gowitheflow/embedding-datasets · Datasets at Hugging Face

sentence1 stringlengths 1 8.54k	sentence2 stringlengths 1 15.9k ⌀
Forward contracts for example , were used for rice in seventeenth century Japan .	Although more complex today , early `` Forward '' contracts for example , were used for rice in seventeenth century Japan .
Similar specifications apply for cotton , orange juice , cocoa , sugar , wheat , corn , barley , pork bellies , milk , feedstuffs , fruits , vegetables , other grains , other beans , hay , other livestock , meats , poultry , eggs , or any other commodity which is so traded .	Similar specifications apply for orange juice , cocoa , sugar , wheat , corn , barley , pork bellies , milk , feedstuffs , fruits , vegetables , other grains , other beans , hay , other livestock , meats , poultry , eggs , or any other commodity which is so traded .
Oil was the first form of energy to be widely traded .	Oil was the first form of energy so widely traded , and the fluctuations in the oil markets are of particular political interest .
Reputation and clearing became central concerns , and states that could handle them most effectively developed powerful financial centers .	Reputation and clearing became central concerns , and the states which could handle them most effectively became very powerful empires , trusted by many peoples to manage and mediate trade and commerce .
Some commodity market speculation is directly related to the stability of certain states , e.g. , Iraq , Bahrain , Iran , Venezuela and many others .	Some commodity market speculation is directly related to the stability of certain states , e.g. during the Gulf War , speculation on the survival of the regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq .
Early civilizations variously used pigs , rare seashells , or other items as commodity money .	Historically , dating from ancient Sumerian use of sheep or goats , or other peoples using pigs , rare seashells , or other items as commodity money , people have sought ways to standardize and trade contracts in the delivery of such items , to render trade itself more smooth and predictable .
Most commodities markets are not so tied to the politics of volatile regions .	Most markets are not so tied to the politics of volatile regions - even natural gas tends to be more stable , as it is not traded across oceans by tanker as extensively .
Commodity-based money and commodity markets in a crude early form are believed to have originated in Sumer between 4500 BC and 4000 BC .	Commodity money and commodity markets in a crude early form are believed to have originated in Sumer where small baked clay tokens in the shape of sheep or goats were used in trade .
A commodity market is a market that trades in primary rather than manufactured products .	Commodity markets are markets where raw or primary products are exchanged .
Sumerians first used clay tokens sealed in a clay vessel , then clay writing tablets to represent the amount-for example , the number of goats , to be delivered .	Sealed in clay vessels with a certain number of such tokens , with that number written on the outside , they represented a promise to deliver that number .
These promises of time and date of delivery resemble futures contract .	However , they were also known to contain promises of time and date of delivery - this made them like a modern futures contract .
Those diplomatic efforts to normalise the relations initiated by Armenia have faltered .	However those diplomatic efforts to normalise the relations have stopped , as Armenia suspended the process .
Ludwig von Brenner ( 19 September 1833 - 9 February 1902 ) was a German conductor and composer .	Ludwig von Brenner ( born Leipzig , 19 September 1833 ; died 9 February 1902 ) was a German conductor and composer .
In 1882 he became the first conductor of the newly established Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra , leading its Berlin debut concert on October 17 of that year .	In 1882 he became the first conductor of a new orchestra , the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra , which was soon to become one of the world 's best orchestras .
In 1872 he returned to Germany , conducting an orchestra known as the Berlin Symphony Orchestra before establishing his own Neue Berliner Symphoniekapelle in 1876 .	He then started an orchestra called Neue Berliner Symphoniekapelle .
He was born in Leipzig , and studied at Leipzig conservatoire , later going to Saint Petersburg to play in the court orchestra of the Tsar .	He went to Saint Petersburg to play in the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra .
Coastal lagoons , river mouths , and other low-salinity estuaries are common nursery habitats .	Coastal lagoons , river mouths , and estuaries with low salt contents are common nursery habitats .
The second dorsal fin is smaller than the first .	The second dorsal fin is noticeably smaller .
The bull shark 's diet consists mainly of bony fish and sharks , including other bull sharks , but can also include turtles , birds , dolphins , terrestrial mammals , crustaceans , echinoderms , and stingrays .	Bull sharks are also been known to feed on sea turtles , dolphins , crabs , shrimp , sea birds , squid , terrestrial mammals , echinoderms , and crustaceans .
Bull sharks have been known to use the bump-and-bite technique to attack their prey .	Although the Bull shark has no real predators , young Bull sharks have been known to fall prey to Tiger sharks , Sandbar sharks , and even adult Bull sharks .
The bull shark prefers coastal water which is less than 100 feet in depth .	The Bull shark likes to live in shallow coastal waters less than 100 feet deep ( 30 metres ) , but ranges from 3-450 feet deep ( 1-135 metres ) .
The bull shark is known to populate the Indian River .	Bull sharks have been known to be very aggressive towards humans .
The bull shark is commonly found worldwide in coastal areas of warm oceans , in rivers and lakes , and occasionally salt and freshwater streams if they are deep enough .	The Bull shark is found in tropical and subtropical coastal waters worldwide as well as in many river systems and some freshwater lakes .
Unlike most sharks though , the bull shark does not rear their young like other sharks , the young bull sharks are born into flat , protected areas .	Bull sharks have a very sturdy body , and have a blunt , rounded snout , giving the Bull shark it 's name .
It can live in water with a high salt content as in St. Lucia Estuary in South Africa .	They can also live in waters with high salt contents ; as high as 53 parts per thousand .
Unlike the first-generation Kindle , Kindle 2 does not have a slot for SD memory cards .	Unlike the original Kindle , Kindle 2 does not have a slot for memory cards .
To promote the new Kindle , author Stephen King made UR , his then-new novella , available exclusively through the Kindle Store .	To promote the new Kindle , author Stephen King has made his new book named `` UR '' only available through Kindle .
