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While in London he lived with his elder sister Hannie , and studied at King 's College London .	While in London he lived with his elder sister , and studied at King 's College London .
Michael was six years old when his father died .	Collins was six years old when his father died .
He lay in state for three days in Dublin City Hall where tens of thousands of mourners filed past his coffin to pay their respects , including many British soldiers departing Ireland who had fought against him .	His body lay in state for three days in Dublin City Hall where tens of thousands of mourners walked past his coffin to pay their respects .
On 14 April 1922 , a group of 200 anti-Treaty IRA men occupied the Four Courts in Dublin , under Rory O'Connor , a hero of the War of Independence .	On 14 April 1922 , a group of 200 anti-Treaty IRA men occupied the Four Courts in Dublin in defiance of the Provisional government .
Upon signing the treaty , Birkenhead remarked `` I may have signed my political death warrant tonight '' , to which Collins replied `` I may have signed my actual death warrant '' .	When he signed the treaty , he said `` I have signed my own death warrant . ''
In 2007 RTÉ produced a documentary entitled Get Collins , about the intelligence war which took place in Dublin .	In 2007 RTE produced a documentary entitled Get Collins , centered around the intelligence war which took place in Dublin .
The Irish War of Independence in effect began on the day that the First Dáil convened , 21 January 1919 .	The Irish War of Independence began on the same day that the First Dáil met on 21 January 1919 .
An annual commemoration ceremony takes place each year in August at the ambush site at Béal na Bláth , County Cork , organised by The Béal na mBláth Commemoration Committee .	An annual commemoration ceremony takes place each year in August at the ambush site at Béal na mBláth , Cork .
The British government and mainstream Irish media had wrongly blamed Sinn Féin for the Rising .	This was a small nationalist party which the British government and the Irish media wrongly blamed for the Rising .
Collins also remained Minister for Finance .	He also became the Minister for Finance .
Fierce fighting broke out in Dublin between the anti-Treaty IRA and the Free State troops .	This led to the Irish Civil War as fighting broke out in Dublin between the anti-Treaty IRA and the provisional government 's troops .
Republicans would be obliged to `` accept the people 's verdict '' on the Treaty , but could then `` go home without their arms .	He recorded his plan for peace in his diary : Republicans must `` accept the People 's Verdict '' on the Treaty , but could then `` go home without their arms ( guns ) .
On that date , an ambush party of IRA volunteers including Dan Breen and Seán Treacy , attacked a pair of Royal Irish Constabulary ( RIC ) men who were escorting a consignment of gelignite to a quarry in Soloheadbeg , County Tipperary .	They were escorting a shipment of gelignite to a quarry in Soloheadbeg , County Tipperary .
The Supreme Council of the IRB , which had been informed in detail about every facet of the Treaty negotiations and which had approved many of its provisions , voted unanimously to accept the Treaty ; with the single notable exception of Liam Lynch : later COS of the anti-Treaty IRA .	The Supreme Council of the IRB , which was informed in detail about the Treaty negotiations voted unanimously ( without exceptions ) to accept the Treaty .
A mathematician in his spare time , he had been a member of the republican Fenian movement .	His father , also named Michael , was a member of the republican Fenian movement , but had left and settled down to farming .
After leaving school aged 15 , Collins took the Civil Service examination in Cork in February 1906 , and was then employed by the Royal Mail In 1906 , at the age of 15 , he moved to the home of his sister Hannie ( Johanna ) in London , where he became a messenger at a London firm of stockbrokers , Horne and Company .	After leaving school aged 15 , Collins took the British Civil Service examination in Cork in February 1906 , .
Despite the abdication of a large part of the Dáil , the Provisional Government ( Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann ) of the new Free State was formed , with Arthur Griffith as President of the Dáil , and Michael Collins Chairman of the Provisional Government Cabinet ( i.e. , Prime Minister ) .	The new Provisional Government ( Irish : Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann ) was formed under Collins , who became `` President of the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland '' ( i.e. , Prime Minister ) .
Éamon de Valera , another veteran of 1916 , held office in the Irish Volunteers as well .	Éamon de Valera was president of both organizations .
The following April Collins engineered de Valera 's escape from Lincoln Prison in England ; after which Brugha was replaced by de Valera .	He was replaced by de Valera , when Collins helped him escape from Lincoln Prison in April 1919 .
