12.5 years. 74% lived to 12 years or more and 54% lived to 16.5 years or more. Maine Coons are generally a healthy and hardy breed and have adapted to survive the New England climate. The most severe threat is feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the most common heart disease seen in cats, whether pure bred or not. In Maine Coons, it is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Middle-aged to older cats as well as males are thought to be predisposed to the disease. HCM is a progressive disease and can result in heart failure, paralysis of the hind legs due to clot embolization originating in the heart, and sudden death. A specific mutation that causes HCM is seen in Maine Coons for which testing services are offered. Of all the Maine Coons tested for the MyBPC mutation at the Veterinary Cardiac Genetics Lab at the College of Veterinary Medicine located at Washington State University, approximately one-third tested positive.","Maine Coon\n\nNot all cats that tested positive will have clinical signs of the disease and some Maine Coon cats with clinical evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy test negative for this mutation, strongly suggesting that a second mutation exists in the breed. The HCM prevalence was found to be 10.1% (95% CI 5.8 -14.3 % ) in this study.","Maine Coon\n\nAnother potential health problem is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), another genetically inherited disease which causes the loss of the spinal-cord neurons which activate the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs. Symptoms are normally seen within 3–4 months of age and result in muscle atrophy, muscle weakness, and a shortened life span. A test is offered to detect the genes responsible for SMA.","Maine Coon\n\nHip dysplasia is an abnormality of the hip joint which can cause crippling lameness and arthritis. The cats most commonly affected with hip dysplasia tend to be males of the larger, big-boned breeds such as Persians and Maine Coons. This is similar to the situation with dogs, but the relatively smaller size and weight of cats frequently results in symptoms that are less pronounced. X-rays submitted to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) between 1974 and 2011 indicates that 24.3% of Maine Coons in the database were dysplastic. The Maine Coon is the only cat breed listed in the database.","Maine Coon\n\nPolycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a slowly progressive disease affecting Persian and Persian-related breeds, in which fluid-filled cysts expand within the kidneys, destroying functional tissue. While renal cysts are observed with a low incidence in Maine Coons, PKD appears to be a misnomer in this particular breed. In a recent study spanning 8 years, renal cysts were documented by ultrasound in 7 of 187 healthy Maine Coons enrolled in a pre-breeding screening programme. The cysts were mostly single and unilateral (6/7, 85.7%) small (mean 3.6 mm in diameter)and located at corticomedullary junction (4/6, 66.7%), thus different in size, numbers and location from those observed in Persian-related breeds. In the same study, not only did all six Maine Coon cats with renal cysts test negative for the PKD1 mutation, proving the disease in these cats to be unrelated to the PKD observed in Persians and related breeds, but gene sequencing of these cats failed to demonstrate any common genetic sequences. The presence of renal cysts, in the absence of other changes, does not appear to negatively impact the patients' quality of life, as those for which follow-up was available were reported alive and well in adulthood.","Maine Coon\n\nAlthough the exact nature and clinical relevance of renal cysts in Maine Coons is currently unknown, its screening is still recommended for pre-breeding assessment. Ultrasonography is currently the only valid diagnostic method for its detection in this breed.","Pet\n\nA pet or companion animal is an animal kept primarily for a person's company or protection, as opposed to working animals, sport animals, livestock, and laboratory animals, which are kept primarily for performance, agricultural value, or research. The most popular pets are noted for their attractive appearances and their loyal or playful personalities.","Pet\n\nPets provide their owners (or guardians ) physical and emotional benefits. Walking a dog can supply both the human and pet with exercise, fresh air, and social interaction. Pets can give companionship to elderly adults who do not have adequate social interaction with other people, as well as other people that are living alone. There is a medically approved class of therapy animals, mostly dogs or cats, that are brought to visit confined humans. Pet therapy utilizes trained animals and handlers to achieve specific physical, social, cognitive, and emotional goals with patients.","Pet\n\nThe most popular pets are likely dogs and cats, but people also keep house rabbits, ferrets; rodents such as gerbils, hamsters, chinchillas, fancy rats, and guinea pigs; avian pets, such as canaries, parakeets, corvids and parrots; reptile pets, such as turtles, lizards and snakes; aquatic pets, such as goldfish, tropical fish and frogs; and arthropod pets, such as tarantulas and hermit crabs.","Pet\n\nSome scholars and animal rights organizations have raised concern over pet-keeping with regards to the autonomy and objectification of nonhuman animals.","Pet\n\nLegalities","Pet\n\nStates, cities, and towns in Western nations commonly enact local ordinances to limit the number or kind of pets a person may keep personally or for business purposes. Prohibited pets may be specific to certain breeds (such as pit bulls or Rottweilers), they may apply to general categories of animals (such as livestock, exotic animals, wild animals, and canid or felid hybrids), or they may simply be based on the animal's size. Additional or different maintenance rules and regulations may also apply. Condominium associations and owners of rental properties also commonly limit or forbid tenants' keeping of pets.","Pet\n\nThe keeping of animals as pets can cause concerns with regard to animal rights and welfare. Pets have commonly been considered private property, owned by individual persons. However, many legal protections have existed (historically and today) with the intention of safeguarding pets' (and other animals') well-being. Since the year 2000, a small but increasing number of jurisdictions in North America have enacted laws redefining pet's owners as guardians. Intentions have been characterized as simply changing attitudes and perceptions (but not legal consequences) to working toward legal personhood for pets themselves. Some veterinarians and breeders have opposed these moves. The question of pets' legal status can arise with concern to purchase or adoption, custody, divorce, estate and inheritance, injury, damage, and veterinary malpractice.","Pet\n\nPet popularity","Pet\n\nThere are approximately 78.2 million pet dogs in the United States, approximately 86.4 million pet cats in the United States, and 5.3 million house rabbits. \nThe two most popular pets in most Western countries have been cats and dogs. In the United States, a 2007–2008 survey showed that dog-owning households outnumbered those owning cats, but that the total number of pet cats was higher than that of dogs. The same was true for 2011. In 2013, pets outnumbered children four to one in the United States.","Pet\n\nChoice of a pet","Pet\n\nFor a small to medium-size dog, the total cost over a dog's lifetime is about $7,240 to $12,700. For an indoor cat, the total cost over a cat's lifetime is about $8,620 to $11,275. People most commonly get pets for companionship, to protect a home or property, or because of the beauty or attractiveness of the animals. The most common reasons for not owning a pet are lack of time, lack of suitable housing, and lack of ability to care for the pet when traveling.","Pet\n\nUnited States","Pet\n\nAccording to the 2007-2008 Pet Owners survey:","Pet\n\nCanada","Pet\n\nThe latest survey done by Colin Siren of Ipsos Reid estimates that there are 7.9 million cats and 5.9 million dogs in Canada. The survey also shows that 35% of Canadian households have a dog, while 38% have a cat, which is consistent with other surveys conducted around the world.","Pet\n\nUnited Kingdom","Pet\n\nA 2007 survey by the University of Bristol found that 26% of UK households owned cats and 31% owned dogs, estimating total domestic populations of\napproximately 10.3 million cats and 10.5 million dogs in 2006. The survey also found that 47.2% of households with a cat had at least one person educated to degree level, compared with 38.4% of homes with dogs.","Pet\n\nItaly","Pet\n\nHousehold animals in Italy are about 45 million in number, according to a survey promoted by Italian family associations in 2009: 7 million dogs, 7.5 million cats, 16 million fishes, 12 million birds, 10 million snakes plus 3,000 wild animals held as \"pets\", mainly lions, panthers and cheetahs.","Pet\n\nEffects on pets' health","Pet\n\nKeeping animals as pets may be detrimental to their health if certain requirements are not met. An important issue is inappropriate feeding, which may produce clinical effects. The consumption of chocolate or grapes by dogs, for example, may prove fatal.","Pet\n\nCertain species of houseplants can also prove toxic if consumed by pets. Examples include philodendrons and Easter lilies (which can cause severe kidney damage to cats) and poinsettias, begonia, and aloe vera (which can sicken or, in extreme cases, kill dogs).","Pet\n\nHousepets, particularly dogs and cats in industrialized societies, are also highly susceptible to obesity. Overweight pets have been shown to be at a higher risk of developing diabetes, liver problems, joint pain, kidney failure, and cancer. Lack of exercise and high-caloric diets are considered to be the primary contributors to pet obesity.","Pet\n\nEffects of pets on their caregiver's health","Pet\n\nHealth benefits","Pet\n\nPets might have the ability to stimulate their caregivers, in particular the elderly, giving people someone to take care of, someone to exercise with, and someone to help them heal from a physically or psychologically troubled past. Having a pet may help people achieve health goals, such as lowered blood pressure, or mental goals, such as decreased stress. There is evidence that having a pet can help a person lead a longer, healthier life. In a 1986 study of 92 people hospitalized for coronary ailments, within a year 11 of the 29 patients without pets had died, compared to only 3 of the 52 patients who had pets. Having pet(s) was shown to significantly reduce triglycerides, and thus heart disease risk, in the elderly. A study by the National Institute of Health found that people who owned dogs were less likely to die as a result of a heart attack than those who didn’t own one. Other studies have shown that for the elderly, good health may be a requirement for having a pet, and not a result. Dogs trained to be guide dogs can help people with vision impairment.","Pet\n\nDogs trained in the field of Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) can also benefit people with other disabilities.","Pet\n\nPets in long-term care institutions","Pet\n\nPeople residing in a long-term care facility, such as a hospice or nursing home, experience health benefits from pets. Pets help them to cope with the emotional issues related to their illness. They also offer physical contact with another living creature, something that is often missing in an elder's life. Pets for nursing homes are chosen based on the size of the pet, the amount of care that the breed needs, and the population and size of the care institution. Appropriate pets go through a screening process and, if it is a dog, additional training programs to become a therapy dog. There are three types of therapy dogs: facility therapy dogs, animal-assisted therapy dogs, and therapeutic visitation dogs. The most common therapy dogs are therapeutic visitation dogs. These dogs are household pets whose handlers take time to visit hospitals, nursing homes, detention facilities, and rehabilitation facilities. Different pets require varying amounts of attention and care; for example, cats may have lower maintenance requirements than dogs.","Pet\n\nConnection with community","Pet\n\nIn addition to providing health benefits for their owners, pets also impact the social lives of their owners and their connection to their community. Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Leslie Irvine has focused her attention on pets of the homeless population. Her studies of pet ownership among the homeless found that many modify their life activities for fear of losing their pets. Pet ownership prompts them to be and act responsibly, with many making a deliberate choice not to drink or use drugs, and to avoid contact with substance abusers or those involved in any criminal activity for fear of being separated from their pet. Additionally, many refuse housing in shelters if their pet is not allowed to stay with them.","Pet\n\nHealth risks","Pet\n\nHealth risks that are associated with pets include:\n* Aggravation of allergies and asthma caused by dander and fur or feathers\n* Falling injuries. Tripping over pets, especially dogs, causes more than 86,000 falls serious enough to prompt a trip to the emergency room each year in the United States. Among elderly and disabled people, these falls have resulted in life-threatening injuries and broken bones.\n* Injury, mauling, and sometimes death caused by pet bites and attacks\n* Disease and/or parasites due to animal hygiene problems, lack of appropriate treatment, and undisciplined behavior (faeces and urine)\n* Stress caused by behaviour of animals","Pet\n\nCommon types","Pet\n\nWhile many people have kept many different species of animals in captivity over the course of human history, only a relative few have been kept long enough to be considered domesticated. Other types of animals, notably monkeys, have never been domesticated but are still commonly sold and kept as pets. There are also inanimate objects that have been kept as \"pets\", either as a form of game, or humorously (e.g. the Pet Rock or Chia Pet).","Pet\n\nDomesticated","Pet\n\nDomesticated pets are the most common types of pet. A domesticated animal is any animal that has been tamed and made fit for a human environment. They have consistently been kept in captivity over a long enough period of time that they exhibit marked differences in behavior and appearance from their wild relatives.","Pet\n\nMammals","Pet\n\n*Alpacas\n*Cows\n*Donkeys\n*Dogs\n*Cats\n*Domesticated silver foxes\n*Sheep\n*Horses\n*Goats\n*Elephants\n*Rodents including fancy rats, fancy mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, and chinchillas\n*Ferrets\n*Llamas\n*Pigs\n*Domestic rabbits","Pet\n\nBirds","Pet\n\n*Companion parrot\n*Domestic canary\n*Chickens\n*Domestic turkeys\n*Domestic ducks and geese\n*Domestic pigeons and doves\n*Finches","Pet\n\nFish","Pet\n\n* Goldfish\n* Koi\n* Siamese fighting fish\n* Barb \n* Guppy\n* Betta","Pet\n\nWild animals","Pet\n\nWild animals are often kept as pets. The term wild in this context specifically applies to any species of animal which has not undergone a fundamental change in behavior to facilitate a close co-existence with humans. Some species listed here may have been bred in captivity for a considerable length of time, but are still not recognized as domesticated.","Pet\n\nExotic mammals","Pet\n\n*Anteaters like southern tamanduas\n*Canidae like Arctic foxes, coydogs, dingos, fennec foxes, gray foxes, and wolfdogs\n*Civets like binturongs and genets\n*Deer like leaf muntjacs\n*Duikers\n*Felidae like bobcats, ocelots, margays, and servals\n*Marsupials like opossums, gliding possums, koalas, short-tailed opossums, wallabys, and wombats\n*Mongoose\n*Mustelids like badgers, minks, skunks, and otters\n*Primates like capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees, guenons, lemurs, macaques, marmosets, slow lorises, spider monkeys, squirrel monkeys, sykes' monkeys, tamarins, and vervet monkeys\n*Procyonidae like cacomistles, coatimundi, kinkajous, raccoons, and ringtail cats\n*Rodents like chipmunks, degus, dormouse, flying squirrels, groundhogs, patagonian cavys, pouched rats, and prairie dogs.\n* Sloths such as two-toed sloths and pale-throated three-toed sloths\n* Monotremes such as platypus and echidnas","Pet\n\nBirds","Pet\n\n*Crows, ravens, and magpies\n*Parakeets, parrots, and other talking birds\n*Toucans\n*Peafowl\n*Birds of prey\n*Aquatic birds\n*Types of Old World Quail and New World Quail","Pet\n\nReptiles","Pet\n\n*Iguanas\n*Lizards, including bearded dragons, leopard geckos, green anoles, blue tongue skinks, monitor lizards, and green iguanas\n*Snakes, including corns, kings, milks, and ball pythons\n*Tortoises\n*Turtles","Pet\n\nAmphibians","Pet\n\n*Frogs\n*Newts\n*Salamanders\n*Toads\n*Axolotls","Pet\n\nFish","Pet\n\n* Angelfish\n* Barb\n* Cichlid\n* Corydoras\n* Danio\n* Discus\n* Gourami\n* Live-bearer\n* Loach\n* Mbuna\n* Rainbowfish\n* Rasbora\n* Tetra\n* Blenny\n* Boxfish\n* Butterflyfish\n* Chromis\n* Clownfish\n* Damsel\n* Goby\n* Tang\n* Triggerfish\n* Wrasse","Pet\n\nArthropods","Pet\n\n*Ants\n*Caterpillars\n*Centipedes\n*Crabs and hermit crabs\n*Millipedes\n*Praying mantises\n*Stick insects\n*Sea-Monkeys\n*Triops\n*Tarantulas and other spiders","Pet\n\nHistory","Pet\n\nArchaeology suggests that dogs as pets may date back to at least 12,000 years ago.","Pet\n\nVictorian Era: The Rise of Pet Keeping","Pet\n\nAnimals were typically used for ‘utility’ and practical purposes. The church deemed affection for animals as immoral and against natural order. Divine justification implied that the purpose for animals was to sustain humanity. However, throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth century pet keeping gradually became accepted throughout Britain. Initially, aristocrats kept dogs for both companionship and hunting. Thus, pet keeping was a sign of elitism within society. By the nineteenth century, the rise of the middle class stimulated the development of pet keeping and it became inscribed within the bourgeois culture.","Pet\n\nEconomy","Pet\n\nAs the popularity of pet keeping rose during the Victorian Era, animals became a fixture within urban culture as commodities and decorative objects. Pet keeping generated a commercial opportunity for entrepreneurs. By the mid-nineteenth century, nearly twenty thousand street vendors in London dealt with live animals. Also, the popularity of animals developed a demand for animal goods such as accessories and guides for pet keeping. Pet care developed into a big business by the end of the nineteenth century.","Pet\n\nProfiteers also sought out pet stealing as a means for economic gain. Utilizing the affection owner’s had for their pets, professional dog stealers would capture animals and hold them for ransom. The development of dog stealing reflects the increased value of pets. Pets gradually became defined as property of their owners. Laws were created that punished offenders for their burglary.","Pet\n\nSocial","Pet\n\nPets and animals also had social and cultural implications throughout the nineteenth century. The categorization of dogs by their breeds reflected the hierarchical, social order of the Victorian Era. The pedigree of a dog represented the high status and lineage of their owners and reinforced social stratification. Middle-class owners, however, valued the ability to associate with the upper-class through ownership of their pets. The ability to care for a pet signified respectability and the capability to be self-sufficient. According to Harriet Ritvo, the identification of “elite animal and elite owner was not a confirmation of the owner’s status but a way of redefining it.”","Pet\n\nEntertainment","Pet\n\nThe popularity of dog and pet keeping generated animal fancy. Dog fanciers showed enthusiasm for owning pets, breeding dogs, and showing dogs in various shows. The first dog show took place on 28 June 1859 in Newcastle and focused mostly on sporting and hunting dogs. However, pet owners produced an eagerness to demonstrate their pets as well as have an outlet to compete. Thus, pet animals gradually were included within dog shows. The first large show, which would host one thousand entries, took place in Chelsea in 1863. The Kennel Club was created in 1873 to ensure fairness and organization within dog shows. The development of the Stud Book by the Kennel Club defined policies, presented a national registry system of purebred dogs, and essentially institutionalized dog shows.","Pet\n\nPets in art","Pet\n\nFile:Katharine of Aragon with a monkey.jpg|Katharine of Aragon with a monkey\nFile:Jean-Honoré Fragonard - The Girl with the Marmot - Google Art Project.jpg| The Girl with the Marmot by Jean-Honoré Fragonard\nFile:Dubufe Un regal pour son animal de compagnie.jpg","Pet\n\nFile:Édouard Manet - Young Lady in 1866 - Google Art Project.jpg| - Young Lady with parrot by Édouard Manet 1866\nFile:Antoinette Metayer (1732-88). Oudste zuster van Louis Metayer Rijksmuseum SK-A-2140.jpeg|Antoinette Metayer (1732–88) and her pet dog\nFile:The Lady with an Ermine.jpg|The Lady with an Ermine","Pet\n\nFile:Sir Henry Raeburn - Boy and Rabbit.jpg|Sir Henry Raeburn - Boy and Rabbit\nFile:Eos, A Favorite Greyhound of Prince Albert.jpg| Eos, A Favorite Greyhound of Prince Albert","Pet\n\nFile:David Dalby of York - Signal, a Grey Arab, with a Groom in the Desert - Google Art Project.jpg|Signal, a Grey Arab, with a Groom in the Desert\nFile:Eduardo Leon Garrido. An Elegant Lady with her Dog.jpg|Eduardo Leon Garrido. An Elegant Lady with her Dog\nFile:Tissot James Jacques The Fireplace.jpg|The Fireplace depicting a Pug, James Tissot \n File:The nubian giraffe.jpg\nFile:Rosa Bonheur - Portrait de Col. William F. Cody.jpg|Rosa Bonheur - Portrait of William F. Cody\nFile:Boerendeel Rijksmuseum SK-C-540.jpeg|\nImage:Wriothesley southampton.jpg|\nFile:MauriceDenis-LaLegendeDeStHubert-2LeLacherDesChiens.JPG|Hunt"],"string":"[\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nThe Maine Coon is the largest domesticated breed of cat.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nIt has a distinctive physical appearance and valuable hunting skills. It is one of the oldest natural breeds in North America, specifically \\\"native\\\" to the state of Maine (though the feline was simply introduced there), where it is the official state cat.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nNo records of the Maine Coon's exact origins and date of introduction to the United States exist, so several competing hypotheses have been suggested. The breed was popular in cat shows in the late 19th century, but its existence became threatened when long-haired breeds from overseas were introduced in the early 20th century. The Maine Coon has since made a comeback and is now one of the more popular cat breeds in the world.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nThe Maine Coon is a large and sociable cat, hence its nickname, \\\"the gentle giant\\\". It is characterized by a robust bone structure, rectangular body shape, a silky flowing coat and a long, bushy tail. The breed's colors vary widely, with only lilac and chocolate disallowed for pedigree. Reputed for its intelligence and playful, gentle personality, the Maine Coon is often cited as having \\\"dog-like\\\" characteristics. Professionals notice certain health problems in the breed including feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hip dysplasia, but reputable breeders use modern screening methods to minimize the frequency of these problems.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nOrigin\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nThe ancestral origins of the Maine Coon are unknown — there is only speculation and folk tales. One such folk tale involves Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France, who was executed in 1793. The story goes that before her death, Antoinette attempted to escape France with the help of Captain Samuel Clough. She loaded Clough's ship with her most prized possessions, including six of her favorite Turkish Angora cats. Although she did not make it to the United States, her pets safely reached the shores of Wiscasset, Maine, where they bred with other short-haired breeds and developed into the modern breed of the Maine Coon.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nAnother folk tale involves Captain Charles Coon, an English seafarer who kept long-haired cats aboard his ships. Whenever Coon's ship would anchor in New England ports, the felines would exit the ship and mate with the local feral cat population. When long-haired kittens began appearing in the litters of the local cat population, they were referred to as one of \\\"Coon's cats\\\".\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nA myth which is trait-based, though genetically impossible, is the idea that the modern Maine Coon descended from ancestors of semi-feral domestic cats and raccoons. This myth is likely based on the common color of the breed (brown tabby) and its bushy tail. Another idea is that the Maine Coon originated between the matings of domestic cats and wild bobcats, which could explain the tufts of hairs that are so commonly seen on the tips of the ears.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nThe generally accepted hypothesis among breeders is that the Maine Coon is descended from the pairings of local short-haired domestic cats and long-haired breeds brought overseas by English seafarers (possibly by Captain Charles Coon) or 11th-century Norsemen. The connection to the Norsemen is seen in the strong resemblance of the Maine Coon to the Norwegian Forest Cat, another breed that is said to be a descendant of cats that traveled with the Norsemen.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nCat shows and popularity\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nThe first mention of Maine Coons in a literary work was in 1861, in Frances Simpson's The Book of the Cat (1903). F.R. Pierce, who owned several Maine Coons, wrote a chapter about the breed. During the late 1860s, farmers located in Maine told stories about their cats and held the \\\"Maine State Champion Coon Cat\\\" contest at the local Skowhegan Fair.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nIn 1895, a dozen Maine Coons were entered into a show in Boston. On 8 May 1895, the first North American cat show was hosted at Madison Square Garden in New York City. A female Maine Coon brown tabby, named Cosey, was entered into the show. Owned by Mrs. Fred Brown, Cosey won the silver collar and medal and was named Best in Show. The silver collar was purchased by the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) Foundation with the help of a donation from the National Capital Cat Show. The collar is housed at the CFA Central Office in the Jean Baker Rose Memorial Library.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nIn the early 20th century, the Maine Coon's popularity began to decline with the introduction of other long-haired breeds, such as the Persian, which originated in the Middle East. The last recorded win by a Maine Coon in a national cat show for over 40 years was in 1911 at a show in Portland, Oregon. The breed was rarely seen after that. The decline was so severe that the breed was declared extinct in the 1950s, although this declaration was considered to be exaggerated and reported prematurely at the time. The Central Maine Cat Club (CMCC) was created in the early 1950s by Alta Smith and Ruby Dyer in attempts to increase the popularity of the Maine Coon. For 11 years, the CMCC held cat shows and hosted exhibitions of photographs of the breed and is noted for creating the first written breed standards for the Maine Coon.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nThe Maine Coon was denied provisional breed status—one of the three steps required for a breed not yet recognized by the CFA to be able to compete in championship competitions—by the CFA three times, which led to the formation of the Maine Coon Cat Club in 1973. The breed was finally accepted by the CFA under provisional status on 1 May 1975, and was approved for championship status on 1 May 1976. The next couple of decades saw a rise in popularity of the Maine Coon, with championship victories and an increase in national rankings. In 1985, the state of Maine announced that the breed would be named the official State Cat. The state cat shall be the Maine Coon Cat. Today the Maine Coon is the third most popular cat breed, according to the number of kittens registered with the CFA.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nBreed description\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nMaine Coons are the largest breed of domestic cat. On average, males weigh from with females weighing from . The height of adults can vary between 10 and and they can reach a length of up to , including the tail, which can reach a length of and is long, tapering, and heavily furred, almost resembling a raccoon's tail. The body is solid and muscular, which is necessary for supporting their own weight, and the chest is broad. Maine Coons possess a rectangular body shape and are slow to physically mature; their full potential size is normally not reached until they are three to five years old, while other cats take about one year.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nIn 2010, the Guinness World Records accepted a male purebred Maine Coon named \\\"Stewie\\\" as the \\\"Longest Cat\\\" measuring from the tip of his nose to the tip of his tail. Stewie died 4 February 2013, from cancer at his home in Reno, Nevada, at age 8. Large Maine coons can overlap in length with Eurasian lynxes, although with a much lighter build and lower height.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nThe Maine Coon is a longhaired, or medium-haired, cat. The coat is soft and silky, although texture may vary with coat color. The length is shorter on the head and shoulders, and longer on the stomach and flanks with some cats having a lion-like ruff around their neck. Minimal grooming is required for the breed, compared to other long-haired breeds, as their coat is mostly self-maintaining owing to a light-density undercoat. The coat is subject to seasonal variation, with the fur being thicker in the winter and thinner during the summer.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nMaine Coons can have any colors that other cats have. Colors indicating crossbreeding, such as chocolate, lavender, the Siamese pointed patterns or the \\\"ticked\\\" patterns, are not accepted by some breed standards (the 'ticked' pattern, for example, is accepted by TICA). The most common pattern seen in the breed is brown tabby. All eye colors are accepted under breed standards, with the exception of the occurrence of blue-colored or odd-eyes (i.e. two eyes of different colors) in cats possessing coat colors other than white.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nMaine Coons have several physical adaptations for survival in harsh winter climates. Their dense water-resistant fur is longer and shaggier on their underside and rear for extra protection when they are walking or sitting on top of wet surfaces of snow or ice. Their long and bushy raccoon-like tail is resistant to sinking in snow, and can be curled around their face and shoulders for warmth and protection from wind and blowing snow and it can even be curled around their backside like an insulated seat cushion when sitting down on a snow or ice surface. Large paws, and especially the extra-large paws of polydactyl Maine Coons, facilitate walking on snow and are often compared to snowshoes. Long tufts of fur growing between their toes help keep the toes warm and further aid walking on snow by giving the paws additional structure without significant extra weight. Heavily furred ears with extra long tufts of fur growing from inside help keep their ears warm.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nMany of the original Maine Coon cats that inhabited the New England area possessed a trait known as polydactylism (having one or more extra toes on the feet). While some sources claim that trait is thought to have occurred in approximately 40% of the Maine Coon population in Maine at one time, little evidence has been given to substantiate this claim. Polydactylism is rarely, if ever, seen in Maine Coons in the show ring since it is unacceptable by competition standards. The gene for polydactylism is a simple autosomal dominant gene, which has shown to pose no threat to the cat's health. The trait was almost eradicated from the breed due to the fact that it was an automatic disqualifier in show rings. Private organizations and breeders were created in order to keep polydactylism in Maine Coons from disappearing.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nMaine Coons are known as the \\\"gentle giants\\\" and possess above-average intelligence, making them relatively easy to train. They are known for being loyal to their family and cautious—but not mean—around strangers, but are independent and not clingy. The Maine Coon is generally not known for being a \\\"lap cat\\\" but their gentle disposition makes the breed relaxed around dogs, other cats, and children. They are playful throughout their lives, with males tending to be more clownish and females generally possessing more dignity, yet both are equally affectionate. Many Maine Coons have a fascination with water and some theorize that this personality trait comes from their ancestors, who were aboard ships for much of their lives. Maine Coons are also well known for being very vocal cats. They are known for their frequent yowling or howling, trilling, chirping, and making other loud vocalizations.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nDiet\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nMaine Coons require ample protein and nutrients in their diets. Since they are a large cat breed with high levels of energy, it is best to feed them quality food. Their dietary needs are fulfilled with both dry food and wet food. However, the wet food should be mixed in with the dry food only 2-3 times a week. Feeding the cat with quality dry food can reduce tartar build up on the teeth. Avoid grain based foods. A cat's natural diet does not contain grain and grain can also lead to both obesity and diabetes. Maine Coons should not eat food that lists soy or some grains as the first ingredient on the label. Food that lists meat as the first ingredient is best for the Maine Coon. Cats can develop allergies from plastic bowls, so it is best if they eat out of a glass or stainless steel bowl.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nHealth\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nPet insurance data obtained from a study during years 2003–2006 in Sweden puts the median lifespan of the Maine Coon at >12.5 years. 74% lived to 12 years or more and 54% lived to 16.5 years or more. Maine Coons are generally a healthy and hardy breed and have adapted to survive the New England climate. The most severe threat is feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the most common heart disease seen in cats, whether pure bred or not. In Maine Coons, it is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Middle-aged to older cats as well as males are thought to be predisposed to the disease. HCM is a progressive disease and can result in heart failure, paralysis of the hind legs due to clot embolization originating in the heart, and sudden death. A specific mutation that causes HCM is seen in Maine Coons for which testing services are offered. Of all the Maine Coons tested for the MyBPC mutation at the Veterinary Cardiac Genetics Lab at the College of Veterinary Medicine located at Washington State University, approximately one-third tested positive.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nNot all cats that tested positive will have clinical signs of the disease and some Maine Coon cats with clinical evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy test negative for this mutation, strongly suggesting that a second mutation exists in the breed. The HCM prevalence was found to be 10.1% (95% CI 5.8 -14.3 % ) in this study.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nAnother potential health problem is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), another genetically inherited disease which causes the loss of the spinal-cord neurons which activate the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs. Symptoms are normally seen within 3–4 months of age and result in muscle atrophy, muscle weakness, and a shortened life span. A test is offered to detect the genes responsible for SMA.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nHip dysplasia is an abnormality of the hip joint which can cause crippling lameness and arthritis. The cats most commonly affected with hip dysplasia tend to be males of the larger, big-boned breeds such as Persians and Maine Coons. This is similar to the situation with dogs, but the relatively smaller size and weight of cats frequently results in symptoms that are less pronounced. X-rays submitted to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) between 1974 and 2011 indicates that 24.3% of Maine Coons in the database were dysplastic. The Maine Coon is the only cat breed listed in the database.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nPolycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a slowly progressive disease affecting Persian and Persian-related breeds, in which fluid-filled cysts expand within the kidneys, destroying functional tissue. While renal cysts are observed with a low incidence in Maine Coons, PKD appears to be a misnomer in this particular breed. In a recent study spanning 8 years, renal cysts were documented by ultrasound in 7 of 187 healthy Maine Coons enrolled in a pre-breeding screening programme. The cysts were mostly single and unilateral (6/7, 85.7%) small (mean 3.6 mm in diameter)and located at corticomedullary junction (4/6, 66.7%), thus different in size, numbers and location from those observed in Persian-related breeds. In the same study, not only did all six Maine Coon cats with renal cysts test negative for the PKD1 mutation, proving the disease in these cats to be unrelated to the PKD observed in Persians and related breeds, but gene sequencing of these cats failed to demonstrate any common genetic sequences. The presence of renal cysts, in the absence of other changes, does not appear to negatively impact the patients' quality of life, as those for which follow-up was available were reported alive and well in adulthood.\",\n \"Maine Coon\\n\\nAlthough the exact nature and clinical relevance of renal cysts in Maine Coons is currently unknown, its screening is still recommended for pre-breeding assessment. Ultrasonography is currently the only valid diagnostic method for its detection in this breed.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nA pet or companion animal is an animal kept primarily for a person's company or protection, as opposed to working animals, sport animals, livestock, and laboratory animals, which are kept primarily for performance, agricultural value, or research. The most popular pets are noted for their attractive appearances and their loyal or playful personalities.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nPets provide their owners (or guardians ) physical and emotional benefits. Walking a dog can supply both the human and pet with exercise, fresh air, and social interaction. Pets can give companionship to elderly adults who do not have adequate social interaction with other people, as well as other people that are living alone. There is a medically approved class of therapy animals, mostly dogs or cats, that are brought to visit confined humans. Pet therapy utilizes trained animals and handlers to achieve specific physical, social, cognitive, and emotional goals with patients.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nThe most popular pets are likely dogs and cats, but people also keep house rabbits, ferrets; rodents such as gerbils, hamsters, chinchillas, fancy rats, and guinea pigs; avian pets, such as canaries, parakeets, corvids and parrots; reptile pets, such as turtles, lizards and snakes; aquatic pets, such as goldfish, tropical fish and frogs; and arthropod pets, such as tarantulas and hermit crabs.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nSome scholars and animal rights organizations have raised concern over pet-keeping with regards to the autonomy and objectification of nonhuman animals.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nLegalities\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nStates, cities, and towns in Western nations commonly enact local ordinances to limit the number or kind of pets a person may keep personally or for business purposes. Prohibited pets may be specific to certain breeds (such as pit bulls or Rottweilers), they may apply to general categories of animals (such as livestock, exotic animals, wild animals, and canid or felid hybrids), or they may simply be based on the animal's size. Additional or different maintenance rules and regulations may also apply. Condominium associations and owners of rental properties also commonly limit or forbid tenants' keeping of pets.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nThe keeping of animals as pets can cause concerns with regard to animal rights and welfare. Pets have commonly been considered private property, owned by individual persons. However, many legal protections have existed (historically and today) with the intention of safeguarding pets' (and other animals') well-being. Since the year 2000, a small but increasing number of jurisdictions in North America have enacted laws redefining pet's owners as guardians. Intentions have been characterized as simply changing attitudes and perceptions (but not legal consequences) to working toward legal personhood for pets themselves. Some veterinarians and breeders have opposed these moves. The question of pets' legal status can arise with concern to purchase or adoption, custody, divorce, estate and inheritance, injury, damage, and veterinary malpractice.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nPet popularity\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nThere are approximately 78.2 million pet dogs in the United States, approximately 86.4 million pet cats in the United States, and 5.3 million house rabbits. \\nThe two most popular pets in most Western countries have been cats and dogs. In the United States, a 2007–2008 survey showed that dog-owning households outnumbered those owning cats, but that the total number of pet cats was higher than that of dogs. The same was true for 2011. In 2013, pets outnumbered children four to one in the United States.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nChoice of a pet\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nFor a small to medium-size dog, the total cost over a dog's lifetime is about $7,240 to $12,700. For an indoor cat, the total cost over a cat's lifetime is about $8,620 to $11,275. People most commonly get pets for companionship, to protect a home or property, or because of the beauty or attractiveness of the animals. The most common reasons for not owning a pet are lack of time, lack of suitable housing, and lack of ability to care for the pet when traveling.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nUnited States\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nAccording to the 2007-2008 Pet Owners survey:\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nCanada\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nThe latest survey done by Colin Siren of Ipsos Reid estimates that there are 7.9 million cats and 5.9 million dogs in Canada. The survey also shows that 35% of Canadian households have a dog, while 38% have a cat, which is consistent with other surveys conducted around the world.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nUnited Kingdom\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nA 2007 survey by the University of Bristol found that 26% of UK households owned cats and 31% owned dogs, estimating total domestic populations of\\napproximately 10.3 million cats and 10.5 million dogs in 2006. The survey also found that 47.2% of households with a cat had at least one person educated to degree level, compared with 38.4% of homes with dogs.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nItaly\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nHousehold animals in Italy are about 45 million in number, according to a survey promoted by Italian family associations in 2009: 7 million dogs, 7.5 million cats, 16 million fishes, 12 million birds, 10 million snakes plus 3,000 wild animals held as \\\"pets\\\", mainly lions, panthers and cheetahs.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nEffects on pets' health\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nKeeping animals as pets may be detrimental to their health if certain requirements are not met. An important issue is inappropriate feeding, which may produce clinical effects. The consumption of chocolate or grapes by dogs, for example, may prove fatal.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nCertain species of houseplants can also prove toxic if consumed by pets. Examples include philodendrons and Easter lilies (which can cause severe kidney damage to cats) and poinsettias, begonia, and aloe vera (which can sicken or, in extreme cases, kill dogs).\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nHousepets, particularly dogs and cats in industrialized societies, are also highly susceptible to obesity. Overweight pets have been shown to be at a higher risk of developing diabetes, liver problems, joint pain, kidney failure, and cancer. Lack of exercise and high-caloric diets are considered to be the primary contributors to pet obesity.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nEffects of pets on their caregiver's health\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nHealth benefits\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nPets might have the ability to stimulate their caregivers, in particular the elderly, giving people someone to take care of, someone to exercise with, and someone to help them heal from a physically or psychologically troubled past. Having a pet may help people achieve health goals, such as lowered blood pressure, or mental goals, such as decreased stress. There is evidence that having a pet can help a person lead a longer, healthier life. In a 1986 study of 92 people hospitalized for coronary ailments, within a year 11 of the 29 patients without pets had died, compared to only 3 of the 52 patients who had pets. Having pet(s) was shown to significantly reduce triglycerides, and thus heart disease risk, in the elderly. A study by the National Institute of Health found that people who owned dogs were less likely to die as a result of a heart attack than those who didn’t own one. Other studies have shown that for the elderly, good health may be a requirement for having a pet, and not a result. Dogs trained to be guide dogs can help people with vision impairment.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nDogs trained in the field of Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) can also benefit people with other disabilities.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nPets in long-term care institutions\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nPeople residing in a long-term care facility, such as a hospice or nursing home, experience health benefits from pets. Pets help them to cope with the emotional issues related to their illness. They also offer physical contact with another living creature, something that is often missing in an elder's life. Pets for nursing homes are chosen based on the size of the pet, the amount of care that the breed needs, and the population and size of the care institution. Appropriate pets go through a screening process and, if it is a dog, additional training programs to become a therapy dog. There are three types of therapy dogs: facility therapy dogs, animal-assisted therapy dogs, and therapeutic visitation dogs. The most common therapy dogs are therapeutic visitation dogs. These dogs are household pets whose handlers take time to visit hospitals, nursing homes, detention facilities, and rehabilitation facilities. Different pets require varying amounts of attention and care; for example, cats may have lower maintenance requirements than dogs.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nConnection with community\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nIn addition to providing health benefits for their owners, pets also impact the social lives of their owners and their connection to their community. Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Leslie Irvine has focused her attention on pets of the homeless population. Her studies of pet ownership among the homeless found that many modify their life activities for fear of losing their pets. Pet ownership prompts them to be and act responsibly, with many making a deliberate choice not to drink or use drugs, and to avoid contact with substance abusers or those involved in any criminal activity for fear of being separated from their pet. Additionally, many refuse housing in shelters if their pet is not allowed to stay with them.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nHealth risks\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nHealth risks that are associated with pets include:\\n* Aggravation of allergies and asthma caused by dander and fur or feathers\\n* Falling injuries. Tripping over pets, especially dogs, causes more than 86,000 falls serious enough to prompt a trip to the emergency room each year in the United States. Among elderly and disabled people, these falls have resulted in life-threatening injuries and broken bones.\\n* Injury, mauling, and sometimes death caused by pet bites and attacks\\n* Disease and/or parasites due to animal hygiene problems, lack of appropriate treatment, and undisciplined behavior (faeces and urine)\\n* Stress caused by behaviour of animals\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nCommon types\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nWhile many people have kept many different species of animals in captivity over the course of human history, only a relative few have been kept long enough to be considered domesticated. Other types of animals, notably monkeys, have never been domesticated but are still commonly sold and kept as pets. There are also inanimate objects that have been kept as \\\"pets\\\", either as a form of game, or humorously (e.g. the Pet Rock or Chia Pet).\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nDomesticated\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nDomesticated pets are the most common types of pet. A domesticated animal is any animal that has been tamed and made fit for a human environment. They have consistently been kept in captivity over a long enough period of time that they exhibit marked differences in behavior and appearance from their wild relatives.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nMammals\",\n \"Pet\\n\\n*Alpacas\\n*Cows\\n*Donkeys\\n*Dogs\\n*Cats\\n*Domesticated silver foxes\\n*Sheep\\n*Horses\\n*Goats\\n*Elephants\\n*Rodents including fancy rats, fancy mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, and chinchillas\\n*Ferrets\\n*Llamas\\n*Pigs\\n*Domestic rabbits\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nBirds\",\n \"Pet\\n\\n*Companion parrot\\n*Domestic canary\\n*Chickens\\n*Domestic turkeys\\n*Domestic ducks and geese\\n*Domestic pigeons and doves\\n*Finches\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nFish\",\n \"Pet\\n\\n* Goldfish\\n* Koi\\n* Siamese fighting fish\\n* Barb \\n* Guppy\\n* Betta\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nWild animals\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nWild animals are often kept as pets. The term wild in this context specifically applies to any species of animal which has not undergone a fundamental change in behavior to facilitate a close co-existence with humans. Some species listed here may have been bred in captivity for a considerable length of time, but are still not recognized as domesticated.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nExotic mammals\",\n \"Pet\\n\\n*Anteaters like southern tamanduas\\n*Canidae like Arctic foxes, coydogs, dingos, fennec foxes, gray foxes, and wolfdogs\\n*Civets like binturongs and genets\\n*Deer like leaf muntjacs\\n*Duikers\\n*Felidae like bobcats, ocelots, margays, and servals\\n*Marsupials like opossums, gliding possums, koalas, short-tailed opossums, wallabys, and wombats\\n*Mongoose\\n*Mustelids like badgers, minks, skunks, and otters\\n*Primates like capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees, guenons, lemurs, macaques, marmosets, slow lorises, spider monkeys, squirrel monkeys, sykes' monkeys, tamarins, and vervet monkeys\\n*Procyonidae like cacomistles, coatimundi, kinkajous, raccoons, and ringtail cats\\n*Rodents like chipmunks, degus, dormouse, flying squirrels, groundhogs, patagonian cavys, pouched rats, and prairie dogs.\\n* Sloths such as two-toed sloths and pale-throated three-toed sloths\\n* Monotremes such as platypus and echidnas\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nBirds\",\n \"Pet\\n\\n*Crows, ravens, and magpies\\n*Parakeets, parrots, and other talking birds\\n*Toucans\\n*Peafowl\\n*Birds of prey\\n*Aquatic birds\\n*Types of Old World Quail and New World Quail\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nReptiles\",\n \"Pet\\n\\n*Iguanas\\n*Lizards, including bearded dragons, leopard geckos, green anoles, blue tongue skinks, monitor lizards, and green iguanas\\n*Snakes, including corns, kings, milks, and ball pythons\\n*Tortoises\\n*Turtles\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nAmphibians\",\n \"Pet\\n\\n*Frogs\\n*Newts\\n*Salamanders\\n*Toads\\n*Axolotls\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nFish\",\n \"Pet\\n\\n* Angelfish\\n* Barb\\n* Cichlid\\n* Corydoras\\n* Danio\\n* Discus\\n* Gourami\\n* Live-bearer\\n* Loach\\n* Mbuna\\n* Rainbowfish\\n* Rasbora\\n* Tetra\\n* Blenny\\n* Boxfish\\n* Butterflyfish\\n* Chromis\\n* Clownfish\\n* Damsel\\n* Goby\\n* Tang\\n* Triggerfish\\n* Wrasse\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nArthropods\",\n \"Pet\\n\\n*Ants\\n*Caterpillars\\n*Centipedes\\n*Crabs and hermit crabs\\n*Millipedes\\n*Praying mantises\\n*Stick insects\\n*Sea-Monkeys\\n*Triops\\n*Tarantulas and other spiders\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nArchaeology suggests that dogs as pets may date back to at least 12,000 years ago.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nVictorian Era: The Rise of Pet Keeping\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nAnimals were typically used for ‘utility’ and practical purposes. The church deemed affection for animals as immoral and against natural order. Divine justification implied that the purpose for animals was to sustain humanity. However, throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth century pet keeping gradually became accepted throughout Britain. Initially, aristocrats kept dogs for both companionship and hunting. Thus, pet keeping was a sign of elitism within society. By the nineteenth century, the rise of the middle class stimulated the development of pet keeping and it became inscribed within the bourgeois culture.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nEconomy\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nAs the popularity of pet keeping rose during the Victorian Era, animals became a fixture within urban culture as commodities and decorative objects. Pet keeping generated a commercial opportunity for entrepreneurs. By the mid-nineteenth century, nearly twenty thousand street vendors in London dealt with live animals. Also, the popularity of animals developed a demand for animal goods such as accessories and guides for pet keeping. Pet care developed into a big business by the end of the nineteenth century.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nProfiteers also sought out pet stealing as a means for economic gain. Utilizing the affection owner’s had for their pets, professional dog stealers would capture animals and hold them for ransom. The development of dog stealing reflects the increased value of pets. Pets gradually became defined as property of their owners. Laws were created that punished offenders for their burglary.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nSocial\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nPets and animals also had social and cultural implications throughout the nineteenth century. The categorization of dogs by their breeds reflected the hierarchical, social order of the Victorian Era. The pedigree of a dog represented the high status and lineage of their owners and reinforced social stratification. Middle-class owners, however, valued the ability to associate with the upper-class through ownership of their pets. The ability to care for a pet signified respectability and the capability to be self-sufficient. According to Harriet Ritvo, the identification of “elite animal and elite owner was not a confirmation of the owner’s status but a way of redefining it.”\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nEntertainment\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nThe popularity of dog and pet keeping generated animal fancy. Dog fanciers showed enthusiasm for owning pets, breeding dogs, and showing dogs in various shows. The first dog show took place on 28 June 1859 in Newcastle and focused mostly on sporting and hunting dogs. However, pet owners produced an eagerness to demonstrate their pets as well as have an outlet to compete. Thus, pet animals gradually were included within dog shows. The first large show, which would host one thousand entries, took place in Chelsea in 1863. The Kennel Club was created in 1873 to ensure fairness and organization within dog shows. The development of the Stud Book by the Kennel Club defined policies, presented a national registry system of purebred dogs, and essentially institutionalized dog shows.\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nPets in art\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nFile:Katharine of Aragon with a monkey.jpg|Katharine of Aragon with a monkey\\nFile:Jean-Honoré Fragonard - The Girl with the Marmot - Google Art Project.jpg| The Girl with the Marmot by Jean-Honoré Fragonard\\nFile:Dubufe Un regal pour son animal de compagnie.jpg\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nFile:Édouard Manet - Young Lady in 1866 - Google Art Project.jpg| - Young Lady with parrot by Édouard Manet 1866\\nFile:Antoinette Metayer (1732-88). Oudste zuster van Louis Metayer Rijksmuseum SK-A-2140.jpeg|Antoinette Metayer (1732–88) and her pet dog\\nFile:The Lady with an Ermine.jpg|The Lady with an Ermine\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nFile:Sir Henry Raeburn - Boy and Rabbit.jpg|Sir Henry Raeburn - Boy and Rabbit\\nFile:Eos, A Favorite Greyhound of Prince Albert.jpg| Eos, A Favorite Greyhound of Prince Albert\",\n \"Pet\\n\\nFile:David Dalby of York - Signal, a Grey Arab, with a Groom in the Desert - Google Art Project.jpg|Signal, a Grey Arab, with a Groom in the Desert\\nFile:Eduardo Leon Garrido. An Elegant Lady with her Dog.jpg|Eduardo Leon Garrido. An Elegant Lady with her Dog\\nFile:Tissot James Jacques The Fireplace.jpg|The Fireplace depicting a Pug, James Tissot \\n File:The nubian giraffe.jpg\\nFile:Rosa Bonheur - Portrait de Col. William F. Cody.jpg|Rosa Bonheur - Portrait of William F. Cody\\nFile:Boerendeel Rijksmuseum SK-C-540.jpeg|\\nImage:Wriothesley southampton.jpg|\\nFile:MauriceDenis-LaLegendeDeStHubert-2LeLacherDesChiens.JPG|Hunt\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137995,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3922"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Hyundai, LG, Kia, and Samsung are all companies based in what country?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"South Korea"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["s korea","south corea","south korean","south korea","daehanmingook","korea seoul","republic of korea","korean republic","한국","korea south","south korea economy","republican korea","korea republic","daehanminkook","south koreans","republican corea","korea s","s koreans","남한","rok","korea r o k","daehanminkuk","taehan min guk","republic of corea","대한민국","corean republic","republic of south korea","namjoseon","r korea","korea republic of","r o k","korea rok","free korea","韓國","s korean","modern corea","daehan minguk","daehanminguk","大韓民國","nam chosun","so korea","south kroea","skorea","iso 3166 1 kr","corea republic"],"string":"[\n \"s korea\",\n \"south corea\",\n \"south korean\",\n \"south korea\",\n \"daehanmingook\",\n \"korea seoul\",\n \"republic of korea\",\n \"korean republic\",\n \"한국\",\n \"korea south\",\n \"south korea economy\",\n \"republican korea\",\n \"korea republic\",\n \"daehanminkook\",\n \"south koreans\",\n \"republican corea\",\n \"korea s\",\n \"s koreans\",\n \"남한\",\n \"rok\",\n \"korea r o k\",\n \"daehanminkuk\",\n \"taehan min guk\",\n \"republic of corea\",\n \"대한민국\",\n \"corean republic\",\n \"republic of south korea\",\n \"namjoseon\",\n \"r korea\",\n \"korea republic of\",\n \"r o k\",\n \"korea rok\",\n \"free korea\",\n \"韓國\",\n \"s korean\",\n \"modern corea\",\n \"daehan minguk\",\n \"daehanminguk\",\n \"大韓民國\",\n \"nam chosun\",\n \"so korea\",\n \"south kroea\",\n \"skorea\",\n \"iso 3166 1 kr\",\n \"corea republic\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Hyundai\n\nHyundai Group (;) was a multinational chaebol (conglomerate) headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It was founded by Chung Ju-yung in 1947 as a construction firm and Chung was directly in control of the company until his death in 2001.","Hyundai\n\nFollowing the 1997 East Asian financial crisis and Chung's death, Hyundai underwent a major restructuring and break-up, which reduced the Hyundai Group's business to encompass only container shipping services, the manufacturing of elevators, and tourism. Today, most companies bearing the name Hyundai are not legally connected to Hyundai Group. They include Hyundai Motor Group, Hyundai Department Store Group, Hyundai Heavy Industries Group and Hyundai Development Company. However, most of the former subsidiaries of the Hyundai conglomerate continue to be run by relatives of Chung. If these companies were considered as forming a single broad family business, then it would remain the largest company in South Korea with enormous economic and political power in the country.","Hyundai\n\nEtymology","Hyundai\n\nThe name \"Hyundai\" comes from the Korean word 現代 (hanja form), which means \"modernity\".","Hyundai\n\nHistory","Hyundai\n\nHyundai was founded as a small construction firm by Chung Ju-yung in 1947. Hyundai Construction began operating outside of South Korea in 1965, initially entering the markets of Guam, Thailand and Vietnam.","Hyundai\n\nHyundai Motor Company was founded in 1967. Hyundai Heavy Industries was founded in 1973, and completed the construction of its first ships in June 1974.","Hyundai\n\nIn 1983 Hyundai entered the semiconductor industry through the establishment of Hyundai Electronics (renamed Hynix in 2001).","Hyundai\n\nIn 1986 a Hyundai-manufactured IBM PC-XT compatible called the Blue Chip PC was sold in discount and toy stores throughout the US. It was one of the earliest PC clones marketed toward consumers instead of business.","Hyundai\n\nHyundai announced a major management restructuring in December 1995, affecting 404 executives.","Hyundai\n\nIn April 1999 Hyundai announced a major corporate restructuring, involving a two-thirds reduction of the number of business units and a plan to break up the group into five independent business groups by 2003.","Hyundai\n\nOperations","Hyundai\n\nBy the mid-1990s Hyundai comprised over 60 subsidiary companies and was active in a diverse range of activities including automobile manufacturing, construction, chemicals, electronics, financial services, heavy industry and shipbuilding. In the same period it had total annual revenues of around US$90 billion and over 200,000 employees.","Hyundai\n\nHyundai Motor Company","Hyundai\n\nHyundai branded vehicles are manufactured by Hyundai Motor Company, which along with Kia comprises the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group. Headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, Hyundai operates the world's largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan, which is capable of producing 1.6 million units annually. The company employs about 75,000 people around the world. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through some 6,000 dealerships and showrooms worldwide. In 2012, Hyundai sold over 4.4 million vehicles worldwide. Popular models include the Sonata midsize sedan and Elantra compact.","Hyundai\n\nCorporate social responsibility","Hyundai\n\nHyundai and its subsidiaries created a variety of initiatives in the social sphere, initially in South Korea and then internationally as the company expanded. The Asan Foundation, established by Chung Ju-yung in 1977 with 50 percent of the stock of Hyundai Construction, subsidizes medical services in Korea primarily through the Asan Medical Center and six other hospitals. The foundation has sponsored conferences on Eastern ethics and funded academic research into traditional Korean culture. In 1991, it established the annual Filial Piety Award.","LG Corporation\n\nLG Corporation (Korean: 주식회사 LG), formerly Lucky-Goldstar (Korean: Leokki Geumseong (럭키금성/樂喜金星)), is a South Korean multinational conglomerate corporation. It is the fourth-largest chaebol in South Korea. It is headquartered in the LG Twin Towers building in Yeouido-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul. LG makes electronics, chemicals, and telecom products and operates subsidiaries such as LG Electronics, Zenith, LG Display, LG Uplus and LG Chem in over 80 countries.","LG Corporation\n\nHistory","LG Corporation\n\nLG Corp. established as Lak-Hui Chemical Industrial Corp. in 1947. In 1952, Lak-Hui (pronounced \"Lucky\", currently LG Chem) became the first Korean company to enter the plastics industry. As the company expanded its plastic business, it established GoldStar Co. Ltd. (currently LG Electronics Inc.) In 1958, both companies Lucky and GoldStar merged and formed Lucky Goldstar.","LG Corporation\n\nGoldStar produced South Korea's first radio. Many consumer electronics were sold under the brand name GoldStar, while some other household products (not available outside South Korea) were sold under the brand name of Lucky. The Lucky brand was famous for hygiene products such as soaps and HiTi laundry detergents, but the brand was mostly associated with its Lucky and Perioe toothpaste. Even today, LG continues to manufacture some of these products for the South Korean market, such as laundry detergent.","LG Corporation\n\nIn 1995, to compete better in the Western market, the Lucky-Goldstar Corporation was renamed \"LG\". The company also associates the letters LG with the company's tagline \"Life's Good\". Since 2009, LG has owned the domain name LG.com.","LG Corporation\n\nJoint ventures","LG Corporation\n\nSince 2001, LG had two joint ventures with Royal Philips Electronics: LG Philips Display and LG Philips LCD, but Philips sold off its shares in late 2008. In 2005, LG entered into a joint venture with Nortel Networks, creating LG-Nortel Co. Ltd.","LG Corporation\n\nInternational markets","LG Corporation\n\nOn 30 November 2012, comScore released a report of the October 2012 U.S. Mobile Subscriber Market Share that found LG lost its place as second in the U.S. mobile market share to Apple Inc.","LG Corporation\n\nOn 20 January 2013, Counterpoint Research announced that LG has overtaken Apple to become second largest in U.S. market share.","LG Corporation\n\nOn 7 August 2013, comScore released a report of the June 2013 U.S. Smartphone Subscriber Market Share that found LG fell to fifth place in the U.S mobile market share.","LG Corporation\n\nLogo","LG Corporation\n\nThe company logo of LG features a circle containing the letters \"L\" and \"G\", presented in the form of a smiling human face.","LG Corporation\n\nFile:LG Logo.svg|The original LG corporate logo, used from 1995 until 2014, in Helvetica typeface.\nFile:LG logo (2015).svg|The new LG corporate logo in use from 2015, using a different typeface, along with a slightly darker red.","LG Corporation\n\nAssociated companies","LG Corporation\n\n* GS Group\n* LS Group\n* LIG Group\n* Lejel Group\n* Heesung Group\n* SPC Group","LG Corporation\n\nStructure and financial position","LG Corporation\n\nLG Corporation is a holding company that operates worldwide through more than 30 companies in the electronics, chemical, and telecom fields. Its electronics subsidiaries manufacture and sell products ranging from electronic and digital home appliances to televisions and mobile telephones, from thin-film transistor liquid-crystal displays to security devices and semiconductors. In the chemical industry, subsidiaries manufacture and sell products including cosmetics, industrial textiles, rechargeable batteries and toner products, polycarbonates, medicines, and surface decorative materials. Its telecom products include long-distance and international phone services, mobile and broadband telecommunications services, as well as consulting and telemarketing services. LG also operates the Coca-Cola Korea Bottling Company, manages real estate, offers management consulting, and operates professional sports clubs.","LG Corporation\n\nGroup families","LG Corporation\n\nElectronics industries","LG Corporation\n\n* LG Electronics\n* LG Display\n* LG Innotek\n* Hiplaza\n* Hi Logistics\n* System Air-Con Engineering\n* Siltron\n* Lusem","LG Corporation\n\nChemical industries","LG Corporation\n\n* LG Chem\n* SEETEC\n* LG Household & Health Care\n** Ĭsa Knox\n** The Face Shop\n** Beyond\n* Coca-Cola Beverage Company (South Korea)\n* LG Hausys\n* LG TOSTEM BM\n* LG Life Sciences\n* LG MMA","LG Corporation\n\nTelecommunications","LG Corporation\n\n* LG U+\n* CS Leader\n* A•IN\n* LG Dacom\n* LG Powercom\n* DACOM Crossing\n* DACOM Multimedia Internet\n* CS ONE Partner\n* LG CNS\n* LG N-Sys\n* V-ENS\n* BIZTECH & EKTIMO\n* Ucess Partners\n* SERVEONE\n* LG International\n* monkey house\n* pixdix\n* Korea Commercial Vehicle\n* LG Solar Energy\n* G2R\n* HS Ad\n* Twenty Twenty","LG Corporation\n\nSports sponsorship","LG Corporation\n\nLG has owned the LG Twins and Changwon LG Sakers.","LG Corporation\n\n* 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games\n* Bayer 04 Leverkusen\n* Changwon LG Sakers\n* Copa América\n* FIS Snowboard World Cup\n* Formula One\n* Swansea City A.F.C.\n* Manchester City FC\n* International Cricket Council\n* LG Cup (association football)\n* LG Cup (Go)\n* LG Twins\n* Los Angeles Dodgers\n* Millonarios Fútbol Club\n* NCAA (all programs)\n* Son Heung-min\n* Son Yeon-jae","LG Corporation\n\nFile:LG전자, 독일 프로축구팀 ‘레버쿠젠’ 공식 후원 (1).jpg|LG sponsors Bundesliga club Bayer Leverkusen\nFile:Luis Suarez - CA2011 mvp award.jpg|2011 Copa América\nFile:2012 Korean GP Lotus Ferrari.jpg|2012 Korean Grand Prix\nFile:LG전자, ‘스노보드 월드컵’ 통해 브랜드 이미지 ‘점프’.jpg|2011–12 FIS Snowboard World Cup\nFile:Hyun-Jin Ryu Dodger Stadium April 2013.jpg|Los Angeles Dodgers\nFile:Son Yeon-jae at LG WHISEN Rhythmic All Stars 2013 (1).jpg|Son Yeon-jae\nFile:Angela Park 2009-06-08.jpg|Angela Park\nFile:Seol.JPG|Fulham F.C.\nFile:AEK Shirt 2008-2009.jpg|2008–09 AEK Athens F.C. home kit","Kia Motors\n\nKia Motors Corporation (,) (stylized as KIΛ), headquartered in Seoul, is South Korea's second-largest automobile manufacturer, following the Hyundai Motor Company, with sales of over 2.7 million vehicles in 2012 and almost 2.75 million vehicles in 2013. , the company is 33.88% owned by the Hyundai Motor Company.","Kia Motors\n\nHistory","Kia Motors\n\nAccording to Kia Motors, the name \"Kia\" derives from the Sino-Korean characters ki (起, \"to come out\") and a (亞, which stands for (East) Asia), it is roughly translated as \"arise or come up out of (East) Asia\" or \"rising out of (East) Asia\".","Kia Motors\n\nKia was founded in December 1944 as Kyungsung Precision Industry, a manufacturer of steel tubing and bicycle parts, eventually producing Korea's first domestic bicycle, the Samchully, in 1951. In 1952, Kyungsung Precision Industry changed its name to Kia Industries, and later built Honda-licensed small motorcycles (starting in 1957), Mazda-licensed trucks (1962) and cars (1974). The company opened its first integrated automotive assembly plant in 1973, the Sohari Plant. Kia built the small Brisa range of cars until 1981, when production came to an end after the new military dictator Chun Doo-hwan enforced industry consolidation. This forced Kia to give up passenger cars and focus entirely on light trucks. Prior to the forced 1981 shutdown, Kia rounded out its passenger car lineup with two other foreign models assembled under license: the Fiat 132 and the Peugeot 604.","Kia Motors\n\nStarting in 1986 (when only 26 cars were manufactured, followed by over 95,000 the next year), Kia rejoined the automobile industry in partnership with Ford. Kia produced several Mazda-derived vehicles for both domestic sales in South Korea and for export into other countries. These models included the Kia Pride, based on the Mazda 121, and the Avella, which were sold in North America and Australasia as the Ford Festiva and Ford Aspire.","Kia Motors\n\nIn 1992, Kia Motors America was incorporated in the United States. The first Kia-branded vehicles in the United States were sold from four dealerships in Portland, Oregon in February 1994. Since then, Kia methodically expanded one region at a time. Dealers in 1994 sold the Sephia; and a few years later, the United States segment expanded their line with the addition of the Sportage. Over one hundred Kia dealerships existed across thirty states by 1995, selling a record 24,740 automobiles.","Kia Motors\n\nHowever, during the Asian financial crisis, Kia declared bankruptcy in 1997; and in 1998, Hyundai Motor Company acquired 51% of the company, outbidding Ford Motor Company which had owned an interest in Kia Motors since 1986. After subsequent divestments, Hyundai Motor Company owns about one third of the company, but remains Kia's largest stakeholder.","Kia Motors\n\nSince 2005, Kia has focused on the European market and has identified design as its \"core future growth engine\"—leading to the hiring of Peter Schreyer in 2006 as Chief Design Officer and his subsequent creation of a new corporate grille known as the 'Tiger Nose'.","Kia Motors\n\nIn October 2006, Kia Motors America broke ground for Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia in West Point, Georgia, representing a $1 billion USD investment for the company. Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia opened in February 2010, after Kia recorded its 15th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share.","Kia Motors\n\nIn August 2014, the company received international attention when Pope Francis of the Catholic Church rode in one of their compact cars, the Kia Soul, during a five-day visit to South Korea. The Kia Soul drew bigger attention than two other vehicles used by the Pope, their Kia Carnival and Hyundai's Santa Fe, because it appeared in the high-profile welcoming ceremony of his arrival at the Seoul Airport on 14 August.","Kia Motors\n\nIn 2016, Kia Motors model reliability was ranked first in the United States by J.D. Power and Associates, becoming the first non-luxury automaker since 1989 to top that list.","Kia Motors\n\nAffiliations and subsidiaries","Kia Motors\n\nHyundai Motor Company","Kia Motors\n\n, the Hyundai Motor Company owns a 33.88% stake in Kia Motors.","Kia Motors\n\nLikewise, Kia Motors is an owner in 19 different Hyundai companies. Their ownership percentages range from 5.23-40%.","Kia Motors\n\nKia Motors Corporation","Kia Motors\n\nKia Motors Corporation (KMC), founded in 1944, is South Korea's oldest manufacturer of motor vehicles and is now a subsidiary of the Hyundai-Kia Automotive Group. Over 1.5 million vehicles a year are produced in 13 manufacturing and assembly operations in eight countries, which are then sold and serviced through a network of distributors and dealers covering 172 countries. Kia today has 40,000 full-time employees worldwide and annual revenues of over US$14.6 billion. Kia Motors Corporation's brand slogan is \"The Power to Surprise\". From August 2009 until December 2012, the company has been led by Hyoung-Keun (Hank) Lee.","Kia Motors\n\nKia Motors America","Kia Motors\n\nKia Motors America (KMA) is the American sales, marketing, and distribution arm of Kia Motors Corporation based in Seoul, South Korea. KMA offers a complete line of vehicles through more than 755 dealers throughout the United States. For 2008, KMA recorded its 14th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share.","Kia Motors\n\nIn November 2009, Kia started production at the first U.S. Kia Motors plant, Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia, in West Point. As of December 2011, the facility was building the 2012 Kia Sorento crossover vehicle and the 2012 Kia Optima sedan.","Kia Motors\n\nKia Motors Europe","Kia Motors\n\nKia Motors Europe (KME) is the European sales and marketing division of Kia Motors Corporation (KMC). In 2007, KME moved from its previous location at Hauptstrasse 185, Eschborn (near Frankfurt), to a new purpose-built facility adjacent to the Messe, in Frankfurt city centre.","Kia Motors\n\nFrom 1995 to 1999, Kia produced left- and right-hand drive versions of the Sportage SUV at the Karmann factory in Osnabrück, Germany. From 1999 until production of the model ceased in 2003, all Sportage production reverted to South Korea.","Kia Motors\n\nKia began exporting cars to Europe in mid-1991, initially selling only the Pride mini-car. It initially proved popular with buyers, but sales fell towards the end of the decade, and the end of production was finally announced in May 2000, with its successor — the Rio — not going on sale for another year.","Kia Motors\n\nBy the end of 1991, Kia had sold nearly 1,800 Prides in the United Kingdom. The first full year, 1992, saw that figure double, and, in 1993, it increased again to nearly 5,500 units.","Kia Motors\n\nThe European range expanded in 1994 when Kia began importing the larger Mentor, a range of medium-sized hatchbacks and sedans which were marketed as inexpensive and well-equipped alternatives to the likes of the Ford Escort and the Vauxhall/Opel Astra.","Kia Motors\n\nA facelift in 1999 saw the Mentor name retained for the saloon (sedan), but the hatchback was renamed Shuma. These models remained on sale until 2004, when the newer Cerato was launched and gave Kia one of its first serious competitors against mainstream brands.","Kia Motors\n\nThe Sportage SUV range, first sold in 1995, has been popular across Europe, but, since 2002, Kia has gained more sales in this market thanks to the launch of the larger Sorento.","Kia Motors\n\nDespite Kia's range increasing from one car as late as 1993 to three cars by the end of 1995, British sales actually decreased in that period, from nearly 5,500 in 1993 to less than 4,000 the following year. In 1998, Kia's future in Britain was thrown into serious doubt when it sold less than 3,000 of its whole range – the worst in any full year on the British market.","Kia Motors\n\nKia did not enter Europe's large family car market until the launch of its Credos four-door sedan in 1999. This car was similar in size to the Ford Mondeo and the Opel/Vauxhall Vectra, but, on its launch, was actually less expensive to buy than the smaller Focus and the Astra. It had a spacious interior, large boot, competitive asking price, and high equipment levels, but it had little more appeal to sway buyers away from established European brands like Ford of Europe, Vauxhall/Opel, Citroën, and Peugeot. Its successor, the Magentis, launched in 2001, was still nowhere near as popular as Kia might have hoped it would be.","Kia Motors\n\nKia box car of Soul is top selling medel of box car in U.S.A with sales over 100,000 cars in 2014","Kia Motors\n\nKia entered the MPV market in 1999 with the Sedona. On its launch, it was the lowest-priced, full-size people carrier on sale in the United Kingdom.","Kia Motors\n\nWith the range expanded by 1999, sales for that year reached almost 6,400 – more than double the previous year's total. That annual sales figure had almost been matched in 2000 by the end of May, reflecting Kia's growing popularity with British buyers. By 2009, Kia was firmly established as a popular brand in Britain, when sales broke the 50,000 barrier for the first time and the brand now had a share of more than 2% in the new car market. The Picanto was the most popular single model with nearly 17,000 sales.","Kia Motors\n\n*Kia completed Slovakia Zilina plant with 300,000 annual capacity.","Kia Motors\n\nAlthough the European car market knows significant difficulties, Kia broadcast increased sales in 2013.","Kia Motors\n\nKia Motors Mexico","Kia Motors\n\nThe company is building a $1 billion manufacturing plant in the northern Mexican state of Nuevo León, which will produce 300,000 cars a year. Details of the factory, to be built in the city of Pesquería, were revealed in a joint press conference given by Kia Motors CEO Hyoung-Keun Lee and the President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto in Mexico City on 28 August 2014. The plant was expected to be completed in the first half of 2016.","Kia Motors\n\nKia Defense","Kia Motors\n\nKia Motors has specialized in the production of military vehicles with variants and other transportation equipment and by supplying them as a sole maker of military vehicles designated by the South Korean Government since 1976, when Kia Heavy Industry Co., Ltd was established. Kia is currently designing a Kaiser Jeep M715-type vehicle named the [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rok/kia.htm KM450] for the South Korean Army on license from the U.S. Government. Kia is also the owner of the former ex-Asia Motors factory at Gwangju.","Kia Motors\n\nFacilities","Kia Motors\n\nMost of Kia's main plant locations are in South Korea:\n*Hwaseong Plant, Hwaseong production capacity of 600,000 cars per year.\n*Sohari Plant, Gwangmyeong production capasity of 340,000 cars per year\n*Gwangju Plant, ex-Asia motors plant, Gwangju production capasity of 220,000 cars per year\n*Seosan Plant, Seosan\nKia also has facilities in China, Mexico, Slovakia, the United States and Vietnam:\n*Žilina Plant, Žilina, Slovakia\n*Yancheng Plant, Jiangsu, China\n*Chu Lai Plant, Quang Nam, Vietnam\n*West Point Plant, Georgia, U.S.\n*Monterrey Plant, Pesquería (Nuevo León), Mexico\n under construction","Kia Motors\n\nDesign emphasis","Kia Motors\n\nBeginning in 2006 Kia identified design as its \"core future growth engine\" – leading to the 2006 hiring of Peter Schreyer and to the 2005 hiring Tom Kearns as Chief Design Officer. Schreyer had previously worked at Audi (designing the Audi TT) and Volkswagen and had won the Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany. Kearns had previously worked at Cadillac as Chief Design Officer and was responsible for influencing Cadillac's direction of hard angles and sharp lines within their design.","Kia Motors\n\nSchreyer has since been central to a complete restyling of Kia's lineup, overseeing design activities at Kia's design centers in Frankfurt, Los Angeles, Tokyo, and the Namyang Design Center in Korea.","Kia Motors\n\nWith the Kee concept vehicle, shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 2007, Kia introduced a new corporate grille to create a recognizable 'face' for the brand. Known as the Tiger Nose, Schreyer indicated he wanted \"a powerful visual signal, a seal, an identifier. The front of a car needs this recognition, this expression. A car needs a face and I think the new Kia face is strong and distinctive. Visibility is vital and that face should immediately allow you to identify a Kia even from a distance.\" Scrheyer described how the Kia Tiger Nose came to be as he explained, \"I was just working on the car and just thinking about different possibilities, and suddenly I found it.\" Commenting on the new signature grille in 2009: \"From now on, we'll have it on all our cars\". Kia has since featured the Tiger Nose on all of their vehicles, ranging from the compact Kia Soul, on to the edgy new design of the Kia Optima, and to the larger SUV, the Kia Sorento.","Kia Motors\n\nControversies","Kia Motors\n\nIn late 2012, Kia Motors was forced to admit error in inflating its United States Environmental Protection Agency mileage claims and had to reduce its fuel economy claims in the U.S. by about 3 percent across the board and to offer compensation to previous vehicle buyers.","Kia Motors\n\nSponsorship","Kia Motors\n\nKia Motors sponsors the following sports teams, events and athletes:","Kia Motors\n\n;Sports associations\n*FIFA\n*UEFA\n*Lega Basket Serie A\n*Liga ACB\n*National Basketball Association (NBA)\n*Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)","Kia Motors\n\n;Sports events\n*Archery World Cup\n*Asian Games\n*Australian Open (tennis tournament)\n*Copa Kia do Brasil (football tournament)\n*Copa América\n*FIBA Asia Championship\n*FIFA World Cup\n*Kia Classic (LPGA)\n*Kia Lotos Race\n*Korea Speed Festival\n*UEFA European Championship\n*Universiade\n*X Games\n*X Games Asia","Kia Motors\n\n;Sports teams\n*Atlanta Falcons\n*Boston United FC (English Football Club)\n*England women's cricket team\n*Essendon Football Club (Australian Football League)\n*FC Girondins de Bordeaux (French association football team) \n*Global F.C. (Philippines association football team)\n*Kia Carnival (Philippine Basketball Association) \n*Kia Forte (Shakey's V-League)\n*Kia Tigers\n*Philippines national football team \n*Qormi FC (Maltese association football team)\n*FC Spartak Moscow (Russian association football team)\n*Slovakia national football team\n*South Korea national speed skating team\n*Surrey County Cricket Club\n*Toronto FC (North American Major League Soccer team)\n*Vitória F.C. (Portugal association football team)\n*Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic (ANZ Championship netball team)\n*Kia Speed Skating Academy","Kia Motors\n\n;Athletes\n*Ryan Ford (MMA fighter)\n*Fernando González (Chilean tennis player – 2004 & 2008 Olympic medalist)\n*Badr Hari (Moroccan kickboxer)\n*LeBron James (Global brand ambassador) \n*Blake Griffin (NBA Basketball Player)\n*Lee Sang-hwa (Speed skater)\n*Yulia Lipnitskaya (Russian figure skater)\n*Aliya Mustafina and Viktoria Komova (both Russian artistic gymnasts)\n*Rafael Nadal (Global brand ambassador)\n*Manny Pacquiao (Filipino boxer)\n*Adelina Sotnikova (Russian figure skater)\n*Michelle Wie (Official golf ambassador & spokesperson – KMA)","Kia Motors\n\n;Actors\n*Pierce Brosnan \n*Laurence Fishburne \n*Christopher Walken","Kia Motors\n\n;Musicians\n*Chase Bryant \n*Matthew Koma \n*MisterWives \n*Weezer","Kia Motors\n\n;Music events\n*Live at The Chapel (Australian music concert)\n*Vans Warped Tour\n*YouTube Music Awards (2013)","Kia Motors\n\n;Charity events\n*We Can Be Heroes (joint-venture between Kia and DC Comics)","Kia Motors\n\n;Entertainment\n*Tobot \n*X-Men","Kia Motors\n\n;Event hall\n*Kia Theatre (Philippines)"],"string":"[\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nHyundai Group (;) was a multinational chaebol (conglomerate) headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It was founded by Chung Ju-yung in 1947 as a construction firm and Chung was directly in control of the company until his death in 2001.