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H: Logic Level Converter not converting low logic level as expected? I'm trying to convert 1.5V logic levels from a caliper data port to 3.3v to be able to read it with a microcontroller, using one of the sparkfun logic level converters. The product page mentions it can be used for 1.8V logic levels, so I was hoping 1...
H: Understanding the Practical Application of a Simple Antenna made from Coax I am here today to gain a deeper understanding of the fundamentals of using antennas in RC applications. I am trying to understand what exactly is going on with a particular 2.4GHz receiver a picture of which is attached. It's somewhat diffi...
H: Show bus concatenation in schematic How would you go about showing the concatenation of two buses in a schematic (preferably KiCad or Eagle). For example suppose a component has z as an input, where z is 32-bit. Suppose z is fed by a concatenation of bus signal x which is 16-bit, and bus signal y which is 16-bit. H...
H: KiCad - Bus width indicator How do you indicate the width of a bus in KiCad? Is there an equivalent to the "slash accompanied by a number" symbol typically used? For example, as used in this image: AI: In KiCad, the bus width is given by the [] square bracket numbers. The bus name ADR[0..15] denotes a bus with 16 ...
H: removing wire from through-holes I'm currently attempting to mod my snes jr for rgb output. This requires me to solder some ribbon wire into 4 through holes. I did this once but I (stupidly) made the wire too short and had to remove it using solder wick. I must have done this incorrectly because now the through hol...
H: Can I drive a Low-Side MOSFET from a High-Side Driver? I'm working on a power electronics project where it involves driving 4 different MOSFETs, (3 HighSide and 1 LowSide). Rather than using a different IC for the LowSide driver, I am thinking about using 4 HighSide drivers to drive all the MOSFETs. I wonder it wou...
H: Stm32 RTC wakeup from standby I am using an STM32L053C8 and I am trying to set up an RTC wakeup event, and while I am successful, I can only do it to a max time which is a couple of seconds. I need to put it in standby and wake up days later. At the moment I am using the low speed internal 40KHz as the RTC clock, e...
H: Can parallel addition of a bigger capacitor damage the smaller one? I have connected big capacitors to the speakers to increase the bass. Now, after months of using, I notice that one of the speakers sounds 2x low. I ejected those big capacitors, still the same. I don't know how to test the caps. So I'm asking theo...
H: How can I create a fixed voltage reference output voltage from a varying input voltage? Suppose I have the following: A voltage source that outputs a voltage between 10 and 14 V. I need to generate a fixed reference voltage independent of the input voltage mentioned above. How can I do this? Ideally I'd like my ...
H: Can esp8266 chip work safely in a circuit with 3.3v and 1 ampere current? I am using ams1117 to convert 5v/1A DC to 3.3v/1A using - https://iotbytes.wordpress.com/3-3v-power-supply-for-esp-8266/. Can this 1 amp output (measured via ammeter) damage the esp8266 or i need to limit the input current (via resistor)?. AI...
H: What is Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV), meaning of its specification and how it protects circuit from over-voltages? Hello, I have a circuit in which a voltage source is connected to some sort of RC Load. To protect this circuit , there is an Metal Oxide Varistor (MYN15-681K). The Pics of circuit and datasheet specific...
H: I2C IC for part identification I am looking for a way for a host system to identify that a certain mechanical module C is connected to it. This mechanical module doesn't need to have any electronics in it, but due to host compatibility reasons (with other mechanical components A, B), it has an I2C bus established b...
H: PC microphone isn't outputting any signal into a scope I have one of those average cheapo computer microphones that connects into the sound card via pink 3.5mm jack. I wanted to find out how much voltage can I expect from it, to get a ballpark value I could use for my opamp noise detection circuit. The microphone w...
H: 5V output switching with WEMOS D1 mini + MOSFET I have a WEMOS D1 mini board which I power with a 5V power supply. I need to switch 5V outputs with a few hundred mA load, so I use AO3400 N-channel MOSFET-s. My schematics are the following: However, when I power the circuit, my outputs are all powered, their voltag...
