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1
num_residues
int32
16
5.04k
chains
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1
interfaces
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exp_pdb_id
stringlengths
4
4
exp_release_date
stringdate
1976-05-19 00:00:00
2020-04-29 00:00:00
exp_method
stringclasses
10 values
exp_resolution
float64
0.59
9
pred_model
stringclasses
0 values
pred_plddt
float64
in_manifest_confidence
bool
2 classes
in_manifest_plddt70
bool
0 classes
sequence
stringlengths
16
5.04k
atom14_positions
array 3D
atom14_b_factors
array 2D
4v64_LC
rcsb
406,596
1
117
[ { "id": "4v64_LC", "num_residues": 117, "label_asym_id": "LC", "auth_asym_id": "DQ", "entity_id": 38, "asym_id": null, "sym_id": null, "cluster_id": "4V7P_41", "cluster_size": 676, "is_low_homology": null } ]
[]
4V64
2014-07-09
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
3.5
null
null
false
null
ARVKRGVIARARHKKILKQAKGYYGARSRVYRVAFQAVIKAGQYAYRDRRQRKRQFRQLWIARINAAARQNGISYSKFINGLKKASVEIDRKILADIAVFDKVAFTALVEKAKAALA
[ [ [ 17.964000701904297, 228.80599975585938, -152.71200561523438 ], [ 18.5310001373291, 228.781005859375, -154.08999633789062 ], [ 18.743999481201172, 227.34500122070312, -154.5540008544922 ], [ 19.875999450683594, 226.8679...
[ [ 77.26000213623047, 77.26000213623047, 77.26000213623047, 77.26000213623047, 77.26000213623047, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null ], [ 45.11000061035156, 45.11000061035156, 45.11000061035156, 45.11000061035156, 45.11...
5a7s_B
rcsb
4,010
1
381
[{"id":"5a7s_B","num_residues":381,"label_asym_id":"B","auth_asym_id":"B","entity_id":1,"asym_id":nu(...TRUNCATED)
[]
5A7S
2016-01-13
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
2.2
null
null
true
null
"MHHHHHHSSGVDLGTENLYFQSMASESETLNPSARIMTFYPTMEEFRNFSRYIAYIESQGAHRAGLAKVVPPKEWKPRASYDDIDDLVIPAPIQQLVTG(...TRUNCATED)
[[[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,nu(...TRUNCATED)
[[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null],[null,null,null,null,null,n(...TRUNCATED)
6jlz_L
rcsb
191,006
1
304
[{"id":"6jlz_L","num_residues":304,"label_asym_id":"L","auth_asym_id":"M","entity_id":6,"asym_id":nu(...TRUNCATED)
[]
6JLZ
2019-05-01
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
3.35
null
null
false
null
"MSTSHCRFYENKYPEIDDIVMVNVQQIAEMGAYVKLLEYDNIEGMILLSELSRRRIRSIQKLIRVGKNDVAVVLRVDKEKGYIDLSKRRVSSEDIIKCE(...TRUNCATED)
[[[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,nu(...TRUNCATED)
[[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null],[null,null,null,null,null,n(...TRUNCATED)
3j3y_TOA
rcsb
177,390
1
231
[{"id":"3j3y_TOA","num_residues":231,"label_asym_id":"TOA","auth_asym_id":"fG","entity_id":1,"asym_i(...TRUNCATED)
[]
3J3Y
2013-05-29
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
null
null
null
false
null
"PIVQNLQGQMVHQAISPRTLNAWVKVVEEKAFSPEVIPMFSALSEGATPQDLNTMLNTVGGHQAAMQMLKETINEEAAEWDRLHPVHAGPIEPGQMREP(...TRUNCATED)
[[[489.64300537109375,906.4420166015625,843.9719848632812],[489.1180114746094,905.927978515625,845.2(...TRUNCATED)
[[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null],[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,n(...TRUNCATED)
2vub_B
rcsb
424,666
1
101
