serving the West Side manufacturing districts, and the other
serving the Wall Street area. He also planned two bridges: a suspension
bridge for trains, carriages and pedestrians at the present site of the
Williamsburg Bridge, and a cantilever bridge exclusively for trains just
north of the present site of the Manhattan Bridge. In March 1892, the
New York State Legislature approved a bill that founded the East River
Stymied by legal battles between Uhlmann and the elevated railway
interests in Manhattan, leaders in Williamsburg lobbied Albany for the
creation of a new body, the New East River Bridge Commission, and in May
1895, the new commission purchased Uhlmann's charter for $200,000.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE
WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE: Leffert L. Buck, the newly appointed chief
engineer, first announced plans for the Williamsburg Bridge in an 1896
issue of Engineering News. The cost of the proposed bridge was
originally estimated at $7 million, less than the $15 million cost of
the Brooklyn Bridge. Construction began in November of that year.
From the onset, economic considerations
strongly influenced the design of the Williamsburg Bridge. The decision
to have the cables come down straight from the towers to the anchorages
and not support the side spans meant that shorter and lighter cables
could be used. Employing less expensive, lighter steel towers meant that
foundations could be made smaller and that towers could be built taller.
Steel was also used for the approaches, cutting the time and expense of
constructing masonry-arch approaches.
The 1,600-foot-long main suspension span for the Williamsburg Bridge
exceeded the previous record-holder, the Brooklyn Bridge, by four and
one-half feet. Compared to the main span, the 300-foot-long side spans
are relatively short. However, the side spans are supported not by
suspender cables, but from steel arches from below. From approach to
approach, the bridge was 7,200 feet long.
The 310-foot-tall towers, the first all-steel towers to be employed for a
suspension bridge, support four main cables, which are carried on
saddles atop the towers. Each of the 4,344-ton main cables, which
measure 18¾ inches in diameter, is comprised of 37 strands of 208 wires.
Unlike those found on other New York bridges, the wires on the
Williamsburg Bridge were not galvanized, making them less susceptible to
hydrogen embrittlement. (However, the wires do have the problem of
rusting due to the absence of a commonly applied zinc coating.) Nearly
17,500 miles of wire are used in the cables that suspend the bridge 135
feet above the East River.
The 40-foot-deep stiffening trusses were designed not only to withstand
high winds, but also to support rail traffic on the deck. Originally,
the design had the above-deck truss shift below the deck at the side
spans. Later, the design was changed such that the stiffening truss was
above the deck from anchorage to anchorage.
Despite the technological advances, doubts were raised about the bridge
after a fire in November 1902. The fire, which started in a worker shack
atop one of the towers, spread to the cables and foot walks. However,
damage to the structure was minimal. Proving the bridge's strength, the
Roebling Company, which provided the wire rope and woven the cables,
simply spliced new wires into the burned-out section.
When noted bridge designer Gustav Lindenthal took over as chief engineer
of the Williamsburg Bridge in 1902, he had serious reservations about
the design and appearance of the bridge. Nevertheless, with the bridge
nearing completion, he continued the project. Upon the completion of the
Williamsburg Bridge, Lindenthal avoided references to its design,
emphasizing instead that it was twice as strong as the Brooklyn Bridge.
THE SECOND EAST RIVER BRIDGE OPENS:
The Williamsburg Bridge opened on December 19, 1903 to horse-drawn
carriages, bicycles and pedestrians. However, due to complications
between Greater New York and the privately owned railway companies,
elevated trains did not run on the bridge until 1908. The final cost of
the bridge and its approaches was $24.2 million, more than three times
the original cost estimate.
For a brief period, the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) ran passenger service
along an elevated extension across the Williamsburg Bridge into
Manhattan. The LIRR spur split from the existing Atlantic Avenue line
northwest onto the Broadway elevated line (today's J, M and Z subway
lines), crossed the Williamsburg Bridge, and continued south to Chambers
The bridge not only served the traffic needs of a growing population, but
also greatly affected migration patterns of ethnic groups. Before the
bridge opened, first- and second-generation Irish and German settlers
(who called the enclave "Kleine Deutschland") lived in the Williamsburg
section of Brooklyn. When it opened, an influx of Jewish settlers from
the overcrowded Lower East Side crossed the "Jews' Bridge" into
Williamsburg. In turn, long-time residents moved out to Queens.