Michael Collins ( Irish : Mícheál Ó Coileáin ; 16 October 1890 - 22 August 1922 ) was an Irish revolutionary leader , Minister for Finance and Teachta Dála ( TD ) for Cork South in the First Dáil of 1919 , Director of Intelligence for the IRA , and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiatio...	He was a Minister for Finance and Teachta Dála ( TD member of parliament ) for Cork South in the First Dáil of 1919 .
Born in Sam 's Cross , near Clonakilty , County Cork , Collins was the third son and youngest of eight children .	Michael Collins was the third son and youngest of eight children .
Also in July , Collins set aside his title as Chairman of the Provisional Government to become Commander-in-Chief of the National Army .	By mid-1922 , Collins no longer really worked as Chairman of the Provisional Government .
In opera performances , there were sometimes two conductors - the keyboard player was in charge of the singers , and the principal violinist or leader was in charge of the orchestra .	The main conductor who is in charge of an orchestra is often given the title `` musical director '' .
15th Army Group 's total headcount amounted to 1,334,000 men with Eighth Army 's effective fighting strength totalling 632,980 men and Fifth Army 266,883 .	The 15th Army Group had 1,334,000 men with Eighth Army having 632,980 men and Fifth Army 266,883 .
In Phase II , the Eighth Army was to drive north west to capture Ferrara and Bondeno , blocking routes of potential retreat across the Po .	The Eighth Army was to go north west to capture Ferrara and Bondeno .
Against them were ranged 21 much weaker German divisions and 4 Italian ENR divisions , a total of 25 .	Against them were 21 much weaker German divisions and 4 Italian divisions , a total of 25 .
On 23 March , Albert Kesselring was appointed Commander-in-Chief Army Group West , replacing General-Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt .	On 23 March , Albert Kesselring was appointed Commander-in-Chief Army Group West .
Its objective was '' ... to destroy the maximum number of enemy forces south of the Po , force crossings of the Po and capture Verona . ''	He wanted destroy the maximum number of enemy forces , cross the Po and capture Verona .
The Fifth Army plan ( Operation Craftsman ) envisaged an initial thrust by IV Corps along Route 64 to straighten the army front and to draw German reserves away from Route 65 .	The Fifth Army plan ( Operation Craftsman ) aimed to pull German reserves away from Route 65 .
The Fifth Army was also to make a secondary thrust further west towards Ostiglia , the crossing point on the Po of the main route to Verona .	The Fifth Army was to go west towards Ostiglia .
Clark set out his battle plan on 18 March .	Clark made his plan on 18 March .
The Spring 1945 offensive in Italy , codenamed Operation Grapeshot , was the Allied attack by Fifth United States Army , British 8th Army and Brazilian Expeditionary Force into the Lombardy Plain which started on 6 April 1945 and ended on 2 May with the surrender of German forces in Italy .	It started on 6 April 1945 and ended on 2 May with the surrender of German forces in Italy .
U.S. Fifth Army was to push past Bologna north to link with Eighth Army in the Bondeno region to complete an encirclement of German forces south of the Po .	The U.S. Fifth Army was to go past Bologna to surround German forces south of the Po .
The Allies had launched their previous major offensive , on the Gothic Line , in August 1944 with British 8th Army attacking up the coastal plain of the Adriatic and the U.S. 5th Army attacking through the central Apennine Mountains .	The U.S. 5th Army attacked through the central Apennine Mountains .
Harold Alexander having been promoted Field Marshal , was in turn appointed to replace Wilson as Allied Supreme Commander Mediterranean on 12 December .	He was made the Allied Supreme Commander Mediterranean on 12 December .
II Corps would then attack along Route 65 towards Bologna .	II Corps would then attack .
Although they managed to breach the formidable Gothic Line defences , they narrowly failed to break out into the Lombardy Plains before the winter weather closed in and made further progress impossible .	But they failed to get into the Lombardy Plains before the winter weather stopped them .
A relative majority of the first settlers whose descendants today are the Afrikaners were from the United Provinces ( now Netherlands and Belgium ) , though there were also many from Germany , a considerable number from France , and some from Madeira , Norway , Portugal , Scotland , and various other countries .	Most of these first settlers were from the United Provinces ( now Netherlands ) , though there were also many from Germany , some from France , a few from Scotland , and various other countries .
