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The Advanced Photo System was an attempt of a major upgrade of photographic technology for amateurs , but was soon overtaken by the popularity of digital photography .	The Advanced Photo System was a technology for photographic film and cameras .
After 24 hours of release , Apple announced that there was a total of more than one million downloads .	The Mac App Store was released on January 6 , 2011 as an update to all users using the newest version of OS X . After 24 hours of release , Apple announced that there was a total of more than one million downloads .
Most of the apps belonged to the Games category , which had nearly three times as many apps in the next largest category , Utilities .	Most of the apps were games .
The Mac App Store launched with over 1000 programs on January 6 , 2011 , including Apple 's own iWork ' 09 , iLife ' 11 , Aperture and third-party applications ported from iOS , such as Angry Birds , Flight Control , Things and Twitter for Mac .	It launched with over 1000 programs on January 6 , 2011 , including Apple 's own `` Work ' 09 '' , `` iLife ' 11 '' , `` Aperture '' and apps made by other companies that were first made for the iPhone and iPad , such as Angry Birds , Flight Control , and Twitter for Mac .
The United States Marine Corps has ordered its officers ( up to the rank of lieutenant colonel ) and Staff Non-commissioned officers to carry the M4 carbine instead of the M9 handgun .	The United States Marine Corps has ordered its officers ( up to the rank of lieutenant colonel ) and Staff Non-commissioned officers to carry the M4 carbine instead of the M9 pistol .
Like the rest of the M16 family , it fires the .223 caliber , or 5.56 mm NATO round .	Like the other rifles in the M16 family , it fires the .223 caliber , or 5.56 mm NATO round .
The M4 carbine is heavily used by the U.S military .	The M4 carbine is a type of carbine used in the military .
Following the adoption of the M16 rifle , carbine variants were also adopted for close quarters operations .	It was based on the M16 rifle .
The winner of the Individual Carbine competition was to supplement the M4 carbine in U.S. Army service ; all other services will continue using the M4 carbine and M16 rifles .	However , other manufacturers offer M4-like firearms .
The Fountainhead is a 1943 novel by Ayn Rand , and her first major literary success .	The Fountainhead is a fiction book written by Ayn Rand .
Roark works briefly at another firm and then opens his own office .	Roark works at Cameron 's office designing buildings .
Ellsworth Monkton Toohey , who writes a popular art criticism column , is Roark 's antagonist .	Ellsworth Toohey He is the antagonist ( the bad guy ) of the story .
These ornate curved white eggcases are occasionally found floating on the sea , sometimes with the female argonaut clinging to it .	These ornate , curved white eggcases are occasionally found floating on the sea surface , sometimes with the female argonaut still clinging to it .
In addition , the females have been known since ancient times , while the males were only described in the late 19th century .	The females have been known since ancient times while the males were only described in the late 19th Century .
The hectocotylus when found in females was originally described as a parasitic worm .	The hectocotylus was originally described as a parasitic worm .
The rostrum is ` pinched in ' at the sides , making it much narrower than in other octopuses , with the exception of the closely allied monotypic genera Ocythoe and Vitreledonella .	This makes it much narrower than in other octopuses , with the exception of the closely allied monotypic genera Ocythoe and Vitreledonella .
Argonauts are found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide ; they live in the open ocean , i.e. they are pelagic .	Argonauts are found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide ; they live in open ocean .
They are also called paper nautiluses , referring to the paper-thin eggcase that females secrete .	They are also called paper nautiluses , because of the paper-thin eggcase that females secrete .
After she deposits her eggs in the floating eggcase , the female takes shelter in it , often retaining the male 's detached hectocotylus .	After she deposits her eggs in the floating eggcase , the female herself takes shelter in it , often along with the male 's detached hectocotylus .
Unlike the closely allied genera Ocythoe and Tremoctopus , Argonauta species lack water pores .	Unlike the closely related genera Ocythoe and Tremoctopus , Argonauta species lack water pores .
Argonaut beaks are most similar to those of Ocythoe tuberculata and Vitreledonella richardi , but differ in ` leaning back ' to a greater degree than the former and having a more curved jaw angle than the latter .	Argonaut beaks are most similar to those of Ocythoe tuberculata and Vitreledonella richardi .