In 1910, the City of New York removed the toll on the Williamsburg Bridge
after it passed a law prohibiting the use of tolls to finance bridge
construction and maintenance
Construction started……………………………………………... November 7, 1896
Opened to traffic…………………………………………………. December 19, 1903
Length of main span…………………………………………….. 1,600 feet
Length of side spans……………………………………………. 300 feet
Length, anchorage to anchorage……………………….……… 2,200 feet
Total length of bridge and approaches…………………..…….. 7,308 feet
Number of traffic lanes…………………………………………... 8 lanes
Number of subway tracks……………………………………….. 2 tracks
Height of towers above mean high water…………………..….. 310 feet
Clearance at center above mean high water………………..... 135 feet
Number of cables…………………………………………………. 4 cables
Length of each of four cables……………………………..…….. 2,985 feet
Diameter of each cable………………………………………….. 18¾ inches
Total length of wires…………………………….……………….. 17,500 miles
Weight of cables and suspenders…………………………….... 4,344 tons
Structural material………………………………………………... Steel
Tower material……………………………………………………. Steel
Deck material……………………………………………………... Steel
Cost of original structure………………………………………... $24,200,000
An XXXcellent Bridge
by Greg Ayres
York has its mutated mountain range of buildings and
landmarks, but more than just the visible structures,
there are layers upon layers of phantom architecture in
the form of past occupancies,aborted projects and
popular \fantasies that provide completely different
images to the New York that exists now.
Wonka's infamous jaw-breaker, NYC is made up of layer
upon layer of distinctly different flavors, stacked
snugly one on top of the other. Rem Koolhaas says that
New York is fated to a "Cyclic restatement of a single
theme: creation and destruction irrevocably interlocked,
endlessly reenacted. Barbarism giving way to
refinement." So if it's worth sucking away at some of
the layers, then we might as well eat our way to the
very historical core, when Mother Nature's wild children
roamed the lush hills, valleys and marshlands of New
York. It was 1609 when the Mohican tribes lost the land
that was originally their birthright to Henry Hudson and
the parade of "civilized", white culture which closely
followed. The old world (Europe and Eastern
civilization) was becoming over crowded and people were
looking to the west - towards the promised land.
Millions of Christians were ready to cross their
arresting geographical barrier into the unknown, new
world of America. "North American barbarism insidiously
giving way to European refinement." Sometime in the mid
1620's, New Amsterdam (the original name for New York)
was colonized and the whole aboriginal race was plucked
by the stem and uprooted. FAST FORWARD: ABOUT TWO
HUNDRED YEARS It's the early 1800's and humans have
congregated in unprecedented densities in Manhattan.
Richard Woodhill begins to offer a ferry service
departing from Corlear's Hook in Manhattan. The
destination: his recently purchased 13 acre parcel of
land - which he named Jonathan Williams. The ferry docks
at the foot of what is now N.2nd Street in Brooklyn. He
was hoping to develop a domestic refuge for the masses
working in the city; alas, Woodhill's plans never came
to fruition. Then, in 1818, David Dunham succeeded where
Woodhill had not, becoming the father of Williamsburgh.
In 1852, with the population just brimming at 31
thousand, Williamsburgh incorporated as a city,
consolidated with Brooklyn, and dropped the "h" to
become Williamsburg. The community, which was
agriculturally based, rapidly became what might be
called North America's first suburb. Skirting the
world's greatest industrial carnival, it was inevitable
that people would seek cover from life's laborious
storm, in the waiting arms of Williamsburg. Sanctuary
was just a boat ride across the East River.
Then in 1883,
Brooklyn officially consummated its relationship to
Manhattan, with the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge.
The Culture of Congestion. New York architecture is a
model for the exploitation of congestion. Between 1890
and 1940 a new culture selected manhattan as a
laboratory - where the invention and testing of a
metropolitan lifestyle and its attendant architecture
could be pursued as a collective experiment in which the
entire city became a factory of man made experience.
Here, the splendor and misery of the metropolitan
condition combine to formulate hyper density. The recipe
alchemizes innovation with absurdity, and a strange brew
bubbles over. Peoples' attitudes were on the cusp of
daring adventure. It is the turn of the century - the
gay nineties. There is an air of the fantastic
surrounding everything and anything is possible. MAKING
NUMBER TWO By 1900, the population of Williamsburg had
escalated to 105 thousand. Under pressure from Senator
Patrick McCarren, the powers that be in Albany,
grudgingly appropriated funds for the building of the
Williamsburg Bridge. The building committee commissioned
Lefert L. Buck to design what was provisionally called,
"No. 2". It was the beginning of a new age - that of the
machine - brightly lit by the industrial dawning of
steel. Buck put himself at the epicenter of this
innovation by erecting two steel towers - looming 325
feet over the East River. The bridge was criticized from
the moment the plan was unveiled, for its graceless form
and bald utility. Built as an alternative to the
overcrowded Brooklyn Bridge, it was the longest and
heaviest suspension bridge in the world. Buck reinforced
his behemoth creation with steel lattice work, called
stiffening trusses. The structures which extend between
the anchorages, (and give the bridge great strength)
were not aesthetically favored by citizens at large. The
design could have been a response to Alexendre Gustav
Eiffel, who had become famous for his tower - built in
1889. It's even possible that the two prodigious
architects could have met previously when they were both
building railways in South America, circa late 1870's.
