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years. Events By place Byzantine Empire June – Battle of Anchialus: Emperor Constantine V sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (800 ships and 9,600 cavalry) to Thrace, to defend the fortress city of Anchialus on the Black Sea Coast. Meanwhile, Telets, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, blocks the mountain passes ... | medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire June – Battle of Anchialus: Emperor Constantine V sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (800 ships and 9,600 cavalry) to Thrace, to defend the fortress city of Anchialus on the Bla... |
Emperor Junnin is deposed after a 6-year reign, and forced into exile. Former empress Kōken reassumes the imperial throne of Japan, and takes the name Shōtoku. She appoints her close associate, the priest Dōkyō, prime minister (taishi), running the government with him. Nakamaro is captured and killed with his wife and ... | a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 764 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe Domenico Monegario is deposed, a... |
a given section of land productive 2 years out of 3, instead of every other year (approximate date). Births Ali al-Ridha, Shī‘ah Imām and Muslim scholar (d. 818) Fastrada, Frankish queen consort (d. 794) Han Hong, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 823) Pei Du, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 839) Deaths September 27 –... | the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe King Pepin III ("the Short") restores the papal privileges (see Donation of Pepin) in Benevento and Tuscany territory (and partially in Spoleto). The Annals of Tigernach tell of a shortage of bread in Ireland. Britain King Æthelwald of Northumbria ... |
army (12,000 men) forces the Abbasids to retreat into Armenia. Sabin, ruler (khagan) of Bulgaria, flees to the Byzantine fortress city of Mesembria, from where he escapes to Constantinople. Constantine V arranges for the transfer of Sabin's family from Bulgaria. Abbasid Caliphate Baghdad nears completion as up to 100,0... | palace built for Caliph al-Mansur. The capital is ringed by three lines of walls (approximate date). Asia The Karluks defeat the Turgesh Khaganate in Central Asia. Most of Turkestan (former Onoq territory) falls under Karluk rule, except west of Lake Aral, where the loose confederation of the Oghuz Turks is about to em... |
Paul I dies at Rome after a 10-year reign, in which he has protested against Constantine V's revival of Iconoclasm at Constantinople. He gives refuge to Greek monks who were expelled from the Byzantine Empire, and moves the relics of many saints from the catacombs to Roman churches. Duke Toto of Nepi has his layman bro... | of Bordeaux, and devastate the whole region. Pepin III receives a Byzantine delegation at his court in Gentilly (southern suburbs of Paris). They discuss foreign policy regarding Italy, and Byzantine Iconoclasm. Africa The Kharijite Berbers of Tlemcen and Tiaret try to conquer Ifriqiya from the Abbasid Caliphate, but f... |
brother Carloman I refuses to help his brother fight the rebels, and returns to Burgundy. Hunald, duke of Aquitaine, is forced to flee to the court of Gascony. Lupus II, fearing Charlemagne, turns Hunald over in exchange for peace, and is put in a monastery. Aquitaine and Gascony are subdued into the Frankish Kingdom. ... | against the Duchy of Aquitaine and the Duchy of Gascony. He leads a Frankish army to the city of Bordeaux, where he sets up a fort at Fronsac. His younger brother Carloman I refuses to help his brother fight the rebels, and returns to Burgundy. Hunald, duke of Aquitaine, is forced to flee to the court of Gascony. Lupus... |
883 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 130 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire A law is passed in Rome banning the execution of slaves without a trial. The Temple of Olympian Z... | Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire A law is passed in Rome banning the execution of slaves without a trial. The Temple of Olympian Zeus is completed at Athens. Emperor Hadrian visits the cities Petra and Gerasa (Jerash). A Triumphal Arch for Had... |
Hadrian restores the monarchist policy of Claudius and Domitian. The equestrian order is given full legal status, and attains the second order of the state. Italy is divided into legal districts managed by consuls, a direct blow to the power and prestige of the Senate. By topic Religion The Edict of Hadrian prohibits t... | according to a very strict hierarchy. Under the reorganization, the Roman Senate is excluded from controlling the business of state. Hadrian restores the monarchist policy of Claudius and Domitian. The equestrian order is given full legal status, and attains the second order of the state. Italy is divided into legal di... |
to Caesarea. The Jews enter the city, and re-establish their system of sacrifices. They strike coins to celebrate their independence, which will last for only 30 months. Legio XXII Deiotariana, which advanced from Egypt, is completely destroyed. Merchants in Britain build structures outside the forts of Hadrian's Wall,... | Britain build structures outside the forts of Hadrian's Wall, and offer goods and services (including brothels) to Roman soldiers, who receive salaries in a region that otherwise has virtually no ready money. Construction begins on the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome (known today as Castel Sant'Angelo). Asia Change of era... |
frequently, year 886 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 133 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Bar Kokhba Revolt: Sextus Julius Severus, Roman governor of Britain, is sent to ... | By place Roman Empire Bar Kokhba Revolt: Sextus Julius Severus, Roman governor of Britain, is sent to Judea (in 136 renamed Syria Palaestina) to quell the revolt. Jewish rebels, led by Simon bar Kokhba and Eleazar, cut off the vital supply lines and Roman garrisons in Palestine. Despite Roman reinforcements from Syria ... |
134 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire A law improving the lot of free workers is passed in Rome. Arrianus, Roman governor of Cappadocia, repulses an attack of the Alani, a no... | the mountains. The Romans retake Jerusalem. The largely-destroyed city is renamed Aelia Capitolina. Asia Ilseong becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. By topic Architecture Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy is completed. Births Dong Zhuo, Chinese general and warlord (d. 192) Marcus Macrinius Avitus Catonius Vind... |
full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lupercus and Atilianus (or, less frequently, year 888 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 135 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Eur... | this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events <onlyinclude> By place Roman Empire A Jewish diaspora begins, as Emperor Hadrian bars Jews from Jerusalem, and has survivors of the massacre dispersed across the Roma... |
