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5.6.4 Post-Conditions
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Tom goes back to home, checks the kitchen range and closes the gas valve.
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5.6.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
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None.
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5.6.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
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[PR.5.6.6-001] The 5G system shall be able to support communication services for Ambient IoT devices.
[PR.5.6.6-002] The 5G system shall support suitable security mechanisms for Ambient IoT devices, including authentication, encryption and data integrity.
[PR.5.6.6-003] The 5G system shall be able to provide the required communication service according to KPI given in table 5.6.6-1.
Table 5.6.6-1: KPI for Ambient IoT devices in smart home
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Ambient IoT devices in smart home
20 s
99.9 %
NA
<1 kbit/s
8~96bits
<5 per 100m²
10-30m
Indoors
NA
Stationary
NA
NA
NA
NA
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5.7 Use Case on Ambient IoT for airport terminal / shipping port
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5.7.1 Description
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An airport terminal / shipping port manages a large inventory of different types of objects, including forklifts, trolleys, ramp leaders, pallet dollies, baggage carts, wheelchairs, among others (see Figure 1). Real-time tracking and management of such assets is an important part of efficient operation of an airport terminal/shipping port, including through (re)-deployment of assets based on time-varying demand in different locations (e.g., gates), prolonged asset life through timely maintenance, improved safety and travel experience, asset theft prevention.
Figure 5.7.1-1: Airport terminal / Shipping port requires real-time management of different types of assets.
Some key differences from other asset management/tracking use-case scenarios include the need for real-time location information, relatively large service area with a mix of indoor and outdoor deployment, and the need for mobility support.
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5.7.2 Pre-conditions
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An Ambient IoT device is attached to each asset (to be tracked) before deployment. The asset management system has subscription to the Ambient-IoT services with access to information about the Ambient IoT device, such as location, maintenance-related parameters;
The airport terminal / shipping port has public or private 5G network coverage to provide the Ambient-IoT services with support for a large number of Ambient-IoT devices. The Ambient IoT devices in this use case communicate to the network.
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5.7.3 Service Flows
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1. The asset management system requests the Ambient IoT service for regular/on-demand snapshot of the asset inventory information with a specified granularity, e.g., gate-level;
2. Based on the request, the 5G system queries the Ambient IoT devices to inventory different types of assets in the specified location(s).
3. The Ambient IoT service aggregates the responses from the Ambient IoT devices to respond to the application function’s request at the specified granularity;
4. The Ambient IoT service provides additional agreed-upon information
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5.7.4 Post-conditions
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The airport terminal / shipping port utilizes the Ambient IoT service to obtain real-time inventory/location of the different types of assets, allowing for more efficient operation through (re)-deployment of assets based on time-varying demand in different locations, prolonged asset life through timely maintenance, improved safety and travel experience, asset theft prevention.
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5.7.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
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None.
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5.7.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
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[PR 5.7.6-001] The 5G system shall be able to support means to discover and locate Ambient-IoT devices in a certain geographical area, e.g. at cell level.
[PR 5.7.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to provide communication with Ambient-IoT devices with the following KPIs :
Table 5.7.6-1: KPI Requirements for Airport Terminal/Shipping Port Service
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Airport Terminal/ Shipping Port
1s to 10s
99%
NA
NA
256 bits (UL) (Note 1)
100 devices/1km2
50m
(indoor)
1-10km2 (Note 2)
3 to 10km/h
NA
NA
90%
cell level
Note 1: 128 bits for the Electronic Product Code (EPC) of the tracked object and additional 128 bits assumed for control / other data (e.g., location-related).
Note 2: As an example, Newark Airport size ~8km2.
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5.8 Use case on Finding Remote Lost Item
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5.8.1 Description
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It is quite common for people to lose personal items sometimes, which includes keys, wallets, bags, phones, glasses, etc. In many of those scenarios, Ambient IoT devices, (with small form factor and low cost/complexity), could be attached to those items and be used to help finding their location via a 5G smartphone.
When a person loses his/her personal item in a remote place, far from the owner’s location (e.g., in airport, subway, park, restaurant, etc), the large distance between the lost items (w/ Ambient IoT device attached) and the owner’s 5G UE prevents the owner from using direct communication methods, between the UE and the Ambient IoT device, to perform e.g., local discovery/positioning/ranging.
This use case (shown in Figure 1) considers a scenario where Ambient IoT devices are used to locate lost items, which they are attached to, with the help of surrounding UEs/ RAN entities (supporting the tracking of Ambient IoT devices).
In terms of communication power availability, these Ambient IoT devices can operate based on intermittently harvested energy with energy storage or instantaneous energy provided on-demand. For devices with energy storage, we assume energy is continuously available during its communication. This use case covers scenarios without energy storage and with energy storage, assuming lower power consumption and complexity than typical/current IoT devices.
Figure 5.8.1-1: Remote tag finding service, using Ambient IoT devices and surrounding UEs/RAN entities
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5.8.2 Pre-conditions
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Alice subscribed to a “lost tag finding” service and bought an Ambient IoT tag for her baggage.
She attaches the tag to her baggage and associated the tag with her mobile phone in this service.
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5.8.3 Service Flows
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The case of remote lost item finding by crowdsourcing
1. The Alice is traveling from San Diego (SAN) to New York (JFK) using airplane with her tag (tag-A) attached to her baggage. When she arrives in JFK airport, she does not find her baggage in baggage claim area.
2. The tag-A attached to Alices’ baggage identifies that it is lost and notify any nearby UEs/RAN entities supporting the lost tag finding service that the tag-A is currently lost.
3. As shown in Figure 1, the nearby UEs/RAN entities which is notified from the tag-A connects to server providing the lost tag finding service and reports the tag-A’s current location and time. (For privacy, the tag-A’s identity should not be known to other UEs/RAN entities other than Alice’s UE or service provider.)
4. Alice, after finding that her baggage is missing in airport, opens an app in her mobile phone to find her tag-A’s whereabout. The app communicates with the server and gets the recent information e.g., location/time/etc, related to the tag-A.
5. Alice can track the location of her baggage with the help of lost item finding service.
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5.8.4 Post-conditions
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Alice reclaims her lost baggage with the help of the lost item finding service.
5.8.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
SA1 has identified several IoT/MTC requirements that assume device type of higher complexity and higher availability of power/energy, higher processing power, etc, than the Ambient IoT device. Some excerpts are listed below:
3GPP TS 22.368 [6]: "Service requirements for Machine-Type Communications (MTC)"
TS 22.368 provides related requirements for identifiers for MTC subscribers, for handling large number of devices, feature addition, power consumption, security
• The system shall provide mechanisms for the network operator to efficiently manage numbers and identifiers related to MTC Subscribers.
• The network shall provide a mechanism to reduce peaks in the data and signalling traffic resulting from very large numbers of MTC Devices (almost) simultaneously attempting data and/or signalling interactions.
• The network shall provide a mechanism for the network operator to control the addition or removal of individual MTC Features to a subscription (e.g. based on matching or mismatching of MTC Features).
• The system shall provide mechanisms to lower power consumption of MTC Devices.
• The network operator shall be able to efficiently provide network security for connection between MTC Device and a MTC Server or between MTC Device and a MTC Application Server in case there is a direct connection with the MTC Application Server. This applies even when some of the devices are roaming i.e. connected via a VPLMN.
3GPP TS 22.278 [7]: "Service requirements for the Evolved Packet System (EPS)"
The 22.278 provides efficient data transmission in between core network and UE.
The 3GPP system shall support efficient transmission of IP data and non-IP data to/from a UE.
The 3GPP system shall support efficient transmission of small data to/from a UE.
3GPP TS 22.261[8]: "Service requirements for the 5G system"
TS 22.261 provides requirements on power, positioning.
The 5G system shall support UEs using small rechargeable and single coin cell batteries (e.g., considering impact on maximum pulse and continuous current).
The 5G system shall be able to make the position-related data available to an application or to an application server existing within the 5G network, external to the 5G network, or in the User Equipment.
NOTE 3: the position service latency can be tailored to the use cases.
The 5G system shall be able to manage and log position-related data in compliance with applicable traceability, authentication and security regulatory requirements.
The 5G system shall supply a method for the operator to configure and manage different positioning services for different users.
The 5G system shall allow the operator to identify a UE as an IoT device based on UE characteristics (e.g. identified by an equipment identifier or a range of equipment identifiers) or subscription or the combination of both.
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5.8.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
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[PR.5.8.6-001] The 5G system shall be able to assist an Ambient IoT device with discovery and communication with 5GS entities that can provide location related information.
[PR 5.8.6-002] Based on operator policy, the 5G system shall be able to support authorization of UEs communicating with an Ambient IoT device.
[PR.5.8.6-003] The 5G system shall be able to support means to support RAN entities and authorized UEs to communicate with Ambient IoT devices and transfer related information to other 5G system entities (e.g., core network) / servers.
[PR.5.8.6-004] The 5G system shall be able to provide a mechanism to protect the privacy of information (e.g., location and identity) exchanged during communication with an Ambient IoT device.
NOTE 1: This requirement refers to communication between Ambient IoT devices and 5G System entities (e.g., core network, RAN entities), application servers or authorized UEs.
[PR 5.8.6-005] The 5G system shall be able to support a UE to authenticate an Ambient IoT device.
[PR 5.8.6-006] The 5G system shall be able to support Ambient IoT devices with the following KPIs:
Table 5.8.6-1: KPI Requirements for “Finding Remote Lost Item” Service
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Remote lost item finding (Indoor)
5s
99%
(Note 1 )
NA
NA
256 bits
(Note 2 )
250 devices/100m2
(Note 3)
10m
NA
NA
NA
NA
90%
~3m
Remote lost item finding (Outdoor)
5s
99%
(Note 1)
NA
NA
256 bits
(Note 2)
10 devices/100m2
(Note 4)
100m
NA
NA
NA
NA
90%
~10m
Note 1: Service can be potentially provided by both multiple UEs and RAN entities.
