sentence1 stringlengths 1 8.54k | sentence2 stringlengths 1 15.9k ⌀ |
|---|---|
The second task was `` wheel setting '' , which could be attempted once the pin patterns were known . | The second task was wheel setting , which could be tried once the pin patterns were known . |
Colossus was also used to perform character counts on one-time pad tape to test for non-randomness . | Colossus was also used to perform letter counts on one-time pad tape to test for non-randomness . |
Nevertheless the victor 's 1.4 GHz laptop , running his own code , took less than a minute to find the settings for all 12 wheels . | The winner 's 1.4 GHz laptop , running his own program , took less than a minute to find the settings for all 12 wheels . |
Throughout this period the Colossus remained secret , long after any of its technical details were of any importance . | At this time the Colossus was still secret , long after any of its technical details were of any importance . |
The first was `` wheel breaking '' , which was the discovery of the pin patterns for all the wheels . | The first thing was wheel breaking , which was finding the pin patterns for all the wheels . |
Colossus was the world 's first electronic digital computer that was at all programmable . | Colossus was the world 's first electronic , digital , programmable computer . |
The optical tape reader might have posed the biggest problem , but Dr. Arnold Lynch , its original designer , was able to redesign it to his own original specification . | The optical tape reader might have been the biggest problem , but Dr. Arnold Lynch , its designer , was able to redesign it from his own first writings . |
The German codebreaker said : `` My laptop digested ciphertext at a speed of 1.2 million characters per second-240 times faster than Colossus . | The German codebreaker said : `` My laptop worked on ciphertext at a speed of 1.2 million letters per second-240x faster than Colossus . |
The process of wheel setting found the start position of the key wheels in relation to the start of the message . | The process of wheel setting found the start position for a message . |
He later said of that order : Some parts , sanitised as to their original use , were taken to Newman 's Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at Manchester University . | Some parts , changed to look innocent , were taken to Newman 's Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at Manchester University . |
The first fully programmable digital electronic computer was the ENIAC which was completed in 1946 . | The first all programmable digital electronic computer was the ENIAC which was made in 1946 . |
This was due to the UK 's intelligence agencies use of Enigma-like machines which they promoted and sold to other governments , and then broke the codes using a variety of methods . | This was due to the UK 's intelligence agencies use of Enigma-like machines which they got other governments to purchase . |
The need for such secrecy ebbed away as communications moved to digital transmission and all-digital encryption systems became common in the 1960s . | The need for such secrets slowly went away as communications moved to digital transmission and all-digital encryption systems became common in the 1960s . |
The reconstruction is on display , in the historically correct place for Colossus No. 9 , at The National Museum of Computing , in H Block Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes , Buckinghamshire . | The rebuilt Colossus is on show at The National Museum of Computing , in H Block Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes , Buckinghamshire . |
Each message encrypted using Lorenz was enciphered at a different start position for the wheels , and it was this start position of the chi wheels that Colossus was initially designed to discover . | Each message encrypted using Lorenz was enciphered at a different start position for the wheels . |
The Colossus computers were used to help decrypt radio teleprinter messages that had been encrypted using the electromechanical Lorenz SZ40\/42 in-line cipher machine . | The Colossus computers helped decipher teleprinter messages . |
The Mark 2 Colossus was designed while Mark 1 was being constructed . | Mark 2 was designed while Mark 1 was being made . |
Most of the other computing machines of this era were also not Turing complete ( e.g. the Atanasoff-Berry Computer , the Bell Labs relay machines ( by George Stibitz et al. ) , or the first designs of Konrad Zuse ) . | For example : the Atanasoff-Berry Computer , the Harvard Mark I electro-mechanical relay machine , the Bell Labs relay machines ( by George Stibitz and others ) , or the first designs of Konrad Zuse ) . |
