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Most thinking in genetics has focused upon vertical transfer , but there is a growing awareness that horizontal gene transfer is a highly significant phenomenon and among single-celled organisms perhaps the dominant form of genetic transfer .	Most thinking in genetics has focused on vertical transfer , but there is a growing awareness that horizontal gene transfer is a significant phenomenon .
As Jain , Rivera and Lake ( 1999 ) put it : `` Increasingly , studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes '' ( see also Lake and Rivera , 2007 ) .	`` Increasingly , studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes '' .
A spacecraft designed for a flyby is also known as a `` flyby bus '' or `` flyby spacecraft '' .	A spacecraft that is built for a flyby is also known as a `` flyby bus '' or `` flyby spacecraft '' .
Unmanned space probes have used this method to collect data on Mars , as opposed to orbiting or landing .	Unmanned ( no humans on board ) space probes have used this method to collect data on Mars .
A Mars flyby is a movement of spacecraft passing in the vicinity of the planet Mars , but not entering orbit or landing on it .	A Mars flyby is when a spacecraft passes near the planet Mars , but does not enter orbit or land on it .
Aaron Copland was born in Brooklyn into a Conservative Jewish family of Lithuanian origins , the last of five children , on November 14 , 1900 .	Aaron Copland was born November 14 , 1900 in Brooklyn , New York .
`` Lincoln Portrait '' is often performed at national holiday celebrations .	`` Lincoln Portrait '' has been performed many times in America .
Aaron Copland ( \ / ˌærən ˈkoʊplənd \ / ; November 14 , 1900 - December 2 , 1990 ) was an American composer , composition teacher , writer , and later in his career a conductor of his own and other American music .	Aaron Copland ( 1900-1990 ) was an American composer who wrote modern music .
This breadth of vision led Copland to compose music for numerous settings-orchestra , opera , solo piano , small ensemble , art song , ballet , theater and film .	He wrote music for the orchestra , piano , and voice .
It is situated on the Great Western Main Line and connects to the Wessex Main Line via Bradford-on-Avon .	It is on the Great Western Main Line and joins the Wessex Main Line via Bradford-on-Avon .
Since railway privatisation First Great Western has managed Bath Spa .	First Great Western has manage Bath Spa .
Bath Spa railway station is the principal railway station serving the city of Bath , in South West England and is served mainly by First Great Western ( who also manage the station ) as well as South West Trains and CrossCountry .	Bath Spa railway station is the main railway station in the city of Bath , Somerset , in South West England It 's served by First Great Western , South West Trains and CrossCountry .
Other developments started in 2011 to more closely integrate the station with the new Bath bus station and SouthGate shopping center , and redevelop some of the station car park and northern ramp into a restaurant complex at a cost of # 12 million .	There were other changes in 2011 with a new bus station , and change some of the station car parks into a restaurant complex , costing # 12 million .
Ticket barriers have also been installed .	They also have ticket barriers .
George Bernard Shaw ( 26 July 1856 - 2 November 1950 ) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics .	George Bernard Shaw ( 26 July 1856 - 2 November 1950 ) was an Irish writer .
Shaw delivered speeches on the theory of eugenics and he became a noted figure in the movement in England .	Shaw delivered speeches supporting the idea of eugenics ( selected breeding to improve the human race ) and he became a noted figure in the movement in England .
There he wrote under the pseudonym `` Corno di Bassetto '' ( `` basset horn '' ) - chosen because it sounded European and nobody knew what a corno di bassetto was .	Shaw also wrote musical criticism using the pseudonym ( made-up name ) Corno di Bassetto ( which means : Basset horn ) .
While fretless basses are often associated with jazz and jazz fusion , bassists from other genres have always used fretless basses , such as Freebo ( country ) , Rick Danko ( rock\/blues ) , Rod Clements ( folk ) , Steve DiGiorgio ( metal ) , Colin Edwin ( modern\/progressive rock ) .	While fretless basses are common with jazz and jazz fusion , bassists from other genres use fretless basses , such as metal bassist Steve DiGiorgio and Colin Edwin of modern\/progressive rock band ( Porcupine Tree ) .
The standard design for the electric bass guitar has four strings , tuned E , A , D and G , in fourths such that the open highest string , G , is an eleventh ( an octave and a fourth ) below middle C , making the tuning of all four strings the same as that of the double bass ( E1 , A1 , D2 , G2 ) .	The standard design for the electric bass guitar has four strings , generally tuned E , A , D and G ( low to high ) .