Note 2: 64bits corresponds to 20 digits in decimal number. 20 digits is assumed for the length of tag ID. Additional 192bits were assumed for control and other data (e.g., location information, IP address of server).
Note 3: It assumes an 100m2 surface area inside an airport taken up by baggage.
Note 4: Considering moderately sized mobile panels or AGVs transporting baggages in an airport apron (an open area), given the limited load per mobile pannel or AGV, the density of baggages is very low per unit surface of 100m2.
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5.9 Use case on LCS for Ambient IoT
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5.9.1 Description
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Ambient Internet of Things (Ambient IoT) is an IoT service with an IoT device powered by energy harvesting, being either battery-less or with limited energy storage capability (i.e., using a capacitor). It can enable communication with IoT devices without conventional power source and/or avoids human intervention for recharging or replacing. An Ambient IoT device can harvest energy from energy source from Radio, solar, light, motion/vibration, heat, pressure, or any other power sources.
Note: Energy harvesting is out of scope of this TR.
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5.9.2 Pre-conditions
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Tom buys an Ambient IoT device which has a 3GPP subscription and is equipped with 3GPP radio technology. The device registers to the 3GPP network based on its subscription and the network should record that the device can be found its location by Tom’s UE.
Tom puts the Ambient IoT device on his pet dog collar.
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5.9.3 Service Flows
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1. In a morning, Tom gets up and takes his pet dog to the park nearby. In the park, the dog runs far away from Tom.
2. After some time, Tom needs to go home for the breakfast, he takes out his UE to ask the location of the Ambient IoT device.
3. The UE initiates LCS request to the network for the location of the Ambient IoT device.
4. The network finds the location of Ambient IoT device when the device has enough power. The power is from the ambient power source. The network sends the location result to the UE.
5. Tom can see the location result in the UE and walks towards his dog to take it home.
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5.9.4 Post-conditions
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Tom finds his pet dog with the help of 5G network and the Ambient IoT device.
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5.9.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
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None
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5.9.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
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[PR 5.9.6-001] 5G system shall optimize mobility management support for mobile Ambient-enabled IoT devices that are unable to constantly stay active.
[PR 5.9.6-002] 5G system shall be able to determine the location of Ambient IoT device, when it becomes active as triggered by the 5G network.
[PR 5.9.6-003] The 5G system shall be able to provide location services for Ambient IoT with the performances requirements reported in Table 5.9.6-1.
Table 5.9.6-1: Performance requirements for location service for Ambient IoT
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Absolute positioning
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
500m
NA
Outdoor - up to 10 km/h
NA
10 s
95 %
Cell-level
horizontal accuracy
(NOTE 1)
NOTE 1: This KPI table is mostly from the positioning service levels 1 in Table 7.3.2.2-1 Performance requirements for Horizontal and Vertical positioning service levels, TS22.261[8].
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5.10 Use case on Relative positioning for Ambient IoT
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5.10.1 Description
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Ambient Internet of Things (Ambient IoT) is an IoT service with an IoT device powered by energy harvesting, being either battery-less or with limited energy storage capability (i.e., using a capacitor). It can enable communication with IoT devices without conventional power source and/or avoids human intervention for recharging or replacing. An Ambient IoT device can harvest energy from energy source from Radio, solar, light, motion/vibration, heat, pressure, or any other power sources.
Note: Energy harvesting is out of scope of this TR.
Relative positioning is to estimate position relatively to other network elements or relatively to other UEs.
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5.10.2 Pre-conditions
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Tom buys an Ambient IoT device which has a 3GPP subscription and is equipped with 3GPP radio technology. There is a relative positioning APP in Tom’s UE. The relative positioning application server and clients records the UE and Ambient IoT device’s relative positioning application layer ID.
Tom pastes the device on his key.
In a morning, Tom gets up and wants to walk in the park nearby.
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5.10.3 Service Flows
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1. Tom wants to take his key, but cannot find the key in the room. He takes out his UE to initiate a relative positioning request for the Ambient IoT device by using the relative positioning APP. The 5G system authenticates the UE and the Ambient IoT, and authorizes the UE and the Ambient IoT device to perform the relative positioning.
2. The UE sends the radio to activate the Ambient IoT device in the room and the relative positioning request with the relative positioning application layer ID of the UE as the requester and the Ambient IoT device as the target.
3. After receiving and storing enough energy, the Ambient IoT device responds the UE’s relative positioning request with its relative positioning application layer ID. From the APP, Tom’s UE displays that his key is still in the room.
4. After the relative positioning discovery procedure above, the UE continues sending the radio to the Ambient IoT device, and the Ambient IoT device receives and stores the energy for continuous relative positioning.
5. The UE performs relative positioning to find the direction and relative positioning to the Ambient IoT device.
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5.10.4 Post-conditions
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Tom finds his key under the bed.
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5.10.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
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None
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5.10.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
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[PR 5.10.6-001] 5G system shall be able to support an authorized UE to perform Ambient IoT relative positioning between the UE and specific Ambient IoT devices.
[PR 5.10.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to provide Relative positioning services for Ambient IoT with the performances requirements reported in Table 5.10.6.1-1.
Table 5.10.6-1: Performance requirements for Relative positioning service for Ambient IoT
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Finding Items in a home
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
20 Ambient IoT devices/
(100m2)
10m
NA
Static/ Moving
(<1m/s)
500ms
NA
95 %
1-3m
(Note1)
NOTE 1: This value depends partly on the actual communication range.
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5.11 Use case on online modification of medical instruments status
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5.11.1 Description
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More and more medical instruments in hospital need to be well stored, cleaned and sterilized to guaranteed normal reuse. They demand to withstand certain conditions e.g., high temperature, high pressure or humidity. Traditional information maintenance for the medical instrument status is usually operated manually, which is inefficient and even in some cases, causes serious accident e.g., lost or invalidity. To improve safe and efficient utilization of the medical instruments, online maintenance is being developed.
For the online maintenance, the medical instrument is needed to be equipped with Ambient IoT device. Considering the working condition of the medical instrument, this kind of Ambient IoT device should be battery-less or with limited energy storage capability, maintenance-free and should have long service life time and small size. Through 5G network and the IoT device, the medical instrument information (e.g., the serial number of the instrument, usage status, usage records, years of use, integrity, etc.) can be remotely read, modified and written by the medical instrument management platform.
Following is an example to illustrate online modification of medical instruments status.
Orthopaedic instruments generally refer to professional medical instruments specially used for orthopaedic surgery. According to the usage purpose, it can be classified as orthopaedic knives, orthopaedic scissors, orthopaedic forceps, orthopaedic hooks, orthopaedic needles, orthopaedic scrapers, orthopaedic cones, orthopaedic drills, orthopaedic saws, orthopaedic chisels, orthopaedic files / shovels, orthopaedic active instruments, etc.
A number of Ambient-IoT devices recording different orthopaedic instrument information (e.g., the serial number of the instrument, usage status, usage records, years of use, maintained status, etc.) are stuck on these orthopaedic instruments. They are usually indoor stored in the instrument warehouse or medical instrument storage room or special storage cabinet.
These Ambient-IoT devices attached in the orthopaedic instrument are battery-less or with limited energy storage capability. They are with very simple capability and not applications installed on them.
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5.11.2 Pre-Conditions
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Network operator UU deploys a new service “Ambient IoT” through its 5G system. Hospital Z has subscribed the new service for its orthopaedic instrument inventory management.
Bob is an instrument inventor manager of Hospital Z. He has the authorization to remotely maintain the orthopaedic instrument through the inventory management platform of the hospital. He can operate this work in the hospital or out of the hospital.
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5.11.3 Service Flows
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Same as the service flow in section 5.2.3, Bob can acquire the information list of the orthopedic instruments.
In the list, Bob can read that some orthopedic forceps are in "To be maintained" status. So, he selects them and asks engineer to repair them.
Part of the instruments are repaired well and returned back in cabinet, Bob wants to change the status information of the orthopedic forceps to "Normal". The status change request is delivered to the hospital inventory management platform. The platform informs 5G network to ask the Ambient-IoT devices attached on the orthopedic forceps to “modify” the status with “Normal”. The 5G network transmits “modify” command transparently or translate the command to the Ambient-IoT devices. In the “modify” command, it includes not only the updated information but also can be the physical address where the information needed to be stored. After receiving the “modify” command, the Ambient-IoT devices write the updated information into the storage information according to the corresponding physical address which is predefined or indicated. Then, Bob checks and finds the status of the orthopedic forceps have been updated with “Normal”.
The other part of the instrument is broken, so a new set of orthopedic forceps are purchased. Before the new instrument is put into use, related instrument information needs to be stored in the Ambient IoT devices which are stuck on the new instrument. The hospital inventory management platform asks 5G network to send “write” command to write the status of the new orthopedic forceps. The “write” command includes the status information of orthopedic forceps which can include the serial number of the instrument (16 bits), usage status (2 bits), usage records (128 bits), years of use (6 bits), number of usage (18 bits), maintained status (2 bits), other potential information, which are transparent to 5G network. Considering the Ambient-IoT devices attached on the repaired orthopedic forceps are without application software, the 5G network translates and sends “write” commands to the Ambient-IoT devices attached on the new orthopedic forceps. In the status information of orthopedic forceps, each type of information is associated with a predefined or indicated physical address. After receiving the command, the Ambient-IoT devices store the status information at the corresponding physical address. Bob checks and finds the status of the new orthopedic forceps have been written.