H: STM32 pulled up GPIO pins work stange after being connected to the ground I use stm32_smart v2 development board and try make a cheap and reliable 7 bit input interface using 7 jumpers from GPIO to the ground. Internal pull up resistors are used. The first time I did not connect any GPIO to the ground and had 3.3V ...
H: How could the Gate-Source potential difference be neglected? I’ve been reading the book Electronic Principles by Malvino In the Voltage-Divider bias section of JFET, if gate current is negligible then how did Gate Voltage attain a negative value, given Vdd is a positive value. And also, to calculate drain curren...
H: Control Theorie: Drawing Transition Matrix Trajectories Given a transition matrix like e.g. $$ \phi(t)=\begin{bmatrix} e^{-3t} & 0 \\ 0 & e^{-3t} \end{bmatrix} $$ What is the analytical way of drawing x(t) for two given starting points? I only received this solution, which I can somehow understand in this case: S...
H: FreeRTOS context switch ARM Cortex-M4 I am examining the context switching procedure on a ARM Cortex-M4 based processor running FreeRTOS. In port.c we have: void xPortPendSVHandler( void ) { /* This is a naked function. */ __asm volatile ( " mrs r0, psp \n" " isb ...
H: I don't understand why do I need to put a resistor between the gate and the source of a N-type transistor in this circuit I have a diagram that represents a circuit whose purpose is enabling/disabling two leds basing on a logic programmed in a micro-controller. In the circuit below, as far as I understand, there ar...
H: Solder Pad and Stencil Mask Data Sheet - Confused I am using Autodesk Eagle. Need to create a footprint for CREE LED XHBAWT which is in the XLAMP XH-B series. I do not understand the Datasheet drawing of the footprint, attached. Are the lower views rotated 90 deg from the upper views? If so that seems odd. Why is ...
H: How firmware [like BIOS] gets added to hardware I am reading about BIOS, which is a piece of non-volatile Firmware. Wikipedia says of firmware: Common reasons for updating firmware include fixing bugs or adding features to the device. This may require ROM integrated circuits to be physically replaced, or flash mem...
H: Why is my buck converter emitting smoke and fire? I am powering my router from a 24 V battery, but the power requirement of router is 12 V/1 A, so I am using an LM2596 buck converter. The specification for this buck converter is as follows: Input voltage: 4-40 V Output voltage: 1.2-37 V Scenario 1: It worked fine ...
H: Is a capacitor bad when it looks like this? Hello I am new to the electronics field. I am looking inside of one of my synthesizers and I see some capacitors (I think they are Mylar, correct me if I'm wrong) that look like this. I know it is a bad sign if an electrolytic capacitor is bulging, but is it the same on t...
H: Create a blinking LED circuit with a z-diode and a capacitor I was searching for the most simple LED flashing circuit. On a webpage (http://cappels.org/dproj/simplest_LED_flasher/Simplest_LED_Flasher_Circuit.html) I found the following circuit with a transistor and a capacitor. As I read the description to the cir...
H: PWM duty cycle RPM regulation via sensing DC motor current I have a DC motor that needs to be RPM regulated, that is, it needs to turn at constant RPM regardless of the load. I've read this can be done by monitoring current thru the motor windings and appropriately linearly increasing the motor driving voltage. I h...
H: Driving 16-segment displays with MAX7219 While the code for this in theory makes sense to me, I can't find any examples online so I wanted to check to see if the wiring actually works. I've used the MAX7219 for both 7-segment displays, and 8x8 pixel grids, so have an fair understanding of how it works. here is the ...
H: How to safely connect multiple switching power supplies to one single cold device socket? I apologize in advance, for only quickreading howtos, and, since I am only hobbyist, I actually don`t tinker with ac power generally. Today I can`t bypass this : I need to connect 3 switching power supplies (1x 230V=>5V, 300W,...
H: How do we measure capacitance by change in vibration A capacitively based MEMS affinity glucose sensor. link to the IEEE paper, from where I've got this doubt. The gold electrodes are separated with some distance and the permalloy is vibrating with the help of solenoid(it generates a time-varying magnetic field[so...
