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7 AI/ML for RAN
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7.1 High-level principles
The following high-level principles apply for the 6G RAN AI/ML study: - The study focuses on AI/ML functionality and corresponding input/output/feedback data. - The study focuses on data needed at the Model Training function. The aspects of how the Model Training function uses this data to train a model are out of RA...
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7.2 AI/ML use cases
Identify Use Case(s) of interest (either existing or new) with compelling trade-off between e.g., performance, complexity, etc… Editor’s Note: Focus on clarifying the areas where AI/ML can be applied, the scenario description and the problem statement.
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7.2.1 AI/ML-based Network Energy Saving
As future 6G networks are expected to support higher traffic volumes, dense deployments, an increasing number of connected devices, and diverse services, network energy consumption is a critical concern for sustainability, operational cost, and environmental impact. Currently, in 5G network, energy saving can be achiev...
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7.2.2 AI/ML based mobility optimization
A UE may be frequently handed over between RAN nodeaNBs, especially in case of high mobility scenarios. AI/ML can be leveraged to ensure service continuity, maximize performance, optimize resources, minimize service interruption time, and improve mobility robustness.
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7.3 AI/ML framework
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8 Radio access network procedures
The intention of this section is to describe as a minimum Mobility scenarios. The section might also cover migration options if agreed by the plenary. 8.1 Mobility
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8.1.1 Intra 6G Mobility
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8.1.2 Inter-RAT Mobility
This section is to describe inter-RAT mobility, at least between the 6GR and NR.
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8.1.2.1 Mobility between 6GR and 5G NR
9 Automatic Configuration and Optimization
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9.1 ANR
This section is to describe ANR.
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9.2 Collection of MDT Data
This section is to describe collection of MDT Data. X Conclusions This section is to provide interim study results to allow TSGs to make a decision during TSG#112. X.1 RAN-CN interface X.2 RAN internal interfaces Annex A: Void This section is intended to capture considerations related to aspects that fall outsi...
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1 Scope
The present document reports the RAN1 aspects of the study item “Study on 6G Radio” [2].
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2 References
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. - References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non‑specific. - For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. -...
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3 Definitions of terms, symbols and abbreviations
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3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. A term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in TR 21.905 [1]. example: text used to clarify abstract rules by applying them literally.
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3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: <symbol> <Explanation>
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3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. An abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in TR 21.905 [1]. <ABBREVIATION> <Expansion>
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4 Overview of 6GR air interface
Editor’s Note: High level design proposals/principles/target and overall design of 6G air interface
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5 Physical Layer structure for 6GR
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5.1 Waveforms
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5.2 Frame structure
Editor’s Note: Including numerology and frame structure (for all duplex types)
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5.3 Channel coding
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5.4 Modulations
Editor’s Note: joint channel coding and modulation will be captured in this Clause, if any
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5.5 Initial access
Editor’s Note: including synchronization signal and raster, broadcast signals/channel and physical random access channel, as well as initial access procedure, random access procedures, system information and paging
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5.6 Physical layer control, data scheduling and HARQ operation
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5.7 MIMO operation
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5.8 Duplexing
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5.9 Spectrum utilization and aggregation
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5.10 NTN
Editor’s Note: harmonized 6G Radio design for TN and NTN, including their integration can be captured in another section. Aspects unique to NTN, if any, can be captured in this section.
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5.11 Other physical layer signals, channels and procedures
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6 Energy efficiency
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7 AI/ML [for 6GR]
Editor’s Note: including use case identification with compelling trade-off between e.g., performance, complexity, etc…, as well as AI/ML framework: Extensible AI/ML enablers based on the identified Use Case(s), including LCM procedures, Data collection, and data management
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8 Sensing
Editor’s Note: including PHY functions and procedures for sensing technology (e.g., waveform. reference signals, measurement feedback, etc), as well as aspects of integration with communication services
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9 Performance evaluation
Editor’s Note: at least energy efficiency, spectrum efficiency, and coverage compared to 5G NR, as well as sensing performance
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9.1 Performance evaluation of waveform
For uplink low-PAPR proposals, following metrics are considered: - Net Gain [dB] = Tx power gain relative to the reference – SNR degradation relative to the reference @10% BLER - Similar spectral efficiency and same occupied bandwidth are assumed for each compared method - A realistic PA model should be used - When...