Considering medical instruments density, the average end to end service latency is expected to be hundreds ms level to avoid excessive application delay. Further, the user experienced data rate can be calculated considering the status information less than 176 bits within time period e.g.100 ms.
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5.11.4 Post-Conditions
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Hospital Z utilizes Ambient-IoT service to support the online maintenance for its medical instrument. Bob can modify the status information of medical instrument or write status information for new medical instrument.
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5.11.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
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None
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5.11.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
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[PR 5.11.6-001] The 5G system shall be able to communicate with an Ambient IoT device.
[PR 5.11.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to provide communication service with KPIs listed in Table 5.11.6-1 for the Ambient IoT devices.
Table 5.11.6-1: KPIs for use case of Medical Instrument modification
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Medical instrument inventory management and positioning
Several seconds
99%
NA
<2kbit/s
(note 1)
176bit
≥1000/km2
(note 2)
50m indoor
200m outdoor
NA
Static or walking speed
<6km/h
NA
NA
NA
3 m to 5 m indoor
Note 1: User experienced data rate is calculated based on inventory information (176 bits) within time period of e.g. 100 ms;
Note 2: It refers typical medical instrument density condition in Chinese hospital.
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5.12 Use case on Ambient IoT service for personal belongings finding
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5.12.1 Description
|
For a smart home application scenario, discovery of personal item becomes one of the most important applications. A lot of personal items are in home, such as keys, passports, bank cards, wallets, children’s toys, clothes etc. It is quite usual that people may forget where their items are so that they have to waste time to find them. Ambient IoT technology will help to find people’s items at home much more efficiently.
Most of personal items which are easily to be lost are with a small size. For example, a key has a length of several centi-meters. A passport will have a size of 8.8*12.5 centi-meters. And typically, these things will be put in a storage box or a drawer. However, Ambient IoT devices can be easily attached to those small items.
Ambient IoT can provide a promising way for house asset management. Ambient IoT devices use energy harvested from heat or radio waves. Therefore, the device can work without a conventional battery and can work for a long-time duration, e.g., > 20 years.
However, the harvested energy would be very limited. For example, only tens of micro-watts power can be harvested if the energy is harvested from radio waves. Hence, it will put constraint on the maximum power consumption for Ambient IoT device(e.g. up to several hundred microwatts [81] [82] [83]). The device shall work with ultra-low power consumption.
For smart home application, the typical required communication distance would be less than 10 meters.
For home assert management application scenario, usually the device ID needs to be transmitted for discovery of personal item and the size of typical ID would be [96] bits [5]. Within a house of around 100m2, 100~500 devices need to be deployed to manage most of the important items. A data rate of 10kbit/s is expected.
Usually, it needs to determine the position of the Ambient IoT device for home assert management application scenario. A positioning accuracy of around 1 meter is required.
Sometimes in daily life, Mickey cannot remember where he put his wallet, or his favourite pair of shoes. He may become crazy if he is in a hurry to go out.
With Ambient IoT service provided by 5GS, Mickey can attach Ambient IoT Devices to his wallet and shoes. Then he can easily find them using his mobile phone which supports Ambient IoT service. The Ambient IoT Device is solely dependent on harvested ambient energy, being maintenance-free, of extremely-low complexity, weight, and size.
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93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.12.2 Pre-conditions
|
Mickey bought a mobile phone supporting Ambient IoT service. He also obtains multiple Ambient IoT devices for personal belongings finding.
Bob is a neighbour to Mickey and Bob also has some Ambient IoT devices attached to his belongings.
Both licensed and unlicensed spectrum are applicable to Ambient IoT service.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.12.3 Service Flows
|
1. Mickey’s and his roommate Minnie’s mobile phones may be authorized by their mobile operators to perform the Ambient IoT service. Both of their cell phones can send signal to Ambient IoT devices.
2. Mickey attaches one Ambient IoT device to his wallet, registers “Mickey’s wallet” to the application server (e.g., Mickey’s mobile phone obtains Ambient IoT device information including the device ID and transfer the information to the application server).
3. When Mickey wants to find his wallet, he opens the application in his mobile phone to search his wallet.
4. Mickey’s mobile phone searches to the Ambient IoT device attached to his wallet.
The Ambient IoT device attached to his wallet responds to the mobile phone thus it can be easily identified the wallet is nearby. Then, Mickey’s mobile phone obtains the position of the wallet and it displays the position of the wallet (e.g., relative position of the mobile phone).
Meanwhile the Bob’s Ambient IoT device also receives the request but it does not respond to Mickey’s cell phone.
5. The other day, Mickey goes out to the bank. When he arrives at the bank, he cannot find his wallet. He would like to check whether his wallet is left at home. Mickey opens the application in his mobile phone and authorizes Minnie’s mobile phone to search the Ambient IoT device attached to his wallet. The application server requests Minnie’s mobile phone to search the Ambient IoT device attached to Mickey’s wallet. Minnie’s mobile phone searches the Ambient IoT device and can determine it is at home when receiving from the Ambient IoT device attached to Mickey’s wallet. In addition, Minnie’s mobile phone can further determine the relative position of it using positioning service. Minnie’s mobile phone sends the position information of the Ambient IoT device to the application server. Consequently, Mickey sees his wallet is at home through the application in his mobile phone.
Mickey’s mobile phone, Minnie’s mobile phone and the Ambient IoT Device to Mickey’s wallet may belong to one Personal IoT Networks as described in TS 22.261 [8] clause 6.38.
6. Mickey left his wallet at a bus stop. He can find his wallet with the help of the base station near the bus stop and UEs nearby. In order to implement this, the application server requests from the 5G system about the position of the Ambient IoT device attached to Mickey’s wallet. The application server may indicate an area, where the wallet is possibly lost. Upon receiving the request, the 5G system can ask the RAN nodes or the UEs (which are within or near the area and are allowed to provide positioning service to Ambient IoT devices) to help searching the Ambient IoT device, identify its position in the bus stop and send the position information to the application server.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.12.4 Post-conditions
|
Thanks to the Ambient IoT service provided by the 5G system, Mickey can find his wallet as soon as possible, both for indoor and outdoor cases.
The information of Bob’s Ambient IoT device will not be exposed.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.12.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
|
None.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.12.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
|
[PR.5.12.6-001] The 5G system shall support to authorize a UE to obtain device information of an Ambient IoT device.
[P.R.5.12.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to collect information from a specific Ambient IoT device.
[P.R.5.12.6-003] The 5G system shall be able to provide information of a specific Ambient IoT device to the trusted 3rd party.
NOTE: The request from 3rd party can include the requested Ambient IoT device identity, the requested service area to find the Ambient IoT device, the requested information of an Ambient IoT device includes position information.
[PR 5.12.6-004] The 5G system shall be able to support indoor and outdoor positioning for Ambient IoT devices.
[PR. 5.12.6-005] The 5G system shall be able to support an Ambient IoT device to validate a UE which communicates with the device.
[PR. 5.12.6-006] The 5G system shall support to validate an Ambient IoT device.
[PR.5.12.6-007] The 5G system shall be able to provide Ambient IoT service with following KPIs:
Table 5.12.6-1: Ambient IoT service KPI for personal belongings finding
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Personal belongings finding
(indoor)
1 s
99.9%
NA
<1 kbit/s
<1 kbits
(Note 1 )
<5 per 100 m2
10 m
<200 m2
Static
1 per hour
1 s
99%
1-3 m
Personal belongings finding
(outdoor)
1 s
99.9%
NA
<1 kbit/s
<1 kbits
(Note 1)
<10 per 100 m2
100 m
Up to the whole PLMN
Static
1 per hour
1 s
99%
several 10m
NOTE 1: The payload includes Ambient IoT device information, e.g., Ambient IoT device ID [14] [5].
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93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.13 Use case on Ambient IoT for Base Station Machine Room Environmental Supervision
| |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.13.1 Description
|
A cell site is composed of an outdoor cell tower and an indoor base station machine room, as shown in the figure below. A base station machine room (BSMR) includes the BBU cabinet, the power cabinet, the battery unit, the air conditioner and several cables. Unexpected network outages and electrical outages can be costly during base station operation.
Figure 5.13.1-1: BSMR Environmental Supervision
Leaky air conditioners, groundwater, water leakage from underground pipes and severe weather such as rainstorms may cause the entire BSMR to shut down. Therefore, water leakage monitoring is an important part of BSMR environmental supervision. In addition, the temperature, humidity and other environmental parameters of BSMR also need to be monitored. Any abnormality of parameters will affect normal operation of equipment, which will lead to the deterioration of the network service quality or even lead to disconnection.
Since Ambient IoT devices are low-cost and maintenance-free, these devices can be deployed in the internal and external locations where water is easily flooded to monitor water leakage in BSMR. Ambient IoT Devices can also be deployed inside the BBU cabinet to monitor the temperature and humidity parameters of BSMR in time, which can help to detect potential problems early and reduce the probability of network outage. Meanwhile, we can deploy Ambient IoT Devices on other equipments in BSMR, for example, a backup BBU (which has been placed in the machine room but has not been powered up) can achieve periodical equipment inventory to avoid being stolen. In addition, periodical equipment inventory can help to monitor whether these cabinets have enough empty grids to meet the requirement of base station expansion.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.13.2 Pre-conditions
|
1. Ambient IoT devices are deployed inside the BBU cabinet, outside the bottom of the BBU cabinet, the power cabinet, the battery unit, and the air conditioner, which can interact with 5G system.