H: Using shielded audio cable for potentiometer sensor I'm trying to measure a potentiometer from an Arduino's ADC. The potentiometer has a maximum value of 100k ohms and is located about 1 meter from the Arduino. The potentiometer's wiper is wired to the ADC pin and the pin to ground. I've enabled the 20k internal pu...
H: why does a fuse break when a wire is connected to ac socket directly I connected ends of wire to ac hot and neutral points of ac outlet sockets - an electric fuse broke and power went off in my house. I understand this happened since there was closed circuit connection. But with any electrical devices like mixer ...
H: How to find Voltage based on reference nodes? I came across this problem and I'm trying to really understand it. VB is the voltage drop across a particular element, it is the change in voltage from node a to node b. Find the value of VB in volts and enter it in the box below. The expression Vab indicates the v...
H: How to build a relay switch that resets when power goes out? I'm trying to build a kill switch in my car so that when I turn the ignition, a button also has to be held down. When the power goes through, the button can be let go and the system stays closed until the car shuts down, then you have to repeat the proces...
H: Seven-segment display seems to draw little current I bought a 1.8-inch seven-segment common cathode LED display from AliExpress. So no datasheet available. I used a 1 kΩ resistor and a 5 V source, as to put a max 5 mA in the LED. I measured 1.6 V for the decimal dot, and 3.5 V for each segment. The measured current...
H: Replacing USB-A with USB-C fails What I did, step by step: Cut off the USB-A cable from a device. (smart card reader) Cut a USB-C to USB-A cable in half. (cable came with a phone) Soldered the USB-C part (see step 2) to the device (see step 1): Connected the device to my phone: It was not detected. (lsusb in Ter...
H: High gain amplifier ADA4528 I am trying to make an amplifier which should amplify signals from at least 10uV (lower better) to around 100mV or above. The signals range from a few Hz to around 100kHz. Adjustable gain is also helpful. I was planning to use ADA4528 for this. Please give some suggestions on this. Also,...
H: CD4015BE with carry? My question is about the CD4015BE that i would really want to use in one of my projects, but i can't figure out how to make a carry out for the second register. In the datasheet they mention that it is possible, but i just can't seem to figure out how to do it. Some clues would be greatly appre...
H: Multiple Parallel LED Drivers with Single Thermal Derating NTC Thermistor I am looking at powering Some multi color High power LEDs e.g LED engin LZ4 or LZ7 (probably a string of five) using a tps92691 based Circuit these being high power leds it seems wise to include thermal derating circuitry the tps92691 suggest...
H: Mosfet heating in current limiter circuit I am designing a lead acid battery charger using Battery University for guidance. This is the circuit I made. The power supply is from an Adjustable 12V power supply. I have set it to 14.4V. The mosfet is FQP55N06. The transistor is a BC547. The current limit based on test...
H: Increase memory of an ATmega32 I bought an ATmega32 IC recently, but now I found out the program I wrote in Atmel Studio reports an error due to an overflow of memory. It is 134.1% over the recommended memory of this chip. Are there alternatives that exist? I don't want to go and buy another chip as they are quite ...
H: Obtaining noise spectral density of OP-AMP from Peak to Peak voltage I'm in need of a low offset opamp for integrating purposes, I also need it to be very low noise since the output of the opamp will go into a 3000 V/V gain stage. The opamp that seems to satisfy my needs for low noise for the 3000V/V dual stage is:...
H: Does a splitter still reduce signal if only 1 of its ports is used? I'm using a Wilson Electronics signal amplification system to try to get phone signal in my house. I'm going to attempt using a coaxial splitter like this one to split the amplified signal to multiple indoor antennas for broadcasting to multiple pa...
H: Why build very similar diesel-electric engines in both AC and DC traction versions? I'm reading Wikipedia on GE Evolution Series diesel-electric engines. The series includes ES44AC and ES44DC models. Looks like they are very similar but one uses AC traction and another uses DC traction. They are being built in para...