Females grow up to 10 cm and make shells up to 30 cm , while males rarely surpass 2 cm .	Females grow up to 10 cm and make shells up to 30 cm , while males rarely grow larger than 2 cm .
Female argonauts produce a laterally-compressed calcareous eggcase in which they reside .	Female argonauts make a laterally compressed , calcareous eggcase in which they reside .
The beaks of Argonauta species are distinctive , being characterised by a very small rostrum and a fold that runs to the lower edge or near the free corner .	They are characterised by a very small rostrum and a fold that runs to the lower edge or near the free corner .
Most other octopuses lay eggs in caves ; Neale Monks and C. Phil Palmer speculate that , before ammonites died out during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event , the argonauts may have evolved to use discarded ammonite shells for their egg laying , eventually becoming able to mend the shells and perhaps make their own shells .	It is made of calcite , with a 3-layered structure Most other octopuses lay eggs in caves , the argonauts may have evolved to use ammonite shells for their egg laying , eventually becoming able to mend the shells and perhaps even make their own .
The argonauts ( genus Argonauta , the only extant genus in the Argonautidae family ) are a group of pelagic octopuses .	They are a group of pelagic octopuses .
This structure lacks the gas-filled chambers present in chambered nautilus shells and is not a true cephalopod shell , but rather an evolutionary innovation unique to the genus Argonauta .	This structure does not have the gas-filled chambers of nautilus shells , and is not a true cephalopod shell .
The eggcase contains a bubble of air that the animal captures at the surface of the water and uses for buoyancy , similarly to other shelled cephalopods , although it does not have a chambered phragmocone as do other shelled cephalopods .	The egg case also contains a bubble of gas used for buoyancy similar to shelled cephalopods , although it does not have chambers as seen in other shelled cephalopods .
Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17 .	Chlorine ( chemical symbol Cl ) is a chemical element .
The most common compound of chlorine , sodium chloride ( common salt ) , has been known since ancient times .	+4 is in chlorine dioxide , a common chlorine compound that is not a chloride .
Chlorine exists in all odd numbered oxidation states from − 1 to +7 , as well as the elemental state of zero and four in chlorine dioxide ( see table below , and also structures in chlorite ) .	Chlorine exists in several oxidation states : -1 , +1 , +3 , +4 , +5 , and +7 .
Mauritania was part of the larger French colony of French West Africa , and as such had no capital during the colonial period : Saint-Louis , in Senegal , held that position .	Mauritania was part of the larger French colony of French West Africa .
It is one of the largest cities in the Sahara .	It is the largest city in that country and one of the largest cities on the Sahara Desert .
In 1957 , this small port town was chosen to be the capital of the new country , and an ambitious building program was begun to increase its population to 15,000 , starting a year later .	In 1957 , this small port town was chosen to be the capital of the new country .
It is possible that the Berber Muslim Almoravids were originally from the area .	It is possible that the Berber Muslim Almoravids came from the area .
The city has had rapid growth , driven by the north African drought since the beginning of the 1970s : many have moved to the city in search of a better life .	Because of the north African drought since the beginning of the 1970s many people have moved to the city .
Despite its name , based on a Berber expression meaning `` place of the winds '' , the city was selected as the capital city for its moderate climate and central location within the country .	The city was selected as the capital city for its mild climate and its location near the center of the country .
A tiny fishing town of 200 people until 1958 , Nouakchott was little mentioned during pre-colonial and colonial history .	It was a tiny fishing town until 1958 .
The Almohad dominance of Iberia continued until 1212 , when Muhammad III , `` al-Nasir '' ( 1199-1214 ) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian princes of Castile , Aragon , Navarre , and Portugal .	But by 1212 Muhammad III , `` al-Nasir '' ( 1199-1214 ) was defeated by an alliance of the four Christian princes of Castile , Aragón , Kingdom of Navarre and Portugal , at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena .
The last representative of the line , Idris II , ` al-Wathiq ' , was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh , where he was murdered by a slave in 1269 .	There he was murdered by a slave in 1269 .
The movement was started by Ibn Tumart in the Masmuda tribe , followed by Abd al-Mu ` min al-Gumi between 1130 and his death in 1163 , the Almohads defeated the ruling Almoravids , extending their power over all of the Maghreb .	Between 1130 and his death in 1163 , Abd al-Mu ` min al-Kumi , a Berber from the Masmuda tribe , defeated the ruling Almoravids and became ruler over all northern Africa as far as Libya .
Nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia were lost soon after , with the great Moorish cities of Cordova and Seville falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively .	The Almohads lost nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia soon after .
The Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region is one of the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area , carbon-dated to roughly 6000 - 4000 BC .	Archaeologists say the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region , and Armenia today , as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area , carbon-dated to around 6000 - 4000 BC .
An early Bronze Age culture in the area is the Kura-Araxes culture , assigned to the period of ca .	Another early culture in the Armenian Highlands and surrounding areas-the Kura-Araxes culture is in the period of ca .
Leave It to Beaver is one of the first primetime sitcom series written from a child 's point-of-view .	Leave It to Beaver is a television sitcom series .
The show also starred Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont as Beaver 's parents , June and Ward Cleaver , and Tony Dow as Beaver 's brother Wally .	The series stars Jerry Mathers as `` Beaver '' ; Tony Dow as his older brother Wally ; Barbara Billingsley as his mother June Cleaver ; and Hugh Beaumont as his father Ward Cleaver .
The show 's chief writers , Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly , met while working in New York City for the J. Walter Thompson Agency .	Writers Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly based Beaver 's adventures on the exploits of their own children .
Prior to signing with WWE , Rosser competed in Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic independent promotions including Chaotic Wrestling , East Coast Wrestling Association , Independent Wrestling Federation and the National Wrestling Alliance .	He has competed in Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic independent promotions including Chaotic Wrestling , East Coast Wrestling Association , Independent Wrestling Federation and the National Wrestling Alliance .
Fredrick `` Fred '' Douglas Rosser ( born November 2 , 1979 ) is an American professional wrestler , best known under his World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) ring name Darren Young .	Frederick `` Fred '' Rosser ( born November 2 , 1979 ) is an American professional wrestler .
On February 16 , 2010 , it was announced that he would compete as part of the first season of WWE NXT , mentored by CM Punk .	He was in the first season of WWE NXT in early 2010 .
Gene Shalit ( born March 25 , 1926 ) is an American film and book critic .	Gene Shalit ( born March 25 , 1926 ) is an American movie and book critic .
Gene Shalit wrote for The Daily Illini in six years at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( 1943-1949 ) .	Gene Shalit wrote for The Daily Illini for six years at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign .
He has been involved in reviewing the arts since 1967 and has written for such publications as Look magazine , Ladies ' Home Journal ( for 12 years ) , Cosmopolitan , TV Guide , Seventeen , Glamour , McCall 's , and The New York Times .	He has written for magazines such as Look magazine , Ladies ' Home Journal ( for 12 years ) , Cosmopolitan , TV Guide , Seventeen , Glamour , McCall 's , and The New York Times .
In 1932 he accompanied his family when they moved to Morristown , New Jersey .	In 1932 , he and his family moved to Morristown , New Jersey .
Born of Jewish parents , Shalit attended Morristown High School , where he wrote a humor column for the school newspaper .	Born of Jewish parents , Shalit attended Morristown High School .
Shalit , according to a New York Times magazine interview of Dick Clark , was Clark 's press agent in the early 1960s .	Shalit was Dick Clark 's press agent in the early 1960s .
Of his decision , he was quoted as saying : `` It 's enough already . ''	He was quoted as saying : `` It 's enough already '' .
Shalit reportedly `` stopped representing '' Clark during a Congressional investigation of payola .	Shalit stopped representing Clark during a Congressional investigation .
In 1987 , he published Laughing Matters : A Treasury of American Humor , a critically praised humor anthology .	In 1987 , he published Laughing Matters-A Treasury of American Humor , a humor anthology .
Shalit announced that he would leave The Today Show after 40 years , effective November 11 , 2010 .	Shalit said that he would leave The Today Show after 40 years , starting November 11 , 2010 .
From 1970-1982 he had a daily essay on NBC Radio `` Man About Anything , '' that was carried on more stations than any other NBC network radio feature .	From 1970-1982 he had a daily report on NBC Radio .