2. Ambient IoT devices can collect energy from the environment through radio waves, vibration, light or other ways to realize message transmission and power supply of temperature sensors, humidity sensors and water-logging sensors.
3. Ambient IoT devices can per-set a threshold (such as a 50 temperature threshold) based on the user’s requirements.
4. The 5G system equipment which can interact with Ambient IoT devices and send the collected information to the supervision platform is deployed in the machine room according to the needs of BSMR environmental supervision;
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93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.13.3 Service Flows
|
1. The supervision platform starts a monitoring task request to 5G system.
2. The 5G system performs the monitoring task by transmitting signals periodically to activate Ambient IoT devices.
3. The Ambient IoT devices measure the environmental parameters and send the obtained information to the 5G system. For temperature and humidity monitoring, typically, the single packet size is 96bits and the sampling rate is 10Hz, therefore, the data generation per Ambient IoT device is about 960bits/s. For water-logging monitoring, data is generated only when water leaks occur and the data packet size is 96bits typically.
4. If the monitor data exceeds the per-set threshold, the Ambient IoT devices would report sensor information actively to the 5G system immediately.
5. The 5G system sends the acquired information to the supervision platform. The supervision platform analyzes this information to diagnoses the health status of all monitored equipment.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.13.4 Post-conditions
|
With the support of 5G network, BSMR environment can be monitored more efficiently to reduce the risk of network outages, electrical outages and other failures.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.13.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
|
In previous releases, SA1 has finished several studies about IoT topic to introduce SA1 requirements in TS 22.011, TS 22.278, TS 22.368 and TS 22.261 to address requirement for IoT business about device lifetime, power consumption, data transmission and communication mechanism.
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93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.13.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
|
[P.R.5.13.6-001] The 5G system shall be able to support communication with Ambient IoT devices.
[P.R.5.13.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to support suitable security mechanisms for Ambient IoT devices, including encryption and data integrity.
[P.R.5.13.6-003] The 5G system shall be able to support suitable mechanisms to authenticate and authorize Ambient IoT devices.
[P.R.5.13.6-004] The 5G system shall support energy efficient communication mechanisms for Ambient IoT devices (i.e., minimizing the device communication power consumption).
[P.R 5.13.6-005] The 5G system shall support transferring data collected from Ambient IoT devices to a trusted 3rd party.
[P.R 5.13.6-006] The 5G system shall be able to provide Ambient IoT service with following KPIs.
Table 5.13.6-1: KPI Table of Base Station Machine Room Environmental Supervision
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
BSMR environmental supervision
30s
99%
99.9%
<1kbit/s (Note 1)
96bits
1.5 (Note 2)
30m indoors
NA
Stationary
NA
NA
NA
NA
NOTE1: The data rate generated by temperature, humidity, water-logging monitoring is typically less than 1kbit/s.
NOTE2: The device density is calculated based on an individual BSMR, where typically about 20 Ambient IoT devices are required in one BSMR and the dimension of a typical BSMR is around 12 .
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.14 Use case on indoor positioning in shopping centre using Ambient IoT
| |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.14.1 Description
|
Shopping has always been an important part of our daily life and many giant shopping centres have been established all over the world. A shopping centre offers a wide range of services and products, including large supermarkets, a collection of retail stores, restaurants, banks, theatres, fitness and leisure facilities, underground parking areas, professional offices and other establishments. While enjoying various services in a giant shopping centre, customers sometimes find it troublesome to locate the target store or restaurant or find their own cars in the parking area due to lack of accurate indoor positioning and navigation system.
Ambient IoT can provide a promising solution for accurate indoor positioning. Ambient devices use energy harvested from ambient power, e.g., light, heat or radio waves etc. Therefore, such devices can work with limited energy storage capability (e.g., using a capacitor) or without any battery for extremely long time, e.g., > 10 years. Ambient device has other desired characteristics such as maintenance-free, extremely-low complexity, light weight, and small size.
The technology of Ambient IoT will provide positioning and navigation service to the customers in a shopping centre, and help them find the target shops and information much more efficiently, thus significantly improving customer satisfaction.
A shopping centre can occupy an area of tens to hundreds of thousands m2, and it can be composed of one or multiple buildings, each of which has multiple storeys both over and underground. In the underground parking area, there can be hundreds to thousands of parking spots.
In order to fulfil the requirement, an indoor positioning accuracy of around [3] meters is required.
During weekends or holidays, Grace likes to go shopping. A big shopping centre near Grace’s home, with an area of 200 thousand m2, has opened recently. From the advertisement, Grace knows that the shopping centre has deployed a new indoor positioning and navigation system, which can help people quickly find the target places and items in the shopping centre.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.14.2 Pre-conditions
|
With the help of an operator, an Ambient IoT system consisting of 50 thousand individual devices has been deployed across the entire shopping centre. Such devices are evenly distributed with 2-meter intervals in every room to help customers of the shopping centre realize locate target shops via indoor positioning. The position of each tag is measured and recorded in advance.
Grace understands that without a navigation system, it would be time-consuming for her to do shopping in a new shopping centre. So, she would like to try the new positioning and navigation system. For that, Grace bought a mobile phone supporting Ambient IoT service and subscribed the indoor positioning services.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.14.3 Service Flows
|
1. Grace’s mobile phones is authorized by the mobile operators to perform the Ambient IoT service. And the phone is allowed to send signal to Ambient IoT devices. Grace downloads the shopping Navigation APP and registers to the navigation service.
2. One day, Grace drives her car to the new shopping Centre for the first time. When the car arrives at the entrance of the parking area, the navigation APP in her cell phone reminds her that the indoor positioning and navigation system will provide service for her. After authorization, the mobile phone performs Ambient IoT communication service and Ambient IoT positioning service using Ambient IoT device(s), in order to get the Ambient IoT device’s ID and relative position (i.e., relative distance and/or relative angle). Specifically, the system starts to work and Grace’s smart phone begins to send triggering signals (the triggering signals may be sent continuously or intermittently) to the Ambient IoT devices that have been attached on the nearby walls or poles aside the road to the underground parking.
Figure 5.14.3-1: Positioning in Parking area using Ambient IoT
3. The device(s) near Grace’s car is/are activated by the triggering signals. Then, the Ambient IoT device(s) responds to Grace’s mobile phone. The device ID is sent to the phone, followed by a signal. Using the signal, the mobile phone device derives the relative distance and/or relative angle to the Ambient IoT Device. Using the ID and the derived relative distance and/or relative angle, the position of the car can be derived by the APP and be shown in the indoor navigation APP.
While the car moves forwards, other Ambient IoT device(s) will sequentially respond to Grace’s mobile phone and the position can be continuously updated.
The APP navigates Grace to an empty parking spot using the navigation information and the real-time position of Grace’s car. Finally, Grace parked her car in the target parking spot.
Note 1: At a moment, one or multiple Ambient IoT devices can be used for positioning. It will depend on further study in downstream groups.
Note 2: The Ambient IoT device(s) only respond to the UEs who have subscribed the indoor positioning services and authorized by the mobile operators.
4. Grace gets off her car. Today, she wants to shop for groceries and a new skirt. After checking the APP, she easily finds that the supermarket and the fashion shop are in the 1st floor the 3rd floor respectively. The APP further plans the route to the supermarket. With the help of Ambient IoT devices attached all over the parking area and the smart phone, she easily finds the elevator.
When steps out the elevator in the 1st floor, the Ambient IoT device attached on the door of the elevator is activated by Grace’s mobile phone and soon the mobile phone updates Grace’s location in the navigation APP. The navigation APP switches to the 1st floor and it indicates to Grace that the entrance of the supermarket is 20 meters to the right.
Figure 5.14.3-2: Positioning in Shopping centre using Ambient IoT
5. The supermarket is very big, with an area of 20000 m2. With the help of Ambient IoT devices, it only takes minutes for Grace to find the shelfs with the groceries that Grace wants to buy. In addition, when Grace walks near to the shelf and searches for the target items using the navigation APP, the Ambient IoT device attached on the shelf will respond to the smart phone the specific location of the target items: putting at which part of the shelf and at which layer.
6. After buying all the needed items in the supermarket, with the help of Ambient IoT devices, Grace also goes to the fashion shops and buy her preferred skirt.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.14.4 Post-conditions
|
Thanks to the indoor positioning service provided by 5G Ambient IoT system, Grace has a great shopping experience in the shopping center.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.14.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
|
Same as existing service requirements, both licensed and unlicensed spectrum are applicable to Ambient IoT device.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.14.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case of Positioning in shopping centre
|
[PR.5.14.6-001] The 5G system shall support be able to authorize a UE to perform Ambient IoT communication services with specific Ambient IoT devices.
[PR.5.14.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to support authorizing a UE to perform Ambient IoT positioning services with specific Ambient IoT devices.
[PR.5.14.6-003] Subject to user consent and operator’s policy, the 5G system shall be able to expose the identities and positions of Ambient IoT devices to a 3rd party.
[PR. 5.14.6-004] The 5G system shall be able to support an Ambient IoT device to authenticate a UE triggering Ambient IoT services.
[PR. 5.14.6-005] The 5G system shall be able to support a UE to verify an Ambient IoT device’s identity.
[PR.5.14.6-006] The 5G system shall be able to provide Ambient IoT service with following KPIs:
Table 5.14.6-1: Ambient IoT service KPI
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Parking area (e.g. in shopping centre)
0.5 s
99.9%
NA
<1 kbit/s
96 bits
(Note1)
2500/ 10000m2
10 m
NA
NA
NA
0.5 s
90%
3 m
(Note 2, Note3)
Shopping area (e.g. in shopping centre)
0.5 s
99.9%
NA
<1 kbit/s
96 bits
(Note1)
2500/ 10000m2
10m
NA
NA
NA
0.5 s
90%
3 m
(Note 2, Note 3)
NOTE 1: The payload includes Ambient IoT device information, e.g., Ambient IoT device ID[5].