Many styles of music utilise the bass guitar , including rock , metal , pop , punk rock , country , reggae , gospel , blues , and jazz .	The bass guitar is used to play low musical sounds called `` bass lines '' in many styles of music such as rock music , pop music , country music , jazz fusion music and many more .
Traditional bass designs such as the Fender Precision Bass and Fender Jazz Bass remained popular in the 2000s ( decade ) ; in 2011 , a 60th Anniversary P-bass was introduced by Fender , along with the re-introduction of the short-scale Fender Jaguar Bass .	In the 2000s , many bass guitars are still designed to look like his Fender Precision Bass .
Instrument types or tunings used for this purpose include basses with fewer than four strings ( one-string bass guitars , two-string bass guitars , three-string bass guitars ( tuned to E-A-D ) ) alternative tunings ( e.g. , tenor bass , piccolo bass , and guitar-tuned basses ) .	A bass guitar ( also called an `` electric bass '' or `` bass '' ) is a string instrument which is related to the electric guitar .
In 1813 , after the Napoleonic Wars , the town became part of the Kingdom of Hanover , which was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia as a province after the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 .	In 1813 , after the Napoleonic Wars , the town became part of the Kingdom of Hanover , which was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 as a province .
Originally the market was held in a street called Old Market ( Alter Markt ) which still exists today .	Originally the market was held on a street called Old Market ( Alter Markt ) , which still exists today .
28.5 % of the houses were completely destroyed and 44.7 % damaged .	28.5 % of the houses were destroyed and 44.7 % damaged .
The settlement the cathedral very quickly developed into a town which was awarded market rights by King Otto III in 983 .	The settlement soon grew into a town which was awarded market rights by King Otto III in 983 .
Hildesheim became Lutheran in 1542 , and only the cathedral and a few other buildings remained in imperial ( Catholic ) hands .	Hildesheim became Protestant in 1542 , and only the cathedral and a few other buildings remained in imperial ( catholic ) hands .
When Hildesheim obtained city status in 1249 , it was one of the biggest cities in Northern Germany .	When Hildesheim got city rights in 1249 , it was one of the biggest cities in Northern Germany .
The center , which had retained its medieval character until then , was almost levelled .	The center , which still had its medieval character until then , was almost levelled .
It may be reached from Autobahn A7 , which links Kassel , Göttingen and Hannover , and routes 1 , 6 , 243 and 494 .	It can be reached from Autobahn A7 , which links Kassel , Göttingen and Hannover .
In 1367 Hildesheim became a member of the Hanseatic League .	Construction of the present City Hall started in 1268 , and in 1367 Hildesheim became a member of the Hanseatic League .
The present market place of Hildesheim was laid out at the beginning of the 13th century when the city had about 5,000 inhabitants .	The current market place of Hildesheim was made at the start of the 13th century when the city had about 5,000 people living there .
Hildesheim , one of the oldest cities in Northern Germany , became the seat of the Bishopric of Hildesheim in 815 and may have been founded when the bishop moved from Elze to the Innerste ford , where it was an important market on the Hellweg trade route .	The city may have been founded when the bishop moved from Elze to the Innerste ford , where it was an important market on the Hellweg trade route .
When the city grew further , a bigger market place became necessary .	As the city grew larger , a bigger market place became more important .
It is located in the district of Hildesheim , about 30 km southeast of Hanover on the banks of the Innerste River , which is a small tributary of the Leine River .	The city is on the banks of the Innerste river , which is a smaller river that flows into the Leine river .
26.8 % of the houses remained undamaged .	26.8 % of the houses had no damage .
Some of the unattractive concrete buildings around the market place were torn down and replaced by replicas of the original buildings .	Some of the new concrete buildings near the marketplace were torn down .
When describing the model the term ` cycle ' is used .	When describing the ideal the term ` cycle ' is used .
The efficiency of various heat engines proposed or used today ranges from 3 percent ( 97 percent waste heat using low quality heat ) for the OTEC ocean power proposal through 25 percent for most automotive engines , to 45 percent for a supercritical coal-fired power station , to about 60 percent for a steam-cooled combined cycle gas turbine .	The efficiency of various heat engines proposed or used today ranges from 3 percent ( 97 percent waste heat ) for the OTEC ocean power proposal through 25 percent for most automotive engines , to 45 percent for a supercritical coal plant , to about 60 percent for a steam-cooled combined cycle gas turbine .
Heat engines are often confused with the cycles they attempt to mimic .	Real heat engines are often confused with the ideal engines or cycles they attempt to mimic .