But there was something Buck was doing that Eiffel had
not; he was using steel. Favored or not, Buck was
clearly at the forefront of this particular
architectural revolution. Consistent with its cycle of
destroying the old to make way for the new, the city
went about auctioning off homes that stood in the
unfortunate way of progress.
The bridge was certainly no respecter of private
property. The process was ruthless; as dwellings,
churches and theaters were rapidly destroyed to make
room for the entranceways on either side of the River.
In Manhattan and Brooklyn together, almost 20 thousand
people were displaced. Homes and landmarks were not the
only casualties of advancement - thirty-one men lost
their lives while building the bridge. Construction, was
in and of itself a perilous feat. Men seemingly hung in
mid-air, perched on a "false bridge" (wooden
scaffolding) or dangled from a precarious pulley system
as they ran the incredibly heavy cables back and forth.
One of the most treacherous jobs was digging the
foundations which would hold the anchorages. The men who
dug were called sand hogs, and once they got down to a
depth of 70-90 feet they were paid an astounding $3.25
per hour. Lack of oxygen and exhaustion allowing only a
few hours of work at a time for each man. Originally
scheduled to take five years to build, construction was
set back by a disastrous fire in 1902. A rivet stove
near the very top of the false bridge was tipped over by
a weary worker and the wooden framework went up like a
match. Fire fighters arrived at the scene, only to watch
helplessly as the flames blazed over three hundred feet
above their heads. Miraculously, the damage was minimal
and construction resumed at an even more furious pace.
Finally, on a cold and hazy morning. a gray, yet
luminous veil hung over the East River and blanketed the
seven thousand, three hundred and twenty-five foot long
passageway. It was December 19, 1903, the official
opening day of the Williamsburg Bridge. It had taken
seven years, 15 million dollars and thirty one lives to
create what most people were calling a monstrous
eyesore. Now as the sun rose and the fog lifted, the
Williamsburg Bridge came into full visibility. The Mayor
of New York City, Seth Low stood at the entrance-way to
the Manhattan side of the bridge. J. Edward Swanstrom,
president of the Borough of Brooklyn, stood at the
opposite end. At 2:30 pm the two men walked onto the
bridge and a few minutes later, just east of the exact
center, shook hands. It was a gesture which represented
the manifestation of a dream called The Greater New York
Area - the greatest city in the world. The same year
that the WB opened, Frederick Thompson opened Luna Park,
an amusement pavilion to rival Coney Island.
He said, "It's
marvelous what you can do in the way of arousing
human emotions by the use you can make
architecturally of simple lines." When the bridge
opened officially to the public on December 20th,
people had been waiting in the cold, winter darkness
since midnight, to be among the first on the bridge.
Potential record setters crowded at the entrance
ways on both ends. The first man to make a round
trip - Wally Owens, did so in a shiny, red,
horseless carriage. Nearly mowing down several
police officers, he made the trip in six minutes and
fifty seconds. As the day wore on, many other
records were set. The first couple to kiss; the
first one-legged man to stump across. A bicyclist,
rode backwards, with much difficulty. And at 6:20pm
the first dog trotted across. The most noteworthy
record was set by a nameless maverick - who brought
a flask along - to be the first person to get drunk
on the bridge. The Williamsburg Bridge was seen as a
passageway to a new life by thousands of Jewish
immigrants fleeing the slums of the Lower East Side.
They and others flocked to the latest addition of
Greater New York like over-worked Manhattan-ites
escaping reality at the latest amusement park. In
1917 Williamsburg had the most densely populated
blocks in the city and by 1920 the population was
soaring at 260 thousand. The numbers continued to
climb, as the thirties brought refugees evading the
dark blanket of Nazism which was spreading at an
alarming rate. Bessie Smith's A Tree Grows in
Brooklyn (pub. 1943), tells the story of Francie,
growing up in the neighborhood before WWI. Francie
looks at the bridge from her roof and sees it as a
means of escape from her dull domestic life. Later,
when she finally crosses it, she is disillusioned by
Manhattan. The Bridge still seems like a means for
escape, but for escaping from Manhattan rather than
to it. When enough people finally escape, then
perhaps the cycle of destroying the old to make way
for the new will begin again. Perhaps it¹s sad to
think of another really cool layer of life getting
covered up. But a neighborhood can't truly live if
it's living in the past. So the culture of
congestion will continue consuming history to make
room for itself. The flavor keeps changing. And
really isn't that what makes our city so great. So
keep sucking on that gobstopper. Change is
ultimately best when embraced lovingly. Why resist?