By Amazon 's estimates , the Kindle 2 can hold about 1,500 non-illustrated books .	Amazon estimates that the Kindle 2 will hold about 1500 books .
The device remained out of stock for five months until late April 2008 .	Amazon 's first offering of Kindle sold out in five and a half hours and the device remained out of stock until late April 2008 .
On July 8 , 2009 , Amazon reduced price of the Kindle 2 from the original $ 359 to $ 299 .	On February 9 , 2009 , Amazon announced the Kindle 2 , which became available for purchase on February 23 , 2009 for the price of $ 359 , and lowered on July 8 , 2009 for $ 299 .
According to an early review by iFixIt , the Kindle 2 features a Freescale 532 MHz , ARM-11 90 nm processor , 32 MB main memory , 2 GB moviNAND flash memory and a 3.7 V 1,530 mAh lithium polymer battery .	According to an early review by website iFixIt , the new Kindle 2 features a 532 MHz 90 nm processor , 2GB main memory , and 1530 mAh lithium polymer battery .
The Kindle 2 features a text-to-speech option to read the text aloud , and 2 GB of internal memory of which 1.4 GB is user-accessible .	The Kindle 2 has 2 GB of internal memory .
Plans for a launch in the UK and other European countries were delayed by problems with signing up suitable wireless network operators .	Amazon does not sell the Kindle outside the United States as Whispernet only works in the U.S. Plans for a launch in the UK and other European countries are being delayed by problems with signing up suitable Wi-Fi operators .
Ramy Ayach ( Arabic : رامي عياش ) ( born Ramy Abu Ayach , رامي ابوعياش , on August 18 , 1980 in Baakleen , Lebanon ) , is a songwriter , composer , and instrumentalist .	Ramy Ayach ( Arabic : رامي عياش ) is a Lebanese singer .
Then the hypotenuse itself is the integer so ( a , b , c ) is a Pythagorean triple .	Then they are named a `` pythagorean triple '' .
However without this part proven , there was no actual proof of Fermat 's Last Theorem .	Fermat 's Last Theorem is a more general form of the equation : .
Following this strategy , a proof of Fermat 's Last Theorem required two steps .	The proof was very difficult to find , and Fermat 's Last Theorem needed lots of time to be solved .
The region around Mazar-i-Sharif has been historically part of Greater Khorasan and was controlled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Ilkhanates , Timurids , and Khanate of Bukhara .	The region around Mazar-e-Sharif has been historically part of Greater Khorasan and was controlled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Ilkhanates , Timurids , and Khanate of Bukhara .
There are also NATO-led peacekeeping forces in and around the city providing assistance to the Afghan government .	There are also NATO peacekeeping forces in and around the city providing assistance to the Afghan government .
On April 1 , 2011 , as many as ten foreign employees working for United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan ( UNAMA ) were killed by angry demonstrators in the city ( see 2011 Mazar-i-Sharif attack ) .	On April 1 , 2011 , as many as ten foreign employees working for United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan ( UNAMA ) were killed by angry demonstrators in the city .
The Taliban 's defeat in Mazar quickly turned into a rout from the rest of the north and west of Afghanistan .	The Taliban 's defeat in Mazar quickly turned into defeat from the rest of the north and west of Afghanistan .
As many as 3,000 Taliban fighters who surrendered were reportedly massacred by the Northern Alliance after the battle , and reports also place U.S. ground troops at the scene of the massacre .	As many as 2,000 Taliban fighters who surrendered were reportedly massacred by the Northern Alliance after the battle .
Following 9\/11 , Mazar-i-Sharif was the first Afghan city to fall to the U.S.-backed Northern Alliance ( United Front ) .	Following 9\/11 , Mazar Sharif was the first Afghan city to fall to the Northern Alliance ( United Front ) .
The city also serves as one of the many tourist attractions because of its famous shrines as well as the Muslim and Hellenistic archeological sites .	The city is a major tourist attraction in Afghanistan because of its famous shrines as well as the Muslim and Hellenistic archeological sites .
In retaliation for this incident , other shocked and furious Taliban came to the city on August 8 , 1998 , and led a six-day killing frenzy of Hazaras .	The Taliban returned on August 8 , 1998 and led a six-day killing frenzy of Hazaras .
It is the capital of Balkh province and is linked by highways with Kunduz in the east , Kabul in the southeast , Herat in the west and Uzbekistan in the north .	It is linked by roads to Kunduz in the east , Kabul in the south-east , Herat to the west and Uzbekistan to the north .
Soon after , the city was surrendered and taken over by the Taliban .	Soon after , the city was occupied and taken over by the Taliban .
Mazar-i-Sharif or Mazar-e-Sharif ( Persian\/Pashto : مزارِ شریف , ˌmæˈzɒːr ˌi ʃæˈriːf ) is the fourth-largest city of Afghanistan , with a population of about 375,000 as of 2006 .	Mazār-i-Sharīf or Mazār-e Sharīf ( Persian\/Pashto : مزارِ شریف , ˌmæˈzɒːr ˌi ʃæˈriːf ) is the fourth-largest city of Afghanistan .
After the Battle of Mazar-i-Sharif in November 2001 , the city was officially captured by forces of the Northern Alliance .	On November 9 , 2001 the city was captured by the Afghan Northern Alliance forces after the Battle of Mazar e Sharif with help from the United States Special Operations Forces and bombing by U.S. Air Force aircraft .
During the 1980s Soviet war , Mazar-i-Sharif was a strategic base for the Soviet Army as they used its airport to launch air strikes on Afghan mujahideen .	During the 1980s Soviet war , Mazari Sharif was a strategic base for the Soviet Army .
The demonstration was organized in retaliation to pastors Terry Jones and Wayne Sapp 's March 21 Qur ` an-burning in Florida , United States .	The demonstration was organized in retaliation to the March 21 Qur ` an-burning in Florida , United States .
Mazar-i-Sharif remained peaceful for the next one hundred years until 1979 , when then neighboring Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan .	In 1979 then neighboring Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan .
The 1961 Stanley Cup Final was contested by the Detroit Red Wings and the Chicago Blackhawks .	The 1961 Stanley Cup Final was played by the Detroit Red Wings and the Chicago Blackhawks .
However , this proved to be the last time Chicago won the Cup until 2010 , a 49 year drought .	This ended up being the last time Chicago won the Cup until 2010 , a 49 year drought .
The Blackhawks would win the best-of-seven series four games to two to win their third Stanley Cup , their first since 1938 .	The Blackhawks won the best-of-seven series four games to two , winning their third Stanley Cup .