NOTE 2: The positioning accuracy can be applied to horizontal
NOTE 3: This value depends partly on the actual communication range.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.15 Use Case on Ambient IoT enablement for smart laundry
| |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.15.1 Description
|
Washing machines have been upgraded to enable automated washing process, freeing people from heavy laundry chores. Currently, washing machines are equipped with various functionalities and laundry modes, which targets to different types or materials of clothes. Therefore, there is increasing demand to determine an appropriate laundry mode based on the clothes to be washed by considering the colour, fabric, material, shape and stains in order to achieve intelligent laundry with water saving and electricity saving.
Ambient IoT service provided by 5G can be expected to meet the demanding needs of smart laundry. Ambient IoT devices installed with wireless sensors can be attached to clothes to monitor some parameter values such as temperature and humidity. Firstly, the Ambient IoT devices can store clothing information such as colour, fabric, materials and shape. Additionally, the parameter values can be used to detect sweat stains. The smart appliance application can request the 5G network to perform inventory of Ambient IoT devices to obtain this clothing information and recommend an appropriate laundry mode with suitable laundry parameters according to the clothing information. The recommended laundry mode with suitable laundry parameters will be transmitted to the washing machine so that the washing machine will wash the clothes with corresponding procedure, achieving better user experience and saving the water and electricity.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.15.2 Pre-conditions
|
Cindy is a big fan of Company X’s smart appliances and has bought various appliance from Company X. She downloads Company X’s smart home application, registers her user account and provide the information of the smart appliances such as appliances ID and/or name on the application as well.
Recently, Cindy has bought a smart washing machine from Company X. Cindy registers the brand new washing machine on the Company X’s smart home application. In order to using the intelligent function of the smart washing machine, Cindy bought clothes attached with Ambient IoT device that is installed with wireless sensors to detect the temperature and humidity of the clothes. When the clothes are produced, the Ambient IoT device attached on the clothes stores the clothing information such as colour, fabric, materials and shape. Cindy registers the clothes to the smart home application. During the registration, Cindy will provide the ID of the Ambient IoT device attached on the clothes to the application. Optionally, Cindy can also take a photo of the clothes and upload it to the application so that the application can display the clothes on the screen. Since the information of Cindy’s smart washing machine and the clothes are registered to her user account, the application platform can associate the Cindy’s clothes with the smart washing machines owned by Cindy.
Fig. 5.15.2-1: Ambient IoT in Smart Laundry
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.15.3 Service Flows
|
1. Cindy is going to run in the park. Before leaving her home, she makes sure that information of the sportswear (i.e. the information of the Ambient IoT device attached on the sportswear) she wore has been registered to the application.
2. Cindy wore the sportswear to go for a run. After she finished running and went back home, she wanted to wash her sportswear.
3. Cindy opened the Company X’s smart home application and chose the intelligent washing function. Additionally, she selected the clothes to be washed (i.e. the sportswear she just wore) on the application.
4. The Company X’s IoT application platform can request the 5G network to inventory and report the Ambient IoT device attached to the sportswear based on the Ambient IoT device ID which has been registered on the application by Cindy. The Company X’s IoT application platform can negotiate with 5G network about the frequency of inventory and report of Ambient IoT devices attached on the clothes so that the parameter values from the sensor can be obtained by Company X’s IoT application platform with a certain frequency (e.g., every 5 minutes in a certain period or a single report). The negotiation between the Company X’s IoT application platform and the 5G network can be based on the request from a user. For example, when Cindy is going out for a run, she can set the report frequency as every 5 minutes. After she finished running, she can stop periodically report and request for a single report before she washes her clothes.
5. Based on the request from the Company X’s IoT application platform, the 5G network transmits signals intending to start inventory process. The Ambient IoT device harvests power from the environment. When detecting the signals from the 5G network, the Ambient IoT device can react by starting random access.
6. When the Ambient IoT device accesses to the 5G network successfully, the 5G network obtains the information of the Ambient IoT device (e.g., the color, fabric, material, shape and the detected parameter values such as temperature and humidity of the clothes) and send it to Company X’s IoT application platform.
7. Company X’s IoT application platform can obtain the Ambient IoT device information (e.g., the color, fabric, material, shape and the detected parameter values such as temperature and humidity of the clothes) via 5G network. Based on the analysis of the information reported by the Ambient IoT devices (e.g., the color, fabric, material, shape and the detected parameter values such as temperature and humidity of the clothes), the Company X’s IoT application platform will determine an appropriate laundry mode. The recommended laundry mode will be sent to Cindy’s smart washing machine, triggering the smart washing machine to wash the sportswear with a proper laundry procedure.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.15.4 Post-conditions
|
Thanks to the Ambient IoT service provided by the 5G system, Company X’s customers can enjoy smart washing machines and better user experience on laundry.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.15.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
|
SA1 has performed various studies on IoT in previous releases, where related normative stage 1 requirements are introduced in TS 22.011 [9], TS 22.278 [7], TS 22.368 [6], and TS 22.261 [8].
TS 22.011 introduces access control for MTC, examples of periodic network selection attempts are:
For UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of, NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1[13] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC, the UE shall interpret the interval value to be between 2 and 240 hours, with a step size of 2 hours between 2 and 80 hours and a step size of 4 hours between 80 and 240 hours.
In the absence of a permitted value in the SIM/USIM, or the SIM/USIM is phase 1 and therefore does not contain the datafield, then a default value of 60 minutes, shall be used by the UE except for those UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of: NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1 [17] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC. For those UEs a default value of 72 hours shall be used.
NOTE: Use of values less than 60 minutes may result in excessive UE battery drain.
TS 22.368 addresses features of MTC communication and service requirements related to MTC device triggering, addressing, identifiers, low mobility, small data transmission, infrequent MT communication, security, remote MTC device management, group-based MTC features including policing and addressing, etc. Example requirements are:
The system shall provide mechanisms to lower power consumption of MTC Devices.
The system shall provide mechanisms for the network operator to efficiently manage numbers and identifiers related to MTC Subscribers.
TS 22.261 captures some important service requirements for IoT, e.g.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for a home operator to remotely provision the 3GPP credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for the network operator of an NPN to remotely provision the non-3GPP identities and credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
An IoT device which is able to access a 5G PLMN in direct network connection mode using a 3GPP RAT shall have a 3GPP subscription.
The 5G system shall allow the operator to identify a UE as an IoT device based on UE characteristics (e.g. identified by an equipment identifier or a range of equipment identifiers) or subscription or the combination of both.
An IoT device which is able to connect to a UE in direct device connection mode shall have a 3GPP subscription, if the IoT device needs to be identifiable by the core network (e.g. for IoT device management purposes or to use indirect network connection mode).
The 5G system shall support operator-controlled alternative authentication methods (i.e. alternative to AKA) with different types of credentials for network access for IoT devices in isolated deployment scenarios (e.g. for industrial automation).
The 5G system shall support a suitable framework (e.g. EAP) allowing alternative (e.g. to AKA) authentication methods with non-3GPP identities and credentials to be used for UE network access authentication in non-public networks.
NOTE: Non-public networks can use 3GPP authentication methods, identities, and credentials for a UE to access network. Non-public networks are also allowed to utilize non-AKA based authentication methods such as provided by the EAP framework, for which the credentials can be stored in the ME.
The 5G system shall enable an NPN to be able to request a third-party service provider to perform NPN access network authentication of a UE based on non-3GPP identities and credentials supplied by the third-party service provider.
In these specifications, albeit the service requirements addressing traits for IoT in terms of low device power consumption, small and infrequent data transmissions, long service lifetime, and resource efficiently, the IoT devices considered in 3GPP have been assumed to be powered by at least batteries up till now. To enable extremely small, light-weight, battery-less or even disposable Ambient IoT devices that engage in basic IoT data transaction and appropriate level of operator management and charging suitable for the target scenarios, new challenges to the 5G system are foreseen and need to be addressed.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.15.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
|
[PR.5.15.6-001] The 5G system shall support energy efficient communication for Ambient IoT devices while meeting the communication performance requirements.
[PR 5.15.6-002] The 5G System shall provide the network connection to address the KPIs for the use of Ambient IoT devices for preventive care in smart laundry, see table 5.15.6-1.
Table 5.15.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for the use of Ambient IoT devices for smart laundry
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Ambient IoT devices for smart laundry
>10 s
NA
NA
<100bit/s
Typically
< 100 bytes
20 / 100m2
NA
several m2 up to 1000 m2
Up to 6 km/h outdoor
NA
NA
NA
NA
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.16 Use case on Ambient IoT service for automated supply chain distribution
| |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.16.1 Description
|
Currently, there is an increasing demand for personalizing user requirements and customizing home appliance. Production enterprises customize products and achieve production-to-order according to different users’ requirements can bring benefits. It not only enhances user experience, but also reduces stock costs and the risk of overstock. Production-to-order has high requirements for flexible digital and intelligent manufacturing. At the beginning of the production, each product has been targeted to its customer. Therefore, how to achieve the efficient management of whole process including parts supply, manufacturing, stocktaking, logistics, transportation and delivery is critical and essential. This means the entire logistics management process involves identification of products from production to delivery, including transportation across public area. Therefore, for this use case the communication service availability with sufficient 5G network coverage are important. The automated supply distribution enables enterprises to reduce management cost and improve the competitiveness of products.