The next thing you taste just might be the
transformation of a lifetime.
special thanks to | <urn:uuid:550bc8b7-8a0b-49ee-89e5-4906b7ff3eef> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nyc-architecture.com/BRI/BRI003-WilliamsburgBridge.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934271 | 5,317 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Green Investment Bank (GIB) was launched in November 2012 to help finance a new ‘green economy’ by providing loans to environmentally friendly, low-carbon projects. It is fully owned by the Government’s Department for Business and Industry. So far it has been given a £3 billion budget.
Yet the first ever large loan they granted was a £100 million for Drax, to help them partially convert from coal to biomass. This was later reduced to £50 million after the Treasury granted Drax a £75 million private loan guarantee. Read more about how Drax depends on pellets from whole trees from high-biodiversity southern US and Canadian forests in their profile.
According to Secretary of State Vince Cable, without this GIB loan Drax “would have closed down because it has to meet European rules on coal use and it wouldn’t have been able to survive“. So thanks to a GIB loan, Drax won’t just be burning millions of tonnes of wood from clearcut biodiverse and carbon-rich forests – they’ll also be burning around 3.7 million tonnes of coal every year, long-term. Without the GIB, they would have had to shut down their polluting, carbon-spewing power station.
You might think that the GIB would have been embarrassed by the revelation that Drax is relying on pellets made from whole trees from temperate and boreal forests, rather than residues. Burning this at best results in more carbon in the atmosphere than burning coal for 35 years (for the same units of energy), and at worst, for many centuries. You might also think that they would have been shocked to learn about Drax’s sourcing of pellets made from clearcut ancient swamp forests. But no – the GIB continues to insist that Drax meets their ‘sustainability’ criteria. Even worse – in their first Annual Report they ascribed over 91% of estimated ‘greenhouse gas savings’ from all their loans so far, to the one given to Drax.
There are fears that the GIB will give similar loans to other large forest-destroying biomass projects – perhaps even to Forth Energy in Scotland, who have planning permission for two large new power stations which would burn wood from the Americas. The GIB’s Chair, Lord Smith of Kelvin, happens to also be Chair of SSE, who own half of the shares in Forth Energy. | <urn:uuid:1aa8746d-f812-438f-977c-9d2a96cd31c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/refinerymap/gib/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978126 | 508 | 2.875 | 3 |
1. The science and the art of tones, or musical sounds, i.e, sounds of higher or lower pitch, begotten of uniform and synchronous vibrations, as of a string at various degrees of tension; the science of harmonical tones which treats of the principles of harmony, or the properties, dependences, and relations of tones to each other; the art of combining tones in a manner to please the ear.
5. (Science: zoology) A more or less musical sound made by many of the lower animals. See stridulation. Magic music, a game in which a person is guided in finding a hidden article, or in doing a specific art required, by music which is made more loud or rapid as he approaches success, and slower as he recedes. Music box. See Mus a7c ical box, under Musical. Music hall, a place for public musical entertainments. Music loft, a gallery for musicians, as in a dancing room or a church. Music of the spheres, the harmony supposed to be produced by the accordant movement of the celestial spheres. Music paper, paper ruled with the musical staff, for the use of composers and copyists. Music pen, a pen for ruling at one time the five lines of the musical staff.
(Science: zoology) Music shell, a handsomely coloured marine gastropod shell (voluta musica) found in the East Indies; so called because the colour markings often resemble printed music. Sometimes applied to other shells similarly marked. To face the music, to meet any disagreeable necessity without flinching.
Origin: F. Musique, fr. L. Musica, Gr. (sc), any art over which the Muses presided, especially music, lyric poetry set and sung to music, fr. Belonging to Muses or fine arts, fr. Muse. | <urn:uuid:7b1fc7fe-cae6-4003-b296-23f9b5ee41d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Music | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929586 | 384 | 3.25 | 3 |
Here are some terms we use and what we mean by them:
Modes of Reach Extension
“In-Person” reach extension changes how instructional roles are organized and designed. The excellent teacher is at the school, providing instruction face to face, and may lead other on-site teachers and staff. When this is not combined with other modes, teachers may use digital instruction, but too little to free their time to teach more students.
“Remote” reach extension uses technology that enables the excellent teacher accountable for learning to engage directly, though not in person, with students. This could include webinars, webcams, and online whiteboards. Excellent, remotely located teachers may also lead other staff. Teachers interact with and instruct students in both real time and “asynchronously,” at times convenient to both teacher and students. Remote reach extension always includes live interaction between the teacher and the student. It requires an in-person monitor.
