sentence1
stringlengths
1
8.54k
sentence2
stringlengths
1
15.9k
The attack was unsuccessful and at around 06:00 he finally reported two westbound `` Mogami '' - class cruisers , before diving again and playing no further role in the battle .
The attack was unsuccessful , and at around 06:00 he finally reported two westbound `` Mogami '' - class cruisers .
More carrier crew members were trained in damage-control and firefighting techniques , although the losses later in the war of , ' , and especially ' suggest that there were still problems in this area .
More carrier crew members were trained in damage-control and firefighting techniques . The losses later in the war of `` Shōkaku '' , ` Hiyō ' , and ` Taihō ' showed that there were still problems in this area .
The Japanese public and much of the military command structure were kept in the dark about the extent of the defeat : Japanese news announced a great victory .
The Japanese public , and much of the military , were not told about the defeat : Japanese news announced a great victory .
Historian Samuel E. Morison noted in 1949 that Spruance was subjected to much criticism for not pursuing the retreating Japanese , thus allowing their surface fleet to escape .
Historian Samuel E. Morison wrote in 1949 that Spruance was criticized for not pursuing the retreating Japanese , allowing their fleet to escape .
For instance , Navy cryptanalysis made possible the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto 's airplane .
Navy code breaking made possible the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto 's airplane .
At 02:15 on the night of 5/6 June , Commander John Murphy 's , lying some west of Midway , made the second of the submarine force 's two major contributions to the battle 's outcome , although its impact was heavily blunted by Murphy himself .
At 02:15 on the night of 5/6 June , Commander John Murphy 's `` Tambor '' , in the water 90 nmi west of Midway , made the second of the submarine force 's major contributions to the battle 's outcome .
At about 09:00 on 3 June , Ensign Jack Reid , piloting a PBY from US Navy patrol squadron VP-44 , spotted the Japanese Occupation Force some to the west-southwest of Midway .
At about 09:00 on 3 June , a PBY from US Navy patrol squadron VP-44 , spotted the Japanese Occupation Force 500 nmi to the west-southwest of Midway .
By the time of the Battle of the Philippine Sea , the Japanese had nearly rebuilt their carrier forces in terms of numbers , but their planes , many of which were obsolescent , were largely flown by inexperienced and poorly trained pilots .
By the time of the Battle of the Philippine Sea , while the Japanese had somewhat rebuilt their carrier forces , the planes were flown by inexperienced pilots .
The damage also forced Admiral Fletcher to move his command staff to the heavy cruiser .
Admiral Fletcher moved his command staff to the heavy cruiser `` Astoria '' .
Chūichi Nagumo 's detailed battle report was submitted to the high command on 15 June .
Nagumo 's battle report was given to the high command on 15 June .
Fourth and final battle .
Fourth battle .
The Takeda forces attacked the castle because it threatened Takeda 's supply lines .
The Takeda attacked the castle because it threatened supply lines .
The Battle of Nagashino and the last years of the Takeda clan are dramatized in Akira Kurosawa 's 1980 film `` Kagemusha '' ( Shadow Warrior ) .
The Battle of Nagashino and the last years of the Takeda clan are dramatised in Akira Kurosawa 's 1980 movie `` Kagemusha '' ( Shadow Warrior ) .
Oda Nobunaga 's innovation was the wooden stockades and rotating volleys of fire which led to a decisive victory at Nagashino .
His tactical innovation was the wooden stockades and rotating volleys of fire which led to a decisive victory at Nagashino .
Japanese air opposition had been relatively light during the first few days after the landings .
Japanese air attacks had been light during the first few days after the landings .
During the period 26 March-30 April , 20 American ships were sunk and 157 damaged by enemy action .
From 26 March-30 April , 20 American ships were sunk and 157 damaged .
However , on 6 April the expected air reaction began with an attack by 400 planes from Kyushu .
However , on 6 April , there was an attack by 400 planes from Kyushu .
For their part , the Japanese had lost up to 30 April more than 1,100 planes in the battle to Allied naval forces alone .
The Japanese had lost up to 30 April more than 1,100 planes in the battle .
The British further used this revenue to increase their military might and push the other European colonial powers such as the Dutch and the French out of South Asia , thus expanding the British Empire in Asia .
The British used this revenue to increase their military power . They pushed the other European colonial powers such as the Dutch and the French out of South Asia .
The belligerents were Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , and the British East India Company .
The battle was between Siraj-ud-daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , and the British East India Company .
The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal and recaptured Calcutta .
The British sent more soldiers under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal . The British retook control of Calcutta .