Brian Randell later wrote that : Colossus documentation and hardware were classified from the moment of their creation and remained so after the War , when Winston Churchill specifically ordered the destruction of most of the Colossus machines into `` pieces no bigger than a man 's hand '' ; Tommy Flowers was ordered t... | They stayed so after the War , when Winston Churchill ordered the destruction of most of the Colossus machines into `` parts no bigger than a man 's hand '' ; Tommy Flowers himself burned the designs in a fireplace at Dollis Hill . |
In 1972 , Herman Goldstine wrote that : In writing that , Goldstine was unaware of Colossus , and its legacy to those projects of people such as Alan Turing ( with the Pilot ACE and ACE ) , and Max Newman and I. J. Good ( with the Manchester Mark 1 and other early Manchester computers ) . | People such as Alan Turing ( with the Pilot ACE and ACE ) , and Max Newman and I. J. Good ( with the Manchester Mark 1 and other early Manchester computers ) . |
The prototype , Colossus Mark 1 , was shown to be working in December 1943 and was operational at Bletchley Park by 5 February 1944 . | In February 1944 it was working at Bletchley Park . |
More recently , a 500-page technical report on the Tunny cipher and its cryptanalysis - entitled General Report on Tunny - was released by GCHQ to the national Public Record Office in October 2000 ; the complete report is available online , and it contains a fascinating paean to Colossus by the cryptographers who worke... | A 500-page technical report on the Tunny cipher and its code breaking - entitled General Report on Tunny - was given by GCHQ to the national Public Record Office in October 2000 ; the complete technical report is online . |
Tommy Flowers was a senior electrical engineer at the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill who had been appointed MBE in June 1943 . | Tommy Flowers worked for the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill . |
Jack Good relates how he was the first to use it after the war , persuading NSA that Colossus could be used to perform a function for which they were planning to build a special purpose machine . | Jack Good was the first to use it after the war , getting NSA to use Colossus to do something for which they were planning to build a special purpose machine . |
Colossus was the first combining digital , ( partially ) programmable , and electronic . | Colossus was the first to combine digital , programmable ( in part ) , and electronic . |
The Colossus design arose out of a prior project that produced a counting machine dubbed `` Heath Robinson '' . | Before Colossus they made a machine called `` Heath Robinson '' . |
The use to which the Colossus computers were put was of the highest secrecy , and the Colossus itself was highly secret , and remained so for many years after the War . | The Colossus itself was highly secret even for many years after the War . |
The keystream was generated using twelve pinwheels . | The keystream was made by twelve pinwheels . |
The Colossus Mark 1 was dismantled and parts returned to the Post Office . | The Colossus Mark 1 was taken apart and the parts were sent back to the Post Office . |
The speed of operation was thus limited by the mechanics of reading the tape . | The speed of working was limited by the tape reader . |
Two Colossus computers , along with two replica Tunny machines , were retained , moving to GCHQ 's new headquarters at Eastcote in April 1946 , and moving again with GCHQ to Cheltenham between 1952 and 1954 . | They were moved to GCHQ 's new head office at Eastcote in April 1946 . |
The Colossus team were hampered by their wish to use World War II radio equipment , delaying them by a day because of poor reception conditions . | The Colossus team lost because the wanted to use World War II radios , . |
In November 2007 , to celebrate the project completion and to mark the start of a fundraising initiative for The National Museum of Computing , a Cipher Challenge pitted the rebuilt Colossus against radio amateurs worldwide in being first to receive and decode three messages enciphered using the Lorenz SZ42 and transmi... | They would be enciphered using the Lorenz SZ42 and transmitted from the radio station in the Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum computer museum in Germany . |
A Colossus computer was thus not a fully general Turing complete machine . | Ten Colossus computers were in use by the end of the war . |
The Mark 2 Colossus included the first ever use of what would now be called shift registers and systolic arrays , enabling five simultaneous tests , each involving up to 100 Boolean operations , on each of the five channels of the punched tape ( although in normal operation fewer channels were examined in most runs ) . | Each test was doing up to 100 Boolean calculations , on each of the five channels on the punched tape . |
Sometimes , two or more Colossus computers tried different possibilities simultaneously in what now is called parallel computing , speeding the decoding process by perhaps as much as double the rate of comparison . | This is now called parallel computing . |