H: PC power supply for 12v 24A consumer, question on 12v yellow wires I want to buy and convert a 350W PC power supply into a 12v power supply for 20m RGBW led strips. I want to do this because I did not find any reasonable priced 12v power supply and simply because I want to build this myself. I have found several a...
H: How to crimp a ferrules(end sleeve)without a crimper? Hi. I know that the best way and the safe method to crimp those uninsulated ferrules is to use the appropriate crimper. But,since i need to crimp only 3-4 wires,buying a special crimper only for that is not economic. Which other method can i use in order that t...
H: Making a Hall effect sensor into a PCB This question is related to Is it possible to “trace” a hall effect sensor on a PCB?. As far as I understand it, a Hall effect sensor consists of a metal plate, plus a current source and an amplifier. Instead of buying a Hall effect sensing chip, would it be possible to implem...
H: STM32F0 - run user program from SPI flash memory I'm building an application based on the STM32F030F4P6 microcontroller. During the development of the firmware, I realized that the flash memory of the microcontroller is too small. Can I run my firmware from SPI flash memory? If yes, how could I do it? AI: In my ans...
H: What is this component called? I recently bought an old coffee maker but it doesn't work. Everytime I switch it on my earth circuit breaker goes off so my whole house doesn't have electricity. I already looked on google to find something similar to it. I think it might be a thermal resistor, but I don't know how to...
H: How to protect LEDs from high voltage during NPN transitor transitions? I am using a 555 timer and an NPN transistor to drive an array of 12 LEDs from a 9v battery, and a potentiometer to control the duty cycle. I am concerned about the voltages the LEDs will be subjected to during the transistor's on/off transitio...
H: LC Network in Microchip's LoRa Gateway I am reading the microchip's LoRaWan Gateway manual. On Page 48, I got stuck at receiving side on the LoRaWan RF circuit. It looks like they have some sort of LC Low Pass Filter. I have used this online tool to calculate it's cutoff frequency. It gave me following reading: Res...
H: How does this overcurrent indication circuit work? Can anyone explain how the overcurrent (OVC pin) circuit below works? I am lost in all these transistors. I only get that it will output +5V on the OVC pin in the event of an overcurrent condition on either the VPP or the VDD line, but have no idea how it actually ...
H: Can Mq4 sensor be used for smoke detection? I wanted to ask if Mq4 can be used for fire smoke detection? I read it have small sensitivity to smoke in the data sheet, but I wanted to know what is the least value in ppm for it to detect smoke ? MQ-4 datasheet http://www.geeetech.com/Documents/MQ-4%20Datasheet.pdf Th...
H: TL866 programmer schematic question See the full TL866 programmer schematic Below is the pin driver schematic for the MiniPro TL866 universal device programmer (page 2 of the PDF schematic). The L2, L3 and L4 are powered from VDD, which can be anywhere from 2.0V to 6.0V (from the programmer spec). This limit, as fa...
H: Could the extra power not used through a regulator or buck converter be used in another load without taking away power from the regulator? I’m making a design for a crank generator which will charge my phone and a battery at the same time. The generator will be connected to a bridge rectifier, then a buck (step dow...
H: Testing regulated power supply: 100 mA current sink Disclaimer: I'm trying to learn about circuits on my own. I'm reading as much as possible to avoid any basic mistakes, but if there's any, please point it out and I'll investigate further in that direction! Sometimes the problem is not lack of interest, but not ...
H: Adding large numbers in context of analog computing? I have been reading about analog computing yet have not been able to find material about a certain issue; in reference to arithmetic, it is said that op-amps are used to perform these tasks, for example addition with a summing amplifier: What about when one want...
H: How do electrons travel in data transmission wires? I've searched and googled quite a bit on this subject, but haven't found any concrete answers. I understand that pulses are generated at the transmitter's end to get to the receiver's end. More in specific, is it possible for the electrons to reach the other end o...
H: Step up converter 1-3V to 5V fixed for supercapacitor I would like to use this step up converter, LT1073 - Micropower DC/DC Converter Adjustable and Fixed 5V, 12V, to drive an input in the range of 1 V to 3 V (input is a supercapacitor). In the datasheet there are examples of voltage inputs from 1.05 V to 1.55 V t...