\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nFollowing the 1997 East Asian financial crisis and Chung's death, Hyundai underwent a major restructuring and break-up, which reduced the Hyundai Group's business to encompass only container shipping services, the manufacturing of elevators, and tourism. Today, most companies bearing the name Hyundai are not legally connected to Hyundai Group. They include Hyundai Motor Group, Hyundai Department Store Group, Hyundai Heavy Industries Group and Hyundai Development Company. However, most of the former subsidiaries of the Hyundai conglomerate continue to be run by relatives of Chung. If these companies were considered as forming a single broad family business, then it would remain the largest company in South Korea with enormous economic and political power in the country.\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nEtymology\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nThe name \\\"Hyundai\\\" comes from the Korean word 現代 (hanja form), which means \\\"modernity\\\".\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nHyundai was founded as a small construction firm by Chung Ju-yung in 1947. Hyundai Construction began operating outside of South Korea in 1965, initially entering the markets of Guam, Thailand and Vietnam.\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nHyundai Motor Company was founded in 1967. Hyundai Heavy Industries was founded in 1973, and completed the construction of its first ships in June 1974.\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nIn 1983 Hyundai entered the semiconductor industry through the establishment of Hyundai Electronics (renamed Hynix in 2001).\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nIn 1986 a Hyundai-manufactured IBM PC-XT compatible called the Blue Chip PC was sold in discount and toy stores throughout the US. It was one of the earliest PC clones marketed toward consumers instead of business.\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nHyundai announced a major management restructuring in December 1995, affecting 404 executives.\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nIn April 1999 Hyundai announced a major corporate restructuring, involving a two-thirds reduction of the number of business units and a plan to break up the group into five independent business groups by 2003.\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nOperations\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nBy the mid-1990s Hyundai comprised over 60 subsidiary companies and was active in a diverse range of activities including automobile manufacturing, construction, chemicals, electronics, financial services, heavy industry and shipbuilding. In the same period it had total annual revenues of around US$90 billion and over 200,000 employees.\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nHyundai Motor Company\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nHyundai branded vehicles are manufactured by Hyundai Motor Company, which along with Kia comprises the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group. Headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, Hyundai operates the world's largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan, which is capable of producing 1.6 million units annually. The company employs about 75,000 people around the world. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through some 6,000 dealerships and showrooms worldwide. In 2012, Hyundai sold over 4.4 million vehicles worldwide. Popular models include the Sonata midsize sedan and Elantra compact.\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nCorporate social responsibility\",\n \"Hyundai\\n\\nHyundai and its subsidiaries created a variety of initiatives in the social sphere, initially in South Korea and then internationally as the company expanded. The Asan Foundation, established by Chung Ju-yung in 1977 with 50 percent of the stock of Hyundai Construction, subsidizes medical services in Korea primarily through the Asan Medical Center and six other hospitals. The foundation has sponsored conferences on Eastern ethics and funded academic research into traditional Korean culture. In 1991, it established the annual Filial Piety Award.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nLG Corporation (Korean: 주식회사 LG), formerly Lucky-Goldstar (Korean: Leokki Geumseong (럭키금성/樂喜金星)), is a South Korean multinational conglomerate corporation. It is the fourth-largest chaebol in South Korea. It is headquartered in the LG Twin Towers building in Yeouido-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul. LG makes electronics, chemicals, and telecom products and operates subsidiaries such as LG Electronics, Zenith, LG Display, LG Uplus and LG Chem in over 80 countries.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nLG Corp. established as Lak-Hui Chemical Industrial Corp. in 1947. In 1952, Lak-Hui (pronounced \\\"Lucky\\\", currently LG Chem) became the first Korean company to enter the plastics industry. As the company expanded its plastic business, it established GoldStar Co. Ltd. (currently LG Electronics Inc.) In 1958, both companies Lucky and GoldStar merged and formed Lucky Goldstar.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nGoldStar produced South Korea's first radio. Many consumer electronics were sold under the brand name GoldStar, while some other household products (not available outside South Korea) were sold under the brand name of Lucky. The Lucky brand was famous for hygiene products such as soaps and HiTi laundry detergents, but the brand was mostly associated with its Lucky and Perioe toothpaste. Even today, LG continues to manufacture some of these products for the South Korean market, such as laundry detergent.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nIn 1995, to compete better in the Western market, the Lucky-Goldstar Corporation was renamed \\\"LG\\\". The company also associates the letters LG with the company's tagline \\\"Life's Good\\\". Since 2009, LG has owned the domain name LG.com.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nJoint ventures\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nSince 2001, LG had two joint ventures with Royal Philips Electronics: LG Philips Display and LG Philips LCD, but Philips sold off its shares in late 2008. In 2005, LG entered into a joint venture with Nortel Networks, creating LG-Nortel Co. Ltd.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nInternational markets\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nOn 30 November 2012, comScore released a report of the October 2012 U.S. Mobile Subscriber Market Share that found LG lost its place as second in the U.S. mobile market share to Apple Inc.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nOn 20 January 2013, Counterpoint Research announced that LG has overtaken Apple to become second largest in U.S. market share.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nOn 7 August 2013, comScore released a report of the June 2013 U.S. Smartphone Subscriber Market Share that found LG fell to fifth place in the U.S mobile market share.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nLogo\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nThe company logo of LG features a circle containing the letters \\\"L\\\" and \\\"G\\\", presented in the form of a smiling human face.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nFile:LG Logo.svg|The original LG corporate logo, used from 1995 until 2014, in Helvetica typeface.\\nFile:LG logo (2015).svg|The new LG corporate logo in use from 2015, using a different typeface, along with a slightly darker red.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nAssociated companies\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\n* GS Group\\n* LS Group\\n* LIG Group\\n* Lejel Group\\n* Heesung Group\\n* SPC Group\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nStructure and financial position\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nLG Corporation is a holding company that operates worldwide through more than 30 companies in the electronics, chemical, and telecom fields. Its electronics subsidiaries manufacture and sell products ranging from electronic and digital home appliances to televisions and mobile telephones, from thin-film transistor liquid-crystal displays to security devices and semiconductors. In the chemical industry, subsidiaries manufacture and sell products including cosmetics, industrial textiles, rechargeable batteries and toner products, polycarbonates, medicines, and surface decorative materials. Its telecom products include long-distance and international phone services, mobile and broadband telecommunications services, as well as consulting and telemarketing services. LG also operates the Coca-Cola Korea Bottling Company, manages real estate, offers management consulting, and operates professional sports clubs.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nGroup families\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nElectronics industries\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\n* LG Electronics\\n* LG Display\\n* LG Innotek\\n* Hiplaza\\n* Hi Logistics\\n* System Air-Con Engineering\\n* Siltron\\n* Lusem\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nChemical industries\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\n* LG Chem\\n* SEETEC\\n* LG Household & Health Care\\n** Ĭsa Knox\\n** The Face Shop\\n** Beyond\\n* Coca-Cola Beverage Company (South Korea)\\n* LG Hausys\\n* LG TOSTEM BM\\n* LG Life Sciences\\n* LG MMA\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nTelecommunications\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\n* LG U+\\n* CS Leader\\n* A•IN\\n* LG Dacom\\n* LG Powercom\\n* DACOM Crossing\\n* DACOM Multimedia Internet\\n* CS ONE Partner\\n* LG CNS\\n* LG N-Sys\\n* V-ENS\\n* BIZTECH & EKTIMO\\n* Ucess Partners\\n* SERVEONE\\n* LG International\\n* monkey house\\n* pixdix\\n* Korea Commercial Vehicle\\n* LG Solar Energy\\n* G2R\\n* HS Ad\\n* Twenty Twenty\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nSports sponsorship\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nLG has owned the LG Twins and Changwon LG Sakers.\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\n* 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games\\n* Bayer 04 Leverkusen\\n* Changwon LG Sakers\\n* Copa América\\n* FIS Snowboard World Cup\\n* Formula One\\n* Swansea City A.F.C.\\n* Manchester City FC\\n* International Cricket Council\\n* LG Cup (association football)\\n* LG Cup (Go)\\n* LG Twins\\n* Los Angeles Dodgers\\n* Millonarios Fútbol Club\\n* NCAA (all programs)\\n* Son Heung-min\\n* Son Yeon-jae\",\n \"LG Corporation\\n\\nFile:LG전자, 독일 프로축구팀 ‘레버쿠젠’ 공식 후원 (1).jpg|LG sponsors Bundesliga club Bayer Leverkusen\\nFile:Luis Suarez - CA2011 mvp award.jpg|2011 Copa América\\nFile:2012 Korean GP Lotus Ferrari.jpg|2012 Korean Grand Prix\\nFile:LG전자, ‘스노보드 월드컵’ 통해 브랜드 이미지 ‘점프’.jpg|2011–12 FIS Snowboard World Cup\\nFile:Hyun-Jin Ryu Dodger Stadium April 2013.jpg|Los Angeles Dodgers\\nFile:Son Yeon-jae at LG WHISEN Rhythmic All Stars 2013 (1).jpg|Son Yeon-jae\\nFile:Angela Park 2009-06-08.jpg|Angela Park\\nFile:Seol.JPG|Fulham F.C.\\nFile:AEK Shirt 2008-2009.jpg|2008–09 AEK Athens F.C. home kit\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia Motors Corporation (,) (stylized as KIΛ), headquartered in Seoul, is South Korea's second-largest automobile manufacturer, following the Hyundai Motor Company, with sales of over 2.7 million vehicles in 2012 and almost 2.75 million vehicles in 2013. , the company is 33.88% owned by the Hyundai Motor Company.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nAccording to Kia Motors, the name \\\"Kia\\\" derives from the Sino-Korean characters ki (起, \\\"to come out\\\") and a (亞, which stands for (East) Asia), it is roughly translated as \\\"arise or come up out of (East) Asia\\\" or \\\"rising out of (East) Asia\\\".\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia was founded in December 1944 as Kyungsung Precision Industry, a manufacturer of steel tubing and bicycle parts, eventually producing Korea's first domestic bicycle, the Samchully, in 1951. In 1952, Kyungsung Precision Industry changed its name to Kia Industries, and later built Honda-licensed small motorcycles (starting in 1957), Mazda-licensed trucks (1962) and cars (1974). The company opened its first integrated automotive assembly plant in 1973, the Sohari Plant. Kia built the small Brisa range of cars until 1981, when production came to an end after the new military dictator Chun Doo-hwan enforced industry consolidation. This forced Kia to give up passenger cars and focus entirely on light trucks. Prior to the forced 1981 shutdown, Kia rounded out its passenger car lineup with two other foreign models assembled under license: the Fiat 132 and the Peugeot 604.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nStarting in 1986 (when only 26 cars were manufactured, followed by over 95,000 the next year), Kia rejoined the automobile industry in partnership with Ford. Kia produced several Mazda-derived vehicles for both domestic sales in South Korea and for export into other countries. These models included the Kia Pride, based on the Mazda 121, and the Avella, which were sold in North America and Australasia as the Ford Festiva and Ford Aspire.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nIn 1992, Kia Motors America was incorporated in the United States. The first Kia-branded vehicles in the United States were sold from four dealerships in Portland, Oregon in February 1994. Since then, Kia methodically expanded one region at a time. Dealers in 1994 sold the Sephia; and a few years later, the United States segment expanded their line with the addition of the Sportage. Over one hundred Kia dealerships existed across thirty states by 1995, selling a record 24,740 automobiles.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nHowever, during the Asian financial crisis, Kia declared bankruptcy in 1997; and in 1998, Hyundai Motor Company acquired 51% of the company, outbidding Ford Motor Company which had owned an interest in Kia Motors since 1986. After subsequent divestments, Hyundai Motor Company owns about one third of the company, but remains Kia's largest stakeholder.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nSince 2005, Kia has focused on the European market and has identified design as its \\\"core future growth engine\\\"—leading to the hiring of Peter Schreyer in 2006 as Chief Design Officer and his subsequent creation of a new corporate grille known as the 'Tiger Nose'.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nIn October 2006, Kia Motors America broke ground for Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia in West Point, Georgia, representing a $1 billion USD investment for the company. Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia opened in February 2010, after Kia recorded its 15th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nIn August 2014, the company received international attention when Pope Francis of the Catholic Church rode in one of their compact cars, the Kia Soul, during a five-day visit to South Korea. The Kia Soul drew bigger attention than two other vehicles used by the Pope, their Kia Carnival and Hyundai's Santa Fe, because it appeared in the high-profile welcoming ceremony of his arrival at the Seoul Airport on 14 August.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nIn 2016, Kia Motors model reliability was ranked first in the United States by J.D. Power and Associates, becoming the first non-luxury automaker since 1989 to top that list.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nAffiliations and subsidiaries\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nHyundai Motor Company\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n, the Hyundai Motor Company owns a 33.88% stake in Kia Motors.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nLikewise, Kia Motors is an owner in 19 different Hyundai companies. Their ownership percentages range from 5.23-40%.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia Motors Corporation\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia Motors Corporation (KMC), founded in 1944, is South Korea's oldest manufacturer of motor vehicles and is now a subsidiary of the Hyundai-Kia Automotive Group. Over 1.5 million vehicles a year are produced in 13 manufacturing and assembly operations in eight countries, which are then sold and serviced through a network of distributors and dealers covering 172 countries. Kia today has 40,000 full-time employees worldwide and annual revenues of over US$14.6 billion. Kia Motors Corporation's brand slogan is \\\"The Power to Surprise\\\". From August 2009 until December 2012, the company has been led by Hyoung-Keun (Hank) Lee.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia Motors America\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia Motors America (KMA) is the American sales, marketing, and distribution arm of Kia Motors Corporation based in Seoul, South Korea. KMA offers a complete line of vehicles through more than 755 dealers throughout the United States. For 2008, KMA recorded its 14th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nIn November 2009, Kia started production at the first U.S. Kia Motors plant, Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia, in West Point. As of December 2011, the facility was building the 2012 Kia Sorento crossover vehicle and the 2012 Kia Optima sedan.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia Motors Europe\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia Motors Europe (KME) is the European sales and marketing division of Kia Motors Corporation (KMC). In 2007, KME moved from its previous location at Hauptstrasse 185, Eschborn (near Frankfurt), to a new purpose-built facility adjacent to the Messe, in Frankfurt city centre.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nFrom 1995 to 1999, Kia produced left- and right-hand drive versions of the Sportage SUV at the Karmann factory in Osnabrück, Germany. From 1999 until production of the model ceased in 2003, all Sportage production reverted to South Korea.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia began exporting cars to Europe in mid-1991, initially selling only the Pride mini-car. It initially proved popular with buyers, but sales fell towards the end of the decade, and the end of production was finally announced in May 2000, with its successor — the Rio — not going on sale for another year.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nBy the end of 1991, Kia had sold nearly 1,800 Prides in the United Kingdom. The first full year, 1992, saw that figure double, and, in 1993, it increased again to nearly 5,500 units.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nThe European range expanded in 1994 when Kia began importing the larger Mentor, a range of medium-sized hatchbacks and sedans which were marketed as inexpensive and well-equipped alternatives to the likes of the Ford Escort and the Vauxhall/Opel Astra.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nA facelift in 1999 saw the Mentor name retained for the saloon (sedan), but the hatchback was renamed Shuma. These models remained on sale until 2004, when the newer Cerato was launched and gave Kia one of its first serious competitors against mainstream brands.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nThe Sportage SUV range, first sold in 1995, has been popular across Europe, but, since 2002, Kia has gained more sales in this market thanks to the launch of the larger Sorento.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nDespite Kia's range increasing from one car as late as 1993 to three cars by the end of 1995, British sales actually decreased in that period, from nearly 5,500 in 1993 to less than 4,000 the following year. In 1998, Kia's future in Britain was thrown into serious doubt when it sold less than 3,000 of its whole range – the worst in any full year on the British market.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia did not enter Europe's large family car market until the launch of its Credos four-door sedan in 1999. This car was similar in size to the Ford Mondeo and the Opel/Vauxhall Vectra, but, on its launch, was actually less expensive to buy than the smaller Focus and the Astra. It had a spacious interior, large boot, competitive asking price, and high equipment levels, but it had little more appeal to sway buyers away from established European brands like Ford of Europe, Vauxhall/Opel, Citroën, and Peugeot. Its successor, the Magentis, launched in 2001, was still nowhere near as popular as Kia might have hoped it would be.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia box car of Soul is top selling medel of box car in U.S.A with sales over 100,000 cars in 2014\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia entered the MPV market in 1999 with the Sedona. On its launch, it was the lowest-priced, full-size people carrier on sale in the United Kingdom.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nWith the range expanded by 1999, sales for that year reached almost 6,400 – more than double the previous year's total. That annual sales figure had almost been matched in 2000 by the end of May, reflecting Kia's growing popularity with British buyers. By 2009, Kia was firmly established as a popular brand in Britain, when sales broke the 50,000 barrier for the first time and the brand now had a share of more than 2% in the new car market. The Picanto was the most popular single model with nearly 17,000 sales.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n*Kia completed Slovakia Zilina plant with 300,000 annual capacity.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nAlthough the European car market knows significant difficulties, Kia broadcast increased sales in 2013.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia Motors Mexico\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nThe company is building a $1 billion manufacturing plant in the northern Mexican state of Nuevo León, which will produce 300,000 cars a year. Details of the factory, to be built in the city of Pesquería, were revealed in a joint press conference given by Kia Motors CEO Hyoung-Keun Lee and the President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto in Mexico City on 28 August 2014. The plant was expected to be completed in the first half of 2016.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia Defense\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia Motors has specialized in the production of military vehicles with variants and other transportation equipment and by supplying them as a sole maker of military vehicles designated by the South Korean Government since 1976, when Kia Heavy Industry Co., Ltd was established. Kia is currently designing a Kaiser Jeep M715-type vehicle named the [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rok/kia.htm KM450] for the South Korean Army on license from the U.S. Government. Kia is also the owner of the former ex-Asia Motors factory at Gwangju.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nFacilities\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nMost of Kia's main plant locations are in South Korea:\\n*Hwaseong Plant, Hwaseong production capacity of 600,000 cars per year.\\n*Sohari Plant, Gwangmyeong production capasity of 340,000 cars per year\\n*Gwangju Plant, ex-Asia motors plant, Gwangju production capasity of 220,000 cars per year\\n*Seosan Plant, Seosan\\nKia also has facilities in China, Mexico, Slovakia, the United States and Vietnam:\\n*Žilina Plant, Žilina, Slovakia\\n*Yancheng Plant, Jiangsu, China\\n*Chu Lai Plant, Quang Nam, Vietnam\\n*West Point Plant, Georgia, U.S.\\n*Monterrey Plant, Pesquería (Nuevo León), Mexico\\n under construction\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nDesign emphasis\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nBeginning in 2006 Kia identified design as its \\\"core future growth engine\\\" – leading to the 2006 hiring of Peter Schreyer and to the 2005 hiring Tom Kearns as Chief Design Officer. Schreyer had previously worked at Audi (designing the Audi TT) and Volkswagen and had won the Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany. Kearns had previously worked at Cadillac as Chief Design Officer and was responsible for influencing Cadillac's direction of hard angles and sharp lines within their design.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nSchreyer has since been central to a complete restyling of Kia's lineup, overseeing design activities at Kia's design centers in Frankfurt, Los Angeles, Tokyo, and the Namyang Design Center in Korea.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nWith the Kee concept vehicle, shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 2007, Kia introduced a new corporate grille to create a recognizable 'face' for the brand. Known as the Tiger Nose, Schreyer indicated he wanted \\\"a powerful visual signal, a seal, an identifier. The front of a car needs this recognition, this expression. A car needs a face and I think the new Kia face is strong and distinctive. Visibility is vital and that face should immediately allow you to identify a Kia even from a distance.\\\" Scrheyer described how the Kia Tiger Nose came to be as he explained, \\\"I was just working on the car and just thinking about different possibilities, and suddenly I found it.\\\" Commenting on the new signature grille in 2009: \\\"From now on, we'll have it on all our cars\\\". Kia has since featured the Tiger Nose on all of their vehicles, ranging from the compact Kia Soul, on to the edgy new design of the Kia Optima, and to the larger SUV, the Kia Sorento.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nControversies\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nIn late 2012, Kia Motors was forced to admit error in inflating its United States Environmental Protection Agency mileage claims and had to reduce its fuel economy claims in the U.S. by about 3 percent across the board and to offer compensation to previous vehicle buyers.\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nSponsorship\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\nKia Motors sponsors the following sports teams, events and athletes:\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n;Sports associations\\n*FIFA\\n*UEFA\\n*Lega Basket Serie A\\n*Liga ACB\\n*National Basketball Association (NBA)\\n*Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n;Sports events\\n*Archery World Cup\\n*Asian Games\\n*Australian Open (tennis tournament)\\n*Copa Kia do Brasil (football tournament)\\n*Copa América\\n*FIBA Asia Championship\\n*FIFA World Cup\\n*Kia Classic (LPGA)\\n*Kia Lotos Race\\n*Korea Speed Festival\\n*UEFA European Championship\\n*Universiade\\n*X Games\\n*X Games Asia\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n;Sports teams\\n*Atlanta Falcons\\n*Boston United FC (English Football Club)\\n*England women's cricket team\\n*Essendon Football Club (Australian Football League)\\n*FC Girondins de Bordeaux (French association football team) \\n*Global F.C. (Philippines association football team)\\n*Kia Carnival (Philippine Basketball Association) \\n*Kia Forte (Shakey's V-League)\\n*Kia Tigers\\n*Philippines national football team \\n*Qormi FC (Maltese association football team)\\n*FC Spartak Moscow (Russian association football team)\\n*Slovakia national football team\\n*South Korea national speed skating team\\n*Surrey County Cricket Club\\n*Toronto FC (North American Major League Soccer team)\\n*Vitória F.C. (Portugal association football team)\\n*Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic (ANZ Championship netball team)\\n*Kia Speed Skating Academy\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n;Athletes\\n*Ryan Ford (MMA fighter)\\n*Fernando González (Chilean tennis player – 2004 & 2008 Olympic medalist)\\n*Badr Hari (Moroccan kickboxer)\\n*LeBron James (Global brand ambassador) \\n*Blake Griffin (NBA Basketball Player)\\n*Lee Sang-hwa (Speed skater)\\n*Yulia Lipnitskaya (Russian figure skater)\\n*Aliya Mustafina and Viktoria Komova (both Russian artistic gymnasts)\\n*Rafael Nadal (Global brand ambassador)\\n*Manny Pacquiao (Filipino boxer)\\n*Adelina Sotnikova (Russian figure skater)\\n*Michelle Wie (Official golf ambassador & spokesperson – KMA)\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n;Actors\\n*Pierce Brosnan \\n*Laurence Fishburne \\n*Christopher Walken\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n;Musicians\\n*Chase Bryant \\n*Matthew Koma \\n*MisterWives \\n*Weezer\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n;Music events\\n*Live at The Chapel (Australian music concert)\\n*Vans Warped Tour\\n*YouTube Music Awards (2013)\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n;Charity events\\n*We Can Be Heroes (joint-venture between Kia and DC Comics)\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n;Entertainment\\n*Tobot \\n*X-Men\",\n \"Kia Motors\\n\\n;Event hall\\n*Kia Theatre (Philippines)\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137996,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3924"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What is the name for the affluent district in southwest Seoul, Korea, which boasts the highest land values in the entire country?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Gangnam"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["gangnam","gangnam disambiguation","kangnam","강남"],"string":"[\n \"gangnam\",\n \"gangnam disambiguation\",\n \"kangnam\",\n \"강남\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Seoul\n\nSeoul (; 서울;) – officially the Seoul Special City (서울특별시) – is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea, forming the heart of the Seoul Capital Area, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province, the world's 18th largest city. It is home to over half of all South Koreans along with 678,102 international residents.","Seoul\n\nSituated on the Han River, Seoul's history stretches back more than two thousand years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty. The Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, the world's most visited national park per square foot. Modern landmarks include the iconic N Seoul Tower, the gold-clad 63 Building, the neofuturistic Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Lotte World, the world's second largest indoor theme park, Moonlight Rainbow Fountain, the world's longest bridge fountain and the Sevit Floating Islands. The birthplace of K-pop and the Korean Wave, Seoul received over 10 million international visitors in 2014, making it the world's 9th most visited city and 4th largest earner in tourism.","Seoul\n\nToday, Seoul is considered a leading and rising global city, resulting from an economic boom called the Miracle on the Han River which transformed it to the world's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US$845.9 billion in 2014 after Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles. In 2015, it was rated Asia's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. A world leading technology hub centered on Gangnam and Digital Media City, the Seoul Capital Area boasts 15 Fortune Global 500 companies such as Samsung, the world's largest technology company, as well as LG and Hyundai-Kia. In 2014, the city's GDP per capita (PPP) of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences.","Seoul\n\nSeoul is the world's most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwC's Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi and DMB inside subway cars. Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the world's best airport nine years in a row (2005–2013) by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556m (1,824 ft) supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, is being built in Seoul to become the OECD's tallest in 2016, with the world's tallest art gallery. Its Lotte Cinema houses the world's largest cinema screen. Seoul's COEX Mall is the world's largest underground shopping mall.","Seoul\n\nSeoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games, 1988 Summer Olympics, 2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, and the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit. A UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital.","Seoul\n\nEtymology","Seoul\n\nThe city has been known in the past by the names Wirye-seong (, during the Baekje era), Hanju (, during the Silla era), Namgyeong (, during the Goryeo era), Hanseong (, during both the Baekje and Joseon eras), Hanyang (, during the Joseon era), Gyeongseong (京城, during the colonial era).","Seoul\n\nDuring Japan's annexation in Korea, \"Hanseong\" () was renamed to \"Keijō\" (, or , Gyeongseong) by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja '漢', as it also refers to the Han Chinese. In reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong (), originally had the meaning of \"big\" or \"vast\".","Seoul\n\nIts current name originated from the Korean word meaning \"capital city,\" which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol (), which originally referred to Gyeongju, the capital of Silla.","Seoul\n\nUnlike most place names in Korea, \"Seoul\" has no corresponding hanja (Chinese characters used in the Korean language). On January 18, 2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shou'er () from the historic Hancheng (), of which use is becoming less common.","Seoul\n\nHistory","Seoul\n\nSettlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, began around 4000 BC.","Seoul\n\nSeoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje (founded in 18 BC) in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area that date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, an earthen wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this strategic region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century, and from Goguryeo to Silla in the 6th century.","Seoul\n\nIn the 11th century Goryeo, which succeeded Unified Silla, built a summer palace in Seoul, which was referred to as the \"Southern Capital\". It was only from this period that Seoul became a larger settlement.\nWhen Joseon replaced Goryeo, the capital was moved to Seoul (also known as Hanyang and later as Hanseong), where it remained until the fall of the dynasty. The Gyeongbok Palace, built in the 14th century, served as the royal residence until 1592. The other large palace, Changdeokgung, constructed in 1405, served as the main royal palace from 1611 to 1872.","Seoul\n\nOriginally, the city was entirely surrounded by a massive circular stone wall to provide its citizens security from wild animals, thieves and attacks. The city has grown beyond those walls and although the wall no longer stands (except along Bugaksan Mountain (), north of the downtown area ), the gates remain near the downtown district of Seoul, including most notably Sungnyemun (commonly known as Namdaemun) and Honginjimun (commonly known as Dongdaemun). During the Joseon dynasty, the gates were opened and closed each day, accompanied by the ringing of large bells at the Bosingak belfry. \nIn the late 19th century, after hundreds of years of isolation, Seoul opened its gates to foreigners and began to modernize. Seoul became the first city in East Asia to introduce electricity in the royal palace, built by the Edison Illuminating Company and a decade later Seoul also implemented electrical street lights.","Seoul\n\nMuch of the development was due to trade with foreign countries like France and United States. For example, the Seoul Electric Company, Seoul Electric Trolley Company, and Seoul Fresh Spring Water Company were all joint Korean–American owned enterprises. In 1904, an American by the name of Angus Hamilton visited the city and said, \"The streets of Seoul are magnificent, spacious, clean, admirably made and well-drained. The narrow, dirty lanes have been widened, gutters have been covered, roadways broadened. Seoul is within measurable distance of becoming the highest, most interesting and cleanest city in the East.\"","Seoul\n\nAfter the annexation treaty in 1910, the Empire of Japan annexed Korea and renamed the city Gyeongseong (\"Kyongsong\" in Korean and \"Keijo\" in Japanese). Japanese technology was imported, the city walls were removed, some of the gates demolished. Roads became paved and Western-style buildings were constructed. The city was liberated at the end of World War II.","Seoul\n\nIn 1945, the city was officially named Seoul, and was designated as a special city in 1949.","Seoul\n\nDuring the Korean War, Seoul changed hands between the Russian/Chinese-backed North Korean forces and the American-backed South Korean forces several times, leaving the city heavily damaged after the war. The capital was temporarily relocated to Busan. One estimate of the extensive damage states that after the war, at least 191,000 buildings, 55,000 houses, and 1,000 factories lay in ruins. In addition, a flood of refugees had entered Seoul during the war, swelling the population of the city and its metropolitan area to an estimated 1.5 million by 1955.","Seoul\n\nFollowing the war, Seoul began to focus on reconstruction and modernization. As Korea's economy started to grow rapidly from the 1960s, urbanization also accelerated and workers began to move to Seoul and other larger cities. From the 1970s, the size of Seoul administrative area greatly expanded as it annexed a number of towns and villages from several surrounding counties.","Seoul\n\nAccording to 2012 census data, the population of the Seoul area makes up around 20% of the total population of South Korea, Seoul has become the economic, political and cultural hub of the country, with several Fortune Global 500 companies, including Samsung, SK Holdings, Hyundai, POSCO and LG Group headquartered there.","Seoul\n\nSeoul was the host city of the 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics as well as one of the venues of the Football World Cup 2002.","Seoul\n\nGeography","Seoul\n\nSeoul is in the northwest of South Korea. Seoul proper comprises 605.25 km2, with a radius of approximately 15 km, roughly bisected into northern and southern halves by the Han River. The Han River and its surrounding area played an important role in Korean history. The Three Kingdoms of Korea strove to take control of this land, where the river was used as a trade route to China (via the Yellow Sea). The river is no longer actively used for navigation, because its estuary is located at the borders of the two Koreas, with civilian entry barred. Historically, the city was during the Joseon Dynasty bounded by the Seoul Fortress Wall, which stretched between the four main mountains in central Seoul: Namsan, Naksan, Bukaksan and Inwangsan. The city is bordered by eight mountains, as well as the more level lands of the Han River plain and western areas. Due to its geography and to economic development policies, Seoul is a very polycentric city. The area that was the old capital in the Joseon Dynasty, and mostly comprises Jongno District and Jung District, constitutes the historical and political center of the city.","Seoul\n\nHowever, for example, the city's financial capital is widely considered to be in Yeouido, while its economic capital is Gangnam District.","Seoul\n\nClimate","Seoul\n\nSeoul has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa) using the isotherm. Summers are generally hot and humid, with the East Asian monsoon taking place from June until September. August, the warmest month, has an average temperature of with higher temperatures possible. Winters are often cold to freezing with an average January temperature of and are generally much drier than summers, with an average of 28 days of snow annually. Sometimes, temperatures do drop dramatically to below , in odd occasions rarely as low as in the mid winter period between January and February.","Seoul\n\nAdministrative districts","Seoul\n\nSeoul is divided into 25 gu () (district). The gu vary greatly in area (from 10 to 47 km2) and population (from fewer than 140,000 to 630,000). Songpa has the most people, while Seocho has the largest area. The government of each gu handles many of the functions that are handled by city governments in other jurisdictions. Each gu is divided into \"dong\" () or neighbourhoods. Some gu have only a few dong while others like Jongno District have a very large number of distinct neighbourhoods. Gu of Seoul consist of 423 administrative dongs () in total. Dong are also sub-divided into 13,787 tong (), which are further divided into 102,796 ban in total.","Seoul\n\nDemographics","Seoul\n\nSeoul proper is noted for its population density, which is almost twice that of New York and eight times greater than Rome. Its metropolitan area was the most densely populated in the OECD in Asia in 2012, and second worldwide after that of Paris. Nearly all of Seoul's residents are Korean, with some small Chinese, Japanese, and expatriate minorities. As of December 2013, the population was 10.14 million, in 2012, it was 10,442,426. As of the end of June 2011, 10.29 million Republic of Korea citizens lived in the city. This was a .24% decrease from the end of 2010. The population of Seoul has been dropping since the early 1990s, the reasons being the high costs of living and an aging population.","Seoul\n\nThe number of foreigners living in Seoul is 255,501 in 2010 according to Seoul officials. As of June 2011, 281,780 foreigners were located in Seoul. Of them, 186,631 foreigners (66%) were Chinese citizens of Korean ancestry. This was an 8.84% increase from the end of 2010 and a 12.85% increase from June 2010. The next largest group was Chinese citizens who are not of Korean ethnicity; 29,901 of them resided in Seoul. The next highest group consisted of the 9,999 United States citizens who were not of Korean ancestry. The next highest group were the Republic of China (Taiwan) citizens, at 8,717.","Seoul\n\nReligion","Seoul\n\nThe two major religions in Seoul are Christianity and Buddhism. Other religions include Muism (indigenous religion) and Confucianism. Seoul is home to the world's largest Christian congregation, Yoido Full Gospel Church , which has around 830,000 members. Seoul is home to the world's largest modern university founded by a Buddhist Order, Dongguk University.","Seoul\n\nAccording to the census of 2005, of the people of Seoul 37% follow Christianity (22.8% Protestantism and 14.2% Catholicism) and 16.8% follow Buddhism. 46.2% of the population is irreligious or other.","Seoul\n\nEconomy","Seoul\n\nSeoul is the business and financial hub of South Korea. Although it accounts for only 0.6 percent of the nation's land area, 48.3 percent of South Korea's bank deposits were held in Seoul in 2003, and the city generated 23 percent of the country's GDP overall in 2012. In 2008 the Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index ranked Seoul No.9. The Global Financial Centres Index in 2015 listed Seoul as the 6th financially most competitive city in the world. The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Seoul 15th in the list of \"Overall 2025 City Competitiveness\" regarding future competitiveness of cities.","Seoul\n\nManufacturing","Seoul\n\nThe traditional, labour-intensive manufacturing industries have been continuously replaced by information technology, electronics and assembly-type of industries, however, food and beverage production, as well as printing and publishing remained among the core industries. Major manufacturers are headquartered in the city, including Samsung, LG, Hyundai, Kia and SK. Notable food and beverage companies include Jinro, whose soju is the most sold alcoholic drink in the world, beating out Smirnoff vodka; top selling beer producers Hite (merged with Jinro) and Oriental Brewery. It also hosts food giants like Seoul Dairy Cooperative, Nongshim Group, Ottogi, CJ, Orion, Maeil Dairy, Namyang dairy and Lotte.","Seoul\n\nFinance","Seoul\n\nSeoul hosts large concentration of headquarters of International companies and banks, including 15 companies on fortune 500 list such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai. Most bank headquarters and the Korea Exchange are located in Yeouido (Yeoui island), which is often called \"Korea's Wall Street\" and has been serving as the financial center of the city since the 1980s.","Seoul\n\nCommerce","Seoul\n\nThe largest wholesale and retail market in South Korea, the Dongdaemun Market, is located in Seoul. Myeongdong is a shopping and entertainment area in downtown Seoul with mid- to high-end stores, fashion boutiques and international brand outlets. The nearby Namdaemun Market, named after the Namdaemun Gate, is the oldest continually running market in Seoul.","Seoul\n\nInsadong is the cultural art market of Seoul, where traditional and modern Korean artworks, such as paintings, sculptures and calligraphy are sold. Hwanghak-dong Flea Market and Janganpyeong Antique Market also offer antique products. Some shops for local designers have opened in Samcheong-dong, where numerous small art galleries are located. Itaewon caters mainly to foreign tourists and American soldiers based in the city. The Gangnam district is one of the most affluent areas in Seoul and is noted for the fashionable and upscale Apgujeong-dong and Cheongdam-dong areas and the COEX Mall. Wholesale markets include Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market and Garak Market. The Yongsan Electronics Market is the largest electronics market in Asia.","Seoul\n\nTimes Square is one of Seoul's largest shopping malls featuring the CGV Starium, the world's largest permanent 35 mm cinema screen.","Seoul\n\nArchitecture","Seoul\n\nThe traditional heart of Seoul is the old Joseon Dynasty city, now the downtown area, where most palaces, government offices, corporate headquarters, hotels, and traditional markets are located. Cheonggyecheon, a stream that runs from west to east through the valley before emptying into the Han River, was for many years covered with concrete, but was recently restored by an urban revival project in 2005. Jongno street, meaning \"Bell Street,\" has been a principal street and one of the earliest commercial steets of the city, on which one can find Bosingak, a pavilion containing a large bell. The bell signaled the different times of the day and controlled the four major gates to the city. North of downtown is Bukhan Mountain, and to the south is the smaller Namsan. Further south are the old suburbs, Yongsan District and Mapo District. Across the Han River are the newer and wealthier areas of Gangnam District, Seocho District and surrounding neighborhoods.","Seoul\n\nHistorical architecture","Seoul\n\nSeoul has many historical and cultural landmarks. In Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site, Gangdong District, neolithic remains were excavated and accidentally discovered by a flood in 1925.","Seoul\n\nUrban and civil planning was a key concept when Seoul was first designed to serve as a capital in the late 14th century. The Joseon Dynasty built the \"Five Grand Palaces\" in Seoul – Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Deoksugung, Gyeongbokgung and Gyeonghuigung – all of which are located in the district of Jongno District and Jung District. Among them, Changdeokgung was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997 as an \"outstanding example of Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design\". The main palace, Gyeongbokgung, underwent a large-scale restoration project. The palaces are considered exemplary architecture of the Joseon period. Beside the palaces, Unhyeongung is known for being the royal residence of Regent Daewongun, the father of Emperor Gojong at the end of the Joseon Dynasty.","Seoul\n\nSeoul has been surrounded by walls that were built to regulate visitors from other regions and protect the city in case of an invasion. Pungnap Toseong is a flat earthen wall built at the edge of the Han River which is widely believed to be the site of Wiryeseong. Mongchon Toseong () is another earthen wall built during the Baekje period which is now located inside the Olympic Park. The Fortress Wall of Seoul was built early in the Joseon Dynasty for protection of the city. After many centuries of destruction and rebuilding, approximately ⅔ of the wall remains, as well as six of the original eight gates. These gates include Sungnyemun and Heunginjimun, commonly known as Namdaemun (South Great Gate) and Dongdaemun (East Great Gate). Namdaemun was the oldest wooden gate until a 2008 arson attack, and was re-opened after complete restoration in 2013. Situated near the gates are the traditional markets and largest shopping center, Namdaemun Market and Dongdaemun Market.","Seoul\n\nThere are also many buildings constructed with international styles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Independence Gate was built in 1897 to inspire an independent spirit. Seoul Station was opened in 1900 as Gyeongseong Station.","Seoul\n\nModern architecture","Seoul\n\nVarious high-rise office buildings and residential buildings, like the Gangnam Finance Center, the Tower Palace, N Seoul Tower and Jongno Tower, dominate the city's skyline. A series of new high rises are under construction, including the Lotte World Tower, scheduled to be completed by 2016. As of July 2016, and excluding the still unopened Lotte World Tower, the tallest building in the city is the 279m high Three International Finance Center.","Seoul\n\nThe World Trade Center Seoul, located in Gangnam District, hosts various expositions and conferences. Also in Gangnam District is the COEX Mall, a large indoor shopping and entertainment complex. Downstream from Gangnam District is Yeouido, an island that is home to the National Assembly, major broadcasting studios, and a number of large office buildings, as well as the Korea Finance Building and the Yoido Full Gospel Church. The Olympic Stadium, Olympic Park, and Lotte World are located in Songpa District, on the south side of the Han River, upstream from Gangnam District. Two new modern landmarks of Seoul are Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park, designed by Zaha Hadid, and the new wave-shaped Seoul City Hall, by Yoo Kerl of iArc.","Seoul\n\nIn 2010 Seoul was designated the World Design Capital for the year.","Seoul\n\nCulture","Seoul\n\nTechnology","Seoul\n\nSeoul has a very technologically advanced infrastructure. It has the world's highest fibre-optic broadband penetration, resulting in the world's fastest internet connections with speeds up to 1 Gbps. Seoul provides free Wi-Fi access in outdoor spaces. This 47.7 billion won ($44 million) project will give residents and visitors Internet access at 10,430 parks, streets and other public places by 2015.","Seoul\n\nMuseums","Seoul\n\nSeoul is home to 115 museums, including four national and nine official municipal museums. Amongst the city's national museum, The National Museum of Korea is the most representative of museums in not only Seoul but all of South Korea. Since its establishment in 1945, the museum has built a collection of 220,000 artifacts. In October 2005, the museum moved to a new building in Yongsan Family Park. The National Folk Museum is situated on the grounds of the Gyeongbokgung Palace in the district of Jongno District and uses replicas of historical objects to illustrate the folk history of the Korean people. The National Palace Museum of Korea is also located on the grounds of the Gyeongbokgung Palace. Finally, the Seoul branch of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, whose main museum is located in Gwacheon, opened in 2013, in Sogyeok-dong.","Seoul\n\nBukchon Hanok Village and Namsangol Hanok Village are old residential districts consisting of hanok Korean traditional houses, parks, and museums that allows visitors to experience traditional Korean culture.","Seoul\n\nThe War Memorial, one of nine municipal museums in Seoul, offers visitors an educational and emotional experience of various wars in which Korea was involved, including Korean War themes. The Seodaemun Prison is a former prison built during the Japanese occupation, and is currently used as a historic museum.","Seoul\n\nThe Seoul Museum of Art and Ilmin Museum of Art have preserved the appearance of the old building that is visually unique from the neighboring tall, modern buildings. The former is operated by Seoul City Council and sits adjacent to Gyeonghuigung Palace, a Joseon dynasty royal palace. Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art, is widely regarded as one of Seoul's largest private museum. For many Korean film lovers from all over the world, the Korean Film Archive is running the Korean Film Museum and Cinematheque KOFA in its main center located in Digital Media City(DMC), Sangam-dong. The Tteok & Kitchen Utensil Museum and Kimchi Field Museum provide information regarding Korean culinary history.","Seoul\n\nReligious monuments","Seoul\n\nThere are also religious buildings that take important roles in Korean society and politics. The Wongudan altar was a sacrificial place where Korean rulers held heavenly rituals since the Three Kingdoms period. Since the Joseon Dynasty adopted Confucianism as its national ideology in the 14th century, the state built many Confucian shrines. The descendants of the Joseon royal family still continue to hold ceremonies to commemorate ancestors at Jongmyo. It is the oldest royal Confucian shrine preserved and the ritual ceremonies continue a tradition established in the 14th century. Munmyo and Dongmyo were built during the same period. Although Buddhism was suppressed by the Joseon state, it has continued its existence. Jogyesa is the headquarters of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. Hwagyesa and Bongeunsa are also major Buddhist temples in Seoul.","Seoul\n\nThe Myeongdong Cathedral is a landmark of the Myeongdong, Jung District and the biggest Catholic church established in 1883. It is a symbol of Catholicism in Korea. It was also a focus for political dissent in the 1980s. In this way the Roman Catholic Church has a very strong influence in Korean society.","Seoul\n\nThere are many Protestant churches in Seoul. The most numerous are Presbyterian, but there are also many Methodist, Baptist, and Lutheran churches. Yoido Full Gospel Church is a Pentecostal church affiliated with the Assemblies of God on Yeouido in Seoul. With approximately 830,000 members (2007), it is the largest Pentecostal Christian congregation in the world, which has been recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records.","Seoul\n\nFestivals","Seoul\n\nIn October 2012 KBS Hall in Seoul hosted major international music festivals – First ABU TV and Radio Song Festivals within frameworks of Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union 49th General Assembly. \nHi! Seoul Festival is a seasonal cultural festival held four times a year every spring, summer, autumn, and winter in Seoul, South Korea since 2003. It is based on the \"Seoul Citizens' Day\" held on every October since 1994 to commemorate the 600 years history of Seoul as the capital of the country. The festival is arranged under the Seoul Metropolitan Government. , Seoul has hosted Ultra Music Festival Korea, an annual dance music festival that takes place on the 2nd weekend of June.","Seoul\n\nParks","Seoul\n\nDespite the city's population density, Seoul has a large quantity of parks. One of the most famous parks in Namsan Park, which offers hiking recreation and views of the downtown Seoul skyline. The N Seoul Tower is located at Namsan Park. Seoul Olympic Park, located in Songpa District and built to host the 1988 Summer Olympics is Seoul's largest park. Amongst the other largest parks in the city are Seoul Forest, Dream Forest, Children's Grand Park and Haneul Park. The Wongaksa Pagoda 10 tier pagoda is situated In Tapgol Park, a small public park with an area of 19599 m2. Areas around streams serve as public places for relaxation and recreation. Tancheon stream and the nearby area serve as a large park with paths for both walkers and cyclists.\nCheonggyecheon, a stream that runs nearly 6 km through downtown Seoul, is popular among both Seoul residents and tourists.","Seoul\n\nThere are also many parks along the Han River, such as Ichon Hangang Park, Yeouido Hangang Park, Mangwon Hangang Park, Nanji Hangang Park, Banpo Hangang Park, Ttukseom Hangang Park and Jamsil Hangang Park.\nThe Seoul National Capital Area also contains a green belt aimed at preventing the city from sprawling out into neighboring Gyeonggi Province. These areas are frequently sought after by people looking to escape from urban life on weekends and during vacations.\nThere are also various parks under construction or in project, such as the Gyeongui Line Forest Trail, Seoul Station 7017, Seosomun Memorial Park and Yongsan Park.","Seoul\n\nSeoul is also home to the world's largest indoor amusement park, Lotte World. Other recreation centers include the former Olympic and World Cup stadiums and the City Hall public lawn.","Seoul\n\nSports","Seoul\n\nInternational competition","Seoul\n\nSeoul hosted the 1986 and 2014 Asian Games, commonly known as Asiad, 1988 Olympic Games, and Paralympic Games. It also served as one of the host cities of the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Seoul World Cup Stadium hosted the opening ceremony and first game of the tournament.","Seoul\n\nTaekwondo is Korea's national sport and Seoul is the location of the Kukkiwon, the world headquarters of taekwondo, as well as the World Taekwondo Federation.","Seoul\n\nDomestic sports clubs","Seoul\n\nFootball","Seoul\n\nSeoul's most popular football club is FC Seoul. Recently, FC Seoul finished as a runner-up in 2013 AFC Champions League.\n* Men's football","Seoul\n\n* Women's football","Seoul\n\nBaseball","Seoul\n\nBasketball","Seoul\n\n* Seoul SK Knights and Seoul Samsung Thunders.","Seoul\n\nVolleyball","Seoul\n\n* Seoul Woori Card Hansae and GS Caltex Seoul KIXX","Seoul\n\nHandball","Seoul\n\n* Doosan Handball Club, SK Sugar Gliders and Seoul City","Seoul\n\nTransportation","Seoul\n\nSeoul features one of the world's most advanced transportation infrastructures that is constantly under expansion. Its system dates back to the era of the Korean Empire, when the first streetcar lines were laid and a railroad linking Seoul and Incheon was completed. Seoul's most important streetcar line ran along Jongno until it was replaced by Line 1 of the subway system in the early 1970s. Other notable streets in downtown Seoul include Euljiro, Teheranno, Sejongno, Chungmuro, Yulgongno, and Toegyero. There are nine major subway lines stretching for more than 250 km, with one additional line planned. , 25% of the population has a commute time of an hour or more.","Seoul\n\nBus","Seoul\n\nSeoul's bus system is operated by the Seoul Metropolitan Government (S.M.G.), with four primary bus configurations available servicing most of the city. Seoul has many large intercity/express bus terminals. These buses connect Seoul with cities throughout South Korea. The Seoul Express Bus Terminal, Central City Terminal and Seoul Nambu Terminal are located in the district of Seocho District. In addition, East Seoul Bus Terminal in Gwangjin District and Sangbong Terminal in Jungnang District operate in the east of the city.","Seoul\n\nSubway","Seoul\n\nSeoul has a comprehensive urban railway network that interconnects every district of the city and the surrounding areas. With more than 8 million passengers per day, Seoul has one of the busiest subway systems in the world. The Seoul Metropolitan Subway has 19 total lines which serve Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi province, western Gangwon province, and northern Chungnam province. In addition, in order to cope with the various modes of transport, Seoul's metropolitan government employs several mathematicians to coordinate the subway, bus, and traffic schedules into one timetable. The various lines are run by Korail, Seoul Metro, Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, NeoTrans Co. Ltd., AREX, and Seoul Metro Line 9 Corporation.","Seoul\n\nTrain","Seoul\n\nSeoul is connected to every major city in South Korea by rail. Seoul is also linked to most major South Korean cities by the KTX high-speed train, which has a normal operation speed of more than 300 km/h. Major railroad stations include:\n* Seoul Station, Yongsan District: Gyeongbu line (KTX/Saemaul/Mugunghwa-ho), Gyeongui line (Saemaul/Commuter)\n* Yongsan Station, Yongsan District: Honam line (KTX/Saemaul/Mugunghwa), Jeolla/Janghang lines (Saemaul/Mugunghwa)\n* Yeongdeungpo Station, Yeongdeungpo District: Gyeongbu/Honam/Janghang lines (Saemaul/Mugunghwa)\n* Cheongnyangni Station, Dongdaemun District: Gyeongchun/Jungang/Yeongdong/Taebaek lines (Mugunghwa)\nIn addition, Suseo Station,in Gangnam District, is scheduled to open in late 2016, and offer KTX service on the newly built Suseo High Speed Railway.","Seoul\n\nAirports","Seoul\n\nTwo international airports serve Seoul. Gimpo International Airport, formerly in Gimpo but annexed to Seoul in 1963, was for many years (since its original construction during the Korean War) the only international airport serving Seoul. Other domestic airports were also built around the time of the war, including Yeouido.","Seoul\n\nWhen it opened in March 2001, Incheon International Airport on Yeongjong island in Incheon changed the role of Gimpo Airport significantly. Incheon is now responsible for almost all international flights and some domestic flights, while Gimpo serves only domestic flights with the exception of flights to Haneda Airport in Tokyo, Osaka Kansai International Airport, Taipei Songshan Airport in Taipei, Hongqiao Airport in Shanghai, and Beijing Capital International Airport in Beijing. This has led to a significant drop in flights from Gimpo Airport, though it remains one of South Korea's busiest airports.","Seoul\n\nMeanwhile, Incheon International Airport has become, along with Hong Kong, a major transportation center for East Asia.","Seoul\n\nIncheon and Gimpo are linked to Seoul by highways, and to each other by the Incheon International Airport Railroad, which is also linked to Incheon line #1. Gimpo is also linked by subway (line No. 5 and #9). The Incheon International Airport Railroad, connecting the airport directly to Seoul Station in central Seoul, was recently opened. Shuttle buses also transfer passengers between Incheon and Gimpo airports.","Seoul\n\nCycling","Seoul\n\nCycling is becoming increasingly popular in Seoul and in the entire country. Both banks of the Han River have cycling paths that run all the way across the city along the river. In addition, Seoul introduced in 2015 a bicycle-sharing system named Ddareungi.","Seoul\n\nEducation","Seoul\n\nUniversities","Seoul\n\nSeoul is home to the majority of South Korea's most prestigious universities, including Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Korea University, Sungkyunkwan University, Sogang University, Hanyang University, Chung-Ang University, Dongguk University, Ewha Womans University, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Hongik University, Sejong University, Kookmin University, Konkuk University, Kyung Hee University, Seoul National University of Education, Soongsil University, Sookmyung Women's University, and the University of Seoul.","Seoul\n\nSecondary education","Seoul\n\nEducation from grades 1–12 is compulsory. Students spend six years in elementary school, three years in middle school, and three years in high school. Secondary schools generally require that the students wear uniforms. There is an exit exam for graduating from high school and many students proceeding to the university level are required to take the College Scholastic Ability Test that is held every November but they don't necessarily need to get it.","Seoul\n\nSeoul is home to various specialized schools, including three science high schools (Hansung Science High School, Sejong Science High School and Seoul Science High School), and six foreign language High Schools (Daewon Foreign Language High School, Daeil Foreign Language High School, Ewha Girls' Foreign Language High School, Hanyoung Foreign Language High School, Myungduk Foreign Language High School and Seoul Foreign Language High School). Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education comprises 235 College-Preparatory High Schools, 80 Vocational Schools, 377 Middle Schools, and 33 Special Education Schools .","Seoul\n\nInternational relations","Seoul\n\nSeoul is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.","Seoul\n\nTwin towns – Sister cities"],"string":"[\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul (; 서울;) – officially the Seoul Special City (서울특별시) – is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea, forming the heart of the Seoul Capital Area, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province, the world's 18th largest city. It is home to over half of all South Koreans along with 678,102 international residents.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSituated on the Han River, Seoul's history stretches back more than two thousand years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty. The Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, the world's most visited national park per square foot. Modern landmarks include the iconic N Seoul Tower, the gold-clad 63 Building, the neofuturistic Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Lotte World, the world's second largest indoor theme park, Moonlight Rainbow Fountain, the world's longest bridge fountain and the Sevit Floating Islands. The birthplace of K-pop and the Korean Wave, Seoul received over 10 million international visitors in 2014, making it the world's 9th most visited city and 4th largest earner in tourism.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nToday, Seoul is considered a leading and rising global city, resulting from an economic boom called the Miracle on the Han River which transformed it to the world's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US$845.9 billion in 2014 after Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles. In 2015, it was rated Asia's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. A world leading technology hub centered on Gangnam and Digital Media City, the Seoul Capital Area boasts 15 Fortune Global 500 companies such as Samsung, the world's largest technology company, as well as LG and Hyundai-Kia. In 2014, the city's GDP per capita (PPP) of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul is the world's most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwC's Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi and DMB inside subway cars. Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the world's best airport nine years in a row (2005–2013) by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556m (1,824 ft) supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, is being built in Seoul to become the OECD's tallest in 2016, with the world's tallest art gallery. Its Lotte Cinema houses the world's largest cinema screen. Seoul's COEX Mall is the world's largest underground shopping mall.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games, 1988 Summer Olympics, 2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, and the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit. A UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nEtymology\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThe city has been known in the past by the names Wirye-seong (, during the Baekje era), Hanju (, during the Silla era), Namgyeong (, during the Goryeo era), Hanseong (, during both the Baekje and Joseon eras), Hanyang (, during the Joseon era), Gyeongseong (京城, during the colonial era).\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nDuring Japan's annexation in Korea, \\\"Hanseong\\\" () was renamed to \\\"Keijō\\\" (, or , Gyeongseong) by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja '漢', as it also refers to the Han Chinese. In reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong (), originally had the meaning of \\\"big\\\" or \\\"vast\\\".\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nIts current name originated from the Korean word meaning \\\"capital city,\\\" which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol (), which originally referred to Gyeongju, the capital of Silla.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nUnlike most place names in Korea, \\\"Seoul\\\" has no corresponding hanja (Chinese characters used in the Korean language). On January 18, 2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shou'er () from the historic Hancheng (), of which use is becoming less common.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSettlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, began around 4000 BC.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje (founded in 18 BC) in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area that date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, an earthen wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this strategic region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century, and from Goguryeo to Silla in the 6th century.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nIn the 11th century Goryeo, which succeeded Unified Silla, built a summer palace in Seoul, which was referred to as the \\\"Southern Capital\\\". It was only from this period that Seoul became a larger settlement.\\nWhen Joseon replaced Goryeo, the capital was moved to Seoul (also known as Hanyang and later as Hanseong), where it remained until the fall of the dynasty. The Gyeongbok Palace, built in the 14th century, served as the royal residence until 1592. The other large palace, Changdeokgung, constructed in 1405, served as the main royal palace from 1611 to 1872.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nOriginally, the city was entirely surrounded by a massive circular stone wall to provide its citizens security from wild animals, thieves and attacks. The city has grown beyond those walls and although the wall no longer stands (except along Bugaksan Mountain (), north of the downtown area ), the gates remain near the downtown district of Seoul, including most notably Sungnyemun (commonly known as Namdaemun) and Honginjimun (commonly known as Dongdaemun). During the Joseon dynasty, the gates were opened and closed each day, accompanied by the ringing of large bells at the Bosingak belfry. \\nIn the late 19th century, after hundreds of years of isolation, Seoul opened its gates to foreigners and began to modernize. Seoul became the first city in East Asia to introduce electricity in the royal palace, built by the Edison Illuminating Company and a decade later Seoul also implemented electrical street lights.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nMuch of the development was due to trade with foreign countries like France and United States. For example, the Seoul Electric Company, Seoul Electric Trolley Company, and Seoul Fresh Spring Water Company were all joint Korean–American owned enterprises. In 1904, an American by the name of Angus Hamilton visited the city and said, \\\"The streets of Seoul are magnificent, spacious, clean, admirably made and well-drained. The narrow, dirty lanes have been widened, gutters have been covered, roadways broadened. Seoul is within measurable distance of becoming the highest, most interesting and cleanest city in the East.\\\"\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nAfter the annexation treaty in 1910, the Empire of Japan annexed Korea and renamed the city Gyeongseong (\\\"Kyongsong\\\" in Korean and \\\"Keijo\\\" in Japanese). Japanese technology was imported, the city walls were removed, some of the gates demolished. Roads became paved and Western-style buildings were constructed. The city was liberated at the end of World War II.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nIn 1945, the city was officially named Seoul, and was designated as a special city in 1949.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nDuring the Korean War, Seoul changed hands between the Russian/Chinese-backed North Korean forces and the American-backed South Korean forces several times, leaving the city heavily damaged after the war. The capital was temporarily relocated to Busan. One estimate of the extensive damage states that after the war, at least 191,000 buildings, 55,000 houses, and 1,000 factories lay in ruins. In addition, a flood of refugees had entered Seoul during the war, swelling the population of the city and its metropolitan area to an estimated 1.5 million by 1955.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nFollowing the war, Seoul began to focus on reconstruction and modernization. As Korea's economy started to grow rapidly from the 1960s, urbanization also accelerated and workers began to move to Seoul and other larger cities. From the 1970s, the size of Seoul administrative area greatly expanded as it annexed a number of towns and villages from several surrounding counties.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nAccording to 2012 census data, the population of the Seoul area makes up around 20% of the total population of South Korea, Seoul has become the economic, political and cultural hub of the country, with several Fortune Global 500 companies, including Samsung, SK Holdings, Hyundai, POSCO and LG Group headquartered there.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul was the host city of the 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics as well as one of the venues of the Football World Cup 2002.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nGeography\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul is in the northwest of South Korea. Seoul proper comprises 605.25 km2, with a radius of approximately 15 km, roughly bisected into northern and southern halves by the Han River. The Han River and its surrounding area played an important role in Korean history. The Three Kingdoms of Korea strove to take control of this land, where the river was used as a trade route to China (via the Yellow Sea). The river is no longer actively used for navigation, because its estuary is located at the borders of the two Koreas, with civilian entry barred. Historically, the city was during the Joseon Dynasty bounded by the Seoul Fortress Wall, which stretched between the four main mountains in central Seoul: Namsan, Naksan, Bukaksan and Inwangsan. The city is bordered by eight mountains, as well as the more level lands of the Han River plain and western areas. Due to its geography and to economic development policies, Seoul is a very polycentric city. The area that was the old capital in the Joseon Dynasty, and mostly comprises Jongno District and Jung District, constitutes the historical and political center of the city.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nHowever, for example, the city's financial capital is widely considered to be in Yeouido, while its economic capital is Gangnam District.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nClimate\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa) using the isotherm. Summers are generally hot and humid, with the East Asian monsoon taking place from June until September. August, the warmest month, has an average temperature of with higher temperatures possible. Winters are often cold to freezing with an average January temperature of and are generally much drier than summers, with an average of 28 days of snow annually. Sometimes, temperatures do drop dramatically to below , in odd occasions rarely as low as in the mid winter period between January and February.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nAdministrative districts\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul is divided into 25 gu () (district). The gu vary greatly in area (from 10 to 47 km2) and population (from fewer than 140,000 to 630,000). Songpa has the most people, while Seocho has the largest area. The government of each gu handles many of the functions that are handled by city governments in other jurisdictions. Each gu is divided into \\\"dong\\\" () or neighbourhoods. Some gu have only a few dong while others like Jongno District have a very large number of distinct neighbourhoods. Gu of Seoul consist of 423 administrative dongs () in total. Dong are also sub-divided into 13,787 tong (), which are further divided into 102,796 ban in total.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nDemographics\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul proper is noted for its population density, which is almost twice that of New York and eight times greater than Rome. Its metropolitan area was the most densely populated in the OECD in Asia in 2012, and second worldwide after that of Paris. Nearly all of Seoul's residents are Korean, with some small Chinese, Japanese, and expatriate minorities. As of December 2013, the population was 10.14 million, in 2012, it was 10,442,426. As of the end of June 2011, 10.29 million Republic of Korea citizens lived in the city. This was a .24% decrease from the end of 2010. The population of Seoul has been dropping since the early 1990s, the reasons being the high costs of living and an aging population.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThe number of foreigners living in Seoul is 255,501 in 2010 according to Seoul officials. As of June 2011, 281,780 foreigners were located in Seoul. Of them, 186,631 foreigners (66%) were Chinese citizens of Korean ancestry. This was an 8.84% increase from the end of 2010 and a 12.85% increase from June 2010. The next largest group was Chinese citizens who are not of Korean ethnicity; 29,901 of them resided in Seoul. The next highest group consisted of the 9,999 United States citizens who were not of Korean ancestry. The next highest group were the Republic of China (Taiwan) citizens, at 8,717.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nReligion\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThe two major religions in Seoul are Christianity and Buddhism. Other religions include Muism (indigenous religion) and Confucianism. Seoul is home to the world's largest Christian congregation, Yoido Full Gospel Church , which has around 830,000 members. Seoul is home to the world's largest modern university founded by a Buddhist Order, Dongguk University.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nAccording to the census of 2005, of the people of Seoul 37% follow Christianity (22.8% Protestantism and 14.2% Catholicism) and 16.8% follow Buddhism. 46.2% of the population is irreligious or other.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nEconomy\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul is the business and financial hub of South Korea. Although it accounts for only 0.6 percent of the nation's land area, 48.3 percent of South Korea's bank deposits were held in Seoul in 2003, and the city generated 23 percent of the country's GDP overall in 2012. In 2008 the Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index ranked Seoul No.9. The Global Financial Centres Index in 2015 listed Seoul as the 6th financially most competitive city in the world. The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Seoul 15th in the list of \\\"Overall 2025 City Competitiveness\\\" regarding future competitiveness of cities.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nManufacturing\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThe traditional, labour-intensive manufacturing industries have been continuously replaced by information technology, electronics and assembly-type of industries, however, food and beverage production, as well as printing and publishing remained among the core industries. Major manufacturers are headquartered in the city, including Samsung, LG, Hyundai, Kia and SK. Notable food and beverage companies include Jinro, whose soju is the most sold alcoholic drink in the world, beating out Smirnoff vodka; top selling beer producers Hite (merged with Jinro) and Oriental Brewery. It also hosts food giants like Seoul Dairy Cooperative, Nongshim Group, Ottogi, CJ, Orion, Maeil Dairy, Namyang dairy and Lotte.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nFinance\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul hosts large concentration of headquarters of International companies and banks, including 15 companies on fortune 500 list such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai. Most bank headquarters and the Korea Exchange are located in Yeouido (Yeoui island), which is often called \\\"Korea's Wall Street\\\" and has been serving as the financial center of the city since the 1980s.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nCommerce\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThe largest wholesale and retail market in South Korea, the Dongdaemun Market, is located in Seoul. Myeongdong is a shopping and entertainment area in downtown Seoul with mid- to high-end stores, fashion boutiques and international brand outlets. The nearby Namdaemun Market, named after the Namdaemun Gate, is the oldest continually running market in Seoul.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nInsadong is the cultural art market of Seoul, where traditional and modern Korean artworks, such as paintings, sculptures and calligraphy are sold. Hwanghak-dong Flea Market and Janganpyeong Antique Market also offer antique products. Some shops for local designers have opened in Samcheong-dong, where numerous small art galleries are located. Itaewon caters mainly to foreign tourists and American soldiers based in the city. The Gangnam district is one of the most affluent areas in Seoul and is noted for the fashionable and upscale Apgujeong-dong and Cheongdam-dong areas and the COEX Mall. Wholesale markets include Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market and Garak Market. The Yongsan Electronics Market is the largest electronics market in Asia.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nTimes Square is one of Seoul's largest shopping malls featuring the CGV Starium, the world's largest permanent 35 mm cinema screen.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nArchitecture\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThe traditional heart of Seoul is the old Joseon Dynasty city, now the downtown area, where most palaces, government offices, corporate headquarters, hotels, and traditional markets are located. Cheonggyecheon, a stream that runs from west to east through the valley before emptying into the Han River, was for many years covered with concrete, but was recently restored by an urban revival project in 2005. Jongno street, meaning \\\"Bell Street,\\\" has been a principal street and one of the earliest commercial steets of the city, on which one can find Bosingak, a pavilion containing a large bell. The bell signaled the different times of the day and controlled the four major gates to the city. North of downtown is Bukhan Mountain, and to the south is the smaller Namsan. Further south are the old suburbs, Yongsan District and Mapo District. Across the Han River are the newer and wealthier areas of Gangnam District, Seocho District and surrounding neighborhoods.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nHistorical architecture\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul has many historical and cultural landmarks. In Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site, Gangdong District, neolithic remains were excavated and accidentally discovered by a flood in 1925.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nUrban and civil planning was a key concept when Seoul was first designed to serve as a capital in the late 14th century. The Joseon Dynasty built the \\\"Five Grand Palaces\\\" in Seoul – Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Deoksugung, Gyeongbokgung and Gyeonghuigung – all of which are located in the district of Jongno District and Jung District. Among them, Changdeokgung was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997 as an \\\"outstanding example of Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design\\\". The main palace, Gyeongbokgung, underwent a large-scale restoration project. The palaces are considered exemplary architecture of the Joseon period. Beside the palaces, Unhyeongung is known for being the royal residence of Regent Daewongun, the father of Emperor Gojong at the end of the Joseon Dynasty.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul has been surrounded by walls that were built to regulate visitors from other regions and protect the city in case of an invasion. Pungnap Toseong is a flat earthen wall built at the edge of the Han River which is widely believed to be the site of Wiryeseong. Mongchon Toseong () is another earthen wall built during the Baekje period which is now located inside the Olympic Park. The Fortress Wall of Seoul was built early in the Joseon Dynasty for protection of the city. After many centuries of destruction and rebuilding, approximately ⅔ of the wall remains, as well as six of the original eight gates. These gates include Sungnyemun and Heunginjimun, commonly known as Namdaemun (South Great Gate) and Dongdaemun (East Great Gate). Namdaemun was the oldest wooden gate until a 2008 arson attack, and was re-opened after complete restoration in 2013. Situated near the gates are the traditional markets and largest shopping center, Namdaemun Market and Dongdaemun Market.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThere are also many buildings constructed with international styles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Independence Gate was built in 1897 to inspire an independent spirit. Seoul Station was opened in 1900 as Gyeongseong Station.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nModern architecture\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nVarious high-rise office buildings and residential buildings, like the Gangnam Finance Center, the Tower Palace, N Seoul Tower and Jongno Tower, dominate the city's skyline. A series of new high rises are under construction, including the Lotte World Tower, scheduled to be completed by 2016. As of July 2016, and excluding the still unopened Lotte World Tower, the tallest building in the city is the 279m high Three International Finance Center.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThe World Trade Center Seoul, located in Gangnam District, hosts various expositions and conferences. Also in Gangnam District is the COEX Mall, a large indoor shopping and entertainment complex. Downstream from Gangnam District is Yeouido, an island that is home to the National Assembly, major broadcasting studios, and a number of large office buildings, as well as the Korea Finance Building and the Yoido Full Gospel Church. The Olympic Stadium, Olympic Park, and Lotte World are located in Songpa District, on the south side of the Han River, upstream from Gangnam District. Two new modern landmarks of Seoul are Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park, designed by Zaha Hadid, and the new wave-shaped Seoul City Hall, by Yoo Kerl of iArc.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nIn 2010 Seoul was designated the World Design Capital for the year.