It took place in 479 BC near the city of Plataea in Boeotia , and was fought between an alliance of the Greek city-states , including Sparta , Athens , Corinth and Megara , and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I .
The battle was in 479 BC near the city of Plataea in Boeotia . It was fought between the Greek allies ( the city-states , of Sparta , Athens , Corinth and Megara ) , and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I .
The previous year the Persian invasion force , led by the Persian king in person , had scored victories at the battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium and conquered Thessaly , Boeotia , Euboea and Attica .
The previous year , the Persian invasion force , led by the Xerxes in person , won the Battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium , and conquered Thessaly , Boeotia and Attica .
In the ensuing Battle of Englefield many of the Danes were killed , and the rest driven back to Reading .
In the Battle of Englefield many of the Danes were killed , and the rest driven back to Reading .
Both battle and campaign are described in the `` Anglo-Saxon Chronicle '' , and this account provides the earliest known written record of the existence of the town of Reading .
Both the battle and the campaign it was a part of are described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle . This account provides the earliest known written record of the existence of the town of Reading .
Once the airfield was taken the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade turned its attention towards Rimini itself .
Once the airfield was taken the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade turned towards Rimini .
On the morning of 21 September the 2nd Greek Battalion reached the city centre via the Ausa River and raised the Greek flag on the balcony of the municipal building .
On the morning of 21 September , the 2nd Greek Battalion reached the city and raised the Greek flag on the municipal building .
Rimini , which had been hit previously by air raids , had 1,470,000 rounds fired against it by allied land forces .
Rimini had 1,470,000 rounds fired against it by allied forces .
Of the 210,000 Germans , 10,000 remained to fight on , 105,000 surrendered , 35,000 left by air and the remaining 60,000 died .
Of the 210,000 Germans surrounded , 10,000 remained to fight , 105,000 surrendered , 35,000 left by air and the remaining 60,000 died .
On 5 September , the Soviet 24th and 66th Armies organized a massive attack against XIV Panzer Corps .
On 5 September , the Soviet 24th and 66th Armies organized an attack against XIV Panzer Corps .
A handful of senior officers were taken to Moscow and used for propaganda purposes , and some of them joined the National Committee for a Free Germany .
Some senior officers were taken to Moscow and used for propaganda purposes . Some of them joined the National Committee for a Free Germany .
The forces under 6th Army were almost twice as large as a regular German army unit , plus there was also a corps of the 4th Panzer Army trapped in the pocket .
The forces under 6th Army were almost twice as large as a regular German army unit , plus there was also a corps of the 4th Panzer Army trapped in the city .
The German public was not officially told of the impending disaster until the end of January 1943 , though positive media reports had stopped in the weeks before the announcement .
The German public was not officially told of the loss until the end of January 1943 , though positive media reports had stopped in the weeks before the announcement .
General Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach offered to raise an anti-Hitler army from the Stalingrad survivors , but the Soviets did not accept .
:p .280 General Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach offered to raise an anti-Hitler army from the Stalingrad survivors , but the Soviets did not accept .
The most successful day , 19 December , delivered of supplies in 154 flights .
The most successful day , 19 December , delivered 289 ST of supplies in 154 flights .
Of the 120 tanks the Soviets had committed , 30 were lost to air attack .
Of the 120 tanks the Soviets had sent into battle , 30 were lost to air attack .
The director of `` Luftflotte '' 4 , Wolfram von Richthofen , tried to get this decision overturned .
The director of `` Luftflotte '' 4 , Wolfram von Richthofen , tried to get this decision stopped .
These operations opened the Winter Campaign of 1942 -- 1943 ( 19 November 1942 -- 3 March 1943 ) , which involved some 15 Armies operating on several fronts .
These operations started the Winter Campaign of 1942-1943 ( 19 November 1942 -- 3 March 1943 ) , which involved 15 armies .
This would allow the Germans in the city to fight on temporarily while a relief force was assembled .
This would allow the Germans in the city to fight while a new force was assembled .
On 31 January , regular programming on German state radio was replaced by a broadcast of the somber Adagio movement from Anton Bruckner 's Seventh Symphony , followed by the announcement of the defeat at Stalingrad .
On 31 January , German state radio played the Adagio movement from Anton Bruckner 's Seventh Symphony , followed by the announcement of the defeat at Stalingrad .
The Stukas claimed 41 of the 106 Soviet tanks knocked out that morning , while escorting Bf 109s destroyed 77 Soviet aircraft .