[{"id":"2vub_B","num_residues":101,"label_asym_id":"B","auth_asym_id":"B","entity_id":1,"asym_id":nu(...TRUNCATED)
[]
2VUB
1998-06-17
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
2.45
null
null
true
null
"MQFKVYTYKRESRYRLFVDVQSDIIDTPGRRMVIPLASARLLSDKVSRELYPVVHIGDESWRMMTTDMASVPVSVIGEEVADLSHRENDIKNAINLMFW(...TRUNCATED)
[[[50.71699905395508,75.65399932861328,21.770000457763672],[50.994998931884766,77.12100219726562,21.(...TRUNCATED)
[[21.799999237060547,23.610000610351562,21.520000457763672,23.040000915527344,24.0,31.04000091552734(...TRUNCATED)
4nuw_A
rcsb
270,453
1
228
[{"id":"4nuw_A","num_residues":228,"label_asym_id":"A","auth_asym_id":"A","entity_id":1,"asym_id":nu(...TRUNCATED)
[]
4NUW
2013-12-18
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
1.591
null
null
true
null
"MRSRRVDVMDVMNRLILAMDLMNRDDALRVTGEVREYIDTVKIGYPLVLSEGMDIIAEFRKRFGCRIIADFKVADIPETNEKICRATFKAGADAIIVHG(...TRUNCATED)
[[[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,nu(...TRUNCATED)
[[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null],[null,null,null,null,null,n(...TRUNCATED)
2z9h_E
rcsb
479,139
1
103
[{"id":"2z9h_E","num_residues":103,"label_asym_id":"E","auth_asym_id":"E","entity_id":1,"asym_id":nu(...TRUNCATED)
[]
2Z9H
2007-10-02
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
2.71
null
null
true
null
"MKLAVVTGQIVCTVRHHGLAHDKLLMVEMIDPQGNPDGQCAVAIDNIGAGTGEWVLLVSGSSARQAHKSETSPVDLCVIGIVDEVVSGGQVIFHKLEHH(...TRUNCATED)
[[[-12.725000381469727,5.611000061035156,6.0289998054504395],[-11.803999900817871,5.811999797821045,(...TRUNCATED)
[[12.390000343322754,12.6899995803833,13.1899995803833,10.960000038146973,13.15999984741211,13.85000(...TRUNCATED)
4v9a_VB
rcsb
413,372
1
27
[{"id":"4v9a_VB","num_residues":27,"label_asym_id":"VB","auth_asym_id":"CX","entity_id":21,"asym_id"(...TRUNCATED)
[]
4V9A
2014-07-09
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
3.2999
null
null
false
null
MGKGDRRTRRGKIWRGTYGKYRPRKKK
[[[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,nu(...TRUNCATED)
[[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null],[175.9199981689453,159.6799(...TRUNCATED)
1sq4_A
rcsb
358,945
1
278
[{"id":"1sq4_A","num_residues":278,"label_asym_id":"A","auth_asym_id":"A","entity_id":1,"asym_id":nu(...TRUNCATED)
[]
1SQ4
2004-04-06
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
2.7
null
null
true
null
"MSKSSYYAPHGGHPAQTELLTDRAMFTEAYAVIPKGVMRDIVTSHLPFWDNMRMWVIARPLSGFAETFSQYIVELAPNGGSDKPEQDPNAEAVLFVVEG(...TRUNCATED)
[[[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,nu(...TRUNCATED)
[[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null],[null,null,null,null,null,n(...TRUNCATED)
5u9f_BA
rcsb
384,911
1
85
[{"id":"5u9f_BA","num_residues":85,"label_asym_id":"BA","auth_asym_id":"25","entity_id":28,"asym_id"(...TRUNCATED)
[]
5U9F
2017-03-22
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
3.2
null
null
false
null
MAHKKAGGSTRNGRDSEAKRLGVKRFGGESVLAGSIIVRQRGTKFHAGANVGCGRDHTLFAKADGKVKFEVKGPKNRKFISIEAE
[[[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,null],[null,null,nu(...TRUNCATED)
[[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null],[null,null,null,null,null,n(...TRUNCATED)
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