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nCulture\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nTechnology\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul has a very technologically advanced infrastructure. It has the world's highest fibre-optic broadband penetration, resulting in the world's fastest internet connections with speeds up to 1 Gbps. Seoul provides free Wi-Fi access in outdoor spaces. This 47.7 billion won ($44 million) project will give residents and visitors Internet access at 10,430 parks, streets and other public places by 2015.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nMuseums\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul is home to 115 museums, including four national and nine official municipal museums. Amongst the city's national museum, The National Museum of Korea is the most representative of museums in not only Seoul but all of South Korea. Since its establishment in 1945, the museum has built a collection of 220,000 artifacts. In October 2005, the museum moved to a new building in Yongsan Family Park. The National Folk Museum is situated on the grounds of the Gyeongbokgung Palace in the district of Jongno District and uses replicas of historical objects to illustrate the folk history of the Korean people. The National Palace Museum of Korea is also located on the grounds of the Gyeongbokgung Palace. Finally, the Seoul branch of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, whose main museum is located in Gwacheon, opened in 2013, in Sogyeok-dong.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nBukchon Hanok Village and Namsangol Hanok Village are old residential districts consisting of hanok Korean traditional houses, parks, and museums that allows visitors to experience traditional Korean culture.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThe War Memorial, one of nine municipal museums in Seoul, offers visitors an educational and emotional experience of various wars in which Korea was involved, including Korean War themes. The Seodaemun Prison is a former prison built during the Japanese occupation, and is currently used as a historic museum.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThe Seoul Museum of Art and Ilmin Museum of Art have preserved the appearance of the old building that is visually unique from the neighboring tall, modern buildings. The former is operated by Seoul City Council and sits adjacent to Gyeonghuigung Palace, a Joseon dynasty royal palace. Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art, is widely regarded as one of Seoul's largest private museum. For many Korean film lovers from all over the world, the Korean Film Archive is running the Korean Film Museum and Cinematheque KOFA in its main center located in Digital Media City(DMC), Sangam-dong. The Tteok & Kitchen Utensil Museum and Kimchi Field Museum provide information regarding Korean culinary history.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nReligious monuments\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThere are also religious buildings that take important roles in Korean society and politics. The Wongudan altar was a sacrificial place where Korean rulers held heavenly rituals since the Three Kingdoms period. Since the Joseon Dynasty adopted Confucianism as its national ideology in the 14th century, the state built many Confucian shrines. The descendants of the Joseon royal family still continue to hold ceremonies to commemorate ancestors at Jongmyo. It is the oldest royal Confucian shrine preserved and the ritual ceremonies continue a tradition established in the 14th century. Munmyo and Dongmyo were built during the same period. Although Buddhism was suppressed by the Joseon state, it has continued its existence. Jogyesa is the headquarters of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. Hwagyesa and Bongeunsa are also major Buddhist temples in Seoul.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThe Myeongdong Cathedral is a landmark of the Myeongdong, Jung District and the biggest Catholic church established in 1883. It is a symbol of Catholicism in Korea. It was also a focus for political dissent in the 1980s. In this way the Roman Catholic Church has a very strong influence in Korean society.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThere are many Protestant churches in Seoul. The most numerous are Presbyterian, but there are also many Methodist, Baptist, and Lutheran churches. Yoido Full Gospel Church is a Pentecostal church affiliated with the Assemblies of God on Yeouido in Seoul. With approximately 830,000 members (2007), it is the largest Pentecostal Christian congregation in the world, which has been recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nFestivals\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nIn October 2012 KBS Hall in Seoul hosted major international music festivals – First ABU TV and Radio Song Festivals within frameworks of Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union 49th General Assembly. \\nHi! Seoul Festival is a seasonal cultural festival held four times a year every spring, summer, autumn, and winter in Seoul, South Korea since 2003. It is based on the \\\"Seoul Citizens' Day\\\" held on every October since 1994 to commemorate the 600 years history of Seoul as the capital of the country. The festival is arranged under the Seoul Metropolitan Government. , Seoul has hosted Ultra Music Festival Korea, an annual dance music festival that takes place on the 2nd weekend of June.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nParks\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nDespite the city's population density, Seoul has a large quantity of parks. One of the most famous parks in Namsan Park, which offers hiking recreation and views of the downtown Seoul skyline. The N Seoul Tower is located at Namsan Park. Seoul Olympic Park, located in Songpa District and built to host the 1988 Summer Olympics is Seoul's largest park. Amongst the other largest parks in the city are Seoul Forest, Dream Forest, Children's Grand Park and Haneul Park. The Wongaksa Pagoda 10 tier pagoda is situated In Tapgol Park, a small public park with an area of 19599 m2. Areas around streams serve as public places for relaxation and recreation. Tancheon stream and the nearby area serve as a large park with paths for both walkers and cyclists.\\nCheonggyecheon, a stream that runs nearly 6 km through downtown Seoul, is popular among both Seoul residents and tourists.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nThere are also many parks along the Han River, such as Ichon Hangang Park, Yeouido Hangang Park, Mangwon Hangang Park, Nanji Hangang Park, Banpo Hangang Park, Ttukseom Hangang Park and Jamsil Hangang Park.\\nThe Seoul National Capital Area also contains a green belt aimed at preventing the city from sprawling out into neighboring Gyeonggi Province. These areas are frequently sought after by people looking to escape from urban life on weekends and during vacations.\\nThere are also various parks under construction or in project, such as the Gyeongui Line Forest Trail, Seoul Station 7017, Seosomun Memorial Park and Yongsan Park.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul is also home to the world's largest indoor amusement park, Lotte World. Other recreation centers include the former Olympic and World Cup stadiums and the City Hall public lawn.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSports\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nInternational competition\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul hosted the 1986 and 2014 Asian Games, commonly known as Asiad, 1988 Olympic Games, and Paralympic Games. It also served as one of the host cities of the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Seoul World Cup Stadium hosted the opening ceremony and first game of the tournament.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nTaekwondo is Korea's national sport and Seoul is the location of the Kukkiwon, the world headquarters of taekwondo, as well as the World Taekwondo Federation.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nDomestic sports clubs\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nFootball\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul's most popular football club is FC Seoul. Recently, FC Seoul finished as a runner-up in 2013 AFC Champions League.\\n* Men's football\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\n* Women's football\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nBaseball\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nBasketball\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\n* Seoul SK Knights and Seoul Samsung Thunders.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nVolleyball\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\n* Seoul Woori Card Hansae and GS Caltex Seoul KIXX\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nHandball\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\n* Doosan Handball Club, SK Sugar Gliders and Seoul City\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nTransportation\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul features one of the world's most advanced transportation infrastructures that is constantly under expansion. Its system dates back to the era of the Korean Empire, when the first streetcar lines were laid and a railroad linking Seoul and Incheon was completed. Seoul's most important streetcar line ran along Jongno until it was replaced by Line 1 of the subway system in the early 1970s. Other notable streets in downtown Seoul include Euljiro, Teheranno, Sejongno, Chungmuro, Yulgongno, and Toegyero. There are nine major subway lines stretching for more than 250 km, with one additional line planned. , 25% of the population has a commute time of an hour or more.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nBus\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul's bus system is operated by the Seoul Metropolitan Government (S.M.G.), with four primary bus configurations available servicing most of the city. Seoul has many large intercity/express bus terminals. These buses connect Seoul with cities throughout South Korea. The Seoul Express Bus Terminal, Central City Terminal and Seoul Nambu Terminal are located in the district of Seocho District. In addition, East Seoul Bus Terminal in Gwangjin District and Sangbong Terminal in Jungnang District operate in the east of the city.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSubway\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul has a comprehensive urban railway network that interconnects every district of the city and the surrounding areas. With more than 8 million passengers per day, Seoul has one of the busiest subway systems in the world. The Seoul Metropolitan Subway has 19 total lines which serve Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi province, western Gangwon province, and northern Chungnam province. In addition, in order to cope with the various modes of transport, Seoul's metropolitan government employs several mathematicians to coordinate the subway, bus, and traffic schedules into one timetable. The various lines are run by Korail, Seoul Metro, Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, NeoTrans Co. Ltd., AREX, and Seoul Metro Line 9 Corporation.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nTrain\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul is connected to every major city in South Korea by rail. Seoul is also linked to most major South Korean cities by the KTX high-speed train, which has a normal operation speed of more than 300 km/h. Major railroad stations include:\\n* Seoul Station, Yongsan District: Gyeongbu line (KTX/Saemaul/Mugunghwa-ho), Gyeongui line (Saemaul/Commuter)\\n* Yongsan Station, Yongsan District: Honam line (KTX/Saemaul/Mugunghwa), Jeolla/Janghang lines (Saemaul/Mugunghwa)\\n* Yeongdeungpo Station, Yeongdeungpo District: Gyeongbu/Honam/Janghang lines (Saemaul/Mugunghwa)\\n* Cheongnyangni Station, Dongdaemun District: Gyeongchun/Jungang/Yeongdong/Taebaek lines (Mugunghwa)\\nIn addition, Suseo Station,in Gangnam District, is scheduled to open in late 2016, and offer KTX service on the newly built Suseo High Speed Railway.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nAirports\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nTwo international airports serve Seoul. Gimpo International Airport, formerly in Gimpo but annexed to Seoul in 1963, was for many years (since its original construction during the Korean War) the only international airport serving Seoul. Other domestic airports were also built around the time of the war, including Yeouido.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nWhen it opened in March 2001, Incheon International Airport on Yeongjong island in Incheon changed the role of Gimpo Airport significantly. Incheon is now responsible for almost all international flights and some domestic flights, while Gimpo serves only domestic flights with the exception of flights to Haneda Airport in Tokyo, Osaka Kansai International Airport, Taipei Songshan Airport in Taipei, Hongqiao Airport in Shanghai, and Beijing Capital International Airport in Beijing. This has led to a significant drop in flights from Gimpo Airport, though it remains one of South Korea's busiest airports.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nMeanwhile, Incheon International Airport has become, along with Hong Kong, a major transportation center for East Asia.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nIncheon and Gimpo are linked to Seoul by highways, and to each other by the Incheon International Airport Railroad, which is also linked to Incheon line #1. Gimpo is also linked by subway (line No. 5 and #9). The Incheon International Airport Railroad, connecting the airport directly to Seoul Station in central Seoul, was recently opened. Shuttle buses also transfer passengers between Incheon and Gimpo airports.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nCycling\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nCycling is becoming increasingly popular in Seoul and in the entire country. Both banks of the Han River have cycling paths that run all the way across the city along the river. In addition, Seoul introduced in 2015 a bicycle-sharing system named Ddareungi.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nEducation\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nUniversities\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul is home to the majority of South Korea's most prestigious universities, including Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Korea University, Sungkyunkwan University, Sogang University, Hanyang University, Chung-Ang University, Dongguk University, Ewha Womans University, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Hongik University, Sejong University, Kookmin University, Konkuk University, Kyung Hee University, Seoul National University of Education, Soongsil University, Sookmyung Women's University, and the University of Seoul.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSecondary education\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nEducation from grades 1–12 is compulsory. Students spend six years in elementary school, three years in middle school, and three years in high school. Secondary schools generally require that the students wear uniforms. There is an exit exam for graduating from high school and many students proceeding to the university level are required to take the College Scholastic Ability Test that is held every November but they don't necessarily need to get it.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul is home to various specialized schools, including three science high schools (Hansung Science High School, Sejong Science High School and Seoul Science High School), and six foreign language High Schools (Daewon Foreign Language High School, Daeil Foreign Language High School, Ewha Girls' Foreign Language High School, Hanyoung Foreign Language High School, Myungduk Foreign Language High School and Seoul Foreign Language High School). Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education comprises 235 College-Preparatory High Schools, 80 Vocational Schools, 377 Middle Schools, and 33 Special Education Schools .\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nInternational relations\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nSeoul is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.\",\n \"Seoul\\n\\nTwin towns – Sister cities\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137997,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3927"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral pitted the Earps against the Clantons. In what territorial city did the gunfight take place?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Tombstone, Az"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["tombstone city arizona","tombstone arizona","tombstone district","tombstone az"],"string":"[\n \"tombstone city arizona\",\n \"tombstone arizona\",\n \"tombstone district\",\n \"tombstone az\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between an outlaw group of Cowboys and lawmen. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It was the result of a long-simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Policeman Morgan Earp, Special Policeman Wyatt Earp and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton, who had repeatedly threatened to kill the Earps, claimed he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The fight has come to represent a period in American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers, who were spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe gunfight was not well known to the American public until 1931, when Stuart Lake published an initially well-received biography, Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal, two years after Earp's death. The book was the basis for the 1946 film My Darling Clementine, directed by John Ford, and the 1957 film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, after which the shootout became known by that name. Since then, the conflict has been portrayed with varying degrees of accuracy in numerous Western films and books.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nDespite its name, the historic gunfight did not take place within or next to the O.K. Corral, which fronted on Allen Street and had a rear entrance lined with stalls on Fremont Street. The shootout actually took place in a narrow lot on the side of C. S. Fly's Photographic Studio on Fremont Street, six doors west of the O.K. Corral's rear entrance. Some members of the two opposing parties were initially only about 6 ft apart. About 30 shots were fired in 30 seconds. Ike Clanton, whose brother Billy had been killed, filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday. The lawmen were eventually exonerated by a local justice of the peace after a 30-day preliminary hearing and then by a local grand jury.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe gunfight was not the end of the conflict. On December 28, 1881, Virgil Earp was ambushed and maimed in a murder attempt by outlaw Cowboys. On March 18, 1882, Cowboys fired from a dark alley through the glass door of a saloon and shot Morgan Earp, killing him. The suspects in both incidents furnished alibis supplied by other Cowboys and were not indicted. Wyatt Earp, newly appointed as Deputy U.S. Marshal in Cochise County, took matters into his own hands in a personal vendetta. He was pursued by county Sheriff Johnny Behan, who had received a Tucson warrant for Wyatt's shooting of Frank Stilwell.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nBackground to the conflict","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nTombstone, near the Mexican border, was formally founded in March 1879; it was a rapidly growing frontier mining boomtown. The Earps arrived on December 1, 1879, when the small town was mostly composed of tents as living quarters, a few saloons and other buildings, and the mines. Virgil Earp had been hired as Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County, with his offices in Tombstone, only days before his arrival. In June 1881 he was also appointed as Tombstone's town marshal (or police chief).","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThough not universally liked by the townspeople, the Earps tended to protect the interests of the town's business owners and residents, although Wyatt Earp helped protect Cowboy Curly Bill Brocius from being lynched after he accidentally killed Tombstone city Marshal Fred White. In contrast, Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan was generally sympathetic to the interests of the rural ranchers and Cowboys. In that time and region, the term cowboy generally meant an outlaw. Legitimate cowmen were referred to as cattle herders or ranchers.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nConflicting versions of events","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nMany of the supporting facts about the events leading up to the gunfight and details of the gunfight itself are uncertain. Newspapers of the day were not above taking sides, and news reporting often editorialized on issues to reflect the publisher's interests. John Clum, publisher of The Tombstone Epitaph, had helped organize a \"Committee of Safety\" (a vigilance committee) in Tombstone in late September 1881. He was elected as the city's first mayor under the new city charter of 1881. Clum and his newspaper tended to side with the interests of local business owners and supported Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nHarry Woods, the publisher of the other major newspaper, the The Daily Nugget, was an undersheriff to Behan. He and his newspaper tended to side with Behan, the Cowboys (some of whom were part-time ranchers and landowners), and the rural interests of the ranchers.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nMuch of what is known of the event is based on a month-long preliminary hearing held afterward, generally known as the Spicer hearings. Reporters from both newspapers covered the hearings and recorded the testimony at the coroner's inquest and the Spicer hearings, but only the reporter from The Daily Nugget knew shorthand. The testimony recorded by the court recorder and the two newspapers varied greatly.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAccording to the Earps' version of events, the fight was in self-defense because the Cowboys, armed in violation of local ordinance, aggressively threatened the lawmen, defying a lawful order to hand over their weapons. The Cowboys maintained that they raised their hands, offering no resistance, and were shot in cold blood by the Earps. Sorting out who was telling the truth then was difficult and remains so.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThough usually opposing each other in their reporting of events, reporting by both the Epitaph and the Nugget initially supported the lawmen's version of events. Woods, the publisher of the pro-Cowboy Nugget, was out of town during the hearings, and an experienced reporter, Richard Rule, wrote the story. The Nugget staff had a close relationship with Sheriff Behan, but Rule's story, as printed in the Nugget the day after the shootout, backed up the Earps' version of events. This varied widely from Behan's and the Cowboys' later court testimony. Subsequent stories about the gunfight published in the Nugget after that day supported Behan's and the Cowboys' view of events. Other stories in the Epitaph countered the Nuggets later view entirely and supported the lawmen. In addition, the autopsies of the deceased Cowboys indicated that none of them were shot with their hands up, as the Clantons had claimed.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nPart-time newspaper reporter Howell \"Pat\" Hayhurst transcribed the testimony from the hearing in the early 1930s as part of a federal Federal Writers' Project, part of the Works Progress Administration. According to one report, Hayhurst was a friend of the Behan family. After he completed his transcription, he kept the original document in his home, where it was destroyed in a house fire.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nOrigins of the conflict","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nEarps versus Cowboys","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe interpersonal conflicts and feuds leading to the gunfight were complex. Each side had strong family ties. The brothers James, Virgil, Wyatt, Morgan, and Warren Earp were a tight-knit family, working together as pimps, lawmen, and saloon owners in several Western towns, among other occupations, and had moved together from one town to another. Virgil served in the Union Army during the Civil War and in 1877 became a police officer in Prescott, Arizona. He followed that with a job as night watchman before he became a constable. Wyatt had held two jobs as a police officer in the cattle-drive towns of Wichita and Dodge City, Kansas.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nJames, Virgil and Wyatt Earp, together with their wives, arrived in Tombstone on December 1, 1879, during the early period of rapid growth associated with mining, when there were only a few hundred residents. Virgil had been appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal for the Tombstone area shortly before they arrived. In the summer of 1880, Morgan and Warren Earp also moved to Tombstone. Wyatt arrived hoping he could leave \"lawing\" behind. He bought a stagecoach, only to find the business was already very competitive. The Earps invested together in several mining claims and water rights. The Earps were Republicans and Northerners who had never worked as cowmen or ranchers.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Earps came into conflict with Cowboys Frank and Tom McLaury, Billy and Ike Clanton, Johnny Ringo, and Curly Bill Brocius, among others. They were part of a large, loose association of cattle smugglers and horse thieves known as the Cowboys, outlaws who had been implicated in various crimes. Ike Clanton was prone to drinking heavily and threatened the Earp brothers numerous times.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nTombstone resident George Parson wrote in his diary, \"A Cowboy is a rustler at times, and a rustler is a synonym for desperado—bandit, outlaw, and horse thief.\" The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial, \"Cowboys [are] the most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country...infinitely worse than the ordinary robber.\" At that time during the 1880s in Cochise County it was an insult to call a legitimate cattleman a \"Cowboy.\" Legal cowmen were generally called herders or ranchers. The Cowboys teamed up for various crimes and came to each other's aid. Virgil Earp thought that some of the Cowboys had met at Charleston, Arizona, and taken \"an oath over blood drawn from the arm of Johnny Ringo, the leader, that they would kill us.'","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Earps as lawmen","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nVirgil Earp had been appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County by U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake before the Earps arrived in Tombstone on December 1, 1879. Virgil ran for the office of Tombstone's city marshal (or police chief) in November 1880 but lost to Ben Sippy. Sippy left town in June 1881, and Virgil was appointed to replace him. At the time of the gunfight and afterward, until he was wounded on December 29, 1881, Virgil was both Deputy U.S. Marshal and town marshal. The city suspended him as town marshal after Ike Clanton filed murder charges.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWith his business efforts yielding little profit, Wyatt Earp became a stagecoach shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo, guarding shipments of silver bullion, until he was appointed Pima County Deputy Sheriff on July 28, 1880. He held this position for only three months until after the election of November 9, 1880, when he resigned. While Wyatt was Pima County Deputy Sheriff, Morgan Earp took over his job as shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo. The job as Pima County Sheriff was the only job Wyatt held as a lawman in Arizona, except for occasions when Virgil temporarily appointed him to be a deputy town marshal, including the week prior to the gunfight. Morgan also occasionally assisted Virgil and at the time of the gunfight was wearing a deputy city marshal's badge and drawing pay. When Virgil was maimed by an assassination attempt, Wyatt was appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal in his place. He held that position until he left Cochise County in April 1882. The Earps' work as lawmen was not welcomed by the outlaw Cowboys, who viewed the Earps as badge-toting tyrants who ruthlessly enforced the business interests of the town.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIn direct conflict with the Earps' roles as lawmen, Johnny Behan was Cochise County Sheriff.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWyatt Earp was an imposing, handsome man: blond, 6 ft tall, weighing about 165 to, was broad-shouldered, long-armed, and muscular. He had been a boxer and was reputed to be an expert with a pistol. According to author Leo Silva, Earp showed no fear of any man.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nEarp had developed a reputation as a no-nonsense, hard-nosed lawman, but prior to the gunfight in October 1881, he had been involved in only one prior shooting in Dodge City, Kansas during the summer of 1878. Wyatt was an assistant marshal and with policeman James Masterson, along with a few other citizens, fired their pistols at several Cowboys who were fleeing town after shooting up a theater. A member of the group, George Hoyt (sometimes spelled Hoy), was shot in the arm and died of his wound a month later. Wyatt always claimed to have been the one to shoot Hoyt, although it could have been anyone among the lawmen.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe 1931 book Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal was a best-selling biography by Stuart N. Lake. It established Wyatt Earp's role as a fearless lawman in the American Old West and the \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\" in the public consciousness. But Lake wildly exaggerated Wyatt's role in the gun battle. He and many others in the popular media have embellished Wyatt's role as the central figure in the gunfight. It was only discovered much later that Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal, based on a eight interviews with Earp, was largely fictional. The book and later Hollywood portrayals exaggerated Wyatt's reputation and magnified his mystique as a western lawman.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAmong the lawmen involved in the O.K. Corral shooting, only Virgil had any real experience in combat, and he had far more experience than any of his brothers as a sheriff, constable, and marshal. Virgil served for three years during the Civil War and had also been involved in a police shooting in Prescott, Arizona Territory. Morgan Earp had no known experience with gunfighting prior to this fight, although he frequently hired out as a shotgun messenger.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nDoc Holliday had a reputation as a gunman and had reportedly been in nine shootouts during his life, although it has only been verified that he killed three men. One well-documented episode occurred on July 19, 1879, when Holliday and his business partner, former deputy marshal John Joshua Webb, were seated in their saloon in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Former U.S. Army scout Mike Gordon got into a loud argument with one of the saloon girls that he wanted to take with him. Gordon stormed from the saloon and began firing his revolver into the building. Before Gordon could get off his second shot, Holliday killed him. Holliday was tried for the murder but acquitted, mostly based on the testimony of Webb.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nHolliday had saved Wyatt Earp's life at one time and had become a close friend. He had been living in Prescott, Arizona Territory and making a living as a gambler since late 1879. There, he first met future Tombstone sheriff Johnny Behan, a sometime gambler and saloon owner. In late September 1880, Holliday followed the Earps to Tombstone.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nRural Cowboys vs. Tombstone interests","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe ranch owned by Newman Haynes Clanton near Charleston, Arizona was believed to be the local center for the Cowboys' illegal activities. Tom and Frank McLaury worked with the rustlers buying and selling stolen cattle.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nMany of the rural ranchers and Cowboys resented the growing influence of the city residents over county politics and law enforcement. The ranchers largely maintained control of the country outside Tombstone, due in large part to the sympathetic support of Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, who favored the Cowboys and rural ranchers, and who also grew to intensely dislike the Earps. Behan tended to ignore the Earps' complaints about the McLaurys' and Clantons' horse thieving and cattle rustling. As officers of the law, the Earps were known to bend the law in their favor when it affected their gambling and saloon interests, which earned them further enmity with the Cowboy faction.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nTombstone, a boomtown","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAfter silver was discovered in the area, Tombstone grew rapidly. At its founding in March 1879, it had a population of just 100, and only two years later, in late 1881, it had more than 7,000 citizens, excluding Chinese, Mexicans, women and children. Tombstone was the largest boomtown in the Southwest. Silver mining and its attendant wealth attracted many professionals and merchants, who brought their wives and families. With them came churches and ministers. They brought a Victorian sensibility and became the town's elite. By 1881 there were fancy restaurants, a bowling alley, four churches, an ice house, a school, an opera house, two banks, three newspapers, and an ice cream parlor, along with 110 saloons, 14 gambling halls, and numerous brothels, all situated among a number of dirty, hardscrabble mines.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nHorse rustlers and bandits from the countryside came to town, and shootings were frequent. In the 1880s, illegal smuggling and theft of cattle, alcohol, and tobacco across the Mexico – United States border, about 30 mi from Tombstone, were common. The Mexican government assessed heavy export taxes on these items, and smugglers earned a handsome profit by stealing them in Mexico and smuggling them across the border.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nRelevant law in Tombstone","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nTo reduce crime in Tombstone, on April 19, 1881, the city council passed ordinance 9, requiring anyone carrying a bowie knife, dirk, pistol or rifle to deposit their weapons at a livery or saloon soon after entering town. The ordinance was the legal basis for City Marshal Virgil Earp's decision to confront the Cowboys, which resulted in the shoot-out.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nSmuggling and stock thefts","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIn that border area there was only one passable route between Arizona and Mexico, a passage known as Guadalupe Canyon. In August 1881, 15 Mexicans carrying gold, coins and bullion to make their purchases were ambushed and killed in Skeleton Canyon. The next month Mexican Commandant Felipe Neri dispatched troops to the border, and they killed five Cowboys, including Old Man Clanton, in Guadalupe Canyon. The Earps knew that the McLaurys and Clantons were reputed to be mixed up in the robbery and murder in Skeleton Canyon. Wyatt Earp said in his testimony after the shootout, \"I naturally kept my eyes open and did not intend that any of the gang should get the drop on me if I could help it.\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nEarp loses sheriff's office to Behan","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nOn July 27, 1880, Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell, whose offices were in the county seat of Tucson, appointed Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff. On October 28, 1880, Tombstone Town Marshal Fred White attempted to disarm some late-night revelers who were shooting their pistols in the air. When he attempted to disarm Curly Bill Brocius, the gun discharged, striking White in the abdomen. Wyatt saw the shooting and pistol-whipped Brocius, knocking him unconscious, and arrested him. Wyatt later told his biographer John Flood that he thought Brocius was still armed at the time, and didn't see Brocius' pistol on the ground.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nBrocius waived the preliminary hearing so he and his case could be immediately transferred to Tucson. Wyatt and a deputy took Brocius in a wagon the next day to Tucson to stand trial, possibly saving him from being lynched. Wyatt testified that he thought the shooting was accidental. It was also demonstrated that Brocius' pistol could be fired from half-cock. Fred White left a statement before he died two days later that the shooting was not intentional. Based on the evidence presented, Brocius was not charged with White's death.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Tombstone council convened and appointed Virgil Earp as \"temporary assistant city marshal\" to replace White for a salary of $100 per month until an election could be held on November 12. For the next few weeks, Virgil represented federal and local law enforcement and Wyatt represented Pima County.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIn the November 2, 1880 election for Pima County sheriff, Democrat Shibell ran against Republican Bob Paul, who was expected to win. Votes arrived as late as November 7, and Shibell was unexpectedly reelected. He immediately appointed Johnny Behan as the new deputy sheriff for eastern Pima County, a job that Wyatt wanted. A controversy ensued when Paul uncovered ballot-stuffing by Cowboys and he sued to overturn the election.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nPaul finally became sheriff in April 1881, but it was too late to reappoint Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff because on January 1, 1881, the eastern portion of Pima County containing Tombstone had been split off into the new Cochise County, which would need its own sheriff, based in the county's largest city, Tombstone. This position was filled by a political appointment from the governor, and Wyatt and Behan both wanted the job. The Cochise County sheriff's position was worth more than $40,000 a year (about $ today) because the office holder was also county assessor and tax collector, and the board of supervisors allowed him to keep ten percent of the amounts paid.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nBehan utilized his existing position and his superior political connections to successfully lobby for the position. He also promised Wyatt a position as his undersheriff if he was appointed over Wyatt. Wyatt withdrew from the political contest and the governor and legislature appointed Behan to the job of Cochise County sheriff on February 10, 1881. Behan reneged on his deal with Earp and appointed Harry Woods as undersheriff instead. Behan said he broke his promise to appoint Earp because Wyatt Earp used Behan's name to threaten Ike Clanton when Wyatt recovered his stolen horse from Clanton.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nEarp conflicts with Cowboys","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nTensions between the Earp family and both the Clanton and McLaury clans increased through 1881.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nStolen mules tracked to McLaury's ranch","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nOn July 25, 1880, Captain Joseph H. Hurst, of Company A, 12th Infantry, and Commanding Officer of Fort Bennett, asked Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp to help him track Cowboys who had stolen six U.S. Army mules from Camp Rucker. This was a federal matter because the animals were U.S. property. Hurst brought four soldiers, and Virgil invited Wyatt and Morgan Earp, as well as Wells Fargo agent Marshall Williams. The posse found the mules on the McLaury's Ranch on the Babacomari Creek, north west of Tombstone, and the branding iron used to change the \"US\" brand to \"D8\".","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nTo avoid bloodshed, Cowboy Frank Patterson promised Hurst they would return the mules and Hurst persuaded the posse to withdraw. Hurst went to nearby Charleston, but the Cowboys showed up two days later without the mules, laughing at Hurst and the Earps. In response, Hurst had printed and distributed a handbill in which he named Frank McLaury as specifically assisting with hiding the mules. He reprinted this in The Tombstone Epitaph on July 30, 1880. Virgil later said that McLaury had asked him if he had posted the handbills. When Virgil said he had not, McLaury said if Virgil had printed the handbills it was Frank's intention to kill Virgil. He warned Virgil, \"If you ever again follow us as close as you did, then you will have to fight anyway.\" This incident was the first run-in between the Clantons and McLaurys and the Earps.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nMarch stagecoach robbery and murder","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nOn the evening of March 15, 1881, a Kinnear & Company stagecoach carrying US$26,000 in silver bullion (about $ in today's dollars) was en route from Tombstone to Benson, Arizona, the nearest freight terminal. Bob Paul, who had run for Pima County Sheriff and was contesting the election he lost due to ballot-stuffing, was temporarily working once again as the Wells Fargo shotgun messenger. He had taken the reins and driver's seat in Contention City because the usual driver, a well-known and popular man named Eli \"Budd\" Philpot, was ill. Philpot was riding shotgun.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nNear Drew's Station, just outside Contention City, a man stepped into the road and commanded them to \"Hold!\" Three Cowboys attempted to rob the stage. Paul, in the driver's seat, fired his shotgun and emptied his revolver at the robbers, wounding a Cowboy later identified as Bill Leonard in the groin. Philpot, riding shotgun, and passenger Peter Roerig, riding in the rear dickey seat, were both shot and killed. The horses spooked and Paul wasn't able to bring the stage under control for almost a mile, leaving the robbers with nothing. Paul said he thought the first shot killing Philpot in the shotgun messenger seat had been meant for him because he would normally have been seated there.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nSuspects identified","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nDeputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp, along with temporary federal deputies Wyatt and Morgan Earp, Wells Fargo agent Marshall Williams, former Kansas Sheriff Bat Masterson (who was dealing faro at the Oriental Saloon), and County Sheriff Behan set out to find the robbers. Wells Fargo issued a wanted poster offering a US$3,600 ($1,200 per robber) reward for capture of the robbers, dead or alive. Robbery of a mail-carrying stagecoach was both a federal crime and territorial crime, and the posse consisted of both county and federal authorities and deputies. The posse trailed the robbers to a nearby ranch where they found a drifter named Luther King. He wouldn't tell who his confederates were until the posse lied and told him that Doc Holliday's girlfriend had been shot. Fearful of Holliday's reputation, he confessed to holding the reins of the robbers' horses, and identified Bill Leonard, Harry \"The Kid\" Head and Jim Crane as the robbers. They were all known Cowboys and rustlers. Behan and Williams escorted King back to Tombstone.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nSuspect escapes Behan's jail","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nSomehow King walked in the front door of the jail and a few minutes later out the back. King had arranged with Undersheriff Harry Woods (publisher of the Nugget) to sell the horse he had been riding to John Dunbar, Sheriff Behan's partner in the Dexter Livery Stable. On March 19, King conveniently escaped while Dunbar and Woods were making out the bill-of-sale. Woods claimed that someone had deliberately unlocked a secured back door to the jail. The Earps and the townspeople were furious at King's easy escape. Williams was later dismissed from Wells Fargo, leaving behind a number of debts, when it was determined he had been stealing from the company for years.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nEarp pursues suspects","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Earps pursued the other two men for 17 days, riding for 60 hours without food and 36 hours without water, during which Bob Paul's horse died, and Wyatt and Morgan's horses became so weak, that the two men walked 18 mi back to Tombstone to obtain new horses. After pursuing the Cowboys for over 400 mi they could not obtain more fresh horses and were forced to give up the chase. They returned to Tombstone on April 1. Behan submitted a bill for $796.84 to the county for posse expenses, but he refused to reimburse the Earps for any of their costs. Virgil was incensed. They were finally reimbursed by Wells, Fargo & Co. later on, but the incident caused further friction between county and federal law enforcement, and between Behan and the Earps.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWyatt offers Ike reward money","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAfter he was passed over by Johnny Behan for the position of undersheriff, Wyatt thought he might beat him in the next Cochise County election in late 1882. He thought catching the murderers of Bud Philpot and Peter Roerig would help him win the sheriff's office. Wyatt later said that on June 2, 1881 he offered the Wells, Fargo & Co. reward money and more to Ike Clanton if he would provide information leading to the capture or death of the stage robbers. According to Wyatt, Ike was initially interested, but the plan was foiled when the three suspects—Leonard, Head and Crane—were killed in unrelated incidents.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIke began to fear that word of his possible cooperation had leaked, threatening to compromise his standing among the Cowboys. Undercover Wells Fargo Company agent M. Williams suspected a deal, and said something to Ike, who was fearful that other Cowboys might learn of his double-cross. Ike now began to threaten Wyatt and Doc Holliday (who had learned of the deal) for apparently revealing Ike's willingness to help arrest his friends.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nEarp, Cowboy fallout","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe fallout over the Cowboys' attempt to implicate Holliday and the Earps in the robbery, along with Behan's involvement in King's escape, was the beginning of increasingly bad feelings between the Earp brothers and Cowboy factions.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nEarp and Behan attracted to Josephine Marcus","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWyatt Earp and Cochise County sheriff Johnny Behan were interested in the same sheriff's position and also may have shared an interest in the same woman, Josephine Marcus, known as Sadie. Citizens of Tombstone believed that Behan and Marcus were married, but Behan was a known womanizer and had sex with prostitutes and other women. Marcus ended the relationship after she came home and found Behan in bed with the wife of a friend and kicked him out, although she used the Behan surname through the end of that summer. She rented her home sometime before April 1881, to Dr. George Goodfellow.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWyatt Earp was still living with his common-law wife, Mattie Blaylock, who was listed as his wife in the 1880 census, but she had a growing addiction to the opiate laudanum. There are no contemporary Tombstone records that indicate a relationship between Marcus and Earp, but Earp certainly knew her, because both Behan and Earp had offices above the Crystal Palace Saloon.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nSadie, traveling as either Mrs. J. C. Earp or Mrs. Wyatt Earp, left for Los Angeles on March 25, 1882, and then returned to her family in San Francisco. In July 1882, Wyatt left Colorado and went to San Francisco, where he sought out Sadie and his brother Virgil, who was seeking treatment for his arm. In February or March 1883, Sadie and Earp left San Francisco for Gunnison, where Earp ran a Faro bank until he received a request in April for assistance from Luke Short in Dodge City. Sadie was his common-law wife for the next 46 years.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nSeptember stage holdup","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nTensions between the Earps and the McLaurys further increased when another passenger stage on the 'Sandy Bob Line' in the Tombstone area, bound for Bisbee, was held up on September 8, 1881. The masked bandits robbed all of the passengers of their valuables since the stage was not carrying a strongbox. During the robbery, the driver heard one of the robbers describe the money as \"sugar\", a phrase known to be used by Frank Stilwell. Stilwell had until the prior month been a deputy for Sheriff Behan but had been fired for \"accounting irregularities\".","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWyatt and Virgil Earp rode with a sheriff's posse and tracked the Bisbee stage robbers. Virgil had been appointed Tombstone's town marshal (i.e., chief of police) on June 6, 1881, after Ben Sippy abandoned the job. However, Virgil at the same time continued to hold his position of deputy U.S. marshal, and it was in this federal capacity that he continued to chase robbers of stage coaches outside Tombstone city limits. At the scene of the holdup, Wyatt discovered an unusual boot print left by someone wearing a custom-repaired boot heel. The Earps checked a shoe repair shop in Bisbee known to provide widened boot heels and were able to link the boot print to Stilwell.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nStilwell and Spence arrests","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nFrank Stilwell had just arrived in Bisbee with his livery stable partner, Pete Spence, when the two were arrested by Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp for the holdup. Both were friends of Ike Clanton and the McLaurys. At the preliminary hearing, Stilwell and Spence were able to provide several witnesses who supported their alibis. Judge Spicer dropped the charges for insufficient evidence just as he had done for Doc Holliday earlier in the year.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nReleased on bail, Spence and Stilwell were re-arrested October 13 by Marshal Virgil Earp for the Bisbee robbery on a new federal charge of interfering with a mail carrier. The newspapers, however, reported that they had been arrested for a different stage robbery that occurred on October 8 near Contention City.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIke and other Cowboys believed the new arrest was further evidence that the Earps were illegally persecuting the Cowboys. They told the Earps that they could expect retaliation. While Virgil and Wyatt were in Tucson for the federal hearing on the charges against Spence and Stilwell, Frank McLaury confronted Morgan Earp. He told him that the McLaurys would kill the Earps if they tried to arrest Spence, Stilwell, or the McLaurys again. The Tombstone Epitaph reported \"that since the arrest of Spence and Stilwell, veiled threats [are] being made that the friends of the accused will 'get the Earps.'\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nCowboys accuse Holliday of robbery","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nMilt Joyce, a county supervisor and owner of the Oriental Saloon, had a contentious relationship with Doc Holliday. In October 1880, Holliday had trouble with a gambler named Johnny Tyler in Milt Joyce's Oriental Saloon. Tyler had been hired by a competing gambling establishment to drive customers from the Oriental Saloon. Holliday challenged Tyler to a fight, but Tyler ran. Joyce did not like Holliday or the Earps and he continued to argue with Holliday. Joyce ordered Holliday removed from the saloon but would not return Holliday's revolver. But Holliday returned carrying a double-action revolver. Milt brandished a pistol and threatened Holliday, but Holliday shot Joyce in the palm, disarming him, and then shot Joyce's business partner William Parker in the big toe. Joyce then hit Holliday over the head with his revolver. Holliday was arrested and pleaded guilty to assault and battery.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nHolliday and his on-again, off-again mistress Big Nose Kate had many fights. After a particularly nasty, drunken argument, Holliday kicked her out. County Sheriff John Behan and Milt Joyce saw an opportunity and exploited the situation. They plied Big Nose Kate with more booze and suggested to her a way to get even with Holliday. She signed an affidavit implicating Holliday in the attempted stagecoach robbery and murders. Holliday was a good friend of Bill Leonard, a former watchmaker from New York, one of three men implicated in the robbery. Judge Wells Spicer issued an arrest warrant for Holliday. The Earps found witnesses who could attest to Holliday's location at the time of the murders and Kate sobered up, revealing that Behan and Joyce had influenced her to sign a document she didn't understand. With the Cowboy plot revealed, Spicer freed Holliday. The district attorney threw out the charges, labeling them \"ridiculous.\" Doc gave Kate some money and put her on a stage out of town.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIke Clanton's conflict with Doc Holliday","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWyatt Earp testified after the gunfight that five or six weeks prior he had met Ike Clanton outside the Alhambra Hotel. Ike told Wyatt that Doc Holliday had told him he knew of Ike's meetings with Wyatt and about Ike providing information on Head, Leonard, and Crane, as well as their attempted robbery of the stage. Ike now accused Earp of telling Holliday about these conversations. Earp testified that he told Ike he had not told Holliday anything. Wyatt Earp offered to prove this when Holliday and the Clantons next returned to town.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nA month later, the weekend before the shootout, Morgan Earp, concerned about possible trouble with the Cowboys, brought Doc Holliday back from a fiesta celebration in Tucson where Holliday had been gambling. Upon his return, Wyatt Earp asked Holliday about Ike's accusation.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nOn the morning of Tuesday, October 25, 1881, the day before the gunfight, Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury drove 10 mi in a spring wagon from Chandler's Milk Ranch at the foot of the Dragoon Mountains to Tombstone. They were in town to sell a large number of beef stock, most of them owned by the McLaurys.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nSeeing Ike Clanton in the Alhambra Saloon around midnight, Holliday confronted Ike, accusing him of lying about their previous conversations. They got into a heated argument. Wyatt Earp (who was not wearing a badge) encouraged his brother, Tombstone Deputy City Marshal Morgan Earp, to intervene. Morgan escorted Holliday out onto the street and Ike, who had been drinking steadily, followed them. City Marshal Virgil Earp arrived a few minutes later and threatened to arrest both Holliday and Clanton if they did not stop arguing. Ike and Wyatt talked again a few minutes later, and Ike threatened to confront Holliday in the morning. Ike told Earp that the fighting talk had been going on for a long time and that he intended to put an end to it. Ike told Earp, \"I will be ready for you in the morning.\" Wyatt Earp walked over to the Oriental Saloon and Ike followed him. Ike sat down to have another drink, his revolver in plain sight, and told Earp \"You must not think I won't be after you all in the morning.\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nMorning of the shoot-out","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nEvents leading up to the Ike Clanton court hearing","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAfter Holliday's confrontation with Ike Clanton, Wyatt Earp took Holliday back to his room at Camillus Sidney \"Buck\" Fly's Lodging House to sleep off his drinking, then went home and to bed. Tombstone Marshal Virgil Earp played cards with Ike Clanton, Tom McLaury, Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan and a fifth man (unknown to Ike and to history), until morning.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAt about dawn on October 26, the card game broke up and Behan and Virgil Earp went home to bed. Ike Clanton testified later he saw Virgil take his six-shooter out of his lap and stick it in his pants when the game ended. Not having rented a room, Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton had no place to go. Shortly after 8:00 am barkeeper E. F. Boyle spoke to Ike Clanton in front of the telegraph office. Clanton had been drinking all night and Boyle encouraged him to get some sleep, but Ike insisted he would not go to bed. Boyle later testified he noticed Ike was armed and covered his gun for him. Boyle later said that Ike told him, \"'As soon as the Earps and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street, the ball would open—that they would have to fight'... I went down to Wyatt Earp's house and told him that Ike Clanton had threatened that when him and his brothers and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street that the ball would open.\" Ike said in his testimony afterward that he remembered neither meeting Boyle nor making any such statements that day.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nLater in the morning, Ike picked up his rifle and revolver from the West End Corral, where he had deposited his weapons and stabled his wagon and team after entering town. By noon that day, Ike was still drinking and once-again armed in violation of the city ordinance against carrying firearms in the city. He told others he was looking for Holliday or an Earp. At about 1:00 pm, Virgil and Morgan Earp surprised Ike on 4th Street where Virgil pistol-whipped him from behind. Disarming him, the Earps took Ike to appear before Judge Wallace for violating the ordinance. Wyatt waited with Clanton while Virgil went to find Judge Wallace so the court hearing could be held.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIke Clanton court hearing","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWhile Wyatt waited for Virgil to return with Judge Wallace, witnesses overheard Wyatt tell Clanton, \"you cattle thieving son-of-a-bitch, and you know that I know you are a cattle thieving son-of-a-bitch, you've threatened my life enough, and you've got to fight!\", and Ike Clanton made the remark, \"Fight is my racket, and all I want is four feet of ground!\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIke reported in his testimony afterward that Wyatt Earp cursed him. He said Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan offered him his rifle and to fight him right there in the courthouse, which Ike declined. Ike also denied ever threatening the Earps. Ike was fined $25 plus court costs and after paying the fine left unarmed. Virgil told Ike he would leave Ike's confiscated rifle and revolver at the Grand Hotel which was favored by Cowboys when in town. Ike testified that he picked up the weapons from William Soule, the jailer, a couple of days later.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nTom McLaury's concealed weapon","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nOutside the court house where Ike was being fined, Wyatt almost walked into 28 year-old Tom McLaury as the two men were brought up short nose-to-nose. Tom, who had arrived in town the day before, was required by the well-known city ordinance to deposit his pistol when he first arrived in town. When Wyatt demanded, \"Are you heeled or not?\", McLaury said he was not armed. Wyatt testified that he saw a revolver in plain sight on the right hip of Tom's pants. As an unpaid deputy marshal for Virgil, Wyatt habitually carried a pistol in his waistband, as was the custom of that time. Witnesses reported that Wyatt drew his revolver from his coat pocket and pistol whipped Tom McLaury with it twice, leaving him prostrate and bleeding on the street. Saloon-keeper Andrew Mehan testified at the Spicer hearing afterward that he saw McLaury deposit a revolver at the Capital Saloon sometime between 1-2:00 pm, after the confrontation with Wyatt, which Mehan also witnessed.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWyatt said in his deposition afterward that he had been temporarily acting as city marshal for Virgil the week before while Virgil was in Tucson for the Pete Spence and Frank Stilwell trial. Wyatt said that he still considered himself a deputy city marshal, which Virgil later confirmed. Since Wyatt was an off-duty officer, he could not legally search or arrest Tom for carrying a revolver within the city limits-—a misdemeanor offense. Only Virgil or one of his city police deputies, including Morgan Earp and possibly Warren Earp, could search him and take any required action. Wyatt, a non-drinker, testified at the Spicer hearing that he went to Haffords and bought a cigar and went outside to watch the Cowboys. At the time of the gunfight about two hours later, Wyatt could not know if Tom was still armed.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIt was early afternoon by the time Ike and Tom had seen doctors for their head wounds. The day was chilly, with snow still on the ground in some places. Both Tom and Ike had spent the night gambling, drinking heavily, and without sleep. Now they were both out-of-doors, both wounded from head beatings, and at least Ike was still drunk.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nMore Cowboys enter town","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAt around 1:30–2:00 pm, after Tom had been pistol-whipped by Wyatt, Ike's 19-year-old younger brother Billy Clanton and Tom's older brother Frank McLaury arrived in town. They had heard from their neighbor, Ed \"old man\" Frink, that Ike had been stirring up trouble in town overnight, and they had ridden into town on horseback to back up their brothers. They arrived from Antelope Springs, 13 mi east of Tombstone, where they had been rounding up stock with their brothers and had breakfasted with Ike and Tom the day before. Both Frank and Billy were armed with a revolver and a rifle, as was the custom for riders in the country outside Tombstone. Apache warriors had engaged the U.S. Army near Tombstone just three weeks before the O.K. Corral gunfight, so the need for weapons outside of town was well established and accepted.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nBilly and Frank stopped first at the Grand Hotel on Allen Street, and were greeted by Doc Holliday. They learned immediately after of their brothers' beatings by the Earps within the previous two hours. The incidents had generated a lot of talk in town. Angrily, Frank said he would not drink, and he and Billy left the saloon immediately to seek Tom. By law, both Frank and Billy should have left their firearms at the Grand Hotel. Instead, they remained fully armed.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nVirgil and Wyatt Earp’s reactions","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWyatt said that he saw Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury in Spangenberger's gun and hardware store on 4th Street filling their gun belts with cartridges. Ike testified afterward that Tom was not there and that he had tried to buy a new revolver but the owner saw Ike's bandaged head and refused to sell him one. Ike apparently had not heard Virgil tell him that his confiscated weapons were at the Grand Hotel around the corner from Spangenberger's shop.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWhen Virgil Earp learned that Wyatt was talking to the Cowboys at Spangenberg's gun shop, he went there himself. Virgil testified afterward that he thought he saw all four men, Ike Clanton, Billy Clanton, Frank McLaury, and Tom McLaury, buying cartridges. Virgil went around the corner on Allen Street to the Wells Fargo office, where he picked up a 10-gauge or 12-gauge, short, double-barreled shotgun. It was an unusually cold and windy day in Tombstone, and Virgil was wearing a long overcoat. To avoid alarming Tombstone's public, Virgil hid the shotgun under his overcoat when he returned to Hafford's Saloon.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nFrom Spangenberg's, the Cowboys moved to the O.K. Corral where witnesses overheard them threatening to kill the Earps. For unknown reasons the Cowboys then walked out the back of the O.K. Corral and then west, stopping in a narrow, empty lot next to C. S. Fly's boarding house.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nVirgil initially avoided a confrontation with the newly arrived Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton, who had not yet deposited their weapons at a hotel or stable as the law required. The statute was not specific about how far a recently arrived visitor might \"with good faith, and within reasonable time\" travel into town while carrying a firearm. This permitted a traveler to keep his firearms if he was proceeding directly to a livery, hotel or saloon. The three main Tombstone corrals were all west of 4th street between Allen and Fremont, a block or two from where Wyatt saw the Cowboys buying cartridges. Miner Ruben F. Coleman later told The Tombstone Epitaph:","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nBehan attempts to disarm Cowboys","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nCochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, a friend of the Cowboys, later testified that he woke up about 1:30 pm after the late-night card game, and went to get a shave at a barbershop. That's where he first learned that the Cowboys were armed. Behan stated he quickly finished his shave and went to locate the Cowboys. At about 2:30 pm he found Frank McLaury holding a horse and talking to someone on Fourth Street near the corner of Fremont. When he saw Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury near C. S. Fly's photography studio, he walked there with Frank. He told the Cowboys that they must give up their arms. Ike Clanton said he was not armed, and Tom McLaury pulled his coat open to show he was not carrying a weapon.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Cowboys were located in a narrow 15 - lot between the Harwood house and Fly's 12-room boarding house and photography studio at 312 Fremont Street, where Doc Holliday roomed.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nBehan later said he attempted to persuade Frank McLaury to give up his weapons, but Frank insisted that he would only give up his guns after City Marshal Virgil Earp and his brothers were first disarmed.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Cowboys were about a block and a half from the West End Corral at 2nd Street and Fremont, where Ike and Tom's wagon and team were stabled. Virgil Earp later testified that he thought Ike and Tom were stabled at the O.K. Corral on Allen between 3rd and 4th, from which he thought they would be departing if they were leaving town.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWhile Ike Clanton later said he was planning to leave town, Frank McLaury reported that he had decided to remain behind to take care of some business. Will McLaury, Tom and Frank's brother and a judge in Fort Worth, Texas, claimed in a letter he wrote during the preliminary hearing after the shoot out that Tom and Frank were still armed because they were planning to conduct business before leaving town to visit him in Texas. He wrote that Billy Clanton, who had arrived on horseback with Frank, intended to go with the McLaurys to Fort Worth. Will McLaury came to Tombstone after the gun fight and joined the prosecution team in an attempt to convict the Earps and Holliday for his brothers' murder. Paul Johnson told a different story, that the McLaurys were about to leave for Iowa to attend the wedding of their sister, Sarah Caroline, in Iowa. Tom and Frank were especially close to Sarah, one of their 14 siblings and half-siblings. Caroline married James Reed in Richland, Iowa at the end of November that year.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nVirgil decides to disarm Cowboys","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nCitizens reported to Virgil on the Cowboys' movements and their threats told him that Ike and Tom had left their livery stable and entered town while armed, in violation of the city ordinance. Virgil Earp was told by several citizens that the McLaurys and the Clantons had gathered on Fremont Street. Virgil decided he had to disarm the Cowboys. His decision to take action may have been influenced by the Cowboy's repeated threats to the Earps, their proximity to Holliday's room in Fly's boarding house, and their location on the route the Earps usually took to their homes two blocks further west on Fremont Street.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nSeveral members of the citizen's vigilance committee offered to support him with arms, but Virgil said no. He had during the prior month appointed Morgan as a Special Policeman. He had also appointed Wyatt as a Special Policemen while Virgil had been in Prescott on business. He had also called on Doc Holliday that morning for help with disarming the Clantons and McLaurys. Wyatt spoke of his brothers Virgil and Morgan as the \"marshals\" while he acted as \"deputy.\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nVirgil Earp picked up the short, double-barreled shotgun he had retrieved from the Wells Fargo office earlier. He gave the shotgun to Doc Holliday who hid it under his overcoat. He took Holliday's walking-stick in return.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAs usual, the Earps carried their revolvers in their coat pockets or in their waistbands. Wyatt Earp was carrying a .44 caliber American 1869 Smith & Wesson revolver. Holliday was carrying a nickel-plated pistol in a holster, but this was concealed by his long coat, as was the shotgun. The Earps and Holliday walked west, down the south side of Fremont Street past the rear entrance to the O.K. Corral, but out of visual range of the Cowboys' last reported location. Near the corner of Fourth St. and Fremont St., the Earps ran into Sheriff Behan. He had left the Cowboys and came toward them, though he looked nervously backward several times. Virgil testified afterward that Behan told them, \"For God's sake, don't go down there or they will murder you!\" Wyatt said Behan told him and Morgan, \"I have disarmed them.\" Behan testified afterward that he'd only said he'd gone down to the Cowboys \"for the purpose of disarming them,\" not that he'd actually disarmed them.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWhen Behan said he had disarmed them, Virgil attempted to avoid a fight. \"I had a walking stick in my left hand and my hand was on my six-shooter in my waist pants, and when he said he had disarmed them, I shoved it clean around to my left hip and changed my walking stick to my right hand.\" Wyatt said I \"took my pistol, which I had in my hand, under my coat, and put it in my overcoat pocket.\" The Earps walked further down Fremont street and came into full view of the Cowboys in the lot.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWyatt testified he saw \"Frank McLaury, Tom McLaury, and Billy Clanton standing in a row against the east side of the building on the opposite side of the vacant space west of Fly's photograph gallery. Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne and a man I don't know [Wes Fuller] were standing in the vacant space about halfway between the photograph gallery and the next building west.\" Addie Bourland corroborated Wyatt's testimony, stating that she saw \"five men opposite my house, leaning against a small house west of Fly's Gallery and one man was holding a horse, standing a little out from the house.\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe gunfight","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIn the preceding weeks and hours, Ike Clanton had repeatedly threatened Doc Holliday and the Earps. The Earps were tired of the threats. Martha J. King was in Bauer's butcher shop on Fremont Street. She testified that when the Earp party passed by her location, one of the Earps on the outside of the group looked across and said to Doc Holliday nearest the store, \"...let them have it!\" to which Holliday replied, \"All right.\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nPhysical proximity","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWhen the Earps approached the lot, the four law men were initially facing five Cowboys: Frank McLaury, Tom McLaury, Billy Clanton, Wes Fuller, and Ike Clanton. The Cowboys stepped away from the Harwood house.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIn testimony given by witnesses afterward, they disagreed about the precise location of the men and animals at the beginning of the gunfight and during. The coroner's inquest and the Spicer hearing produced a sketch showing the Cowboys standing, from left to right facing Fremont Street, with Billy Clanton and then Frank McLaury near the Harwood house and Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton roughly in the middle of the lot. Opposite them and initially only about 6 to away, Virgil Earp was on the left end of the Earp party, standing a few feet inside the vacant lot and nearest Ike Clanton. Behind him a few feet near the corner of C. S. Fly's boarding house was Wyatt. Morgan Earp was standing on Fremont Street to Wyatt's right, and Doc Holliday anchored the end of their line in Fremont Street, a few feet to Morgan's right.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWyatt Earp drew a sketch in 1924 and another with John Flood on September 15, 1926 that depicted Billy Clanton near the middle of the lot, close to the Harwood house. Tom and Frank McLaury stood deeper in the lot. Frank was in the center between the two buildings, holding the reins of his horse. Tom was closer to C. S. Fly's boarding house. According to Wyatt's sketches, Morgan was on the right of the lawmen, close to the Harwood house, opposite Billy Clanton near the Harwood house and close to Fremont St. Virgil was deeper in the lot, opposite Frank and Ike Clanton. Wyatt was to Virgil's left, opposite Tom. Doc Holliday hung back a step or two on Fremont Street. Neither of Wyatt's sketches included Ike Clanton or Billy Clairborne, who ran from the fight.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nGunbattle begins","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nVirgil Earp was not expecting a fight. Once Behan said that he'd disarmed the Cowboys, Virgil traded the short, double-barreled shotgun he was carrying for Holliday's cane. Virgil carried the cane in his right hand and shifted the pistol in his waistband from the right side to his left. Holliday concealed the short shotgun under his long jacket. Wyatt too was not expecting a fight and put his pistol in his overcoat pocket.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nBilly Clanton and Frank McLaury wore revolvers in holsters on their belts and stood alongside their saddled horses with rifles in their scabbards, possibly in violation of the city ordinance prohibiting carrying weapons in town.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWhen Virgil saw the Cowboys, he testified, he immediately commanded the Cowboys to \"Throw up your hands, I want your guns!\" Wyatt said Virgil told the Cowboys, \"Throw up your hands; I have come to disarm you!\" Virgil and Wyatt both testified they saw Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton draw and cock their six-shooters. Virgil yelled: \"Hold! I don't mean that!\" or \"Hold on, I don't want that!\" The single-action revolvers carried by both groups had to be cocked before firing.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nJeff Morey, who served as the historical consultant on the film Tombstone, compared testimony by partisan and neutral witnesses and came to the conclusion that the Earps described the situation accurately.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWho started shooting first is not certain; accounts by both participants and eyewitnesses are contradictory. The smoke from the black powder used in the weapons added to the confusion of the gunfight in the narrow space. Those loyal to one side or the other told conflicting stories, and independent eyewitnesses who did not know the participants by sight were unable to say for certain who shot first. The six or seven men with guns fired about 30 shots in around 30 seconds.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n; First two shots\nVirgil Earp reported afterward, \"Two shots went off right together. Billy Clanton's was one of them.\" Wyatt testified, \"Billy Clanton leveled his pistol at me, but I did not aim at him. I knew that Frank McLaury had the reputation of being a good shot and a dangerous man, and I aimed at Frank McLaury.\" He said he shot Frank McLaury after both he and Billy Clanton went for their revolvers: \"The first two shots were fired by Billy Clanton and myself, he shooting at me, and I shooting at Frank McLaury.\" Morey agreed that Billy Clanton and Wyatt Earp fired first. Clanton missed, but Earp shot Frank McLaury in the stomach.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAll witnesses generally agreed that the first two shots were almost indistinguishable from each other. General firing immediately broke out. Virgil and Wyatt thought Tom was armed. When shooting started, the horse that Tom McLaury held jumped to one side. Wyatt said he also saw Tom throw his hand to his right hip. Virgil said Tom followed the horse's movement, hiding behind it, and fired once, if not twice, over the horse's back.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n; Holliday shoots Tom\nAccording to one witness, Holliday drew a \"large bronze pistol\" (interpreted by some as Virgil's coach gun) from under his long coat, stepped around Tom McLaury's horse, and shot him with the short, double-barreled shotgun in the chest at close range.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWitness C. H. \"Ham\" Light saw Tom running or stumbling westward on Fremont Street towards Third Street, away from the gunfight, while Frank and Billy were still standing and shooting. Light testified that Tom fell at the foot of a telegraph pole on the corner of Fremont and 3rd Street and lay there, without moving, through the duration of the fight. After shooting Tom, Holliday tossed the shotgun aside, pulled out his nickel-plated revolver, and continued to fire at Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n; Ike Clanton runs\nWyatt told the court afterward that Ike Clanton had bragged that he would kill the Earps or Doc Holliday at his first opportunity. But when the gunfight broke out, Clanton ran forward and grabbed him, exclaiming that he was unarmed and did not want a fight. To this protest Wyatt said he responded, \"Go to fighting or get away!\" Clanton ran through the front door of Fly's boarding house and escaped, unwounded. Other accounts say that Ike drew a hidden pistol and fired at the Earps before disappearing. Billy Claiborne also ran from the fight.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n; Billy Clanton shot\nAccording to The Tombstone Epitaph, \"Wyatt Earp stood up and fired in rapid succession, as cool as a cucumber, and was not hit.\" Morgan Earp fired almost immediately, as Billy Clanton drew his gun right-handed. Morgan's shot hit Billy in the right wrist, disabling his hand. Forced to shift the revolver to his left hand, Clanton continued shooting until he emptied the gun. Virgil and Wyatt were now firing. Morgan Earp tripped and fell over a newly buried waterline and fired from the ground. Wyatt shot Frank McLaury in the abdomen, and Frank took his horse by its reins and struggled across Fremont Street. He tried and failed to grab his rifle from the scabbard but lost control of the horse. Frank crossed Fremont Street firing his revolver instead. Frank and Holliday exchanged shots as Frank moved across Fremont Street, and Frank hit Holliday in his pistol pocket, grazing him. Holliday followed him, exclaiming, \"That son of a bitch has shot me and I am going to kill him.\" Morgan Earp picked himself up and also fired at Frank. Frank fell to the sidewalk on the east side of Fremont Street.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nA number of witnesses observed a man leading a horse into the street and firing near it and Wyatt in his testimony thought this was Tom McLaury. Claiborne said only one man had a horse in the fight, and that this man was Frank, holding his own horse by the reins, then losing it and its cover, in the middle of the street. Wes Fuller also identified Frank as the man in the street leading the horse.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n;Morgan Earp wounded","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThough wounded, Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury kept shooting. One of them, perhaps Billy, shot Morgan Earp across the back in a wound that struck both shoulder blades and a vertebra. Morgan went down for a minute before picking himself up. Either Frank or Billy shot Virgil Earp in the calf (Virgil thought it was Billy). Virgil, though hit, fired his next shot at Billy Clanton.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nFrank, now entirely across Fremont street and still walking at a good pace according to Claiborne's testimony, fired twice more before he was shot in the head under his right ear. Both Morgan and Holliday apparently thought they had fired the shot that killed Frank, but since neither of them testified at the hearing, this information is only from second-hand accounts. A passerby testified to having stopped to help Frank, and saw Frank try to speak, but he died where he fell, before he could be moved.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nBilly Clanton was shot in the wrist, chest and abdomen, and after a minute or two slumped to a sitting position near his original position at the corner of the MacDonald house in the lot between the house and Fly's Lodging House. Claiborne said Clanton was supported by a window initially after he was shot, and fired some shots after sitting, with the pistol supported on his leg. After he ran out of ammunition, he called for more cartridges, but C. S. Fly took his pistol at about the time the general shooting ended.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nA few moments later, Tom McLaury was carried from the corner of Fremont and Third into the Harwood house on that corner, where he died without speaking. Passersby carried Billy Clanton to the Harwood house, where Tom had been taken. Billy was in considerable pain and asked for a doctor and some morphine. He told those near him, \"They have murdered me. I have been murdered. Chase the crowd away and from the door and give me air.\" Billy gasped for air, and someone else heard him say, \"Go away and let me die.\" Ike Clanton, who had repeatedly threatened the Earps with death, was still running. William Cuddy testified that Ike passed him on Allen Street and Johnny Behan saw him a few minutes later on Tough Nut Street.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nOutcome of the battle","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIke Clanton, who had been threatening to kill the Earps for several months, including the day before, and Billy Claiborne were both unarmed. They ran from the fight unhurt. Wesley Fuller, a Cowboy who had been at the rear of the lot, left as soon as the firing began. Both Wyatt and Virgil believed Tom McLaury was armed and testified that he had fired at least one shot over the back of a horse. Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury exchanged gunfire with the lawmen. During the gunfight, Doc Holliday was bruised by a bullet fired by Frank that struck his holster and grazed his hip. Virgil Earp was shot through the calf, he thought by Billy Clanton. Morgan Earp was struck across both shoulder blades by a bullet that Morgan thought Frank McLaury had fired. Wyatt Earp was unhurt. Tom McLaury, his brother Frank, and Billy Clanton were killed.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAs the wounded lawmen were carried to their homes, they passed in front of the Sheriff's Office, and Johnny Behan told Wyatt Earp he was under arrest. Wyatt paused two or three seconds and replied very forcibly: \"I won't be arrested today. I am right here and am not going away.\" Dr. George Goodfellow treated the Earps' wounds.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nCowboy wounds","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nDr. Henry M. Mathews examined the dead Cowboys late that night. He found Frank McLaury had two wounds: a gunshot beneath the right ear that horizontally penetrated his head, and a second entering his abdomen one inch to the left of his navel. Mathews stated that the wound beneath the ear was at the base of the brain and caused instant death. Sheriff Behan testified that he had heard Morgan Earp yell \"I got him\" after Frank was shot. However, during the gunfight, Frank moved across Fremont street, putting Holliday on Frank's right and Morgan on his left. This makes it much more likely that Holliday shot the fatal round that killed Frank.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWhen he examined Tom McLaury's body, Mathews found twelve buckshot wounds from a single shotgun round on the right side under his arm, between the third and fifth ribs. The wound was about four inches across. The nature and location of the wound indicated that it could not have been received if Tom's hands were on his coat lapels as the Cowboys later testified. Both Virgil and Wyatt stated that Holliday had shot Tom, which the coroner's exam supported.