The Stukas destroyed 41 of the 106 Soviet tanks that were destroyed that morning . German Bf 109s destroyed 77 Soviet aircraft .
On 18 February , Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels gave the famous `` Sportpalast '' speech in Berlin , encouraging the Germans to accept a total war that would claim all resources and efforts from the entire population .
On 18 February , Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels gave the `` Sportpalast '' speech in Berlin , encouraging the Germans to accept a total war .
Between 23 and 26 August , Soviet reports indicate 955 people were killed and another 1,181 wounded as a result of the bombing .
Between 23 and 26 August , 955 people were killed and another 1,181 wounded from the bombing .
Stalingrad marked the first time that the Nazi government publicly acknowledged a failure in its war effort ; it was not only the first major setback for the German military , but a crushing defeat where German losses were almost equal to those of the Soviets was unprecedented .
Stalingrad marked the first time that the Nazi government publicly admitted a failure in its war effort . It was a major defeat where German losses were almost equal to those of the Soviets .
Inside the pocket ( , literally `` cauldron '' ) , there were also around 10,000 Soviet civilians and several thousand Soviet soldiers the Germans had taken captive during the battle .
There were also around 10,000 Soviet civilians and several thousand Soviet soldiers the Germans had taken captive during the battle .
160 aircraft were destroyed and 328 were heavily damaged ( beyond repair ) .
160 German transport aircraft were destroyed and 328 were heavily damaged .
Field Marshal Erich von Manstein advised Hitler not to order the 6th Army to break out , stating that he could break through the Soviet lines and relieve the besieged 6th Army .
Field Marshal Erich von Manstein told Hitler not to order the 6th Army to break out .
Adolf Hitler had declared in a public speech ( in the Berlin Sportpalast ) on 30 September 1942 that the German army would never leave the city .
Adolf Hitler had said on 30 September 1942 that the German army would never leave the city .
Sixth Army surrounded .
:p .926 Sixth Army surrounded .
The belligerents were Confederate cavalry from Texas and several companies of Arizona militia versus U.S. Army regulars and Union volunteers from northern New Mexico and Colorado .
The Confederate cavalry from Texas and several companies of Arizona militia fought Union Army regulars and Union volunteers from northern New Mexico and Colorado .
The American captives were ordered to build a series of bunkers and fortifications on Wake .
The American captives were forced to build bunkers and fortifications on Wake .
U.S. forces bombed the island periodically from 1942 until Japan 's surrender in 1945 .
U.S. forces bombed the island from 1942 until Japan 's surrender in 1945 .
Japanese losses were recorded at between 700 to 900 killed , with at least 300 more wounded , in addition to the two destroyers lost in the first invasion attempt and at least 28 land-based and carrier aircraft either shot down or damaged .
Japanese losses were recorded at between 700 to 900 killed , with at least 300 more wounded . Two destroyers were lost in the first invasion attempt and 28 aircraft were shot down or damaged .
On 24 February 1942 , aircraft from the carrier attacked the Japanese garrison on Wake Island .
On 24 February 1942 , aircraft from the carrier `` Enterprise '' attacked the Japanese troops on Wake Island .
The second Japanese invasion force came on 23 December , composed mostly of the same ships from the first attempt with the major reinforcements of the carriers `` Hiryū '' and `` Sōryū '' , plus 1,500 Japanese marines .
The second Japanese invasion force came on 23 December . It was mostly the same ships from the first attempt plus the carriers `` Hiryu '' and `` Soryu '' , and 1,500 Japanese marines .
TF 14 -- with the fleet carrier , three heavy cruisers , eight destroyers , and an oiler -- was to undertake a raid on the Marshall Islands to divert Japanese attention .
TF 14 -- with the fleet carrier `` Lexington '' , three heavy cruisers , eight destroyers , and an oiler -- was sent to attack the Marshall Islands .
The Battle of Wilson 's Creek , also known as the Battle of Oak Hills , was the first major battle of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War .
The Battle of Wilson 's Creek , also known as the Battle of Oak Hills , was a battle of the American Civil War .
The Battle of Yellow Tavern was fought on May 11 , 1864 , as part of the Overland Campaign of the American Civil War .
The Battle of Yellow Tavern was part of the Overland Campaign of the American Civil War . It was fought on May 11 , 1864 in Henrico County , Virginia .
While the Allies recovered from their losses in just days , the operation left the Luftwaffe weak and ineffective for the remainder of the war .
While the Allies recovered from their losses in just days , the operation left the `` Luftwaffe '' weak and ineffective for the remainder of the war .