this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The war against the Suebi begins (they will be defeated by Tiberius Haterius Nepos Atinas, Roman governor of Pannonia, in 138). Emperor Hadrian ... | was known as the Year of the Consulship of Commodus and Civica (or, less frequently, year 889 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 136 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The war... |
Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Balbinus (or, less frequently, year 890 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 137 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when | 137 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Tax laws are passed for trade in Palmyra. |
as Roman Emperor, and asks the Senate to confer divine honors for Hadrian. Construction begins on the Theater of Philadelphia (Amman). Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is finished. By topic Commerce The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 75 percent under Emperor Antoninus Pius, down from 87 percent under Hadr... | asks the Senate to confer divine honors for Hadrian. Construction begins on the Theater of Philadelphia (Amman). Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is finished. By topic Commerce The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 75 percent under Emperor Antoninus Pius, down from 87 percent under Hadrian. Births Han Zhidi,... |
(link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, in Western civilization, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hadrianus and Praesens (or, less frequently, year 892 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 139 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini... | Year 139 (CXXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, in Western civilization, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hadrianus and Praesens (or, less frequently, year 892 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 139 for this year has been ... |
Virgil, Roman poet (d. 19 BC) Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt (d. 30 BC) Crinagoras, Greek epigrammatist (d. 18 BC) Gaius Maecenas, Roman politician (d. 8 BC) Deaths Mithridates I, king of Commagene Sanatruces (or Sanatruk), king of | of the Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus (or, less frequently, year 684 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 70 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe |
display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hadrianus and Caesar (or, less frequently, year 893 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 140 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent met... | the Consulship of Hadrianus and Caesar (or, less frequently, year 893 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 140 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Antoninus Augustus Pius... |
Han Dynasty. The 141 Lycia earthquake affects most of the Roman provinces of Lycia and Caria and the islands of Rhodes, Kos, Simi and Serifos. It triggers a severe tsunami, which causes major inundation. By topic Religion Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Felix of Byzantium to Polycarpus II of Byzantium. Arts ... | full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Stloga (or, less frequently, year 894 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 141 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe ... |
denomination 142 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Antoninus Pius orders the construction of the Antonine Wall. The wall stretches 39 miles (63 km), from Old Kilpatri... | Emperor Antoninus Pius orders the construction of the Antonine Wall. The wall stretches 39 miles (63 km), from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde, to Carriden near Bo'ness on the Firth of Forth (Scotland). The Romans build 19 forts and smaller fortlets (milecastles), to protect the border again... |
Pius serves as Roman Consul. A revolt of the Brigantes tribe in Britannia is suppressed by Quintus Lollius Urbicus. By topic Medicine The Roman doctor Antyllus performs the first arteriotomy. Births Athenais, Roman noblewoman (d. 161) | calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Torquatus and Hipparchus (or, less frequently, year 896 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 143 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Event... |
Avitus and Titus Statilius Maximus become Roman Consuls. The Roman campaigns in Mauretania begin. Asia Change of era name from Hanan (3rd year) to Jiankang era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. Change of emperor from Han Shundi to Han Chongdi of the Han Dynasty. Reign of Huvishka, emperor of the Kushan Empire. By topic Relig... | this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus and Titus Statilius Maximus become Roman Consuls. The Roman campaigns in Mauretania begin. Asia Change of e... |
year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Antoninus Augustus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Caesar become Roman Consuls. Marcus | year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Antoninus Augustus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Caesar become Roman Consuls. Marcus Aurelius marries Faustina the Younger, |
Year 146 (CXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Clarus and Severus (or, less frequently, year 899 | method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Faustina the Younger is given the title Augusta, and becomes Roman Empress. Marcus Aurelius receives the imperium proconsular. Asia Change of era name from Yongxi (1st year) to Benchu era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. Han Zhidi succeeds Han Huandi, as empero... |
was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalinus and Largus (or, less frequently, year 900 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 147 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Marcu... | begin. King Vologases III dies after a 42-year reign, in which he has contended successfully with his rivals. King Vologases IV, son of Mithridates IV of Parthia, unites under his rule the Parthian Empire. Asia First year of Jianhe of the Chinese Han Dynasty. Births Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina, daughter of Marcus Au... |
of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cornelius and Calpernius (or, less frequently, year 901 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 148 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the | and Calpernius (or, less frequently, year 901 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 148 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor |
the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Priscus (or, less frequently, year 902 | the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Priscus (or, less frequently, year 902 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 149 for this year has been used since |