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9.2 Performance evaluation of channel coding
For 6GR control channel coding - Evaluations can be provided in form of BLER and FAR results. - Evaluations/analysis can be provided for complexity, decoding latency. For 6GR data channel coding - Evaluations can be provided in form of BLER results. - Evaluation/analysis on throughput, complexity, and decoding lat...
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9.3 Performance evaluation of modulation
For 6GR constellation shaping evaluation for CP-OFDM, and improved MCS table, the proposed scheme will be compared with non-shaping with NR MCS table. The evaluation and comparison should consider at least the following: - BLER performance under AWGN channel (at least for performance calibration) - 1st transmission (...
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9.4 Performance evaluation of coverage
For the RAN1 study of “Re-use of existing 5G mid-band (~3.5GHz) site grid for 6G deployments in at least around 7 GHz and targeting comparable coverage to 5G mid-band”, - The link budget template candidates 1 and 2 in Table 9.4-1 and Table 9.4-2 are used to calculate the metric(s) as starting point to compare existing...
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9.5 Performance evaluation of energy efficiency
For 6G energy efficiency evaluation, at least the following NR metrics are used - Network energy saving gain relative to baseline for BS - UE energy saving gain relative to baseline for UE - Impact to UPT (User-Perceived Throughput), if applicable As well as the following metrics - Impact to latency, if applicable...
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1 Scope
The present document specifies the stage 3 protocol and data model for the Naf Service Based Interface. It provides stage 3 protocol definitions and message flows, and specifies the API for each service offered by the AF. The 5G System stage 2 architecture and procedures are specified in 3GPP TS 23.288 [14], 3GPP TS 2...
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2 References
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. - References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non‑specific. - For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. -...
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3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
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3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. A term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1]. For the purpose of the present document, the terms and definitions given ...
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3.2 Symbols
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3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. An abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1]. AF Application Function AI/ML Artificial Intelligence/Machine L...
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4 Overview
The Application Function Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) Services, as defined in 3GPP TS 23.288 [14], are provided by the Application Function (AF). The following AI/ML services are specified for the AF: Table 4.1-1: AI/ML Services provided by AF Service Name Description Service Operations Operat...
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5 Services offered by the AF
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5.1 Introduction
The AF offers to other NFs the following services: - Naf_VFLTraining; - Naf_VFLInference; - Naf_Training; - Naf_Inference. Table 5.1-1 summarizes the corresponding APIs defined for this specification. Table 5.1-1: API Descriptions Service Name Clause Description OpenAPI Specification File apiName Annex Naf...
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5.2 Naf_VFLTraining Service
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5.2.1 Service Description
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5.2.1.1 Overview
The Naf_VFLTraining service exposed by the AF acting as VFL client enables an NF service consumer to: - request the creation/update of a VFL Training Subscription; and - receive VFL Training related event(s) reporting.
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5.2.1.2 Service Architecture
The 5G System Architecture is defined in 3GPP TS 23.501 [2]. The Network Data Analytics Exposure architecture is defined in 3GPP TS 23.288 [14]. The VFL signalling flows are defined in 3GPP TS 29.552 [15]. The Naf_VFLTraining service is part of the Naf service-based interface exhibited by the trusted Application Funct...
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5.2.1.3 Network Functions
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5.2.1.3.1 Application Function (AF)
The Application Function (AF) acting as VFL client provides VFL training for different analytics events to NF service consumers. The Application Function (AF) acting as VFL client allows NF service consumers to subscribe to and unsubscribe from VFL training event notifications.
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5.2.1.3.2 NF Service Consumers
The Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF) and Network Exposure Function (NEF) support (un)subscription to the notification of different VFL training events.
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5.2.2 Service Operations
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5.2.2.1 Introduction
The service operations defined for the Naf_VFLTraining service are shown in table 5.2.2.1-1. Table 5.2.2.1-1: Naf_VFLTraining Service Operations Service Operation Name Description Initiated by Naf_VFLTraining_Subscribe This service operation enables the NF service consumer to request the creation/update of a VFL ...
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5.2.2.2 Naf_VFLTraining_Subscribe
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5.2.2.2.1 General
This service operation is used by an NF service consumer to request the creation/update of a VFL Training Subscription at the AF. The following procedures are supported by the "Naf_VFLTraining_Subscribe" service operation: - VFL Training Subscription Creation. - VFL Training Subscription Update.