Clark never spoke to Shalit again , and referred to him as a `` jellyfish '' , an informal term for ' a person without strong resolve or stamina ' .	Clark has not spoken to Shalit again and said he was a `` jellyfish . ''
According to his official MSNBC bio , `` Shalit was born in a New York ( hospital ) on March 25 , 1926 , and eight days later arrived in Newark , New Jersey , in company of his mother .	Shalit was born in New York City on March 25 , 1926 .
He is known for his frequent use of puns , his oversized moustache , and for wearing colorful bowties .	He is known for his use of puns , his very large handlebar moustache , and for wearing bowties .
Various experiments have been performed on predation of the peppered moth and each has supported this hypothesis .	Various experiments have been performed on predation of the peppered moth , and each has supported this hypothesis .
He thus showed that the melanistic phenotype was important to the survival of peppered moths in such a habitat .	This showed that the melanistic phenotype was important to the survival of peppered moths in such a habitat .
It is believed that this is because peppered moths in Japan do not inhabit industrialised regions .	This may be because peppered moths in Japan do not live in industrialised regions .
It provides after all the proof of evolution . ''	It provides after all the proof of evolution '' .
Kettlewell repeated the experiment in 1955 at unpolluted woodland in Dorset and again in the polluted woods in Birmingham .	Kettlewell repeated the experiment in 1955 in an unpolluted woodland in Dorset , and again in polluted woods in Birmingham .
The only previous experiments of this type were R.A. Fisher and E.B. Ford 's ( 1947 ) with the scarlet tiger moth .	The only previous experiments of this type were R.A. Fisher and E.B. Ford 's with the Scarlet tiger moth .
The evolution of the peppered moth over the last two hundred years has been studied in detail .	The evolution of the peppered moth has been studied in detail over the last 150 years .
He observed a number of species of bird preying on the moths , and the overall data led him to conclude that differential bird predation was a major factor responsible for the decline in carbonaria frequency compared to typica in Cambridge during the study period .	The overall data led him to conclude that differential bird predation was a major factor responsible for the decline in carbonaria frequency compared to typica in Cambridge during the study period .
At the same time , the dark-coloured , or melanic , moths , carbonaria , flourished because of their ability to hide on the darkened trees .	At the same time , the dark-coloured , or melanic , moths , carbonaria , flourished .
Further studies by others found similar results , culminating in 1996 when reporting work on both sides of the Atlantic found a correlation between changes in melanic frequencies and pollution levels .	Finally , in 1996 , work on both sides of the Atlantic found a correlation between changes in melanic frequencies and pollution levels .
By 1895 , it had reached a reported frequency of 98 % in Manchester .	By 1895 , it reached a frequency of 98 % in Manchester .
Its decline has been measured more accurately than its rise , because of more rigorous scientific studies being conducted .	Its decline has been measured more accurately than its rise , because of better scientific studies .
Much more is known about the subsequent fall in phenotype frequency , as it has been measured by lepidopterists using moth traps .	Much more is known about the subsequent fall in phenotype frequency , because it was measured with moth traps .
Notably , Bernard Kettlewell conducted a national survey in 1956 , Bruce Grant conducted a similar one in early 1996 .	Bernard Kettlewell conducted a national survey in 1956 , Bruce Grant conducted a similar one in early 1996 , and L.M. Cook in 2003 .
He found that in this polluted woodland typica morphs were preferentially preyed .	He found , in polluted woodland , more typica morphs were taken .
Following correspondence with Hooper he added an experiment to find if bat predation might have skewed the results - this found that bats preyed equally on both forms of the moth .	In the main experiment in Cambridge from 2001-2007 Majerus added an experiment to find if bat predation might have skewed the results - this found that bats preyed equally on both forms of the moth .
The most famous experiments on the peppered moth were carried out by Bernard Kettlewell under the supervision of E. B. Ford , who helped him gain a grant from the Nuffield Foundation to perform the experiments .	The most famous experiments on the peppered moth were carried out by Bernard Kettlewell under the supervision of E.B. Ford .
In 1953 , Kettlewell experimented at Cadbury Nature Reserve in Birmingham , England , marking , releasing and recapturing marked moths .	In 1953 , Kettlewell experimented at Cadbury Nature Reserve in Birmingham .