Since very few actual implementations of heat engines exactly match their underlying thermodynamic cycles , one could say that a thermodynamic cycle is an ideal case of a mechanical engine .	One could say that the thermodynamic cycle is an ideal case of the mechanical engine .
In general terms , the larger the difference in temperature between the hot source and the cold sink , the larger is the potential thermal efficiency of the cycle .	In general terms , the larger the difference in temperature between the hot source and the cold sink , the more efficient the cycle or engine .
In general an engine converts energy to mechanical work .	In engineering and thermodynamics , a heat engine converts heat energy to mechanical work by using the temperature difference between a hot `` source '' and a cold `` sink '' .
On Earth , the cold side of any heat engine is limited to being close to the ambient temperature of the environment , or not much lower than 300 Kelvin , so most efforts to improve the thermodynamic efficiencies of various heat engines focus on increasing the temperature of the source , within material limits .	On Earth , the cold side of any heat engine is limited to the air temperature of the place where the engine is .
In thermodynamics , a heat engine is a system that performs the conversion of heat or thermal energy to mechanical energy which can then be used to do mechanical work .	A heat engine is a device that converts heat into mechanical motion that can be used to do work .
In these cycles and engines the working fluid is always a gas ( i.e. , there is no phase change ) : In these cycles and engines the working fluid are always like liquid : A domestic refrigerator is an example of a heat pump : a heat engine in reverse .	Examples of everyday heat engines include : the steam engine , the diesel engine , and the gasoline ( petrol ) engine in an automobile .
It gives its name to several local landmarks , including Charing Cross railway station , one of the main London rail terminals .	The cross also gave its name to Charing Cross Hospital , Charing Cross bridge and Charing Cross Road .
Alice Liddell married Reginald Hargreaves , also a cricketer , on 15 September 1880 , at the age of 28 in Westminster Abbey .	She married Reginald Hargreaves in Westminster Abbey in 1880 .
She married a cricketer , Reginald Hargreaves , and they had three sons .	She had three sons .
Alice Liddell was the fourth child of Henry Liddell , Dean of Christ Church , Oxford , and his wife Lorina Hanna Liddell ( née Reeve ) .	Alice was born in Westminster , London , one of ten children of Henry Liddell and his wife Lorina .
However , Zip disk housings were much thicker than those of floppy disks .	Zip disks are thicker than 3.5 '' ( 9 cm ) floppy disks .
This article refers to the drive that reads and writes Zip floppy disks .	Nevertheless , zip disks are quite similar in appearance to regular floppy disks .
The Zip drive is a medium-capacity removable floppy disk storage system that was introduced by Iomega in late 1994 .	The Zip drive is a data storage device .
Other common names are long-tailed field mouse , field mouse , common field mouse , and European wood mouse .	( 3 ) Field mouse is the name for a large group of mice in the UK but the real field mouse is the Long Tailed Field Mouse or wood mouse .
The wood mouse ( Apodemus sylvaticus ) is a common murid rodent from Europe and northwestern Africa .	The Wood Mouse ( Apodemus sylvaticus ) or Long-tailed Field Mouse is a common rodent .
Almost entirely nocturnal and terrestrial , wood mice burrow extensively , build nests of plants and live in buildings during harsh seasons .	Almost entirely nocturnal , field mice burrow extensively , digging a series of chambers and runs .
Yordy Reyna made his debut for Red Bull Slazburg in a friendly pre-season match where he had a spectacular performance and even scored the game winner .	Yordy Reyna played his first game for Red Bull Slazburg in a friendly match where he had a great performance and scored the game-winning goal .
In the summer of 2013 Yordy Reyna signed with the Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg for a rumored transfer fee of 2 million euros .	In 2013 , Yordy Reyna signed with the Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg for a fee of 2 million euros .
Yordy Reyna ( born 17 September 1993 ) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a striker for Red Bull Salzburg , in the Austrian Bundesliga .	Yordy Reyna ( born 17 September 1993 ) is a football player from Peru .
was released on March 25 , 2008 in the United States and Canada , as well as various other dates for other countries ( see release history ) .	It was released on March 25 , 2008 .
is the second studio album by the American rock band Panic !	is the second music album from the rock band Panic at the Disco .
Audie Leon Murphy was born the seventh of twelve children to Emmett Berry Murphy and his wife Josie Bell Killian on June 20 , 1925 , in Kingston , Hunt County , Texas .	His was the son of Berry Emmett Murphy and Josie Bell Killian .