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nDr. George Goodfellow testified about Billy Clanton's wounds at the Spicer hearing. He stated that the angle of the wrist wound indicated that Billy's hand could not have been raised over his head as claimed by Cowboy witnesses. In his coroner's report, Mathews did not mention Billy's arm wound, but witness Keefe, who examined the arm closely, testified later that Clanton was shot through the right arm, close to the wrist joint and \"the bullet passed through the arm from \"inside to outside,\" entering the arm close to the base of the thumb, and exiting \"on the back of the wrist diagonally\" with the latter wound larger. This indicated to the judge that Billy could not have been holding his coat's lapels open, his arms raised, as the Cowboys testified. Dr. Mathews found two other wounds on Billy's body. The first was two inches from Clanton's left nipple, penetrated his lung. The other was in the abdomen beneath the twelfth rib, six inches to the right of the navel. Both were fired from the front. Neither passed completely through his body.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe wound to Billy Clanton's right wrist may have been inflicted by Morgan Earp or Doc Holliday immediately at the outset of the fight as Billy was drawing his gun.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWeapons carried by the Cowboys","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n; Billy Clanton","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nBilly Clanton was armed with Colt Frontier 1873 revolvers which were identified by their serial numbers at the Spicer hearing. C.S. Fly found Billy Clanton's empty revolver in his hand where he lay and took it from him.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n; Frank McLaury","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nFrank McLaury's was also armed with a Colt Frontier 1873 revolver which was recovered by laundryman B. E. Fellehy on the street a few feet from his body with two rounds remaining in it. Fellehy placed it next to Frank's body before he was moved to the Harwood house. Dr. Mathews laid Frank's revolver on the floor while he examined Billy and Tom. Cowboy witness Wes Fuller said he saw Frank in the middle of the street shooting a revolver and trying to remove a Winchester rifle from the scabbard on his horse. The two Model 1873 rifles were still in the scabbards on Frank and Tom McLaury's horses when they were found after the gunfight. If, as was customary, Frank carried only five rounds, then he had fired only three shots.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n; Tom McLaury","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWitnesses differed about whether Tom McLaury was carrying a weapon during the shootout or not. No revolver or rifle was found near his body and he was not wearing a cartridge belt. Wyatt testified that he had arrested Tom earlier that day when he found him carrying a weapon earlier in violation of a city ordinance. He pistol-whipped him and took him to the courthouse where he was fined. Saloon-keeper Mehan testified that Tom had deposited his revolver at the Capital Saloon on 4th Street and Fremont after his arrest and before the fight, between 1 and 2 p.m. Several Cowboy witnesses testified that Tom was unarmed and claimed that the Earps had murdered a defenseless man.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nBehan testified that when he searched Tom McLaury for a weapon prior to the gunfight, he was not thorough, and that Tom might have had a pistol hidden in his waistband. Behan's testimony was significant, since he was a prime witness for the prosecution but had equivocated on this point. Behan's sympathy to the Cowboys was well known, and during the trial he firmly denied he had contributed money to help Ike with his defense costs. However, documents were located in 1997 that showed Behan served as guarantor for a loan to Ike Clanton during the Spicer hearing. Since Wyatt planned to run against Behan for County Sheriff, Behan had an incentive to help convict Wyatt.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nA story in the Cowboy-friendly newspaper, the Nugget, stated without attribution that \"The Sheriff stepped out and said [to the Earps]: 'Hold up boys, don't go down there or there will be trouble; I have been down there to disarm them.'\" In his testimony, Behan repeatedly insisted he told the Earps that he only intended to disarm the Cowboys, not that he had actually done so. The article said that Behan \"was standing near by commanding the contestants to cease firing but was powerless to prevent it.\" Given the Nugget close relationship to Behan (it was owned by Behan's deputy sheriff), it is likely they interviewed him. By Williams' account, Behan told Virgil Earp immediately after the gunfight a story that corroborated the Nugget report, which the newspaper altered afterward to a version that matched the story Behan later told at the coroner's inquest.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThough saloon-keeper Andrew Mehan had seen Tom deposit his pistol after his beating by Earp and before the gunfight, none of the Earps had any way of knowing that Tom had left his revolver at the saloon. Hotel keeper Albert \"Chris\" Billickie, whose father Charles owned the Cosmopolitan Hotel, saw Tom McLaury enter Bauer's butcher shop about 2:00 p.m. He testified that Tom's right-hand pants pocket was flat when he went in but protruded, as if it contained a pistol (so he thought), when he emerged. Retired army surgeon Dr. J. W. Gardiner also testified that he saw the bulge in Tom's pants. However, the bulge in Tom's pants pocket may have been the nearly $3,300 in cash and receipts found on his body, perhaps in payment for stolen Mexican beef purchased by the butcher.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWyatt and Virgil Earp and Doc Holliday believed that Tom had a revolver at the time of the gunfight. Wyatt thought Tom fired a revolver under the horse's neck and believed until he died that Tom's revolver had been removed from the scene by Wesley Fuller. One eye witness, laundryman Peter H. Fellehy, stated that he saw Morgan Earp and Doc Holliday shooting at a man who was using a horse to barricade himself, and once shot the man fell. During that statement, Fellehy claimed the man still held his pistol in his hand. Although he never said he saw him shoot, he does indicate that Tom McLaury was armed.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nRuben F. Coleman also said afterward that he thought Tom was armed, though he later equivocated on this point. He was quoted in the October 27 issue of The Tombstone Epitaph in which he said, \"Tom McLaury fell first, but raised and fired again before he died.\" Coleman also testified at the coroner’s inquest one day later. Part-time newspaper reporter Howell 'Pat' Hayhurst transcribed all of the testimony from the hearing in the early 1930s as part of the Federal Writers' Project, in the Works Progress Administration. When he transcribed Coleman's second testimony, he quoted Coleman as saying, \"Tom McLaury, after the first two shots were fired, ran down Fremont Street and fell ... I think that the report I gave to the Epitaph was pretty near correct as published.\" However, it's known that Hayhurst arbitrarily removed text that he decided was not relevant. Author Stuart N. Lake later said Hayhurst ‘mutilated’ the transcription. The documents were subsequently lost and are still unaccounted for.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nEven if Tom wasn't armed with a revolver, Virgil Earp testified Tom attempted to grab a rifle from the scabbard on the horse in front of him before he was killed. Judge Spicer ruled afterward that \"if Thomas McLaury was one of a party who were thus armed and were making felonious resistance to an arrest, and in the melee that followed was shot, the fact of his being unarmed, if it be a fact, could not of itself [in]criminate the defendants [Earps], if they were not otherwise criminated.\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n; Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIke Clanton and Billy Claiborne both said they were unarmed when they fled the gunfight.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nPublic reaction","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe bodies of the three dead Cowboys were displayed in a window at Ritter and Reams undertakers with a sign: \"Murdered in the Streets of Tombstone.\" The Daily Nugget proclaimed:","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Tombstone Epitaph was more restrained in its language:","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nSince The Tombstone Epitaph was the local Associated Press client, its story was the version of events that most readers across the United States read first.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe funerals for Billy Clanton (age 19), Tom McLaury (age 28) and his older brother Frank (age 33) were well attended. About 300 people joined in the procession to Boot Hill and as many as two thousand watched from the sidewalks. Both McLaureys were buried in the same grave, and Billy Clanton was buried nearby. The story was widely printed in newspapers across the United States. Most versions favored the lawmen. The San Francisco Exchange headlines their story, \"A Good Riddance\".","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Coroner's Jury convened by Dr. Henry Matthews neither condemned nor exonerated the lawmen for shooting the Cowboys. \"William Clanton, Frank and Thomas McLaury, came to their deaths in the town of Tombstone on October 26, 1881, from the effects of pistol and gunshot wounds inflicted by Virgil Earp, Morgan Earp, Wyatt Earp, and one—Holliday, commonly called 'Doc Holliday'.\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe initial public reaction was largely favorable to the Earps, but began to change when rumors began to circulate that Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury were unarmed, and that Billy Clanton and Tom McLaury even threw up their hands before the shooting. Within a few days, Phineas \"Fin\" Clanton arrived in town, and some began to claim that the Earps and Holliday had committed murder, instead of enforcing the law. Clara Spalding Brown, the wife of mining engineer Theodore Brown, was a correspondent for the San Diego Union and other California newspapers. She wrote that Tombstone residents were divided about the justification for the killings. Referring to the initial testimony offered by Ike Clanton, she wrote, \"Opinion is pretty divided as to the justification of the killing. You may meet one man who will support the Earps, and declare that no other course was possible to save their own lives, and the next man is just as likely to assert that there was no occasion whatever for bloodshed, and that this will be 'a warm place' for the Earps hereafter.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAt the inquest yesterday, the damaging fact was ascertained that only two of the cowboys were armed, it thus being a most unequal fight.\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nEven the Governor of the Arizona Territory, John C. Frémont, reported after the gunfight, \"Many of the very best law-abiding and peace-loving citizens [of Tombstone] have no confidence in the willingness of the civil officers to pursue and bring to justice that element of out-lawry so largely disturbing the sense of security...[The opinion] is quite prevalent that the civil officers are quite largely in league with the leaders of this disturbing and dangerous element.\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nSpicer hearing","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nFour days after the shoot out, Ike Clanton filed murder charges against Doc Holliday and the Earps. Wyatt and Holliday were arrested and brought before Justice of the Peace, Wells Spicer. Morgan and Virgil were still recovering at home. Only Wyatt and Holliday were required to post $10,000 bail, which was paid by their attorney Thomas Fitch, local mine owner E.B. Gage, Wells Fargo undercover agent Fred Dodge, and other business owners appreciative of the Earps' efforts to maintain order. Virgil Earp was suspended as town marshal pending the outcome of the trial. Justice Spicer convened a preliminary hearing on October 31 to determine if there was enough evidence to go to trial.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe prosecution was led by Republican District Attorney Lyttleton Price, assisted by John M. Murphy, James Robinson, and Ben Goodrich. They were joined by William McLaury, Frank and Tom's older brother, he also being an able attorney, who played a key role on the prosecutor's team. The Earp's attorney Thomas Fitch was an experienced trial lawyer and had earned a reputation as the \"silver-tongued orator of the Pacific.\"","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nSpicer took written and oral testimony from a number of witnesses over more than a month. Accounts by both participants and eye-witnesses were contradictory. Those loyal to one side or the other told conflicting stories and independent eyewitnesses who did not know the participants by sight were unable to say for certain who shot first.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nCochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan testified on the third day of the hearing. During two days on the stand, he gave strong testimony that the Cowboys had not resisted but either threw up their hands and turned out their coats to show they were not armed. Behan's views turned public opinion against the Earps, who were free on bail. He and other prosecution witnesses testified that Tom McLaury was unarmed, that Billy Clanton had his hands in the air, and that neither of the McLaurys were troublemakers. They portrayed Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury as being unjustly bullied and beaten by the vengeful Earps on the day of the gunfight. On the strength of the prosecution case, Spicer revoked the bail for Doc and Wyatt Earp and had them jailed on November 7. They spent the next 16 days in jail.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nDefense accounts contradicted the testimony of Behan, Claiborne and Allen, who all said that a man had fired a nickel-plated pistol first. Claiborne and Allen both said it was Holliday. Virgil, Wyatt and other witnesses testified that Holliday was carrying a shotgun. (Morgan remained bedridden throughout the trial and did not testify.) The prosecution's scenario would have required Holliday to fire with his pistol first, switch to the shotgun to shoot Tom McLaury, then switch back again to his pistol to continue firing.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThree witnesses gave key evidence that swayed Justice Spicer to hold that Virgil had acted within his capacity as Sheriff and that there was insufficient evidence to indict the Earps and Doc Holliday for murder.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nH.F Sills was an AT&SF RR engineer who had just arrived in town and knew none of the parties involved. He testified that he saw \"the marshal go up and speak to this other party. I ... saw them pull out their revolvers immediately. The marshal had a cane in his right hand at the time. He throwed up his hand and spoke. I did not hear the words though. By that time Billy Clanton and Wyatt Earp had fired their guns off.\" Grilled by the prosecution, he corroborated virtually all of the defense's testimony.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAddie Bourland was a dressmaker whose residence was across Fremont Street from Fly's Boarding House. She testified that she saw both sides facing each other, that none of the Cowboys had held their hands up, that the firing was general, and that she had not seen Billy Clanton fall immediately as the Cowboys had testified.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nJudge J.H. Lucas of the Cochise County Probate Court had offices in the Mining Exchange Building about 200 ft from the shootout. Lucas' corroborated Addie Bourland's testimony that Billy Clanton was standing throughout the fight, which contradicted prosecution witnesses who maintained he went down immediately after being shot at close range in the belly. Spicer noted that no powder burns were found on his clothing.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThese witnesses' testimony, especially that of H.F. Sills, a disinterested party, discredited much of the testimony given by Sheriff Johnny Behan, Ike Clanton and the other Cowboy witnesses.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAfter hearing all the evidence, Justice Spicer ruled on November 30 that Virgil, as the lawman in charge that day, had acted within his office and that there was not enough evidence to indict the men. He described Frank McLaury's insistence that he would not give up his weapons unless the marshal and his deputies also gave up their arms as a \"proposition both monstrous and startling!\" He noted that the prosecution claimed that the Cowboys' purpose was to leave town, yet Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne did not have their weapons with them. Spicer noted that the doctor who examined the dead Cowboys established that the wounds they received could not have occurred if their hands and arms had been in the positions that prosecution witnesses described. Spicer did not condone all of the Earps' actions and criticized Virgil Earp's use of Wyatt and Holliday as deputies, but he concluded that no laws were broken. He said the evidence indicated that the Earps and Holliday acted within the law and that Holliday and Wyatt had been properly deputized by Virgil Earp.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIn popular culture","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe public perception of the Earp brothers' actions, and especially those of Wyatt, were controversial. Even today, they have strongly opinionated admirers and detractors.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nGunfight sketch","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nA hand-drawn sketch of the gunfight, made by John Flood with Wyatt Earp's assistance on September 15, 1921, was sold at auction in October 2010 for $380,000. The map describes the position of a number of witnesses and all of the participants with the exception of Ike Clanton, who fled from the gunfight.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nPaintings","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIn 1952, Victor Clyde Forsythe, a popular painter of desert scenes and cowboy artist, painted \"Gunfight at O.K. Corral\", a oil painting regarded by some as the most accurate depiction of the gunfight for many years. Forsythe’s father, William Bowen Forsyth and uncle, Ira Chandler owned a store, Chandler & Forsyth C.O.D., at 328 Fremont Street, west of the back entrance to the O.K. Corral, and one-half block from the site of the gunfight. They claimed that had been present and witnessed the shoot out. Newspaper accounts of the painting reported that Forsythe had interviewed Tombstone residents and examined many of the existing buildings before beginning to plan his painting. In May 1988, his studio printed and sold a limited edition of 390 copies of the painting.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nJohn Gilchriese became friends with John Flood, who had been Wyatt Earp’s secretary, confidante and best friend for many years. When Earp died, Flood inherited many of his personal belongings. Flood in turn willed them to Gilchriese, who amassed over a number of years one of the largest collections of personal items belonging to Wyatt and Virgil Earp along with many unpublished photos of them and their family. Gilchriese opened the Wyatt Earp Museum in Tombstone in 1966 and commissioned Western artist Don Perceval to paint the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. The oil on masonite painting, titled The Street Fight, is 6 feet 4 inches by 4 feet (1.93 m by 1.22 m). It was the largest work ever executed by Perceval. He referred to original documents in Gilchriese's collection, including Wyatt Earp's own diagram of the shootout, and unpublished notes made by John Flood, to create what is regarded as the most accurate depiction of the shootout. Gilchreise had 500 lithographic prints reproduced from the original, which Perceval signed. The prints were sold by the museum for $10.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nAfter Gilchriese closed his museum, the painting along with other contents of the museum was sold at auction by John's Western Gallery of San Francisco. The estimated auction price was $200,000 to $300,000. The final sale price on June 25, 2004 was $40,250. It was put up for auction again on June 14, 2014 with an estimated selling price of $40,000 - $60,000 but failed to sell.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nOrigin of the gunfight's name","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe shootout was described by Breakenridge in his 1928 book Helldorado: Bringing Law to the Mesquite as \"The Incident Near the O.K. Corral.\" In his popular book Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal, Stuart Lake titled his chapter about the conflict, \"At the O.K. Corral.\" But it was the popular movie Gunfight at the O.K. Corral that cemented the incident and its erroneous location in popular consciousness. The movie and accompanying mythologizing also altered the way the public thought of the Earps and the outlaws. Prior to the movie, the media often criticized the Earps' actions in Tombstone. In the movies, they became the good guys, always ready to stand for what is right.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe incident has become a fixture in American history due to the personal nature of the feud between the Earps and the McLaury and Clanton brothers and the symbolism of the fight between lawmen and the outlaw Cowboys. When the Cowboys maimed Virgil and murdered Morgan, but escaped prosecution, Wyatt's extra-legal campaign for revenge captured people's attention. The gunfight and its aftermath stand for the change overcoming America as the Western frontier ceased to exist, between a modern nation that was rapidly industrializing, pushing out what had been a largely agrarian economy.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe town of Tombstone has capitalized on widespread interest in the gunfight. Portions of the town are a historical district that has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. National Park Service. A local company produces daily theatrical re-enactments of the gunfight.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nFilm and television","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nWith the widespread sales of televisions after World War II, producers spun out a large number of western-oriented shows. At the height of their popularity in 1959, there were more than two dozen \"cowboy\" programs on each week. At least six of them were directly or indirectly connected with Wyatt Earp: The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, Bat Masterson, Tombstone Territory, Broken Arrow, Johnny Ringo, and Gunsmoke. Hugh O'Brien portrayed Earp on the namesake show, Wyatt Earp, which ran for six seasons.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nA 2003 episode of Discovery Channel's Unsolved History used modern technology to attempt to re-enact the gunfight. They utilized a movie set to recreate a space similar to the lot where the original gun fight took place. They confirmed that the front to back wrist wound suffered by Billy Clanton could only have occurred if his arm was raised in a manner like that when holding a pistol and that the black powder may have obscured the shooters' view of each other. The episode concluded that the three eyewitnesses for the prosecution (Sheriff Behan, Ike Clanton and Billy Clanton) likely offered perjured testimony. They found that Tom McLaury may have been hit by the shotgun round under his armpit as he reached over his horse for a rifle in his scabbard, as the horse turned away from him at the same time.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe stories about the gunfight written in the 20th century affected American culture. Numerous dramatic, fictional, and documentary works have been produced about or referencing the event with varying degrees of accuracy. These works include:","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n* Law and Order (1932) with Walter Huston\n* Frontier Marshal (1934) with George O'Brien\n* Dodge City (1939) with Errol Flynn \n* Frontier Marshal (1939) with Randolph Scott \n* Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die (1942) with Richard Dix \n* My Darling Clementine (1946) with Henry Fonda\n* Angel and the Badman (1947) with John Wayne \n* The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1955), TV series with Hugh O'Brien \n* Wichita (1955) with Joel McCrea \n* Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957) with Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas \n* Cheyenne Autumn (1964) with James Stewart\n* Gunmen of the Rio Grande (1965) \n* The Gunfighters (1966), a Doctor Who serial \n* Hour of the Gun (1967) with James Garner \n* \"Spectre of the Gun\" (1968), an original Star Trek episode \n* Doc (1971) written by Pete Hamill \n* \"Showdown at O.K.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nCorral\" (1972), an Appointment with Destiny episode, narrated by Lorne Greene \n* \"Ghost Fight at the OK Corral\" (1987), The Real Ghostbusters episode \n* Tombstone (1993) with Kurt Russell \n* Wyatt Earp (1994) with Kevin Costner \n* \"Shootout at Fly's Photographic Studio\", a History Bites episode \n* Days That Shook the World (2004) in the episode Rule Of The Gun.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIn print","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n(Chronological)","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\n* Warlock (1958), a novel by Oakley Hall prominently features a fictionalized version of the gunfight, known as the \"Shootout at the Acme Corral\".\n* Mister Blueberry (1995–2005), a 5-volume story arc of the comics series Blueberry by French artist Jean Giraud combines multiple plots including one about the gunfight.\n* Frontier Earth (1999), a sci-fi/western novel by actor Bruce Boxleitner, about the events leading up to the gunfight.\n* The Return of Little Big Man (1999), in which novelist Thomas Berger's wandering protagonist Jack Crabb becomes a witness to the event.\n* Gunman's Rhapsody (2001) by Robert B. Parker\n* Telegraph Days (2006), a novel by Larry McMurtry, includes a representation of the gunfight, told by a fictional journalist and eyewitness\n* Territory (July 2007), a novel by Emma Bull offers a fantasy retelling of the events leading up to the fight.\n* The Buntline Special (2010) By Mike Resnick, a Steampunk re-imagining of the gunfight.\n* The Last Kind Words Saloon (2014) By Larry McMurtry, culminates with a version of the gunfight.\n* Epitaph: A Novel of the O.K. Corral (2015) by Mary Doria Russell tells Wyatt Earp's story.","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nIn mathematics","Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nDavid Williams and Paul McIlroy introduced a mathematical model for the O.K. Corral gunfight, which they published in Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society (1998). Later this model was analyzed by Sir John Kingman (1999, 2002), and Kingman and Volkov (2003). They analyzed the probability of \"survival of exactly S gunmen given an initially fair configuration.\"","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nNicholas Porter Earp (September 6, 1813 – February 12, 1907) was the father of well-known Western lawmen Virgil, Wyatt, and Morgan, and their lesser-known brothers James and Warren Earp. He was a justice of the peace, a farmer, cooper, constable, bootlegger, wagon-master, and teacher.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nEarly family life and military service","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nNicholas Earp was born in Lincoln County, North Carolina, to Walter Earp (b. 1787, Montgomery County, Maryland – d. January 30, 1853) and Martha Ann Early (b. August 28, 1790, Avery County, North Carolina – d. September 24, 1881). The Earp family was of English and Scotch-Irish descent. The first Earp immigrant to the American colonies was Thomas Earp Jr., who arrived in Anne Arundel County on July 6, 1674, as an indentured servant from Ireland. He is buried in St. Anne's Parish in Annapolis. Nicholas was named for a circuit-riding judge in Kentucky.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nNicholas' father Walter Earp was a school teacher, a Justice of the Peace in Monmouth, Illinois and a Methodist Episcopal preacher. Walter Earp was born in Montgomery County, Maryland in 1787. He was a fifth-generation Marylander and the fourth great-grandson of Thomas Earp, Sr. (1631–1720), an Ulsterman who emigrated from the barony of Fews in County Armagh, Northern Ireland to Maryland. Nicholas' mother, Martha Ann Early, was born in Avery County, North Carolina, on August 28, 1790. Nicholas was the third of ten children; his siblings include six brothers: Lorenzo Dow, Josiah Jackson, James Kelly, Francis Asbury, Jonathan Douglas and Walter C (twins); as well as three sisters: Elizabeth, Mary Ann, and Sarah Ann.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nSoon after his birth, his family moved from Virginia to Hartford, Kentucky in 1813, where Nicholas spent the rest of his childhood. As a young man, Nicholas served in the Black Hawk War of 1831 and later was a sergeant in the Mexican-American War. During the Mexican-American War Nicholas served under Captain Wyatt Berry Stapp of the Illinois Mounted Volunteers. Nicholas named his fourth son after him. During the Civil War, Nicholas also served in Iowa as a provost marshal for recruitment. This included his own sons Newton, James, and Virgil who fought for the Union Army. He originally intended to become a lawyer like his father before moving his law practice and his family from North Carolina to Kentucky, where he took up farming. He was also a cooper and sheriff.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nFirst marriage","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nOn December 22, 1836, in Hartford, Nicholas Porter married Abigail Storm, the daughter of Peter and Anna Maria (Lehman) Sturm (September 21, 1813, in Ohio County, Kentucky – October 8, 1839 Ohio County, Kentucky) who was the great-granddaughter of German immigrants who had originally settled in Frederick, Maryland. Their children: on December 22, 1836 in Hartford, Kentucky. They had two children:","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\n* Newton Jasper Earp (October 7, 1837 Ohio County, Kentucky – December 18, 1928 Sacramento, California). Married Nancy Jane (Jennie) Adam.\n* Mariah Ann Earp (February 12 – December 13, 1839), died two months after her mother at the age of ten months.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nAbigail died on October 8, 1839.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nSecond marriage","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nOn July 30, 1840, Nicholas married Virginia Ann Cooksey in Hartford, Kentucky. They had eight children:","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\n* James Cooksey Earp (June 28, 1841 in Hartford, Kentucky — January 25, 1926 in Los Angeles, California)\n* Virgil Walter Earp (July 18, 1843 in Hartford, Kentucky — October 19, 1905 in Goldfield, Nevada).\n* Martha Elizabeth Earp (September 25, 1845 in Kentucky — May 26, 1856 in Monmouth, Illinois).\n* Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848 in Monmouth, Illinois — January 13, 1929 in Los Angeles, California).\n* Morgan Seth Earp (April 24, 1851 in Pella, Iowa — March 18, 1882 in Tombstone, Arizona).\n* Baxter Warren Earp (always known as Warren) (March 9, 1855 in Pella, Iowa — July 6, 1900 in Willcox, Arizona).\n* Virginia Ann Earp (February 28, 1858 in Marion County, Iowa — October 26, 1861 in Pella, Iowa).\n* Adelia Douglas Earp (June 16, 1861 in Pella, Iowa — January 16, 1941 in San Bernardino, California).","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nRelocates to Iowa","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nIn March 1849, Nicholas Earp joined about one hundred others from Monmouth County, Illinois for a trip to California, where he planned to look for good farm land, not gold. He decided to move to San Bernardino County in the southern part of the state. Nicholas returned to Illinois and the family left for California but their daughter Martha, became ill and died. Nicholas changed plans and moved to Pella, Iowa.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nVarious occupations","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nTheir new farm in Pella, Iowa, consisted of 160 acre, 7 mi was northeast of Pella, Iowa. Eight years later, on March 4, 1856, Nicholas sold his Pella, Iowa, farm to Aquillin Waters Noe (who resold it on the same day to Hiram Zenas Webster) and the family returned to Monmouth, Illinois, where Nicholas found that nobody needed his services as cooper or farmer.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nUnable to find work, Nicholas was elected as the town constable, which he served as for about three years. In 1859, he was tried and convicted of bootlegging. Nicholas was unable to pay the court-imposed fines following his trial, and a lien was levied against the Earp's property. On November 11, 1859, the property was sold at auction. Two days later, the Earps left Monmouth and returned to Pella.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nNicholas apparently made frequent travels to Monmouth throughout 1860 to confirm and conclude the sale of his properties and to face several lawsuits for debt and accusations of tax evasion. On May 12, 1864, the Earp family joined a wagon train heading to California. According to the diaries of Utah immigrants in the wagon train, Nicholas was one of the wagon-masters on their overland trek.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nCivil War service","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nAfter the American Civil War began, Newton, James, and Virgil joined the Union Army on November 11, 1861. While his father was busy recruiting and drilling local companies, Wyatt, along with his two younger brothers, Morgan and Warren, were left in charge of tending the 80 acre corn crop. Only 13 years old, Wyatt was too young to enlist, but he tried on several occasions to run away and join the army. Each time his father found him and brought him home. James was severely wounded in Fredericktown, Missouri, and returned home in the summer of 1863. Newton and Virgil fought several battles in the east before returning home.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nMoves to California","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nOn May 12, 1864, the Earp family joined a wagon train heading to California. Nicolas Earp joined with three other families from Pella, the Rousseaus, the Hamiltons, and the Curtises, and on May 12, 1864, they began a wagon trip to California. They took their children Wyatt, Jim, Morgan, Warren, and Adelia. Seven more wagons joined them during the trip to San Bernardino, California, where they arrived on December 17, 1864. Nicholas rented a farm on the banks of the Santa Ana River near present-day Redlands.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nWithin the next year Virgil got a job driving a freight wagon to Salt Lake City and took Wyatt with him. Afterward they took jobs with the Union Pacific, which was building the Transcontinental Railroad west from Omaha, Nebraska. Virgil worked as a teamster and Wyatt manned a pick and shovel. Not long after their brothers Jim and Morgan left the family in San Bernardino and heading for the mining towns of Montana.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nIn spring 1868, the Earps returned to the mid-west and settled in Lamar, Missouri, where Nicholas became the local constable. By November 17, 1869, Nicholas resigned to become Justice of the Peace. His son Wyatt, who had been studying the law with his grandfather, Walter, was immediately appointed constable in place of his father.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nSome time prior to 1880, Nicholas and Virginia Earp moved back to California, settling in San Bernardino County. The 1880 United States Census shows the Nicholas Earp household included Warren and Morgan and his wife Louisa (\"Lou\"). Nicholas was recorded as a farmer. Nicholas was also one of the founders of the San Bernardino Society of California Pioneers.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nThird marriage and death","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nAfter Virginia's death on January 14, 1893 in San Bernardino, 80 year old Nicholas married Annie Elizabeth Cadd on October 14 of the same year. His new wife, the widow of Ambrose Peck Alexander (1825–1884), was 50 years old. She had been born in 1842 in Preston Bissett, Buckingham, England. She died in 1931 and is buried near Virginia and Nellie Earp (wife of son James Earp) at the Pioneer Cemetery in San Bernardino.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nNicholas Earp died at The Soldier's Home in Sawtelle, California, on February 12, 1907, shortly after he was elected to the Los Angeles County court. He is buried in West Los Angeles at the Los Angeles National Cemetery. He had outlived six of his ten children.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nDescendants","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nThree of Nicholas' sons—Virgil, Wyatt, and Morgan—became well-known lawmen as a result of their part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nNewton Earp","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nNewton married Nancy Jane (Jennie) Adam sometime between 1865 and 1868. They had five children.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nJames Earp","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nJames Cooksey Earp enlisted in the Union Army at the outbreak of the American Civil War. He was wounded on October 31, 1861 in a battle near Fredericktown, Missouri, and lost the use of his left arm. He was discharged in March, 1863. Newton and Virgil served until the end of the war. He married former prostitute Nellie \"Bessie\" Ketchum, in April 1873. He served briefly as a deputy marshal in Dodge City, Kansas under Marshal Charlie Bassett. On December 1, 1879, he and Nellie joined his brothers Wyatt and Virgil and their wives in Tombstone in the Arizona Territory. He was not present at the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nOn December 28, 1881, his brother Virgil Earp was ambushed and gravely wounded. He survived but lost use of his left arm. On March 18, 1882, his brother Morgan Earp was assassinated in a billiard parlor. James accompanied Morgan's body to the family home in Colton, California.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nJames then lived for a short time in Shoshone County, Idaho, until settling permanently by 1890 in California. James Earp died of natural causes in San Bernardino, California, on January 25, 1926. He is interred there at the Mountain View Cemetery.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nVirgil Earp","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nVirgil eloped at age sixteen with 16-year-old Dutch immigrant Magdalena C. \"Ellen\" Rysdam (born November 25, 1842 in Utrecht, Netherlands – died May 3, 1910 in Cornelius, Oregon). They remained together for a year in spite of her parents' (Gerrit Rysdam and Magdalena Catrina Van Velzen) disapproval of her choice. Nellie was born two weeks before Virgil enlisted to serve with the Union forces in the Civil War. During the war, Ellen received news that Virgil had died and left Iowa.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nVirgil was discharged from the military on June 26, 1865 and returned to Iowa, but he could not locate Ellen. Five years later, he married Rosella Dragoo (b. January 3, 1845, France) on August 28, 1870 in Lamar, Missouri. His father, Justice of the Peace Nicholas Earp, married them. There are no further records of Rosella or their marriage. Virgil later met Alvira \"Allie\" Sullivan from Florence, Nebraska, in 1874. They were never married but remained together the remainder of his life.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nOn November 27, 1879, U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake appointed Virgil as Deputy U.S. Marshal for the eastern portion of Pima County. He was instructed by Dake to move to Tombstone to help resolve ongoing problems with outlaw Cowboys. But the job didn't pay much. He was mostly on call helping county and city officials.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nOn October 30, 1880, after town marshal Fred White was accidentally shot and killed by outlaw and gunman \"Curly Bill\" Brocius, Virgil was for a while both Tombstone town marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal. While holding these two offices Virgil, his brothers Wyatt and Morgan, and Doc Holliday confronted the Cowboys in a narrow lot on Fremont Street. Virgil was not expecting a fight. He later testified that when he saw the Cowboys, he immediately commanded them to \"Throw up your hands, I want your guns!\" But general shooting broke out almost immediately. Witnesses were conflicted about who fired first. During the gunfight, Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Virgil was shot through the calf (he thought by Billy Clanton). Three days after the O.K. Corral gunfight, the city council suspended Virgil as city marshal pending outcome of the preliminary hearing. Virgil was eventually exonerated of wrongdoing, but his reputation suffered thereafter.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nOn December 28, 1881, three men hidden in the upper story of an unfinished building across Allen street from the hotel ambushed Virgil from behind as he walked from the Oriental Saloon to his room. Virgil was hit in the back and left arm by three loads of double-barreled buckshot from about 60 ft. He was seriously wounded and Dr. George E. Goodfellow was forced to remove 4 in of shattered humerus bone from Virgil's left arm, leaving his arm permanently crippled.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nIn 1898 Virgil was startled to receive a letter from a Mrs. Levi Law, who turned out to be his long-lost daughter who had disappeared with her mother while Virgil fought in the Civil War. He visited her and his first wife in Portland, Oregon in 1898.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nWyatt Earp","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nWyatt Berry Stapp Earp was married three times. His first wife died less than a year after they were married while carrying their first child. Wyatt held a variety of jobs during his life. He was a gambler, lawman, buffalo hunter, saloon keeper, gold/copper miner, pimp, and boxing referee. He arrived with his brothers Virgil and Morgan in Tombstone, Arizona Territory on December 1, 1879. They became embroiled in a conflict with outlaw Cowboys that led to a confrontation and shootout on October 26, 1882, later known as the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nWyatt developed a reputation as a sportsman as well as a gambler. Wyatt was dismayed about the controversy that continually followed him. He wrote a letter to John Hays Hammond on May 21, 1925, telling him \"notoriety had been the bane of my life\".","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nMorgan Earp","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nMorgan Seth Earp joined his brothers Virgil and Wyatt in Tombstone, Arizona Territory on December 1, 1879. He became embroiled in the conflict between the Earp lawmen and a loose federation of outlaw Cowboys. He took part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and was wounded. He was charged by Ike Clanton with murder, but during a month-long preliminary hearing, Judge Wells Spicer ruled that they had acted within the law and dismissed the charges.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nLate Saturday night, March 18, 1882, Morgan was ambushed and killed after returning from a musical at Schieffelin Hall. He was playing a late round of billiards at the Campbell & Hatch Billiard Parlor against owner Bob Hatch. He and the other Earp brothers had received death threats earlier in the day. The assailant shot Morgan through a window in a door that opened onto an alley between Allen and Fremont Streets. Morgan was struck in the right side and the bullet shattered his spine, passed through his left side, and lodged in the thigh of mining foreman George A.B. Berry. He died within the hour.","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nAdelia Earp","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\nAdelia married William Thomas Edwards in Rice County, Kansas in 1877. William Edwards died on May 3, 1919, in San Bernardino County, California. Adelia and William had three children:","Nicholas Porter Earp\n\n* Nicholas Edwards\n* Estelle Josphine Edwards\n* Mary Virginia Edwards (c. 1880–1935).","Ike Clanton\n\nJoseph Isaac \"Ike\" Clanton (1847 – June 1, 1887) was a member of a loosely associated group of outlaws known as the The Cowboys that had ongoing conflicts with lawmen Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan Earp as well as Doc Holliday. On October 26, 1881, Ike was present at the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in the boomtown of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, but was unarmed and ran from the gunfight, in which his 19-year-old brother, Billy, was killed.","Ike Clanton\n\nIke Clanton filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday but after a 30-day preliminary hearing, Justice Wells Spicer ruled that the lawmen had acted within their lawful duty. Ike Clanton was implicated in the attempted assassination of Virgil Earp on December 30, 1881, but other Cowboys provided an alibi and he was released. Six years later Clanton was killed attempting to flee when he was shot by a lawman seeking to arrest him for cattle-rustling.","Ike Clanton\n\nEarly life","Ike Clanton\n\nBorn in Callaway County, Missouri, Joseph Isaac \"Ike\" Clanton was one of seven children of Newman Haynes Clanton, (1816–1881) and his wife Mariah Sexton (Kelso) Clanton. His father worked at times as a day laborer, a gold miner, a farmer, and by the late 1870s, a cattleman in Arizona Territory.","Ike Clanton\n\nClanton's mother died in 1866. Ike stayed with the family when they moved to Tombstone, Arizona Territory, about 1877 (before Tombstone became a town or even a mining center). At that time, Newman Clanton was living with his sons Phin (or \"Fin\"), Ike, and Billy. By 1878 Ike was running a small \"lunch counter\" at the Tombstone Mill site (now Millville on the San Pedro River—not in modern Tombstone). By 1881, however, he was working on his father's ranch at Lewis Springs, about 12 mi west of Tombstone and 5 mi from Charleston.","Ike Clanton\n\nThe Clantons and their ranch hands and associates were known as the \"Cowboys\", and they had a reputation for reckless behavior. They were accused of cattle rustling from across the U.S.-Mexico border, as well as other acts of banditry and murder.","Ike Clanton\n\nNotoriety, clashes with the Earp lawmen","Ike Clanton\n\nIke Clanton's notoriety is based largely on his conflict with Wyatt Earp and Wyatt's friend Doc Holliday. The Earps and the Clantons had political, personal, and legal differences and the animosity between them grew throughout 1881. The Cowboys supported incumbent Sheriff Charles Shibell while the Earps supported his opponent Bob Paul in the November 1880 election. Ike Clanton repeatedly boasted in public, drank heavily, and had a quick temper. He was well known for talking too much.","Ike Clanton\n\nIn November 1879, shortly after arriving in Tombstone, Wyatt Earp had a horse stolen. More than a year later, probably sometime in December 1880, Wyatt was told the horse was being used near Charleston, and Wyatt and Holliday were forced to ride to the Clanton's ranch near Charleston to await ownership papers in order to legally recover it. According to Wyatt's testimony later, 18-year-old Billy Clanton asked him insolently if he had any more horses to \"lose,\" but he gave the horse up without first being shown the ownership papers, demonstrating to Wyatt that Billy knew to whom the horse belonged. Sheriff Johnny Behan later testified that the incident had angered Ike Clanton. It also angered Wyatt Earp.","Ike Clanton\n\nWyatt offers Ike reward money","Ike Clanton\n\nAfter he was passed over by Johnny Behan for the position of undersheriff, Wyatt thought he might beat him in the next Cochise County election. He thought catching the March 15, 1881 robbers of the Benson Stage (in which the driver and a passenger were killed) would help him win the sheriff's office. Wyatt later said that on June 2, 1881 he offered the Wells, Fargo & Co. reward money and more to Ike Clanton if he would provide information leading to the capture or death of the stage robbers. According to Wyatt, the plan was foiled when the three suspects, Leonard, Head and Crane, were killed in unrelated incidents.","Ike Clanton\n\nIn the summer of 1881, Clanton got into an argument with gambler \"Denny\" McCann. On the morning of June 9, 1881, they were drinking in an Allen Street saloon when Clanton insulted McCann. McCann slapped Clanton, who left and fetched his pistol. McCann did the same and the two met on the street in front of the Wells, Fargo's and Co. office. They had already drawn their weapons when Tombstone Marshal Virgil Earp stepped between them, preventing a shooting.","Ike Clanton\n\nClanton rustling and ranching","Ike Clanton\n\nThe Clanton Ranch grew into a successful enterprise. During his testimony after the shootout at the O.K. Corral, Ike Clanton claimed to have raised and purchased about 700 head of cattle during the past year, and the Clanton ranch was one of the most profitable cattle ranches in that part of the country. However, the Clantons never registered a brand in either Cochise County or Pima County which was required to legally raise cattle. The Clantons were reputed to be among a group of outlaw Cowboys who crossed the border into Mexico where they stole cattle and re-sold them to the hungry miners in Cochise County. Curly Bill Brocius, Tom and Frank McLaury bought and sold stolen cattle to Old Man Clanton, among others. The Mexican government at the time placed high tariffs on goods transported across the border, making smuggling a profitable enterprise.","Ike Clanton\n\nThe outlaw Cowboys in Cochise County were not organized, and their acts of violence, rustling or robbery were usually committed by independent groups of Cowboys. Old Man Clanton, Ike's father, ran a ranch near the Mexican border that served as a waystation for much of the smuggling carried out by the outlaws.","Ike Clanton\n\nOn August 12, 1881, Old Man Clanton and six other men were herding stolen cattle sold to him by Curly Bill through Gualadupe Canyon near the Mexican border. Around dawn, they were ambushed by Mexicans dispatched by Commandant Felipe Neri in what became known as the Guadalupe Canyon Massacre. Old Man Clanton and five other men were killed in the ambush.","Ike Clanton\n\nGunfight in Tombstone","Ike Clanton\n\nIke Clanton had told others that Doc Holliday, Virgil Earp, Wyatt Earp, and Morgan Earp had all confided in him that they had actually been involved in the Benson stage robbery. On October 25, 1881, whilst Ike Clanton was in Tombstone, drunk and very loud, Holliday accused him of lying about the Benson stagecoach robbery. Tombstone City Marshal Virgil Earp intervened and threatened to arrest both Doc and Ike if they did not stop arguing, and Holliday went home.","Ike Clanton\n\nAfter the confrontation with Ike Clanton, Wyatt Earp took Holliday back to his boarding house at Camillus Sidney \"Buck\" Fly's Lodging House to sleep off his drinking, then went home and to bed. Tombstone Marshal Virgil Earp played cards with Ike Clanton, Tom McLaury, Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan and a fifth man (unknown to Ike and to history), until morning.","Ike Clanton\n\nAt about dawn on October 26, the card game broke up and Behan and Virgil Earp went home to bed. Ike Clanton testified later that he saw Virgil take his six-shooter out of his lap and stick it in his pants when the game ended. Not having rented a room, Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton had no place to go. Shortly after 8:00 am barkeeper E. F. Boyle spoke to Ike Clanton, who had been drinking all night, in front of the telegraph office. Boyle encouraged him to get some sleep, but Ike insisted he would not go to bed. Boyle later testified he noticed Ike was armed and covered his gun for him, recalling that Ike told him \"'As soon as the Earps and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street, the ball would open—that they would have to fight'... I went down to Wyatt Earp's house and told him that Ike Clanton had threatened that when him and his brothers and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street that the ball would open.\" Ike said in his testimony afterward that he remembered neither meeting Boyle nor making any such statements that day.","Ike Clanton\n\nLater in the morning, Ike picked up his rifle and revolver from the West End Corral, where he had stabled his wagon and team and deposited his weapons after entering town. By noon that day, Ike, drinking again and armed, told others he was looking for Holliday or an Earp. At about 1:00 pm, Virgil and Morgan Earp surprised Ike on 4th Street where Virgil buffaloed (pistol-whipped) him from behind. Disarming him, the Earps took Ike to appear before Judge Wallace for violating the city's ordinance #9 against carrying firearms in the city. Virgil went to find Judge Wallace so the court hearing could be held..\"","Ike Clanton\n\nIke reported in his testimony afterward that Wyatt Earp cursed him. He said Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan offered him his rifle and to fight him right there in the courthouse, which Ike declined. Ike also denied ever threatening the Earps. Ike was fined $25 plus court costs and after paying the fine left unarmed. Virgil told Ike he would leave Ike's confiscated rifle and revolver at the Grand Hotel which was favored by Cowboys when in town. Ike testified that he picked up the weapons from William Soule, the jailer, a couple of days later.","Ike Clanton\n\nAt around 1:30–2:00 pm, after Tom had been pistol-whipped by Wyatt, Ike's 19-year-old younger brother Billy Clanton and Tom's older brother Frank McLaury arrived in town. They had heard from their neighbor, Ed \"old man\" Frink, that Ike had been stirring up trouble in town overnight, and they had ridden into town on horseback to back up their brothers. They arrived from Antelope Springs, 13 mi east of Tombstone, where they had been rounding up stock with their brothers and had breakfasted with Ike and Tom the day before. Both Frank and Billy were armed with a revolver and a rifle, as was the custom for riders in the country outside Tombstone. Apache warriors had engaged the U.S. Army near Tombstone just three weeks before the O.K. Corral gunfight, so the need for weapons outside of town was well established and accepted.","Ike Clanton\n\nBilly and Frank stopped first at the Grand Hotel on Allen Street, and were greeted by Doc Holliday. They learned immediately after of their brothers' beatings by the Earps within the previous two hours. The incidents had generated a lot of talk in town. Angrily, Frank said he would not drink, and he and Billy left the saloon immediately to seek Tom. By law, both Frank and Billy should have left their firearms at the Grand Hotel. Instead, they remained fully armed. The city statute was not specific about how far a recently arrived visitor might \"with good faith, and within reasonable time\" travel into town while carrying a firearm. This permitted a traveler to keep his firearms if he was proceeding directly to a livery, hotel or saloon.","Ike Clanton\n\nA man named Coleman told Virgil that the Cowboys had left the Dunbar and Dexter Stable for the O.K. Corral and were still armed, and Virgil decided they had to disarm them. The three main Tombstone corrals were all west of 4th street, a block or two from where Wyatt saw the Cowboys buying cartridges.","Ike Clanton\n\nCochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, a friend to the Cowboys, later testified that he first learned of the trouble while he was getting a shave at the barbershop after 1:30 pm, which is when he had risen after the late-night game. Behan stated he immediately went to locate the Cowboys. At about 2:30 pm he saw Ike, Frank, Tom, and Billy gathered off Fremont street in a narrow 15 - wide empty lot or alley immediately west of 312 Fremont Street, which contained Fly's 12-room boarding house and photography studio. The lot was six lots removed from the rear entrance to the O.K. Corral.","Ike Clanton\n\nWhen Virgil Earp learned that Wyatt was talking to the Cowboys at Spangenberg's gun shop he picked up a 10-gauge or 12-gauge, short, double-barreled shotgun from the Wells Fargo office around the corner on Allen Street. To avoid alarming Tombstone's public, Virgil returned to Hafford's Saloon carrying the shotgun under his long overcoat. He gave the shotgun to Doc Holliday who hid it under his overcoat. He took Holliday's walking-stick in return. From Spangenberg's, the Cowboys moved to the O.K. Corral where witnesses overheard them threatening to kill the Earps. They then walked a block north to an empty lot next to C. S. Fly's boarding house where Doc Holliday lived.","Ike Clanton\n\nVirgil Earp was told by several citizens that the McLaurys and the Clantons had gathered on Fremont Street and were armed. He decided he had to act. Several members of the citizen's vigilance committee offered to support him with arms, but Virgil said no. He had previously deputized Morgan and Wyatt and also deputized Doc Holliday that morning. Wyatt spoke of his brothers Virgil and Morgan as the \"marshals\" while he acted as \"deputy.\"","Ike Clanton\n\nWitnesses later testified that Ike Clanton had spent all day, even after his arrest and disarming, threatening to gun down the Earps. However, when the gunfight broke out, Ike ran forward and grabbed Wyatt, exclaiming that he was unarmed and did not want a fight. To this protest Wyatt said he responded, \"Go to fighting or get away!\".\" Clanton ran through the front door of Fly's boarding house and escaped, unwounded.","Ike Clanton\n\nIn the days prior to the gunfight, Ike had enlisted the help of fellow Cowboy Billy Claiborne, who was reputed to be good with a gun. Claiborne, who was also unarmed, fled the gunfight. Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton were killed.","Ike Clanton\n\nFiles murder charges against Earps","Ike Clanton\n\nAfter the gunfight in Tombstone that Ike had fled, during which the McLaury brothers and Billy Clanton were killed, Ike Clanton filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday. They were arrested and released on bail. During a month-long preliminary hearing before Judge Wells Spicer, Clanton told a story of abuse that he had suffered at the hands of the Earps and Holliday the night before the gunfight. He denied threatening the Earps. He testified that the Clantons and Frank McLaury raised their hands after Virgil's command, and Tom thrust open his vest to show he was unarmed. Clanton said Wyatt shoved his revolver in his belly, telling him, \"You son-of-a-bitch, you can have a fight!\".","Ike Clanton\n\nIke backed up Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan's testimony that Holliday and Morgan Earp had fired the first two shots and that the next several shots also came from the Earp party. Under cross-examination, Clanton told a story of the lead-up to the gunfight that did not make sense. He said the Benson stage robbery was concocted by the Earps and Holliday to cover up money they had \"piped off\" to pay bribes. Ike also claimed that Doc Holliday and Morgan, Wyatt, and Virgil Earp had separately confessed to him their role in the Benson stage holdup, or else the cover-up of the robbery by allowing the robbers' escape.","Ike Clanton\n\nIke Clanton proved a better witness for the defense than the prosecution. He said that Doc Holliday, Virgil Earp, Wyatt Earp, and Morgan Earp had all confided in him that they had actually been involved in the stage robbery. He further claimed that Holliday had told him that Holliday had \"piped off\" money from the stage before it left (although no money was missing, and the stage had not been successfully robbed). Clanton also said Holliday had confessed to him about killing the stage driver. Murder was a capital offense, and given their relationship, it was unlikely Holliday would confide in Ike. Ike testified that Earp had threatened to kill his confederates because he feared they would reveal his part in the robbery. Ike said he feared that Wyatt wanted to kill him because he knew of Wyatt's role. These and other inconsistencies in Ike's testimony lacked credibility. By the time Ike finished his testimony, the entire prosecution case had become suspect.","Ike Clanton\n\nJudge Spicer exonerated the lawmen. In his ruling, he noted that Ike Clanton had the night before, while unarmed, publicly declared that the Earp brothers and Holliday had insulted him, and that when he was armed he intended to shoot them or fight them on sight. On the morning of the shooting Virgil Earp had arrested him for carrying a revolver. At the gunfight, he was unarmed. Spicer noted that Ike Clanton had claimed the Earps were out to murder him, yet on both occasions that day the Earps had not killed him, and allowed him to escape unchallenged during the fight. Spicer wrote, \"the great fact, most prominent in the matter, to wit, that Isaac Clanton was not injured at all, and could have been killed first and easiest.\"","Ike Clanton\n\nClanton was later accused, along with his brother Phin Clanton and friend Pony Diehl, of attempting to kill Virgil Earp on December 30, 1881, a shooting which left Virgil with a crippled left arm. Though Ike's hat was found at the scene where the ambushers waited, a number of associates stood up for him, saying that he had been in Contention that night, and the case was dismissed for lack of evidence.","Ike Clanton\n\nOn Saturday, March 18, 1882, Morgan Earp was killed by a shot through a door window facing a dark alley while playing billiards at Hatch's Saloon in Tombstone. Wyatt was shot at and missed. Wyatt Earp concluded that he could not rely on civil justice and decided to take matters into his own hands. He concluded that only way to deal with Morgan's murderers was to kill them.","Ike Clanton\n\nDeputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp led a federal posse that escorted Virgil Earp to the railroad, bound for his parent's home in Colton, California. Wyatt shot and killed Frank Stilwell, who was lying in wait at the Tucson, Arizona rail yard. A few days later Wyatt gathered a larger posse and set out on a vendetta, determined to mete out justice that had evaded him. Wyatt never located Ike, although they killed three other outlaw Cowboys, and the Earps and Holliday left the Arizona Territory in late April, 1882.","Ike Clanton\n\nDeath","Ike Clanton\n\nIke Clanton and his brother Phineas were charged with cattle-rustling and pursued by detective Jonas V. Brighton. On June 1, 1887, at Jim Wilson's Ranch on Eagle Creek, south of Springerville, Arizona, Phin Clanton surrendered, but Ike resisted and was shot dead.","Ike Clanton\n\nA reporter who corresponded with Brighton in late June 1887 relayed Brighton's story about the arrest and shooting:","Ike Clanton\n\nA conflicting source stated that his body was left where it fell for several days until nearby Mormon ranchers buried him in an unmarked grave in the Mormon cemetery southeast of Eagar, Arizona on what is today called \"The 26 Bar Ranch\".","Ike Clanton\n\nIn late June 1996 a Clanton family descendant, Terry “Ike” Clanton, along with former Citadel professor and grave expert James A. Browning, searched the area near Eagle Creek in what is now Greenlee County, Arizona, where Ike was reportedly buried. They quickly discovered a shallow grave under a large tree that they believe contains the remains of Ike Clanton. Since their discovery, Terry has unsuccessfully tried to interest Tombstone city officials in exhuming the remains and re-interring them in Tombstone’s famous Boot Hill graveyard.","Ike Clanton\n\nPortrayals in film","Ike Clanton\n\nIke Clanton is portrayed by Grant Withers in the John Ford classic My Darling Clementine (1946). Lyle Bettger portrayed Clanton as a brutal thug in John Sturges' film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957). In Sturges' sequel, Hour of the Gun (1967), he is portrayed very differently as a highly sophisticated figure by Robert Ryan. Although the film is a generally accurate depiction of the events surrounding the gunfight at OK Corral and the subsequent Earp Vendetta, it errs in showing Ike as having been tracked down in Mexico and shot by Wyatt. Later films correctly show Wyatt allowing Ike to live. Ike Clanton appears in the Doctor Who story \"The Gunfighters\" (1966), played by William Hurndell, which is largely based on the Sturges film and portrays Ike as the villain, albeit a somewhat comedic and inept one. It differs from history by showing Ike participate and die in the OK Corral gunfight.","Ike Clanton\n\nFrom 1959 to 1960, the actor John Milford portrayed Clanton in eight episodes of the ABC/Desilu television series, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, starring Hugh O'Brian in the title role. Trevor Bardette played Ike's father, Newman Haynes Clanton, known as Old Man Clanton. The role of Ike Clanton was played by William Tannen in the episode \"After the OK Corral\" of the syndicated western anthology series, Death Valley Days. Jimn Davis played Wyatt Earp in this same episode of Death Valley Days. Tannen had earlier played the role of Deputy Hal Norton on The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp.","Ike Clanton\n\nIn 1957, Kelo Henderson played Clanton in an episode of Dale Robertson's NBC series, Tales of Wells Fargo.","Ike Clanton\n\nStephen Lang played Clanton in the movie Tombstone (1993) starring Kurt Russell as Wyatt Earp. This film draws heavily on the book by former Tombstone Assistant Marshal Billy Breakenridge, Helldorado: Bringing the Law to the Mesquite. In the film, Ike is portrayed as being second-in-command of the Clanton Gang and the plot's comic relief. Although he is sadistic and talks tough, he is very cowardly, especially begging for his life whenever someone is trying to kill him.","Ike Clanton\n\nJeff Fahey played Clanton in the movie Wyatt Earp (1994) starring Kevin Costner as Wyatt Earp. Christopher Fulford played him in 2007 in the BBC drama-documentary Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.","Ike Clanton\n\nStar Trek: The Original Series","Ike Clanton\n\nIn the original Star Trek series episode titled \"Spectre of the Gun\" (1969), Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) plays the part of Ike Clanton throughout the episode as part of an alien illusion test. DeForest Kelley (Dr. Leonard McCoy) also played this character in an episode of the CBS television series You Are There prior to Star Trek. Coincidentally, Kelley also portrayed Morgan Earp in the 1957 John Sturges film, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (film)."],"string":"[\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between an outlaw group of Cowboys and lawmen. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It was the result of a long-simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Policeman Morgan Earp, Special Policeman Wyatt Earp and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton, who had repeatedly threatened to kill the Earps, claimed he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The fight has come to represent a period in American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers, who were spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe gunfight was not well known to the American public until 1931, when Stuart Lake published an initially well-received biography, Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal, two years after Earp's death. The book was the basis for the 1946 film My Darling Clementine, directed by John Ford, and the 1957 film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, after which the shootout became known by that name. Since then, the conflict has been portrayed with varying degrees of accuracy in numerous Western films and books.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nDespite its name, the historic gunfight did not take place within or next to the O.K. Corral, which fronted on Allen Street and had a rear entrance lined with stalls on Fremont Street. The shootout actually took place in a narrow lot on the side of C. S. Fly's Photographic Studio on Fremont Street, six doors west of the O.K. Corral's rear entrance. Some members of the two opposing parties were initially only about 6 ft apart. About 30 shots were fired in 30 seconds. Ike Clanton, whose brother Billy had been killed, filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday. The lawmen were eventually exonerated by a local justice of the peace after a 30-day preliminary hearing and then by a local grand jury.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe gunfight was not the end of the conflict. On December 28, 1881, Virgil Earp was ambushed and maimed in a murder attempt by outlaw Cowboys. On March 18, 1882, Cowboys fired from a dark alley through the glass door of a saloon and shot Morgan Earp, killing him. The suspects in both incidents furnished alibis supplied by other Cowboys and were not indicted. Wyatt Earp, newly appointed as Deputy U.S. Marshal in Cochise County, took matters into his own hands in a personal vendetta. He was pursued by county Sheriff Johnny Behan, who had received a Tucson warrant for Wyatt's shooting of Frank Stilwell.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nBackground to the conflict\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nTombstone, near the Mexican border, was formally founded in March 1879; it was a rapidly growing frontier mining boomtown. The Earps arrived on December 1, 1879, when the small town was mostly composed of tents as living quarters, a few saloons and other buildings, and the mines. Virgil Earp had been hired as Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County, with his offices in Tombstone, only days before his arrival. In June 1881 he was also appointed as Tombstone's town marshal (or police chief).\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThough not universally liked by the townspeople, the Earps tended to protect the interests of the town's business owners and residents, although Wyatt Earp helped protect Cowboy Curly Bill Brocius from being lynched after he accidentally killed Tombstone city Marshal Fred White. In contrast, Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan was generally sympathetic to the interests of the rural ranchers and Cowboys. In that time and region, the term cowboy generally meant an outlaw. Legitimate cowmen were referred to as cattle herders or ranchers.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nConflicting versions of events\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nMany of the supporting facts about the events leading up to the gunfight and details of the gunfight itself are uncertain. Newspapers of the day were not above taking sides, and news reporting often editorialized on issues to reflect the publisher's interests. John Clum, publisher of The Tombstone Epitaph, had helped organize a \\\"Committee of Safety\\\" (a vigilance committee) in Tombstone in late September 1881. He was elected as the city's first mayor under the new city charter of 1881. Clum and his newspaper tended to side with the interests of local business owners and supported Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nHarry Woods, the publisher of the other major newspaper, the The Daily Nugget, was an undersheriff to Behan. He and his newspaper tended to side with Behan, the Cowboys (some of whom were part-time ranchers and landowners), and the rural interests of the ranchers.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nMuch of what is known of the event is based on a month-long preliminary hearing held afterward, generally known as the Spicer hearings. Reporters from both newspapers covered the hearings and recorded the testimony at the coroner's inquest and the Spicer hearings, but only the reporter from The Daily Nugget knew shorthand. The testimony recorded by the court recorder and the two newspapers varied greatly.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAccording to the Earps' version of events, the fight was in self-defense because the Cowboys, armed in violation of local ordinance, aggressively threatened the lawmen, defying a lawful order to hand over their weapons. The Cowboys maintained that they raised their hands, offering no resistance, and were shot in cold blood by the Earps. Sorting out who was telling the truth then was difficult and remains so.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThough usually opposing each other in their reporting of events, reporting by both the Epitaph and the Nugget initially supported the lawmen's version of events. Woods, the publisher of the pro-Cowboy Nugget, was out of town during the hearings, and an experienced reporter, Richard Rule, wrote the story. The Nugget staff had a close relationship with Sheriff Behan, but Rule's story, as printed in the Nugget the day after the shootout, backed up the Earps' version of events. This varied widely from Behan's and the Cowboys' later court testimony. Subsequent stories about the gunfight published in the Nugget after that day supported Behan's and the Cowboys' view of events. Other stories in the Epitaph countered the Nuggets later view entirely and supported the lawmen. In addition, the autopsies of the deceased Cowboys indicated that none of them were shot with their hands up, as the Clantons had claimed.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nPart-time newspaper reporter Howell \\\"Pat\\\" Hayhurst transcribed the testimony from the hearing in the early 1930s as part of a federal Federal Writers' Project, part of the Works Progress Administration. According to one report, Hayhurst was a friend of the Behan family. After he completed his transcription, he kept the original document in his home, where it was destroyed in a house fire.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nOrigins of the conflict\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nEarps versus Cowboys\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe interpersonal conflicts and feuds leading to the gunfight were complex. Each side had strong family ties. The brothers James, Virgil, Wyatt, Morgan, and Warren Earp were a tight-knit family, working together as pimps, lawmen, and saloon owners in several Western towns, among other occupations, and had moved together from one town to another. Virgil served in the Union Army during the Civil War and in 1877 became a police officer in Prescott, Arizona. He followed that with a job as night watchman before he became a constable. Wyatt had held two jobs as a police officer in the cattle-drive towns of Wichita and Dodge City, Kansas.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nJames, Virgil and Wyatt Earp, together with their wives, arrived in Tombstone on December 1, 1879, during the early period of rapid growth associated with mining, when there were only a few hundred residents. Virgil had been appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal for the Tombstone area shortly before they arrived. In the summer of 1880, Morgan and Warren Earp also moved to Tombstone. Wyatt arrived hoping he could leave \\\"lawing\\\" behind. He bought a stagecoach, only to find the business was already very competitive. The Earps invested together in several mining claims and water rights. The Earps were Republicans and Northerners who had never worked as cowmen or ranchers.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe Earps came into conflict with Cowboys Frank and Tom McLaury, Billy and Ike Clanton, Johnny Ringo, and Curly Bill Brocius, among others. They were part of a large, loose association of cattle smugglers and horse thieves known as the Cowboys, outlaws who had been implicated in various crimes. Ike Clanton was prone to drinking heavily and threatened the Earp brothers numerous times.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nTombstone resident George Parson wrote in his diary, \\\"A Cowboy is a rustler at times, and a rustler is a synonym for desperado—bandit, outlaw, and horse thief.\\\" The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial, \\\"Cowboys [are] the most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country...infinitely worse than the ordinary robber.\\\" At that time during the 1880s in Cochise County it was an insult to call a legitimate cattleman a \\\"Cowboy.\\\" Legal cowmen were generally called herders or ranchers. The Cowboys teamed up for various crimes and came to each other's aid. Virgil Earp thought that some of the Cowboys had met at Charleston, Arizona, and taken \\\"an oath over blood drawn from the arm of Johnny Ringo, the leader, that they would kill us.'\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe Earps as lawmen\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nVirgil Earp had been appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County by U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake before the Earps arrived in Tombstone on December 1, 1879. Virgil ran for the office of Tombstone's city marshal (or police chief) in November 1880 but lost to Ben Sippy. Sippy left town in June 1881, and Virgil was appointed to replace him. At the time of the gunfight and afterward, until he was wounded on December 29, 1881, Virgil was both Deputy U.S. Marshal and town marshal. The city suspended him as town marshal after Ike Clanton filed murder charges.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWith his business efforts yielding little profit, Wyatt Earp became a stagecoach shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo, guarding shipments of silver bullion, until he was appointed Pima County Deputy Sheriff on July 28, 1880. He held this position for only three months until after the election of November 9, 1880, when he resigned. While Wyatt was Pima County Deputy Sheriff, Morgan Earp took over his job as shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo. The job as Pima County Sheriff was the only job Wyatt held as a lawman in Arizona, except for occasions when Virgil temporarily appointed him to be a deputy town marshal, including the week prior to the gunfight. Morgan also occasionally assisted Virgil and at the time of the gunfight was wearing a deputy city marshal's badge and drawing pay. When Virgil was maimed by an assassination attempt, Wyatt was appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal in his place. He held that position until he left Cochise County in April 1882. The Earps' work as lawmen was not welcomed by the outlaw Cowboys, who viewed the Earps as badge-toting tyrants who ruthlessly enforced the business interests of the town.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIn direct conflict with the Earps' roles as lawmen, Johnny Behan was Cochise County Sheriff.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWyatt Earp was an imposing, handsome man: blond, 6 ft tall, weighing about 165 to, was broad-shouldered, long-armed, and muscular. He had been a boxer and was reputed to be an expert with a pistol. According to author Leo Silva, Earp showed no fear of any man.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nEarp had developed a reputation as a no-nonsense, hard-nosed lawman, but prior to the gunfight in October 1881, he had been involved in only one prior shooting in Dodge City, Kansas during the summer of 1878. Wyatt was an assistant marshal and with policeman James Masterson, along with a few other citizens, fired their pistols at several Cowboys who were fleeing town after shooting up a theater. A member of the group, George Hoyt (sometimes spelled Hoy), was shot in the arm and died of his wound a month later. Wyatt always claimed to have been the one to shoot Hoyt, although it could have been anyone among the lawmen.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe 1931 book Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal was a best-selling biography by Stuart N. Lake. It established Wyatt Earp's role as a fearless lawman in the American Old West and the \\\"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\\" in the public consciousness. But Lake wildly exaggerated Wyatt's role in the gun battle. He and many others in the popular media have embellished Wyatt's role as the central figure in the gunfight. It was only discovered much later that Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal, based on a eight interviews with Earp, was largely fictional. The book and later Hollywood portrayals exaggerated Wyatt's reputation and magnified his mystique as a western lawman.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAmong the lawmen involved in the O.K. Corral shooting, only Virgil had any real experience in combat, and he had far more experience than any of his brothers as a sheriff, constable, and marshal. Virgil served for three years during the Civil War and had also been involved in a police shooting in Prescott, Arizona Territory. Morgan Earp had no known experience with gunfighting prior to this fight, although he frequently hired out as a shotgun messenger.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nDoc Holliday had a reputation as a gunman and had reportedly been in nine shootouts during his life, although it has only been verified that he killed three men. One well-documented episode occurred on July 19, 1879, when Holliday and his business partner, former deputy marshal John Joshua Webb, were seated in their saloon in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Former U.S. Army scout Mike Gordon got into a loud argument with one of the saloon girls that he wanted to take with him. Gordon stormed from the saloon and began firing his revolver into the building. Before Gordon could get off his second shot, Holliday killed him. Holliday was tried for the murder but acquitted, mostly based on the testimony of Webb.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nHolliday had saved Wyatt Earp's life at one time and had become a close friend. He had been living in Prescott, Arizona Territory and making a living as a gambler since late 1879. There, he first met future Tombstone sheriff Johnny Behan, a sometime gambler and saloon owner. In late September 1880, Holliday followed the Earps to Tombstone.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nRural Cowboys vs. Tombstone interests\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe ranch owned by Newman Haynes Clanton near Charleston, Arizona was believed to be the local center for the Cowboys' illegal activities. Tom and Frank McLaury worked with the rustlers buying and selling stolen cattle.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nMany of the rural ranchers and Cowboys resented the growing influence of the city residents over county politics and law enforcement. The ranchers largely maintained control of the country outside Tombstone, due in large part to the sympathetic support of Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, who favored the Cowboys and rural ranchers, and who also grew to intensely dislike the Earps. Behan tended to ignore the Earps' complaints about the McLaurys' and Clantons' horse thieving and cattle rustling. As officers of the law, the Earps were known to bend the law in their favor when it affected their gambling and saloon interests, which earned them further enmity with the Cowboy faction.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nTombstone, a boomtown\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAfter silver was discovered in the area, Tombstone grew rapidly. At its founding in March 1879, it had a population of just 100, and only two years later, in late 1881, it had more than 7,000 citizens, excluding Chinese, Mexicans, women and children. Tombstone was the largest boomtown in the Southwest. Silver mining and its attendant wealth attracted many professionals and merchants, who brought their wives and families. With them came churches and ministers. They brought a Victorian sensibility and became the town's elite. By 1881 there were fancy restaurants, a bowling alley, four churches, an ice house, a school, an opera house, two banks, three newspapers, and an ice cream parlor, along with 110 saloons, 14 gambling halls, and numerous brothels, all situated among a number of dirty, hardscrabble mines.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nHorse rustlers and bandits from the countryside came to town, and shootings were frequent. In the 1880s, illegal smuggling and theft of cattle, alcohol, and tobacco across the Mexico – United States border, about 30 mi from Tombstone, were common. The Mexican government assessed heavy export taxes on these items, and smugglers earned a handsome profit by stealing them in Mexico and smuggling them across the border.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nRelevant law in Tombstone\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nTo reduce crime in Tombstone, on April 19, 1881, the city council passed ordinance 9, requiring anyone carrying a bowie knife, dirk, pistol or rifle to deposit their weapons at a livery or saloon soon after entering town. The ordinance was the legal basis for City Marshal Virgil Earp's decision to confront the Cowboys, which resulted in the shoot-out.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nSmuggling and stock thefts\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIn that border area there was only one passable route between Arizona and Mexico, a passage known as Guadalupe Canyon. In August 1881, 15 Mexicans carrying gold, coins and bullion to make their purchases were ambushed and killed in Skeleton Canyon. The next month Mexican Commandant Felipe Neri dispatched troops to the border, and they killed five Cowboys, including Old Man Clanton, in Guadalupe Canyon. The Earps knew that the McLaurys and Clantons were reputed to be mixed up in the robbery and murder in Skeleton Canyon. Wyatt Earp said in his testimony after the shootout, \\\"I naturally kept my eyes open and did not intend that any of the gang should get the drop on me if I could help it.\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nEarp loses sheriff's office to Behan\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nOn July 27, 1880, Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell, whose offices were in the county seat of Tucson, appointed Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff. On October 28, 1880, Tombstone Town Marshal Fred White attempted to disarm some late-night revelers who were shooting their pistols in the air. When he attempted to disarm Curly Bill Brocius, the gun discharged, striking White in the abdomen. Wyatt saw the shooting and pistol-whipped Brocius, knocking him unconscious, and arrested him. Wyatt later told his biographer John Flood that he thought Brocius was still armed at the time, and didn't see Brocius' pistol on the ground.