Ambient IoT service provided by 5G can meet the demanding needs of efficient management of the whole process. Firstly, 5G system enables the communication of Ambient IoT devices with needed performance. Secondly, with the Ambient IoT devices operating solely depending on harvested ambient energy, the Ambient IoT devices are maintenance-free, which also eliminates replaceable batteries being discarded into the environment. And the feature of extremely-low complexity, weight, and size make the Ambient IoT devices suitable to use in practice in an affordable way. Thirdly, the 5G system can provide Ambient IoT device positioning services, which enables enterprises to monitor and track the products attached with Ambient IoT device from manufacturing to delivery, ensuring that the customized product is delivered to the right customer with right route. Last but not least, the 5G system can enable the enterprise to perform authentication and authorization of the Ambient IoT devices, ensuring that the information stored in the Ambient IoT devices would not be accessed by untrusted third party.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.16.2 Pre-conditions
|
Company X is a well-known home appliance manufacturer. Apart from manufacturing various home appliances such as washing machine, television, intelligent wardrobe and so on, it also provides customized and personalized services to its customers such as sales agents. Different sales agents may order different types of home appliances with different quantities according to the demand of the region they sale to. Company X operates its own private warehouses to store manufactured goods until they are ordered. Owned by Company X, the private warehouses are customized according to its own needs, and they are typically located close to production plants. The warehouse management provides insight in inventory and by exchanging inventory information with other functional areas (e.g. logistics, trade) the overall business performance is improved. Compared with public warehousing, the typical storage area of a private warehouse is smaller, typically around 10000 square feet. This is representative according to known statistics of warehouse area dimensions [85]. Based on these typical dimensions, indoor communication range around 20m is sufficient to provide connectivity inside the warehouse storage area.
The southern regions in Country C have many economically developed cities, while western regions consist of some developing cities. Therefore, Company X has designed different types of washing machines to meet various demands. For example, type A washing machine is intelligent, equipped with several laundry modes according to the colour, texture, material and shape of the clothes. Type B washing machine is a power saving and water saving washing machine, which achieves washing clothes with high efficiency and low power and water consumption. Sale agent A from southern region may order 100 type A washing machines and 50 type B washing machines, while sale agent B from western region may order 30 type A washing machines and 90 type B washing machines. Based on the orders from different sale agents, Company X will package the corresponding types of washing machines with corresponding quantity together. Afterwards, different packages for different sale agents will be loaded to transportation vehicles accordingly for different destinations.
Company X has a service level agreement with service provider Y to deploy 5G network with sufficient coverage in the service area to enable the communication of Ambient IoT devices with the network.
Before the transportation vehicle enters the loading stack for product transportation, it is necessary to inventory the products to be transported in the warehouse in order to ensure that the products have been recorded. During the loading process, it is required to ensure that the products are loaded to the corresponding transportation vehicles. Moreover, during the transportation, Company X may also need to monitor the transportation route by tracking the products in order to ensure that the products are transported on the right route. Otherwise, the products will be transported to the wrong place which is time and cost consuming.
Fig. 5.16.2-1: Ambient IoT for automated supply chain distribution
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93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.16.3 Service Flows
|
1. Company X generates in its logistics management system a list of unique IDs for Ambient IoT devices to be used for products such as washing machines. Since these washing machines are going to be distributed to different sales agents for product sales across public areas, Company X may require an authentication and authorization mechanism before Ambient IoT devices start to communication to ensure that certain level of security could then be enforced to prevent the washing machines information from being obtained by any other untrusted third-party companies. In this case, an authentication and authorization mechanism is needed for these Ambient IoT devices.
2. Ambient IoT devices are attached onto washing machines.
3. Before transporting the washing machines, Company X’s inventory system can request the 5G network to perform inventory and report the information of Ambient IoT devices which were attached on the washing machines in order to confirm that the types and the number of washing machines to be transported are accurate.
4. Ambient IoT devices harvest power from the environment. Based on the request from the Company X’s inventory system, the 5G network transmits signals intending to start inventory process. When detecting the signals from the 5G network the Ambient IoT devices can react by responding to connect to the 5G network.
5. When the Ambient IoT devices access to the 5G network successfully, the 5G network obtains the information of the Ambient IoT devices and send it to Company X’s inventory system.
6. Based on the orders from several sale agents, different types of washing machines will be packaged together.
7. When the washing machines are loaded to the transportation vehicle, the Company X’s inventory system can request the 5G network to perform positioning services. Since the transportation vehicles stop at fixed positions, with the positioning services, the Company X’s inventory system can monitor whether the package of the washing machines is loaded to the corresponding transportation vehicles. Since the size of the transportation vehicles is around 10m*3m, the position service should support around 3m to 5m accuracy to meet the demand for location.
8. When the packages of washing machines are in transit, Company X’s inventory system can request the 5G network to periodically perform inventory and location reporting (e.g. cell level granularity) of Ambient IoT devices which were attached onto the washing machines in order to make sure that the washing machines are still on the right route. As the transportation vehicles may go to different destinations via different highways, mobile network operator O can deploy Ambient IoT services at highway toll station to perform inventory and locate the route accordingly. Because of the request from the Company X’s inventory system, the Ambient IoT devices perform authentication and authorization mechanism before sending the information in order to ensure that it is the trusted inventory system that performs the inventory of the Ambient IoT devices.
9. Based on the request from Company X’s inventory system, the 5G network periodically transmits signals intending to start inventory process and record the relationship between the Ambient IoT devices and the location information. As the purpose of identifying the location during transportation is to crosscheck whether goods are on the correct routes, cell-level accuracy of location is sufficient. The 5G network reports the location information to the Company X’s inventory system.
10. According to the report from the 5G network, Company X’s inventory system can locate these washing machines with the location information. If the location information is not aligned with the right route, the Company X may confirm with the staff to check whether there are mistakes. In this way, Company X can find the mistakes as soon as possible in order to decrease the cost loss.
11. When the washing machines are transported to the corresponding sale agents, Company X’s inventory system can request the 5G network to perform inventory and report the information of Ambient IoT devices which were attached on the washing machines in order to confirm that the washing machines are transported to the right place.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.16.4 Post-conditions
|
Thanks to the Ambient IoT service provided by the 5G system, manufacturer Company X can distribute products with automatic management process, largely improve the product and service delivery efficiency.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.16.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
|
SA1 has performed various studies on IoT in previous releases, where related normative stage 1 requirements are introduced in TS 22.011 [9], TS 22.278 [7], TS 22.368 [6], and TS 22.261 [8].
TS 22.011 introduces access control for MTC, examples of periodic network selection attempts are:
For UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of, NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1[13] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC, the UE shall interpret the interval value to be between 2 and 240 hours, with a step size of 2 hours between 2 and 80 hours and a step size of 4 hours between 80 and 240 hours.
In the absence of a permitted value in the SIM/USIM, or the SIM/USIM is phase 1 and therefore does not contain the datafield, then a default value of 60 minutes, shall be used by the UE except for those UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of: NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1 [17] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC. For those UEs a default value of 72 hours shall be used.
NOTE: Use of values less than 60 minutes may result in excessive UE battery drain.
TS 22.368 addresses features of MTC communication and service requirements related to MTC device triggering, addressing, identifiers, low mobility, small data transmission, infrequent MT communication, security, remote MTC device management, group-based MTC features including policing and addressing, etc. Example requirements are:
The system shall provide mechanisms to lower power consumption of MTC Devices.
The system shall provide mechanisms for the network operator to efficiently manage numbers and identifiers related to MTC Subscribers.
TS 22.261 captures some important service requirements for IoT, e.g.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for a home operator to remotely provision the 3GPP credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for the network operator of an NPN to remotely provision the non-3GPP identities and credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
An IoT device which is able to access a 5G PLMN in direct network connection mode using a 3GPP RAT shall have a 3GPP subscription.
The 5G system shall allow the operator to identify a UE as an IoT device based on UE characteristics (e.g. identified by an equipment identifier or a range of equipment identifiers) or subscription or the combination of both.
An IoT device which is able to connect to a UE in direct device connection mode shall have a 3GPP subscription, if the IoT device needs to be identifiable by the core network (e.g. for IoT device management purposes or to use indirect network connection mode).
The 5G system shall support operator-controlled alternative authentication methods (i.e. alternative to AKA) with different types of credentials for network access for IoT devices in isolated deployment scenarios (e.g. for industrial automation).
The 5G system shall support a suitable framework (e.g. EAP) allowing alternative (e.g. to AKA) authentication methods with non-3GPP identities and credentials to be used for UE network access authentication in non-public networks.
NOTE: Non-public networks can use 3GPP authentication methods, identities, and credentials for a UE to access network. Non-public networks are also allowed to utilize non-AKA based authentication methods such as provided by the EAP framework, for which the credentials can be stored in the ME.
The 5G system shall enable an NPN to be able to request a third-party service provider to perform NPN access network authentication of a UE based on non-3GPP identities and credentials supplied by the third-party service provider.
In these specifications, albeit the service requirements addressing traits for IoT in terms of low device power consumption, small and infrequent data transmissions, long service lifetime, and resource efficiently, the IoT devices considered in 3GPP have been assumed to be powered by at least batteries up till now. To enable extremely small, light-weight, battery-less or even disposable Ambient IoT devices that engage in basic IoT data transaction and appropriate level of operator management and charging suitable for the target scenarios, new challenges to the 5G system are foreseen and need to be addressed.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.16.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
|
[PR 5.16.6-001] The 5G system shall be able to support a mechanism to authenticate and authorize Ambient IoT devices.
[PR 5.16.6-002] The 5G system shall optimize mobility management support for non-stationary Ambient IoT devices that are unable to initiate communication towards the network.