Freshwater ecoregions are distinct from terrestrial ecoregions , which identify biotic communities of the land , and marine ecoregions , which are biotic communities of the oceans .	Freshwater ecoregions are distinct from terrestrial ecoregions , which have biotic communities of the land , and marine ecoregions , which are biotic communities of the oceans .
Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water , and contain characteristic , geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species .	Ecoregions cover relatively large area of land or water , and contain characteristic , geographically distinct natural communities and species .
The Global 200 classification of marine ecoregions is not developed to the same level of detail and comprehensiveness as that of the terrestrial ecoregions ; only the priority conservation areas are listed .	The classification of Marine ecoregions is not developed to the same level of detail and comprehensiveness as that of the terrestrial ecoregions ; only the priority conservation areas of the Global 200 are listed .
See Global 200 Marine ecoregions for a full list of marine ecoregions .	See Global 200 Marine ecoregions for a full list of marine ecoregions ( World Wide Fund for Nature ) .
Major habitat types are identified : polar , temperate shelves and seas , temperate upwelling , tropical upwelling , tropical coral , pelagic ( trades and westerlies ) , abyssal , and hadal ( ocean trench ) .	Major habitat types are identified : polar , temperate shelfs and seas , temperate upwelling , tropical upwelling , tropical coral , pelagic , abyssal , and hadal ( ocean trench ) - which correspond to the terrestrial biomes .
WWF has identified 867 terrestrial ecoregions , and approximately 450 freshwater ecoregions across the Earth .	The WWF has identified 825 terrestrial ecoregions , and approximately 450 freshwater ecoregions across the Earth .
Major biogeographic realms , analogous to the eight terrestrial ecozones , represent large regions of the ocean basins : Arctic , Temperate Northern Atlantic , Temperate Northern Pacific , Tropical Atlantic , Western Indo-Pacific , Central Indo-Pacific , Eastern Indo-Pacific , Tropical Eastern Pacific , Temperate South America , Temperate Southern Africa , Temperate Australasia , Southern Ocean .	Major biogeographic realms , analogous to the seven terrestrial ecozones , represent large regions of the ocean basins : North Temperate Atlantic , Eastern Tropical Atlantic , Western Tropical Atlantic , South Temperate Atlantic , North Temperate Indo-Pacific , Central Indo-Pacific , Eastern Indo-Pacific , Western Indo-Pacific , South Temperate Indo-Pacific , Southern Ocean , Antarctic , Arctic , and Mediterranean .
The `` Global 200 '' is the list of ecoregions identified by WWF as priorities for conservation .	-- World Wide Fund for Nature - Ecoregions The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) as priorities for conservation .
The WWF classification defines an ecoregion as : According to WWF , the boundaries of an ecoregion approximate the original extent of the natural communities prior to any major recent disruptions or changes .	When defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) , the boundaries of an ecoregion approximate the original extent of the natural communities prior to any major recent disruptions or changes .
Freshwater systems include rivers , streams , lakes , and wetlands .	Freshwater ecoregions are the freshwater habitats of a particular geographic area , including rivers , streams , lakes , and wetlands .
World Wildlife Fund ( WWF ) identifies twelve major habitat types of freshwater ecoregions : Large lakes , large river deltas , polar freshwaters , montane freshwaters , temperate coastal rivers , temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands , temperate upland rivers , tropical and subtropical coastal rivers , tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and wetlands , tropical and subtropical upland rivers , xeric freshwaters and endorheic basins , and oceanic islands .	The WWF speaks of seven major habitat types of freshwater ecoregions : Large rivers , large river headwaters , large river deltas , small rivers , large lakes , small lakes , and xeric basins .
The Andromeda Galaxy is estimated to be 7.1 × 1011 solar masses .	Andromeda is estimated to be 7.1 × 1011 solar masses .
Although it appears more than six times as wide as the full Moon when photographed through a larger telescope , only the brighter central region is visible to the naked eye or when viewed using binoculars or a small telescope .	Although it appears more than six times as wide as the full Moon when photographed through a larger telescope , only the brighter central region is visible to the naked eye .
In comparison a 2009 study estimated that the Milky Way and M31 are about equal in mass , while a 2006 study put the mass of the Milky Way at ~ 80 % of the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy .	In comparison , a 2009 study estimated that the Milky Way and Andromeda are about equal in mass , while a 2006 study put the mass of the Milky Way at ~ 80 % of the mass of Andromeda .
Although the largest , the Andromeda Galaxy may not be the most massive , as recent findings suggest that the Milky Way contains more dark matter and could be the most massive in the grouping .	Recent findings suggest that the Milky Way contains more dark matter and may be the most massive in the grouping .
At 3.4 , the apparent magnitude of Andromeda Galaxy is one of the brightest of that of any Messier object , making it visible to the naked eye on moonless nights even when viewed from areas with moderate light pollution .	At an apparent magnitude of 3.4 , the Andromeda Galaxy is notable for being one of the brightest Messier objects , making it visible to the naked eye on moonless nights even when viewed from areas with moderate light pollution .
The Andromeda Galaxy is the nearest spiral galaxy to our Milky Way galaxy , but not the nearest galaxy overall .	The Andromeda Galaxy is the nearest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way , our galaxy .
The 2006 observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed that M31 contains one trillion ( 1012 ) stars : at least twice the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy , which is estimated to be 200-400 billion .	The 2006 observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed that M31 contains a trillion stars ( 1012 ) .
The Andromeda Galaxy is the largest galaxy of the Local Group , which also contains the Milky Way , the Triangulum Galaxy , and about 30 other smaller galaxies .	Andromeda is the largest galaxy of the Local Group , which consists of the Andromeda Galaxy , the Milky Way Galaxy , the Triangulum Galaxy , and about 30 other smaller galaxies .
The ecosystem supports the largest numbers of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Victoria and is a stronghold for Brush-tailed Phascogales , Yellow-footed Antechinuses and Squirrel Gliders .	The forest supports the largest numbers of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Victoria and is a stronghold for Brush-tailed Phascogales , Yellow-footed Antechinuses and Squirrel Gliders .