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nBrocius waived the preliminary hearing so he and his case could be immediately transferred to Tucson. Wyatt and a deputy took Brocius in a wagon the next day to Tucson to stand trial, possibly saving him from being lynched. Wyatt testified that he thought the shooting was accidental. It was also demonstrated that Brocius' pistol could be fired from half-cock. Fred White left a statement before he died two days later that the shooting was not intentional. Based on the evidence presented, Brocius was not charged with White's death.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe Tombstone council convened and appointed Virgil Earp as \\\"temporary assistant city marshal\\\" to replace White for a salary of $100 per month until an election could be held on November 12. For the next few weeks, Virgil represented federal and local law enforcement and Wyatt represented Pima County.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIn the November 2, 1880 election for Pima County sheriff, Democrat Shibell ran against Republican Bob Paul, who was expected to win. Votes arrived as late as November 7, and Shibell was unexpectedly reelected. He immediately appointed Johnny Behan as the new deputy sheriff for eastern Pima County, a job that Wyatt wanted. A controversy ensued when Paul uncovered ballot-stuffing by Cowboys and he sued to overturn the election.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nPaul finally became sheriff in April 1881, but it was too late to reappoint Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff because on January 1, 1881, the eastern portion of Pima County containing Tombstone had been split off into the new Cochise County, which would need its own sheriff, based in the county's largest city, Tombstone. This position was filled by a political appointment from the governor, and Wyatt and Behan both wanted the job. The Cochise County sheriff's position was worth more than $40,000 a year (about $ today) because the office holder was also county assessor and tax collector, and the board of supervisors allowed him to keep ten percent of the amounts paid.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nBehan utilized his existing position and his superior political connections to successfully lobby for the position. He also promised Wyatt a position as his undersheriff if he was appointed over Wyatt. Wyatt withdrew from the political contest and the governor and legislature appointed Behan to the job of Cochise County sheriff on February 10, 1881. Behan reneged on his deal with Earp and appointed Harry Woods as undersheriff instead. Behan said he broke his promise to appoint Earp because Wyatt Earp used Behan's name to threaten Ike Clanton when Wyatt recovered his stolen horse from Clanton.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nEarp conflicts with Cowboys\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nTensions between the Earp family and both the Clanton and McLaury clans increased through 1881.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nStolen mules tracked to McLaury's ranch\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nOn July 25, 1880, Captain Joseph H. Hurst, of Company A, 12th Infantry, and Commanding Officer of Fort Bennett, asked Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp to help him track Cowboys who had stolen six U.S. Army mules from Camp Rucker. This was a federal matter because the animals were U.S. property. Hurst brought four soldiers, and Virgil invited Wyatt and Morgan Earp, as well as Wells Fargo agent Marshall Williams. The posse found the mules on the McLaury's Ranch on the Babacomari Creek, north west of Tombstone, and the branding iron used to change the \\\"US\\\" brand to \\\"D8\\\".\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nTo avoid bloodshed, Cowboy Frank Patterson promised Hurst they would return the mules and Hurst persuaded the posse to withdraw. Hurst went to nearby Charleston, but the Cowboys showed up two days later without the mules, laughing at Hurst and the Earps. In response, Hurst had printed and distributed a handbill in which he named Frank McLaury as specifically assisting with hiding the mules. He reprinted this in The Tombstone Epitaph on July 30, 1880. Virgil later said that McLaury had asked him if he had posted the handbills. When Virgil said he had not, McLaury said if Virgil had printed the handbills it was Frank's intention to kill Virgil. He warned Virgil, \\\"If you ever again follow us as close as you did, then you will have to fight anyway.\\\" This incident was the first run-in between the Clantons and McLaurys and the Earps.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nMarch stagecoach robbery and murder\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nOn the evening of March 15, 1881, a Kinnear & Company stagecoach carrying US$26,000 in silver bullion (about $ in today's dollars) was en route from Tombstone to Benson, Arizona, the nearest freight terminal. Bob Paul, who had run for Pima County Sheriff and was contesting the election he lost due to ballot-stuffing, was temporarily working once again as the Wells Fargo shotgun messenger. He had taken the reins and driver's seat in Contention City because the usual driver, a well-known and popular man named Eli \\\"Budd\\\" Philpot, was ill. Philpot was riding shotgun.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nNear Drew's Station, just outside Contention City, a man stepped into the road and commanded them to \\\"Hold!\\\" Three Cowboys attempted to rob the stage. Paul, in the driver's seat, fired his shotgun and emptied his revolver at the robbers, wounding a Cowboy later identified as Bill Leonard in the groin. Philpot, riding shotgun, and passenger Peter Roerig, riding in the rear dickey seat, were both shot and killed. The horses spooked and Paul wasn't able to bring the stage under control for almost a mile, leaving the robbers with nothing. Paul said he thought the first shot killing Philpot in the shotgun messenger seat had been meant for him because he would normally have been seated there.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nSuspects identified\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nDeputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp, along with temporary federal deputies Wyatt and Morgan Earp, Wells Fargo agent Marshall Williams, former Kansas Sheriff Bat Masterson (who was dealing faro at the Oriental Saloon), and County Sheriff Behan set out to find the robbers. Wells Fargo issued a wanted poster offering a US$3,600 ($1,200 per robber) reward for capture of the robbers, dead or alive. Robbery of a mail-carrying stagecoach was both a federal crime and territorial crime, and the posse consisted of both county and federal authorities and deputies. The posse trailed the robbers to a nearby ranch where they found a drifter named Luther King. He wouldn't tell who his confederates were until the posse lied and told him that Doc Holliday's girlfriend had been shot. Fearful of Holliday's reputation, he confessed to holding the reins of the robbers' horses, and identified Bill Leonard, Harry \\\"The Kid\\\" Head and Jim Crane as the robbers. They were all known Cowboys and rustlers. Behan and Williams escorted King back to Tombstone.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nSuspect escapes Behan's jail\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nSomehow King walked in the front door of the jail and a few minutes later out the back. King had arranged with Undersheriff Harry Woods (publisher of the Nugget) to sell the horse he had been riding to John Dunbar, Sheriff Behan's partner in the Dexter Livery Stable. On March 19, King conveniently escaped while Dunbar and Woods were making out the bill-of-sale. Woods claimed that someone had deliberately unlocked a secured back door to the jail. The Earps and the townspeople were furious at King's easy escape. Williams was later dismissed from Wells Fargo, leaving behind a number of debts, when it was determined he had been stealing from the company for years.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nEarp pursues suspects\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe Earps pursued the other two men for 17 days, riding for 60 hours without food and 36 hours without water, during which Bob Paul's horse died, and Wyatt and Morgan's horses became so weak, that the two men walked 18 mi back to Tombstone to obtain new horses. After pursuing the Cowboys for over 400 mi they could not obtain more fresh horses and were forced to give up the chase. They returned to Tombstone on April 1. Behan submitted a bill for $796.84 to the county for posse expenses, but he refused to reimburse the Earps for any of their costs. Virgil was incensed. They were finally reimbursed by Wells, Fargo & Co. later on, but the incident caused further friction between county and federal law enforcement, and between Behan and the Earps.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWyatt offers Ike reward money\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAfter he was passed over by Johnny Behan for the position of undersheriff, Wyatt thought he might beat him in the next Cochise County election in late 1882. He thought catching the murderers of Bud Philpot and Peter Roerig would help him win the sheriff's office. Wyatt later said that on June 2, 1881 he offered the Wells, Fargo & Co. reward money and more to Ike Clanton if he would provide information leading to the capture or death of the stage robbers. According to Wyatt, Ike was initially interested, but the plan was foiled when the three suspects—Leonard, Head and Crane—were killed in unrelated incidents.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIke began to fear that word of his possible cooperation had leaked, threatening to compromise his standing among the Cowboys. Undercover Wells Fargo Company agent M. Williams suspected a deal, and said something to Ike, who was fearful that other Cowboys might learn of his double-cross. Ike now began to threaten Wyatt and Doc Holliday (who had learned of the deal) for apparently revealing Ike's willingness to help arrest his friends.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nEarp, Cowboy fallout\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe fallout over the Cowboys' attempt to implicate Holliday and the Earps in the robbery, along with Behan's involvement in King's escape, was the beginning of increasingly bad feelings between the Earp brothers and Cowboy factions.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nEarp and Behan attracted to Josephine Marcus\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWyatt Earp and Cochise County sheriff Johnny Behan were interested in the same sheriff's position and also may have shared an interest in the same woman, Josephine Marcus, known as Sadie. Citizens of Tombstone believed that Behan and Marcus were married, but Behan was a known womanizer and had sex with prostitutes and other women. Marcus ended the relationship after she came home and found Behan in bed with the wife of a friend and kicked him out, although she used the Behan surname through the end of that summer. She rented her home sometime before April 1881, to Dr. George Goodfellow.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWyatt Earp was still living with his common-law wife, Mattie Blaylock, who was listed as his wife in the 1880 census, but she had a growing addiction to the opiate laudanum. There are no contemporary Tombstone records that indicate a relationship between Marcus and Earp, but Earp certainly knew her, because both Behan and Earp had offices above the Crystal Palace Saloon.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nSadie, traveling as either Mrs. J. C. Earp or Mrs. Wyatt Earp, left for Los Angeles on March 25, 1882, and then returned to her family in San Francisco. In July 1882, Wyatt left Colorado and went to San Francisco, where he sought out Sadie and his brother Virgil, who was seeking treatment for his arm. In February or March 1883, Sadie and Earp left San Francisco for Gunnison, where Earp ran a Faro bank until he received a request in April for assistance from Luke Short in Dodge City. Sadie was his common-law wife for the next 46 years.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nSeptember stage holdup\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nTensions between the Earps and the McLaurys further increased when another passenger stage on the 'Sandy Bob Line' in the Tombstone area, bound for Bisbee, was held up on September 8, 1881. The masked bandits robbed all of the passengers of their valuables since the stage was not carrying a strongbox. During the robbery, the driver heard one of the robbers describe the money as \\\"sugar\\\", a phrase known to be used by Frank Stilwell. Stilwell had until the prior month been a deputy for Sheriff Behan but had been fired for \\\"accounting irregularities\\\".\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWyatt and Virgil Earp rode with a sheriff's posse and tracked the Bisbee stage robbers. Virgil had been appointed Tombstone's town marshal (i.e., chief of police) on June 6, 1881, after Ben Sippy abandoned the job. However, Virgil at the same time continued to hold his position of deputy U.S. marshal, and it was in this federal capacity that he continued to chase robbers of stage coaches outside Tombstone city limits. At the scene of the holdup, Wyatt discovered an unusual boot print left by someone wearing a custom-repaired boot heel. The Earps checked a shoe repair shop in Bisbee known to provide widened boot heels and were able to link the boot print to Stilwell.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nStilwell and Spence arrests\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nFrank Stilwell had just arrived in Bisbee with his livery stable partner, Pete Spence, when the two were arrested by Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp for the holdup. Both were friends of Ike Clanton and the McLaurys. At the preliminary hearing, Stilwell and Spence were able to provide several witnesses who supported their alibis. Judge Spicer dropped the charges for insufficient evidence just as he had done for Doc Holliday earlier in the year.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nReleased on bail, Spence and Stilwell were re-arrested October 13 by Marshal Virgil Earp for the Bisbee robbery on a new federal charge of interfering with a mail carrier. The newspapers, however, reported that they had been arrested for a different stage robbery that occurred on October 8 near Contention City.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIke and other Cowboys believed the new arrest was further evidence that the Earps were illegally persecuting the Cowboys. They told the Earps that they could expect retaliation. While Virgil and Wyatt were in Tucson for the federal hearing on the charges against Spence and Stilwell, Frank McLaury confronted Morgan Earp. He told him that the McLaurys would kill the Earps if they tried to arrest Spence, Stilwell, or the McLaurys again. The Tombstone Epitaph reported \\\"that since the arrest of Spence and Stilwell, veiled threats [are] being made that the friends of the accused will 'get the Earps.'\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nCowboys accuse Holliday of robbery\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nMilt Joyce, a county supervisor and owner of the Oriental Saloon, had a contentious relationship with Doc Holliday. In October 1880, Holliday had trouble with a gambler named Johnny Tyler in Milt Joyce's Oriental Saloon. Tyler had been hired by a competing gambling establishment to drive customers from the Oriental Saloon. Holliday challenged Tyler to a fight, but Tyler ran. Joyce did not like Holliday or the Earps and he continued to argue with Holliday. Joyce ordered Holliday removed from the saloon but would not return Holliday's revolver. But Holliday returned carrying a double-action revolver. Milt brandished a pistol and threatened Holliday, but Holliday shot Joyce in the palm, disarming him, and then shot Joyce's business partner William Parker in the big toe. Joyce then hit Holliday over the head with his revolver. Holliday was arrested and pleaded guilty to assault and battery.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nHolliday and his on-again, off-again mistress Big Nose Kate had many fights. After a particularly nasty, drunken argument, Holliday kicked her out. County Sheriff John Behan and Milt Joyce saw an opportunity and exploited the situation. They plied Big Nose Kate with more booze and suggested to her a way to get even with Holliday. She signed an affidavit implicating Holliday in the attempted stagecoach robbery and murders. Holliday was a good friend of Bill Leonard, a former watchmaker from New York, one of three men implicated in the robbery. Judge Wells Spicer issued an arrest warrant for Holliday. The Earps found witnesses who could attest to Holliday's location at the time of the murders and Kate sobered up, revealing that Behan and Joyce had influenced her to sign a document she didn't understand. With the Cowboy plot revealed, Spicer freed Holliday. The district attorney threw out the charges, labeling them \\\"ridiculous.\\\" Doc gave Kate some money and put her on a stage out of town.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIke Clanton's conflict with Doc Holliday\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWyatt Earp testified after the gunfight that five or six weeks prior he had met Ike Clanton outside the Alhambra Hotel. Ike told Wyatt that Doc Holliday had told him he knew of Ike's meetings with Wyatt and about Ike providing information on Head, Leonard, and Crane, as well as their attempted robbery of the stage. Ike now accused Earp of telling Holliday about these conversations. Earp testified that he told Ike he had not told Holliday anything. Wyatt Earp offered to prove this when Holliday and the Clantons next returned to town.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nA month later, the weekend before the shootout, Morgan Earp, concerned about possible trouble with the Cowboys, brought Doc Holliday back from a fiesta celebration in Tucson where Holliday had been gambling. Upon his return, Wyatt Earp asked Holliday about Ike's accusation.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nOn the morning of Tuesday, October 25, 1881, the day before the gunfight, Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury drove 10 mi in a spring wagon from Chandler's Milk Ranch at the foot of the Dragoon Mountains to Tombstone. They were in town to sell a large number of beef stock, most of them owned by the McLaurys.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nSeeing Ike Clanton in the Alhambra Saloon around midnight, Holliday confronted Ike, accusing him of lying about their previous conversations. They got into a heated argument. Wyatt Earp (who was not wearing a badge) encouraged his brother, Tombstone Deputy City Marshal Morgan Earp, to intervene. Morgan escorted Holliday out onto the street and Ike, who had been drinking steadily, followed them. City Marshal Virgil Earp arrived a few minutes later and threatened to arrest both Holliday and Clanton if they did not stop arguing. Ike and Wyatt talked again a few minutes later, and Ike threatened to confront Holliday in the morning. Ike told Earp that the fighting talk had been going on for a long time and that he intended to put an end to it. Ike told Earp, \\\"I will be ready for you in the morning.\\\" Wyatt Earp walked over to the Oriental Saloon and Ike followed him. Ike sat down to have another drink, his revolver in plain sight, and told Earp \\\"You must not think I won't be after you all in the morning.\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nMorning of the shoot-out\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nEvents leading up to the Ike Clanton court hearing\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAfter Holliday's confrontation with Ike Clanton, Wyatt Earp took Holliday back to his room at Camillus Sidney \\\"Buck\\\" Fly's Lodging House to sleep off his drinking, then went home and to bed. Tombstone Marshal Virgil Earp played cards with Ike Clanton, Tom McLaury, Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan and a fifth man (unknown to Ike and to history), until morning.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAt about dawn on October 26, the card game broke up and Behan and Virgil Earp went home to bed. Ike Clanton testified later he saw Virgil take his six-shooter out of his lap and stick it in his pants when the game ended. Not having rented a room, Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton had no place to go. Shortly after 8:00 am barkeeper E. F. Boyle spoke to Ike Clanton in front of the telegraph office. Clanton had been drinking all night and Boyle encouraged him to get some sleep, but Ike insisted he would not go to bed. Boyle later testified he noticed Ike was armed and covered his gun for him. Boyle later said that Ike told him, \\\"'As soon as the Earps and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street, the ball would open—that they would have to fight'... I went down to Wyatt Earp's house and told him that Ike Clanton had threatened that when him and his brothers and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street that the ball would open.\\\" Ike said in his testimony afterward that he remembered neither meeting Boyle nor making any such statements that day.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nLater in the morning, Ike picked up his rifle and revolver from the West End Corral, where he had deposited his weapons and stabled his wagon and team after entering town. By noon that day, Ike was still drinking and once-again armed in violation of the city ordinance against carrying firearms in the city. He told others he was looking for Holliday or an Earp. At about 1:00 pm, Virgil and Morgan Earp surprised Ike on 4th Street where Virgil pistol-whipped him from behind. Disarming him, the Earps took Ike to appear before Judge Wallace for violating the ordinance. Wyatt waited with Clanton while Virgil went to find Judge Wallace so the court hearing could be held.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIke Clanton court hearing\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWhile Wyatt waited for Virgil to return with Judge Wallace, witnesses overheard Wyatt tell Clanton, \\\"you cattle thieving son-of-a-bitch, and you know that I know you are a cattle thieving son-of-a-bitch, you've threatened my life enough, and you've got to fight!\\\", and Ike Clanton made the remark, \\\"Fight is my racket, and all I want is four feet of ground!\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIke reported in his testimony afterward that Wyatt Earp cursed him. He said Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan offered him his rifle and to fight him right there in the courthouse, which Ike declined. Ike also denied ever threatening the Earps. Ike was fined $25 plus court costs and after paying the fine left unarmed. Virgil told Ike he would leave Ike's confiscated rifle and revolver at the Grand Hotel which was favored by Cowboys when in town. Ike testified that he picked up the weapons from William Soule, the jailer, a couple of days later.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nTom McLaury's concealed weapon\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nOutside the court house where Ike was being fined, Wyatt almost walked into 28 year-old Tom McLaury as the two men were brought up short nose-to-nose. Tom, who had arrived in town the day before, was required by the well-known city ordinance to deposit his pistol when he first arrived in town. When Wyatt demanded, \\\"Are you heeled or not?\\\", McLaury said he was not armed. Wyatt testified that he saw a revolver in plain sight on the right hip of Tom's pants. As an unpaid deputy marshal for Virgil, Wyatt habitually carried a pistol in his waistband, as was the custom of that time. Witnesses reported that Wyatt drew his revolver from his coat pocket and pistol whipped Tom McLaury with it twice, leaving him prostrate and bleeding on the street. Saloon-keeper Andrew Mehan testified at the Spicer hearing afterward that he saw McLaury deposit a revolver at the Capital Saloon sometime between 1-2:00 pm, after the confrontation with Wyatt, which Mehan also witnessed.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWyatt said in his deposition afterward that he had been temporarily acting as city marshal for Virgil the week before while Virgil was in Tucson for the Pete Spence and Frank Stilwell trial. Wyatt said that he still considered himself a deputy city marshal, which Virgil later confirmed. Since Wyatt was an off-duty officer, he could not legally search or arrest Tom for carrying a revolver within the city limits-—a misdemeanor offense. Only Virgil or one of his city police deputies, including Morgan Earp and possibly Warren Earp, could search him and take any required action. Wyatt, a non-drinker, testified at the Spicer hearing that he went to Haffords and bought a cigar and went outside to watch the Cowboys. At the time of the gunfight about two hours later, Wyatt could not know if Tom was still armed.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIt was early afternoon by the time Ike and Tom had seen doctors for their head wounds. The day was chilly, with snow still on the ground in some places. Both Tom and Ike had spent the night gambling, drinking heavily, and without sleep. Now they were both out-of-doors, both wounded from head beatings, and at least Ike was still drunk.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nMore Cowboys enter town\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAt around 1:30–2:00 pm, after Tom had been pistol-whipped by Wyatt, Ike's 19-year-old younger brother Billy Clanton and Tom's older brother Frank McLaury arrived in town. They had heard from their neighbor, Ed \\\"old man\\\" Frink, that Ike had been stirring up trouble in town overnight, and they had ridden into town on horseback to back up their brothers. They arrived from Antelope Springs, 13 mi east of Tombstone, where they had been rounding up stock with their brothers and had breakfasted with Ike and Tom the day before. Both Frank and Billy were armed with a revolver and a rifle, as was the custom for riders in the country outside Tombstone. Apache warriors had engaged the U.S. Army near Tombstone just three weeks before the O.K. Corral gunfight, so the need for weapons outside of town was well established and accepted.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nBilly and Frank stopped first at the Grand Hotel on Allen Street, and were greeted by Doc Holliday. They learned immediately after of their brothers' beatings by the Earps within the previous two hours. The incidents had generated a lot of talk in town. Angrily, Frank said he would not drink, and he and Billy left the saloon immediately to seek Tom. By law, both Frank and Billy should have left their firearms at the Grand Hotel. Instead, they remained fully armed.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nVirgil and Wyatt Earp’s reactions\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWyatt said that he saw Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury in Spangenberger's gun and hardware store on 4th Street filling their gun belts with cartridges. Ike testified afterward that Tom was not there and that he had tried to buy a new revolver but the owner saw Ike's bandaged head and refused to sell him one. Ike apparently had not heard Virgil tell him that his confiscated weapons were at the Grand Hotel around the corner from Spangenberger's shop.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWhen Virgil Earp learned that Wyatt was talking to the Cowboys at Spangenberg's gun shop, he went there himself. Virgil testified afterward that he thought he saw all four men, Ike Clanton, Billy Clanton, Frank McLaury, and Tom McLaury, buying cartridges. Virgil went around the corner on Allen Street to the Wells Fargo office, where he picked up a 10-gauge or 12-gauge, short, double-barreled shotgun. It was an unusually cold and windy day in Tombstone, and Virgil was wearing a long overcoat. To avoid alarming Tombstone's public, Virgil hid the shotgun under his overcoat when he returned to Hafford's Saloon.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nFrom Spangenberg's, the Cowboys moved to the O.K. Corral where witnesses overheard them threatening to kill the Earps. For unknown reasons the Cowboys then walked out the back of the O.K. Corral and then west, stopping in a narrow, empty lot next to C. S. Fly's boarding house.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nVirgil initially avoided a confrontation with the newly arrived Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton, who had not yet deposited their weapons at a hotel or stable as the law required. The statute was not specific about how far a recently arrived visitor might \\\"with good faith, and within reasonable time\\\" travel into town while carrying a firearm. This permitted a traveler to keep his firearms if he was proceeding directly to a livery, hotel or saloon. The three main Tombstone corrals were all west of 4th street between Allen and Fremont, a block or two from where Wyatt saw the Cowboys buying cartridges. Miner Ruben F. Coleman later told The Tombstone Epitaph:\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nBehan attempts to disarm Cowboys\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nCochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, a friend of the Cowboys, later testified that he woke up about 1:30 pm after the late-night card game, and went to get a shave at a barbershop. That's where he first learned that the Cowboys were armed. Behan stated he quickly finished his shave and went to locate the Cowboys. At about 2:30 pm he found Frank McLaury holding a horse and talking to someone on Fourth Street near the corner of Fremont. When he saw Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury near C. S. Fly's photography studio, he walked there with Frank. He told the Cowboys that they must give up their arms. Ike Clanton said he was not armed, and Tom McLaury pulled his coat open to show he was not carrying a weapon.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe Cowboys were located in a narrow 15 - lot between the Harwood house and Fly's 12-room boarding house and photography studio at 312 Fremont Street, where Doc Holliday roomed.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nBehan later said he attempted to persuade Frank McLaury to give up his weapons, but Frank insisted that he would only give up his guns after City Marshal Virgil Earp and his brothers were first disarmed.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe Cowboys were about a block and a half from the West End Corral at 2nd Street and Fremont, where Ike and Tom's wagon and team were stabled. Virgil Earp later testified that he thought Ike and Tom were stabled at the O.K. Corral on Allen between 3rd and 4th, from which he thought they would be departing if they were leaving town.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWhile Ike Clanton later said he was planning to leave town, Frank McLaury reported that he had decided to remain behind to take care of some business. Will McLaury, Tom and Frank's brother and a judge in Fort Worth, Texas, claimed in a letter he wrote during the preliminary hearing after the shoot out that Tom and Frank were still armed because they were planning to conduct business before leaving town to visit him in Texas. He wrote that Billy Clanton, who had arrived on horseback with Frank, intended to go with the McLaurys to Fort Worth. Will McLaury came to Tombstone after the gun fight and joined the prosecution team in an attempt to convict the Earps and Holliday for his brothers' murder. Paul Johnson told a different story, that the McLaurys were about to leave for Iowa to attend the wedding of their sister, Sarah Caroline, in Iowa. Tom and Frank were especially close to Sarah, one of their 14 siblings and half-siblings. Caroline married James Reed in Richland, Iowa at the end of November that year.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nVirgil decides to disarm Cowboys\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nCitizens reported to Virgil on the Cowboys' movements and their threats told him that Ike and Tom had left their livery stable and entered town while armed, in violation of the city ordinance. Virgil Earp was told by several citizens that the McLaurys and the Clantons had gathered on Fremont Street. Virgil decided he had to disarm the Cowboys. His decision to take action may have been influenced by the Cowboy's repeated threats to the Earps, their proximity to Holliday's room in Fly's boarding house, and their location on the route the Earps usually took to their homes two blocks further west on Fremont Street.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nSeveral members of the citizen's vigilance committee offered to support him with arms, but Virgil said no. He had during the prior month appointed Morgan as a Special Policeman. He had also appointed Wyatt as a Special Policemen while Virgil had been in Prescott on business. He had also called on Doc Holliday that morning for help with disarming the Clantons and McLaurys. Wyatt spoke of his brothers Virgil and Morgan as the \\\"marshals\\\" while he acted as \\\"deputy.\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nVirgil Earp picked up the short, double-barreled shotgun he had retrieved from the Wells Fargo office earlier. He gave the shotgun to Doc Holliday who hid it under his overcoat. He took Holliday's walking-stick in return.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAs usual, the Earps carried their revolvers in their coat pockets or in their waistbands. Wyatt Earp was carrying a .44 caliber American 1869 Smith & Wesson revolver. Holliday was carrying a nickel-plated pistol in a holster, but this was concealed by his long coat, as was the shotgun. The Earps and Holliday walked west, down the south side of Fremont Street past the rear entrance to the O.K. Corral, but out of visual range of the Cowboys' last reported location. Near the corner of Fourth St. and Fremont St., the Earps ran into Sheriff Behan. He had left the Cowboys and came toward them, though he looked nervously backward several times. Virgil testified afterward that Behan told them, \\\"For God's sake, don't go down there or they will murder you!\\\" Wyatt said Behan told him and Morgan, \\\"I have disarmed them.\\\" Behan testified afterward that he'd only said he'd gone down to the Cowboys \\\"for the purpose of disarming them,\\\" not that he'd actually disarmed them.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWhen Behan said he had disarmed them, Virgil attempted to avoid a fight. \\\"I had a walking stick in my left hand and my hand was on my six-shooter in my waist pants, and when he said he had disarmed them, I shoved it clean around to my left hip and changed my walking stick to my right hand.\\\" Wyatt said I \\\"took my pistol, which I had in my hand, under my coat, and put it in my overcoat pocket.\\\" The Earps walked further down Fremont street and came into full view of the Cowboys in the lot.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWyatt testified he saw \\\"Frank McLaury, Tom McLaury, and Billy Clanton standing in a row against the east side of the building on the opposite side of the vacant space west of Fly's photograph gallery. Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne and a man I don't know [Wes Fuller] were standing in the vacant space about halfway between the photograph gallery and the next building west.\\\" Addie Bourland corroborated Wyatt's testimony, stating that she saw \\\"five men opposite my house, leaning against a small house west of Fly's Gallery and one man was holding a horse, standing a little out from the house.\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe gunfight\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIn the preceding weeks and hours, Ike Clanton had repeatedly threatened Doc Holliday and the Earps. The Earps were tired of the threats. Martha J. King was in Bauer's butcher shop on Fremont Street. She testified that when the Earp party passed by her location, one of the Earps on the outside of the group looked across and said to Doc Holliday nearest the store, \\\"...let them have it!\\\" to which Holliday replied, \\\"All right.\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nPhysical proximity\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWhen the Earps approached the lot, the four law men were initially facing five Cowboys: Frank McLaury, Tom McLaury, Billy Clanton, Wes Fuller, and Ike Clanton. The Cowboys stepped away from the Harwood house.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIn testimony given by witnesses afterward, they disagreed about the precise location of the men and animals at the beginning of the gunfight and during. The coroner's inquest and the Spicer hearing produced a sketch showing the Cowboys standing, from left to right facing Fremont Street, with Billy Clanton and then Frank McLaury near the Harwood house and Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton roughly in the middle of the lot. Opposite them and initially only about 6 to away, Virgil Earp was on the left end of the Earp party, standing a few feet inside the vacant lot and nearest Ike Clanton. Behind him a few feet near the corner of C. S. Fly's boarding house was Wyatt. Morgan Earp was standing on Fremont Street to Wyatt's right, and Doc Holliday anchored the end of their line in Fremont Street, a few feet to Morgan's right.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWyatt Earp drew a sketch in 1924 and another with John Flood on September 15, 1926 that depicted Billy Clanton near the middle of the lot, close to the Harwood house. Tom and Frank McLaury stood deeper in the lot. Frank was in the center between the two buildings, holding the reins of his horse. Tom was closer to C. S. Fly's boarding house. According to Wyatt's sketches, Morgan was on the right of the lawmen, close to the Harwood house, opposite Billy Clanton near the Harwood house and close to Fremont St. Virgil was deeper in the lot, opposite Frank and Ike Clanton. Wyatt was to Virgil's left, opposite Tom. Doc Holliday hung back a step or two on Fremont Street. Neither of Wyatt's sketches included Ike Clanton or Billy Clairborne, who ran from the fight.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nGunbattle begins\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nVirgil Earp was not expecting a fight. Once Behan said that he'd disarmed the Cowboys, Virgil traded the short, double-barreled shotgun he was carrying for Holliday's cane. Virgil carried the cane in his right hand and shifted the pistol in his waistband from the right side to his left. Holliday concealed the short shotgun under his long jacket. Wyatt too was not expecting a fight and put his pistol in his overcoat pocket.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nBilly Clanton and Frank McLaury wore revolvers in holsters on their belts and stood alongside their saddled horses with rifles in their scabbards, possibly in violation of the city ordinance prohibiting carrying weapons in town.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWhen Virgil saw the Cowboys, he testified, he immediately commanded the Cowboys to \\\"Throw up your hands, I want your guns!\\\" Wyatt said Virgil told the Cowboys, \\\"Throw up your hands; I have come to disarm you!\\\" Virgil and Wyatt both testified they saw Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton draw and cock their six-shooters. Virgil yelled: \\\"Hold! I don't mean that!\\\" or \\\"Hold on, I don't want that!\\\" The single-action revolvers carried by both groups had to be cocked before firing.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nJeff Morey, who served as the historical consultant on the film Tombstone, compared testimony by partisan and neutral witnesses and came to the conclusion that the Earps described the situation accurately.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWho started shooting first is not certain; accounts by both participants and eyewitnesses are contradictory. The smoke from the black powder used in the weapons added to the confusion of the gunfight in the narrow space. Those loyal to one side or the other told conflicting stories, and independent eyewitnesses who did not know the participants by sight were unable to say for certain who shot first. The six or seven men with guns fired about 30 shots in around 30 seconds.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n; First two shots\\nVirgil Earp reported afterward, \\\"Two shots went off right together. Billy Clanton's was one of them.\\\" Wyatt testified, \\\"Billy Clanton leveled his pistol at me, but I did not aim at him. I knew that Frank McLaury had the reputation of being a good shot and a dangerous man, and I aimed at Frank McLaury.\\\" He said he shot Frank McLaury after both he and Billy Clanton went for their revolvers: \\\"The first two shots were fired by Billy Clanton and myself, he shooting at me, and I shooting at Frank McLaury.\\\" Morey agreed that Billy Clanton and Wyatt Earp fired first. Clanton missed, but Earp shot Frank McLaury in the stomach.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAll witnesses generally agreed that the first two shots were almost indistinguishable from each other. General firing immediately broke out. Virgil and Wyatt thought Tom was armed. When shooting started, the horse that Tom McLaury held jumped to one side. Wyatt said he also saw Tom throw his hand to his right hip. Virgil said Tom followed the horse's movement, hiding behind it, and fired once, if not twice, over the horse's back.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n; Holliday shoots Tom\\nAccording to one witness, Holliday drew a \\\"large bronze pistol\\\" (interpreted by some as Virgil's coach gun) from under his long coat, stepped around Tom McLaury's horse, and shot him with the short, double-barreled shotgun in the chest at close range.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWitness C. H. \\\"Ham\\\" Light saw Tom running or stumbling westward on Fremont Street towards Third Street, away from the gunfight, while Frank and Billy were still standing and shooting. Light testified that Tom fell at the foot of a telegraph pole on the corner of Fremont and 3rd Street and lay there, without moving, through the duration of the fight. After shooting Tom, Holliday tossed the shotgun aside, pulled out his nickel-plated revolver, and continued to fire at Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n; Ike Clanton runs\\nWyatt told the court afterward that Ike Clanton had bragged that he would kill the Earps or Doc Holliday at his first opportunity. But when the gunfight broke out, Clanton ran forward and grabbed him, exclaiming that he was unarmed and did not want a fight. To this protest Wyatt said he responded, \\\"Go to fighting or get away!\\\" Clanton ran through the front door of Fly's boarding house and escaped, unwounded. Other accounts say that Ike drew a hidden pistol and fired at the Earps before disappearing. Billy Claiborne also ran from the fight.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n; Billy Clanton shot\\nAccording to The Tombstone Epitaph, \\\"Wyatt Earp stood up and fired in rapid succession, as cool as a cucumber, and was not hit.\\\" Morgan Earp fired almost immediately, as Billy Clanton drew his gun right-handed. Morgan's shot hit Billy in the right wrist, disabling his hand. Forced to shift the revolver to his left hand, Clanton continued shooting until he emptied the gun. Virgil and Wyatt were now firing. Morgan Earp tripped and fell over a newly buried waterline and fired from the ground. Wyatt shot Frank McLaury in the abdomen, and Frank took his horse by its reins and struggled across Fremont Street. He tried and failed to grab his rifle from the scabbard but lost control of the horse. Frank crossed Fremont Street firing his revolver instead. Frank and Holliday exchanged shots as Frank moved across Fremont Street, and Frank hit Holliday in his pistol pocket, grazing him. Holliday followed him, exclaiming, \\\"That son of a bitch has shot me and I am going to kill him.\\\" Morgan Earp picked himself up and also fired at Frank. Frank fell to the sidewalk on the east side of Fremont Street.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nA number of witnesses observed a man leading a horse into the street and firing near it and Wyatt in his testimony thought this was Tom McLaury. Claiborne said only one man had a horse in the fight, and that this man was Frank, holding his own horse by the reins, then losing it and its cover, in the middle of the street. Wes Fuller also identified Frank as the man in the street leading the horse.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n;Morgan Earp wounded\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThough wounded, Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury kept shooting. One of them, perhaps Billy, shot Morgan Earp across the back in a wound that struck both shoulder blades and a vertebra. Morgan went down for a minute before picking himself up. Either Frank or Billy shot Virgil Earp in the calf (Virgil thought it was Billy). Virgil, though hit, fired his next shot at Billy Clanton.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nFrank, now entirely across Fremont street and still walking at a good pace according to Claiborne's testimony, fired twice more before he was shot in the head under his right ear. Both Morgan and Holliday apparently thought they had fired the shot that killed Frank, but since neither of them testified at the hearing, this information is only from second-hand accounts. A passerby testified to having stopped to help Frank, and saw Frank try to speak, but he died where he fell, before he could be moved.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nBilly Clanton was shot in the wrist, chest and abdomen, and after a minute or two slumped to a sitting position near his original position at the corner of the MacDonald house in the lot between the house and Fly's Lodging House. Claiborne said Clanton was supported by a window initially after he was shot, and fired some shots after sitting, with the pistol supported on his leg. After he ran out of ammunition, he called for more cartridges, but C. S. Fly took his pistol at about the time the general shooting ended.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nA few moments later, Tom McLaury was carried from the corner of Fremont and Third into the Harwood house on that corner, where he died without speaking. Passersby carried Billy Clanton to the Harwood house, where Tom had been taken. Billy was in considerable pain and asked for a doctor and some morphine. He told those near him, \\\"They have murdered me. I have been murdered. Chase the crowd away and from the door and give me air.\\\" Billy gasped for air, and someone else heard him say, \\\"Go away and let me die.\\\" Ike Clanton, who had repeatedly threatened the Earps with death, was still running. William Cuddy testified that Ike passed him on Allen Street and Johnny Behan saw him a few minutes later on Tough Nut Street.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nOutcome of the battle\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIke Clanton, who had been threatening to kill the Earps for several months, including the day before, and Billy Claiborne were both unarmed. They ran from the fight unhurt. Wesley Fuller, a Cowboy who had been at the rear of the lot, left as soon as the firing began. Both Wyatt and Virgil believed Tom McLaury was armed and testified that he had fired at least one shot over the back of a horse. Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury exchanged gunfire with the lawmen. During the gunfight, Doc Holliday was bruised by a bullet fired by Frank that struck his holster and grazed his hip. Virgil Earp was shot through the calf, he thought by Billy Clanton. Morgan Earp was struck across both shoulder blades by a bullet that Morgan thought Frank McLaury had fired. Wyatt Earp was unhurt. Tom McLaury, his brother Frank, and Billy Clanton were killed.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAs the wounded lawmen were carried to their homes, they passed in front of the Sheriff's Office, and Johnny Behan told Wyatt Earp he was under arrest. Wyatt paused two or three seconds and replied very forcibly: \\\"I won't be arrested today. I am right here and am not going away.\\\" Dr. George Goodfellow treated the Earps' wounds.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nCowboy wounds\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nDr. Henry M. Mathews examined the dead Cowboys late that night. He found Frank McLaury had two wounds: a gunshot beneath the right ear that horizontally penetrated his head, and a second entering his abdomen one inch to the left of his navel. Mathews stated that the wound beneath the ear was at the base of the brain and caused instant death. Sheriff Behan testified that he had heard Morgan Earp yell \\\"I got him\\\" after Frank was shot. However, during the gunfight, Frank moved across Fremont street, putting Holliday on Frank's right and Morgan on his left. This makes it much more likely that Holliday shot the fatal round that killed Frank.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWhen he examined Tom McLaury's body, Mathews found twelve buckshot wounds from a single shotgun round on the right side under his arm, between the third and fifth ribs. The wound was about four inches across. The nature and location of the wound indicated that it could not have been received if Tom's hands were on his coat lapels as the Cowboys later testified. Both Virgil and Wyatt stated that Holliday had shot Tom, which the coroner's exam supported.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nDr. George Goodfellow testified about Billy Clanton's wounds at the Spicer hearing. He stated that the angle of the wrist wound indicated that Billy's hand could not have been raised over his head as claimed by Cowboy witnesses. In his coroner's report, Mathews did not mention Billy's arm wound, but witness Keefe, who examined the arm closely, testified later that Clanton was shot through the right arm, close to the wrist joint and \\\"the bullet passed through the arm from \\\"inside to outside,\\\" entering the arm close to the base of the thumb, and exiting \\\"on the back of the wrist diagonally\\\" with the latter wound larger. This indicated to the judge that Billy could not have been holding his coat's lapels open, his arms raised, as the Cowboys testified. Dr. Mathews found two other wounds on Billy's body. The first was two inches from Clanton's left nipple, penetrated his lung. The other was in the abdomen beneath the twelfth rib, six inches to the right of the navel. Both were fired from the front. Neither passed completely through his body.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe wound to Billy Clanton's right wrist may have been inflicted by Morgan Earp or Doc Holliday immediately at the outset of the fight as Billy was drawing his gun.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWeapons carried by the Cowboys\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n; Billy Clanton\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nBilly Clanton was armed with Colt Frontier 1873 revolvers which were identified by their serial numbers at the Spicer hearing. C.S. Fly found Billy Clanton's empty revolver in his hand where he lay and took it from him.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n; Frank McLaury\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nFrank McLaury's was also armed with a Colt Frontier 1873 revolver which was recovered by laundryman B. E. Fellehy on the street a few feet from his body with two rounds remaining in it. Fellehy placed it next to Frank's body before he was moved to the Harwood house. Dr. Mathews laid Frank's revolver on the floor while he examined Billy and Tom. Cowboy witness Wes Fuller said he saw Frank in the middle of the street shooting a revolver and trying to remove a Winchester rifle from the scabbard on his horse. The two Model 1873 rifles were still in the scabbards on Frank and Tom McLaury's horses when they were found after the gunfight. If, as was customary, Frank carried only five rounds, then he had fired only three shots.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n; Tom McLaury\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWitnesses differed about whether Tom McLaury was carrying a weapon during the shootout or not. No revolver or rifle was found near his body and he was not wearing a cartridge belt. Wyatt testified that he had arrested Tom earlier that day when he found him carrying a weapon earlier in violation of a city ordinance. He pistol-whipped him and took him to the courthouse where he was fined. Saloon-keeper Mehan testified that Tom had deposited his revolver at the Capital Saloon on 4th Street and Fremont after his arrest and before the fight, between 1 and 2 p.m. Several Cowboy witnesses testified that Tom was unarmed and claimed that the Earps had murdered a defenseless man.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nBehan testified that when he searched Tom McLaury for a weapon prior to the gunfight, he was not thorough, and that Tom might have had a pistol hidden in his waistband. Behan's testimony was significant, since he was a prime witness for the prosecution but had equivocated on this point. Behan's sympathy to the Cowboys was well known, and during the trial he firmly denied he had contributed money to help Ike with his defense costs. However, documents were located in 1997 that showed Behan served as guarantor for a loan to Ike Clanton during the Spicer hearing. Since Wyatt planned to run against Behan for County Sheriff, Behan had an incentive to help convict Wyatt.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nA story in the Cowboy-friendly newspaper, the Nugget, stated without attribution that \\\"The Sheriff stepped out and said [to the Earps]: 'Hold up boys, don't go down there or there will be trouble; I have been down there to disarm them.'\\\" In his testimony, Behan repeatedly insisted he told the Earps that he only intended to disarm the Cowboys, not that he had actually done so. The article said that Behan \\\"was standing near by commanding the contestants to cease firing but was powerless to prevent it.\\\" Given the Nugget close relationship to Behan (it was owned by Behan's deputy sheriff), it is likely they interviewed him. By Williams' account, Behan told Virgil Earp immediately after the gunfight a story that corroborated the Nugget report, which the newspaper altered afterward to a version that matched the story Behan later told at the coroner's inquest.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThough saloon-keeper Andrew Mehan had seen Tom deposit his pistol after his beating by Earp and before the gunfight, none of the Earps had any way of knowing that Tom had left his revolver at the saloon. Hotel keeper Albert \\\"Chris\\\" Billickie, whose father Charles owned the Cosmopolitan Hotel, saw Tom McLaury enter Bauer's butcher shop about 2:00 p.m. He testified that Tom's right-hand pants pocket was flat when he went in but protruded, as if it contained a pistol (so he thought), when he emerged. Retired army surgeon Dr. J. W. Gardiner also testified that he saw the bulge in Tom's pants. However, the bulge in Tom's pants pocket may have been the nearly $3,300 in cash and receipts found on his body, perhaps in payment for stolen Mexican beef purchased by the butcher.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWyatt and Virgil Earp and Doc Holliday believed that Tom had a revolver at the time of the gunfight. Wyatt thought Tom fired a revolver under the horse's neck and believed until he died that Tom's revolver had been removed from the scene by Wesley Fuller. One eye witness, laundryman Peter H. Fellehy, stated that he saw Morgan Earp and Doc Holliday shooting at a man who was using a horse to barricade himself, and once shot the man fell. During that statement, Fellehy claimed the man still held his pistol in his hand. Although he never said he saw him shoot, he does indicate that Tom McLaury was armed.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nRuben F. Coleman also said afterward that he thought Tom was armed, though he later equivocated on this point. He was quoted in the October 27 issue of The Tombstone Epitaph in which he said, \\\"Tom McLaury fell first, but raised and fired again before he died.\\\" Coleman also testified at the coroner’s inquest one day later. Part-time newspaper reporter Howell 'Pat' Hayhurst transcribed all of the testimony from the hearing in the early 1930s as part of the Federal Writers' Project, in the Works Progress Administration. When he transcribed Coleman's second testimony, he quoted Coleman as saying, \\\"Tom McLaury, after the first two shots were fired, ran down Fremont Street and fell ... I think that the report I gave to the Epitaph was pretty near correct as published.\\\" However, it's known that Hayhurst arbitrarily removed text that he decided was not relevant. Author Stuart N. Lake later said Hayhurst ‘mutilated’ the transcription. The documents were subsequently lost and are still unaccounted for.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nEven if Tom wasn't armed with a revolver, Virgil Earp testified Tom attempted to grab a rifle from the scabbard on the horse in front of him before he was killed. Judge Spicer ruled afterward that \\\"if Thomas McLaury was one of a party who were thus armed and were making felonious resistance to an arrest, and in the melee that followed was shot, the fact of his being unarmed, if it be a fact, could not of itself [in]criminate the defendants [Earps], if they were not otherwise criminated.\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n; Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIke Clanton and Billy Claiborne both said they were unarmed when they fled the gunfight.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nPublic reaction\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe bodies of the three dead Cowboys were displayed in a window at Ritter and Reams undertakers with a sign: \\\"Murdered in the Streets of Tombstone.\\\" The Daily Nugget proclaimed:\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe Tombstone Epitaph was more restrained in its language:\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nSince The Tombstone Epitaph was the local Associated Press client, its story was the version of events that most readers across the United States read first.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe funerals for Billy Clanton (age 19), Tom McLaury (age 28) and his older brother Frank (age 33) were well attended. About 300 people joined in the procession to Boot Hill and as many as two thousand watched from the sidewalks. Both McLaureys were buried in the same grave, and Billy Clanton was buried nearby. The story was widely printed in newspapers across the United States. Most versions favored the lawmen. The San Francisco Exchange headlines their story, \\\"A Good Riddance\\\".\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe Coroner's Jury convened by Dr. Henry Matthews neither condemned nor exonerated the lawmen for shooting the Cowboys. \\\"William Clanton, Frank and Thomas McLaury, came to their deaths in the town of Tombstone on October 26, 1881, from the effects of pistol and gunshot wounds inflicted by Virgil Earp, Morgan Earp, Wyatt Earp, and one—Holliday, commonly called 'Doc Holliday'.\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe initial public reaction was largely favorable to the Earps, but began to change when rumors began to circulate that Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury were unarmed, and that Billy Clanton and Tom McLaury even threw up their hands before the shooting. Within a few days, Phineas \\\"Fin\\\" Clanton arrived in town, and some began to claim that the Earps and Holliday had committed murder, instead of enforcing the law. Clara Spalding Brown, the wife of mining engineer Theodore Brown, was a correspondent for the San Diego Union and other California newspapers. She wrote that Tombstone residents were divided about the justification for the killings. Referring to the initial testimony offered by Ike Clanton, she wrote, \\\"Opinion is pretty divided as to the justification of the killing. You may meet one man who will support the Earps, and declare that no other course was possible to save their own lives, and the next man is just as likely to assert that there was no occasion whatever for bloodshed, and that this will be 'a warm place' for the Earps hereafter.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAt the inquest yesterday, the damaging fact was ascertained that only two of the cowboys were armed, it thus being a most unequal fight.\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nEven the Governor of the Arizona Territory, John C. Frémont, reported after the gunfight, \\\"Many of the very best law-abiding and peace-loving citizens [of Tombstone] have no confidence in the willingness of the civil officers to pursue and bring to justice that element of out-lawry so largely disturbing the sense of security...[The opinion] is quite prevalent that the civil officers are quite largely in league with the leaders of this disturbing and dangerous element.\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nSpicer hearing\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nFour days after the shoot out, Ike Clanton filed murder charges against Doc Holliday and the Earps. Wyatt and Holliday were arrested and brought before Justice of the Peace, Wells Spicer. Morgan and Virgil were still recovering at home. Only Wyatt and Holliday were required to post $10,000 bail, which was paid by their attorney Thomas Fitch, local mine owner E.B. Gage, Wells Fargo undercover agent Fred Dodge, and other business owners appreciative of the Earps' efforts to maintain order. Virgil Earp was suspended as town marshal pending the outcome of the trial. Justice Spicer convened a preliminary hearing on October 31 to determine if there was enough evidence to go to trial.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe prosecution was led by Republican District Attorney Lyttleton Price, assisted by John M. Murphy, James Robinson, and Ben Goodrich. They were joined by William McLaury, Frank and Tom's older brother, he also being an able attorney, who played a key role on the prosecutor's team. The Earp's attorney Thomas Fitch was an experienced trial lawyer and had earned a reputation as the \\\"silver-tongued orator of the Pacific.\\\"\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nSpicer took written and oral testimony from a number of witnesses over more than a month. Accounts by both participants and eye-witnesses were contradictory. Those loyal to one side or the other told conflicting stories and independent eyewitnesses who did not know the participants by sight were unable to say for certain who shot first.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nCochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan testified on the third day of the hearing. During two days on the stand, he gave strong testimony that the Cowboys had not resisted but either threw up their hands and turned out their coats to show they were not armed. Behan's views turned public opinion against the Earps, who were free on bail. He and other prosecution witnesses testified that Tom McLaury was unarmed, that Billy Clanton had his hands in the air, and that neither of the McLaurys were troublemakers. They portrayed Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury as being unjustly bullied and beaten by the vengeful Earps on the day of the gunfight. On the strength of the prosecution case, Spicer revoked the bail for Doc and Wyatt Earp and had them jailed on November 7. They spent the next 16 days in jail.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nDefense accounts contradicted the testimony of Behan, Claiborne and Allen, who all said that a man had fired a nickel-plated pistol first. Claiborne and Allen both said it was Holliday. Virgil, Wyatt and other witnesses testified that Holliday was carrying a shotgun. (Morgan remained bedridden throughout the trial and did not testify.) The prosecution's scenario would have required Holliday to fire with his pistol first, switch to the shotgun to shoot Tom McLaury, then switch back again to his pistol to continue firing.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThree witnesses gave key evidence that swayed Justice Spicer to hold that Virgil had acted within his capacity as Sheriff and that there was insufficient evidence to indict the Earps and Doc Holliday for murder.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nH.F Sills was an AT&SF RR engineer who had just arrived in town and knew none of the parties involved. He testified that he saw \\\"the marshal go up and speak to this other party. I ... saw them pull out their revolvers immediately. The marshal had a cane in his right hand at the time. He throwed up his hand and spoke. I did not hear the words though. By that time Billy Clanton and Wyatt Earp had fired their guns off.\\\" Grilled by the prosecution, he corroborated virtually all of the defense's testimony.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAddie Bourland was a dressmaker whose residence was across Fremont Street from Fly's Boarding House. She testified that she saw both sides facing each other, that none of the Cowboys had held their hands up, that the firing was general, and that she had not seen Billy Clanton fall immediately as the Cowboys had testified.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nJudge J.H. Lucas of the Cochise County Probate Court had offices in the Mining Exchange Building about 200 ft from the shootout. Lucas' corroborated Addie Bourland's testimony that Billy Clanton was standing throughout the fight, which contradicted prosecution witnesses who maintained he went down immediately after being shot at close range in the belly. Spicer noted that no powder burns were found on his clothing.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThese witnesses' testimony, especially that of H.F. Sills, a disinterested party, discredited much of the testimony given by Sheriff Johnny Behan, Ike Clanton and the other Cowboy witnesses.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAfter hearing all the evidence, Justice Spicer ruled on November 30 that Virgil, as the lawman in charge that day, had acted within his office and that there was not enough evidence to indict the men. He described Frank McLaury's insistence that he would not give up his weapons unless the marshal and his deputies also gave up their arms as a \\\"proposition both monstrous and startling!\\\" He noted that the prosecution claimed that the Cowboys' purpose was to leave town, yet Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne did not have their weapons with them. Spicer noted that the doctor who examined the dead Cowboys established that the wounds they received could not have occurred if their hands and arms had been in the positions that prosecution witnesses described. Spicer did not condone all of the Earps' actions and criticized Virgil Earp's use of Wyatt and Holliday as deputies, but he concluded that no laws were broken. He said the evidence indicated that the Earps and Holliday acted within the law and that Holliday and Wyatt had been properly deputized by Virgil Earp.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIn popular culture\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe public perception of the Earp brothers' actions, and especially those of Wyatt, were controversial. Even today, they have strongly opinionated admirers and detractors.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nGunfight sketch\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nA hand-drawn sketch of the gunfight, made by John Flood with Wyatt Earp's assistance on September 15, 1921, was sold at auction in October 2010 for $380,000. The map describes the position of a number of witnesses and all of the participants with the exception of Ike Clanton, who fled from the gunfight.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nPaintings\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIn 1952, Victor Clyde Forsythe, a popular painter of desert scenes and cowboy artist, painted \\\"Gunfight at O.K. Corral\\\", a oil painting regarded by some as the most accurate depiction of the gunfight for many years. Forsythe’s father, William Bowen Forsyth and uncle, Ira Chandler owned a store, Chandler & Forsyth C.O.D., at 328 Fremont Street, west of the back entrance to the O.K. Corral, and one-half block from the site of the gunfight. They claimed that had been present and witnessed the shoot out. Newspaper accounts of the painting reported that Forsythe had interviewed Tombstone residents and examined many of the existing buildings before beginning to plan his painting. In May 1988, his studio printed and sold a limited edition of 390 copies of the painting.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nJohn Gilchriese became friends with John Flood, who had been Wyatt Earp’s secretary, confidante and best friend for many years. When Earp died, Flood inherited many of his personal belongings. Flood in turn willed them to Gilchriese, who amassed over a number of years one of the largest collections of personal items belonging to Wyatt and Virgil Earp along with many unpublished photos of them and their family. Gilchriese opened the Wyatt Earp Museum in Tombstone in 1966 and commissioned Western artist Don Perceval to paint the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. The oil on masonite painting, titled The Street Fight, is 6 feet 4 inches by 4 feet (1.93 m by 1.22 m). It was the largest work ever executed by Perceval. He referred to original documents in Gilchriese's collection, including Wyatt Earp's own diagram of the shootout, and unpublished notes made by John Flood, to create what is regarded as the most accurate depiction of the shootout. Gilchreise had 500 lithographic prints reproduced from the original, which Perceval signed. The prints were sold by the museum for $10.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nAfter Gilchriese closed his museum, the painting along with other contents of the museum was sold at auction by John's Western Gallery of San Francisco. The estimated auction price was $200,000 to $300,000. The final sale price on June 25, 2004 was $40,250. It was put up for auction again on June 14, 2014 with an estimated selling price of $40,000 - $60,000 but failed to sell.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nOrigin of the gunfight's name\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe shootout was described by Breakenridge in his 1928 book Helldorado: Bringing Law to the Mesquite as \\\"The Incident Near the O.K. Corral.\\\" In his popular book Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal, Stuart Lake titled his chapter about the conflict, \\\"At the O.K. Corral.\\\" But it was the popular movie Gunfight at the O.K. Corral that cemented the incident and its erroneous location in popular consciousness. The movie and accompanying mythologizing also altered the way the public thought of the Earps and the outlaws. Prior to the movie, the media often criticized the Earps' actions in Tombstone. In the movies, they became the good guys, always ready to stand for what is right.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe incident has become a fixture in American history due to the personal nature of the feud between the Earps and the McLaury and Clanton brothers and the symbolism of the fight between lawmen and the outlaw Cowboys. When the Cowboys maimed Virgil and murdered Morgan, but escaped prosecution, Wyatt's extra-legal campaign for revenge captured people's attention. The gunfight and its aftermath stand for the change overcoming America as the Western frontier ceased to exist, between a modern nation that was rapidly industrializing, pushing out what had been a largely agrarian economy.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe town of Tombstone has capitalized on widespread interest in the gunfight. Portions of the town are a historical district that has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. National Park Service. A local company produces daily theatrical re-enactments of the gunfight.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nFilm and television\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nWith the widespread sales of televisions after World War II, producers spun out a large number of western-oriented shows. At the height of their popularity in 1959, there were more than two dozen \\\"cowboy\\\" programs on each week. At least six of them were directly or indirectly connected with Wyatt Earp: The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, Bat Masterson, Tombstone Territory, Broken Arrow, Johnny Ringo, and Gunsmoke. Hugh O'Brien portrayed Earp on the namesake show, Wyatt Earp, which ran for six seasons.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nA 2003 episode of Discovery Channel's Unsolved History used modern technology to attempt to re-enact the gunfight. They utilized a movie set to recreate a space similar to the lot where the original gun fight took place. They confirmed that the front to back wrist wound suffered by Billy Clanton could only have occurred if his arm was raised in a manner like that when holding a pistol and that the black powder may have obscured the shooters' view of each other. The episode concluded that the three eyewitnesses for the prosecution (Sheriff Behan, Ike Clanton and Billy Clanton) likely offered perjured testimony. They found that Tom McLaury may have been hit by the shotgun round under his armpit as he reached over his horse for a rifle in his scabbard, as the horse turned away from him at the same time.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nThe stories about the gunfight written in the 20th century affected American culture. Numerous dramatic, fictional, and documentary works have been produced about or referencing the event with varying degrees of accuracy. These works include:\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n* Law and Order (1932) with Walter Huston\\n* Frontier Marshal (1934) with George O'Brien\\n* Dodge City (1939) with Errol Flynn \\n* Frontier Marshal (1939) with Randolph Scott \\n* Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die (1942) with Richard Dix \\n* My Darling Clementine (1946) with Henry Fonda\\n* Angel and the Badman (1947) with John Wayne \\n* The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1955), TV series with Hugh O'Brien \\n* Wichita (1955) with Joel McCrea \\n* Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957) with Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas \\n* Cheyenne Autumn (1964) with James Stewart\\n* Gunmen of the Rio Grande (1965) \\n* The Gunfighters (1966), a Doctor Who serial \\n* Hour of the Gun (1967) with James Garner \\n* \\\"Spectre of the Gun\\\" (1968), an original Star Trek episode \\n* Doc (1971) written by Pete Hamill \\n* \\\"Showdown at O.K.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nCorral\\\" (1972), an Appointment with Destiny episode, narrated by Lorne Greene \\n* \\\"Ghost Fight at the OK Corral\\\" (1987), The Real Ghostbusters episode \\n* Tombstone (1993) with Kurt Russell \\n* Wyatt Earp (1994) with Kevin Costner \\n* \\\"Shootout at Fly's Photographic Studio\\\", a History Bites episode \\n* Days That Shook the World (2004) in the episode Rule Of The Gun.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIn print\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n(Chronological)\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\n* Warlock (1958), a novel by Oakley Hall prominently features a fictionalized version of the gunfight, known as the \\\"Shootout at the Acme Corral\\\".\\n* Mister Blueberry (1995–2005), a 5-volume story arc of the comics series Blueberry by French artist Jean Giraud combines multiple plots including one about the gunfight.\\n* Frontier Earth (1999), a sci-fi/western novel by actor Bruce Boxleitner, about the events leading up to the gunfight.\\n* The Return of Little Big Man (1999), in which novelist Thomas Berger's wandering protagonist Jack Crabb becomes a witness to the event.\\n* Gunman's Rhapsody (2001) by Robert B. Parker\\n* Telegraph Days (2006), a novel by Larry McMurtry, includes a representation of the gunfight, told by a fictional journalist and eyewitness\\n* Territory (July 2007), a novel by Emma Bull offers a fantasy retelling of the events leading up to the fight.\\n* The Buntline Special (2010) By Mike Resnick, a Steampunk re-imagining of the gunfight.\\n* The Last Kind Words Saloon (2014) By Larry McMurtry, culminates with a version of the gunfight.\\n* Epitaph: A Novel of the O.K. Corral (2015) by Mary Doria Russell tells Wyatt Earp's story.\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nIn mathematics\",\n \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\\n\\nDavid Williams and Paul McIlroy introduced a mathematical model for the O.K. Corral gunfight, which they published in Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society (1998). Later this model was analyzed by Sir John Kingman (1999, 2002), and Kingman and Volkov (2003). They analyzed the probability of \\\"survival of exactly S gunmen given an initially fair configuration.\\\"\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nNicholas Porter Earp (September 6, 1813 – February 12, 1907) was the father of well-known Western lawmen Virgil, Wyatt, and Morgan, and their lesser-known brothers James and Warren Earp. He was a justice of the peace, a farmer, cooper, constable, bootlegger, wagon-master, and teacher.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nEarly family life and military service\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nNicholas Earp was born in Lincoln County, North Carolina, to Walter Earp (b. 1787, Montgomery County, Maryland – d. January 30, 1853) and Martha Ann Early (b. August 28, 1790, Avery County, North Carolina – d. September 24, 1881). The Earp family was of English and Scotch-Irish descent. The first Earp immigrant to the American colonies was Thomas Earp Jr., who arrived in Anne Arundel County on July 6, 1674, as an indentured servant from Ireland. He is buried in St. Anne's Parish in Annapolis. Nicholas was named for a circuit-riding judge in Kentucky.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nNicholas' father Walter Earp was a school teacher, a Justice of the Peace in Monmouth, Illinois and a Methodist Episcopal preacher. Walter Earp was born in Montgomery County, Maryland in 1787. He was a fifth-generation Marylander and the fourth great-grandson of Thomas Earp, Sr. (1631–1720), an Ulsterman who emigrated from the barony of Fews in County Armagh, Northern Ireland to Maryland. Nicholas' mother, Martha Ann Early, was born in Avery County, North Carolina, on August 28, 1790. Nicholas was the third of ten children; his siblings include six brothers: Lorenzo Dow, Josiah Jackson, James Kelly, Francis Asbury, Jonathan Douglas and Walter C (twins); as well as three sisters: Elizabeth, Mary Ann, and Sarah Ann.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nSoon after his birth, his family moved from Virginia to Hartford, Kentucky in 1813, where Nicholas spent the rest of his childhood. As a young man, Nicholas served in the Black Hawk War of 1831 and later was a sergeant in the Mexican-American War. During the Mexican-American War Nicholas served under Captain Wyatt Berry Stapp of the Illinois Mounted Volunteers. Nicholas named his fourth son after him. During the Civil War, Nicholas also served in Iowa as a provost marshal for recruitment. This included his own sons Newton, James, and Virgil who fought for the Union Army. He originally intended to become a lawyer like his father before moving his law practice and his family from North Carolina to Kentucky, where he took up farming. He was also a cooper and sheriff.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nFirst marriage\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nOn December 22, 1836, in Hartford, Nicholas Porter married Abigail Storm, the daughter of Peter and Anna Maria (Lehman) Sturm (September 21, 1813, in Ohio County, Kentucky – October 8, 1839 Ohio County, Kentucky) who was the great-granddaughter of German immigrants who had originally settled in Frederick, Maryland. Their children: on December 22, 1836 in Hartford, Kentucky. They had two children:\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\n* Newton Jasper Earp (October 7, 1837 Ohio County, Kentucky – December 18, 1928 Sacramento, California). Married Nancy Jane (Jennie) Adam.\\n* Mariah Ann Earp (February 12 – December 13, 1839), died two months after her mother at the age of ten months.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nAbigail died on October 8, 1839.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nSecond marriage\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nOn July 30, 1840, Nicholas married Virginia Ann Cooksey in Hartford, Kentucky. They had eight children:\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\n* James Cooksey Earp (June 28, 1841 in Hartford, Kentucky — January 25, 1926 in Los Angeles, California)\\n* Virgil Walter Earp (July 18, 1843 in Hartford, Kentucky — October 19, 1905 in Goldfield, Nevada).\\n* Martha Elizabeth Earp (September 25, 1845 in Kentucky — May 26, 1856 in Monmouth, Illinois).\\n* Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848 in Monmouth, Illinois — January 13, 1929 in Los Angeles, California).\\n* Morgan Seth Earp (April 24, 1851 in Pella, Iowa — March 18, 1882 in Tombstone, Arizona).\\n* Baxter Warren Earp (always known as Warren) (March 9, 1855 in Pella, Iowa — July 6, 1900 in Willcox, Arizona).\\n* Virginia Ann Earp (February 28, 1858 in Marion County, Iowa — October 26, 1861 in Pella, Iowa).\\n* Adelia Douglas Earp (June 16, 1861 in Pella, Iowa — January 16, 1941 in San Bernardino, California).\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nRelocates to Iowa\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nIn March 1849, Nicholas Earp joined about one hundred others from Monmouth County, Illinois for a trip to California, where he planned to look for good farm land, not gold. He decided to move to San Bernardino County in the southern part of the state. Nicholas returned to Illinois and the family left for California but their daughter Martha, became ill and died. Nicholas changed plans and moved to Pella, Iowa.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nVarious occupations\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nTheir new farm in Pella, Iowa, consisted of 160 acre, 7 mi was northeast of Pella, Iowa. Eight years later, on March 4, 1856, Nicholas sold his Pella, Iowa, farm to Aquillin Waters Noe (who resold it on the same day to Hiram Zenas Webster) and the family returned to Monmouth, Illinois, where Nicholas found that nobody needed his services as cooper or farmer.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nUnable to find work, Nicholas was elected as the town constable, which he served as for about three years. In 1859, he was tried and convicted of bootlegging. Nicholas was unable to pay the court-imposed fines following his trial, and a lien was levied against the Earp's property. On November 11, 1859, the property was sold at auction. Two days later, the Earps left Monmouth and returned to Pella.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nNicholas apparently made frequent travels to Monmouth throughout 1860 to confirm and conclude the sale of his properties and to face several lawsuits for debt and accusations of tax evasion. On May 12, 1864, the Earp family joined a wagon train heading to California. According to the diaries of Utah immigrants in the wagon train, Nicholas was one of the wagon-masters on their overland trek.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nCivil War service\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nAfter the American Civil War began, Newton, James, and Virgil joined the Union Army on November 11, 1861. While his father was busy recruiting and drilling local companies, Wyatt, along with his two younger brothers, Morgan and Warren, were left in charge of tending the 80 acre corn crop. Only 13 years old, Wyatt was too young to enlist, but he tried on several occasions to run away and join the army. Each time his father found him and brought him home. James was severely wounded in Fredericktown, Missouri, and returned home in the summer of 1863. Newton and Virgil fought several battles in the east before returning home.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nMoves to California\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nOn May 12, 1864, the Earp family joined a wagon train heading to California. Nicolas Earp joined with three other families from Pella, the Rousseaus, the Hamiltons, and the Curtises, and on May 12, 1864, they began a wagon trip to California. They took their children Wyatt, Jim, Morgan, Warren, and Adelia. Seven more wagons joined them during the trip to San Bernardino, California, where they arrived on December 17, 1864. Nicholas rented a farm on the banks of the Santa Ana River near present-day Redlands.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nWithin the next year Virgil got a job driving a freight wagon to Salt Lake City and took Wyatt with him. Afterward they took jobs with the Union Pacific, which was building the Transcontinental Railroad west from Omaha, Nebraska. Virgil worked as a teamster and Wyatt manned a pick and shovel. Not long after their brothers Jim and Morgan left the family in San Bernardino and heading for the mining towns of Montana.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nIn spring 1868, the Earps returned to the mid-west and settled in Lamar, Missouri, where Nicholas became the local constable. By November 17, 1869, Nicholas resigned to become Justice of the Peace. His son Wyatt, who had been studying the law with his grandfather, Walter, was immediately appointed constable in place of his father.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nSome time prior to 1880, Nicholas and Virginia Earp moved back to California, settling in San Bernardino County. The 1880 United States Census shows the Nicholas Earp household included Warren and Morgan and his wife Louisa (\\\"Lou\\\"). Nicholas was recorded as a farmer. Nicholas was also one of the founders of the San Bernardino Society of California Pioneers.