“Digital Instruction” (“Boundless”) is delivered via technology, such as video and smart software, that offers students a personalized sequence of learning experiences, and does not include live interaction with a teacher. Digital instruction must be combined with an excellent in-person or remotely located teacher, who is personally accountable for students’ learning outcomes. It is “boundless” because, once recorded, great digital instruction can help a limitless number of students located anywhere.
“Combinations” of different modes, or of different models within each mode, allow schools to balance different objectives, including reaching more students with excellent teachers, maintaining or improving teacher effectiveness, saving money, paying excellent teachers more, teamwork, professional development, and providing roles in which all teachers and staff may contribute to excellent student outcomes.
Reach Extension Model Categories
“Specialization.” Excellent teachers specialize in high-priority subjects and the most crucial, challenging roles, focusing on the subjects and instructional roles in which each excels. Teachers may use a portion of freed time for collaboration and planning.
“Multi-Classroom Leadership.” School-based or remote instructional teams report to excellent teachers with leadership skills. The teacher-leaders are fully accountable for multiple classrooms, and they both teach and lead other team members, who use the leader’s methods and tools in varying roles the leader assigns. The leader develops team members’ skills so that each may achieve excellence and work toward career advancement.
“Time-Technology Swaps.” Digital instruction replaces enough excellent in-person or remote teacher time that these teachers can teach more students. Students are likely to use digital instruction for 25 percent or more of learning time. The swap may be on a fixed schedule (“Rotation”) or a flexible one (“Flex”) determined by students’ changing needs. Teachers may use a portion of freed time for collaboration and planning.
“Rotation.” A type of time-technology swap that alternates digital and live-teacher learning time (with in-person or remote teachers) on a fixed schedule. Digital learning time will likely be 25 to 50 percent of in-school learning time. Teacher can be there in person or be remotely located.
“Flex.” A type of time-technology swap in which each student has individualized, frequently changing digital, small-group, and large-group learning time. Digital learning time may be 50 percent or more of in-school learning time. Teacher can be there in person or be remotely located.
“Class-Size Changes.” Excellent teachers choose to teach larger classes, within limits appropriate for each teacher, the students, and the school. Educationally high-performing nations have average class sizes of 19 to 35 students; OECD-reporting nations with graduation rates over 90 percent have average class sizes of 27 students. U.S. classrooms average 24 students. In these models, we limit class-size increases to 35 or smaller. Many schools would choose different limits, depending on the teachers and students involved. Note that few early pilots have chosen this model by itself. While it requires the least change in school processes, it maintains the one-teacher-one-classroom mode, and does not create a natural team of teachers who can help one another succeed.
“Excellent teacher,” “great teacher,” “top teacher,” “best teacher,” and “3X teacher” refer to teachers who produce at least the student learning growth of today’s top-quartile teachers, compared to other teachers nationally or within a state. Today this growth is about 1.5 years per school year. We encourage model designers to focus on teachers who have produced high growth consistently, e.g., two out of the three most recent years. To identify excellent teachers in untested grades and subjects and in high school, schools will need measures correlated with student progress and achievement. Some teachers may need to be identified as excellent by outcomes in related subjects and nearby grades. Other measures of teacher effectiveness are important supplements to measured student learning growth. Schools will need to identify these additional measures based on the teachers’ contributions that they wish to magnify. For example, teacher contributions that schools may want to consider include: students’ higher-order thinking development (analytical, creative, and conceptual); students’ social, emotional, behavioral, and time-management development; teacher contributions to peer effectiveness and the school community; and parent relationships.
“Good teacher,” “solid teacher,” and “typical teacher” refer to teachers in the middle two quartiles of student growth, who on average produce about one year of learning progress. Some may be excellent in parts of the instructional process but, in today’s classrooms, do not consistently produce growth on par with the excellent teachers. Many of these teachers may be able to achieve excellence in new roles and when working closely with excellent peers in new school models.
“Ineffective teacher,” “least-effective teacher” and “low-performing teacher” mean those in the bottom quartile of teachers, who produce far less than a year of student learning growth, on average. Some of these teachers may have strengths that can be utilized in new roles in new school models.
“Personalized” refers to instruction tailored to the level and interests of each child. In-person teachers typically personalize by differentiating instruction for individual students and small groups by mastery level and learning preferences. Digital instruction personalizes by assessing and responding to the content mastery and preferences of each student. Personalization can also include choosing the quantity of digital and in-person instruction appropriate for each student in a subject.
“Higher-order” and “enriched” instruction refers to instruction that asks students to use and acquire skills and knowledge to solve problems (“analytical”), generate new ideas (“creative”), or grasp similarities and differences in how knowledge is applied in different contexts (“conceptual”). This can include individual or team work, and large projects or short-but-complex assignments. | <urn:uuid:f6e78796-1376-4068-94f2-4dc7f1d9c20c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://opportunityculture.org/helpful-terms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00108-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946862 | 1,493 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A selection of articles related to object etymology.