Audie Leon Murphy ( June 20 , 1925 - May 28 , 1971 ) was one of the most decorated American combat soldiers of World War II .	Audie Leon Murphy ( June 20 , 1924 in Kingston , Hunt County , Texas - May 28 , 1971 Brush Mountain near Roanoke , Virginia ) , was an American actor and military person who fought during World War II .
For his actions that day he was awarded the Medal of Honor .	He was given the Medal of Honor .
He made guest appearances on celebrity television shows and starred in the series Whispering Smith .	Murphy also had a television series Whispering Smith ( 1961 ) .
The Murphys were sharecroppers of Irish descent .	Murphy was of Irish descent .
In addition to `` This Diamond Ring '' his hits include `` Count Me In '' ( the only non-British Commonwealth record in the Hot 100 's Top 10 on 8 May 1965 , at # 2 ) , `` Save Your Heart for Me '' ( # 2 ) , `` Everybody Loves A Clown '' ( # 4 ) , `` She 's Just My Style '' ( # 3 ) , `` Sure Gon na Miss Her '' ( # 9 ) , and `` Green Grass '' ( # 8 ) .	Lewis and his band had several hit records during the 1960s , including `` This Diamond Ring '' , `` She 's Just My Style '' , `` Save Your Heart For Me '' , `` Count Me In '' , and `` Everybody Loves A Clown '' .
Gary Lewis ( born Gary Harold Lee Levitch , July 31 , 1946 in Los Angeles , California ) is an American musician who was the leader of Gary Lewis & the Playboys .	Gary Lewis ( born Gary Harold Lee Levitch on July 31 , 1945 in Newark , New Jersey ) is an American musician , and the son of actor\/director and comedian Jerry Lewis .
Lewis was Cash Box magazine 's 1965 `` Male Vocalist of the Year . ''	Lewis was also the band 's lead singer .
This stellar system is currently one of the most massive that can be studied in great detail .	This stellar system is currently one of the most massive that can be studied in detail .
Eta Carinae 's chief significance for astrophysics is based on its giant eruption or supernova impostor event , which was observed around 1843 .	Eta Carinae 's chief significance for astrophysics is based on its giant eruption , which was observed around 1843 .
The Eta Carinae system is enclosed in the Homunculus Nebula , in turn a part of the much larger Carina Nebula , and currently has a combined bolometric luminosity of over five million times the Sun 's .	The Eta Carinae system is enclosed in the Homunculus Nebula , itself part of the much larger Carina Nebula , and currently has a combined luminosity of over five million times the Sun 's .
Stars that are more than 120 solar masses exceed the theoretical Eddington limit , and their gravity is barely strong enough to hold in their radiation and gas .	Stars over 120 solar masses exceed the Eddington limit , and their gravity is barely strong enough to hold in their radiation and gas .
A hot supergiant of approximately 30 solar masses orbits the primary , although an enormous thick red nebula surrounding Eta Carinae optically conceals this companion .	A hot supergiant of approximately 30 solar masses is in orbit around the primary , although an enormous thick red nebula surrounding Eta Carinae makes it impossible to see this companion optically .
Eta Carinae ( η Carinae or η Car ) is a stellar system in the constellation Carina , about 7,500 to 8,000 light-years from the Sun .	Eta Carinae ( η Carinae or η Car ) is a superbright hypergiant star in the constellation Carina , about 7,500 to 8,000 light-years from the Sun .
Other known massive stars are more luminous and more massive .	There are other massive stars which are known to be are more luminous and more massive .
Much of this radiation is absorbed by the primary stellar wind , mainly after it encounters the secondary wind and passes through a shock wave .	Much of this radiation is absorbed by the primary stellar wind .
They are assumed to approach ( or potentially exceed ) the Eddington limit , i.e. , the outward pressure of their radiation is almost strong enough to counteract gravity .	That means the outward pressure of their radiation is almost strong enough to counteract gravity .
Stars in the mass class of Eta Carinae produce more than a million times as much light as the Sun .	Stars like Eta Carinae produce over a million times as much light as the Sun .
`` I did n't copy the accident , '' Lennon said .	Lennon said , `` I did n't copy the accident .
Lennon had a problem with the words of the final verse , however , not being able to think of how to connect `` Now they know how many holes it takes to '' and `` the Albert Hall '' .	However , he had a problem with the words of the final verse , not being able to think of how to connect `` Now they know how many holes it takes to '' and `` the Albert Hall '' .
McCartney had written the piece as a wistful recollection of his younger years , which included riding the bus to school , smoking , and going to class .	He had written the piece as a wistful recollection of his younger years , which included riding the bus to school , smoking , and going to class .