This offensive , known as Unternehmen Nordwind ( Operation North Wind ) , was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front .
This offensive , known as `` Unternehmen Nordwind '' ( Operation North Wind ) , was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front .
The German High Command 's official figure for the campaign was 84,834 German casualties , and other estimates range between 60,000 and 100,000 .
The German High Command 's official figure for the campaign was 84,834 casualties , and other estimates range between 60,000 and 100,000 .
An official report by the United States Department of the Army lists 108,347 casualties , including 19,246 killed , 62,489 wounded , and 26,612 captured or missing .
An official report by the United States Department of the Army lists some 108,347 casualties , including 19,246 killed , 62,489 wounded and 26,612 captured and missing .
The official U.S. Army history states : `` At least seven thousand [ men ] were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand .
The official U.S. Army history states : `` At least seven thousand [ men ] were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand . ''
Operation Stösser .
Operation Stösser . )
In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walther Model and Friedrich von der Heydte , who was put in charge of Operation Stösser , von der Heydte gave Operation Stösser less than a 10 % chance of succeeding .
In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walther Model and Friedrich von der Heydte , who was put in charge of Operation `` Stösser '' , von der Heydte gave Operation `` Stösser '' less than a 10 % chance of succeeding .
Casualty estimates for the battle vary widely .
Casualty estimates from the battle vary widely .
At 16:50 on 26 December , the lead element , Company D , 37th Tank Battalion of the 4th Armored Division , reached Bastogne , ending the siege .
At 16:50 on 26 December , the Company D , 37th Tank Battalion of the 4th Armored Division , reached Bastogne , ending the siege .
However , the Luftwaffe lost 277 planes , 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns , set up to protect against German V-1 flying bomb/missile attacks and using proximity fused shells , but also by friendly fire from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the ...
However , the `` Luftwaffe '' lost 277 planes , 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns , set up to protect against German V-1 flying bomb attacks and using proximity fused shells , but also by friendly fire from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pe...
While operations continued in the autumn , notably the Lorraine Campaign , the Battle of Aachen and fighting in the Hürtgen Forest , the strategic situation in the west had changed little .
While operations continued in the autumn , notably the Lorraine Campaign , the Battle of Aachen and fighting in the Hürtgen Forest , the situation in the west changed little .
According to the U.S. Department of Defense , American forces suffered 89,500 casualties including 19,000 killed , 47,500 wounded and 23,000 missing .
According to the U.S. Department of Defense the American forces suffered 89,500 casualties including 19,000 killed , 47,500 wounded and 23,000 missing .
Then Montgomery described the course of the battle for a half-hour .
Then Montgomery described the battle for a half-hour .
The German commander , Generalleutnant ( Lt. Gen. ) Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz , requested Bastogne 's surrender .
The German commander , Lt. Gen. Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz , requested Bastogne 's surrender .
Only one month before 250 members of the Waffen-SS had unsuccessfully tried to recapture the town of Vianden with its castle from the Luxembourgish resistance during the Battle of Vianden .
Only one month before 250 members of the Waffen-SS had tried to recapture the town of Vianden from the Luxembourgish resistance during the Battle of Vianden .
`` The battle has been the most interesting , I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled . ''
He called the battle `` the most interesting , I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled . ''
At the start of the offensive , the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about .
At the start of the offensive , the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about 25 mi .
A total of 708 black Americans were killed in combat during World War II .
A total of 708 African Americans were killed in combat during World War II .
Sixth Panzer Army commander SS-Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich ordered Hermann Prieß , commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps , to increase its efforts to back Peiper 's Kampfgruppe , but Prieß was unable to break through .
Sixth Panzer Army commander SS-Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich ordered Hermann Prieß , commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps , to help Peiper 's Kampfgruppe , but Prieß was unable to break through .
In the northern sector opposite the 99th , this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of sixty tanks and big guns .
In the northern sector , this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of sixty tanks and big guns .
Their job was to go behind American lines and change signposts , misdirect traffic , generally cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River between Liège and Namur .
They would go behind American lines and change signposts , misdirect traffic , cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River between Liège and Namur .
The division lost about 20 % of its effective strength , including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds , injuries , fatigue , or trench foot .
The division lost about 20 % of its strength , including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds , injuries or fatigue .
Their intention was to control the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt which would clear a path to the high ground of Elsenborn Ridge .
Their intention was to control the villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt which would clear a path to Elsenborn Ridge .
After more than ten days of intense battle , they pushed the Americans out of the villages , but were unable to dislodge them from the ridge , where elements of the V Corps of the First U.S. Army prevented the German forces from reaching the road network to their west .
