| # Phylogenetic Validation Dataset |
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| Balanced validation data across 9 major language families for testing cognate detection pipelines. |
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| ## Format |
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| Each branch TSV has columns: `Language_ID`, `Parameter_ID`, `Form`, `IPA`, `Glottocode` |
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| - `IPA` column provides phonetic transcriptions (triggers `TranscriptionType.IPA` in the pipeline) |
| - `_` marks missing/unattested forms (skipped by ingester) |
| - `concepts.tsv` lists all 40 shared concept IDs |
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| ## Branches |
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| | File | Family | Languages | Entries | |
| |---|---|---|---| |
| | germanic.tsv | Germanic | got, ang, non, goh | ~160 | |
| | celtic.tsv | Celtic | sga, cym, bre | ~120 | |
| | balto_slavic.tsv | Balto-Slavic | lit, chu, rus | ~120 | |
| | indo_iranian.tsv | Indo-Iranian | san, ave, fas | ~120 | |
| | italic.tsv | Italic | lat, osc, xum | ~120 | |
| | hellenic.tsv | Hellenic | grc, gmy | ~80 | |
| | semitic.tsv | Semitic | heb, arb, amh | ~120 | |
| | turkic.tsv | Turkic | otk, tur, aze | ~120 | |
| | uralic.tsv | Uralic | fin, hun, est | ~120 | |
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| ## Concept Categories (40 concepts) |
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| - **Body** (8): head, eye, ear, mouth, hand, foot, heart, blood |
| - **Kinship** (5): father, mother, son, daughter, brother |
| - **Nature** (10): water, fire, sun, moon, star, earth, mountain, river, stone, tree |
| - **Animals** (5): horse, dog, fish, bird, ox |
| - **Verbs** (8): eat, drink, give, come, die, know, hear, see |
| - **Other** (4): name, god, king, house |
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| ## Names Subset |
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| `names.tsv` is a cross-family validation file covering deity names (theonyms), proper/personal names (anthroponyms), and place names (toponyms) across 30 languages from all 9 families plus additional ancient languages (Hittite, Ugaritic, Akkadian, Phoenician, Aramaic). |
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| Unlike the branch files, entries sharing a `Parameter_ID` include both true cognates (same etymological root) and false positives (unrelated names in the same semantic slot). The pipeline should cluster true cognates together while keeping false positives apart. |
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| ### Cognate annotations |
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| `names.tsv` has an extra 6th column `Cognate_Set_ID` providing ground-truth cognate judgements. Forms sharing the same `Cognate_Set_ID` within a `Parameter_ID` are etymologically related; forms with different IDs are not. Null entries use `_`. The ingester ignores this column (not in column_mapping), but evaluation scripts can read it directly. |
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| | Statistic | Value | |
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| | Total entries | 168 (160 non-null) | |
| | Languages | 30 (cross-family) | |
| | Concepts | 15 | |
| | True cognate pairs | 227 (27%) | |
| | False-positive pairs | 605 (73%) | |
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| ### Name Categories (15 concepts) |
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| **Deity names (10):** |
| - `sky_father` — PIE *dyēws cognates (Zeus, Jupiter, Dyaus, Týr, Dievas) vs unrelated (El, Tengri, Ukko) |
| - `thunder_god` — PIE *Perkʷ- (Perkūnas, Perun, Parjanya) + PIE *tonh₂r- (Þórr, Þunor, Donar) vs Semitic Baal |
| - `sun_god` — PIE *sóh₂wl̥ (Sūrya, Sōl, Sunne) + Semitic (Šemeš, Šams, Šapšu) vs Hēlios, Hvar |
| - `moon_god` — PIE *meh₁ns- (Máni, Mōna, Māno, Mēna, Mėnulis) vs Selēnē, Lūna, Yareaḥ |
| - `war_god` — Germanic *Wōdanaz (Óðinn, Wōden, Wuotan) vs Arēs, Mārs, Indra |
| - `love_deity` — Semitic *ʿAṯtar- (ʿAṯtartu, ʿAštoret, Ištar) vs Aphrodītē, Venus, Freyja |
| - `death_god` — PIE *Yemo- (Yama, Yima) + Semitic *mwt (Māvet, Mawt, Mōtu) vs Hādēs, Hel |
| - `sea_god` — Semitic *yamm- (Yammu, Yām) vs Poseidōn, Neptūnus, Njǫrðr |
| - `smith_god` — Celtic (Goibniu, Gofannon) + Germanic (Wēland, Vǫlundr) vs Hēphaistos, Koṯaru |
| - `supreme_god` — Semitic *ʔil- (El, Ilāh, Ilu) + Turkic *teŋri (Teŋri, Tanrı) + Uralic (Jumala, Jumal) |
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| **Proper names (2):** |
| - `caesar_title` — Latin loanword chain: Caesar → Kaisar → Cěsarĭ → Car → Qayṣar → Kayser |
| - `alexander_name` — Greek loanword chain: Alexandros → Iskandar → İskender → Eskandar |
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| **Place names (3):** |
| - `sacred_river` — PIE *deh₂nu- river names (Dānuvius, Dunaj, Dānu) vs Neilos, Yardēn |
| - `sacred_mountain` — Mostly unrelated (Olumpos, Sinay, Meru, Ásgarðr) — false positive testing |
| - `holy_city` — Mostly unrelated (Yerušalayim, Athēnai, Rōma) — false positive testing |
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| ## IPA Sources |
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| | Branch | Reference | |
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| | Germanic | Wright's Gothic Grammar, Campbell's OE Grammar, Gordon's ON, Braune's OHG | |
| | Celtic | Thurneysen's Old Irish Grammar, GPC (Welsh), Hemon's Breton Grammar | |
| | Balto-Slavic | Leskien's OCS Handbook, Lithuanian reference grammar, Wade's Russian | |
| | Indo-Iranian | Whitney's Sanskrit Grammar, Skjaervo's Avestan, Lambton's Persian | |
| | Italic | Buck's Oscan-Umbrian Grammar, Allen's Vox Latina | |
| | Hellenic | Ventris & Chadwick, Allen's Vox Graeca | |
| | Semitic | Fischer's Arabic Grammar, Leslau's Amharic | |
| | Turkic | Tekin's Old Turkic Grammar, Lewis's Turkish Grammar | |
| | Uralic | Karlsson's Finnish, Rounds's Hungarian, Viitso's Estonian | |
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