AtlasFold-Data

AtlasFold-Data is a Parquet conversion of the structures that AtlasFold released for training its monomer and complex models (preprint). The original release is nine .tar.zst archives of LMDB databases in a Google Drive folder. This repository holds the same entries as typed Parquet that datasets, pyarrow, DuckDB, and Polars can stream, plus index tables that reproduce AtlasFold's training sampler exactly.

No value was changed. Each Parquet row was read back and compared bit for bit with its LMDB value, and each manifest entry was rebuilt from its row and compared with the original entry.

Subsets

Config Structures Rows Samples Split Parquet AtlasFold use
rcsb PDB chains released by 2020-05-01, resolution at most 9 Å 490,703 train 11.35 GiB Monomer stages 1 to 4
rcsb_multimer PDB first biological assemblies released by 2021-09-30, at most 20 chains 177,363 1,125,363 train 10.40 GiB Multimer stages 1 to 3
cameo_val CAMEO targets 362 validation 0.01 GiB Monomer validation
rcsb_multimer_val PDB complexes released 2021-10-01 to 2023-01-12 with low-homology interfaces 512 3,647 validation 0.03 GiB Multimer validation
disordered_pdb_af2 AlphaFold2 (ColabFold) predictions for PDB chains with many unresolved residues 11,828 train 0.34 GiB Monomer stages 1 to 4
disordered_pdb_afm AlphaFold-Multimer predictions of PDB complexes 29,431 176,472 train 1.79 GiB Multimer stages 1 to 3
mgnify_short AlphaFold2 predictions of MGnify sequences shorter than 200 residues (OpenFold3) 430,418 train 5.04 GiB All stages
mgnify_long AlphaFold2 predictions of MGnify sequences of 200 or more residues (OpenFold3) 16,099,404 train 526.45 GiB All stages
rcsb_multimer_templates Template chains for rcsb_multimer (OpenFold3) 950,691 train 16.91 GiB Multimer stages 1 to 3
rcsb_multimer_template_hits Template alignments per rcsb_multimer entity 89,255 train 0.07 GiB Multimer stages 1 to 3

disordered_pdb_esm is not included: the released AtlasFold configurations do not use it, and its ESMFold predictions of PDB chains with unresolved regions duplicate what disordered_pdb_af2 covers.

"Samples" counts the chain and interface samples that AtlasFold draws from each complex. Every subset also has a <subset>_index config with one row per training sample in AtlasFold's order. Small original files (msgpack and JSON manifests, FASTA, cluster CSVs, the ColabFold PDB tarball of disordered_pdb_af2) are stored unchanged under source/<subset>/.

Load

pip install "datasets>=4,<6" "huggingface_hub>=1" pyarrow numpy

Stream a subset without downloading it:

from datasets import load_dataset

rows = load_dataset("Synthyra/AtlasFold-Data", "rcsb_multimer_val", split="validation", streaming=True)
row = next(iter(rows.with_format("numpy")))
print(row["id"], row["num_chains"], row["atom14_positions"].shape)  # (l, 14, 3)

Download a subset and its index when you need random access or exact sampling:

hf download Synthyra/AtlasFold-Data --repo-type dataset --local-dir AtlasFold-Data --include "data/rcsb/*" "data/rcsb_index/*"

Large training jobs should download rather than stream: every remote read counts against the Hub's request limits.

Structure columns

Column Type Meaning
id string AtlasFold entry key: {pdb}_{label_asym_id} for PDB chains, {pdb} for complexes, file stems for predictions
subset string Config name
manifest_index int64 Position of the entry in the original manifest.msgpack
num_chains, num_residues int32 Chain count and total residues
sequence string One-letter sequence over ARNDCQEGHILKMFPSTWYVX; chains are joined with :
chains list of struct Per-chain manifest fields: id, num_residues, label_asym_id, auth_asym_id, entity_id, asym_id, sym_id, cluster_id, cluster_size, is_low_homology
interfaces list of struct Chain pairs (chain_a, chain_b, 0-based) with a resolved Cα–Cα distance below 15 Å, with cluster_id, cluster_size, is_low_homology
exp_pdb_id, exp_release_date, exp_method, exp_resolution string, string, string, float64 PDB entry, first release date, method, and resolution in Å
pred_model, pred_plddt string, float64 Predictor and mean Cα pLDDT of a predicted structure
in_manifest_confidence bool Entry appears in AtlasFold's manifest_confidence.msgpack (resolution 0.1 to 3.0 Å)
in_manifest_plddt70 bool Entry appears in manifest_plddt70.msgpack
atom14_positions Array3D (l, 14, 3) float32 Heavy-atom coordinates in Å, atom14 order; NaN for slots a residue type lacks and for unresolved atoms
atom14_b_factors Array2D (l, 14) float32 Per-atom B-factor column; NaN where coordinates are absent

A null manifest field means AtlasFold omitted that key; a null is_low_homology means false. A null in_manifest_* column means the subset has no such manifest. Chain ids can repeat within a complex because AtlasFold removed digits from assembly copy names, so identify chains by position.

atom14_b_factors holds experimental B-factors for the PDB-derived subsets, pLDDT (0 to 100) for disordered_pdb_af2 and the MGnify subsets, and a constant 20.0 for disordered_pdb_afm, whose predictions carry no pLDDT. The released MGnify manifests are not filtered by pLDDT.