Afrikaans \ / æfrɪˈkɑːns \ / is a West Germanic language , spoken natively in South Africa and Namibia , and to a lesser extent in Botswana and Zimbabwe .	Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia .
Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect in South Africa until the early 20th century , when it became recognized as a distinct language under South African law , alongside Standard Dutch , which it eventually replaced as an official language .	Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect until the early 20th century , when it began to be widely known as a different language .
In some expatriate communities in Latin America and elsewhere , there is a threat of dialect levelling resulting in extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish .	In some Sephardic Jewish communities in Latin America and elsewhere , there is a threat of dialect levelling , meaning extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish .
The Alaska North Slope is the region of the U.S. state of Alaska located on the northern slope of the Brooks Range along the coast of two marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean , the Chukchi Sea being on the western side of Point Barrow , and the Beaufort Sea on the eastern .	The Alaska North Slope is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska .
The region contains the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska , with the bulk of Alaska 's known petroleum until the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field was discovered in 1968 , followed by the Kuparuk River oil field in 1969 .	The National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field are the two biggest areas where oil is found .
In mammals , there are two broad types of stem cells : embryonic stem cells , which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts , and adult stem cells , which are found in various tissues .	The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are : embryonic stem cells , and adult stem cells , which are found in adult tissues .
There are three accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans : Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth .	Highly plastic adult stem cells can be taken from a variety of sources , including umbilical cord blood and bone marrow .
In adult organisms , stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body , replenishing adult tissues .	In adult organisms , stem cells act as a repair system for the body , replenishing specialized cells , but also maintain the normal turnover of blood , skin , and intestinal tissues .
In a developing embryo , stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells-ectoderm , endoderm and mesoderm ( see induced pluripotent stem cells ) - but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs , such as blood , skin , or intestinal tissues .	In a developing embryo , stem cells can differentiate into all of the specialised embryonic tissues .
It is therefore pointless to email our contact addresses asking for permission to reproduce articles or images , even if rules at your company or school or organization mandate that you ask web site operators before copying their content .	It is therefore useless to email our contact addresses asking for permission to reproduce articles or images , even if the rules of operation of your company or school mandate that you ask web site operators before copying their content .
The only Wikipedia content you should contact the Wikimedia Foundation about is the trademarked Wikipedia\/Wikimedia logos , which are not freely usable without permission .	The only contents about the use of which you should contact the Wikimedia Foundation are the trademarked Wikipedia\/Wikimedia logos .
For permission to use it , one must contact the owner of the copyright of the text or illustration in question ; often , but not always , this will be the original author .	For permission to use it outside these terms , one must contact all the volunteer authors of the text or illustration in question .
The Arabic alphabet ( Arabic : أَبْجَدِيَّة عَرَبِيَّة abjadīyah ʻarabīyah ) or Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language .	The Arabic alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Arabic language .
The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters .	There are 28 basic letters .
Heimdallr and Loki are foretold to kill one another during the events of Ragnarök .	Heimdall was said to be the last of the gods to die at Ragnarök when he and Loki would kill one another .
For every step to the right ( x increases by 1 ) , the value of y changes by − 2 ( goes down ) .	For each change in х of 1 ( to the right ) , the value of у changes -2 ( goes down ) .
Linear functions are related to linear equations .	In higher mathematics , a linear function often refers to a linear mapping .
In calculus and related areas of mathematics , a linear function from the real numbers to the real numbers is a function whose graph ( in Cartesian coordinates with uniform scales ) is a line in the plane .	In basic mathematics , a linear function is a function whose graph is a straight line in 2-dimensions ( see images ) .
He was exceptionally talented in the endgame , particularly in rook endings , where he broke new ground in knowledge .	He was exceptionally talented in the endgame , particularly in rook endings , where he broke new ground .
Nevertheless , he won at Vienna in 1922 , ahead of future world champion Alexander Alekhine , and was the leader of the Polish team that won the 1930 Chess Olympiad at Hamburg with a record of thirteen wins and four draws .	Nevertheless , he won at Vienna in 1922 , ahead of future world champion Alexander Alekhine , and was the leader of the Polish team that won the Chess Olympiad at Hamburg in 1930 with a superb record of thirteen wins and four draws .
In the St. Petersburg tournament in 1909 , he had tied with Lasker and won his individual encounter with him .	In the 1909 St. Petersburg tournament , he had tied with Lasker and won his individual encounter with him .