[PR 5.16.6-003] The 5G System shall allow an operator to manage (e.g. provision, authenticate, authorise, etc.) Ambient IoT devices that have limited or no power source.
[PR 5.16.6-004] The 5G System shall be able to provide suitable and secure means to report to an authorized third-party the location of Ambient IoT devices.
[PR 5.16.6-005] The 5G System shall provide the network connection to address the KPIs for the use of Ambient IoT devices for automated supply distribution, see table 5.16.6-1.
Table 5.16.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for the use of Ambient IoT devices for automated supply chain distribution
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Ambient IoT devices for automated supply distribution
>10 s
99%
NA
<100 bit/s
Typically, <100 bytes
<1,5 Million/km2
30m indoor (note 1),
400m outdoor
600 000 m2
NA
NA
NA
NA
[3] m
(Indoor, 90% confidence level and in horizontal)
, cell-level outdoor
NOTE 1: The storage area of a private warehouse is typically around 10000 square feet, which is smaller than that of a typical public warehouse.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.17 Use case on Device Activation and Deactivation
| |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.17.1 Description
|
This use case illustrates the need to define capabilities that allows the end user or a third party to remotely manage the activation and deactivation of an Ambient IoT device.
The scenario describes an enterprise user who grows orchid plants for sale to end customers. The enterprise user utilises an Ambient IoT device with environmental sensors for each orchid plant to monitor its growing conditions.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.17.2 Pre-conditions
|
The enterprise user has several inactive Ambient IoT devices with environmental sensors in storage.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.17.3 Service Flows
|
Device activation
1. As new orchids are planted, the devices are taken out of storage and added to the new plants.
2. The enterprise user accesses an application that she uses to check the connectivity status of her Ambient IoT devices. Via this application, the enterprise user activates the devices to enable sensor data to be collected and the conditions of the new plants to be monitored.
Figure 5.17.3-1: Device activation
Device deactivation
3. The enterprise user sold several mature orchid plants and wants to deactivate the associated Ambient IoT devices as she no longer needs them.
4. The enterprise user accesses an application that she uses to check the connectivity status of her Ambient IoT devices. Via this application, the enterprise user deactivates the devices associated with the sold plants.
Figure 5.17.3-2: Device deactivation
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.17.4 Post-conditions
|
Device activation
The previously inactive Ambient IoT devices are activated and can transmit sensor data.
Device deactivation
The previously active Ambient IoT devices are deactivated and cannot transmit any RF signals.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.17.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
|
TS 22.261 clause 6.14.1 describe the following:
During their life cycle these IoT devices go through different stages, …, the activation of the IoT device by the preferred operator, a possible change of operators, etc. These stages need to be managed securely and efficiently.
Clause 6.14.2 defines the following requirement:
Based on operator policy, the 5G system shall provide means for authorised 3rd parties to request changes to UE subscription parameters for access to data networks, e.g., static IP address and configuration parameters for data network access.
The requirement above covers remote UE subscription activation and subscription suspension / deactivation.
If the subscription of an Ambient IoT device has been suspended or terminated, the device can still continually harvest energy and therefore may continue to attempt accessing the network. This can cause signalling overload as well as unwanted interference.
Therefore, there is a need to disable the device itself, and not only the subscription, so that the devices will not transmit any RF signals when suspended or terminated. Conversely, there is also a need to (re-)activate the devices.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.17.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
|
[PR 5.17.6-1] Based on operator policy, the 5G system shall provide means for an authorised user or authorised third parties to request enable and disable an Ambient IoT device capability to transmit RF signals.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.18 Use case on Fresh Food Supply Chain
| |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.18.1 Description
|
In the United States alone, food waste is estimated at between 30-40 percent of the food supply [26].
It is known that controlled environment for most of the fresh foods, like vegetables or meat, is critical for both the safety of the food [27] as well its shelf life expectancy [28-29].
In this use case, a large food supplier monitors its food supply chain by adding a simple and small form factor ambient IoT device (sticker) on to each of the Reusable Transport Item (RTIs) used for storing and transporting of the food. Example RTI can be seen in Figure 5.18.1-1. These RTIs are loaded with food at the post harvesting and packaging facilities. They are then transported to the fresh produce distribution center as seen in Figure 5.18.1-2. From there, the fresh products are routed to the local stores according to demand. After usage, these RTIs are either washed and sent back for more usage cycles or sent to a recycle center.
Figure 5.18.1-1: Example of an RTI with an ambient IoT sticker device
Figure 5.18.1-2: Distribution center facility for fresh food
At the harvester packaging facility, each RTI is attached with a simple, sticker form factor Ambient IoT device. The device ID is logged by the supplier using his internal records. The supplier can route the individual RTIs based on the combination of product expected longevity and real time demand from the stores. He can also use this data to alert transport company once temperature was compromised or once a specific RTI got mixed up.
This cycle can be seen on Figure 5.18.1-3
Figure 5.18.1-3: The use cycle of the RTI
The tags can operate based on intermittently harvested energy with energy storage like capacitor. This energy storage can be charged by an RF harvesting. For example, from a -30dBm received RF power with a 33% harvesting efficiency.
Since normal use is a reading once every 15 minutes, in order for the stored energy to last for 1 reading, each reading from the device should take less than 1uW*900*0.33 = 0.3 mjoules - in this use case. This number includes all energy consumed by the calculations done by the tag (like encryption/decryption), by reception, transmission, calibration and sensing.
The energy consumption of the tag in between readings is negligible.
The devices come in a sticker form factor, low complexity, and massive quantities. To be effective, they are distributed to the supplier in groups of hundreds, and the supplier expects to activate them all within few seconds from uploading them to the sticking gun. An example for their low complexity is to have their clock calibrated from the network, and in addition, this clock is less stable than larger form factor devices with higher cost.
Supplier is not interested in his devices’ readings outside of the defined regions of operation (packaging facility, distribution center, stores, recycle center and the roads connecting them).
Location information is added as a meta-data by the network to the polling response as part of the service to the third party – the ambient IoT device is agnostic to this service.
Devices are expected to operate maintenance free - at least for a few years, until recycling the RTI.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.18.2 Pre-conditions
|
• The ambient IoT devices are manufactured on a reel containing hundreds of stickers. The devices on the reel are configured during installation or manufacturing with a group ID configuration.
• The ambient IoT devices reel is registered at the supplier cloud server to enable secure connection through the network. The exact number of stickers per reel is not known in advance and can vary from reel to reel, as well as the order of the stickers on the reel. So all the stickers need to be accessible on the time of first use of any sticker from that reel.
• The group of ambient IoT devices are polled by the network once the server polls the network.
• Encryption and authentication of group of devices is used for the poll request and the replies.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.18.3 Service Flows
|
1. Once in 15 minutes, the cloud server sends a polling request to the network with the group ID.
2. In this example, upon receiving the polling request, the network sends wakeup signals to allow calibrations by the ambient IoT devices.
3. Shortly after the wakeup signals, the network sends a polling request to the group of devices. It can either broadcast the request across its network or send it only to specific locations - based on operator policy.
4. Upon reception of the polling request, each ambient IoT device replies with its ID and temperature readings.
5. Upon reception of the replies, the network adds meta-data (e.g. which base station received the reply, what was the received power, or direction of arrival), and then forwards to the cloud server of the supplier.
6. The supplier accesses its cloud server and performs 3rd party processes on it, to optimize and control its supply chain.
7. Once RTI finished its usage, it is routed to the recycling center. In the recycling center, the ambient IoT devices are bulk deleted from the cloud server and logged out from the network.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.18.4 Post-conditions
|
By using the ambient IoT devices, the entire supply chain is monitored and controlled. The ambient IoT can be used to monitor the location of each RTI, but it can also monitor its temperature, humidity or even the ethylene levels. This way, food waste is reduced to the minimum and food safety is significantly improved.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.18.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
|
TS 22.261 in clauses 6.4.2.2, 6.4.2.3 and 6.4.2.4 adds requirement to manage control and operate bulk IoT devices in an efficient way, while minimizing signalling.
TS 22.368 in clauses 7.1.2 and 7.2.14 defines requirements for network triggering of MTC devices and also group based features such as policing and addressing.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.18.6 Potential new requirements needed to support the use case
|
[PR 5.18.6-1] Based on operator policy, the 5G system shall provide means for an authorised third party to poll a group of multiple ambient IoT devices.
[PR 5.18.6.-2] The 5G system shall be able to provide ambient IoT service with following KPIs
Table 5.18.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for the use of Ambient IoT devices for food supply chain
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Ambient IoT devices for food supply chain
>1 minute
NA
NA
<0.12 bit/s (Note 1)
Typically,
< 100 bits
(Note 2)
1.5 Million devices/ km2
(Note 3)
NA
30,000m2
1 m/s
15 min
(Note 1)
NA
NA
NA
NOTE 1: Based on sending 1 message of 100 bits once in 15 minutes
NOTE 2: If more sensors are used, like humidity or ethylene level, then longer message is required.
NOTE 3: This is the highest density inside the distribution center and is based on 50,000 RTIs inside a 30,000m2 distribution center facility. See Figure 5.18.1-2.