After more than ten days of battle , they pushed the Americans out of the villages , but were unable to move them from the ridge . The V Corps of the First U.S. Army prevented the German forces from reaching the roads to their west .
On the same day as Hitler 's withdrawal order , 7 January , Montgomery held his press conference at Zonhoven .
On the same day as Hitler 's withdrawal order , 7 January , Montgomery held his press conference .
They failed and were forced to withdraw , and a number were captured , including battalion commander Maj. Hal McCown .
They were pushed back and a number captured , including their battalion commander , Maj. Hal McCown .
A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by military glider and began operating in a tool room .
A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by military glider and began operating .
Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne , dropping much-needed supplies -- medicine , food , blankets , and ammunition .
Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne , dropping medicine , food , blankets , and ammunition .
On the same day , German Army Group G ( Heeresgruppe G ) and Army Group Upper Rhine ( Heeresgruppe Oberrhein ) launched a major offensive against the thinly stretched , line of the Seventh U.S. Army .
On the same day , German Army Group G ( `` Heeresgruppe G '' ) and Army Group Upper Rhine ( `` Heeresgruppe Oberrhein '' ) launched a major offensive against the thinly stretched , 70 mi line of the Seventh U.S. Army .
Up to this point the German losses had been light , notably in armor , which was almost untouched with the exception of Peiper 's losses .
Up to this point the German losses had been light , especially in armor , which was almost unharmed with the exception of Peiper 's losses .
By late November , another ambitious special operation was added : Col. Friedrich August von der Heydte was to lead a Fallschirmjäger-Kampfgruppe ( paratrooper combat group ) in Operation Stösser , a night-time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing a vital road junction near Malmedy .
By late November , another special operation was added : Col. Friedrich August von der Heydte was to lead a `` Fallschirmjäger '' ( paratrooper ) `` Kampfgruppe '' in Operation Stösser , a night-time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing an important road near Malmedy .
SS Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper led Kampfgruppe Peiper , consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles , which was charged with leading the main effort .
SS Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper led Kampfgruppe Peiper , consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles .
They launched devastating bombing raids on the German supply points in their rear , and P-47 Thunderbolts started attacking the German troops on the roads .
They bombed the German supply points in their rear . P-47 Thunderbolts started attacking the German troops on the roads .
A single 18-man Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon from the 99th Infantry Division along with four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset , about 16:00 , causing 92 casualties among the Germans .
A single 18-man platoon from the 99th Infantry Division and four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset causing 92 casualties among the Germans .
First was the Sixth Panzer Army , under SS SS-Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich . It had been created on 26 October 1944 and incorporated the most senior and the experienced formation of the Waffen-SS : the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler as well as the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend .
First was the Sixth Panzer Army , under SS General Sepp Dietrich -- newly created on 26 October 1944 , it used the most senior and the most experienced `` Waffen-SS '' : the 1st SS Panzer Division `` Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler '' as well as the 12th SS Panzer Division `` Hitlerjugend '' .
At dawn on 19 December , Peiper surprised the American defenders of Stoumont by sending infantry from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger ( paratroopers ) to infiltrate their lines .
At dawn on 19 December , Peiper attacked the American defenders of Stoumont . He sent infantry from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger .
The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army 's infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions .
The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army 's infantry units in the north did badly because of strong resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions .
In Operation Währung ( `` operation currency '' ) , a small number of German agents infiltrated Allied lines in American uniforms .
In Operation Währung , a small number of German agents went behind Allied lines in American uniforms .
To the north , the 277th Volksgrenadier Division attempted to break through the defending line of the U.S. 99th and the 2nd Infantry Divisions .
To the north , the 277th Volksgrenadier Division attempted to break through the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and positions of 2nd Infantry Division .
The German losses in the battle were especially critical : their last reserves were now gone , the Luftwaffe had been shattered , and remaining forces throughout the West were being pushed back to defend the Siegfried Line .
The last of the German reserves were now gone , the Luftwaffe had been destroyed and the remaining German forces in the West were being pushed back to the defenses of the Siegfried Line .
The destroyer was hit by three bombs , broke in half , and sank immediately , killing all but 14 of her 192-man crew .
The destroyer was hit by three bombs , broke in half , and sank , killing all but 14 of her 192-man crew .
The rest of `` Lexington `` s dive bombers were unable to find the Japanese carriers in the heavy clouds .
The rest of `` Lexington '' 's dive bombers were unable to find the Japanese carriers in the heavy clouds .