The chi wheels stepped regularly with each letter that was encrypted , while the psi wheels stepped irregularly , under the control of the motor wheels . | The χ wheels moved regularly as each letter was encrypted . |
Colossus used thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) to perform Boolean operations and calculations . | The design had one to two thousand thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) . |
The challenge was easily won by radio amateur Joachim Schüth , who had carefully prepared for the event and developed his own signal processing and code-breaking code using Ada . | The competition was easily won by radio amateur Joachim Schüth . |
One of the Colossi , known as Colossus Blue , was dismantled in 1959 ; the other in 1960 . | One of the computers , known as Colossus Blue , was taken apart in 1959 ; the other in 1960 . |
Colossus was designed to perform the task of `` Wheel Setting '' , that is determining the start point of the stream of key characters in relation to the characters of the enciphered message on the paper tape loop . | At first Colossus was only used to find the starting wheel places used for a message ( called wheel setting ) . |
All of this required that `` wheel breaking '' , the discovery of the pin patterns for all the wheels , had been successfully achieved . | The Mark 2 has ways to help find pin patterns ( wheel breaking ) . |
Later , Colossus was used for determining the settings of the psi wheels . | Colossus was first used to help with wheel setting . |
An improved Colossus Mark 2 that used shift registers to quintuple the speed , first worked on 1 June 1944 , just in time for the Normandy Landings . | It first worked on 1 June 1944 , just in time for the D-Day landings in Normandy . |
The main components of Colossus 's predecessor , Heath Robinson were as follows . | Colossus Mark 2 was even better . |
The notion of a computer as a general purpose machine - that is , as more than a calculator devoted to solving difficult but specific problems - did not become prominent until after World War II . | The idea of a computer as a general purpose machine-that is , as more than a calculator only for the solution of one hard problem-did not become common for many years . |
The album , contains 11 cover songs which Wynonna states `` are a real cross-section of all the different genres I grew up with . | The album , contains 12 cover songs which Wynonna states `` are a real cross-section of all the different genres I grew up with . |
It 's all me , its all part of the tapestry of who I am . | It 's all me , its all part of the tapestry of who I am . '' |
It is her seventh solo studio album and the follow-up to her 2003 album What the World Needs Now Is Love and her holiday-themed 2006 release A Classic Christmas . | It is her seventh solo studio album and the follow-up to her successful 2003 album What the World Needs Now Is Love and her holiday-themed 2006 release A Classic Christmas . |
Wynonna teamed up with Brent Maher and Don Potter - the duo behind the many releases that Wynonna had as one half of the mother-daughter duo The Judds with mom Naomi Judd . | Wynonna teamed up with Brent Maher and Don Potter - the duo behind the many successes that Wynonna had as one half of the mother-daughter duo The Judds with mom Naomi . |
Sing : Chapter 1 is a studio album from country music singer Wynonna Judd , released on February 3 , 2009 . | Sing : Chapter 1 is a studio album from country superstar Wynonna Judd , to be released on February 3 , 2009 . |
Grooves are used for a range of purposes in cabinet making and other woodworking fields . | Grooves are used for several purposes in cabinet making and other woodworking fields . |
Typically , grooves are used to house the panels in frame and panel construction and the bottoms of drawers . | Typically , a groove is used to house the panels in frame and panel construction and the bottoms drawers . |
Harold Godwinson , or Harold II ( Old English : Harold Godƿinson ; c. 1022 - 14 October 1066 ) , was the last Anglo-Saxon King of England . | Harold Godwinson or King Harold II of England ( c. 1022 - 14 October 1066 ) was an English king . |
Edith married Edward on 23 January 1045 , and around that time Harold became Earl of East Anglia . | About that same time Harold became Earl of East Anglia . |
Saltash is the largest town within the East Cornwall area and is one of the largest in Cornwall . | Saltash is the largest town within the East Cornwall area . |
Alongside it is the Tamar Bridge , a toll bridge carrying the A38 trunk road , which in 2001 became the first suspension bridge to be widened whilst remaining open to traffic . | Alongside it is the Tamar Bridge , a toll bridge carrying the A38 trunk road . |
Like most gastropods , a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscular contraction on the underside of its foot . | Like other snails , a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscular contraction on the underside of its foot . |