Jeremy Silman ranked him as one of the five best endgame players of all time , and a master of rook endgames .	Silman ranks him as one of the five best endgame players of all time , and a master of rook endgames .
Ratings from Chessmetrics support this conclusion , placing him as world No. 1 between mid-1912 and mid-1914 .	Ratings from Chessmetrics support this conclusion , placing him as world # 1 between mid 1912 and mid 1914 .
In 1912 he had a record string of wins , finishing first in five consecutive major tournaments : San Sebastian , Piešťany , Breslau ( the German championship ) , Warsaw and Vilnius ( although none of these events included Lasker or Capablanca ) .	He won five consecutive major tournaments that year : San Sebastian , Piešťany , Breslau ( the German championship ) , Warsaw and Vilnius ( although none of these events included Lasker or Capablanca ) .
At the time when it was common for the reigning world champion to handpick his challengers , Rubinstein was never given a chance to play Lasker for the world chess championship because he was unable to raise enough money to meet Lasker 's financial demands .	Rubinstein was never given a chance to play Lasker for the world chess championship : he was unable to raise enough money to meet Lasker 's financial demands .
The Rubinstein Memorial tournament in his honor has been held annually since 1963 in Polanica Zdrój , with a glittering list of top-flight winners .	The Rubinstein Memorial tournament in his honor has been held annually since 1963 in Polanica Zdroj , with a glittering list of top-flight winners .
Some believe that he was better than world champion Emanuel Lasker at this time .	p79 Some believe that he was better than World Champion Emanuel Lasker at this time .
The Rubinstein Trap , an opening trap in the Queen 's Gambit Declined that loses at least a pawn for Black , is named for him because he fell into it twice .	The Rubinstein Trap , a trap in the Queen 's Gambit declined is named after him because he fell into it twice .
d4 d5 3 .	d4 d5 2 .
Rubinstein was Jewish , and his family planned for him to become a rabbi .	p346 Rubinstein was Jewish , and his family planned for him to become a rabbi .
However , he had a poor showing at the 1914 St. Petersburg tournament , not placing in the top five .	However , he had a poor result at St. Petersburg tournament 1914 , not reaching the final pool of five players .
One version of it runs 1 .	One version of the trap runs 1 .
The Rubinstein Variation of the French Defense arises after 1 .	is the Rubinstein variation of the Nimzo-Indian defense .
He originated the Rubinstein System against the Tarrasch Defense variation of the Queen 's Gambit Declined : 1 .	He originated the Rubinstein System against the Tarrasch variation of the Queen 's Gambit declined : 1 .
He trained with and played against the strong master Gersz Salwe in Łódź .	He learned to play chess when he was 16 , and played with the strong master Gersz Salwe in Łódź .
Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein ( 12 December 1882 - 15 March 1961 ) was a Polish chess Grandmaster at the beginning of the 20th century .	Akiba Rubinstein ( Stawiski , Poland , 12 December 1882 - 15 March 1961 , Antwerp , Belgium ) was a Polish chess Grandmaster in the first part of the 20th century .
He is also credited with inventing the Meran Variation , which stems from the Queen 's Gambit Declined but reaches a position of the Queen 's Gambit Accepted with an extra move for Black .	He is also credited with inventing the Meran variation , which stems from the Slav defense .
In 1907 , he won the Karlovy Vary tournament and shared first at St. Petersburg .	It began with his win at Karlovy Vary in 1907 , and a shared win at St. Petersburg in the same year .
It was sponsored by the provincial government of León , and two Leonese language associations : El Fueyu and El Toralín .	It was sponsored by the Provincial Government of León , and Leonese language associations `` El Fueyu '' and `` El Toralín '' .
The company offered ten free Nintendo Entertainment System games and ten free Game Boy Advance games from the Nintendo eShop to consumers who bought the system at the original launch price .	People who got it when it was at the higher price of $ 250 got 10 free Nintendo Entertainment System games , along with 10 free Game Boy Advance games from the Nintendo eShop .
An `` entry-level '' version of the console , the Nintendo 2DS , was released in North America , Europe and Australia on October 12 , 2013 .	A new version of the console , called the Nintendo 2DS , was released on October 12 , 2013 .