Northumbria takes an interest in continental missionary activities, and sends Willehad to Frisia in modern-day Netherlands (approximate date). Abbasid Caliphate Caliph al-Mansur orders the closing of the Canal of the Pharaohs (Egypt). The only remaining land routes to transship camel caravans' goods are from Alexandria... | Year 770 (DCCLXX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 770 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events <onlyinclude> By place E... |
poorly stocked with food. King Desiderius remains in the capital, and orders his son Adalgis to defend Verona to guard Gerberga, and the children of Carloman I. After a short siege, Adalgis flees to Constantinople, where he is received by Emperor Constantine V. Meanwhile, the Franks capture the cities of Verona and Mor... | of the mountains in the Susa Valley (Northern Italy), the Franks are hindered by Lombard fortifications. After scouting, Charlemagne attacks the defenders from the flank, and forces the Lombards to flee to the fortified capital Pavia. Siege of Pavia: Charlemagne besieges Pavia, which is poorly stocked with food. King D... |
at a place called Braunsberg, where the Saxons stand for battle, but are defeated when Frankish troops cross the river. Westphalian Saxons, probably commanded by Widukind, cross the Weser and fight an inconclusive battle at Hlidbeck (modern-day Lübbecke). Charlemagne claims victory, but perhaps in reality suffers a set... | By place Byzantine Empire September 14 – Emperor Constantine V dies while on a campaign in Bulgaria. In his 34-year reign he has suppressed monasticism and image worship, restored aqueducts, revived commerce, and repopulated Constantinople. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son Leo IV ("the Khazar"), who continues Con... |
Desiderius. Frankish counts are placed in the cities of Friuli. Saxon Wars: The Saxons again revolt against Christianity and Frankish rule. Eresburg falls, but a Saxon assault upon the castle of Syburg (near Dortmund) fails. Charlemagne hurriedly returns from Italy, launching a counter-offensive which defeats the Saxon... | Italy, launching a counter-offensive which defeats the Saxons. Most of their leaders are summoned to the Lippe at the town of Bad Lippspringe (North Rhine-Westphalia), to submit formally to Charlemagne. Britain Battle of Otford: King Egbert II of Kent defeats the Mercians under King Offa (near Otford), and re-asserts h... |
King Charlemagne spends Easter in Nijmegen, and leads a large Frankish army to Paderborn, where a general assembly of Carolingian and Saxon leaders has been summoned. Saxon lands are integrated into the Frankish Kingdom, and divided into missionary parishes. Duke Widukind and his followers flee to King Sigfred of Denma... | Denmark, seeking refuge and support. Abbasid–Carolingian alliance: Charlemagne receives a request for support from pro-Abbasid rulers in the eastern thughur, or military frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba. Several powerful officials and noblemen in northeastern Iberia, such as the governors of Barcelona and Zarago... |
has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Leo IV ("the Khazar") repulses an Abbasid invasion in Anatolia. A Byzantine expeditionary force under Michael Lachanodrako... | Lombards, and Visigoths) under King Charlemagne invades Al-Andalus (modern Spain), and conquers the cities of Pamplona and Barcelona. However, the Franks are halted at Zaragoza, in the thughur or frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba. During the retreat, Charlemagne is defeated by the Basques at the Battle of Ronceva... |
Mercia defeats his rival Cynewulf of Wessex at Bensington (modern-day Oxfordshire). He seizes control of Berkshire, and probably London as well. According to sources of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Offa becomes "King of All England". Charlemagne writes a letter to him as "his dearest brother", but when Offa refuses to let... | Ohre rivers into Eastphalian territory, where local leaders submit to Frankish rule and hand over hostages. Widukind remains in northern Saxony, and relies on guerrilla warfare. Britain Battle of Bensington: King Offa of Mercia defeats his rival Cynewulf of Wessex at Bensington (modern-day Oxfordshire). He seizes contr... |
was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 780 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire September 8 - Em... | (approximate date). Asia King Hyegong of Silla is killed in a revolt, terminating the kingly line of succession of former ruler Muyeol. He is the architect of Silla's unification of the Korean Peninsula (see 668). By topic Religion Borobudur, a Buddhist temple complex in Magelang (modern Indonesia), is begun (approxima... |
been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe King Charlemagne has his son Carloman (renamed Pepin) anointed "King of Italy", and he is crowned by Pope Adrian I with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. His younger brot... | Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe King Charlemagne has his son Carloman (renamed Pepin) anointed "King of Italy", and he is crowned by Pope Adrian I with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. His younger brother Charles I is anointed king of Aquitaine, and Louis th... |
under the command of Adalgis the Chamberlain, Gallo, and Worad, supported by Saxon forces, to deal with the Saxons and Sorb raiders in Thuringia. Battle of Süntel: The Franks under Charlemagne are defeated by Saxon rebels, led by Widukind. He succeeds in wiping out more than half of the occupying Frankish forces and ag... | scholar monk called Elisaeus to educate her in Greek language and manners. Europe Summer – Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne sends a punitive expedition (an elite force of Eastern Frankish troops) under the command of Adalgis the Chamberlain, Gallo, and Worad, supported by Saxon forces, to deal with the Saxons and Sorb raid... |
prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire A Byzantine expeditionary force under Staurakios, chief minister (logothete), begins a campaign against the communities (Sclaviniae) of Greece. Setting out from Constantinople, the imperial army follows the Thracian coast into Macedonia, and ... | Juan de Pravia, where she lives out the rest of her life. April 30 – Hildegard, wife of King Charlemagne, dies in childbirth after her ninth confinement in less than 12 years of marriage. His mother, Bertrada of Laon, dies in the summer and is buried with great ceremony beside her husband Pepin the Short, in the Abbey ... |
in honour of his wife. Asia The Japanese begin a war against the Ainu, in the north, on the main island of Honshu. Emperor Kanmu wishes to be free from the influence of the Buddhist monasteries around Nara (then called Heijō), and moves the capital to Nagaoka, ending the Nara period. Nagaoka-kyō becomes the Japanese im... | 784 (DCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 784 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe Saxon Wars... |