Small herbs and shrubs most abundant in , or largely restricted to , Box-Ironbark forests include Cheiranthera cyanaea , Philotheca verrucosa , Xerochrysum viscosum , Pultenaea largiflorens , Acacia williamsonii and Stuartina muelleri .	Small herbs and shrubs found in Box-Ironbark forests include Cheiranthera cyanaea , Philotheca verrucosa , Xerochrysum viscosum , Pultenaea largiflorens , Acacia williamsonii and Stuartina muelleri .
Consequently there are both more species , and greater numbers of individuals , of honeyeaters and lorikeets than in any other ecosystem .	This means there are both more species , and greater numbers of individuals , of honeyeaters and lorikeets than in any other ecosystem .
Nectar and pollen feeding birds such as the Black-chinned , Regent , Fuscous and Brown-headed Honeyeaters , Swift Parrots and Musk Lorikeets are all more abundant in Box-Ironbark forests than elsewhere .	These birds include Black-chinned , Regent , Fuscous and Brown-headed Honeyeaters , Swift Parrots and Musk Lorikeets .
Box-Ironbark forest is a forest or woodland ecosystem that is largely limited to central Victoria in south-eastern Australia .	Box-Ironbark forest is a forest or woodland ecosystem found in central Victoria in south-eastern Australia .
About 40 % of the area formerly supporting the ecosystem in Victoria is public land with less than 20 % protected in conservation reserves .	About 40 % of the original forest ecosystem in Victoria is public land , with about 20 % protected in conservation reserves .
Because the trees of the Box-Ironbark forest are such prolific flowerers and nectar producers , they are a major source of nectar and pollen for honeyeaters , lorikeets and many kinds of invertebrates .	They are a major source of nectar and pollen for honeyeaters , lorikeets and many kinds of invertebrates .
Box-Ironbark forest is found on rocky , often auriferous ( gold-bearing ) , soils , in flat and undulating landscapes at altitudes of 150-600 m above sea level , and with an average annual rainfall of 500-800 mm .	Box-Ironbark forest is found on rocky , often auriferous ( gold-bearing ) , soils , in flat and undulating landscapes at altitudes of 150-600 m above sea level .
Because Box-Ironbark forest lies mainly within the Goldfields region of Victoria , during the main years of the gold rush ( 1851-1870 ) it underwent intensive digging and clearing in the goldfields , accompanied by extensive timber cutting for infrastructure and firewood in surrounding areas .	During the main years of the gold rush ( 1851-1870 ) it underwent intensive digging and clearing in the goldfields .
After the gold rush subsided the forests were still heavily cut for firewood and cleared for pasture .	After the gold rush , the forests were still heavily cut for firewood and cleared for farming .
Box-Ironbark forest is characterised by a canopy of box , ironbark and gum-barked eucalypts , growing to 25 m in height , over a sparse understorey of wattles , small-leaved and prostrate shrubs , herbs and grasses .	Box-Ironbark forest has a canopy of box , ironbark and gum-barked eucalypts , growing to 25 m in height .
Because its component tree species produce abundant nectar and pollen throughout the year , it is important for the conservation of many species of birds and other animals .	This is important for the conservation of many species of birds and other animals .
It is also the only Australian mammal restricted to alpine habitat .	It is also the only Australian mammal restricted to an alpine habitat .
Its diet consists of insects ( such as the Bogong Moth ) , fleshy fruits , nuts , nectar and seeds .	Its diet consists of insects , fleshy fruits , nuts , nectar and seeds .
This possum is the only extant species in the Burramys genus .	This possum is a Lazarus taxon , and the only living species in the Burramys genus .
Burramys parvus , the mountain pygmy possum , is a small rodent-like marsupial .	The Mountain Pygmy Possum ( Burramys parvus ) is a small , mouse-sized ( weighs 45 g ) nocturnal marsupial of Australia .
At almost 14 cm ( 5.5 in ) , its prehensile tail is longer than its 11 cm ( 4.3 in ) combined head and body length .	Its prehensile tail , at ~ 14 cm , is longer than its 11 cm head and body length .
The first church of Benrath was constructed in 1002 .	The first church of Benrath was built in 1002 .
It has an area of 5.90 km2 and 15,900 inhabitants .	It has an area of 5.90 km ² and 15,900 inhabitants .
Benrath ( German pronunciation : ( ˈbɛnʁaːt ) ) is a part of Düsseldorf in the south of the city .	Benrath is a part of Düsseldorf .
Benrath station is a stop for Regional-Express trains .	There is a railway station in Benrath ( Benrath Railway Station ) .
The Schloss Benrath ( Benrath Castle ) is one of the greatest baroque castles in Germany .	The Benrath Castle is one of the largest castles from baroque time in Germany .
In biology , a strain is a low-level taxonomic rank used in three related ways .	In biology , strain is a low-level taxonomic rank used in three related ways .
As an example , some rice strains are made by inserting new genetic material into a rice plant , all the descendants of the genetically modified rice plant are a strain with a unique genetic code that is passed on to later generations ; the strain designation , which is normally a number or a formal name , covers all the plants that descend from the originally modified plant .	As an example , some rice strains are made by inserting new genetic material into a rice plant , all the descendants of the genetically modified rice plant are a strain with a unique genetic code that is passed on to later generations ; the strain designation , which is normally a number or a formal name , covers all the plants that descent from the originally modified plant .
A strain is a designated group of offspring that are descended from a modified plant produced by conventional breeding by biotechnological means or result from genetic mutation .	A strain is a designated group of offspring that have descended from a modified plant , produced ether by conventional breeding or by biotechnological means or result from genetic mutation .
The rice plants in the strain can be bred to other rice strains or cultivars , and if desirable plants are produced , these are further bred to stabilize the desirable traits ; the stabilized plants that can be propagated and `` come true '' ( remain identical to the parent plant ) are given a cultivar name and released into production to be used by farmers .	The rice plants in the strain can be breed to other rice strains or cultivars , and if desirable plants are produced , these are further breed to stabilize the desirable traits ; the stabilized plants that can be propagated and come true , are given a cultivar name and released into production to be used by farmers .