H: What kind of rubber "melts" plastic? I know this should probably be posted in a chemistry exchange, but I figured the parts are pretty standard electronics equipment that the question might be more relevant here. So a couple of breadboards had been lying in a box with a rubbered aligator wire sandwitched between. T...
H: Should I wear a grounded ESD strap when probing/debugging my raw boards? Manufacturing and handling the unpowered boards, the assembly workers often use strict ESD control: dissipative mats, smocks, and grounded wrist bands. As an embedded engineer, I am always powering and probing up my raw boards (without the pla...
H: How to connect the PHY crystal for RMII? I'm attempting to implement Ethernet communication for the first time and have run into an issue with my PHY. I'm using the KSZ8091RNBCA. According to the datasheet, when running in RMII mode, the XO pin is supposed to be left unconnected (Tables 2-3, 3-2). Figure 3-4, shown...
H: Weird waveform when using potentiometer as volumecontrol I am making a remote volume control for my TV, as my amplifier only as a physical button. My idea is to control a digital potentiometer with an microcontroller. I have build the circuit shown on the follwing figure: simulate this circuit – Schematic created ...
H: Calculation of collector resistance for maximum output swing simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab Question from Sedra and Smith (7th Edition) Question: The given bias arrangement is to be used for a common-base amplifier. Design the circuit to establish a dc emitter current of 1 mA and provi...
H: How to limit the output voltage of a TCXO? I am using an SiT1552 MEMS TCXO providing 32.768 kHz. It will be sourcing two ICs: a microcontroller and a DA14580 Bluetooth Low Energy transceiver. The ICs and TCXO are all powered by 3.3V. The TCXO output is the standard 10%-90% LVCMOS voltage swing. It can drive up to 1...
H: Why are two maximum power dissipation mentioned for this transistor? I am wondering why manufacturers mention two different maximum power dissipation values for transistors like 2N1613: Does it have anything to do with whether a heatsink is used or not? AI: Normally transistor power dissipation is quoted for TA an...
H: Log-Taper Variable Resistor from Linear-Taper I'll start by saying: I've read quite a bit about how to make a "log taper potentiometer" using a resistor and linear-taper potentiometer, but I'm not sure if that will work in my case. I'm working on an all-pass filter to use as a corrective phase-shift for an active-n...
H: How can this capacitator discharge? (Make: Electronics experiment 9) I am trying to get through Make: Electronics book and I cannot understand, how does capacitor in following circuit discharge when I press B button. Wouldn't the current just go in the circle that push button completed, since there is no loop with...
H: Battery Life Estimation - Sanity check I'm trying to estimate the battery life of my device and just need a sanity check since numbers I'm getting are wildly different depending on the method I use to calculate battery life. For brevity I'm going to write first method that I've tried. Device will spend 7 seconds in...
H: Should I add bypass capacitor for every IC and Microcontroller? I am expecting a noise from a Power Source caused by motors. However my setup already includes a buck-converter, and have the input and output capacitors. Should I add bypass capacitors for the powers on the IC's and Microcontroller like the Particle P...
H: Soldering alternatives for a relay I have to confess that I'm not a handy person thus soldering is too difficult for me. I was researching on the internet about soldering alternatives but all of them are done for soldering 2 cables. I need an alternative for soldering a cable with a relay (those with 3mm or 4mm pin...
H: Differential amplifier and differential signals in small signal analyses I'm studying the differential amplifier on different books (Razavi and Sedra-Smith). I've understood how this circuit works, but I have some questions. When authors analyze this circuit (2 identical mosfets or two identical BJTs with a curren...
H: Ideal switch acting on a capacitor Let's consider this circuit: and suppose that the capacitor C1, charged at the input voltage Vin, at time t=0 is connected by the switch to the virtual ground. Assume also that C and C0 are initially discharged. First question: How does the book I'm reading show that: Second qu...