Since then , with improved environmental standards , light-coloured peppered moths have again become common , but the dramatic change in the peppered moth 's population has remained a subject of much interest and study , and has led to the coining of the term industrial melanism to refer to the genetic darkening of species in response to pollutants .	Since then , with an improved environment , light-coloured peppered moths have again become common .
An experiment in field biology will always suffer from some level of artificiality , but that has to be balanced against practicality , costs and in this case the history of field biology ; the most important aspect is that an experiment generates useful statistics .	A field experiment in biology will always have some artificiality , but that has to be balanced against practicality and costs .
Majerus died before he could complete the writing up of his experiments , but the work was carried on by Cook , Grant , Saccheri and Mallet , and published on 8 February 2012 as `` Selective bird predation on the peppered moth : the last experiment of Michael Majerus . ''	Majerus died before he could complete the writing up of his experiments , but the work was carried on by others .
He was accompanied by Nico Tinbergen , and they made a film together .	He was accompanied by Niko Tinbergen , and they made a film of this .
Information about the rise in frequency is scarce .	Information about the initial rise in melanic frequency is scarce .
However , because of widespread pollution during the Industrial Revolution in England , many of the lichens died out , and the trees that peppered moths rested on became blackened by soot , causing most of the light-coloured moths , or typica , to die off from predation .	The trees became blackened by soot , and most of the light-coloured moths , or typica , became rare .
In 2000 Majerus developed plans for experiments to establish where peppered moths rest through the day , and to examine if the various valid criticisms of Kettlewell 's experimental protocols could have altered the qualitative validity of his conclusions .	In 2000 Majerus developed plans for further experiments .
In 1896 J. W. Tutt hypothesised that the increased proportion of carbonaria resulted from differential bird predation giving an advantage to the melanistic phenotype in polluted regions , but not in unpolluted regions where the light colored typica moths had the advantage .	In 1896 J. W. Tutt suggested that the increased proportion of carbonaria was caused by differential bird predation .
In the mid-16th century , Portuguese settlers from Pernambuco founded Filipéia de Nossa Senhora das Neves ( today João Pessoa ) at the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River .	In the mid-1500s , Portuguese settlers from Pernambuco founded Filipéia de Nossa Senhora das Neves ( today João Pessoa ) at the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River .
The fortress of Santa Catarina , near João Pessoa , was built to protect the city from the Dutch , who soon became a threat to Portuguese supremacy in Brazil .	The fortress of Santa Catarina , near João Pessoa , was built to protect the city from the Dutch .
A trace of copper gives the tourmalines a vivid turquoise color that had never been seen before in the gems , and is sometimes referred to as `` neon '' .	Copper in the crystals gives the tourmalines a bright turquoise color that had never been seen before in the gems .
In late 1989 a team led by gemstone prospector Heitor Dimas Barbosa uncovered in a small mountain range what some consider to be the finest tourmaline crystals ever found .	In late 1989 a team looking for gemstone and led by Heitor Dimas Barbosa found what some people believe are the best Tourmaline crystals ever found .
The area soon proved perfect for sugar production , with the French , the Dutch and the Portuguese all constantly fighting to control the Paraíba region to grow the lucrative sugarcane in .	The French , the Dutch and the Portuguese all fought to have the Paraíba region to grow sugarcane in .
During the series , Majors co-starred in the 1968 Charlton Heston film Will Penny , for which he received an `` Introducing '' credit , and landed the lead role in The Ballad of Andy Crocker ( 1969 ) , a made-for-television film which was first broadcast by ABC .	Major starred in the TV movie The Ballad of Andy Crocker ( 1969 ) .
Majors got his big break when he beat out over 400 young actors , including Burt Reynolds , for the co-starring role of Heath Barkley in a new ABC western series , The Big Valley , which starred Barbara Stanwyck .	In 1965 , he got the role of Heath Barkley on the ABC series The Big Valley , with Barbara Stanwyck as the owner of the ranch , and mother of three of the Barkleys .
In 1981 , Majors returned in another long-running television series .	In 1981 , he returned to television .
In 1970 , Majors joined the cast of The Virginian for its last season .	In 1970 , he was invited to join the cast of The Virginian , starring James Drury .
At age 25 , Majors landed his first , although uncredited , role in Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) , which starred Joan Crawford .	One role was in Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) , with Joan Crawford .

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