Forward contracts for example , were used for rice in seventeenth century Japan .

Although more complex today , early `` Forward '' contracts for example , were used for rice in seventeenth century Japan .

Similar specifications apply for cotton , orange juice , cocoa , sugar , wheat , corn , barley , pork bellies , milk , feedstuffs , fruits , vegetables , other grains , other beans , hay , other livestock , meats , poultry , eggs , or any other commodity which is so traded .

Similar specifications apply for orange juice , cocoa , sugar , wheat , corn , barley , pork bellies , milk , feedstuffs , fruits , vegetables , other grains , other beans , hay , other livestock , meats , poultry , eggs , or any other commodity which is so traded .

Oil was the first form of energy to be widely traded .

Oil was the first form of energy so widely traded , and the fluctuations in the oil markets are of particular political interest .

Reputation and clearing became central concerns , and states that could handle them most effectively developed powerful financial centers .

Reputation and clearing became central concerns , and the states which could handle them most effectively became very powerful empires , trusted by many peoples to manage and mediate trade and commerce .

Some commodity market speculation is directly related to the stability of certain states , e.g. , Iraq , Bahrain , Iran , Venezuela and many others .

Some commodity market speculation is directly related to the stability of certain states , e.g. during the Gulf War , speculation on the survival of the regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq .

Early civilizations variously used pigs , rare seashells , or other items as commodity money .

Historically , dating from ancient Sumerian use of sheep or goats , or other peoples using pigs , rare seashells , or other items as commodity money , people have sought ways to standardize and trade contracts in the delivery of such items , to render trade itself more smooth and predictable .

Most commodities markets are not so tied to the politics of volatile regions .

Most markets are not so tied to the politics of volatile regions - even natural gas tends to be more stable , as it is not traded across oceans by tanker as extensively .

Commodity-based money and commodity markets in a crude early form are believed to have originated in Sumer between 4500 BC and 4000 BC .

Commodity money and commodity markets in a crude early form are believed to have originated in Sumer where small baked clay tokens in the shape of sheep or goats were used in trade .

A commodity market is a market that trades in primary rather than manufactured products .

Commodity markets are markets where raw or primary products are exchanged .

Sumerians first used clay tokens sealed in a clay vessel , then clay writing tablets to represent the amount-for example , the number of goats , to be delivered .

Sealed in clay vessels with a certain number of such tokens , with that number written on the outside , they represented a promise to deliver that number .

These promises of time and date of delivery resemble futures contract .

However , they were also known to contain promises of time and date of delivery - this made them like a modern futures contract .

Those diplomatic efforts to normalise the relations initiated by Armenia have faltered .

However those diplomatic efforts to normalise the relations have stopped , as Armenia suspended the process .

Ludwig von Brenner ( 19 September 1833 - 9 February 1902 ) was a German conductor and composer .

Ludwig von Brenner ( born Leipzig , 19 September 1833 ; died 9 February 1902 ) was a German conductor and composer .

In 1882 he became the first conductor of the newly established Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra , leading its Berlin debut concert on October 17 of that year .

In 1882 he became the first conductor of a new orchestra , the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra , which was soon to become one of the world 's best orchestras .

In 1872 he returned to Germany , conducting an orchestra known as the Berlin Symphony Orchestra before establishing his own Neue Berliner Symphoniekapelle in 1876 .

He then started an orchestra called Neue Berliner Symphoniekapelle .

He was born in Leipzig , and studied at Leipzig conservatoire , later going to Saint Petersburg to play in the court orchestra of the Tsar .

He went to Saint Petersburg to play in the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra .

Coastal lagoons , river mouths , and other low-salinity estuaries are common nursery habitats .

Coastal lagoons , river mouths , and estuaries with low salt contents are common nursery habitats .

The second dorsal fin is smaller than the first .

The second dorsal fin is noticeably smaller .

The bull shark 's diet consists mainly of bony fish and sharks , including other bull sharks , but can also include turtles , birds , dolphins , terrestrial mammals , crustaceans , echinoderms , and stingrays .

Bull sharks are also been known to feed on sea turtles , dolphins , crabs , shrimp , sea birds , squid , terrestrial mammals , echinoderms , and crustaceans .

Bull sharks have been known to use the bump-and-bite technique to attack their prey .

Although the Bull shark has no real predators , young Bull sharks have been known to fall prey to Tiger sharks , Sandbar sharks , and even adult Bull sharks .

The bull shark prefers coastal water which is less than 100 feet in depth .

The Bull shark likes to live in shallow coastal waters less than 100 feet deep ( 30 metres ) , but ranges from 3-450 feet deep ( 1-135 metres ) .

The bull shark is known to populate the Indian River .

Bull sharks have been known to be very aggressive towards humans .

The bull shark is commonly found worldwide in coastal areas of warm oceans , in rivers and lakes , and occasionally salt and freshwater streams if they are deep enough .

The Bull shark is found in tropical and subtropical coastal waters worldwide as well as in many river systems and some freshwater lakes .

Unlike most sharks though , the bull shark does not rear their young like other sharks , the young bull sharks are born into flat , protected areas .

Bull sharks have a very sturdy body , and have a blunt , rounded snout , giving the Bull shark it 's name .

It can live in water with a high salt content as in St. Lucia Estuary in South Africa .

They can also live in waters with high salt contents ; as high as 53 parts per thousand .

Unlike the first-generation Kindle , Kindle 2 does not have a slot for SD memory cards .

Unlike the original Kindle , Kindle 2 does not have a slot for memory cards .

To promote the new Kindle , author Stephen King made UR , his then-new novella , available exclusively through the Kindle Store .

To promote the new Kindle , author Stephen King has made his new book named `` UR '' only available through Kindle .

By Amazon 's estimates , the Kindle 2 can hold about 1,500 non-illustrated books .

Amazon estimates that the Kindle 2 will hold about 1500 books .

The device remained out of stock for five months until late April 2008 .

Amazon 's first offering of Kindle sold out in five and a half hours and the device remained out of stock until late April 2008 .