Original articles from our library related to the Object Etymology. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Object Etymology.
- Sensible Ideas: The Knowledge Behind the Perception
- Do objects exist independently of consciousness? If so, what is the nature of these objects? These questions shall be investigated through the conflicting philosophies of John Locke and George Berkeley. Preliminary Quotations from Locke and Berkeley: Primary...
Religion & Philosophy >> Philosophy
- Enochian Temples: The Lower Temple
- The previous sections dealt with the Temple primarily in its relation to the macrocosmic world. The Servient squares were considered only in their formation as the floor, and were largely ignored otherwise. But they can also be grouped to form altars of the...
Magick >> Enochian
- What is Qabalah?
- Being Appendix A to Liber 777 Qabalah is: -- (a). A language fitted to describe certain classes of phenomena, and to express certain classes of ideas which excape regular phraseology. You might as well object to the technical terminology of chemistry. (b). An...
Magick >> Qabalah
- The Doorway Meditation
- TO begin, find a quiet place. Away from the phone, TV, kids, what have you. Someplace you feel comfortable and away from distractions. This could be the backyard, the beach, the bathroom, or our own special room set aside, anywhere that you can concentrate on...
Mind >> Meditation
- Wards 101
- Anyone who is around Pagan or metaphysical people for long will inevitably hear about warding. Circles and other sacred spaces are warded during worship to protect participants. So what are wards? Wards are magick raised and set into place to protect a space,...
Psychic Abilities >> Psychic Protection
- Magick and Science
- Many people wonder how magick works. To the non-believer, they say that there is no proof that spells work. And those abilities such as telekinesis are illusionary or product of imagination. They ask us to use scientific means to explain how exactly these...
Mystic Sciences >> Magick
Object Etymology is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Object Etymology books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Bonnie Henry: In defense of the all-important 'from'
- According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word “from” derives from the Old English “fram, which derives from Old High German, denoting “departure or movement away in time or space.
- Agitprop!: A Conversation with Martha Rosler, Nancy Buchanan, and Andrea Bowers
- When I discovered this etymology, I intuitively understood that for a woman trapped in patriarchy … “to be” in the fullest sense is ....
- Is a $10 word really good for your health?
- “Salubrious” does have a healthy etymology. From the Latin word “salus,” for “health,” it entered English in ... That means only people intent on the “salubrious” perfection of English object to it.
- We should not abandon vellum – it tells us that our laws are serious
- There is clearly still a need for austerity – the budget deficit may exceed the forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility of £73.5bn – and those who support the aim of fiscal balance cannot object to the cuts necessary to achieve it.
Object Etymology Topics
Related searchestriangular prism
wolfs rain theme songs
preppy slang usage
iambic pentameter rhythmic variation | <urn:uuid:25f6e2c1-ecc3-4f29-a377-129159072c95> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.realmagick.com/object-etymology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891753 | 788 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Spokesman says air quality meets interim guidelines set by World Health Organisation
SINGAPORE’S air is dirtier than is ideal – at least going by limits set by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The level of particles hanging in the air called PM10 – meaning they are smaller than 10 micrometres or more than 10 times smaller than the width of a human hair – stands at 30 micrograms per cubic m here. This level of pollution exceeds the WHO’s guideline of 20 micrograms per cubic m averaged over a year, although it meets the limits of 50 micrograms per cubic m set by the National Environment Agency (NEA). Singapore is not alone.
A United States-based air-pollution research body, the Health Effects Institute, has released a report showing that pollution in other major Asian cities also exceeds WHO standards. Contributing to more than 500,000 premature deaths each year, air pollution puts people at risk of chronic lung conditions and cardiovascular disease; this can only worsen as populations age and Asia becomes more developed, said the report.
In Singapore, the PM10 level is of concern because the particles are fine enough to settle in the lungs and cause health problems, said respiratory disease specialist Philip Eng of Philip Eng Respiratory and Medical Clinic. But still, the PM10 level here is the lowest among 20 Asian cities. Beijing, for example, has an annual average of 150 micrograms per cubic m; and Tokyo has nearly 40 micrograms per cubic m. The report also looked at two other pollutants: nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. No Asian city has all three pollutants at levels within WHO’s limits. The report suggests that more data collection be done in Asia so the information can be used to shape public policy.
Responding to the findings, an NEA spokesman described the 2005 WHO air-quality guideline values for PM10 and the other air pollutants as “very stringent”. She pointed out that Singapore’s PM10 levels do, however, meet WHO’s interim guidelines; these benchmarks can be used by countries to work towards meeting the international health body’s final standards.