Atom14 slot order per residue type, the same as AlphaFold2 except that X keeps five slots:

import numpy as np

RESTYPES = "ARNDCQEGHILKMFPSTWYVX"
RESIDUE_ATOMS = {
    "A": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB"),
    "R": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "CD", "NE", "CZ", "NH1", "NH2"),
    "N": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "OD1", "ND2"),
    "D": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "OD1", "OD2"),
    "C": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "SG"),
    "Q": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "CD", "OE1", "NE2"),
    "E": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "CD", "OE1", "OE2"),
    "G": ("N", "CA", "C", "O"),
    "H": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "ND1", "CD2", "CE1", "NE2"),
    "I": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG1", "CG2", "CD1"),
    "L": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "CD1", "CD2"),
    "K": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "CD", "CE", "NZ"),
    "M": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "SD", "CE"),
    "F": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "CD1", "CD2", "CE1", "CE2", "CZ"),
    "P": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "CD"),
    "S": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "OG"),
    "T": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "OG1", "CG2"),
    "W": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "CD1", "CD2", "NE1", "CE2", "CE3", "CZ2", "CZ3", "CH2"),
    "Y": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG", "CD1", "CD2", "CE1", "CE2", "CZ", "OH"),
    "V": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB", "CG1", "CG2"),
    "X": ("N", "CA", "C", "O", "CB"),
}
ATOM37_NAMES = (
    "N", "CA", "C", "CB", "O", "CG", "CG1", "CG2", "OG", "OG1", "SG", "CD", "CD1", "CD2", "ND1",
    "ND2", "OD1", "OD2", "SD", "CE", "CE1", "CE2", "CE3", "NE", "NE1", "NE2", "OE1", "OE2", "CH2",
    "NH1", "NH2", "OH", "CZ", "CZ2", "CZ3", "NZ", "OXT",
)
ATOM14_EXISTS = np.zeros((21, 14), dtype=bool)  # (restype, slot)
ATOM14_TO_ATOM37 = np.zeros((21, 14), dtype=np.int64)  # (restype, slot) atom37 index
for restype_index, restype in enumerate(RESTYPES):
    atoms = RESIDUE_ATOMS[restype]
    ATOM14_EXISTS[restype_index, : len(atoms)] = True
    ATOM14_TO_ATOM37[restype_index, : len(atoms)] = [ATOM37_NAMES.index(atom) for atom in atoms]


def restype_indices(sequence):
    """Residue type index per residue, shape (l,); chain separators are skipped."""
    return np.array([RESTYPES.index(letter) for letter in sequence.replace(":", "")])


def chain_bounds(sequence):
    """(start, end) residue offsets of each chain in the concatenated arrays."""
    ends = np.cumsum([len(chain) for chain in sequence.split(":")])
    return list(zip(np.concatenate([[0], ends[:-1]]).tolist(), ends.tolist()))


def derived_chain_ids(sequence):
    """Entity, asym, and sym ids per chain, assigned as AtlasFold's ProteinMultimer does."""
    entity_ids, sym_ids, entity_of, copies = [], [], {}, {}
    for chain in sequence.split(":"):
        entity_of.setdefault(chain, len(entity_of) + 1)
        copies[chain] = copies.get(chain, 0) + 1
        entity_ids.append(entity_of[chain])
        sym_ids.append(copies[chain])
    return entity_ids, list(range(1, len(entity_ids) + 1)), sym_ids


def atom14_to_atom37(positions, sequence):
    """Scatter (l, 14, 3) atom14 coordinates into (l, 37, 3) atom37 slots; empty slots stay NaN."""
    restypes = restype_indices(sequence)  # (l,)
    atom37 = np.full((len(restypes), 37, 3), np.nan, dtype=positions.dtype)  # (l, 37, 3)
    residues, slots = np.nonzero(ATOM14_EXISTS[restypes])  # (n_atom,), (n_atom,)
    atom37[residues, ATOM14_TO_ATOM37[restypes[residues], slots]] = positions[residues, slots]
    return atom37

The resolved-atom mask is np.isfinite(row["atom14_positions"]).all(-1), shape (l, 14).

Index and template columns

<subset>_index rows follow AtlasFold's sampling order and point into the structure files: rows of data/<subset>/ sorted by file name, where file_index selects the file and row_index the row.