On July 8 , 2009 , Amazon reduced price of the Kindle 2 from the original $ 359 to $ 299 .

On February 9 , 2009 , Amazon announced the Kindle 2 , which became available for purchase on February 23 , 2009 for the price of $ 359 , and lowered on July 8 , 2009 for $ 299 .

According to an early review by iFixIt , the Kindle 2 features a Freescale 532 MHz , ARM-11 90 nm processor , 32 MB main memory , 2 GB moviNAND flash memory and a 3.7 V 1,530 mAh lithium polymer battery .

According to an early review by website iFixIt , the new Kindle 2 features a 532 MHz 90 nm processor , 2GB main memory , and 1530 mAh lithium polymer battery .

The Kindle 2 features a text-to-speech option to read the text aloud , and 2 GB of internal memory of which 1.4 GB is user-accessible .

The Kindle 2 has 2 GB of internal memory .

Plans for a launch in the UK and other European countries were delayed by problems with signing up suitable wireless network operators .

Amazon does not sell the Kindle outside the United States as Whispernet only works in the U.S. Plans for a launch in the UK and other European countries are being delayed by problems with signing up suitable Wi-Fi operators .

Ramy Ayach ( Arabic : رامي عياش ) ( born Ramy Abu Ayach , رامي ابوعياش , on August 18 , 1980 in Baakleen , Lebanon ) , is a songwriter , composer , and instrumentalist .

Ramy Ayach ( Arabic : رامي عياش ) is a Lebanese singer .

Then the hypotenuse itself is the integer so ( a , b , c ) is a Pythagorean triple .

Then they are named a `` pythagorean triple '' .

However without this part proven , there was no actual proof of Fermat 's Last Theorem .

Fermat 's Last Theorem is a more general form of the equation : .

Following this strategy , a proof of Fermat 's Last Theorem required two steps .

The proof was very difficult to find , and Fermat 's Last Theorem needed lots of time to be solved .

The region around Mazar-i-Sharif has been historically part of Greater Khorasan and was controlled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Ilkhanates , Timurids , and Khanate of Bukhara .

The region around Mazar-e-Sharif has been historically part of Greater Khorasan and was controlled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Ilkhanates , Timurids , and Khanate of Bukhara .

There are also NATO-led peacekeeping forces in and around the city providing assistance to the Afghan government .

There are also NATO peacekeeping forces in and around the city providing assistance to the Afghan government .

On April 1 , 2011 , as many as ten foreign employees working for United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan ( UNAMA ) were killed by angry demonstrators in the city ( see 2011 Mazar-i-Sharif attack ) .

On April 1 , 2011 , as many as ten foreign employees working for United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan ( UNAMA ) were killed by angry demonstrators in the city .

The Taliban 's defeat in Mazar quickly turned into a rout from the rest of the north and west of Afghanistan .

The Taliban 's defeat in Mazar quickly turned into defeat from the rest of the north and west of Afghanistan .

As many as 3,000 Taliban fighters who surrendered were reportedly massacred by the Northern Alliance after the battle , and reports also place U.S. ground troops at the scene of the massacre .

As many as 2,000 Taliban fighters who surrendered were reportedly massacred by the Northern Alliance after the battle .

Following 9\/11 , Mazar-i-Sharif was the first Afghan city to fall to the U.S.-backed Northern Alliance ( United Front ) .

Following 9\/11 , Mazar Sharif was the first Afghan city to fall to the Northern Alliance ( United Front ) .

The city also serves as one of the many tourist attractions because of its famous shrines as well as the Muslim and Hellenistic archeological sites .

The city is a major tourist attraction in Afghanistan because of its famous shrines as well as the Muslim and Hellenistic archeological sites .

In retaliation for this incident , other shocked and furious Taliban came to the city on August 8 , 1998 , and led a six-day killing frenzy of Hazaras .

The Taliban returned on August 8 , 1998 and led a six-day killing frenzy of Hazaras .

It is the capital of Balkh province and is linked by highways with Kunduz in the east , Kabul in the southeast , Herat in the west and Uzbekistan in the north .

It is linked by roads to Kunduz in the east , Kabul in the south-east , Herat to the west and Uzbekistan to the north .

Soon after , the city was surrendered and taken over by the Taliban .

Soon after , the city was occupied and taken over by the Taliban .

Mazar-i-Sharif or Mazar-e-Sharif ( Persian\/Pashto : مزارِ شریف , ˌmæˈzɒːr ˌi ʃæˈriːf ) is the fourth-largest city of Afghanistan , with a population of about 375,000 as of 2006 .

Mazār-i-Sharīf or Mazār-e Sharīf ( Persian\/Pashto : مزارِ شریف , ˌmæˈzɒːr ˌi ʃæˈriːf ) is the fourth-largest city of Afghanistan .

After the Battle of Mazar-i-Sharif in November 2001 , the city was officially captured by forces of the Northern Alliance .

On November 9 , 2001 the city was captured by the Afghan Northern Alliance forces after the Battle of Mazar e Sharif with help from the United States Special Operations Forces and bombing by U.S. Air Force aircraft .

During the 1980s Soviet war , Mazar-i-Sharif was a strategic base for the Soviet Army as they used its airport to launch air strikes on Afghan mujahideen .

During the 1980s Soviet war , Mazari Sharif was a strategic base for the Soviet Army .

The demonstration was organized in retaliation to pastors Terry Jones and Wayne Sapp 's March 21 Qur ` an-burning in Florida , United States .

The demonstration was organized in retaliation to the March 21 Qur ` an-burning in Florida , United States .

Mazar-i-Sharif remained peaceful for the next one hundred years until 1979 , when then neighboring Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan .

In 1979 then neighboring Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan .

The 1961 Stanley Cup Final was contested by the Detroit Red Wings and the Chicago Blackhawks .

The 1961 Stanley Cup Final was played by the Detroit Red Wings and the Chicago Blackhawks .

However , this proved to be the last time Chicago won the Cup until 2010 , a 49 year drought .

This ended up being the last time Chicago won the Cup until 2010 , a 49 year drought .

The Blackhawks would win the best-of-seven series four games to two to win their third Stanley Cup , their first since 1938 .