the Moors. The Franks divide Catalonia into 14 countships. Charlemagne suppresses a rebellion by count Hardrad of Thuringia. Prince (or duke) Višeslav becomes, with the support of Pope Adrian I and the Byzantine Empire, ruler of Dalmatian Croatia (approximate date). Britain King Offa of Mercia re-asserts his control of... | his son Al-Hadi, who becomes the fourth ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. Asia Fujiwara no Tanetsugu, Japanese nobleman (chūnagon), has his daughter Azumako married to the 12-year-old crown prince Heizei (son of Emperor Kanmu). While supervising construction of the buildings in the capital of Nagaoka, he is killed by an ... |
(link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 786 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe King Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne and ruler of Aquit... | king Sigeberht, ambushes and kills his rival Cynewulf of Wessex, while he is at Meretun (now called Marten) with his mistress. The Wessex nobles refuse to recognise Cyneheard as king. Cyneheard is executed and succeeded by Beorhtric, through the support of King Offa of Mercia. His rival claimant to the Wessex throne, a... |
Byzantine troops led by Adalgis, son of former Lombard king Desiderius, invade southern Italy. His attempts are thwarted by the Franks, who attack territories in Benevento, obtaining notably the annexion of Chieti (Spoleto). Europe King Charlemagne conquers Bavaria, and incorporates it into the Frankish Kingdom. Duke T... | Duke Tassilo III is deposed, and banished to a monastery. Grimoald III, Lombard duke of Benevento, is installed as semi-client by King Charles the Younger (son of Charlemagne) at Benevento (Italy). The Avars, who are allied with Tassilo III, invade East Francia (modern Germany). This begins the Frankish-Avar conflict. ... |
the Elbe River with a Frankish-Saxon army into Obotrite territory. He subdues the Wiltzes, and reaches the Baltic. King Pepin of Italy conquers Istria on the Adriatic, ignoring Byzantine protests. He establishes a tributary march, and sends missionaries. Charlemagne issues the Admonitio generalis, which covers educatio... | Byzantine protests. He establishes a tributary march, and sends missionaries. Charlemagne issues the Admonitio generalis, which covers educational and ecclesiastical reforms within the Frankish Kingdom. Charlemagne founds the town of Herford (modern Germany), in order to guard a ford crossing the narrow Werre River. Br... |
Frankish Kingdom. Britain King Æthelred I returns to Northumbria, and is restored to the throne after living in exile for 11 years. His rival Osred II is deposed, forcibly tonsured, and exiled to the Isle of Man. Æthelred then faces a rebellion by another rival, named Eardwulf. The latter is captured, and hanged outsid... | ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Other themes follow its example, and imprison their strategoi. Constantine sends his iconoclast general Michael Lachanodrakon, to ensure that the Armeniacs (his closest supporters) take an oath. Irene is confined and imprisoned in her palace at Constantinople; all her eunuchs are exiled. ... |
full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 791 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe The Avars, a pagan Asian nomadic horde that has settled down in what is today Hungary,... | expeditionary force, under his son Pepin, (king of the Lombards) invades the Drava Valley and devastates Pannonia. Summer – Charlemagne loses most of his riding and baggage horses during an equine epidemic; many Saxons take advantage of Charlemagne's Avar setback and rebel once more. September 14 – Alfonso II, the son ... |
Constantinople continue their intrigues against Constantine. Battle of Marcellae: Constantine VI leads a Byzantine expeditionary force into northern Thrace. At the border castle of Marcellae, near the modern town of Karnobat (Bulgaria), the Bulgarians under Kardam defeat the Byzantines. Europe The Westphalians rise up ... | – Emperor Constantine VI suppresses a rebellion, and restores his mother Irene to her former position as co-empress of the Byzantine Empire. The rival factions in Constantinople continue their intrigues against Constantine. Battle of Marcellae: Constantine VI leads a Byzantine expeditionary force into northern Thrace. ... |
the other half invades Languedoc, penetrating as far as Narbonne. After capturing the city, the contingent moved towards Carcassonne and conquered it too. Both armies return to Córdoba enriched with the spoils of war. By topic Commerce Arab traders make Baghdad a financial center of the Silk Road between China and Euro... | or enslaved. It is the first Viking attack on a monastery in the British Isles, although it is not the first known Viking attack in the British Isles. The first attack came in 789, when Vikings raided the settlement of Portland in Dorset. Arabian Empire Emir Hisham I of Córdoba calls for a jihad ("Holy War") against th... |
a Frankish noblewoman and the daughter of Ingerman, count of Hesbaye (modern Belgium). Britain May 20 – King Æthelberht II of East Anglia visits the royal Mercian court at Sutton Walls (Herefordshire), with a view to marrying Princess Ælfthryth. He is taken captive and beheaded, on the orders of King Offa. Vikings sack... | crosses the Rhine at Cologne from the west; threatened from two directions, the Saxons surrender near Paderborn (Westphalia). August 10 – Queen Fastrada, third wife of Charlemagne, dies in Frankfurt after 11 years of marriage. Charlemagne consoles himself with Luitgard, an Alemannian noblewoman, whom he marries and mov... |
area to convert the pagan population to Christianity. Britain April 18 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered, probably at Corbridge, by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. Another rival, Torhtmund, slays Ealdred in revenge. Northumbria is plunged into chaos. The patrician Osbald is placed on the throne, but is dese... | from the Kingdom of Mercia following the death of King Offa. Prince Eadberht Præn leaves the Church, returns to Kent and claims his throne. Eadwald proclaims himself king of East Anglia, but is later ousted by Coenwulf. Direct rule from Mercia is re-established. By topic Religion Alcuin, Anglo-Saxon monk and scholar, i... |
calls herself basileus ("emperor") of the Byzantine Empire. Europe King Charlemagne issues the Capitulare Saxonicum, making Westphalian, Angrian and Eastphalian Saxons equal to other peoples in the Frankish Kingdom. The Nordalbian Saxons revolt; a Frankish fleet is sent to the North Sea coast of Germany. It lands in Ha... | captured and blinded; Irene exiles him to Principo, where he dies shortly thereafter of his wounds. Irene begins a 5-year reign, and calls herself basileus ("emperor") of the Byzantine Empire. Europe King Charlemagne issues the Capitulare Saxonicum, making Westphalian, Angrian and Eastphalian Saxons equal to other peop... |
King Sigeric I of Essex abdicates and departs for a pilgrimage to Rome. He is succeeded by his son Sigered. Iberia King Alfonso II of Asturias campaigns against the Arab Muslims in Al-Andalus. With Frankish military support, he raids into Andalusia and sacks Lisbon (modern Portugal). Bahlul ibn Marzuq, a Vascon-Muslim ... | defeats the Nordalbian Saxons near the village of Bornhöved (modern-day Neumünster), obliging these 'northerners' to submit and give hostages against their future good behavior. In the coming years they are granted areas of present-day Hamburg. King Charles the Younger, a son of Charlemagne, conquers Corsica and Sardin... |