On one side ( almost always the right hand side ) of the mantle is a respiratory opening , which is easy to see when open , but difficult to see when closed . | On one side ( almost always the right hand side ) of the mantle is a breathing hole , which is easy to see when open , but difficult to see when closed . |
The upper pair is light sensing and has eyespots at the ends , while the lower pair provides the sense of smell . | The upper pair is light sensing and has eyespots at the ends , while the lower pair has the sense of smell . |
Thus , for example , the various families of land slugs are not closely related , despite a superficial similarity in the overall body form . | The various families of land slugs are not very closely related , despite a superficial similarity in the overall body form . |
Like other pulmonate land gastropods , the majority of land slugs have two pairs of ` feelers ' or tentacles on their head . | Like pulmonate land snails , most slugs have two pairs of ` feelers ' or tentacles on their head . |
It simultaneously secretes a layer of mucus that it travels on , which helps prevent damage to the foot tissues . | It simultaneously secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels , which helps prevent damage to the foot tissues . |
Slug is a common name for an apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc . | Slug is a general term for a gastropod mollusc which has no shell , or just a small internal shell . |
The word `` slug '' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell , has a very reduced shell , or has only a small internal shell ( this is in contrast to the common name snail , which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that the animal can retract its ... | Snails are gastropods with a coiled shell large enough for the animal can retract inside it . |
Land gastropods with a shell that is not quite vestigial , but is too small to retract into ( like many in the family Urocyclidae ) , are known as semislugs . | Land gastropods with a shell that is too small to retract into , are sometimes called semislugs . |
Around the edge of the foot is the ` foot fringe ' or ` skirt ' . | Around the edge of the foot is the ` foot fringe ' . |
Karl Muck ( October 22 , 1859 - March 3 , 1940 ) was a German-born conductor of classical music . | Karl Muck , ( his first name is sometimes spelt Carl , his surname rhymes with `` book '' ) ( born Darmstadt , 22 October 1859 ; died Stuttgart , 4 March 1940 ) was a German conductor . |
While there studied music at Leipzig Conservatory . | After his school years he studied music at the Conservatory in Würzburg . |
Late Registration is the second studio album by American hip hop artist Kanye West , released on August 30 , 2005 , by Roc-A-Fella Records . | Late Registration is the second album of American singer Kanye West , released on August 30 , 2005 by the label Roc-A-Fella Records . |
For example , in Morocco , green tea is steeped in boiling water for 15 minutes . | Black tea must steep for 3-5 minutes in boiling water . |
The phrase herbal tea usually refers to infusions of fruit or herbs made without the tea plant , such as rosehip tea , chamomile tea , or rooibos tea . | Sometimes the word `` tea '' is used for other drinks that have been made by soaking fruit or herbs in hot water , like `` rosehip tea '' or `` camomile tea '' . |
There are at least six different types of tea : white , yellow , green , oolong ( or wulong ) , black ( called red tea in China ) , and post-fermented tea ( or black tea for the Chinese ) of which the most commonly found on the market are white , green , oolong , and black . | There are two main types of tea : black tea and green tea . |
The largest producers of tea are the People 's Republic of China , India , Kenya , Sri Lanka , and Turkey . | Tea is mainly grown in China , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Taiwan , Japan , Nepal , Australia , Argentina and Kenya . |
The 1990-91 NHL season was the 74th season of the National Hockey League . | The 1990-91 NHL season was the 74th regular season of the National Hockey League . |
FC Angusht Nazran ( Russian : `` Ангушт '' Назрань ) is a Russian association football club from Nazran . | FC Angusht Nazran are a Russian football club from Nazran . |
In 2006 , the club played in the Russian First Division , the second level of Russian professional football . | In 2006 the club played in the Russian First Division , the second level of Russian professional football . |
Angusht finished second in 1998 and third in 2000 , and in 2005 they managed to win their Second Division zone to get another promotion . | Angusht finished second in 1998 and third in 2000 , and in 1995 they managed to win their Second Division zone to get another promotion . |