Config kind Columns
Monomer subsets manifest_index, id, num_residues, cluster_size, plddt, resolution, file_index, row_index
Complex subsets sample_index, manifest_index, kind (chain or interface), chain_a, chain_b, cluster_size, file_index, row_index

rcsb_multimer_templates stores the 950,691 template chains of template.lmdb (template_id, manifest_index, num_residues, sequence, atom14_positions). Their stored b-factors are NaN in every slot, so that column is omitted. rcsb_multimer_template_hits stores template_mapping.lmdb: mapping_key ({pdb}_{entity_id}), pdb_id, entity_id, and hits with template_id, index, release_date, and 1-based aligned residue indices entry_indices and template_indices. AtlasFold already removed templates released less than 60 days before their entry.

Reproduce AtlasFold's training sampler

AtlasFold draws every training example with replacement from one weight vector. Weights are normalized within a subset, multiplied by the subset's stage weight, and concatenated in config order.

  • Monomer subsets multiply per-entry factors: length gives min(max(num_residues, 256), 512), cluster gives 1 / cluster_size, and plddt gives min(max(plddt - 30, 0), 40).
  • rcsb_multimer and disordered_pdb_afm draw chains with weight 1 / cluster_size and interfaces with 2 / cluster_size, a missing size counting as 1, in float32.
  • MGnify subsets in multimer stages are uniform.
  • The sampler seeds NumPy with 0 + epoch. An epoch is 256,000 draws for monomer stages and 128,000 for multimer stages, and a draw that fails cropping is replaced by a uniform draw from the same subset.
  • Confidence losses use only non-distillation entries with resolution from 0.1 to 3.0 Å.
Monomer stage Crop / LM tokens rcsb disordered_pdb_af2 mgnify_long mgnify_short
1 256 / 512 0.120 length, cluster 0.005 length, cluster 0.865 length, plddt 0.010 length, plddt
2 384 / 768 0.123 length, cluster 0.002 length, cluster 0.865 length, plddt 0.010 length, plddt
3 512 / 1024 0.240 length, cluster 0.010 length, cluster 0.740 plddt 0.010 plddt
4 640 / 1280 0.240 length, cluster 0.010 length, cluster 0.740 plddt 0.010 plddt
Multimer stage Crop / LM tokens rcsb_multimer disordered_pdb_afm mgnify_long mgnify_short
1 384 / 768 0.73 0.02 0.245 0.005
2 640 / 1280 0.490 0.010 0.495 0.005
3 768 / 1536 0.490 0.010 0.495 0.005

Multimer stages use templates for rcsb_multimer with probability 0.4 and at most two per chain. The stage settings come from configs/{monomer,multimer}/train_stage*.yaml at commit 444f376.

The following code reproduces the index sequence of AtlasFold's DistributedWeightedSampler from a local download that includes the needed data/*_index/ folders:

import math
import numpy as np
import pyarrow.parquet as pq

from pathlib import Path

MONOMER_STAGES = {
    1: [("rcsb", 0.120, ("length", "cluster")), ("disordered_pdb_af2", 0.005, ("length", "cluster")),
        ("mgnify_long", 0.865, ("length", "plddt")), ("mgnify_short", 0.010, ("length", "plddt"))],
    2: [("rcsb", 0.123, ("length", "cluster")), ("disordered_pdb_af2", 0.002, ("length", "cluster")),
        ("mgnify_long", 0.865, ("length", "plddt")), ("mgnify_short", 0.010, ("length", "plddt"))],
    3: [("rcsb", 0.240, ("length", "cluster")), ("disordered_pdb_af2", 0.010, ("length", "cluster")),
        ("mgnify_long", 0.740, ("plddt",)), ("mgnify_short", 0.010, ("plddt",))],
    4: [("rcsb", 0.240, ("length", "cluster")), ("disordered_pdb_af2", 0.010, ("length", "cluster")),
        ("mgnify_long", 0.740, ("plddt",)), ("mgnify_short", 0.010, ("plddt",))],
}
MULTIMER_STAGES = {
    1: [("rcsb_multimer", 0.73), ("disordered_pdb_afm", 0.02), ("mgnify_long", 0.245), ("mgnify_short", 0.005)],
    2: [("rcsb_multimer", 0.490), ("disordered_pdb_afm", 0.010), ("mgnify_long", 0.495), ("mgnify_short", 0.005)],
    3: [("rcsb_multimer", 0.490), ("disordered_pdb_afm", 0.010), ("mgnify_long", 0.495), ("mgnify_short", 0.005)],
}
COMPLEX_SUBSETS = {"rcsb_multimer", "disordered_pdb_afm", "rcsb_multimer_val"}


def read_index(root, subset):
    return pq.read_table(next(Path(root, "data", f"{subset}_index").glob("*.parquet")))