exile. He is buried in an unmarked grave in York Minster. By topic Religion April 25 – Pope Leo III is physically attacked by a band of aristocratic conspirators, under the leadership of a public official who is a nephew of the late Pope Adrian I. After mistreatment and attempted disfigurement by the citizens of Rome, ... | worried about further rivals, has ealdorman Moll killed. Former king Osbald dies as an abbot in exile. He is buried in an unmarked grave in York Minster. By topic Religion April 25 – Pope Leo III is physically attacked by a band of aristocratic conspirators, under the leadership of a public official who is a nephew of ... |
(modern Norway), due to its insubordination (approximate date). Abbasid Caliphate Autumn – Siege of Baghdad: Caliph al-Amin surrenders Baghdad, after al-Ma'mun's General Tahir accepts his peace terms, but he is captured and executed. His brother al-Ma'mun becomes undisputed ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Baghdad S... | prize, including gold and weaponry. July 11 – Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius). His sons are castrated to prevent them succeeding the Byzantine throne, and relegated into monasteries. One of them, Niketas (renamed... |
Bulgarian Empire. The Rhodope Mountains become the Byzantine border again, and Leo regains its lost Black Sea cities, after the Bulgars have them demolished. Europe Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson sets out from the Faroe Islands and discovers Iceland (documented later in the Landnámabók) (approximate date). Britain King Egbe... | (approximate date). Britain King Egbert of Wessex ravages the territories of the remaining British kingdom Dumnonia, known as the West Welsh (Cornwall). Asia Emperor Saga of Japan is the first sovereign to drink tea (according to legend), imported from China by monks. The upper classes adopt this beverage for medicinal... |
By topic Religion Theodulf, bishop of Orléans, is deposed and imprisoned, after becoming involved in a conspiracy with Bernard of Italy. Births Abu Dawud, Muslim hadith compiler (or 817) Al-Fath ibn Khaqan, Muslim governor (or 817) Ariwara no Yukihira, Japanese governor (d. 893) Pepin, count of Vermandois (approximate ... | 817) Ariwara no Yukihira, Japanese governor (d. 893) Pepin, count of Vermandois (approximate date) Sahl al-Tustari, Persian scholar (approximate date) Deaths April 17 – Bernard of Italy, king of the Lombards (b. 797) October 3 – Ermengarde, queen of the Franks Al-Fadl ibn Sahl, Persian vizier Ali al-Ridha, 8th Shia Ima... |
Louis I. He escapes with the help of his elite bodyguard. Ljudevit uses the momentum and invades the Duchy of Croatia. Nominoe, a noble Briton, is appointed by Louis I as count of Vannes in Brittany (approximate date). Abbasid Caliphate August 11 – Caliph Al-Ma'mun returns to Baghdad, securing the city's place as the c... | Duchy of Croatia. Nominoe, a noble Briton, is appointed by Louis I as count of Vannes in Brittany (approximate date). Abbasid Caliphate August 11 – Caliph Al-Ma'mun returns to Baghdad, securing the city's place as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun dismissed Al-Hasan ibn Sahl as governor of ... |
of Yemen for few months. Caliph Al-Ma'mun appointed Hisn ibn al-Minhal as Abbasid governor of Yemen for few months. Caliph Al-Ma'mun appointed Ibrahim al-Ifriqi as Abbasid governor of Yemen. He remained in office until 821. Caliph al-Ma'mun appointed Abu Nasr ibn al-Sari as Abbasid governor of Egypt. Byzantine Empire D... | will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun appointed Isa ibn Yazid al-Juludi as Abbasid governor of Yemen for few months. Caliph Al-Ma'mun appointed Hisn ibn al-Minhal as Abbasid governor of Yemen for few months. Caliph Al-Ma'mun appointed Ibrahim ... |
in China, arrives in Transoxiana. Births March 7 – Lucilla, Roman empress (d. 182) Clement of Alexandria, Greek theologian (d. 215) Gongsun Du, Chinese general and warlord (d. 204) Lucius Fabius Cilo, Roman politician (approximate date) Monoimus, Arab gnostic and writer (approximate date) Nagarjuna, founder of Mahayana... | the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Squilla and Vetus (or, less frequently, year 903 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 150 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place R... |
the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Condianus and Valerius (or, less frequently, year 904 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 151 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in... | urbe condita). The denomination 151 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Asia Mytilene and Smyrna are destroyed by an earthquake. First year of Yuanjia of the Chinese Han Dynasty. By topic A... |
used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Asia The Chinese domination of the Tarim Basin weakens. Births Bao Xin, Chinese general and warlord (d. 192) Deaths January 14 – Markianos, patriarch | early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Asia The Chinese domination of the Tarim Basin weakens. Births Bao Xin, Chinese general and warlord (d. 192) Deaths January 14 – Markianos, patriarch of Alexandria Yan Ming, Chinese empress o... |
will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 906 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 153 for this | of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 906 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 153 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the |
year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire King Eupator of Bosphorus pays tribute to Rome, due to the threat posed by the Alani. The Antonine Wall is completed. Asia Last (2nd) year of Yongxin... | (CLIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Lateranus (or, less frequently, year 907 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 154 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, w... |
a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 908 Ab | era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Births Cao Cao, Chinese statesman and warlord (d. 220) Dio Cassius, Roman historian (d. c. 235) Tertullian, Roman Christian theologian (d. c. 240) |
Mojarra Stela 1 is produced in Mesoamerica. By topic Religion The heresiarch Montanus first appears in Ardaban (Mysia). Births Dong Zhao, Chinese official and minister (d. 236) Ling of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. 189) Pontianus of Spoleto, Christian martyr and saint (d. 175) Zhang Zhao, Chinese general ... | was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silvanus and Augurinus (or, less frequently, year 909 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 156 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe |
the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire A revolt against Roman rule begins in Dacia. Births Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus, Roman politician (d. | was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Civica and Aquillus (or, less frequently, year 910 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 157 for this year has been |