5.19 Use case on Forest Fire Monitoring using Ambient IoT devices
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.19.1 Description
|
Ambient IoT is an attractive technology to adapt due to its low or zero maintenance due to its usage of emerging technologies such as Energy Harvesting, Energy Efficient (EE) communication and zero energy IoT technologies but unfortunately suffers faulty and time bound unreliable communication. Ambient IoT devices are usually small in size and operate on small computing and memory usage due to power limitation harvested from energy harvesting techniques such as RF-based, heat energy, photovoltaic, vibration energy, solar etc., Due to its limitation on the memory size and uncertainty in the power, timely communication to the Ambient IoT devices is required to avoid loss of critical data. Further, Ambient IoT devices use zero-energy technologies such as ambient backscatter communication (AmBC), compressed sensing (CS)-based random access techniques etc., These EE communications are unreliable due to drop in signal strength, data rate and drop in connection caused by radio frequency, electrical interference and environmental conditions such as rain, dampness, indoor, outdoor, buildings etc., Though some of these interference are intermittent and Ambient IoT might resume reliable communication but timely communication to and from the Ambient IoT devices is a must for mission critical systems. Due to unreliable power and communication of Ambient IoT can result in faulty and time bound unreliable communication [30-33].
Many applications such as Industrial automation, healthcare monitoring, traffic signal monitoring alert system, home monitoring, forest fire alert systems require fault-tolerant and time bound reliable systems.
Forest fire alert system. Early detection of forest fire can save animals and nature, which is required for human existence. Ambient IoT devices with smoke detectors are deployed in the forest as fire alert system as shown in the Figure-1d. Large number of Ambient IoT based sensors are required to monitor forest fire, such deployment has space, power and communication issues. Under fire these Ambient IoT based sensors can function faulty due to fire and can face intermittent power shortages due to poor signal coverage. Forest fire alert systems is a classic application, which urges for fault-tolerant and timebound reliable communication [35].
Figure 5.19.1-1: Forest Fire Monitor using fault tolerant and Reliable Ambient IoT communication [36]
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93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
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22.840
|
5.19.2 Pre-conditions
|
1) California forest fire has endangered many animal and human lives, city council has decided to install Ambient IoT devices all across California forest to receive early detection.
2) The Ambient IoT devices are registered to the 5G system.
3) Forest fire monitoring using Ambient IoT devices are programmed to monitor forest fire and raise alarms to the subscribed authorities and users through 5G system.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.19.3 Service Flows
|
1) On a hot summer in California, many areas in California forest have caught fire due to excessive heat.
2) Ambient IoT devices are installed in the forest and is able to detect forest fire and send a OnDemand communication to the 5G system.
3) Due to poor 5G signal coverage (bad weather conditions) and intermittent poor power harvesting, Ambient IoT devices are at the risk of faulty and jeopardize the fire monitoring capabilities.
4) Fault tolerant Ambient IoT communication helped Ambient IoT devices deployed all over forest to reliably detect forest fire and timely communicate with the 5G system so that forest fire could be putoff in a timely manner which saved lot of animal and human lives.
5) In case, if fault tolerant based Ambient IoT devices were not deployed then the forest fire monitoring system would have failed.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.19.4 Post-conditions
|
1) Ambient IoT devices deployed for forest fire monitoring switches to normal mode, where it is programmed to send periodic status messages.
2) Ambient IoT devices deployed performs periodic built in tests to ensure it is able to communicate in a timely and faultless manner.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.19.5 Existing feature partly or fully covering use case functionality
|
1) URLLC system design in clause 5.33 of 23.501 [6] has proposed dual redundant system to achieve ultrahigh reliability. Though - in this system design- there are dual RAN connections, PDU session established, SMF and UPF but it is designed for a UE with dual radios and not for Ambient IoT devices. URLLC system design is ultrareliable but not time bound ultra-reliable and fault tolerant. It also relies on the upper layer protocol such as IEEE 802.1 TSN (Time sensitive Network) FRER (Frame replication & elimination for reliability), to manage dual redundant systems such as replication and elimination of redundant packets or frames. Since Ambient IoT devices works on zero-power technologies, Ambient IoT devices cann’t depend on such upper layer protocol.
2) Redundant user plane paths based on multiple UEs per device has been proposed in Annex F of 23.501[6]. In this system design, the device is expected to have two UE(s) and they independently connect to their RAN and have their own PDU sessions with a common DN. This system is not End-to-End fault tolerant since it has a common DN – a single point of failure- and requires dual UE(s) to achieve ultrahigh reliability. This architecture too assumes that some upper layer protocol (e.g. FRER) is used for replication and frame elimination, thus doubling the resources used over the radio. This architecture is for UE, which is not power savvy and not for an Ambient IoT devices, a fault tolerent and time bound reliable architecture for Ambient IoT is yet to be explored.
3) As per Multimedia Priority Service (MPS), mentioned in clause 5.16.5 of TS 23.501[6], allows service users priority access to the system resources under congestion, creating the ability to deliver or complete session of a high priority nature. Service users are priority users such as government officials, authorized users etc., This priority access is for special users – whose requirements are quite different from time bound reliable and fault tolerant Ambient IoT communications. Priority access as applied to Ambient IoT devices can be explored for time bound reliable and fault tolerant Ambient IoT communication.
4) RRC controls the scheduling of user data in the uplink by associating each logical channel with a logical channel priority, a prioritised bit rate (PBR), and a buffer size duration (BSD), mentioned in clause 10.5 of TS 38.300 [7]. Though these requirements for UE, these logical channels priority can be extended to Ambient IoT devices.
5) Massive Machine type Communication (mMTC) in TS 22.368 [8], defines KPI and protocol to communicate with a large number of IoT devices connected typically transmitting low volume of non-delay sensitive data. It also requires that the devices have long lasting battery. Though large number of Ambient IoT connected device communication is applicable but Ambient IoT devices operates on Energy Efficient technologies where power is unreliable. Hence these KPI and protocol may not be applicable directly but some of them can be extended to Ambient IoT communication.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.19.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
|
[PR 5.19.6-001] The 5G system shall support on-demand access to/from Ambient IoT device.
[PR 5.19.6-002] The 5G system shall meet the following KPI table:
Table 5.19.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for Forest Fire Monitoring using Ambient IoT devices
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Forest Fire Monitor
> 10sec
99.9%
NA
NA
NA
100 per km2
(NOTE 1)
[15-200] meters
[10000 – 400,000] km2
Stationary
1hour
NA
NA
NA
NOTE 1: A typical forest fire monitors can detect fire covering up to 60 – 150 Square meters
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.20 Use case on Smart Agriculture
| |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.20.1 Description
|
Ambient power-enabled IoT devices can be used in smart agriculture to monitor the environment and control the facilities such as irrigation system and temperature control system.
Farm A built a smart greenhouse for tomato planting. Some sensing Ambient power-enabled IoT devices are placed in the smart greenhouse to monitor the air temperature and humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, light, soil temperature, humidity and PH. Some operation Ambient power-enabled IoT devices are placed in the smart greenhouse to control the window and irrigation system. A pico cell or a reader UE (with subscription of Operator O) is placed in the smart greenhouse to communicate with the Ambient IoT devices.
These Ambient IoT devices power themselves by harvesting energy from the environment (e.g. solar, RF energy). The maximum power consumption for Ambient IoT device could be limited (e.g. several hundred micro-watts) [81] [82] [83].
Considering the greenhouse environmental control, crop growth characteristics and economic benefits, the optimal scale of greenhouse construction is 8 ~10 meters span, 80~100 meters length. The size of the greenhouse could be very huge, it is reported recently that a single greenhouse area reaches nearly 70,000 square meters, equivalent to ten standard football field size.
Figure 5.20.1-1: a picture for huge greenhouse (https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/search.htm?keyword=greenhouse)
In charge of the technology is a team of eight people whose main task is to ensure that all the crops in the greenhouse grow well. To provide all-round technical support for a greenhouse of nearly 70,000 square meters, a "super brain" is needed. This computer monitors tens of thousands of sensors in the greenhouse, people can sit in front of the computer and know everything that's going on in the greenhouse. For example, the temperature and humidity in each area of the 70,000 square meters greenhouse, the temperature of the underground heating tube, the concentration of carbon dioxide are how much, whether the fan is opened, and whether the nutrition is enough for each tomato.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.20.2 Pre-conditions
|
The pico cell(s) placed in the smart greenhouse is configured by Operator O to support the 5GS Ambient IoT service. The UE(s) is capable to and authorized by Operator O to directly communicate with the 5GS Ambient IoT device.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.20.3 Service Flows
|
1. Operator O’s 5GS authenticates Ambient IoT devices in farm A. The communication between the Ambient IoT device and 5GS are transferred through the pico cell. For example, the pico cell obtains Ambient IoT device ID and sends the ID to the 5GC for authentication.
2. Periodically, or upon request from the application server of farm A, the pico cell obtains the environmental monitoring information from the sensing Ambient IoT devices and sends the information to the application server of farm A.
3. Based on the received information and preconfigured logic, the application server requests 5GS to send control signaling to the operation Ambient IoT devices to control their operations, e.g. open or close the window of the greenhouse, start or close the irrigation system.
4. The 5GS transfers the control signalling from the application server to Ambient IoT devices through the pico cell.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.20.4 Post-conditions
|
Thanks to the Ambient IoT service provided by the 5G system, operation Ambient power-enabled IoT devices automatically take care of the plants.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.20.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
|
None.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.20.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case
|
[PR.5.20.6-001] The 5G system shall support communication with Ambient IoT device with 3rd party application server.
[PR.5.20.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to authenticate an Ambient IoT device.
[PR.5.20.6-003] The 5G system shall be able to provide Ambient IoT service with following KPIs:
Table 5.20.6-1: Ambient IoT KPI for Smart Agriculture
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Smart Agriculture
>1 s
99.9%
NA
<1 kbit/s
<1000 bits
1 per m2
30-100m
500-70000 m2 per greenhouse
Stationary
1 hour
NA
NA
NA
NOTE: There is no requirement for positioning of the Ambient IoT devices for this use case.
|
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056
|
22.840
|
5.21 Use Case on Ambient IoT for Museum Guide
|
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