def monomer_weights(index, strategies):
    """TrainingDataset.get_sampling_weights with the same float64 operations."""
    weights = np.ones(index.num_rows)
    for strategy in strategies:
        if strategy == "length":
            weights *= np.minimum(np.maximum(index["num_residues"].to_numpy().astype(np.float64), 256), 512)
        elif strategy == "cluster":
            if index["cluster_size"].null_count:
                raise ValueError("AtlasFold raises on a missing cluster_size")
            sizes = index["cluster_size"].to_numpy().astype(np.float64)
            weights *= 1 / np.where(sizes == 0, 1, sizes)
        elif strategy == "plddt":
            weights *= np.minimum(np.maximum(index["plddt"].fill_null(0.0).to_numpy() - 30, 0), 40)
    return weights / weights.sum()


def complex_sample_weights(index):
    """RCSBTrainingDataset weights: chains 1 / cluster_size, interfaces 2 / cluster_size, float32."""
    sizes = index["cluster_size"].fill_null(0).to_numpy().astype(np.float64)
    kind = np.where(index["kind"].to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False) == "interface", 2.0, 1.0)
    weights = (1.0 / np.where(sizes == 0, 1, sizes) * kind).astype(np.float32)
    return weights / weights.sum()


def stage_weights(root, mode, stage):
    """Return the stage weight vector, its subset names, and cumulative subset sizes."""
    parts, subsets = [], []
    if mode == "monomer":
        for subset, weight, strategies in MONOMER_STAGES[stage]:
            parts.append(monomer_weights(read_index(root, subset), strategies) * weight)
            subsets.append(subset)
    else:
        for subset, weight in MULTIMER_STAGES[stage]:
            index = read_index(root, subset)
            if subset in COMPLEX_SUBSETS:
                base = complex_sample_weights(index)
            else:
                base = np.full(index.num_rows, 1 / index.num_rows, dtype=np.float32)
            parts.append(base * weight)
            subsets.append(subset)
    return np.concatenate(parts), subsets, np.cumsum([len(part) for part in parts])


def sampled_indices(weights, epoch, rank=0, world_size=1, seed=0):
    """Indices that DistributedWeightedSampler yields to `rank` for `epoch`."""
    probabilities = weights.astype(np.float64)
    probabilities = probabilities / probabilities.sum()
    total = math.ceil(len(probabilities) / world_size) * world_size
    indices = np.random.default_rng(seed + epoch).choice(len(probabilities), total, p=probabilities, replace=True)
    return indices[rank:total:world_size]


def locate(index_value, subsets, cumulative):
    """Map a global sampler index to its subset and index-table row."""
    position = int(np.searchsorted(cumulative, index_value, side="right"))
    return subsets[position], int(index_value - (cumulative[position - 1] if position else 0))

For example, weights, subsets, cumulative = stage_weights("AtlasFold-Data", "multimer", 1), then locate(sampled_indices(weights, epoch=0)[0], subsets, cumulative) names the first sample of the first multimer epoch. The index row gives the structure file, row, and for complexes the chain or interface that AtlasFold uses to center its crop.

Read indexed structures from a local download:

import datasets  # registers the Array2D and Array3D column types with pyarrow
import pyarrow as pa
import pyarrow.parquet as pq

from pathlib import Path

ARRAY_SHAPES = {"atom14_positions": (-1, 14, 3), "atom14_b_factors": (-1, 14)}


def row_arrays(batch, index):
    """One row of a record batch as Python values, with structure columns as NumPy arrays."""
    row = {}
    for name in batch.schema.names:
        column = batch[name]
        if name not in ARRAY_SHAPES:
            row[name] = column[index].as_py()
            continue
        values = (column.storage if isinstance(column, pa.ExtensionArray) else column)[index].values
        while pa.types.is_list(values.type):
            values = values.flatten()
        row[name] = values.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False).reshape(ARRAY_SHAPES[name])
    return row


def read_structure(root, subset, file_index, row_index):
    """Return the structure row that an index table points to."""
    path = sorted(Path(root, "data", subset).glob("*.parquet"))[file_index]
    parquet = pq.ParquetFile(path)
    start = 0
    for group in range(parquet.num_row_groups):
        rows_in_group = parquet.metadata.row_group(group).num_rows
        if row_index < start + rows_in_group:
            batch = parquet.read_row_group(group).combine_chunks().to_batches()[0]
            return row_arrays(batch, row_index - start)
        start += rows_in_group
    raise IndexError(f"{path.name} has no row {row_index}")