Dr Eng said long-term exposure to such particles raises one’s risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. National University of Singapore climatologist Matthias Roth said that while recommended values represent an acceptable and achievable objective to minimise health effects, “the aim should be to achieve the lowest concentrations possible in the local context”. He warned that PM2.5, a pollutant 30 times smaller than the width of a human hair, also needs watching, as these particles are able to go deeper into the lungs and are even more toxic than PM10.
The level of PM2.5 here last year was 19 micrograms per cubic m, up from 16 the year before. The NEA disclosed recently that it is reviewing the Pollutant Standards Index it now uses, which is based on US Environmental Protection Agency standards phased out in 1999. | <urn:uuid:b63d7390-f653-4e21-92e1-dcdf8fa92dca> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.healthxchange.com.sg/News/Pages/NEA-clears-the-air-on-pollution.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928089 | 620 | 3.046875 | 3 |
December 12, 2008
The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Md.
MESSENGER Team to Present New Mercury Science Results at AGU Fall Meeting
Members of the MESSENGER science team will present a range of new findings from the spacecraft's studies of the planet Mercury during the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting next week in San Francisco.
"The principal goal of the MESSENGER mission is to gather global observations of Mercury from orbit about the planet, beginning in 2011, but our first two flybys produced a wonderful abundance of new information about the least known of our sister planets," says MESSENGER Principal Investigator Sean Solomon of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. "The AGU Fall Meeting is the first opportunity for most science team members to share results from the second Mercury flyby with our scientific community colleagues."
MESSENGER scientists will present 44 papers — some in a webcast session — that span the broad diversity of planetary phenomena observed by MESSENGER's instruments when the probe flew past Mercury in January and October 2008. Some of these papers cover discoveries regarding the environment around Mercury, such as how solar-derived particles originate and blast off into space. "Flying that close to the Sun, MESSENGER gave us our best look yet at several solar phenomena," says MESSENGER Project Scientist Ralph McNutt, of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Md. "We're detecting dust and other particles near the Sun and gaining insight on neutron behavior in this dynamic environment. Not only are we learning more about how these materials speed toward Earth and beyond, but we're learning about the conditions that MESSENGER will encounter when it becomes the first spacecraft to orbit the innermost planet."
William Feldman of the Planetary Science Institute will present new analyses that add to our knowledge of the dynamics of solar flares. Nuclear interactions in solar flares can produce energetic neutrons, and these neutrons are important keys to understanding flare processes. However, free neutrons have lifetimes of only about 15 minutes and decay into protons, electrons, and antineutrinos. Only the fastest (highest-energy) neutrons from solar flares can therefore reach Earth before they decay.
MESSENGER, at about two times closer to the Sun than Earth, made the first observations of lower-energy (less than 10 million electron volts) solar neutrons from a modest-sized solar flare on December 31, 2007.The neutrons from this New Year's Eve flare continued to be observed for many hours, unlike the optical emissions from the flare. The duration of neutron production implies that the acceleration and storage of atomic particles in the solar corona continued for a long time. "The fact that this time is considerably longer than the mean lifetime of a neutron indicates that neutrons at the Sun must have been continuously produced," Feldman explains. "The extended production of neutrons means that a large region near the Sun will be populated by neutron-decay protons, which can seed the later acceleration of protons by coronal mass ejection-driven shock waves that can produce a dangerous radiation environment for all satellites in interplanetary and planetary space."
An extended source of heavy ions and molecules was discovered using data from MESSENGER's novel Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer by taking ion composition measurements prior to and following MESSENGER's two Mercury flybys. The University of Michigan's George Gloeckler will report on the interactions of the solar wind with a distributed "inner source" of dust and other material orbiting the Sun. "The existence of an inner source was inferred from earlier observations of energetic singly-charged carbon with the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer on Ulysses at much larger distances from the Sun," Gloeckler says. "Being closer to this inner source with MESSENGER, we now find not only carbon and water-group ions but also many other elements and molecules with masses as high as 130 that of a proton, including Na, Mg, K, Ca, and Fe compounds." Gloeckler speculates that this inner source of material includes debris from Sun-grazing comets, dust particles, and possibly larger objects orbiting the Sun.
MESSENGER's Mercury flyby observations also revealed noteworthy differences in the planet's magnetosphere between January and October and — coupled with ground-based observations — have led to new discoveries about the planet's exosphere. James Slavin of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center will present MESSENGER measurements indicating that a form of strong interaction between interplanetary and planetary magnetic fields, termed "reconnection," is approximately three times as effective in channeling solar wind energy into Mercury's near-space environment as it is at Earth.