911 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 158 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The earliest dated use of | for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The earliest dated use of Sol Invictus, in a dedication from Rome. A revolt against Roman rule in Dacia is crushed. China Change of era name... |
the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place India In India, the reign of Shivashri Satakarni, as King Satavahana of | year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place India In India, the reign of Shivashri Satakarni, as King Satavahana of Andhra, begins. Births December 30 – Lady Bian, wife of Cao |
attacks a fort in Groton, Connecticut, achieving a strategic victory. September 8 – American Revolution – Battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina: The war's last significant battle, in the Southern theatre, ends in a narrow British tactical victory. September 10 – American Revolution: Graves gives up trying to break th... | of Yorktown, General Charles Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia, ending the armed struggle of the American Revolution. October 20 – A Patent of Toleration, providing limited freedom of worship, is approved in the Habsburg Monarchy. November 5 – John Hanson is elected President of t... |
20 Sir John Lavery, Irish artist (d. 1941) Frederick Winslow Taylor, American inventor and efficiency expert (d. 1915) March 26 – William Massey, Irish-born 19th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1925) April–June April 5 – Booker T. Washington, American educator (d. 1915) April 6 – Maurice Sarrail, French general (d. 1... | of widow remarriage is extended in India. St. Paul's School, Belgaum is founded by the Jesuits in Belgaum, India. The British Guiana 1c magenta postage stamp is issued in British Guiana in limited numbers; the one surviving specimen will become regarded as the world's rarest stamp. Global financial services business Cr... |
270s decade ran from | 270s decade ran from January 1, |
pounds and adds pig fat to the list of foods distributed free to the populace. Aurelian defeats a Gothic raid into the Balkans and then invades the Gothic homeland. Here he defeats the Goths again, killing one of their leaders, Cannabas, who may be Cniva, the Goth who had won the battle of Abritus, at which Emperor Dec... | of Aurelianus and Bassus (or, less frequently, year 1024 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 271 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire After an indecisive battle, Emperor Aurelian... |
of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constantinus and Licinianus (or, less frequently, year 1065 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 312 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Euro... | singulares Augusti) are disbanded. Emperor Maximinus Daza campaigns unsuccessfully against the Armenians. By topic Religion Constantine I adopts the words "in hoc signo vinces" as a motto, and has the letters X and P (the first letters of the Greek word Christ) emblazoned on the shields of his soldiers. The Council of ... |
year 1077 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 324 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire July 3 – Battle of Adrianople: Emperor Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius nea... | Roman Empire July 3 – Battle of Adrianople: Emperor Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near Adrianople, forcing him to retreat to Byzantium. He invades Thrace with a Visigothic force and raids the countryside. This sees Constantine ruling as sole Emperor. July – Battle of the Hellespont: Crispus destroys ... |
the occupation of Rome, is dissolved 19 months after its creation on February 15, 1798. October 2 - Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland – Battle of Alkmaar: the Russo-British expedition force win a small tactical vicory over the Franco-Dutch forces. October 6 – Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland – Battle of Castricum: Fra... | Danube. June 13 – Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies is restored to his kingdom following the collapse of the Parthenopean Republic. June 18 – French Revolutionary Wars: Action of 18 June 1799 – A French frigate squadron, under Rear-admiral Perrée, is captured by the British fleet under Lord Keith, off Toulon. July–Decemb... |
of Anjou buys the title to the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Mary of Antioch, for 1,000 bezants and an annual payment of 4,000 livres tournois. March 19 – The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire. April 15 – Battle o... | Dynasty. They also stay for a short period in Kowloon. Some hundred years later, the place where they stayed becomes Sung Wong Toi. The Treaty of Aberconwy is signed by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales, and King Edward I of England, ending the First Welsh War, in exchange for restrictions on Llywelyn's power. St G... |
of Shelon: The forces of Muscovy defeat the Republic of Novgorod. August 9 – Pope Sixtus IV succeeds Pope Paul II, to become the 212th pope. August 24 – King Afonso V of Portugal conquers the Moroccan town of Arzila. August 29 – The Portuguese occupy Tangiers, after its population flees the city. October 10 – Battle of... | of Denmark. December 21 – The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe are discovered by Portuguese navigators João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar. Date unknown Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire dies, and is succeeded by his son Topa Inca Yupanqui. Moorish exiles from Spain, led by Moulay Ali Ben Moussa Ben Rached El A... |
– Battle of Kletsk: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate. August 19 – Sigismund I the Old succeeds his brother, as king of Poland. November 6 – Pope Julius II personally leads his troops into Bologna, retaking the city from the excommunicated tyrant Giovanni II Bentivoglio. September 2... | July–December August 6 – Battle of Kletsk: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate. August 19 – Sigismund I the Old succeeds his brother, as king of Poland. November 6 – Pope Julius II personally leads his troops into Bologna, retaking the city from the excommunicated tyrant Giovanni II B... |
cardinal (d. 1574) November 15 – Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal and France (d. 1558) December 1 – Giovanni Michele Saraceni, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1568) December 19 – Andreas Osiander, German Protestant theologian (d. 1552) date unknown Giulio Clovio, (Juraj Julije Klovic) Dalmatian miniaturist and illus... | 1498 Nankai earthquake off the coast of Japan. Date unknown João Fernandes Lavrador and Pedro Barcelos journey to Greenland; during their voyage, they discover the land which they name Labrador. The Wiener Hofmusikkapelle, a forerunner of the Vienna Boys' Choir, is founded by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. Probable ... |