The Blackhawks won the best-of-seven series four games to two , winning their third Stanley Cup .

Freshwater ecoregions are distinct from terrestrial ecoregions , which identify biotic communities of the land , and marine ecoregions , which are biotic communities of the oceans .

Freshwater ecoregions are distinct from terrestrial ecoregions , which have biotic communities of the land , and marine ecoregions , which are biotic communities of the oceans .

Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water , and contain characteristic , geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species .

Ecoregions cover relatively large area of land or water , and contain characteristic , geographically distinct natural communities and species .

The Global 200 classification of marine ecoregions is not developed to the same level of detail and comprehensiveness as that of the terrestrial ecoregions ; only the priority conservation areas are listed .

The classification of Marine ecoregions is not developed to the same level of detail and comprehensiveness as that of the terrestrial ecoregions ; only the priority conservation areas of the Global 200 are listed .

See Global 200 Marine ecoregions for a full list of marine ecoregions .

See Global 200 Marine ecoregions for a full list of marine ecoregions ( World Wide Fund for Nature ) .

Major habitat types are identified : polar , temperate shelves and seas , temperate upwelling , tropical upwelling , tropical coral , pelagic ( trades and westerlies ) , abyssal , and hadal ( ocean trench ) .

Major habitat types are identified : polar , temperate shelfs and seas , temperate upwelling , tropical upwelling , tropical coral , pelagic , abyssal , and hadal ( ocean trench ) - which correspond to the terrestrial biomes .

WWF has identified 867 terrestrial ecoregions , and approximately 450 freshwater ecoregions across the Earth .

The WWF has identified 825 terrestrial ecoregions , and approximately 450 freshwater ecoregions across the Earth .

Major biogeographic realms , analogous to the eight terrestrial ecozones , represent large regions of the ocean basins : Arctic , Temperate Northern Atlantic , Temperate Northern Pacific , Tropical Atlantic , Western Indo-Pacific , Central Indo-Pacific , Eastern Indo-Pacific , Tropical Eastern Pacific , Temperate South America , Temperate Southern Africa , Temperate Australasia , Southern Ocean .

Major biogeographic realms , analogous to the seven terrestrial ecozones , represent large regions of the ocean basins : North Temperate Atlantic , Eastern Tropical Atlantic , Western Tropical Atlantic , South Temperate Atlantic , North Temperate Indo-Pacific , Central Indo-Pacific , Eastern Indo-Pacific , Western Indo-Pacific , South Temperate Indo-Pacific , Southern Ocean , Antarctic , Arctic , and Mediterranean .

The `` Global 200 '' is the list of ecoregions identified by WWF as priorities for conservation .

-- World Wide Fund for Nature - Ecoregions The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) as priorities for conservation .

The WWF classification defines an ecoregion as : According to WWF , the boundaries of an ecoregion approximate the original extent of the natural communities prior to any major recent disruptions or changes .

When defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) , the boundaries of an ecoregion approximate the original extent of the natural communities prior to any major recent disruptions or changes .

Freshwater systems include rivers , streams , lakes , and wetlands .

Freshwater ecoregions are the freshwater habitats of a particular geographic area , including rivers , streams , lakes , and wetlands .

World Wildlife Fund ( WWF ) identifies twelve major habitat types of freshwater ecoregions : Large lakes , large river deltas , polar freshwaters , montane freshwaters , temperate coastal rivers , temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands , temperate upland rivers , tropical and subtropical coastal rivers , tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and wetlands , tropical and subtropical upland rivers , xeric freshwaters and endorheic basins , and oceanic islands .

The WWF speaks of seven major habitat types of freshwater ecoregions : Large rivers , large river headwaters , large river deltas , small rivers , large lakes , small lakes , and xeric basins .

The Andromeda Galaxy is estimated to be 7.1 × 1011 solar masses .

Andromeda is estimated to be 7.1 × 1011 solar masses .

Although it appears more than six times as wide as the full Moon when photographed through a larger telescope , only the brighter central region is visible to the naked eye or when viewed using binoculars or a small telescope .

Although it appears more than six times as wide as the full Moon when photographed through a larger telescope , only the brighter central region is visible to the naked eye .

In comparison a 2009 study estimated that the Milky Way and M31 are about equal in mass , while a 2006 study put the mass of the Milky Way at ~ 80 % of the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy .

In comparison , a 2009 study estimated that the Milky Way and Andromeda are about equal in mass , while a 2006 study put the mass of the Milky Way at ~ 80 % of the mass of Andromeda .

Although the largest , the Andromeda Galaxy may not be the most massive , as recent findings suggest that the Milky Way contains more dark matter and could be the most massive in the grouping .

Recent findings suggest that the Milky Way contains more dark matter and may be the most massive in the grouping .

At 3.4 , the apparent magnitude of Andromeda Galaxy is one of the brightest of that of any Messier object , making it visible to the naked eye on moonless nights even when viewed from areas with moderate light pollution .

At an apparent magnitude of 3.4 , the Andromeda Galaxy is notable for being one of the brightest Messier objects , making it visible to the naked eye on moonless nights even when viewed from areas with moderate light pollution .

The Andromeda Galaxy is the nearest spiral galaxy to our Milky Way galaxy , but not the nearest galaxy overall .

The Andromeda Galaxy is the nearest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way , our galaxy .

The 2006 observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed that M31 contains one trillion ( 1012 ) stars : at least twice the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy , which is estimated to be 200-400 billion .

The 2006 observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed that M31 contains a trillion stars ( 1012 ) .

The Andromeda Galaxy is the largest galaxy of the Local Group , which also contains the Milky Way , the Triangulum Galaxy , and about 30 other smaller galaxies .

Andromeda is the largest galaxy of the Local Group , which consists of the Andromeda Galaxy , the Milky Way Galaxy , the Triangulum Galaxy , and about 30 other smaller galaxies .

The ecosystem supports the largest numbers of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Victoria and is a stronghold for Brush-tailed Phascogales , Yellow-footed Antechinuses and Squirrel Gliders .

The forest supports the largest numbers of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Victoria and is a stronghold for Brush-tailed Phascogales , Yellow-footed Antechinuses and Squirrel Gliders .