Reconnection is known to control the rate of energy transfer from the solar wind to planetary magnetospheres. "The intensity of this energy input greatly influences the frequency and duration of the magnetic storms that accelerate charged particles, which modify planetary surfaces, produce aurorae in planetary atmospheres, and can affect spacecraft," Slavin says. "This MESSENGER result supports the theories that predict such an increase in the rate of reconnection as a result of the increase in the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field at Mercury's distance from the Sun. The high rate of energy input into Mercury's magnetic field in the MESSENGER measurements means that magnetic storms, which have durations of weeks at Jupiter and Saturn and an hour at the Earth, are expected to be much more frequent at Mercury but to last for only a few minutes."
During MESSENGER's first Mercury flyby in January, and again three weeks after the second flyby in October, ground-based observations of emission from the planet's sodium exosphere were obtained at the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope at Kitt Peak, Arizona, concurrently with observations from the probe's Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer (UVVS) on the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer instrument.
The sodium exosphere has been observed via ground-based observations to be highly asymmetric and variable, at times to be peaked near the sub-solar point and at other times peaked at one or both poles. MESSENGER's UVVS observations of the sodium tail revealed a north-south asymmetry near the planet during the first flyby. The cause of the high-latitude enhancements in the sodium exosphere has been variously ascribed to solar wind ion impacts, to radiation pressure, to inherent surface compositional and physical differences, and to cold trapping. Over the course of the mission, the science team hopes to determine the partitioning of sodium and other species between the thermal and non-thermal components to determine the processes of desorption from surface materials.
Rosemary Killen, of the University of Maryland, will discuss new discoveries derived from observations of sodium, calcium, and magnesium in the nightside and tail regions of the exosphere. "The dawn/dusk asymmetries are particularly intriguing," Killen says. "While sodium is a volatile element, calcium is not easily vaporized. Magnesium can be found in both volatile and refractory minerals. So a comparison of their relative distributions and time variations in the exosphere will help determine the important processes involved in loss and transport of surface materials."
The MESSENGER AGU presentations will be made in three separate sessions on Monday and Tuesday, December 15-16. The first of those sessions will be webcast. To view the session, go to the AGU Fall Meeting web page at http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm08/ and click on the appropriate session at the scheduled time (Pacific time). Individual speakers can be found in the Fall Meeting Scientific Program web pages.
MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging) is a NASA-sponsored scientific investigation of the planet Mercury and the first space mission designed to orbit the planet closest to the Sun. The MESSENGER spacecraft launched on August 3, 2004, and after flybys of Earth, Venus, and Mercury will start a yearlong study of its target planet in March 2011. Sean C. Solomon, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, leads the mission as principal investigator. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory built and operates the MESSENGER spacecraft and manages this Discovery-class mission for NASA.
The Applied Physics Laboratory, a division of The Johns Hopkins University, meets critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology. For more information, visit www.jhuapl.edu. | <urn:uuid:74a6db24-8409-4aec-988c-0fd175a9a250> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/2008/081212.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919711 | 1,775 | 3 | 3 |
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Thursday, June 30, 2016
H. Pylori - transmission
My doctor is going to test me for h. pylori (in three weeks). In the meantime... if I go on a date and want to kiss someone goodnight, is there a danger of transmitting it (presuming that I have it)?
Helicobacter pylori is a flagellated, highly motile, microaerophilic,curved gram-negative rod that can be found in the gastrointestinal tract. It has been associated with gastritis, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer. Most of this information comes from the Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment Program in the Subspecialty of Infectious Diseases, 1994.
It appears to infect people worldwide, but usually after the age of 10, and by adulthood some studies estimate that as many as 75% of people can be infected. Transmission presumably occurs from one person to another, but the exact routes have not been defined. Most likely it occurs during close personal contact via infected oral secretions or via fecal-oral transmission (it has been cultured from stool).
Many people infected with H. pylori are totally asymptomatic. For those with gastrointestinal complaints, diagnosis can be made via endoscopy with biopsy, a blood test, or with a urea breath test. There are pluses and minuses for each route, that your doctor could further discuss.
Treatment has been greatly improved in the last couple of years for persons with symptomatic disease. Various combinations of drugs are now used that include one or more oral antibiotics, Pepto Bismal, and often a drug to decrease stomach acid. Treatment of persons with H. pylori infection without any symptoms is not currently recommended.
To answer your question, kissing may possibly transmit H. pylori infection to another adult, although there is a good chance that the other person may already be infected with it but without symptoms. And, it is readily treated if necessary.
Kenneth Skahan, MD
Assistant Professor in Infectious Diseases
College of Medicine
University of Cincinnati | <urn:uuid:7bd16b27-f466-42dc-aca0-7d9cc190868c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://netwellness.org/question.cfm/217.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00058-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943468 | 475 | 2.96875 | 3 |
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