Ron Taylor, American actor (b. 1952) January 17 – Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer (b. 1916) January 18 – Celso Daniel, Brazilian politician (b. 1951) January 19 Martti Miettunen, 2-Time Prime Minister of Finland (b. 1907) Vavá, Brazilian footballer (b. 1934) January 21 – Peggy Lee, American singer and actress (b. 1920... | combat engagement between a drone and conventional aircraft. Births January–April January 17 – Samuel, American-South Korean singer February 5 – Davis Cleveland, American actor February 9 – Jalen Green, American basketball player April 8 – Skai Jackson, American actress April 9 – Ken San Jose, Filipino-American dancer ... |
even after being approached by prospective customers. Increasingly upset by management's lack of interest, Metcalfe left Xerox in 1975, but he was lured back again the next year. Further development followed, resulting in the seminal Xerox Network Systems (XNS) protocol, which was completed by 1978. Once again, Metcalf... | Metropark Communications, 3Com helped make VoIP into a safe and practical technology with wide adoption. 3Com then tried to move into the smart consumer appliances business and in June 2000, 3Com acquired internet radio startup Kerbango for $80 million. It developed its Audrey appliance, which made an appearance on The... |
Interactive Multiplayer, failed in the marketplace, the company exited the hardware business and became a third-party video game developer. It went bankrupt in 2003 due to poor sales of its games. Its headquarters were in Redwood City, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. History Console developer Trip Hawkins wa... | as chairman, CEO, and creative director. Third-party developer After selling the M2 technology to Matsushita, the company acquired Cyclone Studios, New World Computing, and Archetype Interactive. 3DO established a new office in Redmond, Washington devoted to PC games development, with Tony Garcia as its head. In mid-19... |
was not commercially successful, nor were any of the similarly configured "low end" workstations that followed. Typical customer for 3Stations 3Stations's were sold as a package with a 3Server as a central hub. The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) were a significant customer for this setup (through Groupe Bull subsidia... | "significant cost savings" due to the 3Station's ease of installation and low maintenance (this would now be referred to under the banner of total cost of ownership). The 3Station's cost lay somewhere between that of an IBM PC clone and an IBM PC of the day. It was not commercially successful, nor were any of the simil... |
Wide Web. Overview When communicating via HTTP, a server is required to respond to a request, such as a web browser request for a web page, with a numeric response code and an optional, mandatory, or disallowed (based upon the status code) message. In code 404, the first digit indicates a client error, such as a mistyp... | Locator (URL). The following two digits indicate the specific error encountered. HTTP's use of three-digit codes is similar to the use of such codes in earlier protocols such as FTP and NNTP. At the HTTP level, a 404 response code is followed by a human-readable "reason phrase". The HTTP specification suggests the phra... |
1990), and sent to Giovanni Moretti of Massey University, from whom it was propagated widely. The original 51forth.zip package is available from many archive sites, along with several other implementations of Forth. This implementation is subroutine-threaded, with about 20 words | from whom it was propagated widely. The original 51forth.zip package is available from many archive sites, along with several other implementations of Forth. This implementation is subroutine-threaded, with about 20 words written in assembly language, and the complete system occupying a total of about 8K of RAM. It was... |
areas, which have seen wide deployment of faster, cheaper technologies, 56 kbit/s lines are generally considered to be an obsolete technology. Speed derivation The figure of 56 kbit/s is derived from its implementation using the same digital infrastructure used since the 1960s for digital telephony in the public switch... | Signaling (CAS). This effectively renders the lowest bit of the 8 speech bits unusable for data transmission, and so a 56 kbit/s line uses only 7 of the 8 data bits in each sample period to send data, thus giving a data rate of . See also 56 kbit/s modem |
into a time slot which will carry its call through the exchange to another or, in some cases, the same SM. T-carrier spans are terminated, originally one per card but in later models usually two, in Digital Line Trunk Units (DLTU) which concentrate their DS0 channels into the TSI. These may serve either interoffice tru... | all US central offices are served by 5ESS switches. The 5ESS is also exported internationally, and manufactured outside the US under license. The 5ESS–2000 version, introduced in the 1990s, increased the capacity of the switching module (SM), with more peripheral modules and more optical links per SM to the communicati... |
by Richard Cobden. October–December October 1 – First Carlist War – Battle of Maella: Supporters of Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, are victorious. October 5 – Killough massacre, believed to be both the largest and last Native American attack on white settlers in East Texas. 18 casualties are either killed or carried ... | are victorious. October 5 – Killough massacre, believed to be both the largest and last Native American attack on white settlers in East Texas. 18 casualties are either killed or carried away. October 27 – Lilburn Boggs, Governor of Missouri, by Missouri Executive Order 44, declares Mormons to be enemies of the state, ... |
December 28 Spain recognizes the independence of Mexico. The Colony of South Australia is founded by Captain John Hindmarsh. December 30 – In Saint Petersburg, the Lehman Theater catches fire, killing 800 people. Date unknown The first printed literature in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is produced by Justin Perkins, an America... | Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1913) March 4 – Stuart Robson, American stage comedian (d. 1903) March 12 – Isabella Beeton, English writer on household management (d. 1865) March 20 – Sir Edward Poynter, French-born British artist (d. 1919) March 28 – Frederick Pabst, German-American br... |
1906) October 23 – Adlai E. Stevenson I, 23rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1914) October 31 – Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1917) November 6 – Cesare Lombroso, Italian criminologist (d. 1909) November 17 – Andrew L. Harris, American Civil War hero, Governor of Ohio (d. 1915) Nove... | peoples of the Chatham Islands. November 27 – Two London men, James Pratt and John Smith, are hanged in front of Newgate Prison in London, after a conviction of buggery. They are the last to suffer capital punishment for homosexual acts in England. December 7 The Bavarian Ludwig Railway opens between Nuremberg and Fürt... |