H: Problem with the fall time of a NPN transistor I have the below circuit to translate a slow digital MCU on/off (3.3V) signal to a higher voltage signal (range from 12 to 24V). I have a specific attention for the Vin=12Vdc case, the voltage drop from Vin to Vsignalout shouldn't be more than 2V (extra safety guard is...
H: How to determine DC input voltage of a device without its charger? Had a MotoMaster (Canadian Tire) 27/3 LED flashlight for 4 years now. Model was discontinued 2-3 years ago. Lost the charger at least 2 years ago and the light's battery FINALLY died today (!!) I need to find out what is the correct voltage and or...
H: If there are more capacitors, are there more amperes? I'm really new to electronics, and I'm wondering if adding a capacitor increases the output current. I have the following questions: Say for example, I have a 5V 1.0A Source, does the output current capacity increases if there's capacitor in parallel? Say fo...
H: High Voltage ADC Measurements using a PIC and OpAmp I need to make a device to measure voltage of a series stack of capacitors which will reach a maximum of 100V (DC only). On the schematic I have omitted several from the stack, balancing circuitry and the PIC support devices (xtal, decoupling), for simplicity of ...
H: Constraining combinatorial path delays in Intel Cyclone-V FPGA I am working on a design with a Cyclone-V FPGA. I have a PLL that generates 4 clocks of equal frequency but with 90 degree phase shift from eachother. 4 DFFs running on each of these respective clocks. The outputs of these 4 DFFs are connected to a 4:1...
H: Identification of 14-pin IC from Microchip I am sorting my shop and found a stick of ICs: The markings on the top side are 3636 CWSA 'Microchip logo', 'another logo' Is there a way to identify this chip? AI: With a hint from the comments I was able to identify the ICs. I traced my orders and only a few chips wit...
H: What's the criterion to move from only having CDC for the control lines to include the data buses? I've noticed that in most designs synchronized signals crossing clock domains are implemented for control signals. I'm, however, wondering what the criteria is to add synchronization to the data bus as well. Would tha...
H: Nodemcu: How to extend sensor wires? I am using a Water flow sensor connected to v2 nodemcu. However, this sensor needs to be placed at a distance of 40 feets from nodemcu, on the 3rd floor of my apartment roof (I stay on 1st floor). The sensor consists of 3 wires: Red- for voltage input Black- Ground Yellow- sens...
H: How do PCB manufacturers know how to orient polarized components? Let's say I have diode or a polarized capacitor in my circuit. How do PCB manufacturers know how to orient the part on the PCB? When I create the part in Altium for example, I just make up which pin is pin 1 and which pin is pin 2. As long as the sc...
H: L298N constant output power I have assembled the motor driver circuit using L298N seen below, hoping that it would work without any problem. For some reason that I do not understand, the output power is constant. I say constant because; When nothing is connected to output, I measure 21V (such a drop is expected). ...
H: Can I use two switches on one mouse button? I am doing a diy project where I replace the mouse switches with a mechanical switch. I wish to wire two mechanical switches in parallel to a computer mouse left-click button. They will be wired in so that either switch will generate a mouse left-click and I would like t...
H: How is I2C signal integrity maintained over monitor cables for EDID? Computer monitors (and other similar display equipment) use the I2C protocol with 5V signal levels to send EDID information to the "host". I2C's typical use case is for short connections on a PCB or between PCBs in an enclosure. I myself have need...
H: DC to DC converter connection I am fairly new to electronics and I started to have some doubts. I am going to use a DC to DC converter R1SE-0505/H2-R (5V to 5V) to have an isolated power supply for the audio components. I have just realized that in the datasheet connection schema there is a negative voltage supply ...
H: Making Thermocouples With Only One Type of Wire Can thermocouples be made with only one type of wire? I wonder if a thermocouple would work if I use two 10-cm copper wires given that their diameters are vastly different. I know that the two copper wires will have the same resistivity, but the large-diameter one wil...
H: Differential pair trace gap change: sudden vs. gradual I'm finalizing the routing for an eighteen-layer board that requires many, many differential-pair traces to run at speeds up to 16 Gbit/sec. (FYI: 100 Ω impedance, Isola I-Speed cores and prepreg.) These traces come from an MPSoC (BGA) with TX/RX pairs at 100 Ω...