Use AtlasFold's own trainer

Row-group reads are slow for random access over mgnify_long. To train with AtlasFold's code, rebuild its native layout (manifest.msgpack plus structure.lmdb) from a local download. The rebuilt LMDB values decode to arrays identical to the original release; the NPZ bytes differ only in zip metadata.

import io
import lmdb
import numpy as np
import pickle
import pyarrow.parquet as pq
import shutil

from pathlib import Path


def compact_arrays(sequence, positions, b_factors):
    """Keep only existing atom14 slots, as AtlasFold's DataPipeline stores them."""
    exists = ATOM14_EXISTS[restype_indices(sequence)]  # (l, 14)
    return positions[exists], b_factors[exists]  # (n_atom, 3), (n_atom,)


def npz_bytes(arrays):
    buffer = io.BytesIO()
    np.savez_compressed(buffer, **arrays)
    return buffer.getvalue()


def rebuild_native_subset(root, subset, output_root, is_complex):
    target = Path(output_root, subset)
    target.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    for source in Path(root, "source", subset).iterdir():
        shutil.copyfile(source, target / source.name)
    environment = lmdb.open(str(target / "structure.lmdb"), map_size=1 << 41)
    columns = ["id", "chains", "sequence", "atom14_positions", "atom14_b_factors"]
    for path in sorted(Path(root, "data", subset).glob("*.parquet")):
        for batch in pq.ParquetFile(path).iter_batches(batch_size=256, columns=columns):
            with environment.begin(write=True) as transaction:
                for index in range(batch.num_rows):
                    row = row_arrays(batch, index)
                    arrays = {"name": np.array([row["id"]], dtype="S")}
                    chains = list(zip(row["chains"], row["sequence"].split(":"), chain_bounds(row["sequence"])))
                    if is_complex:
                        arrays["num_chains"] = np.array([len(chains)], dtype=np.int64)
                    for chain_index, (chain, sequence, (start, end)) in enumerate(chains):
                        prefix = f"{chain_index}." if is_complex else ""
                        coordinates, b_factors = compact_arrays(
                            sequence, row["atom14_positions"][start:end], row["atom14_b_factors"][start:end]
                        )
                        arrays[f"{prefix}name"] = np.array([chain["id"]], dtype="S")
                        arrays[f"{prefix}sequence"] = np.array([sequence], dtype="S")
                        arrays[f"{prefix}coordinates"] = coordinates
                        arrays[f"{prefix}b_factors"] = b_factors
                    transaction.put(row["id"].encode(), npz_bytes(arrays))
    environment.close()


def rebuild_native_templates(root, output_root):
    """Restore `template.lmdb` and `template_mapping.lmdb` for `rcsb_multimer`."""
    target = Path(output_root, "rcsb_multimer")
    target.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    templates = lmdb.open(str(target / "template.lmdb"), map_size=1 << 41)
    for path in sorted(Path(root, "data", "rcsb_multimer_templates").glob("*.parquet")):
        for batch in pq.ParquetFile(path).iter_batches(batch_size=512, columns=["template_id", "sequence", "atom14_positions"]):
            with templates.begin(write=True) as transaction:
                for index in range(batch.num_rows):
                    row = row_arrays(batch, index)
                    positions = row["atom14_positions"]  # (l, 14, 3)
                    coordinates, b_factors = compact_arrays(row["sequence"], positions, np.full(positions.shape[:2], np.nan, np.float32))
                    arrays = {
                        "name": np.array([row["template_id"]], dtype="S"),
                        "sequence": np.array([row["sequence"]], dtype="S"),
                        "coordinates": coordinates,
                        "b_factors": b_factors,
                    }
                    transaction.put(row["template_id"].encode(), npz_bytes(arrays))
    templates.close()
    mapping = lmdb.open(str(target / "template_mapping.lmdb"), map_size=1 << 40)
    for path in sorted(Path(root, "data", "rcsb_multimer_template_hits").glob("*.parquet")):
        with mapping.begin(write=True) as transaction:
            for row in pq.read_table(path).to_pylist():
                hits = [
                    {
                        "template_id": hit["template_id"],
                        "index": hit["index"],
                        "release_date": hit["release_date"],
                        "entry_indices": np.array(hit["entry_indices"], dtype=np.uint16),
                        "template_indices": np.array(hit["template_indices"], dtype=np.uint16),
                    }
                    for hit in row["hits"]
                ]
                transaction.put(row["mapping_key"].encode(), pickle.dumps(hits, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL))
    mapping.close()

Call rebuild_native_subset(root, subset, output_root, subset in COMPLEX_SUBSETS) for each subset and rebuild_native_templates(root, output_root) for multimer training, then set AtlasFold's train.data.data_root to output_root.