`` Tara did n't blow his mind out , but it was in my mind when I was writing that verse .	Tara did n't blow his mind out , but it was in my mind when I was writing that verse .
McCartney provided the middle section of the song , a short piano piece he had been working on independently , with lyrics about a commuter whose uneventful morning routine leads him to drift off into a dream .	McCartney provided the fourth verse of the song , a short piano piece he had been working on by himself , with lyrics about a commuter whose uneventful morning routine leads him to drift off into a dream .
His friend Terry Doran , managing director of Apple , suggested that they would `` fill '' the Albert Hall .	His friend Terry Doran suggested that they would `` fill '' the Albert Hall .
On the evening following the orchestra recording session , the four Beatles had recorded an ending of their voices humming the chord , but after multiple overdubs they wanted something with more impact .	The piano chord was a replacement for a failed vocal experiment : on the evening following the orchestra recording session , the four Beatles had recorded an ending of their voices humming the chord , but after multiple overdubs they wanted something with more impact .
`` A Day in the Life '' is the final song on the Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band album .	`` A Day in the Life '' is a song by the English rock group The Beatles , the last song on the group 's 1967 album Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band .
According to Lennon , the inspiration for the first two verses was the death of Tara Browne , the 21-year-old heir to the Guinness fortune who had crashed his Lotus Elan on 18 December 1966 in Redcliffe Gardens , Earls Court .	Many people think that the first verse was written about the death of Tara Browne , the 21-year-old heir to the Guinness fortune and close friend of Lennon and McCartney , who had crashed his Lotus Elan on 18 December 1966 when a Volkswagen pulled out of a side street into his path in Redcliffe Gardens , Earls Court .
Following the final orchestral crescendo , the song ends with one of the most famous final chords in music history .	Following the final orchestral climax , the song ends with one of the most famous final chords in music history .
In Many Years from Now , McCartney said about the line `` I 'd love to turn you on '' , which concludes both verse sections : `` This was the time of Tim Leary 's ` Turn on , tune in , drop out ' and we wrote , ` I 'd love to turn you on . '	The line `` I 'd love to turn you on '' , which concludes both verse sections , was , according to Lennon , also contributed by McCartney ; Lennon said `` I had the bulk of the song and the words , but he contributed this little lick floating around in his head that he could n't use for anything . ''
The Common Buzzard ( Buteo buteo ) is a medium-to-large bird of prey , whose range covers most of Europe and extends into Asia .	The Common Buzzard ( Buteo buteo ) is a bird of prey .
A great opportunist , it adapts well to a varied diet of pheasant , rabbit , other small mammals to medium mammals , snakes and lizards , and can often be seen walking over recently ploughed fields looking for worms and insects .	It can be seen walking over recently ploughed fields looking for worms and insects .
`` There Goes My Baby '' is a song by American recording artist Usher .	`` There Goes My Baby '' is a song by American singer Usher .
It was written by James Scheffer , Frank Romano , Danny Morris , and Rico Love , with the latter producing the song with Jim Jonsin .	It was written by James Scheffer , Frank Romano , Danny Morris , and Rico Love .
The song earned Usher a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance , at the 53rd Grammy Awards in 2011 .	The song won a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance , at the 53rd Grammy Awards in 2011 .
The group 's second album , Doll Domination , was released on September 19 , 2008 .	They made their second album in 2008 , Doll Domination .
Bachar 's departure from the group preceded the release of their sophomore and final studio album Doll Domination , which contains the worldwide hits `` When I Grow Up '' , `` I Hate This Part '' and `` Jai Ho !	This album included the singles `` When I Grow Up '' , `` I Hate This Part '' and `` Jai Ho !
After attracting media attention , Antin negotiated a record deal with Interscope Records in 2003 turning the group into a music franchise comprising Nicole Scherzinger , Carmit Bachar , Ashley Roberts , Jessica Sutta , Melody Thornton and Kimberly Wyatt .	By 2005 the group was lead singer Nicole Scherzinger , with Melody Thornton , Jessica Sutta , Ashley Roberts , Kimberly Wyatt and Carmit Bachar .
The Pussycat Dolls were an American pop girl group and dance ensemble , founded in Los Angeles , California , by choreographer Robin Antin in 1995 as a burlesque troupe .	The Pussycat Dolls ( sometimes called PCD ) is an American pop-R & B girl group and dance group started by choreographer Robin Antin .
Training has specific goals of improving one 's capability , capacity , productivity and performance .	It is specific and done to improve one 's capability , capacity , and performance ; see , e.g. , strength training or flexibility training .

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