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5.2.2.2.2 VFL Training Subscription Creation
Figure 5.2.2.2.2-1 depicts a scenario where an NF service consumer sends a request to the AF to request the creation of a VFL Training Subscription (see also clause 6.2H of 3GPP°TS°23.288°[14]). Figure 5.2.2.2.2-1: Procedure for VFL Training Subscription Creation 1. In order to subscribe to VFL Training, the NF ser...
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5.2.2.2.3 VFL Training Subscription Update
Figure 5.2.2.2.3-1 depicts a scenario where an NF service consumer sends a request to the AF to request the update of an existing VFL Training Subscription (see also clause 6.2H of 3GPP°TS°23.288°[14]). Figure 5.2.2.2.3-1: Procedure for VFL Training Subscription Update 1. In order to request the update of an existi...
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5.2.2.3 Naf_VFLTraining_Unsubscribe
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5.2.2.3.1 General
This service operation is used by an NF service consumer to request the deletion of a VFL Training Subscription at the AF. The following procedures are supported by the "Naf_VFLTraining_Unsubscribe" service operation: - VFL Training Subscription Deletion.
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5.2.2.3.2 VFL Training Subscription Deletion
Figure 5.2.2.3.2-1 depicts a scenario where an NF service consumer sends a request to the AF to delete an existing VFL Training Subscription (see also clause 6.2H of 3GPP°TS°23.288°[14]). Figure 5.2.2.3.2-1: Procedure for VFL Training Subscription Deletion 1. In order to request the deletion of an existing VFL Trai...
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5.2.2.4 Naf_VFLTraining_Notify
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5.2.2.4.1 General
This service operation is used by the AF to notify a previously subscribed service consumer on: - VFL Training report(s). The following procedures are supported by the "Naf_VFLTraining_Notify" service operation: - VFL Training Notification.
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5.2.2.4.2 VFL Training Notification
Figure 5.2.2.4.2-1 depicts a scenario where the AF sends a request to notify a previously subscribed service consumer on VFL Training report(s) (see also clause 6.2H of 3GPP°TS°23.288°[14]). Figure 5.2.2.4.2-1: Procedure for VFL Training Notification 1. In order to notify a previously subscribed service consumer on...
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5.3 Naf_VFLInference Service
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5.3.1 Service Description
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5.3.1.1 Overview
The Naf_VFLInference service as defined in 3GPP TS 23.288 [14], is provided by the trusted Application Function (AF) or untrusted Application Function (AF) acting as VFL client. This service allows the NF service consumers acting as VFL servers to: - subscribe to and unsubscribe from different VFL inference events; ...
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5.3.1.2 Service Architecture
The 5G System Architecture is defined in 3GPP TS 23.501 [2]. The Network Data Analytics Exposure architecture is defined in 3GPP TS 23.288 [14]. The VFL signalling flows are defined in 3GPP TS 29.552 [15]. The Naf_VFLInference service is part of the Naf service-based interface exhibited by the trusted Application Func...
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5.3.1.3 Network Functions
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5.3.1.3.1 Application Function (AF)
The Application Function (AF), provides VFL inference for different analytics events to NF service consumers. The Application Function (AF) allows NF service consumers to subscribe to and unsubscribe from one-time, periodic notification when a VFL inference event is detected.
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5.3.1.3.2 NF Service Consumers
The Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF) and Network Exposure Function (NEF) support (un)subscription to the notification of different VFL inference events.
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5.3.2 Service Operations
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5.3.2.1 Introduction
Table 5.3.2.1-1: Operations of the Naf_VFLInference service Service operation name Description Initiated by Naf_VFLInference_Subscribe This service operation is used by an NF service consumer to subscribe to VFL inference events. NF service consumer (NWDAF,NEF) Naf_VFLInference_Unsubscribe This service operatio...
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5.3.2.2 Naf_VFLInference_Subscribe service operation
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5.3.2.2.1 General
The Naf_VFLInference_Subscribe service operation is used by an NF service consumer to request AF VFL client(s) to subscribe or update subscription for VFL inference event notifications from the AF acting as VFL client.