H: Decoupling Capacitor on GPIO instead of connected directly to battery I am building a device that is for most of the time in sleep mode. When woken up, I am sending some BLE signals and use a LED. To support the battery I have a 2u2F capacitor. But because my battery is so small and I want the device to have a long...
H: What is the point of the Zener diode in this schematic? I looked at DALI application node and stumbled upon this circuit. Everything but the Zener diode D4 makes sense. What is the function of D4? AI: A DALI input must understand voltages up to 6.5V as OFF reliably, and voltages above 9.5V as ON reliably. If there ...
H: DFLOP LTspice inputs and outputs I want to use the symbolic form of following DFLOP in the schematic. but I don't know which pin refers to which indicator(n001, n002, ...). for a better understanding of my question, I attached an incorrect schematic. according to the help document of LTspice, I know that n001 to n0...
H: Options for tracking upsets in very fine movements I'm working on a small engraving device that sometimes hits a tougher part of the target material. Since the tip is very small and spins at a high speed, the engraver sometimes involuntarily slides around that harder part of material (see the image below). When thi...
H: What happens when a circuit is grounded, and how to calculate a circuit's potential differences, current, etc. when it's grounded? What would be the voltages of points A, B, C & D? How do I calculate them? What's happening here? AI: Keep in mind that no current is flowing in our out of that ground. In this case, g...
H: Confusion on what the RF input to a PLL does I am designing an FMCW radar, for which I need to generate an RF signal ramped in frequency. To accomplish this, I want to use a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) to generate the ramp at baseband then upconvert it to RF. For the upconversion, I thought I wanted to use a p...
H: How to calculate the number of required flip-flop stages needed for clock-domain crossing? In a given scenario where I have two clock domains driven by a 200MHz and a 30 MHz external independent clocks, what would be the best way to calculate the number of flip-flop stages needed for proper clock-domain crossing? A...
H: How to prevent inputing voltage into the output of a dc/dc converter I want to know how to prevent accidentally inputting my 60V DC supply into the output of my DC/DC converter. The two scenarios could be: That I accidentally insert the 60V DC into the output of DC/DC instead of the input I have the input connect...
H: Need help getting my LM324 to work with a three way voltage divider I have an input voltage signal from a conductivity sensor (output between 0 to 2.3V) which I am need to measure using the ESP32 ADC input. Unfortunately the ADC on the ESP32 is pretty crappy and can only measure signals greater than 0.15V. Therefor...
H: White LED doesn't light up when a red LED is parallel to it When I connect a white LED to 5v (Arduino) with a 220ohms resistor, it lights up perfectly fine. But, when I connect a red LED parallel to it, only the red one lights up. Note that when I connect the red light to a yellow or green one, both turn on. Video ...
H: 3-stage Differential Ring Oscillator simulation output remains at DC Value I'm currently simulating a 3-stage differential Ring Oscillator in LTSpice. I have setup one of my differential stages and created a symbol for it to use in the ring oscillator. I have double checked all my pins to make sure they are correct...
H: Help with reading and programming 93c56 EEPROM I need some advice on software and hardware. I would like to read and program the 93c56 EEPROM chip. The chip is removed from the device. I would like to read the content of the EEPROM and compare it to none corrupt content. Ideally would prefer to purchase a reasonabl...
H: 0110 moore overlapping in verilog I am designing "0110" overlapping sequence detector using moore model in verilog verilog code: `timescale 1ns / 1ps module seq_detector( input x,clk,reset, output reg z ); parameter S0 = 0 , S1 = 1 , S2 = 2 , S3 = 3 , S4 = 4; reg [3:0] PS,NS ; always@(posedge clk or posedge ...
H: What is the difference between ESR and DCR? I am measuring the inductance of a large coil using an LCR meter. I am using the series equivalent measurement mode at 100 Hz. Why does the LCR meter show that the ESR is 656 Ohm and why does my multimeter show a DC resistance of 61.5 Ohm? I would assume the ESR is the re...