The Nintendo 3DS was first released in Japan on February 26 , 2011 , and worldwide beginning in March 2011 .	It was released in Japan on February 26 , 2011 , on March 25 , 2011 in Europe and on March 27 , 2011 in the United States .
Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's constitutional struggle further helped gaining public support for the movement in the four provinces .	The movement was led by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah .
James Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19 , 1831 , in a log cabin in Orange Township , now Moreland Hills , Ohio .	Garfield was born in Orange Township , now Moreland Hills , Ohio .
Garfield was an instructor in classical languages for the 1856-1857 academic year and was made Principal of the Institute from 1857 to 1860 , successfully restoring it to viability after it had fallen on hard times .	He was an instructor in classical languages for the 1856-1857 academic year , and was made principal of the Institute from 1857 to 1860 .
James Abram Garfield ( November 19 , 1831 - September 19 , 1881 ) served as the 20th President of the United States ( 1881 ) , after completing nine consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives ( 1863-81 ) .	James Abram Garfield ( November 19 , 1831 - September 19 , 1881 ) was the 20th ( 1881 ) President of the United States and the 2nd President to be assassinated ( killed while in office ) .
After another applicant had been chosen , he returned to teach at the Eclectic Institute .	He then taught at the Eclectic Institute .
All languages in the world have stops , and most have at least the voiceless stops ( p ) , ( t ) , and ( k ) .	( p ) , ( t ) , ( k ) are voiceless plosives .
In phonetics , a stop , also known as a plosive , is an oral occlusive , a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases .	In phonetics , a plosive consonant also known as a oral stop is a consonant that is made by blocking a part of the mouth so that no air can pass through , and the pressure increases behind the place where it is blocked , and when the air is allowed to pass through again , this sound is created .
In other cases , however , it may be the word ` plosive ' which is restricted to the glottal stop .	( ʔ ) is a glottal stop which is made in the throat .
That is , ` occlusive ' may be defined as oral occlusives ( stops\/plosives ) plus nasal occlusives ( nasals such as ( m ) , ( n ) ) , or ` stop ' may be defined as oral stops ( plosives ) plus nasal stops ( nasals ) .	This sound is the plosive consonant .
The occlusion may be made with the tongue ( blade ( t ) , ( d ) ) , or body ( k ) , ( ɡ ) ) , lips ( ( p ) , ( b ) ) , or glottis ( ( ʔ ) ) .	The blocking is usually done using the tongue , the lips or the throat .
White and red have been the most common colors for Rangers alternate strips , though dark and light blue have also featured highly .	White and red have been the most common predominant colors for Rangers alternate strips , though dark and light blue have also featured highly .
Occasionally the home kit will be altered by the shorts and socks , sometimes replacing the black socks with white ones ; or replacing the white shorts and black socks combination with royal blue shorts and socks .	However when wearing the ` home strip ' Rangers will occasionally alter the shorts and socks , sometimes replacing the black socks with white ones ; or replacing the white shorts and black socks combination with royal blue shorts and socks .
Rangers Football Club is a Scottish football club based in Glasgow which plays in Scottish League One - the third tier of the Scottish Professional Football League .	Rangers Football Club are an association football team based in Glasgow , Scotland , who currently play in the Scottish Professional Football League , in Scottish League One .
In 1994 Rangers introduced a third kit .	In recent years , Rangers have also introduced a third kit .
Rangers have a long-standing rivalry with Celtic , the two Glasgow clubs being collectively known as the Old Firm since the late 19th century .	For most of their history , Rangers have enjoyed a fierce rivalry with their cross-city opponents Celtic , and the two are collectively known as the Old Firm .
Their home ground is Ibrox Stadium in the south-west of the city .	The club 's home , the all-seated 50,987-capacity Ibrox Stadium in south-west Glasgow , has been accredited as one of UEFA 's five-star stadia .
Herman 's Hermits are an English beat ( or pop ) band , formed in Manchester in 1963 as Herman & The Hermits .	Herman 's Hermits were a rock band from England .
Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci , he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period .	With Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo , he is one of the greatest painters of the High Renaissance .
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino ( April 6 or March 28 , 1483 - April 6 , 1520 ) , better known simply as Raphael , was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance .	Raffaello Sanzio , usually known as Raphael ( April 6 , 1483 - April 6 , 1520 ) was a Renaissance painter and architect .
The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura .	One of the frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura is of the greatest importance .

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