License and attribution

AtlasFold's code, weights, and released datasets are distributed under the MIT License (Copyright (c) 2026 Seonghwan Seo); this conversion keeps that license. The structures come from upstream resources with their own terms: PDB entries (CC0 1.0), MGnify sequences (CC0 1.0), and the OpenFold3 training data behind mgnify_long, mgnify_short, and the rcsb_multimer templates (CC BY 4.0, OpenFold Consortium). AtlasFold's documentation asks users to check the upstream terms before redistribution or commercial use.

@article{seo2026atlasfold,
  author = {Seo, Seonghwan and Kim, Hyeongwoo and Moon, Seokhyun and Kim, Woo Youn and {Team KAIST}},
  title = {AtlasFold: Protein structure prediction with metagenomic-scale language models},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.64898/2026.09.04.749352},
  URL = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.04.749352v2},
  journal = {bioRxiv}
}

Build record

Converted from the AtlasFold release at commit 444f376d85b9954a5f2f5f3f8b3cbcae1201ebb1 with the atlasfold_data package in Synthyra/DatasetDev.

mgnify_long could not be downloaded from the release Drive folder because of Google Drive download quotas, so it was rebuilt from the same source AtlasFold used: the OpenFold3 AlphaFold2 MGnify predictions on the AWS Registry of Open Data. The rebuild parses each entry's best_structure_relaxed.pdb with AtlasFold's own reader (scripts/preprocess/af2/a1_process.py) and writes the released LMDB and manifest formats. The same procedure reproduced the released mgnify_short exactly: all 430,418 LMDB values byte for byte, manifest.msgpack byte for byte, and the uncompressed manifest.json.zst text.

Subset Source SHA-256 Converted with
rcsb Drive file 1TEH73v9oxA1oYYnsPZntHqES_04vEz8P archive 905b248e1baee4e7e8b7a3536e5596af9c7cbf2c249b30b50fa7c45f5ebd9562 pyarrow 25.0.1, datasets 4.8.5, NumPy 2.5.3
rcsb_multimer Drive file 1aN9zUL4JokQc0L6AWVUNlsnftQBi8pjr archive c29a7cf85dc9a4ca46523fa65b74e2a19dd382c90d08c2f15a209e86686b682a pyarrow 25.0.1, datasets 4.8.5, NumPy 2.5.3
cameo_val Drive file 10fhgH7nnVA022nvN-v3bTg1Xor97t2Ne archive 0e9c635b9a1196630d5c540e1a2b5abb718b5325163b9443da2608405629857c pyarrow 25.0.1, datasets 4.8.5, NumPy 2.5.3
rcsb_multimer_val Drive file 17meo4uBvvFfB2M-uor17KWwqQDYdSGFI archive be0300ebee91c93b92d9a5ebcd8c1b94c41e26e0261b139607630435ce0f2ac4 pyarrow 25.0.1, datasets 4.8.5, NumPy 2.5.3
disordered_pdb_af2 Drive file 1f79fRsVOK5SloBo-wVYLuAXDyBX5bOTR archive 3adc4928e7da6cf22eaed2462bb1728eb914cb307f85703a3524a1ba428c8c69 pyarrow 25.0.1, datasets 4.8.5, NumPy 2.5.3
disordered_pdb_afm Drive file 1f7pw1T7Bdho3r2P7cT5KTv4AvkY4joqb archive 589ea53a7a18cc19d854b75c1c8e398a11487fdc829970431880a26e65d95c10 pyarrow 25.0.1, datasets 4.8.5, NumPy 2.5.3
mgnify_short Drive file 1VN9XQsd9d5ulsyO4XICXhIMYqqVk7Ag_ archive b7da9a2f9ce2453fa57428060e0ab47afe3939a0153dae0cd3cc8adfbccc1879 pyarrow 25.0.1, datasets 4.8.5, NumPy 2.5.3
mgnify_long rebuilt from s3://openfold3-data/monomer_distillation_sets_v2/long_monomers/raw/ entry list 6c9697f29f845180ea37fd795d561c3f67bc179ff4eecc75f0a7f9b5747846b6 pyarrow 25.0.1, datasets 4.8.5, NumPy 2.5.3
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