Small herbs and shrubs most abundant in , or largely restricted to , Box-Ironbark forests include Cheiranthera cyanaea , Philotheca verrucosa , Xerochrysum viscosum , Pultenaea largiflorens , Acacia williamsonii and Stuartina muelleri .

Small herbs and shrubs found in Box-Ironbark forests include Cheiranthera cyanaea , Philotheca verrucosa , Xerochrysum viscosum , Pultenaea largiflorens , Acacia williamsonii and Stuartina muelleri .

Consequently there are both more species , and greater numbers of individuals , of honeyeaters and lorikeets than in any other ecosystem .

This means there are both more species , and greater numbers of individuals , of honeyeaters and lorikeets than in any other ecosystem .

Nectar and pollen feeding birds such as the Black-chinned , Regent , Fuscous and Brown-headed Honeyeaters , Swift Parrots and Musk Lorikeets are all more abundant in Box-Ironbark forests than elsewhere .

These birds include Black-chinned , Regent , Fuscous and Brown-headed Honeyeaters , Swift Parrots and Musk Lorikeets .

Box-Ironbark forest is a forest or woodland ecosystem that is largely limited to central Victoria in south-eastern Australia .

Box-Ironbark forest is a forest or woodland ecosystem found in central Victoria in south-eastern Australia .

About 40 % of the area formerly supporting the ecosystem in Victoria is public land with less than 20 % protected in conservation reserves .

About 40 % of the original forest ecosystem in Victoria is public land , with about 20 % protected in conservation reserves .

Because the trees of the Box-Ironbark forest are such prolific flowerers and nectar producers , they are a major source of nectar and pollen for honeyeaters , lorikeets and many kinds of invertebrates .

They are a major source of nectar and pollen for honeyeaters , lorikeets and many kinds of invertebrates .

Box-Ironbark forest is found on rocky , often auriferous ( gold-bearing ) , soils , in flat and undulating landscapes at altitudes of 150-600 m above sea level , and with an average annual rainfall of 500-800 mm .

Box-Ironbark forest is found on rocky , often auriferous ( gold-bearing ) , soils , in flat and undulating landscapes at altitudes of 150-600 m above sea level .

Because Box-Ironbark forest lies mainly within the Goldfields region of Victoria , during the main years of the gold rush ( 1851-1870 ) it underwent intensive digging and clearing in the goldfields , accompanied by extensive timber cutting for infrastructure and firewood in surrounding areas .

During the main years of the gold rush ( 1851-1870 ) it underwent intensive digging and clearing in the goldfields .

After the gold rush subsided the forests were still heavily cut for firewood and cleared for pasture .

After the gold rush , the forests were still heavily cut for firewood and cleared for farming .

Box-Ironbark forest is characterised by a canopy of box , ironbark and gum-barked eucalypts , growing to 25 m in height , over a sparse understorey of wattles , small-leaved and prostrate shrubs , herbs and grasses .

Box-Ironbark forest has a canopy of box , ironbark and gum-barked eucalypts , growing to 25 m in height .

Because its component tree species produce abundant nectar and pollen throughout the year , it is important for the conservation of many species of birds and other animals .

This is important for the conservation of many species of birds and other animals .

It is also the only Australian mammal restricted to alpine habitat .

It is also the only Australian mammal restricted to an alpine habitat .

Its diet consists of insects ( such as the Bogong Moth ) , fleshy fruits , nuts , nectar and seeds .

Its diet consists of insects , fleshy fruits , nuts , nectar and seeds .

This possum is the only extant species in the Burramys genus .

This possum is a Lazarus taxon , and the only living species in the Burramys genus .

Burramys parvus , the mountain pygmy possum , is a small rodent-like marsupial .

The Mountain Pygmy Possum ( Burramys parvus ) is a small , mouse-sized ( weighs 45 g ) nocturnal marsupial of Australia .

At almost 14 cm ( 5.5 in ) , its prehensile tail is longer than its 11 cm ( 4.3 in ) combined head and body length .

Its prehensile tail , at ~ 14 cm , is longer than its 11 cm head and body length .

The first church of Benrath was constructed in 1002 .

The first church of Benrath was built in 1002 .

It has an area of 5.90 km2 and 15,900 inhabitants .

It has an area of 5.90 km ² and 15,900 inhabitants .

Benrath ( German pronunciation : ( ˈbɛnʁaːt ) ) is a part of Düsseldorf in the south of the city .

Benrath is a part of Düsseldorf .

Benrath station is a stop for Regional-Express trains .

There is a railway station in Benrath ( Benrath Railway Station ) .

The Schloss Benrath ( Benrath Castle ) is one of the greatest baroque castles in Germany .

The Benrath Castle is one of the largest castles from baroque time in Germany .

In biology , a strain is a low-level taxonomic rank used in three related ways .

In biology , strain is a low-level taxonomic rank used in three related ways .

As an example , some rice strains are made by inserting new genetic material into a rice plant , all the descendants of the genetically modified rice plant are a strain with a unique genetic code that is passed on to later generations ; the strain designation , which is normally a number or a formal name , covers all the plants that descend from the originally modified plant .

As an example , some rice strains are made by inserting new genetic material into a rice plant , all the descendants of the genetically modified rice plant are a strain with a unique genetic code that is passed on to later generations ; the strain designation , which is normally a number or a formal name , covers all the plants that descent from the originally modified plant .

A strain is a designated group of offspring that are descended from a modified plant produced by conventional breeding by biotechnological means or result from genetic mutation .

A strain is a designated group of offspring that have descended from a modified plant , produced ether by conventional breeding or by biotechnological means or result from genetic mutation .

The rice plants in the strain can be bred to other rice strains or cultivars , and if desirable plants are produced , these are further bred to stabilize the desirable traits ; the stabilized plants that can be propagated and `` come true '' ( remain identical to the parent plant ) are given a cultivar name and released into production to be used by farmers .

The rice plants in the strain can be breed to other rice strains or cultivars , and if desirable plants are produced , these are further breed to stabilize the desirable traits ; the stabilized plants that can be propagated and come true , are given a cultivar name and released into production to be used by farmers .