Congress (expunged in 1837). April–June April 10 – The LaLaurie mansion in New Orleans burns, and Madame Marie Delphine LaLaurie flees to France. April 14 – The Whig Party is officially named, by United States Senator Henry Clay. May 9 – The founder of The First Saudi State, Imam Turki bin Abdulla Al Saud, is assassina... | session) of the British Parliament. An investigation later traces the disaster to an order from the Exchequer to the Board of Works to destroy the tally sticks that had been stored as part of record keeping, the use of the furnaces beneath the House of Lords to carry out the task, and the failure of authorities to stop... |
Irwin, American admiral (d. 1901) April 19 José Echegaray, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916) Lucretia Garfield, First Lady of the United States (d. 1918) May 14 – Charles Peace, English criminal (d. 1879) May 21 – Hudson Taylor, English founder of the China Inland Mission (d. 1905) May 22 – Laura Gundersen... | is created within the United States Department of War. July 10 – The United States Survey of the Coast is revived within the Department of the Treasury. August 2 – The Bad Axe Massacre ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the United States. August 7 – William Howley, Archbishop of Ca... |
failed to get him to understand that you couldn't say that they were dangerous and copying you at the same time." In any case, the campaign failed to gain much traction, and the Conservatives went down to a landslide defeat at the polls. Labour campaign Labour ran a slick campaign that emphasised the splits within the ... | Conservative campaign emphasised stability, as did its manifesto title 'You can only be sure with the Conservatives'. However, the campaign was beset by deep-set problems, such as the rise of James Goldsmith's Referendum Party which advocated a referendum on continued membership of the European Union. The party threate... |
Senate ratifies treaties with the Crow tribe. August 18 – Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest, through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company, for the fictitious Central American republic of Poyais. His actions lead to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market cras... | lives. October 26 – The Erie Canal opens, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie. November 7 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Shawnee tribe. November 15 – King Joao VI of Portugal promulgates a law recognizing his eldest son, Dom Pedro, as the Emperor of Brazil. December 1 (Novem... |
of Japan (d. 1891) March 2 – Bedřich Smetana, Czech composer (d. 1884) March 9 – Amasa Leland Stanford, American tycoon, industrialist and politician, 8th Governor of California (d. 1893) March 12 – Gustav Kirchhoff, German physicist (d. 1887) March 19 – William Allingham, Irish author (d. 1889) March 22 – Charles Pfiz... | visits the United States, departing on September 7, 1825. September 13 – With his crew and 29 convicts aboard the Amity, John Oxley arrives at and founds the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement at what is now Redcliffe in Queensland, Australia, after leaving Sydney. September 16 – Charles X succeeds his brother Louis XVIII, a... |
United Kingdom is exposed in England; the principals will become the last in the UK to suffer decapitation, following their hanging for treason on May 1. March 3 – A fire in Guangzhou (Canton) burns 15,000 houses and kills an undetermined number of people. March 3 and 6 – Slavery in the United States: The Missouri Comp... | of the wealthiest 25% of voters in each of France's departments. Delegates in St. Louis, Missouri Territory approve a proposed state constitution, proclaiming that they "do mutually agree to form and establish a free and independent republic, by the name of "The State of Missouri".<ref>"Missouri", in Constitutional Doc... |
Franco-Spanish Alliance. This is also the beginning of the Old West. September 9 – Dickinson College is chartered in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. October–December October 3 – The first Waterford Crystal glassmaking business begins production in Waterford, Ireland. October 17 – Mozart's Great Mass is first performed, in Salz... | 1441 and is a late remnant of the Mongol Golden Horde, is annexed by the Russian Empire of Catherine the Great. April 9–28 – Second Anglo-Mysore War: Siege of Bednore – Tipu Sultan of Mysore with 100,000 troops besieges 1600 British East India Company troops who are obliged to surrender with honours of war. April 15 – ... |
4 – Joan Aiken, English writer (b. 1924) January 5 – Charles Dumas, American Olympic high jumper (b. 1937) January 6 – Pierre Charles, 5th Prime Minister of Dominica (b. 1954) January 7 – Ingrid Thulin, Swedish actress (b. 1926) January 9 – Norberto Bobbio, Italian philosopher (b. 1909) January 13 – Harold Shipman, Bri... | U.S.-led coalition occupying Iraq, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), transfers sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government. June 30 – Preliminary hearings begin in Iraq in the trial of president Saddam Hussein, for war crimes and crimes against humanity. July July 1 - The unpiloted Cassini–Huygens spacecraft a... |
August 25 – The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed. August-September – The Ottoman Empire fails to capture Corfu, but does this year conquer the islands of Paros and Ios. October 15 – Following the baptism of her son, the future Edward ... | Gimsøy Abbey and Utstein Abbey. Publication of complete Bible translations into English, both based on Tyndale's: Myles Coverdale's 1535 text, the first to be printed in England (by James Nicholson in Southwark, London) The Matthew Bible edited by John Rogers under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew" and printed in Antwerp.... |
Tuscan galleys arriving from Alexandria in Egypt. May 20–August 19 – Battle of Flores (Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)), a series of naval engagements in the Azores in which the English are victorious, taking the great Portuguese carrack Madre de Deus on or about August 3. May 29 – Battle of Sacheon: Korean admiral Yi Su... | are victorious over the Koreans (Joseon). April 28 – Battle of Ch'ungju: Japan inflicts a decisive defeat on Korea. May 7 Battle of Okpo: The Korean navy is victorious over Japan. 1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic begins with Tuscan galleys arriving from Alexandria in Egypt. May 20–August 19 – Battle of Flores (Anglo-Spa... |
– Pope Victor II dies after a 15-month pontificate at Arezzo. He is succeeded by Stephen IX as the 154th pope of the Catholic Church. Births Fujiwara no Kenshi, Japanese empress (d. 1084) Fujiwara no Nakazane, Japanese nobleman (d. 1118) Hugh (the Great), French nobleman (d. 1101) Hugh I, French nobleman (House of Burg... | the Byzantine Empire. Europe August 15 – Battle of Lumphanan: King Macbeth (the Red King) is killed by Malcolm (Canmore). Macbeth is succeeded by his stepson Lulach, who is crowned (probably on September 8) as king of Scotland at Scone. August – Battle of Varaville: Norman forces under William (the Bastard) defeat a Fr... |
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