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5.3.2.2.2 Subscription for VFL inference event notifications
Figure 5.3.2.2.2-1 shows a scenario where the NF service consumer sends a request to the AF to subscribe for VFL inference event notification(s) (as shown in 3GPP TS 23.288 [14]). Figure 5.3.2.2.2-1: NF service consumer subscribes to VFL inference notifications The NF service consumer shall invoke the Naf_VFLInfere...
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5.3.2.2.3 Update subscription for event notifications
Figure 5.3.2.2.3-1 shows a scenario that the NF service consumer sends an HTTP PUT request to the AF to modify an existing VFL inference subscription (as shown in 3GPP TS 23.288 [14]). Figure 5.3.2.2.3-1: Modification of VFL inference events subscription information using HTTP PUT The NF service consumer shall in...
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5.3.2.2.4 Partial update subscription for event notifications
Figure 5.3.2.2.4-1 shows a scenario that the NF service consumer sends an HTTP PATCH request to the AF to partial modify an existing VFL inference subscription (as shown in 3GPP TS 23.288 [14]). Figure 5.3.2.2.4-1: Partial modification of VFL inference subscription information using HTTP PATCH The NF service consum...
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5.3.2.3 Naf_VFLInference_Unsubscribe service operation
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5.3.2.3.1 General
The Naf_VFLInference_Unsubscribe service operation is used by an NF service consumer to unsubscribe from VFL inference notifications.
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5.3.2.3.2 Unsubscribe from VFL inference notifications
Figure 5.3.2.3.2-1 shows a scenario where the NF service consumer sends a request to the AF to unsubscribe from a VFL inference notification (see also 3GPP TS 23.288 [14]). Figure 5.3.2.3.2-1: NF service consumer unsubscribes from VFL inference notifications The NF service consumer shall invoke the Naf_VFLInference...
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5.3.2.4 Naf_VFLInference_Notify service operation
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5.3.2.4.1 General
The Naf_VFLInference_Notify service operation is used by an AF to notify NF consumers about subscribed VFL inference events.
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5.3.2.4.2 Notification about subscribed event
Figure 5.3.2.4.2-1 shows a scenario where the AF sends a request to the NF Service Consumer to notify for VFL inference event notifications (see also 3GPP TS 23.288 [14]). Figure 5.3.2.4.2-1: AF notifies the subscribed VFL inference event The AF shall invoke the Naf_VFLInference_Notify service operation to notify a...
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5.4 Naf_Training Service
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5.4.1 Service Description
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5.4.1.1 Overview
The Naf_Training service exposed by the AF acting as VFL server and enables an NF service consumer to: - request the creation/update of a Training subscription; and - receive Training related event(s) reporting.
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5.4.1.2 Service Architecture
The 5G System Architecture is defined in 3GPP TS 23.501 [2]. The Network Data Analytics Exposure architecture is defined in 3GPP TS 23.288 [14]. The VFL signalling flows are defined in 3GPP TS 29.552 [15]. The Naf_Training service is part of the Naf service-based interface exhibited by the trusted Application Function...
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5.4.1.3 Network Functions
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5.4.1.3.1 Application Function (AF)
The Application Function (AF) acting as VFL server provides training for different analytics events to NF service consumers. The Application Function (AF) acting as VFL server allows NF service consumers to subscribe to and unsubscribe from training event notifications.
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5.4.1.3.2 NF Service Consumers
The Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF) and Network Exposure Function (NEF) support (un)subscription to the notification of different training events.
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5.4.2 Service Operations
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5.4.2.1 Introduction
The service operations defined for the Naf_Training service are shown in table 5.4.2.1-1. Table 5.4.2.1-1: Naf_Training Service Operations Service Operation Name Description Initiated by Naf_Training_Subscribe This service operation enables the NF service consumer to request the creation/update of a Training Subs...
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5.4.2.2 Naf_Training_Subscribe
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5.4.2.2.1 General
This service operation is used by an NF service consumer to request the creation/update of a Training Subscription at the AF. The following procedures are supported by the "Naf_Training_Subscribe" service operation: - Training Subscription Creation. - Training Subscription Update.
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5.4.2.2.2 Training Subscription Creation
Figure 5.4.2.2.2-1 depicts a scenario where an NF service consumer sends a request to the AF to request the creation of a Training Subscription (see also clause 6.2H of 3GPP°TS°23.288°[14]). Figure 5.4.2.2.2-1: Procedure for Training Subscription Creation 1. In order to subscribe to Training, the NF service consume...