After the season Angusht went bankrupt , were renamed FC Nazran ( and shortly after that FC Ongusht Nazran ) and joined the Amateur Football League . | After the season Angusht went bankrupt , were renamed FC Nazran and joined the Amateur Football League . |
In 1995 the club was renamed Angusht and finished second in their zone , securing promotion to the Second League ( they were playing in Malgobek that season ) . | In 1995 the club was renamed Angusht and finished second in their zone , securing promotion to the Second League . |
The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act , 1966 , declares Telugu the official language of Andhra Pradesh . | It is the official language of Andhra Pradesh . |
It is one of six languages designated a classical language of India . | As it is one of the oldest languages in the world the Government of India gave it the status of a Classical language . |
Telugu is one of the 22 official languages of India . | Telugu is an Indian language spoken in the southern part of India . |
It was launched on December 1 , 2011 . | It was established on March 21 , 2011 and launched on December 1 , 2011 . |
JTBC ( Hangul : 제이티비씨 ) is a South Korean nationwide general cable TV network and broadcasting company , in which the largest shareholder is JoongAng Ilbo\/JoongAng Media Network with 25 % of shares . | JTBC is a South Korean nationwide general cable television network and broadcasting company . |
Market watchers see the return of JoongAng Ilbo to television in JTBC as the reincarnation of TBC . | JTBC insists Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation ( TBC ) is ground for the return of JoongAng Ilbo to television in JTBC . |
Asked how to say his name , he told The Literary Digest `` I still stick to the Dutch pronunciation of the double o-Loon like loan in ` Loan and Trust Co. ' My sons will probably accept the American pronunciation . | He answered , `` I still stick to the Dutch pronunciation of the double o-Loon like loan in ` Loan and Trust Co. ' My sons will probably accept the American pronunciation . |
Hendrik Willem van Loon ( January 14 , 1882 - March 11 , 1944 ) was a Dutch-American historian , journalist , and award-winning children 's book author . | Hendrik Willem van Loon ( January 14 , 1882 - March 11 , 1944 ) was a writer and a student of history . |
He went to the United States in 1902 to study at Cornell University , receiving his degree in 1905 . | In 1902 , he went to the United States to study at Cornell University . |
Most widely known among these is The Story of Mankind , a history of the world especially for children , which won the first Newbery Medal in 1922 . | The Story of Mankind won the first Newbery Medal in 1922 . |
In 1906 he married Eliza Ingersoll Bowditch , daughter of a Harvard professor , by whom he had two sons , Henry Bowditch and Gerard Willem . | In 1906 he married Eliza Ingersoll Bowditch . |
The Italian songwriter Francesco Guccini has composed a song , dedicated to the memory of his father , who was a lover of van Loon 's works when he was young . | Francesco Guccini , a man from Italy who writes songs , wrote a song called `` Van Loon '' . |
A list of works by Hendrik Willem van Loon , with first publication dates and publishers . | His father was also named Hendrik Willem van Loon . |
He was a correspondent for the Associated Press during the Russian Revolution of 1905 and again in Belgium in 1914 at the start of World War I . He lectured at Cornell University from 1915 to 1917 ; in 1919 he became an American citizen . | From 1915 to 1917 he taught at Cornell University . |
Seaxburh 's supervised the preparation of her sister 's body , which was washed and wrapped in new robes before being reburied . | Seaxburh supervised the preparation of her sister 's body , which was washed and wrapped in new robes before being reburied . |
After the English Reformation , the palace was used by the Spanish Ambassadors , enabling Roman Catholic worship to continue in the church . | In later years the palace was used by the Spanish Ambassadors , enabling Roman Catholic worship to continue in the church . |
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , Æthelthryth founded a double monastery at Ely in 673 , which was later destroyed in the Danish invasion of 870 . | According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , Aethelthryth founded a double monastery at Ely in 673 , which was later destroyed in the Danish invasion of 870 . |
Upon his death in 655 , she retired to the Isle of Ely , which she had received from Tondberct as a morning gift . | Upon his death in 655 , she retired to the Isle of Ely , which she had received from her husband as a gift . |
St Etheldreda 's is a Roman Catholic parish church in Ely , Cambridgeshire . | It is now a Roman Catholic parish church in Ely , Cambridgeshire . |
This tactic failed and the king tried to take his queen from the cloister by force . | This failed and the king tried to take his queen from her convent . |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.