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nThird marriage and death\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nAfter Virginia's death on January 14, 1893 in San Bernardino, 80 year old Nicholas married Annie Elizabeth Cadd on October 14 of the same year. His new wife, the widow of Ambrose Peck Alexander (1825–1884), was 50 years old. She had been born in 1842 in Preston Bissett, Buckingham, England. She died in 1931 and is buried near Virginia and Nellie Earp (wife of son James Earp) at the Pioneer Cemetery in San Bernardino.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nNicholas Earp died at The Soldier's Home in Sawtelle, California, on February 12, 1907, shortly after he was elected to the Los Angeles County court. He is buried in West Los Angeles at the Los Angeles National Cemetery. He had outlived six of his ten children.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nDescendants\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nThree of Nicholas' sons—Virgil, Wyatt, and Morgan—became well-known lawmen as a result of their part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nNewton Earp\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nNewton married Nancy Jane (Jennie) Adam sometime between 1865 and 1868. They had five children.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nJames Earp\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nJames Cooksey Earp enlisted in the Union Army at the outbreak of the American Civil War. He was wounded on October 31, 1861 in a battle near Fredericktown, Missouri, and lost the use of his left arm. He was discharged in March, 1863. Newton and Virgil served until the end of the war. He married former prostitute Nellie \\\"Bessie\\\" Ketchum, in April 1873. He served briefly as a deputy marshal in Dodge City, Kansas under Marshal Charlie Bassett. On December 1, 1879, he and Nellie joined his brothers Wyatt and Virgil and their wives in Tombstone in the Arizona Territory. He was not present at the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nOn December 28, 1881, his brother Virgil Earp was ambushed and gravely wounded. He survived but lost use of his left arm. On March 18, 1882, his brother Morgan Earp was assassinated in a billiard parlor. James accompanied Morgan's body to the family home in Colton, California.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nJames then lived for a short time in Shoshone County, Idaho, until settling permanently by 1890 in California. James Earp died of natural causes in San Bernardino, California, on January 25, 1926. He is interred there at the Mountain View Cemetery.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nVirgil Earp\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nVirgil eloped at age sixteen with 16-year-old Dutch immigrant Magdalena C. \\\"Ellen\\\" Rysdam (born November 25, 1842 in Utrecht, Netherlands – died May 3, 1910 in Cornelius, Oregon). They remained together for a year in spite of her parents' (Gerrit Rysdam and Magdalena Catrina Van Velzen) disapproval of her choice. Nellie was born two weeks before Virgil enlisted to serve with the Union forces in the Civil War. During the war, Ellen received news that Virgil had died and left Iowa.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nVirgil was discharged from the military on June 26, 1865 and returned to Iowa, but he could not locate Ellen. Five years later, he married Rosella Dragoo (b. January 3, 1845, France) on August 28, 1870 in Lamar, Missouri. His father, Justice of the Peace Nicholas Earp, married them. There are no further records of Rosella or their marriage. Virgil later met Alvira \\\"Allie\\\" Sullivan from Florence, Nebraska, in 1874. They were never married but remained together the remainder of his life.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nOn November 27, 1879, U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake appointed Virgil as Deputy U.S. Marshal for the eastern portion of Pima County. He was instructed by Dake to move to Tombstone to help resolve ongoing problems with outlaw Cowboys. But the job didn't pay much. He was mostly on call helping county and city officials.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nOn October 30, 1880, after town marshal Fred White was accidentally shot and killed by outlaw and gunman \\\"Curly Bill\\\" Brocius, Virgil was for a while both Tombstone town marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal. While holding these two offices Virgil, his brothers Wyatt and Morgan, and Doc Holliday confronted the Cowboys in a narrow lot on Fremont Street. Virgil was not expecting a fight. He later testified that when he saw the Cowboys, he immediately commanded them to \\\"Throw up your hands, I want your guns!\\\" But general shooting broke out almost immediately. Witnesses were conflicted about who fired first. During the gunfight, Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Virgil was shot through the calf (he thought by Billy Clanton). Three days after the O.K. Corral gunfight, the city council suspended Virgil as city marshal pending outcome of the preliminary hearing. Virgil was eventually exonerated of wrongdoing, but his reputation suffered thereafter.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nOn December 28, 1881, three men hidden in the upper story of an unfinished building across Allen street from the hotel ambushed Virgil from behind as he walked from the Oriental Saloon to his room. Virgil was hit in the back and left arm by three loads of double-barreled buckshot from about 60 ft. He was seriously wounded and Dr. George E. Goodfellow was forced to remove 4 in of shattered humerus bone from Virgil's left arm, leaving his arm permanently crippled.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nIn 1898 Virgil was startled to receive a letter from a Mrs. Levi Law, who turned out to be his long-lost daughter who had disappeared with her mother while Virgil fought in the Civil War. He visited her and his first wife in Portland, Oregon in 1898.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nWyatt Earp\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nWyatt Berry Stapp Earp was married three times. His first wife died less than a year after they were married while carrying their first child. Wyatt held a variety of jobs during his life. He was a gambler, lawman, buffalo hunter, saloon keeper, gold/copper miner, pimp, and boxing referee. He arrived with his brothers Virgil and Morgan in Tombstone, Arizona Territory on December 1, 1879. They became embroiled in a conflict with outlaw Cowboys that led to a confrontation and shootout on October 26, 1882, later known as the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nWyatt developed a reputation as a sportsman as well as a gambler. Wyatt was dismayed about the controversy that continually followed him. He wrote a letter to John Hays Hammond on May 21, 1925, telling him \\\"notoriety had been the bane of my life\\\".\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nMorgan Earp\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nMorgan Seth Earp joined his brothers Virgil and Wyatt in Tombstone, Arizona Territory on December 1, 1879. He became embroiled in the conflict between the Earp lawmen and a loose federation of outlaw Cowboys. He took part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and was wounded. He was charged by Ike Clanton with murder, but during a month-long preliminary hearing, Judge Wells Spicer ruled that they had acted within the law and dismissed the charges.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nLate Saturday night, March 18, 1882, Morgan was ambushed and killed after returning from a musical at Schieffelin Hall. He was playing a late round of billiards at the Campbell & Hatch Billiard Parlor against owner Bob Hatch. He and the other Earp brothers had received death threats earlier in the day. The assailant shot Morgan through a window in a door that opened onto an alley between Allen and Fremont Streets. Morgan was struck in the right side and the bullet shattered his spine, passed through his left side, and lodged in the thigh of mining foreman George A.B. Berry. He died within the hour.\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nAdelia Earp\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\nAdelia married William Thomas Edwards in Rice County, Kansas in 1877. William Edwards died on May 3, 1919, in San Bernardino County, California. Adelia and William had three children:\",\n \"Nicholas Porter Earp\\n\\n* Nicholas Edwards\\n* Estelle Josphine Edwards\\n* Mary Virginia Edwards (c. 1880–1935).\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nJoseph Isaac \\\"Ike\\\" Clanton (1847 – June 1, 1887) was a member of a loosely associated group of outlaws known as the The Cowboys that had ongoing conflicts with lawmen Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan Earp as well as Doc Holliday. On October 26, 1881, Ike was present at the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in the boomtown of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, but was unarmed and ran from the gunfight, in which his 19-year-old brother, Billy, was killed.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIke Clanton filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday but after a 30-day preliminary hearing, Justice Wells Spicer ruled that the lawmen had acted within their lawful duty. Ike Clanton was implicated in the attempted assassination of Virgil Earp on December 30, 1881, but other Cowboys provided an alibi and he was released. Six years later Clanton was killed attempting to flee when he was shot by a lawman seeking to arrest him for cattle-rustling.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nEarly life\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nBorn in Callaway County, Missouri, Joseph Isaac \\\"Ike\\\" Clanton was one of seven children of Newman Haynes Clanton, (1816–1881) and his wife Mariah Sexton (Kelso) Clanton. His father worked at times as a day laborer, a gold miner, a farmer, and by the late 1870s, a cattleman in Arizona Territory.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nClanton's mother died in 1866. Ike stayed with the family when they moved to Tombstone, Arizona Territory, about 1877 (before Tombstone became a town or even a mining center). At that time, Newman Clanton was living with his sons Phin (or \\\"Fin\\\"), Ike, and Billy. By 1878 Ike was running a small \\\"lunch counter\\\" at the Tombstone Mill site (now Millville on the San Pedro River—not in modern Tombstone). By 1881, however, he was working on his father's ranch at Lewis Springs, about 12 mi west of Tombstone and 5 mi from Charleston.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nThe Clantons and their ranch hands and associates were known as the \\\"Cowboys\\\", and they had a reputation for reckless behavior. They were accused of cattle rustling from across the U.S.-Mexico border, as well as other acts of banditry and murder.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nNotoriety, clashes with the Earp lawmen\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIke Clanton's notoriety is based largely on his conflict with Wyatt Earp and Wyatt's friend Doc Holliday. The Earps and the Clantons had political, personal, and legal differences and the animosity between them grew throughout 1881. The Cowboys supported incumbent Sheriff Charles Shibell while the Earps supported his opponent Bob Paul in the November 1880 election. Ike Clanton repeatedly boasted in public, drank heavily, and had a quick temper. He was well known for talking too much.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIn November 1879, shortly after arriving in Tombstone, Wyatt Earp had a horse stolen. More than a year later, probably sometime in December 1880, Wyatt was told the horse was being used near Charleston, and Wyatt and Holliday were forced to ride to the Clanton's ranch near Charleston to await ownership papers in order to legally recover it. According to Wyatt's testimony later, 18-year-old Billy Clanton asked him insolently if he had any more horses to \\\"lose,\\\" but he gave the horse up without first being shown the ownership papers, demonstrating to Wyatt that Billy knew to whom the horse belonged. Sheriff Johnny Behan later testified that the incident had angered Ike Clanton. It also angered Wyatt Earp.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nWyatt offers Ike reward money\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nAfter he was passed over by Johnny Behan for the position of undersheriff, Wyatt thought he might beat him in the next Cochise County election. He thought catching the March 15, 1881 robbers of the Benson Stage (in which the driver and a passenger were killed) would help him win the sheriff's office. Wyatt later said that on June 2, 1881 he offered the Wells, Fargo & Co. reward money and more to Ike Clanton if he would provide information leading to the capture or death of the stage robbers. According to Wyatt, the plan was foiled when the three suspects, Leonard, Head and Crane, were killed in unrelated incidents.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIn the summer of 1881, Clanton got into an argument with gambler \\\"Denny\\\" McCann. On the morning of June 9, 1881, they were drinking in an Allen Street saloon when Clanton insulted McCann. McCann slapped Clanton, who left and fetched his pistol. McCann did the same and the two met on the street in front of the Wells, Fargo's and Co. office. They had already drawn their weapons when Tombstone Marshal Virgil Earp stepped between them, preventing a shooting.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nClanton rustling and ranching\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nThe Clanton Ranch grew into a successful enterprise. During his testimony after the shootout at the O.K. Corral, Ike Clanton claimed to have raised and purchased about 700 head of cattle during the past year, and the Clanton ranch was one of the most profitable cattle ranches in that part of the country. However, the Clantons never registered a brand in either Cochise County or Pima County which was required to legally raise cattle. The Clantons were reputed to be among a group of outlaw Cowboys who crossed the border into Mexico where they stole cattle and re-sold them to the hungry miners in Cochise County. Curly Bill Brocius, Tom and Frank McLaury bought and sold stolen cattle to Old Man Clanton, among others. The Mexican government at the time placed high tariffs on goods transported across the border, making smuggling a profitable enterprise.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nThe outlaw Cowboys in Cochise County were not organized, and their acts of violence, rustling or robbery were usually committed by independent groups of Cowboys. Old Man Clanton, Ike's father, ran a ranch near the Mexican border that served as a waystation for much of the smuggling carried out by the outlaws.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nOn August 12, 1881, Old Man Clanton and six other men were herding stolen cattle sold to him by Curly Bill through Gualadupe Canyon near the Mexican border. Around dawn, they were ambushed by Mexicans dispatched by Commandant Felipe Neri in what became known as the Guadalupe Canyon Massacre. Old Man Clanton and five other men were killed in the ambush.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nGunfight in Tombstone\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIke Clanton had told others that Doc Holliday, Virgil Earp, Wyatt Earp, and Morgan Earp had all confided in him that they had actually been involved in the Benson stage robbery. On October 25, 1881, whilst Ike Clanton was in Tombstone, drunk and very loud, Holliday accused him of lying about the Benson stagecoach robbery. Tombstone City Marshal Virgil Earp intervened and threatened to arrest both Doc and Ike if they did not stop arguing, and Holliday went home.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nAfter the confrontation with Ike Clanton, Wyatt Earp took Holliday back to his boarding house at Camillus Sidney \\\"Buck\\\" Fly's Lodging House to sleep off his drinking, then went home and to bed. Tombstone Marshal Virgil Earp played cards with Ike Clanton, Tom McLaury, Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan and a fifth man (unknown to Ike and to history), until morning.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nAt about dawn on October 26, the card game broke up and Behan and Virgil Earp went home to bed. Ike Clanton testified later that he saw Virgil take his six-shooter out of his lap and stick it in his pants when the game ended. Not having rented a room, Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton had no place to go. Shortly after 8:00 am barkeeper E. F. Boyle spoke to Ike Clanton, who had been drinking all night, in front of the telegraph office. Boyle encouraged him to get some sleep, but Ike insisted he would not go to bed. Boyle later testified he noticed Ike was armed and covered his gun for him, recalling that Ike told him \\\"'As soon as the Earps and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street, the ball would open—that they would have to fight'... I went down to Wyatt Earp's house and told him that Ike Clanton had threatened that when him and his brothers and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street that the ball would open.\\\" Ike said in his testimony afterward that he remembered neither meeting Boyle nor making any such statements that day.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nLater in the morning, Ike picked up his rifle and revolver from the West End Corral, where he had stabled his wagon and team and deposited his weapons after entering town. By noon that day, Ike, drinking again and armed, told others he was looking for Holliday or an Earp. At about 1:00 pm, Virgil and Morgan Earp surprised Ike on 4th Street where Virgil buffaloed (pistol-whipped) him from behind. Disarming him, the Earps took Ike to appear before Judge Wallace for violating the city's ordinance #9 against carrying firearms in the city. Virgil went to find Judge Wallace so the court hearing could be held..\\\"\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIke reported in his testimony afterward that Wyatt Earp cursed him. He said Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan offered him his rifle and to fight him right there in the courthouse, which Ike declined. Ike also denied ever threatening the Earps. Ike was fined $25 plus court costs and after paying the fine left unarmed. Virgil told Ike he would leave Ike's confiscated rifle and revolver at the Grand Hotel which was favored by Cowboys when in town. Ike testified that he picked up the weapons from William Soule, the jailer, a couple of days later.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nAt around 1:30–2:00 pm, after Tom had been pistol-whipped by Wyatt, Ike's 19-year-old younger brother Billy Clanton and Tom's older brother Frank McLaury arrived in town. They had heard from their neighbor, Ed \\\"old man\\\" Frink, that Ike had been stirring up trouble in town overnight, and they had ridden into town on horseback to back up their brothers. They arrived from Antelope Springs, 13 mi east of Tombstone, where they had been rounding up stock with their brothers and had breakfasted with Ike and Tom the day before. Both Frank and Billy were armed with a revolver and a rifle, as was the custom for riders in the country outside Tombstone. Apache warriors had engaged the U.S. Army near Tombstone just three weeks before the O.K. Corral gunfight, so the need for weapons outside of town was well established and accepted.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nBilly and Frank stopped first at the Grand Hotel on Allen Street, and were greeted by Doc Holliday. They learned immediately after of their brothers' beatings by the Earps within the previous two hours. The incidents had generated a lot of talk in town. Angrily, Frank said he would not drink, and he and Billy left the saloon immediately to seek Tom. By law, both Frank and Billy should have left their firearms at the Grand Hotel. Instead, they remained fully armed. The city statute was not specific about how far a recently arrived visitor might \\\"with good faith, and within reasonable time\\\" travel into town while carrying a firearm. This permitted a traveler to keep his firearms if he was proceeding directly to a livery, hotel or saloon.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nA man named Coleman told Virgil that the Cowboys had left the Dunbar and Dexter Stable for the O.K. Corral and were still armed, and Virgil decided they had to disarm them. The three main Tombstone corrals were all west of 4th street, a block or two from where Wyatt saw the Cowboys buying cartridges.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nCochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, a friend to the Cowboys, later testified that he first learned of the trouble while he was getting a shave at the barbershop after 1:30 pm, which is when he had risen after the late-night game. Behan stated he immediately went to locate the Cowboys. At about 2:30 pm he saw Ike, Frank, Tom, and Billy gathered off Fremont street in a narrow 15 - wide empty lot or alley immediately west of 312 Fremont Street, which contained Fly's 12-room boarding house and photography studio. The lot was six lots removed from the rear entrance to the O.K. Corral.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nWhen Virgil Earp learned that Wyatt was talking to the Cowboys at Spangenberg's gun shop he picked up a 10-gauge or 12-gauge, short, double-barreled shotgun from the Wells Fargo office around the corner on Allen Street. To avoid alarming Tombstone's public, Virgil returned to Hafford's Saloon carrying the shotgun under his long overcoat. He gave the shotgun to Doc Holliday who hid it under his overcoat. He took Holliday's walking-stick in return. From Spangenberg's, the Cowboys moved to the O.K. Corral where witnesses overheard them threatening to kill the Earps. They then walked a block north to an empty lot next to C. S. Fly's boarding house where Doc Holliday lived.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nVirgil Earp was told by several citizens that the McLaurys and the Clantons had gathered on Fremont Street and were armed. He decided he had to act. Several members of the citizen's vigilance committee offered to support him with arms, but Virgil said no. He had previously deputized Morgan and Wyatt and also deputized Doc Holliday that morning. Wyatt spoke of his brothers Virgil and Morgan as the \\\"marshals\\\" while he acted as \\\"deputy.\\\"\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nWitnesses later testified that Ike Clanton had spent all day, even after his arrest and disarming, threatening to gun down the Earps. However, when the gunfight broke out, Ike ran forward and grabbed Wyatt, exclaiming that he was unarmed and did not want a fight. To this protest Wyatt said he responded, \\\"Go to fighting or get away!\\\".\\\" Clanton ran through the front door of Fly's boarding house and escaped, unwounded.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIn the days prior to the gunfight, Ike had enlisted the help of fellow Cowboy Billy Claiborne, who was reputed to be good with a gun. Claiborne, who was also unarmed, fled the gunfight. Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton were killed.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nFiles murder charges against Earps\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nAfter the gunfight in Tombstone that Ike had fled, during which the McLaury brothers and Billy Clanton were killed, Ike Clanton filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday. They were arrested and released on bail. During a month-long preliminary hearing before Judge Wells Spicer, Clanton told a story of abuse that he had suffered at the hands of the Earps and Holliday the night before the gunfight. He denied threatening the Earps. He testified that the Clantons and Frank McLaury raised their hands after Virgil's command, and Tom thrust open his vest to show he was unarmed. Clanton said Wyatt shoved his revolver in his belly, telling him, \\\"You son-of-a-bitch, you can have a fight!\\\".\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIke backed up Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan's testimony that Holliday and Morgan Earp had fired the first two shots and that the next several shots also came from the Earp party. Under cross-examination, Clanton told a story of the lead-up to the gunfight that did not make sense. He said the Benson stage robbery was concocted by the Earps and Holliday to cover up money they had \\\"piped off\\\" to pay bribes. Ike also claimed that Doc Holliday and Morgan, Wyatt, and Virgil Earp had separately confessed to him their role in the Benson stage holdup, or else the cover-up of the robbery by allowing the robbers' escape.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIke Clanton proved a better witness for the defense than the prosecution. He said that Doc Holliday, Virgil Earp, Wyatt Earp, and Morgan Earp had all confided in him that they had actually been involved in the stage robbery. He further claimed that Holliday had told him that Holliday had \\\"piped off\\\" money from the stage before it left (although no money was missing, and the stage had not been successfully robbed). Clanton also said Holliday had confessed to him about killing the stage driver. Murder was a capital offense, and given their relationship, it was unlikely Holliday would confide in Ike. Ike testified that Earp had threatened to kill his confederates because he feared they would reveal his part in the robbery. Ike said he feared that Wyatt wanted to kill him because he knew of Wyatt's role. These and other inconsistencies in Ike's testimony lacked credibility. By the time Ike finished his testimony, the entire prosecution case had become suspect.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nJudge Spicer exonerated the lawmen. In his ruling, he noted that Ike Clanton had the night before, while unarmed, publicly declared that the Earp brothers and Holliday had insulted him, and that when he was armed he intended to shoot them or fight them on sight. On the morning of the shooting Virgil Earp had arrested him for carrying a revolver. At the gunfight, he was unarmed. Spicer noted that Ike Clanton had claimed the Earps were out to murder him, yet on both occasions that day the Earps had not killed him, and allowed him to escape unchallenged during the fight. Spicer wrote, \\\"the great fact, most prominent in the matter, to wit, that Isaac Clanton was not injured at all, and could have been killed first and easiest.\\\"\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nClanton was later accused, along with his brother Phin Clanton and friend Pony Diehl, of attempting to kill Virgil Earp on December 30, 1881, a shooting which left Virgil with a crippled left arm. Though Ike's hat was found at the scene where the ambushers waited, a number of associates stood up for him, saying that he had been in Contention that night, and the case was dismissed for lack of evidence.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nOn Saturday, March 18, 1882, Morgan Earp was killed by a shot through a door window facing a dark alley while playing billiards at Hatch's Saloon in Tombstone. Wyatt was shot at and missed. Wyatt Earp concluded that he could not rely on civil justice and decided to take matters into his own hands. He concluded that only way to deal with Morgan's murderers was to kill them.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nDeputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp led a federal posse that escorted Virgil Earp to the railroad, bound for his parent's home in Colton, California. Wyatt shot and killed Frank Stilwell, who was lying in wait at the Tucson, Arizona rail yard. A few days later Wyatt gathered a larger posse and set out on a vendetta, determined to mete out justice that had evaded him. Wyatt never located Ike, although they killed three other outlaw Cowboys, and the Earps and Holliday left the Arizona Territory in late April, 1882.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nDeath\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIke Clanton and his brother Phineas were charged with cattle-rustling and pursued by detective Jonas V. Brighton. On June 1, 1887, at Jim Wilson's Ranch on Eagle Creek, south of Springerville, Arizona, Phin Clanton surrendered, but Ike resisted and was shot dead.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nA reporter who corresponded with Brighton in late June 1887 relayed Brighton's story about the arrest and shooting:\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nA conflicting source stated that his body was left where it fell for several days until nearby Mormon ranchers buried him in an unmarked grave in the Mormon cemetery southeast of Eagar, Arizona on what is today called \\\"The 26 Bar Ranch\\\".\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIn late June 1996 a Clanton family descendant, Terry “Ike” Clanton, along with former Citadel professor and grave expert James A. Browning, searched the area near Eagle Creek in what is now Greenlee County, Arizona, where Ike was reportedly buried. They quickly discovered a shallow grave under a large tree that they believe contains the remains of Ike Clanton. Since their discovery, Terry has unsuccessfully tried to interest Tombstone city officials in exhuming the remains and re-interring them in Tombstone’s famous Boot Hill graveyard.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nPortrayals in film\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIke Clanton is portrayed by Grant Withers in the John Ford classic My Darling Clementine (1946). Lyle Bettger portrayed Clanton as a brutal thug in John Sturges' film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957). In Sturges' sequel, Hour of the Gun (1967), he is portrayed very differently as a highly sophisticated figure by Robert Ryan. Although the film is a generally accurate depiction of the events surrounding the gunfight at OK Corral and the subsequent Earp Vendetta, it errs in showing Ike as having been tracked down in Mexico and shot by Wyatt. Later films correctly show Wyatt allowing Ike to live. Ike Clanton appears in the Doctor Who story \\\"The Gunfighters\\\" (1966), played by William Hurndell, which is largely based on the Sturges film and portrays Ike as the villain, albeit a somewhat comedic and inept one. It differs from history by showing Ike participate and die in the OK Corral gunfight.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nFrom 1959 to 1960, the actor John Milford portrayed Clanton in eight episodes of the ABC/Desilu television series, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, starring Hugh O'Brian in the title role. Trevor Bardette played Ike's father, Newman Haynes Clanton, known as Old Man Clanton. The role of Ike Clanton was played by William Tannen in the episode \\\"After the OK Corral\\\" of the syndicated western anthology series, Death Valley Days. Jimn Davis played Wyatt Earp in this same episode of Death Valley Days. Tannen had earlier played the role of Deputy Hal Norton on The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIn 1957, Kelo Henderson played Clanton in an episode of Dale Robertson's NBC series, Tales of Wells Fargo.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nStephen Lang played Clanton in the movie Tombstone (1993) starring Kurt Russell as Wyatt Earp. This film draws heavily on the book by former Tombstone Assistant Marshal Billy Breakenridge, Helldorado: Bringing the Law to the Mesquite. In the film, Ike is portrayed as being second-in-command of the Clanton Gang and the plot's comic relief. Although he is sadistic and talks tough, he is very cowardly, especially begging for his life whenever someone is trying to kill him.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nJeff Fahey played Clanton in the movie Wyatt Earp (1994) starring Kevin Costner as Wyatt Earp. Christopher Fulford played him in 2007 in the BBC drama-documentary Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nStar Trek: The Original Series\",\n \"Ike Clanton\\n\\nIn the original Star Trek series episode titled \\\"Spectre of the Gun\\\" (1969), Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) plays the part of Ike Clanton throughout the episode as part of an alien illusion test. DeForest Kelley (Dr. Leonard McCoy) also played this character in an episode of the CBS television series You Are There prior to Star Trek. Coincidentally, Kelley also portrayed Morgan Earp in the 1957 John Sturges film, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (film).\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137998,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3928"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Immortalized in an 1854 poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the Charge of the Light Brigade, a military disaster for the English, occurred during what 1854 war?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Crimean War"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["russian war","war of crimea","crimean expedition","crimea war","cremean war","baltic theatre of crimean war","baltic campaign of 1854","crimean war 1853","oriental war","eastern war","paris peace conference 1856","russo turkish war 1853 1856","crimean war","russo turkish war 1853 56","crimean struggle","crim war"],"string":"[\n \"russian war\",\n \"war of crimea\",\n \"crimean expedition\",\n \"crimea war\",\n \"cremean war\",\n \"baltic theatre of crimean war\",\n \"baltic campaign of 1854\",\n \"crimean war 1853\",\n \"oriental war\",\n \"eastern war\",\n \"paris peace conference 1856\",\n \"russo turkish war 1853 1856\",\n \"crimean war\",\n \"russo turkish war 1853 56\",\n \"crimean struggle\",\n \"crim war\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nAlfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victoria's reign and remains one of the most popular British poets.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, such as \"Break, Break, Break\", \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", \"Tears, Idle Tears\", and \"Crossing the Bar\". Much of his verse was based on classical mythological themes, such as Ulysses, although In Memoriam A.H.H. was written to commemorate his friend Arthur Hallam, a fellow poet and student at Trinity College, Cambridge, after he died of a stroke at the age of 22. Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including Idylls of the King, \"Ulysses\", and \"Tithonus\". During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays enjoyed little success. A number of phrases from Tennyson's work have become commonplaces of the English language, including \"Nature, red in tooth and claw\" (In Memoriam A.H.H.), \"'Tis better to have loved and lost / Than never to have loved at all\", \"Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die\", \"My strength is as the strength of ten, / Because my heart is pure\", \"To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield\", \"Knowledge comes, but Wisdom lingers\", and \"The old order changeth, yielding place to new\". He is the ninth most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nEarly life","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire, England. He was born into a middle-class line of Tennysons, but also had a noble and royal ancestry.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nHis father, George Clayton Tennyson (1778–1831), was rector of Somersby (1807–1831), also rector of Benniworth (1802–1831) and Bag Enderby, and vicar of Grimsby (1815). Rev. George Clayton Tennyson raised a large family and \"was a man of superior abilities and varied attainments, who tried his hand with fair success in architecture, painting, music, and poetry. He was comfortably well off for a country clergyman and his shrewd money management enabled the family to spend summers at Mablethorpe and Skegness on the eastern coast of England\". Alfred Tennyson's mother, Elizabeth Fytche (1781–1865), was the daughter of Stephen Fytche (1734–1799), vicar of St. James Church, Louth (1764) and rector of Withcall (1780), a small village between Horncastle and Louth. Tennyson's father \"carefully attended to the education and training of his children\".","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson and two of his elder brothers were writing poetry in their teens and a collection of poems by all three was published locally when Alfred was only 17. One of those brothers, Charles Tennyson Turner, later married Louisa Sellwood, the younger sister of Alfred's future wife; the other was Frederick Tennyson. Another of Tennyson's brothers, Edward Tennyson, was institutionalised at a private asylum.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nEducation and first publication","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson was a student of Louth Grammar School for four years (1816–1820) and then attended Scaitcliffe School, Englefield Green and King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1827, where he joined a secret society called the Cambridge Apostles. A portrait of Tennyson by George Frederic Watts is in Trinity's collection.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nAt Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Henry Hallam and William Henry Brookfield, who became his closest friends. His first publication was a collection of \"his boyish rhymes and those of his elder brother Charles\" entitled Poems by Two Brothers, published in 1827.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nIn 1829, Tennyson was awarded the Chancellor's Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces, \"Timbuktu\". Reportedly, \"it was thought to be no slight honour for a young man of twenty to win the chancellor's gold medal\". He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830. \"Claribel\" and \"Mariana\", which later took their place among Tennyson's most celebrated poems, were included in this volume. Although decried by some critics as overly sentimental, his verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known writers of the day, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nReturn to Lincolnshire and second publication","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nIn the spring of 1831, Tennyson's father died, requiring him to leave Cambridge before taking his degree. He returned to the rectory, where he was permitted to live for another six years and shared responsibility for his widowed mother and the family. Arthur Hallam came to stay with his family during the summer and became engaged to Tennyson's sister, Emilia Tennyson.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nIn 1833 Tennyson published his second book of poetry, which included his well-known poem, \"The Lady of Shalott\". The volume met heavy criticism, which so discouraged Tennyson that he did not publish again for ten years, although he did continue to write. That same year, Hallam died suddenly and unexpectedly after suffering a cerebral haemorrhage while on vacation in Vienna. Hallam's death had a profound impact on Tennyson and inspired several poems, including \"In the Valley of Cauteretz\" and In Memoriam A.H.H., a long poem detailing the \"Way of the Soul\".","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson and his family were allowed to stay in the rectory for some time, but later moved to High Beach, Essex, about 1837, leaving in 1840. An unwise investment in an ecclesiastical wood-carving enterprise soon led to the loss of much of the family fortune. Tennyson then moved to London and lived for a time at Chapel House, Twickenham.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nThird publication","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nIn 1842, while living modestly in London, Tennyson published the two volume Poems, of which the first included works already published and the second was made up almost entirely of new poems. They met with immediate success; poems from this collection, such as Locksley Hall, \"Tithonus\", and \"Ulysses\" have met enduring fame. The Princess: A Medley, a satire on women's education that came out in 1847, was also popular for its lyrics. W. S. Gilbert later adapted and parodied the piece twice: in The Princess (1870) and in Princess Ida (1884).","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nIt was in 1850 that Tennyson reached the pinnacle of his career, finally publishing his masterpiece, In Memoriam A.H.H., dedicated to Hallam. Later the same year, he was appointed Poet Laureate, succeeding William Wordsworth. In the same year (on 13 June), Tennyson married Emily Sellwood, whom he had known since childhood, in the village of Shiplake. They had two sons, Hallam Tennyson (b. 11 August 1852)—named after his friend—and Lionel (b. 16 March 1854).","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson rented Farringford House on the Isle of Wight in 1853, eventually buying it in 1856. He eventually found that there were too many starstruck tourists who pestered him in Farringford, so he moved to Aldworth, in West Sussex in 1869. However, he retained Farringford, and regularly returned there to spend the winters.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nPoet Laureate","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nIn 1850, after William Wordsworth's death and Samuel Rogers' refusal, Tennyson was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate; Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Leigh Hunt had also been considered. He held the position until his own death in 1892, the longest tenure of any laureate before or since. Tennyson fulfilled the requirements of this position by turning out appropriate but often uninspired verse, such as a poem of greeting to Princess Alexandra of Denmark when she arrived in Britain to marry the future King Edward VII. In 1855, Tennyson produced one of his best-known works, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", a dramatic tribute to the British cavalrymen involved in an ill-advised charge on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War. Other esteemed works written in the post of Poet Laureate include Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington and Ode Sung at the Opening of the International Exhibition.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson initially declined a baronetcy in 1865 and 1868 (when tendered by Disraeli), finally accepting a peerage in 1883 at Gladstone's earnest solicitation. In 1884 Victoria created him Baron Tennyson, of Aldworth in the County of Sussex and of Freshwater in the Isle of Wight. He took his seat in the House of Lords on 11 March 1884.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson also wrote a substantial quantity of unofficial political verse, from the bellicose \"Form, Riflemen, Form\", on the French crisis of 1859 and the Creation of the Volunteer Force, to \"Steersman, be not precipitate in thine act/of steering\", deploring Gladstone's Home Rule Bill.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nVirginia Woolf wrote a play called Freshwater, showing Tennyson as host to his friends Julia Margaret Cameron and G.F. Watts.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson was the first to be raised to a British peerage for his writing. A passionate man with some peculiarities of nature, he was never particularly comfortable as a peer, and it is widely held that he took the peerage in order to secure a future for his son Hallam.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nColonel George Edward Gouraud, Thomas Edison's European agent, made sound recordings of Tennyson reading his own poetry, late in his life. They include recordings of The Charge of the Light Brigade, and excerpts from \"The splendour falls\" (from The Princess), \"Come into the garden\" (from Maud), \"Ask me no more\", \"Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington\" and \"Lancelot and Elaine\". The sound quality is poor, as wax cylinder recordings usually are.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTowards the end of his life Tennyson revealed that his \"religious beliefs also defied convention, leaning towards agnosticism and pandeism\": Famously, he wrote in In Memoriam: \"There lives more faith in honest doubt, believe me, than in half the creeds.\" In Maud, 1855, he wrote: \"The churches have killed their Christ\". In \"Locksley Hall Sixty Years After,\" Tennyson wrote: \"Christian love among the churches look'd the twin of heathen hate.\" In his play, Becket, he wrote: \"We are self-uncertain creatures, and we may, Yea, even when we know not, mix our spites and private hates with our defence of Heaven\". Tennyson recorded in his Diary (p. 127): \"I believe in Pantheism of a sort\". His son's biography confirms that Tennyson was not an orthodox Christian, noting that Tennyson praised Giordano Bruno and Spinoza on his deathbed, saying of Bruno, \"His view of God is in some ways mine\", in 1892.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson continued writing into his eighties. He died on 6 October 1892 at Aldworth, aged 83. He was buried at Westminster Abbey. A memorial was erected in All Saints' Church, Freshwater. His last words were, \"Oh that press will have me now!\". He left an estate of £57,206.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nHe was succeeded as 2nd Baron Tennyson by his son, Hallam, who produced an authorised biography of his father in 1897, and was later the second Governor-General of Australia.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson and the Queen","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nThough Prince Albert was largely responsible for Tennyson's appointment as Laureate, Queen Victoria became an ardent admirer of Tennyson's work, writing in her diary that she was \"much soothed & pleased\" by reading In Memoriam A.H.H. after Albert's death. The two met twice, first in April 1862, when Victoria wrote in her diary, \"very peculiar looking, tall, dark, with a fine head, long black flowing hair & a beard, oddly dressed, but there is no affectation about him.\" Tennyson met her a second time nearly two decades later, and the Queen told him what a comfort In Memoriam A.H.H. had been.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nThe art of Tennyson's poetry","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nAs source material for his poetry, Tennyson used a wide range of subject matter ranging from medieval legends to classical myths and from domestic situations to observations of nature. The influence of John Keats and other Romantic poets published before and during his childhood is evident from the richness of his imagery and descriptive writing. He also handled rhythm masterfully. The insistent beat of Break, Break, Break emphasises the relentless sadness of the subject matter. Tennyson's use of the musical qualities of words to emphasise his rhythms and meanings is sensitive. The language of \"I come from haunts of coot and hern\" lilts and ripples like the brook in the poem and the last two lines of \"Come down O maid from yonder mountain height\" illustrate his telling combination of onomatopoeia, alliteration, and assonance:","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nThe moan of doves in immemorial elms\nAnd murmuring of innumerable bees. Tennyson was a craftsman who polished and revised his manuscripts extensively, to the point where his efforts at self-editing were described by his contemporary Robert Browning as \"insane\", symptomatic of \"mental infirmity\". Few poets have used such a variety of styles with such an exact understanding of metre; like many Victorian poets, he experimented in adapting the quantitative metres of Greek and Latin poetry to English. He reflects the Victorian period of his maturity in his feeling for order and his tendency towards moralising. He also reflects a concern common among Victorian writers in being troubled by the conflict between religious faith and expanding scientific knowledge. Like many writers who write a great deal over a long time, his poetry is occasionally uninspired, but his personality rings throughout all his works. Tennyson possessed a strong poetic power, which his early readers often attributed to his \"Englishness\" and his masculinity. Well known among his longer words are Maud and Idylls of the King, the latter arguably the most famous Victorian adaptation of the legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nA common thread of grief, melancholy, and loss connects much of his poetry (including Mariana, The Lotos Eaters, Tears, Idle Tears, In Memoriam), possibly reflecting Tennyson's own lifelong struggle with debilitating depression. T. S. Eliot famously described Tennyson as \"the saddest of all English poets\", whose technical mastery of verse and language provided a \"surface\" to his poetry's \"depths, to the abyss of sorrow\". Other poets such as W. H. Auden maintained a more critical stance, stating that Tennyson was the \"stupidest\" of all the English poets, adding that: \"There was little about melancholia he didn't know; there was little else that he did.\"","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nPartial list of works","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\n* From Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830):\n** Nothing Will Die \n** All Things Will Die \n** The Dying Swan\n** The Kraken\n** Mariana\n* Lady Clara Vere de Vere (1832)\n* From Poems (1833):\n** The Lotos-Eaters\n** The Lady of Shalott (1832, 1842) – three versions painted by J. W. Waterhouse (1888, 1894, and 1916)\n** St. Simeon Stylites (1833)\n* From Poems (1842):\n** Locksley Hall\n** Tithonus\n** Vision of Sin \n** The Two Voices (1834)\n** \"Ulysses\" (1833)\n* From The Princess; A Medley (1847)\n** \"The Princess\"\n** Godiva\n** Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal – it later appeared as a song in the film Vanity Fair, with musical arrangement by Mychael Danna\n** \"Tears, Idle Tears\"\n* In Memoriam A.H.H. (1849)\n* Ring Out, Wild Bells (1850)\n* The Eagle (1851)\n* The Sister's Shame \n* From Maud; A Monodrama (1855/1856)\n** Maud\n** The Charge of the Light Brigade (1854) – an early recording exists of Tennyson reading this.","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\n* Idylls of the King (1859–1885)\n* From Enoch Arden and Other Poems (1862/1864)\n** Enoch Arden\n** The Brook – contains the line \"For men may come and men may go, But I go on for ever\" which inspired the naming of a men's club in New York City. * Flower in the crannied wall (1869)\n* The Window – Song cycle with Arthur Sullivan. (1871)\n* Harold (1876) – began a revival of interest in King Harold\n* Idylls of the King (composed 1833–1874)\n* Montenegro (1877)\n* \"Becket\" (1884) \n* Crossing the Bar (1889)\n* The Foresters – a play with incidental music by Arthur Sullivan (1891)\n* Kapiolani (published after his death by Hallam Tennyson)","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson heraldry","Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nAn Heraldic achievement of Alfred, Lord Tennyson exists in an 1884 stained glass window in the Hall of Trinity College, Cambridge, showing arms: Gules, a bend nebuly or thereon a chaplet vert between three leopard's faces jessant-de-lys of the second; Crest: A dexter arm in armour the hand in a gauntlet or grasping a broken tilting spear enfiled with a garland of laurel; Supporters: Two leopards rampant guardant gules semée de lys and ducally crowned or; Motto: Respiciens Prospiciens (\"Looking backwards (is) looking forwards\"). These are a difference of the arms of Thomas Tenison (1636-1715), Archbishop of Canterbury, themselves a difference of the arms of the 13th century Denys family of Glamorgan and Siston in Gloucestershire, themselves a difference of the arms of Thomas de Cantilupe (c.1218-1282), Bishop of Hereford, thenceforth the arms of the See of Hereford; the name \"Tennyson\" signifies \"Denys's son\", although no connection between the two families is recorded.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\n\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" is an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. He was the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom at the time he wrote the poem.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nOverview","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nTennyson's poem written on December 2, 1854, published December 9, 1854 in The Examiner, praises the Brigade, \"When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made!\", while mourning the appalling futility of the charge: \"Not tho' the soldier knew / Some one had blunder'd.\" According to his grandson Sir Charles Tennyson, Tennyson wrote the poem in only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in The Times. As poet laureate he often wrote verses about public events. It immediately became hugely popular, even reaching the troops in the Crimea, where it was distributed in pamphlet form at the behest of Jane, Lady Franklin. Each stanza tells a different part of the story, and there is a delicate balance between nobility and brutality throughout. Although Tennyson's subject is the nobleness of supporting one's country, and the poem's tone and hoofbeat cadences are rousing, it pulls no punches about the horror of war: \"Cannon to right of them, /Cannon to left of them, / Cannon in front of them / Volley'd & thunder'd\".","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nWith \"into the valley of Death\" Tennyson works in resonance with \"the valley of the shadow of Death\" from Psalm 23, then and now a Psalm often read at funerals. Tennyson's Crimea does not offer the abstract tranquil death of the psalm but is instead predatory and menacing: \"into the jaws of Death\" and \"into the mouth of Hell\". The alliterative \"Storm'd at with shot and shell\" echoes the whistling of ball as the cavalry charge through it. After the fury of the charge, the final notes are gentle, reflective and laden with sorrow: \"Then they rode back, but not / Not the six hundred\".","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nTennyson recited this poem onto a wax cylinder in 1890.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nKipling's postscript","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nRudyard Kipling's poem \"The Last of the Light Brigade\" (1891), written some 40 years after the appearance of \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", focuses on the terrible hardships faced in old age by veterans of the Crimean War, as exemplified by the cavalry men of the Light Brigade. Its purpose was to shame the British public into offering financial assistance.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nLater references","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nIn film","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\n*The film The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) features a quote from the poem, when United States Navy Commander Shears remarks on the guts of Colonel Nicholson, who stands to face the possibility of death for refusing that his officers participate in manual labor. *In the movie The Falcon and the Snowman (1985), Christopher Boyce is pressed by his father about whether or not he can still recite the poem as they had worked on memorizing it while Christopher was in school. Christopher eventually responds by reciting the poem. *The film When the Wind Blows (1986), about the experiences of an elderly couple before and after a nuclear war, references the poem. They prepare for the war using a copy of the UK civil defense booklet Protect and Survive. They are unsure about some of the instructions, but their patriotism and fond memories of Winston Churchill and their youth during World War II leads the husband to say \"ours is not to reason why...\" The poem is also quoted near the end of the film. *The movie Saving Private Ryan (1998) also makes reference to the poem.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nAs the soldiers march along the road questioning whether or not saving one man at the price of so many others is a reasonable order Corporal Upham recites: \"Ours is not to reason why, ours is but to do and die.\" \n*In the film Windtalkers (2002), about Navajo Marines serving in the Pacific Theater of WWII to volunteer their language as a form of radio code-talking, at 1:12:55, over the radio, one Code Talker Marine questions what \"light resistance\" means, while the other Code Talker reminds the first that (presumably in Navajo) \"Ours is not to question why, ours is but to do or die.\"\n*In the movie The Blind Side (2009), Sean Tuohy (played by Tim McGraw) recites the poem for his adopted son Michael Oher, as a source of inspiration for courage and honor, and Michael writes an essay on it for an English exam.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nIn games","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\n* In the video game, Mass Effect 3 (2012), male Commander Shepard recites part of the third stanza to squad mate Ashley Williams during the final part of the game on Earth if she were chosen as his love interest. * The Star Trek Online (2010) mission \"Boldly They Rode\" takes its title from the sixth line of the third stanza, in reference to the use of the entire verse in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode \"Sacrifice of Angels\" (see below). Later, in the last mission of the Iconian War arc \"Midnight\", Captain Va'Kel Shon recites the last 5 verses of the second stanza when the player's ship enters the time portal. * In Saints Row IV 2013, the antagonist Zinyak tells the player 'ours not to reason why. Ours but to do and die'. This takes place during the mission where you are saving Matt Miller from the aliens and have the option to continue the fight against the zinc empire or sacrifice yourself to allow everyone else to be saved.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\n* In the video game, \"Hitman\" (2016), when the player shoots an NPC and a guard notices, the guard will sometimes reference stanza two by shouting, \"Ours not to reason why, ours but to do and die!\"\n* In \"League of Legends\" (2009), the champion Jarvan IV states, \"Ours is but to do and die.\" This is Jarvan's mentality for the soldiers of Demacia and is triggered as one of his quotes for when he attacks.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nIn literature","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\n*In Margaret Atwood's novel, The Handmaid's Tale (1985), the line \"Ours is not to reason why\" was used by the character Moira. *In Pat Barker's Regeneration, a stanza of the poem is quoted by the character Prior. *Jean Johnson's military sci-fi book series, Theirs Not To Reason Why, and the first book, A Soldier's Duty, were nominated for the Philip K. Dick Award in 2011. *In John Patrick's The Curious Savage, the lines \"Ours not to reason why,\" and \"someone blundered\" were used by the character Jeffery Meredith. *The character Mr. Ramsay randomly references various lines from the poem, in Virginia Woolf's novel To The Lighthouse (1927). *In a response to the near destruction of Taffy 3 at the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the padding in Admiral Nimitz's inquiry about Halsey's Battleship Task Force, \"Where is TF 34?\" was \"The world wonders.\" Some speculate that it is a reference to the poem and a comment on the heroic but near suicidal charge of the three destroyers, four destroyer escorts, and lightly armed bombers and fighters of Taffy 3 against the Japanese Centre Force, made up of battleships, including the Yamato, heavy cruisers, light cruisers, and 11 destroyers.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\n*In Charles Schultz Peanuts comic, 11 October 1999, the character 'Rerun' paraphrases the poem while riding on the back of his mother's bicycle through traffic. *In Anna Sewell's novel, Black Beauty (1877), chapter 34, \"An Old War Horse,\" Black Beauty (named 'Jack' by his new cab master) shares London cab life with 'Captain', the old war horse, who tells of his adventures in Crimea including this charge, \"From the right, from the left, and from the front, shot and shell poured in upon us . . .\"","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nIn music","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\n* In the Beach Boys-Brian Wilson-Van Dyke Parks' song \"Surf's Up\" (1971), the lyric phrase \"While at port adieu or die\" is word play alluding to \"Theirs not to make reply, / Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die\".\n* The poem inspired the Iron Maiden song \"The Trooper\" (1983).","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nIn television","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\n*In the Honeymooners episode \"The Safety Award\", Ed Norton paraphrases one of the lines of the poem as \"Into the valley of Death Rides the six hundred\" in reference to the trouble he will soon be getting into having to ask his wife Trixie to change a dress she wanted to wear at an award ceremony for Ralph. *Alfalfa recites a number of lines in the Little Rascals short Two Too Young, prior to some firecrackers exploding in his back pocket. *The character Dr. Reed Akley on Manhattan recites three lines of the poem, in Episode 12. *The TV show M*A*S*H referenced the poem in at least three episodes. In season 1, episode 11, Radar O'Reilly mutters \"Ours is not to reason why\" under his breath to Colonel Blake. In season 4, episode 1 (“Welcome to Korea”), Hawkeye paraphrases the poem with, “Ours is not to reason why, ours is not to let them die.” In season 6, episode 18 (\"Tea and Empathy\"), the British Major Ross says, “You know, you Americans would be well advised to learn a little from British tradition.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nAfter all, the Charge of the Light Brigade was as much a matter of morale as, uh, bravery.”\n*In the second season Robotech episode, \"Danger Zone\", the character Louie Nichols is preparing for battle and says \"Well, armed with shot and shell, here we go into the mouth of hell.\"\n*In the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Season 6 episode \"Sacrifice of Angels\", the third verse is recited by Miles O'Brien and Julian Bashir as a Federation fleet of 600 starships is about to enter battle. When asked how it ends by Elim Garak, who is unfamiliar with the poem, O'Brien answers, \"You don't want to know.\"\n*In the Simpsons episode In Marge We Trust, Reverend Lovejoy regales his congregation with a story about saving Ned Flanders from a baboon exhibit, altering the original words to \"Baboons to the left of me, baboons to the right, the speeding locomotive tore through a sea of inhuman fangs.\"\n*The actor Laurence Harvey recited the poem on The Ed Sullivan Show, and both he and Ed Sullivan presented, so Ed said, the actual bugle used in the charge to a British officer, who then blew the call.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\nThe clip is on the DVDs of the Rolling Stones appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show. *In the TV show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, the Banks family's butler Geoffrey posing as the fictional poet \"Raphael DeLaGhetto\", recites the first four lines of the 3rd stanza to a group of students at Will Smith's school. *In The Outer Limits (1995 TV series), episode 2-18, \"The Light Brigade\", they recite: \n\"Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die\" near 12m54s. \"Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.\" near 24m26s. \"Forward, the Light Brigade! \"Charge for the guns!\" he said:\" near 25m30s. Holding a printed copy of the poem near 28m28s. \"Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volley'd and thunder'd;\" near 38m54s. \"Storm'd at with shot and shell, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell\" near 39m36s.","The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\n*The TV show Top Gear referenced the poem and its origins in series 21, episode 3, during a trip through Ukraine. When stopping at a spot near the battlefield, the team commented on the event and Richard Hammond quoted Tennyson's poem.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854, in the Crimean War. Lord Raglan, overall commander of the British forces, had intended to send the Light Brigade to pursue and harry a retreating Russian artillery battery, a task well-suited to light cavalry. However, due to miscommunication in the chain of command, the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery, one well-prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nAlthough the Light Brigade reached the battery under withering direct fire and scattered some of the gunners, the badly mauled brigade was forced to retreat immediately. Thus, the assault ended with very high British casualties and no decisive gains.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe events are best remembered as the subject of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's narrative poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1854). Published just six weeks after the event, its lines emphasize the valour of the cavalry in bravely carrying out their orders, regardless of the obvious outcome. Blame for the miscommunication has remained controversial, as the original order itself was vague, and the officer who delivered the written orders, with some verbal interpretation, died in the first minute of the assault.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nBackground","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe charge was made by the Light Brigade of the British cavalry, which consisted of the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons, 17th Lancers, and the 8th and 11th Hussars, under the command of Major General James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan. Also present that day was the Heavy Brigade, commanded by Major General James Yorke Scarlett, who was a past Commanding Officer of the 5th Dragoon Guards. The Heavy Brigade was made up of the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards, the 5th Dragoon Guards, the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons and the Scots Greys. The two brigades were the only British cavalry force at the battle.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe Light Brigade, as the name suggests, were the British light cavalry force. It mounted light, fast horses which were unarmoured. The men were armed with lances and sabres. Optimized for maximum mobility and speed, they were intended for reconnaissance and skirmishing. They were also ideal for cutting down infantry and artillery units as they attempted to retreat.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe Heavy Brigade under James Scarlett was the British heavy cavalry force. It mounted large, heavy chargers. The men were equipped with metal helmets and armed with cavalry swords for close combat. They were intended as the primary British shock force, leading frontal charges in order to break enemy lines.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nOverall command of the British cavalry resided with Lieutenant General George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan. Cardigan and Lucan were brothers-in-law who disliked each other intensely. Lucan received an order from the army commander Lord Raglan stating: \"Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the front, follow the enemy, and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns. Troop horse artillery may accompany. French cavalry is on your left. Immediate.\" Raglan wanted the light cavalry to prevent the Russians from successfully withdrawing the naval guns from the redoubts they had captured on the reverse side of the Causeway Heights, the hill forming the south side of the valley. This was an optimum task for the Light Brigade, as their superior speed would ensure the Russians would be forced to either quickly abandon the cumbersome guns or be cut down en masse while they attempted to flee with them.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nRaglan could see what was happening from his high vantage point on the west side of the valley. However, the lie of the land around Lucan and the cavalry prevented him from seeing the Russians' efforts to remove the guns from the redoubts and retreat.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe order was drafted by Brigadier Richard Airey and carried by Captain Louis Edward Nolan. Nolan carried the further oral instruction that the cavalry was to attack immediately. When Lucan asked what guns were referred to, Nolan is said to have indicated with a wide sweep of his arm—not the causeway redoubts—but the mass of Russian guns in a redoubt at the end of the valley, around a mile away. His reasons for the misdirection are unknown because he was killed in the ensuing battle.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nIn response to the order, Lucan instructed Cardigan to lead his command of about 670 troopers of the Light Brigade straight into the valley between the Fedyukhin Heights and the Causeway Heights. In his poem, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1854), Tennyson famously dubbed this hollow \"The Valley of Death\".","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe opposing Russian forces were commanded by Pavel Liprandi and included approximately 20 battalions of infantry supported by over 50 artillery pieces. These forces were deployed on both sides and at the opposite end of the valley.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nLucan himself was to follow with the Heavy Brigade. Although the Heavy Brigade was better armoured and intended for frontal assaults on infantry positions, neither force was remotely equipped for a frontal assault on a fully dug-in and alerted artillery battery—much less one with an excellent line of sight over a mile in length and supported on two sides by artillery batteries providing enfilading fire from elevated ground. The semi-suicidal nature of this charge was surely evident to the troopers of the Light Brigade, but if there were any objection to the orders, it was not recorded.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe Charge","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe Light Brigade set off down the valley with Cardigan out in front, leading the charge. Almost at once Nolan was seen to rush across the front, passing in front of Cardigan. It may be that he then realised the charge was aimed at the wrong target and was attempting to stop or turn the brigade, but he was killed by an artillery shell, and the cavalry continued on its course. Despite withering fire from three sides that devastated their force on the ride, the Light Brigade was able to engage the Russian forces at the end of the valley and force them back from the redoubt, but it suffered heavy casualties and was soon forced to retire. The surviving Russian artillerymen returned to their guns and opened fire once again, with grape and canister, indiscriminately at the mêlée of friend and foe before them.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nLucan failed to provide any support for Cardigan, and it was speculated that he was motivated by an enmity for his brother-in-law that had lasted some 30 years and had been intensified during the campaign up to that point. The troops of the Heavy Brigade entered the mouth of the valley but did not advance further. Lucan's subsequent explanation was that he saw no point in having a second brigade mown down, and he was best positioned where he was to render assistance to Light Brigade survivors returning from the charge. The French light cavalry, the Chasseurs d'Afrique, was more effective in that it cleared the Fedyukhin Heights of the two half batteries of guns, two infantry battalions, and Cossacks to ensure the Light Brigade would not be hit by fire from that flank, and it later provided cover for the remaining elements of the Light Brigade as they withdrew.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nWar correspondent William Russell, who witnessed the battle, declared \"our Light Brigade was annihilated by their own rashness, and by the brutality of a ferocious enemy.\"","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nCardigan survived the battle. Although stories circulated afterwards that he was not actually present, he led the charge from the front and, never looking back, did not see what was happening to the troops behind him. He reached the Russian guns, took part in the fight, and then returned alone up the valley without bothering to rally or even find out what had happened to the survivors. He afterwards said all he could think about was his rage against Captain Nolan, who he thought had tried to take over the leadership of the charge from him. After riding back up the valley, he considered he had done all that he could and then, with considerable sang-froid, left the field and went on board his yacht in Balaclava harbour, where he ate a champagne dinner. He subsequently described the engagement in a speech delivered at the Mansion House in London that was afterwards quoted in length in the House of Commons:","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nWe advanced down a gradual descent of more than three-quarters of a mile, with the batteries vomiting forth upon us shells and shot, round and grape, with one battery on our right flank and another on the left, and all the intermediate ground covered with the Russian riflemen; so that when we came to within a distance of fifty yards from the mouths of the artillery which had been hurling destruction upon us, we were, in fact, surrounded and encircled by a blaze of fire, in addition to the fire of the riflemen upon our flanks.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nAs we ascended the hill, the oblique fire of the artillery poured upon our rear, so that we had thus a strong fire upon our front, our flank, and our rear. We entered the battery—we went through the battery—the two leading regiments cutting down a great number of the Russian gunners in their onset. In the two regiments which I had the honour to lead, every officer, with one exception, was either killed or wounded, or had his horse shot under him or injured. Those regiments proceeded, followed by the second line, consisting of two more regiments of cavalry, which continued to perform the duty of cutting down the Russian gunners.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThen came the third line, formed of another regiment, which endeavoured to complete the duty assigned to our brigade. I believe that this was achieved with great success, and the result was that this body, composed of only about 670 men, succeeded in passing through the mass of Russian cavalry of—as we have since learned—5,240 strong; and having broken through that mass, they went, according to our technical military expression, \"threes about,\" and retired in the same manner, doing as much execution in their course as they possibly could upon the enemy's cavalry. Upon our returning up the hill which we had descended in the attack, we had to run the same gauntlet and to incur the same risk from the flank fire of the Tirailleur as we had encountered before. Numbers of our men were shot down—men and horses were killed, and many of the soldiers who had lost their horses were also shot down while endeavouring to escape.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nBut what, my Lord, was the feeling and what the bearing of those brave men who returned to the position. Of each of these regiments there returned but a small detachment, two-thirds of the men engaged having been destroyed? I think that every man who was engaged in that disastrous affair at Balaklava, and who was fortunate enough to come out of it alive, must feel that it was only by a merciful decree of Almighty Providence that he escaped from the greatest apparent certainty of death which could possibly be conceived.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nAftermath","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe brigade was not completely destroyed, but did suffer terribly, with 118 men killed, 127 wounded, and about 60 taken prisoner. After regrouping, only 195 men were still with horses. The futility of the action and its reckless bravery prompted the French Marshal Pierre Bosquet to state: \"C'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la guerre.\" (\"It is magnificent, but it is not war.\") He continued, in a rarely quoted phrase: \"C'est de la folie\" — \"It is madness.\" The Russian commanders are said to have initially believed that the British soldiers must have been drunk. Somerset Calthorpe, Aide de Camp to Lord Raglan, wrote a letter to a friend three days after the charge. He detailed casualty numbers but did not distinguish between those killed and those taken prisoner:","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\n— besides 335 horses killed in action, or obliged afterwards to be destroyed from wounds. It has since been ascertained that the Russians made a good many prisoners; the exact number is not yet known.\" The reputation of the British cavalry was significantly enhanced as a result of the charge, though the same cannot be said for their commanders.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nSlow communications meant that news of the disaster did not reach the British public until three weeks after the action. The British commanders' dispatches from the front were published in an extraordinary edition of the London Gazette of 12 November 1854. Raglan blamed Lucan for the charge, claiming that \"from some misconception of the order to advance, the Lieutenant-General (Lucan) considered that he was bound to attack at all hazards, and he accordingly ordered Major-General the Earl of Cardigan to move forward with the Light Brigade.\" Lucan was furious at being made a scapegoat: Raglan claimed he should have exercised his discretion, but throughout the campaign up to that date Lucan considered Raglan had allowed him no independence at all and required that his orders be followed to the letter. Cardigan, who had merely obeyed orders, blamed Lucan for giving those orders. He returned home a hero and was promoted to Inspector General of the Cavalry.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nLucan attempted to publish a letter refuting point by point Raglan's London Gazette dispatch, but his criticism of his superior was not tolerated, and Lucan was recalled to England in March 1855. The Charge of the Light Brigade became a subject of considerable controversy and public dispute on his return. He strongly rejected Raglan's version of events, calling it \"an imputation reflecting seriously on my professional character.\" In an exchange of public correspondence printed in the pages of The Times, Lucan blamed Raglan and his deceased aide-de-camp Captain Nolan, who had been the actual deliverer of the disputed order. Lucan subsequently defended himself with a speech in the House of Lords on 19 March.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nLucan evidently escaped blame for the charge, as he was made a member of the Order of the Bath in July of that same year. Although he never again saw active duty, he reached the rank of general in 1865 and was made a field marshal in the year before his death.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe charge of the Light Brigade continues to be studied by modern military historians and students as an example of what can go wrong when accurate military intelligence is lacking and orders are unclear. Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who was a keen military historian and a former cavalryman, insisted on taking time out during the Yalta Conference in 1945 to see the battlefield for himself.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nOne research project used a mathematical model to examine how the charge might have turned out if conducted differently. The analysis suggested that a charge toward the redoubt on the Causeway Heights, as Raglan had apparently intended, would have led to even higher British casualties. By contrast, the charge might have succeeded if the Heavy Brigade had accompanied the Light Brigade along the valley, as Lucan had initially directed.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nAccording to Norman Dixon, 19th-century accounts of the charge tended to focus on the bravery and glory of the cavalrymen, much more than the military blunders involved, with the perverse effect that it \"did much to strengthen those very forms of tradition which put such an incapacitating stranglehold on military endeavor for the next eighty or so years,\" i.e., until after World War I.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe fate of the surviving members of the Charge was investigated by Edward James Boys, a military historian, who documented their lives from leaving the army to their deaths. His records are described as being the most definitive project of its kind ever undertaken. Edwin Hughes, who died on 14 May 1927, aged 96, was the last survivor of the charge.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nIn October 1875, survivors of the Charge met at the Alexandra Palace in London to celebrate the 21st anniversary of the Charge. The celebrations were fully reported in the Illustrated London News of 30 October 1875, which included the recollections of several of the survivors, including those of Edward Richard Woodham, the Chairman of the Committee that organised the celebration. Tennyson was invited, but could not attend. Lucan, the senior commander surviving, was not present, but attended a separate celebration, held later in the day, with other senior officers at the fashionable Willis's Rooms, St James's Square. Reunion dinners were held for a number of years.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nOn 2 August 1890, trumpeter Martin Leonard Landfried, from the 17th Lancers, who may (or may not) have sounded the bugle charge at Balaclava, made a recording on an Edison cylinder that can be heard here, with a bugle which had been used at Waterloo in 1815. (Landfried's name is misspelled as \"Landfrey\" on the Edison cylinder recording).","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nIn 2004, on the 150th anniversary of the Charge, a commemoration of the event was held at Balaklava. As part of the anniversary, a monument dedicated to the 25,000 British participants of the conflict was unveiled by Prince Michael of Kent.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nPoems","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nAlfred, Lord Tennyson, the then Poet Laureate, wrote evocatively about the battle in his poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\". Tennyson's poem, written 2 December 1854 and , published six weeks after the event on 9 December 1854, in The Examiner, praises the Brigade (\"When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made!\") while trenchantly mourning the appalling futility of the charge (\"Not tho' the soldier knew, someone had blunder'd... Charging an army, while all the world wonder'd\"). Tennyson wrote the poem inside only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in The Times, according to his grandson Sir Charles Tennyson. It immediately became hugely popular, and even reached the troops in the Crimea, where it was distributed in pamphlet form.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nNearly 36 years later Kipling wrote \"The Last of the Light Brigade\" (1890), commemorating a visit by the last 20 survivors to Tennyson (then aged 80) to reproach him gently for not writing a sequel about the way in which England was treating its old soldiers. Some sources treat the poem as an account of a real event, but other commentators class the destitute old soldiers as allegorical, with the visit invented by Kipling to draw attention to the poverty in which the real survivors were living, in the same way that he evoked Tommy Atkins in \"The Absent-Minded Beggar\" (1899).","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nSurvivor postscript","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nYears after the battle, James Bosworth, a station-master at Northam, aged 70, was run over and killed by a railway engine. In his younger days, he was one of those who had fought at the Battle of Balaclava and survived. The English Illustrated Magazine states that he \"surviv[ed] 'The Charge of the Light Brigade' at Balaclava\". His epitaph as listed below referenced both his presence at the battle and Lord Tennyson's poem.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThough shot and shell flew around fast,\nOn Balaclava's plain,\nUnscathed he passed, to fall at last,\nRun over by a train.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nAnother of the survivors, John Penn, who died in Dunbar in 1886, left a personal account of his military career including the infamous Charge written for a friend. This survives and is held by East Lothian Council Archives.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nMedia representations","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nIn film","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nTwo war movies were made, both titled The Charge of the Light Brigade: \n*The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), starring Errol Flynn, is an historically inaccurate war movie, which turns the motive into a grudge match against an Indian ruler allied with the Russians. \n*The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968), featuring David Hemmings (as Nolan) and Trevor Howard (as Cardigan), is considered to be much more factually accurate, having been written by Charles Wood, who had himself served in the 17th/21st Lancers.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nIn literature","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\n* In Robert Forest-Webb's novel Pendragon - Late of Prince Albert's Own (2012, Saturday Review Press), the hero, an officer in the 11th Hussars, takes part in the charge. \n*George MacDonald Fraser's novel Flashman at the Charge (1973) has Harry Flashman participating (much against his will) in the Charge.\n*Anna Sewell's novel Black Beauty (1877) includes a horse named Captain, which previously had taken part in the Charge of the Light Brigade.","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nIn music","Charge of the Light Brigade\n\n*The charge is the subject of Iron Maiden's song \"The Trooper\", on their Piece of Mind album. \n*The charge inspired the Pearls Before Swine album Balaklava, which begins with a sample of the 1890 recording of trumpeter Landfrey."],"string":"[\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nAlfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victoria's reign and remains one of the most popular British poets.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, such as \\\"Break, Break, Break\\\", \\\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\\\", \\\"Tears, Idle Tears\\\", and \\\"Crossing the Bar\\\". Much of his verse was based on classical mythological themes, such as Ulysses, although In Memoriam A.H.H. was written to commemorate his friend Arthur Hallam, a fellow poet and student at Trinity College, Cambridge, after he died of a stroke at the age of 22. Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including Idylls of the King, \\\"Ulysses\\\", and \\\"Tithonus\\\". During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays enjoyed little success. A number of phrases from Tennyson's work have become commonplaces of the English language, including \\\"Nature, red in tooth and claw\\\" (In Memoriam A.H.H.), \\\"'Tis better to have loved and lost / Than never to have loved at all\\\", \\\"Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die\\\", \\\"My strength is as the strength of ten, / Because my heart is pure\\\", \\\"To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield\\\", \\\"Knowledge comes, but Wisdom lingers\\\", and \\\"The old order changeth, yielding place to new\\\". He is the ninth most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nEarly life\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire, England. He was born into a middle-class line of Tennysons, but also had a noble and royal ancestry.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nHis father, George Clayton Tennyson (1778–1831), was rector of Somersby (1807–1831), also rector of Benniworth (1802–1831) and Bag Enderby, and vicar of Grimsby (1815). Rev. George Clayton Tennyson raised a large family and \\\"was a man of superior abilities and varied attainments, who tried his hand with fair success in architecture, painting, music, and poetry. He was comfortably well off for a country clergyman and his shrewd money management enabled the family to spend summers at Mablethorpe and Skegness on the eastern coast of England\\\". Alfred Tennyson's mother, Elizabeth Fytche (1781–1865), was the daughter of Stephen Fytche (1734–1799), vicar of St. James Church, Louth (1764) and rector of Withcall (1780), a small village between Horncastle and Louth. Tennyson's father \\\"carefully attended to the education and training of his children\\\".\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson and two of his elder brothers were writing poetry in their teens and a collection of poems by all three was published locally when Alfred was only 17. One of those brothers, Charles Tennyson Turner, later married Louisa Sellwood, the younger sister of Alfred's future wife; the other was Frederick Tennyson. Another of Tennyson's brothers, Edward Tennyson, was institutionalised at a private asylum.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nEducation and first publication\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson was a student of Louth Grammar School for four years (1816–1820) and then attended Scaitcliffe School, Englefield Green and King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1827, where he joined a secret society called the Cambridge Apostles. A portrait of Tennyson by George Frederic Watts is in Trinity's collection.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nAt Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Henry Hallam and William Henry Brookfield, who became his closest friends. His first publication was a collection of \\\"his boyish rhymes and those of his elder brother Charles\\\" entitled Poems by Two Brothers, published in 1827.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nIn 1829, Tennyson was awarded the Chancellor's Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces, \\\"Timbuktu\\\". Reportedly, \\\"it was thought to be no slight honour for a young man of twenty to win the chancellor's gold medal\\\". He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830. \\\"Claribel\\\" and \\\"Mariana\\\", which later took their place among Tennyson's most celebrated poems, were included in this volume. Although decried by some critics as overly sentimental, his verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known writers of the day, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nReturn to Lincolnshire and second publication\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nIn the spring of 1831, Tennyson's father died, requiring him to leave Cambridge before taking his degree. He returned to the rectory, where he was permitted to live for another six years and shared responsibility for his widowed mother and the family. Arthur Hallam came to stay with his family during the summer and became engaged to Tennyson's sister, Emilia Tennyson.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nIn 1833 Tennyson published his second book of poetry, which included his well-known poem, \\\"The Lady of Shalott\\\". The volume met heavy criticism, which so discouraged Tennyson that he did not publish again for ten years, although he did continue to write. That same year, Hallam died suddenly and unexpectedly after suffering a cerebral haemorrhage while on vacation in Vienna. Hallam's death had a profound impact on Tennyson and inspired several poems, including \\\"In the Valley of Cauteretz\\\" and In Memoriam A.H.H., a long poem detailing the \\\"Way of the Soul\\\".\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson and his family were allowed to stay in the rectory for some time, but later moved to High Beach, Essex, about 1837, leaving in 1840. An unwise investment in an ecclesiastical wood-carving enterprise soon led to the loss of much of the family fortune. Tennyson then moved to London and lived for a time at Chapel House, Twickenham.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nThird publication\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nIn 1842, while living modestly in London, Tennyson published the two volume Poems, of which the first included works already published and the second was made up almost entirely of new poems. They met with immediate success; poems from this collection, such as Locksley Hall, \\\"Tithonus\\\", and \\\"Ulysses\\\" have met enduring fame. The Princess: A Medley, a satire on women's education that came out in 1847, was also popular for its lyrics. W. S. Gilbert later adapted and parodied the piece twice: in The Princess (1870) and in Princess Ida (1884).\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nIt was in 1850 that Tennyson reached the pinnacle of his career, finally publishing his masterpiece, In Memoriam A.H.H., dedicated to Hallam. Later the same year, he was appointed Poet Laureate, succeeding William Wordsworth. In the same year (on 13 June), Tennyson married Emily Sellwood, whom he had known since childhood, in the village of Shiplake. They had two sons, Hallam Tennyson (b. 11 August 1852)—named after his friend—and Lionel (b. 16 March 1854).\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson rented Farringford House on the Isle of Wight in 1853, eventually buying it in 1856. He eventually found that there were too many starstruck tourists who pestered him in Farringford, so he moved to Aldworth, in West Sussex in 1869. However, he retained Farringford, and regularly returned there to spend the winters.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nPoet Laureate\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nIn 1850, after William Wordsworth's death and Samuel Rogers' refusal, Tennyson was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate; Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Leigh Hunt had also been considered. He held the position until his own death in 1892, the longest tenure of any laureate before or since. Tennyson fulfilled the requirements of this position by turning out appropriate but often uninspired verse, such as a poem of greeting to Princess Alexandra of Denmark when she arrived in Britain to marry the future King Edward VII. In 1855, Tennyson produced one of his best-known works, \\\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\\\", a dramatic tribute to the British cavalrymen involved in an ill-advised charge on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War. Other esteemed works written in the post of Poet Laureate include Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington and Ode Sung at the Opening of the International Exhibition.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson initially declined a baronetcy in 1865 and 1868 (when tendered by Disraeli), finally accepting a peerage in 1883 at Gladstone's earnest solicitation. In 1884 Victoria created him Baron Tennyson, of Aldworth in the County of Sussex and of Freshwater in the Isle of Wight. He took his seat in the House of Lords on 11 March 1884.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson also wrote a substantial quantity of unofficial political verse, from the bellicose \\\"Form, Riflemen, Form\\\", on the French crisis of 1859 and the Creation of the Volunteer Force, to \\\"Steersman, be not precipitate in thine act/of steering\\\", deploring Gladstone's Home Rule Bill.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nVirginia Woolf wrote a play called Freshwater, showing Tennyson as host to his friends Julia Margaret Cameron and G.F. Watts.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson was the first to be raised to a British peerage for his writing. A passionate man with some peculiarities of nature, he was never particularly comfortable as a peer, and it is widely held that he took the peerage in order to secure a future for his son Hallam.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nColonel George Edward Gouraud, Thomas Edison's European agent, made sound recordings of Tennyson reading his own poetry, late in his life. They include recordings of The Charge of the Light Brigade, and excerpts from \\\"The splendour falls\\\" (from The Princess), \\\"Come into the garden\\\" (from Maud), \\\"Ask me no more\\\", \\\"Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington\\\" and \\\"Lancelot and Elaine\\\". The sound quality is poor, as wax cylinder recordings usually are.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTowards the end of his life Tennyson revealed that his \\\"religious beliefs also defied convention, leaning towards agnosticism and pandeism\\\": Famously, he wrote in In Memoriam: \\\"There lives more faith in honest doubt, believe me, than in half the creeds.\\\" In Maud, 1855, he wrote: \\\"The churches have killed their Christ\\\". In \\\"Locksley Hall Sixty Years After,\\\" Tennyson wrote: \\\"Christian love among the churches look'd the twin of heathen hate.\\\" In his play, Becket, he wrote: \\\"We are self-uncertain creatures, and we may, Yea, even when we know not, mix our spites and private hates with our defence of Heaven\\\". Tennyson recorded in his Diary (p. 127): \\\"I believe in Pantheism of a sort\\\". His son's biography confirms that Tennyson was not an orthodox Christian, noting that Tennyson praised Giordano Bruno and Spinoza on his deathbed, saying of Bruno, \\\"His view of God is in some ways mine\\\", in 1892.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson continued writing into his eighties. He died on 6 October 1892 at Aldworth, aged 83. He was buried at Westminster Abbey. A memorial was erected in All Saints' Church, Freshwater. His last words were, \\\"Oh that press will have me now!\\\". He left an estate of £57,206.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nHe was succeeded as 2nd Baron Tennyson by his son, Hallam, who produced an authorised biography of his father in 1897, and was later the second Governor-General of Australia.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson and the Queen\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nThough Prince Albert was largely responsible for Tennyson's appointment as Laureate, Queen Victoria became an ardent admirer of Tennyson's work, writing in her diary that she was \\\"much soothed & pleased\\\" by reading In Memoriam A.H.H. after Albert's death. The two met twice, first in April 1862, when Victoria wrote in her diary, \\\"very peculiar looking, tall, dark, with a fine head, long black flowing hair & a beard, oddly dressed, but there is no affectation about him.\\\" Tennyson met her a second time nearly two decades later, and the Queen told him what a comfort In Memoriam A.H.H. had been.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nThe art of Tennyson's poetry\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nAs source material for his poetry, Tennyson used a wide range of subject matter ranging from medieval legends to classical myths and from domestic situations to observations of nature. The influence of John Keats and other Romantic poets published before and during his childhood is evident from the richness of his imagery and descriptive writing. He also handled rhythm masterfully. The insistent beat of Break, Break, Break emphasises the relentless sadness of the subject matter. Tennyson's use of the musical qualities of words to emphasise his rhythms and meanings is sensitive. The language of \\\"I come from haunts of coot and hern\\\" lilts and ripples like the brook in the poem and the last two lines of \\\"Come down O maid from yonder mountain height\\\" illustrate his telling combination of onomatopoeia, alliteration, and assonance:\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nThe moan of doves in immemorial elms\\nAnd murmuring of innumerable bees. Tennyson was a craftsman who polished and revised his manuscripts extensively, to the point where his efforts at self-editing were described by his contemporary Robert Browning as \\\"insane\\\", symptomatic of \\\"mental infirmity\\\". Few poets have used such a variety of styles with such an exact understanding of metre; like many Victorian poets, he experimented in adapting the quantitative metres of Greek and Latin poetry to English. He reflects the Victorian period of his maturity in his feeling for order and his tendency towards moralising. He also reflects a concern common among Victorian writers in being troubled by the conflict between religious faith and expanding scientific knowledge. Like many writers who write a great deal over a long time, his poetry is occasionally uninspired, but his personality rings throughout all his works. Tennyson possessed a strong poetic power, which his early readers often attributed to his \\\"Englishness\\\" and his masculinity. Well known among his longer words are Maud and Idylls of the King, the latter arguably the most famous Victorian adaptation of the legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nA common thread of grief, melancholy, and loss connects much of his poetry (including Mariana, The Lotos Eaters, Tears, Idle Tears, In Memoriam), possibly reflecting Tennyson's own lifelong struggle with debilitating depression. T. S. Eliot famously described Tennyson as \\\"the saddest of all English poets\\\", whose technical mastery of verse and language provided a \\\"surface\\\" to his poetry's \\\"depths, to the abyss of sorrow\\\". Other poets such as W. H. Auden maintained a more critical stance, stating that Tennyson was the \\\"stupidest\\\" of all the English poets, adding that: \\\"There was little about melancholia he didn't know; there was little else that he did.\\\"\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nPartial list of works\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\n* From Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830):\\n** Nothing Will Die \\n** All Things Will Die \\n** The Dying Swan\\n** The Kraken\\n** Mariana\\n* Lady Clara Vere de Vere (1832)\\n* From Poems (1833):\\n** The Lotos-Eaters\\n** The Lady of Shalott (1832, 1842) – three versions painted by J. W. Waterhouse (1888, 1894, and 1916)\\n** St. Simeon Stylites (1833)\\n* From Poems (1842):\\n** Locksley Hall\\n** Tithonus\\n** Vision of Sin \\n** The Two Voices (1834)\\n** \\\"Ulysses\\\" (1833)\\n* From The Princess; A Medley (1847)\\n** \\\"The Princess\\\"\\n** Godiva\\n** Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal – it later appeared as a song in the film Vanity Fair, with musical arrangement by Mychael Danna\\n** \\\"Tears, Idle Tears\\\"\\n* In Memoriam A.H.H. (1849)\\n* Ring Out, Wild Bells (1850)\\n* The Eagle (1851)\\n* The Sister's Shame \\n* From Maud; A Monodrama (1855/1856)\\n** Maud\\n** The Charge of the Light Brigade (1854) – an early recording exists of Tennyson reading this.\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\n* Idylls of the King (1859–1885)\\n* From Enoch Arden and Other Poems (1862/1864)\\n** Enoch Arden\\n** The Brook – contains the line \\\"For men may come and men may go, But I go on for ever\\\" which inspired the naming of a men's club in New York City. * Flower in the crannied wall (1869)\\n* The Window – Song cycle with Arthur Sullivan. (1871)\\n* Harold (1876) – began a revival of interest in King Harold\\n* Idylls of the King (composed 1833–1874)\\n* Montenegro (1877)\\n* \\\"Becket\\\" (1884) \\n* Crossing the Bar (1889)\\n* The Foresters – a play with incidental music by Arthur Sullivan (1891)\\n* Kapiolani (published after his death by Hallam Tennyson)\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nTennyson heraldry\",\n \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\\n\\nAn Heraldic achievement of Alfred, Lord Tennyson exists in an 1884 stained glass window in the Hall of Trinity College, Cambridge, showing arms: Gules, a bend nebuly or thereon a chaplet vert between three leopard's faces jessant-de-lys of the second; Crest: A dexter arm in armour the hand in a gauntlet or grasping a broken tilting spear enfiled with a garland of laurel; Supporters: Two leopards rampant guardant gules semée de lys and ducally crowned or; Motto: Respiciens Prospiciens (\\\"Looking backwards (is) looking forwards\\\"). These are a difference of the arms of Thomas Tenison (1636-1715), Archbishop of Canterbury, themselves a difference of the arms of the 13th century Denys family of Glamorgan and Siston in Gloucestershire, themselves a difference of the arms of Thomas de Cantilupe (c.1218-1282), Bishop of Hereford, thenceforth the arms of the See of Hereford; the name \\\"Tennyson\\\" signifies \\\"Denys's son\\\", although no connection between the two families is recorded.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\n\\\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\\\" is an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. He was the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom at the time he wrote the poem.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nOverview\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nTennyson's poem written on December 2, 1854, published December 9, 1854 in The Examiner, praises the Brigade, \\\"When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made!\\\", while mourning the appalling futility of the charge: \\\"Not tho' the soldier knew / Some one had blunder'd.\\\" According to his grandson Sir Charles Tennyson, Tennyson wrote the poem in only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in The Times. As poet laureate he often wrote verses about public events. It immediately became hugely popular, even reaching the troops in the Crimea, where it was distributed in pamphlet form at the behest of Jane, Lady Franklin. Each stanza tells a different part of the story, and there is a delicate balance between nobility and brutality throughout. Although Tennyson's subject is the nobleness of supporting one's country, and the poem's tone and hoofbeat cadences are rousing, it pulls no punches about the horror of war: \\\"Cannon to right of them, /Cannon to left of them, / Cannon in front of them / Volley'd & thunder'd\\\".\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nWith \\\"into the valley of Death\\\" Tennyson works in resonance with \\\"the valley of the shadow of Death\\\" from Psalm 23, then and now a Psalm often read at funerals. Tennyson's Crimea does not offer the abstract tranquil death of the psalm but is instead predatory and menacing: \\\"into the jaws of Death\\\" and \\\"into the mouth of Hell\\\". The alliterative \\\"Storm'd at with shot and shell\\\" echoes the whistling of ball as the cavalry charge through it. After the fury of the charge, the final notes are gentle, reflective and laden with sorrow: \\\"Then they rode back, but not / Not the six hundred\\\".\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nTennyson recited this poem onto a wax cylinder in 1890.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nKipling's postscript\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nRudyard Kipling's poem \\\"The Last of the Light Brigade\\\" (1891), written some 40 years after the appearance of \\\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\\\", focuses on the terrible hardships faced in old age by veterans of the Crimean War, as exemplified by the cavalry men of the Light Brigade. Its purpose was to shame the British public into offering financial assistance.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nLater references\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nIn film\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\n*The film The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) features a quote from the poem, when United States Navy Commander Shears remarks on the guts of Colonel Nicholson, who stands to face the possibility of death for refusing that his officers participate in manual labor. *In the movie The Falcon and the Snowman (1985), Christopher Boyce is pressed by his father about whether or not he can still recite the poem as they had worked on memorizing it while Christopher was in school. Christopher eventually responds by reciting the poem. *The film When the Wind Blows (1986), about the experiences of an elderly couple before and after a nuclear war, references the poem. They prepare for the war using a copy of the UK civil defense booklet Protect and Survive. They are unsure about some of the instructions, but their patriotism and fond memories of Winston Churchill and their youth during World War II leads the husband to say \\\"ours is not to reason why...\\\" The poem is also quoted near the end of the film. *The movie Saving Private Ryan (1998) also makes reference to the poem.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nAs the soldiers march along the road questioning whether or not saving one man at the price of so many others is a reasonable order Corporal Upham recites: \\\"Ours is not to reason why, ours is but to do and die.\\\" \\n*In the film Windtalkers (2002), about Navajo Marines serving in the Pacific Theater of WWII to volunteer their language as a form of radio code-talking, at 1:12:55, over the radio, one Code Talker Marine questions what \\\"light resistance\\\" means, while the other Code Talker reminds the first that (presumably in Navajo) \\\"Ours is not to question why, ours is but to do or die.\\\"\\n*In the movie The Blind Side (2009), Sean Tuohy (played by Tim McGraw) recites the poem for his adopted son Michael Oher, as a source of inspiration for courage and honor, and Michael writes an essay on it for an English exam.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nIn games\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\n* In the video game, Mass Effect 3 (2012), male Commander Shepard recites part of the third stanza to squad mate Ashley Williams during the final part of the game on Earth if she were chosen as his love interest. * The Star Trek Online (2010) mission \\\"Boldly They Rode\\\" takes its title from the sixth line of the third stanza, in reference to the use of the entire verse in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode \\\"Sacrifice of Angels\\\" (see below). Later, in the last mission of the Iconian War arc \\\"Midnight\\\", Captain Va'Kel Shon recites the last 5 verses of the second stanza when the player's ship enters the time portal. * In Saints Row IV 2013, the antagonist Zinyak tells the player 'ours not to reason why. Ours but to do and die'. This takes place during the mission where you are saving Matt Miller from the aliens and have the option to continue the fight against the zinc empire or sacrifice yourself to allow everyone else to be saved.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\n* In the video game, \\\"Hitman\\\" (2016), when the player shoots an NPC and a guard notices, the guard will sometimes reference stanza two by shouting, \\\"Ours not to reason why, ours but to do and die!\\\"\\n* In \\\"League of Legends\\\" (2009), the champion Jarvan IV states, \\\"Ours is but to do and die.\\\" This is Jarvan's mentality for the soldiers of Demacia and is triggered as one of his quotes for when he attacks.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nIn literature\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\n*In Margaret Atwood's novel, The Handmaid's Tale (1985), the line \\\"Ours is not to reason why\\\" was used by the character Moira. *In Pat Barker's Regeneration, a stanza of the poem is quoted by the character Prior. *Jean Johnson's military sci-fi book series, Theirs Not To Reason Why, and the first book, A Soldier's Duty, were nominated for the Philip K. Dick Award in 2011. *In John Patrick's The Curious Savage, the lines \\\"Ours not to reason why,\\\" and \\\"someone blundered\\\" were used by the character Jeffery Meredith. *The character Mr. Ramsay randomly references various lines from the poem, in Virginia Woolf's novel To The Lighthouse (1927). *In a response to the near destruction of Taffy 3 at the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the padding in Admiral Nimitz's inquiry about Halsey's Battleship Task Force, \\\"Where is TF 34?\\\" was \\\"The world wonders.\\\" Some speculate that it is a reference to the poem and a comment on the heroic but near suicidal charge of the three destroyers, four destroyer escorts, and lightly armed bombers and fighters of Taffy 3 against the Japanese Centre Force, made up of battleships, including the Yamato, heavy cruisers, light cruisers, and 11 destroyers.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\n*In Charles Schultz Peanuts comic, 11 October 1999, the character 'Rerun' paraphrases the poem while riding on the back of his mother's bicycle through traffic. *In Anna Sewell's novel, Black Beauty (1877), chapter 34, \\\"An Old War Horse,\\\" Black Beauty (named 'Jack' by his new cab master) shares London cab life with 'Captain', the old war horse, who tells of his adventures in Crimea including this charge, \\\"From the right, from the left, and from the front, shot and shell poured in upon us . . .\\\"\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nIn music\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\n* In the Beach Boys-Brian Wilson-Van Dyke Parks' song \\\"Surf's Up\\\" (1971), the lyric phrase \\\"While at port adieu or die\\\" is word play alluding to \\\"Theirs not to make reply, / Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die\\\".\\n* The poem inspired the Iron Maiden song \\\"The Trooper\\\" (1983).\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nIn television\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\n*In the Honeymooners episode \\\"The Safety Award\\\", Ed Norton paraphrases one of the lines of the poem as \\\"Into the valley of Death Rides the six hundred\\\" in reference to the trouble he will soon be getting into having to ask his wife Trixie to change a dress she wanted to wear at an award ceremony for Ralph. *Alfalfa recites a number of lines in the Little Rascals short Two Too Young, prior to some firecrackers exploding in his back pocket. *The character Dr. Reed Akley on Manhattan recites three lines of the poem, in Episode 12. *The TV show M*A*S*H referenced the poem in at least three episodes. In season 1, episode 11, Radar O'Reilly mutters \\\"Ours is not to reason why\\\" under his breath to Colonel Blake. In season 4, episode 1 (“Welcome to Korea”), Hawkeye paraphrases the poem with, “Ours is not to reason why, ours is not to let them die.” In season 6, episode 18 (\\\"Tea and Empathy\\\"), the British Major Ross says, “You know, you Americans would be well advised to learn a little from British tradition.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nAfter all, the Charge of the Light Brigade was as much a matter of morale as, uh, bravery.”\\n*In the second season Robotech episode, \\\"Danger Zone\\\", the character Louie Nichols is preparing for battle and says \\\"Well, armed with shot and shell, here we go into the mouth of hell.\\\"\\n*In the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Season 6 episode \\\"Sacrifice of Angels\\\", the third verse is recited by Miles O'Brien and Julian Bashir as a Federation fleet of 600 starships is about to enter battle. When asked how it ends by Elim Garak, who is unfamiliar with the poem, O'Brien answers, \\\"You don't want to know.\\\"\\n*In the Simpsons episode In Marge We Trust, Reverend Lovejoy regales his congregation with a story about saving Ned Flanders from a baboon exhibit, altering the original words to \\\"Baboons to the left of me, baboons to the right, the speeding locomotive tore through a sea of inhuman fangs.\\\"\\n*The actor Laurence Harvey recited the poem on The Ed Sullivan Show, and both he and Ed Sullivan presented, so Ed said, the actual bugle used in the charge to a British officer, who then blew the call.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\nThe clip is on the DVDs of the Rolling Stones appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show. *In the TV show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, the Banks family's butler Geoffrey posing as the fictional poet \\\"Raphael DeLaGhetto\\\", recites the first four lines of the 3rd stanza to a group of students at Will Smith's school. *In The Outer Limits (1995 TV series), episode 2-18, \\\"The Light Brigade\\\", they recite: \\n\\\"Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die\\\" near 12m54s. \\\"Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.\\\" near 24m26s. \\\"Forward, the Light Brigade! \\\"Charge for the guns!\\\" he said:\\\" near 25m30s. Holding a printed copy of the poem near 28m28s. \\\"Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volley'd and thunder'd;\\\" near 38m54s. \\\"Storm'd at with shot and shell, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell\\\" near 39m36s.\",\n \"The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\\n\\n*The TV show Top Gear referenced the poem and its origins in series 21, episode 3, during a trip through Ukraine. When stopping at a spot near the battlefield, the team commented on the event and Richard Hammond quoted Tennyson's poem.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854, in the Crimean War. Lord Raglan, overall commander of the British forces, had intended to send the Light Brigade to pursue and harry a retreating Russian artillery battery, a task well-suited to light cavalry. However, due to miscommunication in the chain of command, the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery, one well-prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nAlthough the Light Brigade reached the battery under withering direct fire and scattered some of the gunners, the badly mauled brigade was forced to retreat immediately. Thus, the assault ended with very high British casualties and no decisive gains.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe events are best remembered as the subject of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's narrative poem \\\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\\\" (1854). Published just six weeks after the event, its lines emphasize the valour of the cavalry in bravely carrying out their orders, regardless of the obvious outcome. Blame for the miscommunication has remained controversial, as the original order itself was vague, and the officer who delivered the written orders, with some verbal interpretation, died in the first minute of the assault.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nBackground\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe charge was made by the Light Brigade of the British cavalry, which consisted of the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons, 17th Lancers, and the 8th and 11th Hussars, under the command of Major General James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan. Also present that day was the Heavy Brigade, commanded by Major General James Yorke Scarlett, who was a past Commanding Officer of the 5th Dragoon Guards. The Heavy Brigade was made up of the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards, the 5th Dragoon Guards, the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons and the Scots Greys. The two brigades were the only British cavalry force at the battle.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe Light Brigade, as the name suggests, were the British light cavalry force. It mounted light, fast horses which were unarmoured. The men were armed with lances and sabres. Optimized for maximum mobility and speed, they were intended for reconnaissance and skirmishing. They were also ideal for cutting down infantry and artillery units as they attempted to retreat.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe Heavy Brigade under James Scarlett was the British heavy cavalry force. It mounted large, heavy chargers. The men were equipped with metal helmets and armed with cavalry swords for close combat. They were intended as the primary British shock force, leading frontal charges in order to break enemy lines.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nOverall command of the British cavalry resided with Lieutenant General George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan. Cardigan and Lucan were brothers-in-law who disliked each other intensely. Lucan received an order from the army commander Lord Raglan stating: \\\"Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the front, follow the enemy, and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns. Troop horse artillery may accompany. French cavalry is on your left. Immediate.\\\" Raglan wanted the light cavalry to prevent the Russians from successfully withdrawing the naval guns from the redoubts they had captured on the reverse side of the Causeway Heights, the hill forming the south side of the valley. This was an optimum task for the Light Brigade, as their superior speed would ensure the Russians would be forced to either quickly abandon the cumbersome guns or be cut down en masse while they attempted to flee with them.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nRaglan could see what was happening from his high vantage point on the west side of the valley. However, the lie of the land around Lucan and the cavalry prevented him from seeing the Russians' efforts to remove the guns from the redoubts and retreat.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe order was drafted by Brigadier Richard Airey and carried by Captain Louis Edward Nolan. Nolan carried the further oral instruction that the cavalry was to attack immediately. When Lucan asked what guns were referred to, Nolan is said to have indicated with a wide sweep of his arm—not the causeway redoubts—but the mass of Russian guns in a redoubt at the end of the valley, around a mile away. His reasons for the misdirection are unknown because he was killed in the ensuing battle.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nIn response to the order, Lucan instructed Cardigan to lead his command of about 670 troopers of the Light Brigade straight into the valley between the Fedyukhin Heights and the Causeway Heights. In his poem, \\\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\\\" (1854), Tennyson famously dubbed this hollow \\\"The Valley of Death\\\".\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe opposing Russian forces were commanded by Pavel Liprandi and included approximately 20 battalions of infantry supported by over 50 artillery pieces. These forces were deployed on both sides and at the opposite end of the valley.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nLucan himself was to follow with the Heavy Brigade. Although the Heavy Brigade was better armoured and intended for frontal assaults on infantry positions, neither force was remotely equipped for a frontal assault on a fully dug-in and alerted artillery battery—much less one with an excellent line of sight over a mile in length and supported on two sides by artillery batteries providing enfilading fire from elevated ground. The semi-suicidal nature of this charge was surely evident to the troopers of the Light Brigade, but if there were any objection to the orders, it was not recorded.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe Charge\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe Light Brigade set off down the valley with Cardigan out in front, leading the charge. Almost at once Nolan was seen to rush across the front, passing in front of Cardigan. It may be that he then realised the charge was aimed at the wrong target and was attempting to stop or turn the brigade, but he was killed by an artillery shell, and the cavalry continued on its course. Despite withering fire from three sides that devastated their force on the ride, the Light Brigade was able to engage the Russian forces at the end of the valley and force them back from the redoubt, but it suffered heavy casualties and was soon forced to retire. The surviving Russian artillerymen returned to their guns and opened fire once again, with grape and canister, indiscriminately at the mêlée of friend and foe before them.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nLucan failed to provide any support for Cardigan, and it was speculated that he was motivated by an enmity for his brother-in-law that had lasted some 30 years and had been intensified during the campaign up to that point. The troops of the Heavy Brigade entered the mouth of the valley but did not advance further. Lucan's subsequent explanation was that he saw no point in having a second brigade mown down, and he was best positioned where he was to render assistance to Light Brigade survivors returning from the charge. The French light cavalry, the Chasseurs d'Afrique, was more effective in that it cleared the Fedyukhin Heights of the two half batteries of guns, two infantry battalions, and Cossacks to ensure the Light Brigade would not be hit by fire from that flank, and it later provided cover for the remaining elements of the Light Brigade as they withdrew.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nWar correspondent William Russell, who witnessed the battle, declared \\\"our Light Brigade was annihilated by their own rashness, and by the brutality of a ferocious enemy.\\\"\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nCardigan survived the battle. Although stories circulated afterwards that he was not actually present, he led the charge from the front and, never looking back, did not see what was happening to the troops behind him. He reached the Russian guns, took part in the fight, and then returned alone up the valley without bothering to rally or even find out what had happened to the survivors. He afterwards said all he could think about was his rage against Captain Nolan, who he thought had tried to take over the leadership of the charge from him. After riding back up the valley, he considered he had done all that he could and then, with considerable sang-froid, left the field and went on board his yacht in Balaclava harbour, where he ate a champagne dinner. He subsequently described the engagement in a speech delivered at the Mansion House in London that was afterwards quoted in length in the House of Commons:\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nWe advanced down a gradual descent of more than three-quarters of a mile, with the batteries vomiting forth upon us shells and shot, round and grape, with one battery on our right flank and another on the left, and all the intermediate ground covered with the Russian riflemen; so that when we came to within a distance of fifty yards from the mouths of the artillery which had been hurling destruction upon us, we were, in fact, surrounded and encircled by a blaze of fire, in addition to the fire of the riflemen upon our flanks.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nAs we ascended the hill, the oblique fire of the artillery poured upon our rear, so that we had thus a strong fire upon our front, our flank, and our rear. We entered the battery—we went through the battery—the two leading regiments cutting down a great number of the Russian gunners in their onset. In the two regiments which I had the honour to lead, every officer, with one exception, was either killed or wounded, or had his horse shot under him or injured. Those regiments proceeded, followed by the second line, consisting of two more regiments of cavalry, which continued to perform the duty of cutting down the Russian gunners.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThen came the third line, formed of another regiment, which endeavoured to complete the duty assigned to our brigade. I believe that this was achieved with great success, and the result was that this body, composed of only about 670 men, succeeded in passing through the mass of Russian cavalry of—as we have since learned—5,240 strong; and having broken through that mass, they went, according to our technical military expression, \\\"threes about,\\\" and retired in the same manner, doing as much execution in their course as they possibly could upon the enemy's cavalry. Upon our returning up the hill which we had descended in the attack, we had to run the same gauntlet and to incur the same risk from the flank fire of the Tirailleur as we had encountered before. Numbers of our men were shot down—men and horses were killed, and many of the soldiers who had lost their horses were also shot down while endeavouring to escape.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nBut what, my Lord, was the feeling and what the bearing of those brave men who returned to the position. Of each of these regiments there returned but a small detachment, two-thirds of the men engaged having been destroyed? I think that every man who was engaged in that disastrous affair at Balaklava, and who was fortunate enough to come out of it alive, must feel that it was only by a merciful decree of Almighty Providence that he escaped from the greatest apparent certainty of death which could possibly be conceived.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nAftermath\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe brigade was not completely destroyed, but did suffer terribly, with 118 men killed, 127 wounded, and about 60 taken prisoner. After regrouping, only 195 men were still with horses. The futility of the action and its reckless bravery prompted the French Marshal Pierre Bosquet to state: \\\"C'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la guerre.\\\" (\\\"It is magnificent, but it is not war.\\\") He continued, in a rarely quoted phrase: \\\"C'est de la folie\\\" — \\\"It is madness.\\\" The Russian commanders are said to have initially believed that the British soldiers must have been drunk. Somerset Calthorpe, Aide de Camp to Lord Raglan, wrote a letter to a friend three days after the charge. He detailed casualty numbers but did not distinguish between those killed and those taken prisoner:\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\n— besides 335 horses killed in action, or obliged afterwards to be destroyed from wounds. It has since been ascertained that the Russians made a good many prisoners; the exact number is not yet known.\\\" The reputation of the British cavalry was significantly enhanced as a result of the charge, though the same cannot be said for their commanders.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nSlow communications meant that news of the disaster did not reach the British public until three weeks after the action. The British commanders' dispatches from the front were published in an extraordinary edition of the London Gazette of 12 November 1854. Raglan blamed Lucan for the charge, claiming that \\\"from some misconception of the order to advance, the Lieutenant-General (Lucan) considered that he was bound to attack at all hazards, and he accordingly ordered Major-General the Earl of Cardigan to move forward with the Light Brigade.\\\" Lucan was furious at being made a scapegoat: Raglan claimed he should have exercised his discretion, but throughout the campaign up to that date Lucan considered Raglan had allowed him no independence at all and required that his orders be followed to the letter. Cardigan, who had merely obeyed orders, blamed Lucan for giving those orders. He returned home a hero and was promoted to Inspector General of the Cavalry.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nLucan attempted to publish a letter refuting point by point Raglan's London Gazette dispatch, but his criticism of his superior was not tolerated, and Lucan was recalled to England in March 1855. The Charge of the Light Brigade became a subject of considerable controversy and public dispute on his return. He strongly rejected Raglan's version of events, calling it \\\"an imputation reflecting seriously on my professional character.\\\" In an exchange of public correspondence printed in the pages of The Times, Lucan blamed Raglan and his deceased aide-de-camp Captain Nolan, who had been the actual deliverer of the disputed order. Lucan subsequently defended himself with a speech in the House of Lords on 19 March.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nLucan evidently escaped blame for the charge, as he was made a member of the Order of the Bath in July of that same year. Although he never again saw active duty, he reached the rank of general in 1865 and was made a field marshal in the year before his death.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe charge of the Light Brigade continues to be studied by modern military historians and students as an example of what can go wrong when accurate military intelligence is lacking and orders are unclear. Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who was a keen military historian and a former cavalryman, insisted on taking time out during the Yalta Conference in 1945 to see the battlefield for himself.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nOne research project used a mathematical model to examine how the charge might have turned out if conducted differently. The analysis suggested that a charge toward the redoubt on the Causeway Heights, as Raglan had apparently intended, would have led to even higher British casualties. By contrast, the charge might have succeeded if the Heavy Brigade had accompanied the Light Brigade along the valley, as Lucan had initially directed.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nAccording to Norman Dixon, 19th-century accounts of the charge tended to focus on the bravery and glory of the cavalrymen, much more than the military blunders involved, with the perverse effect that it \\\"did much to strengthen those very forms of tradition which put such an incapacitating stranglehold on military endeavor for the next eighty or so years,\\\" i.e., until after World War I.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThe fate of the surviving members of the Charge was investigated by Edward James Boys, a military historian, who documented their lives from leaving the army to their deaths. His records are described as being the most definitive project of its kind ever undertaken. Edwin Hughes, who died on 14 May 1927, aged 96, was the last survivor of the charge.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nIn October 1875, survivors of the Charge met at the Alexandra Palace in London to celebrate the 21st anniversary of the Charge. The celebrations were fully reported in the Illustrated London News of 30 October 1875, which included the recollections of several of the survivors, including those of Edward Richard Woodham, the Chairman of the Committee that organised the celebration. Tennyson was invited, but could not attend. Lucan, the senior commander surviving, was not present, but attended a separate celebration, held later in the day, with other senior officers at the fashionable Willis's Rooms, St James's Square. Reunion dinners were held for a number of years.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nOn 2 August 1890, trumpeter Martin Leonard Landfried, from the 17th Lancers, who may (or may not) have sounded the bugle charge at Balaclava, made a recording on an Edison cylinder that can be heard here, with a bugle which had been used at Waterloo in 1815. (Landfried's name is misspelled as \\\"Landfrey\\\" on the Edison cylinder recording).\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nIn 2004, on the 150th anniversary of the Charge, a commemoration of the event was held at Balaklava. As part of the anniversary, a monument dedicated to the 25,000 British participants of the conflict was unveiled by Prince Michael of Kent.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nPoems\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nAlfred, Lord Tennyson, the then Poet Laureate, wrote evocatively about the battle in his poem \\\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\\\". Tennyson's poem, written 2 December 1854 and , published six weeks after the event on 9 December 1854, in The Examiner, praises the Brigade (\\\"When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made!\\\") while trenchantly mourning the appalling futility of the charge (\\\"Not tho' the soldier knew, someone had blunder'd... Charging an army, while all the world wonder'd\\\"). Tennyson wrote the poem inside only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in The Times, according to his grandson Sir Charles Tennyson. It immediately became hugely popular, and even reached the troops in the Crimea, where it was distributed in pamphlet form.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nNearly 36 years later Kipling wrote \\\"The Last of the Light Brigade\\\" (1890), commemorating a visit by the last 20 survivors to Tennyson (then aged 80) to reproach him gently for not writing a sequel about the way in which England was treating its old soldiers. Some sources treat the poem as an account of a real event, but other commentators class the destitute old soldiers as allegorical, with the visit invented by Kipling to draw attention to the poverty in which the real survivors were living, in the same way that he evoked Tommy Atkins in \\\"The Absent-Minded Beggar\\\" (1899).\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nSurvivor postscript\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nYears after the battle, James Bosworth, a station-master at Northam, aged 70, was run over and killed by a railway engine. In his younger days, he was one of those who had fought at the Battle of Balaclava and survived. The English Illustrated Magazine states that he \\\"surviv[ed] 'The Charge of the Light Brigade' at Balaclava\\\". His epitaph as listed below referenced both his presence at the battle and Lord Tennyson's poem.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nThough shot and shell flew around fast,\\nOn Balaclava's plain,\\nUnscathed he passed, to fall at last,\\nRun over by a train.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nAnother of the survivors, John Penn, who died in Dunbar in 1886, left a personal account of his military career including the infamous Charge written for a friend. This survives and is held by East Lothian Council Archives.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nMedia representations\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nIn film\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nTwo war movies were made, both titled The Charge of the Light Brigade: \\n*The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), starring Errol Flynn, is an historically inaccurate war movie, which turns the motive into a grudge match against an Indian ruler allied with the Russians. \\n*The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968), featuring David Hemmings (as Nolan) and Trevor Howard (as Cardigan), is considered to be much more factually accurate, having been written by Charles Wood, who had himself served in the 17th/21st Lancers.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nIn literature\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\n* In Robert Forest-Webb's novel Pendragon - Late of Prince Albert's Own (2012, Saturday Review Press), the hero, an officer in the 11th Hussars, takes part in the charge. \\n*George MacDonald Fraser's novel Flashman at the Charge (1973) has Harry Flashman participating (much against his will) in the Charge.\\n*Anna Sewell's novel Black Beauty (1877) includes a horse named Captain, which previously had taken part in the Charge of the Light Brigade.\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\nIn music\",\n \"Charge of the Light Brigade\\n\\n*The charge is the subject of Iron Maiden's song \\\"The Trooper\\\", on their Piece of Mind album. \\n*The charge inspired the Pearls Before Swine album Balaklava, which begins with a sample of the 1890 recording of trumpeter Landfrey.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137999,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3933"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"From the Latin for Kalium, what element, with an atomic number of 19, uses the symbol K?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Potassium"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["kalium","potassium metabolism","potassium","k","element 19","koal","potassium in nutrition and human health","potassium compounds","potassium ion","k element","potassium metal","potasium"],"string":"[\n \"kalium\",\n \"potassium metabolism\",\n \"potassium\",\n \"k\",\n \"element 19\",\n \"koal\",\n \"potassium in nutrition and human health\",\n \"potassium compounds\",\n \"potassium ion\",\n \"k element\",\n \"potassium metal\",\n \"potasium\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Potassium\n\nPotassium is a chemical element with symbol K (derived from Neo-Latin, kalium) and atomic number 19. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the Periodic table, potassium is one of seven elements in column (group) 1 (alkali metals). All elements in Group 1 have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, which combines with anions to form salts. Potassium in nature occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water (which is 0.04% potassium by weight ), and is part of many minerals.","Potassium\n\nNaturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which is radioactive. Traces of are found in all potassium, and it is the most common radioisotope in the human body.","Potassium\n\nPotassium is chemically very similar to sodium, the previous element in Group 1 of the periodic table. They have a similar ionization energy, which allows for each atom to give up its sole outer electron. That they are different elements that combine with the same anions to make similar salts was suspected in 1702, and was proven in 1807 using electrolysis.","Potassium\n\nMost industrial applications of potassium exploit the high solubility in water of potassium compounds, such as potassium soaps. Heavy crop production rapidly depletes the soil of potassium, and this depletion is prevented and remedied with agricultural fertilizers containing potassium, accounting for 95% of global potassium chemical production.","Potassium\n\nPotassium ions are necessary for the function of all living cells. The transfer of potassium ions through nerve cell membranes is necessary for normal nerve transmission; potassium depletion in excess can result in numerous abnormalities, including an abnormal heart rhythm and various electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities. Fresh fruits and vegetables are good dietary sources of potassium. The body responds to the influx of dietary potassium, which raises serum potassium levels, with a shift of potassium from outside to inside cells and an increase in potassium excretion by the kidney.","Potassium\n\nProperties","Potassium\n\nPhysical","Potassium\n\nPotassium is the second least dense metal after lithium. It is a soft solid with a low melting point, and can be easily cut with a knife. Freshly cut potassium is silvery in appearance, but it begins to tarnish toward gray immediately on exposure to air.Greenwood, p. 76 In a flame test, potassium and its compounds emit a lilac color with a peak emission wavelength of 766.5 nanometers.","Potassium\n\nChemical","Potassium\n\nNeutral potassium atoms have 19 electrons, one more than the extremely stable configuration of the noble gas argon. Because of this and its low first ionization energy of 418.8 kJ/mol, the potassium atom is much more likely to lose the last electron and acquire a positive charge than to gain one and acquire a negative charge (though negatively charged alkalide ions are not impossible. ) This process requires so little energy that potassium is readily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. In contrast, the second ionization energy is very high (3052 kJ/mol), because removal of two electrons breaks the stable noble gas electronic configuration (the configuration of the inert argon). Potassium therefore does not readily form compounds with the oxidation state of +2 or higher.","Potassium\n\nPotassium is an extremely active metal that reacts violently with oxygen and water in air. With oxygen it forms potassium peroxide, and with water potassium forms potassium hydroxide. The reaction of potassium with water is dangerous because of its violent exothermic character and the production of hydrogen gas. Hydrogen reacts again with atmospheric oxygen, producing water, which reacts with the remaining potassium. This reaction requires only traces of water; because of this, potassium and the liquid sodium-potassium — NaK — are potent desiccants that can be used to dry solvents prior to distillation.Burkhardt, p. 35","Potassium\n\nBecause of the sensitivity of potassium to water and air, reactions with other elements are possible only in an inert atmosphere such as argon gas using air-free techniques. Potassium does not react with most hydrocarbons such as mineral oil or kerosene. It readily dissolves in liquid ammonia, up to 480 g per 1000 g of ammonia at 0 °C. Depending on the concentration, the ammonia solutions are blue to yellow, and their electrical conductivity is similar to that of liquid metals. In a pure solution, potassium slowly reacts with ammonia to form , but this reaction is accelerated by minute amounts of transition metal salts.Burkhardt, p. 32 Because it can reduce the salts to the metal, potassium is often used as the reductant in the preparation of finely divided metals from their salts by the Rieke method. For example, the preparation of magnesium by this method employs potassium as the reductant:","Potassium\n\n+ 2 K → Mg + 2 KCl","Potassium\n\nCompounds","Potassium\n\nThe only common oxidation state for potassium is +1. Potassium metal is a powerful reducing agent that is easily oxidized to the monopositive cation, . Once oxidized, it is very stable and difficult to reduce back to the metal.","Potassium\n\nPotassium hydroxide reacts readily with carbon dioxide to produce potassium carbonate, and is used to remove traces of the gas from air. In general, potassium compounds have excellent water solubility, owing to the high hydration energy of the ion. The potassium ion is colorless in water and is very difficult to precipitate; possible precipitation methods include reactions with sodium tetraphenylborate, hexachloroplatinic acid, and sodium cobaltinitrite.","Potassium\n\nPotassium oxidizes faster than most metals and forms oxides with oxygen-oxygen bonds, as do all alkali metals except lithium. Three species are formed during the reaction: potassium oxide, potassium peroxide, and potassium superoxide formed of three different oxygen-based ions: oxide (), peroxide (), and superoxide (). The last two species, especially the superoxide, are rare and are formed only in reaction with very electropositive metals; these species contain oxygen-oxygen bonds. All potassium-oxygen binary compounds are known to react with water violently, forming potassium hydroxide. This compound is a very strong alkali, and 1.21 kg of it can dissolve in as little as a liter of water.","Potassium\n\nPotassium compounds are typically highly ionic and thus most of them are soluble in water. The main species in water solution are the aquated complexes where n 6 and 7.Lincoln, S. F.; Richens, D. T. and Sykes, A. G. \"Metal Aqua Ions\" in J. A. McCleverty and T. J. Meyer (eds.) [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/9780080437484 Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II], Vol. 1, pp. 515–555, ISBN 978-0-08-043748-4. Some of the few poorly soluble potassium salts include potassium tetraphenylborate, potassium hexachloroplatinate, and potassium cobaltinitrite.","Potassium\n\nIsotopes","Potassium\n\nThere are 24 known isotopes of potassium, three of which occur naturally: (93.3%), (0.0117%), and (6.7%). Naturally occurring has a half-life of 1.250×109 years. It decays to stable by electron capture or positron emission (11.2%) or to stable by beta decay (88.8%). The decay of to is the basis of a common method for dating rocks. The conventional K-Ar dating method depends on the assumption that the rocks contained no argon at the time of formation and that all the subsequent radiogenic argon () was quantitatively retained. Minerals are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic that has accumulated. The minerals best suited for dating include biotite, muscovite, metamorphic hornblende, and volcanic feldspar; whole rock samples from volcanic flows and shallow instrusives can also be dated if they are unaltered. Apart from dating, potassium isotopes have been used as tracers in studies of weathering and for nutrient cycling studies because potassium is a macronutrient required for life.","Potassium\n\noccurs in natural potassium (and thus in some commercial salt substitutes) in sufficient quantity that large bags of those substitutes can be used as a radioactive source for classroom demonstrations. is the radioisotope with the largest abundance in the body. In healthy animals and people, represents the largest source of radioactivity, greater even than . In a human body of 70 kg mass, about 4,400 nuclei of decay per second. The activity of natural potassium is 31 Bq/g.","Potassium\n\nCosmic formation and distribution","Potassium\n\nPotassium is formed in supernovas by nucleosynthesis from lighter atoms. Potassium is principally created in Type II supernovas via the explosive oxygen-burning process. is also formed in s-process nucleosynthesis and the neon burning process.","Potassium\n\nPotassium makes up about 2.6% of the weight of the earth's crust and is the seventh most abundant element in the crust. It is the 17th most abundant element by weight in the earth, and 20th most abundant element in the solar system. The potassium concentration in seawater is 0.39 g/L (0.039 wt/v%), about one-quarter the concentration of sodium.","Potassium\n\nEtymology","Potassium\n\nNeither elemental potassium nor potassium salts (as separate entities from other salts) were known in Roman times, and the Latin name of the element, kalium, is not Classical Latin but rather neo-Latin. Kalium was taken from the word alkali, which in turn came from ' al-qalyah \"plant ashes.\" The similar-sounding English term alkali is from this same root, whereas the word for potassium in Modern Standard Arabic is بوتاسيوم būtāsyūm.","Potassium\n\nIn 1797, the German chemist Martin Klaproth discovered \"potash\" in the minerals leucite and lepidolite, and realized that \"potash\" was not a product of plant growth but was actually a new element, which he proposed to call kali.M. Klaproth (1797) \"Nouvelles données relatives à l'histoire naturelle de l'alcali végétal\" (New data regarding the natural history of the vegetable alkali), Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres (Berlin), pp. 9-13 ; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?idmdp.39015073704093;view\n1up;seq=103 see p. 13.] From p. 13: \"Cet alcali ne pouvant donc plus être envisagé comme un produit de la végétation dans les plantes, occupe une place propre dans la série des substances primitivement simples du règne minéral, & il devient nécessaire de lui assigner un nom, qui convienne mieux à sa nature. La dénomination de Potasche (potasse) que la nouvelle nomenclature françoise a consacrée comme nom de tout le genre, ne sauroit faire fortune auprès des chimistes allemands, qui sentent à quel point la dérivation étymologique en est vicieuse.","Potassium\n\nElle est prise en effet de ce qu'anciennement on se servoit pour la calcination des lessives concentrées des cendres, de pots de fer (pott en dialecte de la Basse-Saxe) auxquels on a substitué depuis des fours à calciner. Je propose donc ici, de substituer aux mots usités jusqu'ici d'alcali des plantes, alcali végétal, potasse, &c. celui de kali, & de revenir à l'ancienne dénomination de natron, au lieu de dire alcali minéral, soude &c.\"\n(This alkali [i.e., potash] — [which] therefore can no longer be viewed as a product of growth in plants — occupies a proper place in the originally simple series of the mineral realm, and it becomes necessary to assign it a name that is better suited to its nature. The name of \"potash\" (potasse), which the new French nomenclature has bestowed as the name of the entire species [i.e., substance], would not find acceptance among German chemists, who feel to some extent [that] the etymological derivation of it is faulty.","Potassium\n\nIndeed it is taken from [the vessels] that one formerly used for the roasting of washing powder concentrated from cinders: iron pots (pott in the dialect of Lower Saxony), for which roasting ovens have been substituted since then. Thus I now propose to substitute for the until now common words of \"plant alkali\", \"vegetable alkali\", \"potash\", etc., that of kali ; and to return to the old name of natron instead of saying \"mineral alkali\", \"soda\", etc.) In 1809, the German physicist and chemist Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the names Kalium for Humphry Davy's \"potassium\" and Natronium for Davy's \"sodium\". In 1814, the Swedish chemist Berzelius advocated the name kalium for potassium, with the chemical symbol K.","Potassium\n\nThe English name for the element potassium comes from the word \"potash\", and refers to the method of producing potassium: placing in a pot the ash of burnt wood or tree leaves, adding water, heating, and evaporating the solution.","Potassium\n\nPotash","Potassium\n\nPotash is primarily a mixture of potassium salts because plants have little or no sodium content, and the rest of a plant's major mineral content consists of calcium salts of relatively low solubility in water. While potash has been used since ancient times, it was not understood for most of its history to be a fundamentally different substance from sodium mineral salts. Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence that led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702, and Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in 1736. The exact chemical composition of potassium and sodium compounds, and the status as chemical element of potassium and sodium, was not known then, and thus Antoine Lavoisier did not include the alkali in his list of chemical elements in 1789. For a long time the only significant applications for potash were the production of glass, bleach, soap and gunpowder as potassium nitrate. Potassium soaps from animal fats and vegetable oils were especially prized because they tend to be more water-soluble and of softer texture, and are therefore known as soft soaps.","Potassium\n\nThe discovery by Justus Liebig in 1840 that potassium is a necessary element for plants and that most types of soil lack potassium caused a steep rise in demand for potassium salts. Wood-ash from fir trees was initially used as a potassium salt source for fertilizer, but, with the discovery in 1868 of mineral deposits containing potassium chloride near Staßfurt, Germany, the production of potassium-containing fertilizers began at an industrial scale. Other potash deposits were discovered, and by the 1960s Canada became the dominant producer.","Potassium\n\nThe metal","Potassium\n\nPotassium metal was first isolated in 1807 in England by Sir Humphry Davy, who derived it from caustic potash (KOH, potassium hydroxide) by electrolysis of molten KOH with the newly discovered voltaic pile. Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis. Later in the same year, Davy reported extraction of the metal sodium from a mineral derivative (caustic soda, NaOH, or lye) rather than a plant salt, by a similar technique, demonstrating that the elements, and thus the salts, are different. Although the production of potassium and sodium metal should have shown that both are elements, it took some time before this view was universally accepted.","Potassium\n\nGeology","Potassium\n\nElemental potassium does not occur in nature because of its high reactivity. It reacts violently with water (see section Precautions below) and also reacts with oxygen. Orthoclase (potassium feldspar) is a common rock-forming mineral. Granite for example contains 5% potassium, which is well above the average in the Earth's crust. Sylvite (KCl), carnallite , kainite and langbeinite are the minerals found in large evaporite deposits worldwide. The deposits often show layers starting with the least soluble at the bottom and the most soluble on top. Deposits of niter (potassium nitrate) are formed by decomposition of organic material in contact with atmosphere, mostly in caves; because of the good water solubility of niter the formation of larger deposits requires special environmental conditions.","Potassium\n\nCommercial production","Potassium\n\nPotassium salts such as carnallite, langbeinite, polyhalite, and sylvite form extensive deposits in ancient lake bottoms and seabeds, making extraction of potassium salts in these environments commercially viable. The principal source of potassium – potash – is mined in Canada, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Israel, United States, Jordan, and other places around the world. The first mined deposits were located near Staßfurt, Germany, but the deposits span from Great Britain over Germany into Poland. They are located in the Zechstein and were deposited in the Middle to Late Permian. The largest deposits ever found lie 1000 m below the surface of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The deposits are located in the Elk Point Group produced in the Middle Devonian. Saskatchewan, where several large mines have operated since the 1960s pioneered the technique of freezing of wet sands (the Blairmore formation) to drive mine shafts through them. The main potash mining company in Saskatchewan is the Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan. The water of the Dead Sea is used by Israel and Jordan as a source of potash, while the concentration in normal oceans is too low for commercial production at current prices.","Potassium\n\nSeveral methods are used to separate potassium salts from sodium and magnesium compounds. The most-used method is fractional precipitation using the solubility differences of the salts at different temperatures. Electrostatic separation of the ground salt mixture is also used in some mines. The resulting sodium and magnesium waste is either stored underground or piled up in slag heaps. Most of the mined potassium mineral ends up as potassium chloride after processing. The mineral industry refers to potassium chloride either as potash, muriate of potash, or simply MOP.","Potassium\n\nPure potassium metal can be isolated by electrolysis of its hydroxide in a process that has changed little since Davy. Although the electrolysis process was developed and used in industrial scale in the 1920s, the thermal method by reacting sodium with potassium chloride in a chemical equilibrium reaction became the dominant method in the 1950s.","Potassium\n\nThe production of sodium potassium alloys is accomplished by changing the reaction time and the amount of sodium used in the reaction. The Griesheimer process employing the reaction of potassium fluoride with calcium carbide was also used to produce potassium. \nNa + KCl → NaCl + K (Thermal method)\n2 KF + → 2 K + + 2 C (Griesheimer process)","Potassium\n\nReagent-grade potassium metal costs about $10.00/pound ($22/kg) in 2010 when purchased by the tonne. Lower purity metal is considerably cheaper. The market is volatile because long-term storage of the metal is difficult. It must be stored in a dry inert gas atmosphere or anhydrous mineral oil to prevent the formation of a surface layer of potassium superoxide, a pressure-sensitive explosive that detonates when scratched. The resulting explosion often starts a fire difficult to extinguish.","Potassium\n\nBiological role","Potassium\n\nPotassium is the eighth or ninth most common element by mass (0.2%) in the human body, so that a 60 kg adult contains a total of about 120 g of potassium. The body has about as much potassium as sulfur and chlorine, and only calcium and phosphorus are more abundant. Potassium ions are present in a wide variety of proteins and enzymes.","Potassium\n\nBiochemical function","Potassium\n\nPotassium levels influence multiple physiological processes, including \n*resting cellular-membrane potential and the propagation of action potentials in neuronal, muscular, and cardiac tissue. Due to the electrostatic and chemical properties, ions are larger than ions, and ion channels and pumps in cell membranes can differentiate between the two ions, actively pumping or passively passing one of the two ions while blocking the other. \n*hormone secretion and action\n*vascular tone\n*systemic blood pressure control\n*gastrointestinal motility\n*acid–base homeostasis\n*glucose and insulin metabolism\n*mineralocorticoid action\n*renal concentrating ability\n*fluid and electrolyte balance","Potassium\n\nHomeostasis","Potassium\n\nPotassium homeostasis denotes the maintenance of the total body potassium content, plasma potassium level, and the ratio of the intracellular to extracellular potassium concentrations within narrow limits, in the face of pulsatile intake (meals), obligatory renal excretion, and shifts between intracellular and extracellular compartments.","Potassium\n\nPlasma levels","Potassium\n\nPlasma potassium is normally kept at 3.5 to 5.0 millimoles (mmol) [or milliequivalents (mEq)] per liter by multiple mechanisms. Levels outside this range are associated with an increasing rate of death from multiple causes, and some cardiac, kidney, and lung diseases progress more rapidly if serum potassium levels are not maintained within the normal range.","Potassium\n\nAn average meal of 40-50 mmol presents the body with more potassium than is present in all plasma (20-25 mmol). However, this surge causes the plasma potassium to rise only 10% at most as a result of prompt and efficient clearance by both renal and extra-renal mechanisms.","Potassium\n\nHypokalemia, a deficiency of potassium in the plasma, can be fatal if severe. Common causes are increased gastrintestinal loss (vomiting, diarrhea), and increased renal loss (diuresis). Deficiency symptoms include muscle weakness, paralytic ileus, ECG abnormalities, decreased reflex response; and in severe cases, respiratory paralysis, alkalosis, and cardiac arrhythmia.","Potassium\n\nControl mechanisms","Potassium\n\nPotassium content in the plasma is tightly controlled by four basic mechanisms, which have various names and classifications. The four are 1) a reactive negative-feedback system, 2) a reactive feed-forward system, 3) a predictive or circadian system, and 4) an internal or cell membrane transport system. Collectively, the first three are sometimes termed the \"external potassium homeostasis system\"; and the first two, the \"reactive potassium homeostasis system\". *The reactive negative-feedback system refers to the system that induces renal secretion of potassium in response to a rise in the plasma potassium (potassium ingestion, shift out of cells, or intravenous infusion.)\n*The reactive feed-forward system refers to an incompletely understood system that induces renal potassium secretion in response to potassium ingestion prior to any rise in the plasma potassium. This is probably initiated by gut cell potassium receptors that detect ingested potassium and trigger vagal afferent signals to the pituitary gland. *The predictive or circadian system increases renal secretion of potassium during mealtime hours (e.g. daytime for humans, nighttime for rodents) independent of the presence, amount, or absence of potassium ingestion.","Potassium\n\nIt is mediated by a circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain (central clock), which causes the kidney (peripheral clock) to secrete potassium in this rhythmic circadian fashion. *The ion transport system moves potassium across the cell membrane using two mechanisms. One is active and pumps sodium out of, and potassium into, the cell. The other is passive and allows potassium to leak out of the cell. Potassium and sodium cations influence fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments by osmotic forces. The movement of potassium and sodium through the cell membrane is mediated by the Na+/K+-ATPase pump. This ion pump uses ATP to pump three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient and electromotive force across the cell membrane. The highly selective potassium ion channels (which are tetramers) are crucial for hyperpolarization inside neurons after an action potential is triggered, to cite one example. The most recently discovered potassium ion channel is KirBac3.1, which makes a total of five potassium ion channels (KcsA, KirBac1.1, KirBac3.1, KvAP, and MthK) with a determined structure. All five are from prokaryotic species.","Potassium\n\nRenal filtration, reabsorption, and excretion","Potassium\n\nRenal handling of potassium is closely connected to sodium handling. Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells [150 mmol/L, (4.8 g)], while sodium is the major cation of extracellular fluid [150 mmol/L, (3.345 g)]. In the kidneys, about 180 liters of plasma is filtered through the glomeruli and into the renal tubules per day. This filtering involves about 600 g of sodium and 33 g of potassium. Since only 1–10 g of sodium and 1–4 g of potassium are likely to be replaced by diet, renal filtering must efficiently reabsorb the remainder from the plasma.","Potassium\n\nSodium is reabsorbed to maintain extracellular volume, osmotic pressure, and serum sodium concentration within narrow limits; potassium is reabsorbed to maintain serum potassium concentration within narrow limits. Sodium pumps in the renal tubules operate to reabsorb sodium. Potassium must be conserved also, but, because the amount of potassium in the blood plasma is very small and the pool of potassium in the cells is about thirty times as large, the situation is not so critical for potassium. Since potassium is moved passively in counter flow to sodium in response to an apparent (but not actual) Donnan equilibrium, the urine can never sink below the concentration of potassium in serum except sometimes by actively excreting water at the end of the processing. Potassium is excreted twice and reabsorbed three times before the urine reaches the collecting tubules. At that point, urine usually has about the same potassium concentration as plasma. At the end of the processing, potassium is secreted one more time if the serum levels are too high.","Potassium\n\nWith no potassium intake, it is excreted at about 200 mg per day until, in about a week, potassium in the serum declines to a mildly deficient level of 3.0–3.5 mmol/L. If potassium is still withheld, the concentration continues to fall until a severe deficiency causes eventual death.","Potassium\n\nThe potassium moves passively through pores in the cell membrane. When ions move through pumps there is a gate in the pumps on either side of the cell membrane and only one gate can be open at once. As a result, approximately 100 ions are forced through per second. Pores have only one gate, and there only one kind of ion can stream through, at 10 million to 100 million ions per second. The pores require calcium to open although it is thought that the calcium works in reverse by blocking at least one of the pores.; includes a detailed picture of atoms in the pump. Carbonyl groups inside the pore on the amino acids mimic the water hydration that takes place in water solution by the nature of the electrostatic charges on four carbonyl groups inside the pore.","Potassium\n\nIn diet","Potassium\n\nDetection by taste buds","Potassium\n\nPotassium can be detected by taste because it triggers three of the five types of taste sensations, according to concentration. Dilute solutions of potassium ions taste sweet, allowing moderate concentrations in milk and juices, while higher concentrations become increasingly bitter/alkaline, and finally also salty to the taste. The combined bitterness and saltiness of high-potassium solutions makes high-dose potassium supplementation by liquid drinks a palatability challenge.","Potassium\n\nAdequate intake","Potassium\n\nAdequate potassium intake is achieved by eating a variety of foods. Potassium is present in all fruits, vegetables, meat and fish. Foods with high potassium concentrations include yam, parsley, dried apricots, dried milk, chocolate, all nuts (especially almonds and pistachios), potatoes, bamboo shoots, bananas, avocados, coconut water, soybeans, and bran. Dried apricots have the highest concentration of potassium by weight of any food. Many processed foods contain no potassium.","Potassium\n\nOptimal intake","Potassium\n\nEpidemiological studies indicate that diets high in potassium can reduce the risk of hypertension and possibly stroke (by a mechanism independent of blood pressure). The 2004 guidelines of the Institute of Medicine specify a Dietary Reference Intake (DRI]) of 4,700 mg of potassium (100 mEq); most Americans consume only half that amount per day. Likewise, in the European Union, in particular in Germany and Italy, insufficient potassium intake is somewhat common. A meta-analysis concluded that a 1640 mg increase in the daily intake of potassium was associated with a 21% lower risk of stroke.","Potassium\n\nDeficient intake","Potassium\n\nDiets low in potassium can lead to hypertension and hypokalemia.","Potassium\n\nSupplementation","Potassium\n\nSupplements of potassium are most widely used in conjunction with diuretics that block reabsorption of sodium and water upstream from the distal tubule (thiazides and loop diuretics), because this promotes increased distal tubular potassium secretion, with resultant increased potassium excretion. A variety of prescription and over-the counter supplements are available. Potassium chloride may be dissolved in water, but the salty/bitter taste make liquid supplements unpalatable. Typical doses range from 10 mmol (400 mg), to 20 mmol (800 mg). Potassium is also available in tablets or capsules, which are formulated to allow potassium to leach slowly out of a matrix, since very high concentrations of potassium ion that occur adjacent to a solid tablet can injure the gastric or intestinal mucosa. For this reason, non-prescription potassium pills are limited by law in the US to a maximum of 99 mg of potassium.","Potassium\n\nSince the kidneys are the site of potassium excretion, individuals with impaired kidney function are at risk for hyperkalemia if dietary potassium and supplements are not restricted. The more severe the impairment, the more severe is the restriction necessary to avoid hyperkalemia.","Potassium\n\nApplications","Potassium\n\nFertilizer","Potassium\n\nPotassium ions are an essential component of plant nutrition and are found in most soil types. They are used as a fertilizer in agriculture, horticulture, and hydroponic culture in the form of chloride (KCl), sulfate (), or nitrate (). Agricultural fertilizers consume 95% of global potassium chemical production, and about 90% of this potassium is supplied as KCl. The potassium content of most plants range from 0.5% to 2% of the harvested weight of crops, conventionally expressed as amount of . Modern high-yield agriculture depends upon fertilizers to replace the potassium lost at harvest. Most agricultural fertilizers contain potassium chloride, while potassium sulfate is used for chloride-sensitive crops or crops needing higher sulfur content. The sulfate is produced mostly by decomposition of the complex minerals kainite () and langbeinite (). Only a very few fertilizers contain potassium nitrate. In 2005, about 93% of world potassium production was consumed by the fertilizer industry.","Potassium\n\nFood","Potassium\n\nThe potassium cation is a nutrient necessary for human life and health. Potassium chloride and bicarbonate are used by those seeking to control hypertension. The USDA lists tomato paste, orange juice, beet greens, white beans, potatoes, bananas and many other dietary sources of potassium, ranked in descending order according to potassium content.","Potassium\n\nPotassium sodium tartrate (, Rochelle salt) is the main constituent of baking powder; it is also used in the silvering of mirrors. Potassium bromate () is a strong oxidizer (E924), used to improve dough strength and rise height. Potassium bisulfite () is used as a food preservative, for example in wine and beer-making (but not in meats). It is also used to bleach textiles and straw, and in the tanning of leathers.","Potassium\n\nIndustrial","Potassium\n\nMajor potassium chemicals are potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, and potassium chloride. Megatons of these compounds are produced annually.","Potassium\n\nPotassium hydroxide is a strong base, which is used in industry to neutralize strong and weak acids, to control pH and to manufacture potassium salts. It is also used to saponify fats and oils, in industrial cleaners, and in hydrolysis reactions, for example of esters.","Potassium\n\nPotassium nitrate () or saltpeter is obtained from natural sources such as guano and evaporites or manufactured via the Haber process; it is the oxidant in gunpowder (black powder) and an important agricultural fertilizer. Potassium cyanide (KCN) is used industrially to dissolve copper and precious metals, in particular silver and gold, by forming complexes. Its applications include gold mining, electroplating, and electroforming of these metals; it is also used in organic synthesis to make nitriles. Potassium carbonate ( or potash) is used in the manufacture of glass, soap, color TV tubes, fluorescent lamps, textile dyes and pigments. Potassium permanganate () is an oxidizing, bleaching and purification substance and is used for production of saccharin. Potassium chlorate () is added to matches and explosives. Potassium bromide (KBr) was formerly used as a sedative and in photography.","Potassium\n\nPotassium chromate () is used in inks, dyes, stains (bright yellowish-red color); in explosives and fireworks; in the tanning of leather, in fly paper and safety matches, but all these uses are due to the properties of chromate ion containment rather than potassium ions.","Potassium\n\nNiche uses","Potassium\n\nThere are thousands of uses of various potassium compounds. One example is potassium superoxide, , an orange solid that acts as a portable source of oxygen and a carbon dioxide absorber. It is widely used in respiration systems in mines, submarines and spacecraft as it takes less volume than the gaseous oxygen. \n4 + 2 → 2 + 3","Potassium\n\nAnother example is potassium cobaltinitrite, , which is used as artist's pigment under the name of Aureolin or Cobalt Yellow.","Potassium\n\nLaboratory uses","Potassium\n\nAn alloy of sodium and potassium, NaK is a liquid used as a heat-transfer medium and a desiccant for producing dry and air-free solvents. It can also be used in reactive distillation. The ternary alloy of 12% Na, 47% K and 41% Cs has the lowest melting point of −78 °C of any metallic compound.","Potassium\n\nMetallic potassium is used in several types of magnetometers.","Potassium\n\nPrecautions","Potassium\n\nPotassium metal reacts violently with water producing potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrogen gas.","Potassium\n\n2 K (s) + 2 (l) → 2 KOH (aq) + ↑ (g)","Potassium\n\nThis reaction is exothermic and releases enough heat to ignite the resulting hydrogen in the presence of oxygen, possibly explosively splashing onlookers with potassium hydroxide, which is a strong alkali that destroys living tissue and causes skin burns. Finely grated potassium ignites in air at room temperature. The bulk metal ignites in air if heated. Because its density is 0.89 g/cm3, burning potassium floats in water that exposes it to atmospheric oxygen. Many common fire extinguishing agents, including water, either are ineffective or make a potassium fire worse. Nitrogen, argon, sodium chloride (table salt), sodium carbonate (soda ash), and silicon dioxide (sand) are effective if they are dry. Some Class D dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires are also effective. These agents deprive the fire of oxygen and cool the potassium metal.","Potassium\n\nPotassium reacts violently with halogens and detonates in the presence of bromine. It also reacts explosively with sulfuric acid. During combustion, potassium forms peroxides and superoxides. These peroxides may react violently with organic compounds such as oils. Both peroxides and superoxides may react explosively with metallic potassium.","Potassium\n\nBecause potassium reacts with water vapor in the air, it is usually stored under anhydrous mineral oil or kerosene. Unlike lithium and sodium, however, potassium should not be stored under oil for longer than 6 months, unless in an inert (oxygen free) atmosphere, or under vacuum. After prolonged storage in air dangerous shock-sensitive peroxides can form on the metal and under the lid of the container, and can detonate upon opening.","Potassium\n\nBecause of the highly reactive nature of potassium metal, it must be handled with great care, with full skin and eye protection and preferably an explosion-resistant barrier between the user and the metal. Ingestion of large amounts of potassium compounds can lead to hyperkalemia strongly influencing the cardiovascular system. Potassium chloride is used in the United States for lethal injection executions.","Chemical element\n\nA chemical element or element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (i.e. the same atomic number, Z). There are 118 elements that have been identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radioactive isotopes, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the most abundant element (by mass) making up Earth, while oxygen is the most common element in the crust of Earth.","Chemical element\n\nChemical elements constitute all of the ordinary matter of the universe. However astronomical observations suggest that ordinary observable matter is only approximately 15% of the matter in the universe: the remainder is dark matter, the composition of which is unknown, but it is not composed of chemical elements. \nThe two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation, and are thus more rare than those that follow. Formation of elements with from six to twenty six protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis. The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars. Elements with greater than twenty-six protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae, which, when they explode, blast these elements far into space as supernova remnants, where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed.","Chemical element\n\nThe term \"element\" is used for a kind of atoms with a given number of protons (regardless of whether they are or they are not ionized or chemically bonded, e.g. hydrogen in water) as well as for a pure chemical substance consisting of a single element (e.g. hydrogen gas). For the second meaning, the terms \"elementary substance\" and \"simple substance\" have been suggested, but they have not gained much acceptance in the English-language chemical literature, whereas in some other languages their equivalent is widely used (e.g. French corps simple, Russian простое вещество). One element can form multiple substances different by their structure; they are called allotropes of the element.","Chemical element\n\nWhen different elements are chemically combined, with the atoms held together by chemical bonds, they form chemical compounds. Only a minority of elements are found uncombined as relatively pure minerals. Among the more common of such \"native elements\" are copper, silver, gold, carbon (as coal, graphite, or diamonds), and sulfur. All but a few of the most inert elements, such as noble gases and noble metals, are usually found on Earth in chemically combined form, as chemical compounds. While about 32 of the chemical elements occur on Earth in native uncombined forms, most of these occur as mixtures. For example, atmospheric air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, and native solid elements occur in alloys, such as that of iron and nickel.","Chemical element\n\nThe history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that found native elements like carbon, sulfur, copper and gold. Later civilizations extracted elemental copper, tin, lead and iron from their ores by smelting, using charcoal. Alchemists and chemists subsequently identified many more, with almost all of the naturally-occurring elements becoming known by 1900.","Chemical element\n\nThe properties of the chemical elements are summarized on the periodic table, which organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows (\"periods\") in which the columns (\"groups\") share recurring (\"periodic\") physical and chemical properties. Save for unstable radioactive elements with short half-lives, all of the elements are available industrially, most of them in high degrees of purity.","Chemical element\n\nDescription","Chemical element\n\nThe lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium, both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3:1 by mass (or 12:1 by number of atoms), along with tiny traces of the next two elements, lithium and beryllium. Almost all other elements found in nature were made by various natural methods of nucleosynthesis. On Earth, small amounts of new atoms are naturally produced in nucleogenic reactions, or in cosmogenic processes, such as cosmic ray spallation. New atoms are also naturally produced on Earth as radiogenic daughter isotopes of ongoing radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission, cluster decay, and other rarer modes of decay.","Chemical element\n\nOf the 94 naturally occurring elements, those with atomic numbers 1 through 82 each have at least one stable isotope (except for technetium, element 43 and promethium, element 61, which have no stable isotopes). Isotopes considered stable are those for which no radioactive decay has yet been observed. Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that radioactive decay of all isotopes can be detected. Some of these elements, notably bismuth (atomic number 83), thorium (atomic number 90), uranium (atomic number 92) and plutonium (atomic number 94), have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy elements before the formation of our solar system. For example, at over 1.9 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 (atomic number 83) has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized.","Chemical element\n\nAs of 2010, there are 118 known elements (in this context, \"known\" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements). Of these 118 elements, 94 occur naturally on Earth. Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities: technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and plutonium, number 94. These 94 elements have been detected in the universe at large, in the spectra of stars and also supernovae, where short-lived radioactive elements are newly being made. The first 94 elements have been detected directly on Earth as primordial nuclides present from the formation of the solar system, or as naturally-occurring fission or transmutation products of uranium and thorium.","Chemical element\n\nThe remaining 24 heavier elements, not found today either on Earth or in astronomical spectra, have been produced artificially: these are all radioactive, with very short half-lives; if any atoms of these elements were present at the formation of Earth, they are extremely likely, to the point of certainty, to have already decayed, and if present in novae, have been in quantities too small to have been noted. Technetium was the first purportedly non-naturally occurring element synthesized, in 1937, although trace amounts of technetium have since been found in nature (and also the element may have been discovered naturally in 1925). This pattern of artificial production and later natural discovery has been repeated with several other radioactive naturally-occurring rare elements.","Chemical element\n\nLists of the elements are available by name, by symbol, by atomic number, by density, by melting point, and by boiling point as well as ionization energies of the elements. The nuclides of stable and radioactive elements are also available as a list of nuclides, sorted by length of half-life for those that are unstable. One of the most convenient, and certainly the most traditional presentation of the elements, is in the form of the periodic table, which groups together elements with similar chemical properties (and usually also similar electronic structures).","Chemical element\n\nAtomic number","Chemical element\n\nThe atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom, and defines the element. For example, all carbon atoms contain 6 protons in their atomic nucleus; so the atomic number of carbon is 6. Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons; atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of the element.","Chemical element\n\nThe number of protons in the atomic nucleus also determines its electric charge, which in turn determines the number of electrons of the atom in its non-ionized state. The electrons are placed into atomic orbitals that determine the atom's various chemical properties. The number of neutrons in a nucleus usually has very little effect on an element's chemical properties (except in the case of hydrogen and deuterium). Thus, all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons, even though carbon atoms may, for example, have 6 or 8 neutrons. That is why the atomic number, rather than mass number or atomic weight, is considered the identifying characteristic of a chemical element.","Chemical element\n\nThe symbol for atomic number is Z.","Chemical element\n\nIsotopes","Chemical element\n\nIsotopes are atoms of the same element (that is, with the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus), but having different numbers of neutrons. Most (66 of 94) naturally occurring elements have more than one stable isotope. Thus, for example, there are three main isotopes of carbon. All carbon atoms have 6 protons in the nucleus, but they can have either 6, 7, or 8 neutrons. Since the mass numbers of these are 12, 13 and 14 respectively, the three isotopes of carbon are known as carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14, often abbreviated to 12C, 13C, and 14C. Carbon in everyday life and in chemistry is a mixture of 12C (about 98.9%), 13C (about 1.1%) and about 1 atom per trillion of 14C.","Chemical element\n\nExcept in the case of the isotopes of hydrogen (which differ greatly from each other in relative mass—enough to cause chemical effects), the isotopes of a given element are chemically nearly indistinguishable.","Chemical element\n\nAll of the elements have some isotopes that are radioactive (radioisotopes), although not all of these radioisotopes occur naturally. The radioisotopes typically decay into other elements upon radiating an alpha or beta particle. If an element has isotopes that are not radioactive, these are termed \"stable\" isotopes. All of the known stable isotopes occur naturally (see primordial isotope). The many radioisotopes that are not found in nature have been characterized after being artificially made. Certain elements have no stable isotopes and are composed only of radioactive isotopes: specifically the elements without any stable isotopes are technetium (atomic number 43), promethium (atomic number 61), and all observed elements with atomic numbers greater than 82.","Chemical element\n\nOf the 80 elements with at least one stable isotope, 26 have only one single stable isotope. The mean number of stable isotopes for the 80 stable elements is 3.1 stable isotopes per element. The largest number of stable isotopes that occur for a single element is 10 (for tin, element 50).","Chemical element\n\nIsotopic mass and atomic mass","Chemical element\n\nThe mass number of an element, A, is the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the atomic nucleus. Different isotopes of a given element are distinguished by their mass numbers, which are conventionally written as a superscript on the left hand side of the atomic symbol (e.g., 238U). The mass number is always a simple whole number and has units of \"nucleons.\" An example of a referral to a mass number is \"magnesium-24,\" which is an atom with 24 nucleons (12 protons and 12 neutrons).","Chemical element\n\nWhereas the mass number simply counts the total number of neutrons and protons and is thus a natural (or whole) number, the atomic mass of a single atom is a real number for the mass of a particular isotope of the element, the unit being u. In general, when expressed in u it differs in value slightly from the mass number for a given nuclide (or isotope) since the mass of the protons and neutrons is not exactly 1 u, since the electrons contribute a lesser share to the atomic mass as neutron number exceeds proton number, and (finally) because of the nuclear binding energy. For example, the atomic mass of chlorine-35 to five significant digits is 34.969 u and that of chlorine-37 is 36.966 u. However, the atomic mass in u of each isotope is quite close to its simple mass number (always within 1%). The only isotope whose atomic mass is exactly a natural number is 12C, which by definition has a mass of exactly 12, because u is defined as 1/12 of the mass of a free neutral carbon-12 atom in the ground state.","Chemical element\n\nThe relative atomic mass (historically and commonly also called \"atomic weight\") of an element is the average of the atomic masses of all the chemical element's isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance, relative to the atomic mass unit (u). This number may be a fraction that is not close to a whole number, due to the averaging process. For example, the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.453 u, which differs greatly from a whole number due to being made of an average of 76% chlorine-35 and 24% chlorine-37. Whenever a relative atomic mass value differs by more than 1% from a whole number, it is due to this averaging effect resulting from significant amounts of more than one isotope being naturally present in the sample of the element in question.","Chemical element\n\nChemically pure and isotopically pure","Chemical element\n\nChemists and nuclear scientists have different definitions of a pure element. In chemistry, a pure element means a substance whose atoms all (or in practice almost all) have the same atomic number, or number of protons. Nuclear scientists, however, define a pure element as one that consists of only one stable isotope.","Chemical element\n\nFor example, a copper wire is 99.99% chemically pure if 99.99% of its atoms are copper, with 29 protons each. However it is not isotopically pure since ordinary copper consists of two stable isotopes, 69% 63Cu and 31% 65Cu, with different numbers of neutrons. However, a pure gold ingot would be both chemically and isotopically pure, since ordinary gold consists only of one isotope, 197Au.","Chemical element\n\nAllotropes","Chemical element\n\nAtoms of chemically pure elements may bond to each other chemically in more than one way, allowing the pure element to exist in multiple structures (spatial arrangements of atoms), known as allotropes, which differ in their properties. For example, carbon can be found as diamond, which has a tetrahedral structure around each carbon atom; graphite, which has layers of carbon atoms with a hexagonal structure stacked on top of each other; graphene, which is a single layer of graphite that is very strong; fullerenes, which have nearly spherical shapes; and carbon nanotubes, which are tubes with a hexagonal structure (even these may differ from each other in electrical properties). The ability of an element to exist in one of many structural forms is known as 'allotropy'.","Chemical element\n\nThe standard state, also known as reference state, of an element is defined as its thermodynamically most stable state at 1 bar at a given temperature (typically at 298.15 K). In thermochemistry, an element is defined to have an enthalpy of formation of zero in its standard state. For example, the reference state for carbon is graphite, because the structure of graphite is more stable than that of the other allotropes.","Chemical element\n\nProperties","Chemical element\n\nSeveral kinds of descriptive categorizations can be applied broadly to the elements, including consideration of their general physical and chemical properties, their states of matter under familiar conditions, their melting and boiling points, their densities, their crystal structures as solids, and their origins.","Chemical element\n\nGeneral properties","Chemical element\n\nSeveral terms are commonly used to characterize the general physical and chemical properties of the chemical elements. A first distinction is between metals, which readily conduct electricity, nonmetals, which do not, and a small group, (the metalloids), having intermediate properties and often behaving as semiconductors.","Chemical element\n\nA more refined classification is often shown in colored presentations of the periodic table. This system restricts the terms \"metal\" and \"nonmetal\" to only certain of the more broadly defined metals and nonmetals, adding additional terms for certain sets of the more broadly viewed metals and nonmetals. The version of this classification used in the periodic tables presented here includes: actinides, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, lanthanides, transition metals, post-transition metals, metalloids, polyatomic nonmetals, diatomic nonmetals, and noble gases. In this system, the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals, as well as the lanthanides and the actinides, are special groups of the metals viewed in a broader sense. Similarly, the polyatomic nonmetals, diatomic nonmetals and the noble gases are nonmetals viewed in the broader sense. In some presentations, the halogens are not distinguished, with astatine identified as a metalloid and the others identified as nonmetals.","Chemical element\n\nStates of matter","Chemical element\n\nAnother commonly used basic distinction among the elements is their state of matter (phase), whether solid, liquid, or gas, at a selected standard temperature and pressure (STP). Most of the elements are solids at conventional temperatures and atmospheric pressure, while several are gases. Only bromine and mercury are liquids at 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) and normal atmospheric pressure; caesium and gallium are solids at that temperature, but melt at 28.4 °C (83.2 °F) and 29.8 °C (85.6 °F), respectively.","Chemical element\n\nMelting and boiling points","Chemical element\n\nMelting and boiling points, typically expressed in degrees Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere, are commonly used in characterizing the various elements. While known for most elements, either or both of these measurements is still undetermined for some of the radioactive elements available in only tiny quantities. Since helium remains a liquid even at absolute zero at atmospheric pressure, it has only a boiling point, and not a melting point, in conventional presentations.","Chemical element\n\nDensities","Chemical element\n\nThe density at a selected standard temperature and pressure (STP) is frequently used in characterizing the elements. Density is often expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). Since several elements are gases at commonly encountered temperatures, their densities are usually stated for their gaseous forms; when liquefied or solidified, the gaseous elements have densities similar to those of the other elements.","Chemical element\n\nWhen an element has allotropes with different densities, one representative allotrope is typically selected in summary presentations, while densities for each allotrope can be stated where more detail is provided. For example, the three familiar allotropes of carbon (amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond) have densities of 1.8–2.1, 2.267, and 3.515 g/cm3, respectively.","Chemical element\n\nCrystal structures","Chemical element\n\nThe elements studied to date as solid samples have eight kinds of crystal structures: cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, hexagonal, monoclinic, orthorhombic, rhombohedral, and tetragonal. For some of the synthetically produced transuranic elements, available samples have been too small to determine crystal structures.","Chemical element\n\nOccurrence and origin on Earth","Chemical element\n\nChemical elements may also be categorized by their origin on Earth, with the first 94 considered naturally occurring, while those with atomic numbers beyond 94 have only been produced artificially as the synthetic products of man-made nuclear reactions.","Chemical element\n\nOf the 94 naturally occurring elements, 84 are considered primordial and either stable or weakly radioactive. The remaining 10 naturally occurring elements possess half lives too short for them to have been present at the beginning of the Solar System, and are therefore considered transient elements. (Plutonium is sometimes also considered a transient element because primordial plutonium has by now decayed to almost undetectable traces.) Of these 10 transient elements, 5 (polonium, radon, radium, actinium, and protactinium) are relatively common decay products of thorium, uranium, and plutonium. The remaining 5 transient elements (technetium, promethium, astatine, francium, and neptunium) occur only rarely, as products of rare decay modes or nuclear reaction processes involving uranium or other heavy elements.","Chemical element\n\nElements with atomic numbers 1 through 40 are all stable, while those with atomic numbers 41 through 82 (except technetium and promethium) are metastable. The half-lives of these metastable \"theoretical radionuclides\" are so long (at least 100 million times longer than the estimated age of the universe) that their radioactive decay has yet to be detected by experiment. Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that their radioactive decay can be detected. Four of these elements, bismuth (element 83), thorium (element 90), uranium (element 92), and plutonium (element 94), have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy elements before the formation of our solar system. For example, at over 1.9 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with short half-lives and do not occur in nature.","Chemical element\n\nThe periodic table","Chemical element\n\nThe properties of the chemical elements are often summarized using the periodic table, which powerfully and elegantly organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows (\"periods\") in which the columns (\"groups\") share recurring (\"periodic\") physical and chemical properties. The current standard table contains 118 confirmed elements as of 10 April 2010.","Chemical element\n\nAlthough earlier precursors to this presentation exist, its invention is generally credited to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, who intended the table to illustrate recurring trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior.","Chemical element\n\nUse of the periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry, providing an extremely useful framework to classify, systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has also found wide application in physics, geology, biology, materials science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, nutrition, environmental health, and astronomy. Its principles are especially important in chemical engineering.","Chemical element\n\nNomenclature and symbols","Chemical element\n\nThe various chemical elements are formally identified by their unique atomic numbers, by their accepted names, and by their symbols.","Chemical element\n\nAtomic numbers","Chemical element\n\nThe known elements have atomic numbers from 1 through 118, conventionally presented as Arabic numerals. Since the elements can be uniquely sequenced by atomic number, conventionally from lowest to highest (as in a periodic table), sets of elements are sometimes specified by such notation as \"through\", \"beyond\", or \"from ... through\", as in \"through iron\", \"beyond uranium\", or \"from lanthanum through lutetium\". The terms \"light\" and \"heavy\" are sometimes also used informally to indicate relative atomic numbers (not densities), as in \"lighter than carbon\" or \"heavier than lead\", although technically the weight or mass of atoms of an element (their atomic weights or atomic masses) do not always increase monotonically with their atomic numbers.","Chemical element\n\nElement names","Chemical element\n\nThe naming of various substances now known as elements precedes the atomic theory of matter, as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals, metals, compounds, alloys, mixtures, and other materials, although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds. As they were identified as elements, the existing names for anciently-known elements (e.g., gold, mercury, iron) were kept in most countries. National differences emerged over the names of elements either for convenience, linguistic niceties, or nationalism. For a few illustrative examples: German speakers use \"Wasserstoff\" (water substance) for \"hydrogen\", \"Sauerstoff\" (acid substance) for \"oxygen\" and \"Stickstoff\" (smothering substance) for \"nitrogen\", while English and some romance languages use \"sodium\" for \"natrium\" and \"potassium\" for \"kalium\", and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer \"azote/azot/azoto\" (from roots meaning \"no life\") for \"nitrogen\".","Chemical element\n\nFor purposes of international communication and trade, the official names of the chemical elements both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which has decided on a sort of international English language, drawing on traditional English names even when an element's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word, for example adopting \"gold\" rather than \"aurum\" as the name for the 79th element (Au). IUPAC prefers the British spellings \"aluminium\" and \"caesium\" over the U.S. spellings \"aluminum\" and \"cesium\", and the U.S. \"sulfur\" over the British \"sulphur\". However, elements that are practical to sell in bulk in many countries often still have locally used national names, and countries whose national language does not use the Latin alphabet are likely to use the IUPAC element names.","Chemical element\n\nAccording to IUPAC, chemical elements are not proper nouns in English; consequently, the full name of an element is not routinely capitalized in English, even if derived from a proper noun, as in californium and einsteinium. Isotope names of chemical elements are also uncapitalized if written out, e.g., carbon-12 or uranium-235. Chemical element symbols (such as Cf for californium and Es for einsteinium), are always capitalized (see below).","Chemical element\n\nIn the second half of the twentieth century, physics laboratories became able to produce nuclei of chemical elements with half-lives too short for an appreciable amount of them to exist at any time. These are also named by IUPAC, which generally adopts the name chosen by the discoverer. This practice can lead to the controversial question of which research group actually discovered an element, a question that delayed the naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable amount of time. (See element naming controversy).","Chemical element\n\nPrecursors of such controversies involved the nationalistic namings of elements in the late 19th century. For example, lutetium was named in reference to Paris, France. The Germans were reluctant to relinquish naming rights to the French, often calling it cassiopeium. Similarly, the British discoverer of niobium originally named it columbium, in reference to the New World. It was used extensively as such by American publications prior to the international standardization.","Chemical element\n\nChemical symbols","Chemical element\n\nSpecific chemical elements","Chemical element\n\nBefore chemistry became a science, alchemists had designed arcane symbols for both metals and common compounds. These were however used as abbreviations in diagrams or procedures; there was no concept of atoms combining to form molecules. With his advances in the atomic theory of matter, John Dalton devised his own simpler symbols, based on circles, to depict molecules.","Chemical element\n\nThe current system of chemical notation was invented by Berzelius. In this typographical system, chemical symbols are not mere abbreviations—though each consists of letters of the Latin alphabet. They are intended as universal symbols for people of all languages and alphabets.","Chemical element\n\nThe first of these symbols were intended to be fully universal. Since Latin was the common language of science at that time, they were abbreviations based on the Latin names of metals. Cu comes from Cuprum, Fe comes from Ferrum, Ag from Argentum. The symbols were not followed by a period (full stop) as with abbreviations. Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element, but not necessarily in English. For example, sodium has the chemical symbol 'Na' after the Latin natrium. The same applies to \"W\" (wolfram) for tungsten, \"Fe\" (ferrum) for iron, \"Hg\" (hydrargyrum) for mercury, \"Sn\" (stannum) for tin, \"K\" (kalium) for potassium, \"Au\" (aurum) for gold, \"Ag\" (argentum) for silver, \"Pb\" (plumbum) for lead, \"Cu\" (cuprum) for copper, and \"Sb\" (stibium) for antimony.","Chemical element\n\nChemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might require translation. There have sometimes been differences in the past. For example, Germans in the past have used \"J\" (for the alternate name Jod) for iodine, but now use \"I\" and \"Iod\".","Chemical element\n\nThe first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized, as in the preceding examples, and the subsequent letters, if any, are always lower case (small letters). Thus, the symbols for californium or einsteinium are Cf and Es.","Chemical element\n\nGeneral chemical symbols","Chemical element\n\nThere are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of chemical elements, for example in comparative formulas. These are often a single capital letter, and the letters are reserved and not used for names of specific elements. For example, an \"X\" indicates a variable group (usually a halogen) in a class of compounds, while \"R\" is a radical, meaning a compound structure such as a hydrocarbon chain. The letter \"Q\" is reserved for \"heat\" in a chemical reaction. \"Y\" is also often used as a general chemical symbol, although it is also the symbol of yttrium. \"Z\" is also frequently used as a general variable group. \"E\" is used in organic chemistry to denote an electron-withdrawing group. \"L\" is used to represent a general ligand in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. \"M\" is also often used in place of a general metal.","Chemical element\n\nAt least two additional, two-letter generic chemical symbols are also in informal usage, \"Ln\" for any lanthanide element and \"An\" for any actinide element. \"Rg\" was formerly used for any rare gas element, but the group of rare gases has now been renamed noble gases and the symbol \"Rg\" has now been assigned to the element roentgenium.","Chemical element\n\nIsotope symbols","Chemical element\n\nIsotopes are distinguished by the atomic mass number (total protons and neutrons) for a particular isotope of an element, with this number combined with the pertinent element's symbol. IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical, for example 12C and 235U. However, other notations, such as carbon-12 and uranium-235, or C-12 and U-235, are also used.","Chemical element\n\nAs a special case, the three naturally occurring isotopes of the element hydrogen are often specified as H for 1H (protium), D for 2H (deuterium), and T for 3H (tritium). This convention is easier to use in chemical equations, replacing the need to write out the mass number for each atom. For example, the formula for heavy water may be written D2O instead of 2H2O.","Chemical element\n\nOrigin of the elements","Chemical element\n\nOnly about 4% of the total mass of the universe is made of atoms or ions, and thus represented by chemical elements. This fraction is about 15% of the total matter, with the remainder of the matter (85%) being dark matter. The nature of dark matter is unknown, but it is not composed of atoms of chemical elements because it contains no protons, neutrons, or electrons. (The remaining non-matter part of the mass of the universe is composed of the even more mysterious dark energy).","Chemical element\n\nThe universe's 94 naturally occurring chemical elements are thought to have been produced by at least four cosmic processes. Most of the hydrogen and helium in the universe was produced primordially in the first few minutes of the Big Bang. Three recurrently occurring later processes are thought to have produced the remaining elements. Stellar nucleosynthesis, an ongoing process, produces all elements from carbon through iron in atomic number, but little lithium, beryllium, or boron. Elements heavier in atomic number than iron, as heavy as uranium and plutonium, are produced by explosive nucleosynthesis in supernovas and other cataclysmic cosmic events. Cosmic ray spallation (fragmentation) of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen is important to the production of lithium, beryllium and boron.","Chemical element\n\nDuring the early phases of the Big Bang, nucleosynthesis of hydrogen nuclei resulted in the production of hydrogen-1 (protium, 1H) and helium-4 (4He), as well as a smaller amount of deuterium (2H) and very minuscule amounts (on the order of 10−10) of lithium and beryllium. Even smaller amounts of boron may have been produced in the Big Bang, since it has been observed in some very old stars, while carbon has not. It is generally agreed that no heavier elements than boron were produced in the Big Bang. As a result, the primordial abundance of atoms (or ions) consisted of roughly 75% 1H, 25% 4He, and 0.01% deuterium, with only tiny traces of lithium, beryllium, and perhaps boron. Subsequent enrichment of galactic halos occurred due to stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis. However, the element abundance in intergalactic space can still closely resemble primordial conditions, unless it has been enriched by some means.","Chemical element\n\nOn Earth (and elsewhere), trace amounts of various elements continue to be produced from other elements as products of natural transmutation processes. These include some produced by cosmic rays or other nuclear reactions (see cosmogenic and nucleogenic nuclides), and others produced as decay products of long-lived primordial nuclides. For example, trace (but detectable) amounts of carbon-14 (14C) are continually produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms, and argon-40 (40Ar) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium-40 (40K). Also, three primordially occurring but radioactive actinides, thorium, uranium, and plutonium, decay through a series of recurrently produced but unstable radioactive elements such as radium and radon, which are transiently present in any sample of these metals or their ores or compounds. Three other radioactive elements, technetium, promethium, and neptunium, occur only incidentally in natural materials, produced as individual atoms by natural fission of the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes.","Chemical element\n\nHuman technology has produced various additional elements beyond these first 94, with those through atomic number 118 now known.","Chemical element\n\nAbundance","Chemical element\n\nThe following graph (note log scale) shows the abundance of elements in our solar system. The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in parts per million, by mass. Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. As physical laws and processes appear common throughout the visible universe, however, scientist expect that these galaxies evolved elements in similar abundance.","Chemical element\n\nThe abundance of elements in the Solar System is in keeping with their origin from nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang and a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, but the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by the breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays). Beginning with carbon, elements are produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). In general, such elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovas. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with their atomic number.","Chemical element\n\nThe abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean, and in various types of life. The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from that in the Solar system (as seen in the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements (hydrogen and helium) and also volatile neon, carbon (as hydrocarbons), nitrogen and sulfur, as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system. Oxygen, the most abundant Earth element by mass, is retained on Earth by combination with silicon. Aluminum at 8% by mass is more common in the Earth's crust than in the universe and solar system, but the composition of the far more bulky mantle, which has magnesium and iron in place of aluminum (which occurs there only at 2% of mass) more closely mirrors the elemental composition of the solar system, save for the noted loss of volatile elements to space, and loss of iron which has migrated to the Earth's core.","Chemical element\n\nThe composition of the human body, by contrast, more closely follows the composition of seawater—save that the human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids, together with phosphorus in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. Certain kinds of organisms require particular additional elements, for example the magnesium in chlorophyll in green plants, the calcium in mollusc shells, or the iron in the hemoglobin in vertebrate animals' red blood cells.","Chemical element\n\nHistory","Chemical element\n\nEvolving definitions","Chemical element\n\nThe concept of an \"element\" as an undivisible substance has developed through three major historical phases: Classical definitions (such as those of the ancient Greeks), chemical definitions, and atomic definitions.","Chemical element\n\nClassical definitions","Chemical element\n\nAncient philosophy posited a set of classical elements to explain observed patterns in nature. These elements originally referred to earth, water, air and fire rather than the chemical elements of modern science.","Chemical element\n\nThe term 'elements' (stoicheia) was first used by the Greek philosopher Plato in about 360 BCE in his dialogue Timaeus, which includes a discussion of the composition of inorganic and organic bodies and is a speculative treatise on chemistry. Plato believed the elements introduced a century earlier by Empedocles were composed of small polyhedral forms: tetrahedron (fire), octahedron (air), icosahedron (water), and cube (earth).","Chemical element\n\nAristotle, c. 350 BCE, also used the term stoicheia and added a fifth element called aether, which formed the heavens. Aristotle defined an element as:","Chemical element\n\nChemical definitions","Chemical element\n\nIn 1661, Robert Boyle proposed his theory of corpuscularism which favoured the analysis of matter as constituted by irreducible units of matter (atoms) and, choosing to side with neither Aristotle's view of the four elements nor Paracelsus' view of three fundamental elements, left open the question of the number of elements. The first modern list of chemical elements was given in Antoine Lavoisier's 1789 Elements of Chemistry, which contained thirty-three elements, including light and caloric. By 1818, Jöns Jakob Berzelius had determined atomic weights for forty-five of the forty-nine then-accepted elements. Dmitri Mendeleev had sixty-six elements in his periodic table of 1869.","Chemical element\n\nFrom Boyle until the early 20th century, an element was defined as a pure substance that could not be decomposed into any simpler substance. Put another way, a chemical element cannot be transformed into other chemical elements by chemical processes. Elements during this time were generally distinguished by their atomic weights, a property measurable with fair accuracy by available analytical techniques.","Chemical element\n\nAtomic definitions","Chemical element\n\nThe 1913 discovery by English physicist Henry Moseley that the nuclear charge is the physical basis for an atom's atomic number, further refined when the nature of protons and neutrons became appreciated, eventually led to the current definition of an element based on atomic number (number of protons per atomic nucleus). The use of atomic numbers, rather than atomic weights, to distinguish elements has greater predictive value (since these numbers are integers), and also resolves some ambiguities in the chemistry-based view due to varying properties of isotopes and allotropes within the same element. Currently, IUPAC defines an element to exist if it has isotopes with a lifetime longer than the 10−14 seconds it takes the nucleus to form an electronic cloud.","Chemical element\n\nBy 1914, seventy-two elements were known, all naturally occurring. The remaining naturally occurring elements were discovered or isolated in subsequent decades, and various additional elements have also been produced synthetically, with much of that work pioneered by Glenn T. Seaborg. In 1955, element 101 was discovered and named mendelevium in honor of D.I. Mendeleev, the first to arrange the elements in a periodic manner. Most recently, the synthesis of element 118 was reported in October 2006, and the synthesis of element 117 was reported in April 2010.","Chemical element\n\nDiscovery and recognition of various elements","Chemical element\n\nTen materials familiar to various prehistoric cultures are now known to be chemical elements: Carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, tin, and zinc. Three additional materials now accepted as elements, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, were recognized as distinct substances prior to 1500 AD. Phosphorus, cobalt, and platinum were isolated before 1750.","Chemical element\n\nMost of the remaining naturally occurring chemical elements were identified and characterized by 1900, including:\n* Such now-familiar industrial materials as aluminium, silicon, nickel, chromium, magnesium, and tungsten\n* Reactive metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, and calcium\n* The halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine\n* Gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, helium, argon, and neon\n* Most of the rare-earth elements, including cerium, lanthanum, gadolinium, and neodymium.\n* The more common radioactive elements, including uranium, thorium, radium, and radon","Chemical element\n\nElements isolated or produced since 1900 include:\n* The three remaining undiscovered regularly occurring stable natural elements: hafnium, lutetium, and rhenium\n* Plutonium, which was first produced synthetically in 1940 by Glenn T. Seaborg, but is now also known from a few long-persisting natural occurrences\n* The three incidentally occurring natural elements (neptunium, promethium, and technetium), which were all first produced synthetically but later discovered in trace amounts in certain geological samples\n* Three scarce decay products of uranium or thorium, (astatine, francium, and protactinium), and\n* Various synthetic transuranic elements, beginning with americium and curium","Chemical element\n\nRecently discovered elements","Chemical element\n\nThe first transuranium element (element with atomic number greater than 92) discovered was neptunium in 1940. Since 1999 claims for the discovery of new elements have been considered by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party. As of January 2016, all 118 elements have been confirmed as discovered by IUPAC. The discovery of element 112 was acknowledged in 2009, and the name copernicium and the atomic symbol Cn were suggested for it. The name and symbol were officially endorsed by IUPAC on 19 February 2010. The heaviest element that is believed to have been synthesized to date is element 118, ununoctium, on 9 October 2006, by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia. Element 117 was the latest element claimed to be discovered, in 2009. IUPAC officially recognized flerovium and livermorium, elements 114 and 116, in June 2011 and approved their names in May 2012. In December 2015, IUPAC recognized elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, and announced the elements' proposed final names on 8 June 2016. The names, nihonium (113, Nh), moscovium (115, Mc), tennessine (117, Ts), and oganesson (118, Og), are expected to be approved by the end of 2016.","Chemical element\n\nList of the 118 known chemical elements","Chemical element\n\nThe following sortable table includes the 118 known chemical elements, with the names linking to the Wikipedia articles on each.\n* Atomic number, name, and symbol all serve independently as unique identifiers.\n* Names are those accepted by IUPAC; provisional names for recently produced elements not yet formally named are in parentheses.\n* Group, period, and block refer to an element's position in the periodic table. Group numbers here show the currently accepted numbering; for older alternate numberings, see Group (periodic table).\n* State of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) applies at standard temperature and pressure conditions (STP).\n* Occurrence distinguishes naturally occurring elements, categorized as either primordial or transient (from decay), and additional synthetic elements that have been produced technologically, but are not known to occur naturally.\n* Description summarizes an element's properties using the broad categories commonly presented in periodic tables: Actinide, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, lanthanide, post-transition metal, metalloid, noble gas, polyatomic or diatomic nonmetal, and transition metal.","Atomic number\n\nIn chemistry and physics, the atomic number of a chemical element (also known as its proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus. It is conventionally represented by the symbol Z. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.","Atomic number\n\nThe atomic number, Z, should not be confused with the mass number, A, which is the number of nucleons, the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The number of neutrons, N, is known as the neutron number of the atom; thus, A = Z + N (these quantities are always whole numbers). Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in unified atomic mass units (making a quantity called the \"relative isotopic mass\"), is roughly (to within 1%) equal to the whole number A.","Atomic number\n\nAtoms with the same atomic number Z but different neutron numbers N, and hence different atomic masses, are known as isotopes. A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight. Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century.","Atomic number\n\nThe conventional symbol Z comes from the German word meaning number/numeral/figure, which, prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order is approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights. Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word (and its English equivalent atomic number) come into common use in this context.","Atomic number\n\nHistory","Atomic number\n\nThe periodic table and a natural number for each element","Atomic number\n\nLoosely speaking, the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements, and so they can be numbered in order.","Atomic number\n\nDmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables in order of atomic weight (\"Atomgewicht\"). However, in consideration of the elements' observed chemical properties, he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium (atomic weight 127.6) ahead of iodine (atomic weight 126.9). This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number, Z, but that number was not known or suspected at the time.","Atomic number\n\nA simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory, however. Besides the case of iodine and tellurium, later several other pairs of elements (such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties. However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whose atomic number was not obvious, led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium (element 71) onwards (hafnium was not known at this time).","Atomic number\n\nThe Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek","Atomic number\n\nIn 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms. This central charge would thus be approximately half the atomic weight (though it was almost 25% different from the atomic number of gold (Z 79, A \n 197), the single element from which Rutherford made his guess). Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 (but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table (also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z). This proved eventually to be the case.","Atomic number\n\nMoseley's 1913 experiment","Atomic number\n\nThe experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913. Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of Z.","Atomic number\n\nTo do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminum (Z 13) to gold (Z \n 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube. The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression. This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i.e. the element number Z. Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members—no fewer and no more—which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time.","Atomic number\n\nThe proton and the idea of nuclear electrons","Atomic number\n\nIn 1915 the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z, which were now recognized to be the same as the element number, was not understood. An old idea called Prout's hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues (or \"protyles\") of the lightest element hydrogen, which in the Bohr-Rutherford model had a single electron and a nuclear charge of one. However, as early as 1907 Rutherford and Thomas Royds had shown that alpha particles, which had a charge of +2, were the nuclei of helium atoms, which had a mass four times that of hydrogen, not two times. If Prout's hypothesis were true, something had to be neutralizing some of the charge of the hydrogen nuclei present in the nuclei of heavier atoms.","Atomic number\n\nIn 1917 Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear reaction between alpha particles and nitrogen gas, and believed he had proven Prout's law. He called the new heavy nuclear particles protons in 1920 (alternate names being proutons and protyles). It had been immediately apparent from the work of Moseley that the nuclei of heavy atoms have more than twice as much mass as would be expected from their being made of hydrogen nuclei, and thus there was required a hypothesis for the neutralization of the extra protons presumed present in all heavy nuclei. A helium nucleus was presumed to be composed of four protons plus two \"nuclear electrons\" (electrons bound inside the nucleus) to cancel two of the charges. At the other end of the periodic table, a nucleus of gold with a mass 197 times that of hydrogen, was thought to contain 118 nuclear electrons in the nucleus to give it a residual charge of + 79, consistent with its atomic number.","Atomic number\n\nThe discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number","Atomic number\n\nAll consideration of nuclear electrons ended with James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932. An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons, and its positive charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79 protons. After 1932, therefore, an element's atomic number Z was also realized to be identical to the proton number of its nuclei.","Atomic number\n\nThe symbol of Z","Atomic number\n\nThe conventional symbol Z possibly comes from the German word (atomic number). However, prior to 1915, the word Zahl (simply number) was used for an element's assigned number in the periodic table.","Atomic number\n\nChemical properties","Atomic number\n\nEach element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is Z (the atomic number). The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. Hence, it is the atomic number alone that determines the chemical properties of an element; and it is for this reason that an element can be defined as consisting of any mixture of atoms with a given atomic number.","Atomic number\n\nNew elements","Atomic number\n\nThe quest for new elements is usually described using atomic numbers. As of 2010, elements with atomic numbers 1 to 118 have been observed. Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions, such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created. In general, the half-life becomes shorter as atomic number increases, though an \"island of stability\" may exist for undiscovered isotopes with certain numbers of protons and neutrons."],"string":"[\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium is a chemical element with symbol K (derived from Neo-Latin, kalium) and atomic number 19. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the Periodic table, potassium is one of seven elements in column (group) 1 (alkali metals). All elements in Group 1 have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, which combines with anions to form salts. Potassium in nature occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water (which is 0.04% potassium by weight ), and is part of many minerals.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nNaturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which is radioactive. Traces of are found in all potassium, and it is the most common radioisotope in the human body.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium is chemically very similar to sodium, the previous element in Group 1 of the periodic table. They have a similar ionization energy, which allows for each atom to give up its sole outer electron. That they are different elements that combine with the same anions to make similar salts was suspected in 1702, and was proven in 1807 using electrolysis.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nMost industrial applications of potassium exploit the high solubility in water of potassium compounds, such as potassium soaps. Heavy crop production rapidly depletes the soil of potassium, and this depletion is prevented and remedied with agricultural fertilizers containing potassium, accounting for 95% of global potassium chemical production.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium ions are necessary for the function of all living cells. The transfer of potassium ions through nerve cell membranes is necessary for normal nerve transmission; potassium depletion in excess can result in numerous abnormalities, including an abnormal heart rhythm and various electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities. Fresh fruits and vegetables are good dietary sources of potassium. The body responds to the influx of dietary potassium, which raises serum potassium levels, with a shift of potassium from outside to inside cells and an increase in potassium excretion by the kidney.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nProperties\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPhysical\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium is the second least dense metal after lithium. It is a soft solid with a low melting point, and can be easily cut with a knife. Freshly cut potassium is silvery in appearance, but it begins to tarnish toward gray immediately on exposure to air.Greenwood, p. 76 In a flame test, potassium and its compounds emit a lilac color with a peak emission wavelength of 766.5 nanometers.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nChemical\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nNeutral potassium atoms have 19 electrons, one more than the extremely stable configuration of the noble gas argon. Because of this and its low first ionization energy of 418.8 kJ/mol, the potassium atom is much more likely to lose the last electron and acquire a positive charge than to gain one and acquire a negative charge (though negatively charged alkalide ions are not impossible. ) This process requires so little energy that potassium is readily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. In contrast, the second ionization energy is very high (3052 kJ/mol), because removal of two electrons breaks the stable noble gas electronic configuration (the configuration of the inert argon). Potassium therefore does not readily form compounds with the oxidation state of +2 or higher.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium is an extremely active metal that reacts violently with oxygen and water in air. With oxygen it forms potassium peroxide, and with water potassium forms potassium hydroxide. The reaction of potassium with water is dangerous because of its violent exothermic character and the production of hydrogen gas. Hydrogen reacts again with atmospheric oxygen, producing water, which reacts with the remaining potassium. This reaction requires only traces of water; because of this, potassium and the liquid sodium-potassium — NaK — are potent desiccants that can be used to dry solvents prior to distillation.Burkhardt, p. 35\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nBecause of the sensitivity of potassium to water and air, reactions with other elements are possible only in an inert atmosphere such as argon gas using air-free techniques. Potassium does not react with most hydrocarbons such as mineral oil or kerosene. It readily dissolves in liquid ammonia, up to 480 g per 1000 g of ammonia at 0 °C. Depending on the concentration, the ammonia solutions are blue to yellow, and their electrical conductivity is similar to that of liquid metals. In a pure solution, potassium slowly reacts with ammonia to form , but this reaction is accelerated by minute amounts of transition metal salts.Burkhardt, p. 32 Because it can reduce the salts to the metal, potassium is often used as the reductant in the preparation of finely divided metals from their salts by the Rieke method. For example, the preparation of magnesium by this method employs potassium as the reductant:\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\n+ 2 K → Mg + 2 KCl\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nCompounds\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nThe only common oxidation state for potassium is +1. Potassium metal is a powerful reducing agent that is easily oxidized to the monopositive cation, . Once oxidized, it is very stable and difficult to reduce back to the metal.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium hydroxide reacts readily with carbon dioxide to produce potassium carbonate, and is used to remove traces of the gas from air. In general, potassium compounds have excellent water solubility, owing to the high hydration energy of the ion. The potassium ion is colorless in water and is very difficult to precipitate; possible precipitation methods include reactions with sodium tetraphenylborate, hexachloroplatinic acid, and sodium cobaltinitrite.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium oxidizes faster than most metals and forms oxides with oxygen-oxygen bonds, as do all alkali metals except lithium. Three species are formed during the reaction: potassium oxide, potassium peroxide, and potassium superoxide formed of three different oxygen-based ions: oxide (), peroxide (), and superoxide (). The last two species, especially the superoxide, are rare and are formed only in reaction with very electropositive metals; these species contain oxygen-oxygen bonds. All potassium-oxygen binary compounds are known to react with water violently, forming potassium hydroxide. This compound is a very strong alkali, and 1.21 kg of it can dissolve in as little as a liter of water.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium compounds are typically highly ionic and thus most of them are soluble in water. The main species in water solution are the aquated complexes where n 6 and 7.Lincoln, S. F.; Richens, D. T. and Sykes, A. G. \\\"Metal Aqua Ions\\\" in J. A. McCleverty and T. J. Meyer (eds.) [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/9780080437484 Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II], Vol. 1, pp. 515–555, ISBN 978-0-08-043748-4. Some of the few poorly soluble potassium salts include potassium tetraphenylborate, potassium hexachloroplatinate, and potassium cobaltinitrite.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nIsotopes\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nThere are 24 known isotopes of potassium, three of which occur naturally: (93.3%), (0.0117%), and (6.7%). Naturally occurring has a half-life of 1.250×109 years. It decays to stable by electron capture or positron emission (11.2%) or to stable by beta decay (88.8%). The decay of to is the basis of a common method for dating rocks. The conventional K-Ar dating method depends on the assumption that the rocks contained no argon at the time of formation and that all the subsequent radiogenic argon () was quantitatively retained. Minerals are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic that has accumulated. The minerals best suited for dating include biotite, muscovite, metamorphic hornblende, and volcanic feldspar; whole rock samples from volcanic flows and shallow instrusives can also be dated if they are unaltered. Apart from dating, potassium isotopes have been used as tracers in studies of weathering and for nutrient cycling studies because potassium is a macronutrient required for life.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\noccurs in natural potassium (and thus in some commercial salt substitutes) in sufficient quantity that large bags of those substitutes can be used as a radioactive source for classroom demonstrations. is the radioisotope with the largest abundance in the body. In healthy animals and people, represents the largest source of radioactivity, greater even than . In a human body of 70 kg mass, about 4,400 nuclei of decay per second. The activity of natural potassium is 31 Bq/g.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nCosmic formation and distribution\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium is formed in supernovas by nucleosynthesis from lighter atoms. Potassium is principally created in Type II supernovas via the explosive oxygen-burning process. is also formed in s-process nucleosynthesis and the neon burning process.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium makes up about 2.6% of the weight of the earth's crust and is the seventh most abundant element in the crust. It is the 17th most abundant element by weight in the earth, and 20th most abundant element in the solar system. The potassium concentration in seawater is 0.39 g/L (0.039 wt/v%), about one-quarter the concentration of sodium.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nEtymology\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nNeither elemental potassium nor potassium salts (as separate entities from other salts) were known in Roman times, and the Latin name of the element, kalium, is not Classical Latin but rather neo-Latin. Kalium was taken from the word alkali, which in turn came from ' al-qalyah \\\"plant ashes.\\\" The similar-sounding English term alkali is from this same root, whereas the word for potassium in Modern Standard Arabic is بوتاسيوم būtāsyūm.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nIn 1797, the German chemist Martin Klaproth discovered \\\"potash\\\" in the minerals leucite and lepidolite, and realized that \\\"potash\\\" was not a product of plant growth but was actually a new element, which he proposed to call kali.M. Klaproth (1797) \\\"Nouvelles données relatives à l'histoire naturelle de l'alcali végétal\\\" (New data regarding the natural history of the vegetable alkali), Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres (Berlin), pp. 9-13 ; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?idmdp.39015073704093;view\\n1up;seq=103 see p. 13.] From p. 13: \\\"Cet alcali ne pouvant donc plus être envisagé comme un produit de la végétation dans les plantes, occupe une place propre dans la série des substances primitivement simples du règne minéral, & il devient nécessaire de lui assigner un nom, qui convienne mieux à sa nature. La dénomination de Potasche (potasse) que la nouvelle nomenclature françoise a consacrée comme nom de tout le genre, ne sauroit faire fortune auprès des chimistes allemands, qui sentent à quel point la dérivation étymologique en est vicieuse.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nElle est prise en effet de ce qu'anciennement on se servoit pour la calcination des lessives concentrées des cendres, de pots de fer (pott en dialecte de la Basse-Saxe) auxquels on a substitué depuis des fours à calciner. Je propose donc ici, de substituer aux mots usités jusqu'ici d'alcali des plantes, alcali végétal, potasse, &c. celui de kali, & de revenir à l'ancienne dénomination de natron, au lieu de dire alcali minéral, soude &c.\\\"\\n(This alkali [i.e., potash] — [which] therefore can no longer be viewed as a product of growth in plants — occupies a proper place in the originally simple series of the mineral realm, and it becomes necessary to assign it a name that is better suited to its nature. The name of \\\"potash\\\" (potasse), which the new French nomenclature has bestowed as the name of the entire species [i.e., substance], would not find acceptance among German chemists, who feel to some extent [that] the etymological derivation of it is faulty.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nIndeed it is taken from [the vessels] that one formerly used for the roasting of washing powder concentrated from cinders: iron pots (pott in the dialect of Lower Saxony), for which roasting ovens have been substituted since then. Thus I now propose to substitute for the until now common words of \\\"plant alkali\\\", \\\"vegetable alkali\\\", \\\"potash\\\", etc., that of kali ; and to return to the old name of natron instead of saying \\\"mineral alkali\\\", \\\"soda\\\", etc.) In 1809, the German physicist and chemist Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the names Kalium for Humphry Davy's \\\"potassium\\\" and Natronium for Davy's \\\"sodium\\\". In 1814, the Swedish chemist Berzelius advocated the name kalium for potassium, with the chemical symbol K.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nThe English name for the element potassium comes from the word \\\"potash\\\", and refers to the method of producing potassium: placing in a pot the ash of burnt wood or tree leaves, adding water, heating, and evaporating the solution.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotash\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotash is primarily a mixture of potassium salts because plants have little or no sodium content, and the rest of a plant's major mineral content consists of calcium salts of relatively low solubility in water. While potash has been used since ancient times, it was not understood for most of its history to be a fundamentally different substance from sodium mineral salts. Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence that led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702, and Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in 1736. The exact chemical composition of potassium and sodium compounds, and the status as chemical element of potassium and sodium, was not known then, and thus Antoine Lavoisier did not include the alkali in his list of chemical elements in 1789. For a long time the only significant applications for potash were the production of glass, bleach, soap and gunpowder as potassium nitrate. Potassium soaps from animal fats and vegetable oils were especially prized because they tend to be more water-soluble and of softer texture, and are therefore known as soft soaps.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nThe discovery by Justus Liebig in 1840 that potassium is a necessary element for plants and that most types of soil lack potassium caused a steep rise in demand for potassium salts. Wood-ash from fir trees was initially used as a potassium salt source for fertilizer, but, with the discovery in 1868 of mineral deposits containing potassium chloride near Staßfurt, Germany, the production of potassium-containing fertilizers began at an industrial scale. Other potash deposits were discovered, and by the 1960s Canada became the dominant producer.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nThe metal\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium metal was first isolated in 1807 in England by Sir Humphry Davy, who derived it from caustic potash (KOH, potassium hydroxide) by electrolysis of molten KOH with the newly discovered voltaic pile. Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis. Later in the same year, Davy reported extraction of the metal sodium from a mineral derivative (caustic soda, NaOH, or lye) rather than a plant salt, by a similar technique, demonstrating that the elements, and thus the salts, are different. Although the production of potassium and sodium metal should have shown that both are elements, it took some time before this view was universally accepted.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nGeology\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nElemental potassium does not occur in nature because of its high reactivity. It reacts violently with water (see section Precautions below) and also reacts with oxygen. Orthoclase (potassium feldspar) is a common rock-forming mineral. Granite for example contains 5% potassium, which is well above the average in the Earth's crust. Sylvite (KCl), carnallite , kainite and langbeinite are the minerals found in large evaporite deposits worldwide. The deposits often show layers starting with the least soluble at the bottom and the most soluble on top. Deposits of niter (potassium nitrate) are formed by decomposition of organic material in contact with atmosphere, mostly in caves; because of the good water solubility of niter the formation of larger deposits requires special environmental conditions.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nCommercial production\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium salts such as carnallite, langbeinite, polyhalite, and sylvite form extensive deposits in ancient lake bottoms and seabeds, making extraction of potassium salts in these environments commercially viable. The principal source of potassium – potash – is mined in Canada, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Israel, United States, Jordan, and other places around the world. The first mined deposits were located near Staßfurt, Germany, but the deposits span from Great Britain over Germany into Poland. They are located in the Zechstein and were deposited in the Middle to Late Permian. The largest deposits ever found lie 1000 m below the surface of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The deposits are located in the Elk Point Group produced in the Middle Devonian. Saskatchewan, where several large mines have operated since the 1960s pioneered the technique of freezing of wet sands (the Blairmore formation) to drive mine shafts through them. The main potash mining company in Saskatchewan is the Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan. The water of the Dead Sea is used by Israel and Jordan as a source of potash, while the concentration in normal oceans is too low for commercial production at current prices.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nSeveral methods are used to separate potassium salts from sodium and magnesium compounds. The most-used method is fractional precipitation using the solubility differences of the salts at different temperatures. Electrostatic separation of the ground salt mixture is also used in some mines. The resulting sodium and magnesium waste is either stored underground or piled up in slag heaps. Most of the mined potassium mineral ends up as potassium chloride after processing. The mineral industry refers to potassium chloride either as potash, muriate of potash, or simply MOP.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPure potassium metal can be isolated by electrolysis of its hydroxide in a process that has changed little since Davy. Although the electrolysis process was developed and used in industrial scale in the 1920s, the thermal method by reacting sodium with potassium chloride in a chemical equilibrium reaction became the dominant method in the 1950s.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nThe production of sodium potassium alloys is accomplished by changing the reaction time and the amount of sodium used in the reaction. The Griesheimer process employing the reaction of potassium fluoride with calcium carbide was also used to produce potassium. \\nNa + KCl → NaCl + K (Thermal method)\\n2 KF + → 2 K + + 2 C (Griesheimer process)\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nReagent-grade potassium metal costs about $10.00/pound ($22/kg) in 2010 when purchased by the tonne. Lower purity metal is considerably cheaper. The market is volatile because long-term storage of the metal is difficult. It must be stored in a dry inert gas atmosphere or anhydrous mineral oil to prevent the formation of a surface layer of potassium superoxide, a pressure-sensitive explosive that detonates when scratched. The resulting explosion often starts a fire difficult to extinguish.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nBiological role\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium is the eighth or ninth most common element by mass (0.2%) in the human body, so that a 60 kg adult contains a total of about 120 g of potassium. The body has about as much potassium as sulfur and chlorine, and only calcium and phosphorus are more abundant. Potassium ions are present in a wide variety of proteins and enzymes.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nBiochemical function\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium levels influence multiple physiological processes, including \\n*resting cellular-membrane potential and the propagation of action potentials in neuronal, muscular, and cardiac tissue. Due to the electrostatic and chemical properties, ions are larger than ions, and ion channels and pumps in cell membranes can differentiate between the two ions, actively pumping or passively passing one of the two ions while blocking the other. \\n*hormone secretion and action\\n*vascular tone\\n*systemic blood pressure control\\n*gastrointestinal motility\\n*acid–base homeostasis\\n*glucose and insulin metabolism\\n*mineralocorticoid action\\n*renal concentrating ability\\n*fluid and electrolyte balance\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nHomeostasis\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium homeostasis denotes the maintenance of the total body potassium content, plasma potassium level, and the ratio of the intracellular to extracellular potassium concentrations within narrow limits, in the face of pulsatile intake (meals), obligatory renal excretion, and shifts between intracellular and extracellular compartments.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPlasma levels\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPlasma potassium is normally kept at 3.5 to 5.0 millimoles (mmol) [or milliequivalents (mEq)] per liter by multiple mechanisms. Levels outside this range are associated with an increasing rate of death from multiple causes, and some cardiac, kidney, and lung diseases progress more rapidly if serum potassium levels are not maintained within the normal range.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nAn average meal of 40-50 mmol presents the body with more potassium than is present in all plasma (20-25 mmol). However, this surge causes the plasma potassium to rise only 10% at most as a result of prompt and efficient clearance by both renal and extra-renal mechanisms.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nHypokalemia, a deficiency of potassium in the plasma, can be fatal if severe. Common causes are increased gastrintestinal loss (vomiting, diarrhea), and increased renal loss (diuresis). Deficiency symptoms include muscle weakness, paralytic ileus, ECG abnormalities, decreased reflex response; and in severe cases, respiratory paralysis, alkalosis, and cardiac arrhythmia.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nControl mechanisms\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium content in the plasma is tightly controlled by four basic mechanisms, which have various names and classifications. The four are 1) a reactive negative-feedback system, 2) a reactive feed-forward system, 3) a predictive or circadian system, and 4) an internal or cell membrane transport system. Collectively, the first three are sometimes termed the \\\"external potassium homeostasis system\\\"; and the first two, the \\\"reactive potassium homeostasis system\\\". *The reactive negative-feedback system refers to the system that induces renal secretion of potassium in response to a rise in the plasma potassium (potassium ingestion, shift out of cells, or intravenous infusion.)\\n*The reactive feed-forward system refers to an incompletely understood system that induces renal potassium secretion in response to potassium ingestion prior to any rise in the plasma potassium. This is probably initiated by gut cell potassium receptors that detect ingested potassium and trigger vagal afferent signals to the pituitary gland. *The predictive or circadian system increases renal secretion of potassium during mealtime hours (e.g. daytime for humans, nighttime for rodents) independent of the presence, amount, or absence of potassium ingestion.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nIt is mediated by a circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain (central clock), which causes the kidney (peripheral clock) to secrete potassium in this rhythmic circadian fashion. *The ion transport system moves potassium across the cell membrane using two mechanisms. One is active and pumps sodium out of, and potassium into, the cell. The other is passive and allows potassium to leak out of the cell. Potassium and sodium cations influence fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments by osmotic forces. The movement of potassium and sodium through the cell membrane is mediated by the Na+/K+-ATPase pump. This ion pump uses ATP to pump three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient and electromotive force across the cell membrane. The highly selective potassium ion channels (which are tetramers) are crucial for hyperpolarization inside neurons after an action potential is triggered, to cite one example. The most recently discovered potassium ion channel is KirBac3.1, which makes a total of five potassium ion channels (KcsA, KirBac1.1, KirBac3.1, KvAP, and MthK) with a determined structure. All five are from prokaryotic species.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nRenal filtration, reabsorption, and excretion\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nRenal handling of potassium is closely connected to sodium handling. Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells [150 mmol/L, (4.8 g)], while sodium is the major cation of extracellular fluid [150 mmol/L, (3.345 g)]. In the kidneys, about 180 liters of plasma is filtered through the glomeruli and into the renal tubules per day. This filtering involves about 600 g of sodium and 33 g of potassium. Since only 1–10 g of sodium and 1–4 g of potassium are likely to be replaced by diet, renal filtering must efficiently reabsorb the remainder from the plasma.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nSodium is reabsorbed to maintain extracellular volume, osmotic pressure, and serum sodium concentration within narrow limits; potassium is reabsorbed to maintain serum potassium concentration within narrow limits. Sodium pumps in the renal tubules operate to reabsorb sodium. Potassium must be conserved also, but, because the amount of potassium in the blood plasma is very small and the pool of potassium in the cells is about thirty times as large, the situation is not so critical for potassium. Since potassium is moved passively in counter flow to sodium in response to an apparent (but not actual) Donnan equilibrium, the urine can never sink below the concentration of potassium in serum except sometimes by actively excreting water at the end of the processing. Potassium is excreted twice and reabsorbed three times before the urine reaches the collecting tubules. At that point, urine usually has about the same potassium concentration as plasma. At the end of the processing, potassium is secreted one more time if the serum levels are too high.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nWith no potassium intake, it is excreted at about 200 mg per day until, in about a week, potassium in the serum declines to a mildly deficient level of 3.0–3.5 mmol/L. If potassium is still withheld, the concentration continues to fall until a severe deficiency causes eventual death.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nThe potassium moves passively through pores in the cell membrane. When ions move through pumps there is a gate in the pumps on either side of the cell membrane and only one gate can be open at once. As a result, approximately 100 ions are forced through per second. Pores have only one gate, and there only one kind of ion can stream through, at 10 million to 100 million ions per second. The pores require calcium to open although it is thought that the calcium works in reverse by blocking at least one of the pores.; includes a detailed picture of atoms in the pump. Carbonyl groups inside the pore on the amino acids mimic the water hydration that takes place in water solution by the nature of the electrostatic charges on four carbonyl groups inside the pore.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nIn diet\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nDetection by taste buds\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium can be detected by taste because it triggers three of the five types of taste sensations, according to concentration. Dilute solutions of potassium ions taste sweet, allowing moderate concentrations in milk and juices, while higher concentrations become increasingly bitter/alkaline, and finally also salty to the taste. The combined bitterness and saltiness of high-potassium solutions makes high-dose potassium supplementation by liquid drinks a palatability challenge.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nAdequate intake\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nAdequate potassium intake is achieved by eating a variety of foods. Potassium is present in all fruits, vegetables, meat and fish. Foods with high potassium concentrations include yam, parsley, dried apricots, dried milk, chocolate, all nuts (especially almonds and pistachios), potatoes, bamboo shoots, bananas, avocados, coconut water, soybeans, and bran. Dried apricots have the highest concentration of potassium by weight of any food. Many processed foods contain no potassium.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nOptimal intake\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nEpidemiological studies indicate that diets high in potassium can reduce the risk of hypertension and possibly stroke (by a mechanism independent of blood pressure). The 2004 guidelines of the Institute of Medicine specify a Dietary Reference Intake (DRI]) of 4,700 mg of potassium (100 mEq); most Americans consume only half that amount per day. Likewise, in the European Union, in particular in Germany and Italy, insufficient potassium intake is somewhat common. A meta-analysis concluded that a 1640 mg increase in the daily intake of potassium was associated with a 21% lower risk of stroke.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nDeficient intake\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nDiets low in potassium can lead to hypertension and hypokalemia.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nSupplementation\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nSupplements of potassium are most widely used in conjunction with diuretics that block reabsorption of sodium and water upstream from the distal tubule (thiazides and loop diuretics), because this promotes increased distal tubular potassium secretion, with resultant increased potassium excretion. A variety of prescription and over-the counter supplements are available. Potassium chloride may be dissolved in water, but the salty/bitter taste make liquid supplements unpalatable. Typical doses range from 10 mmol (400 mg), to 20 mmol (800 mg). Potassium is also available in tablets or capsules, which are formulated to allow potassium to leach slowly out of a matrix, since very high concentrations of potassium ion that occur adjacent to a solid tablet can injure the gastric or intestinal mucosa. For this reason, non-prescription potassium pills are limited by law in the US to a maximum of 99 mg of potassium.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nSince the kidneys are the site of potassium excretion, individuals with impaired kidney function are at risk for hyperkalemia if dietary potassium and supplements are not restricted. The more severe the impairment, the more severe is the restriction necessary to avoid hyperkalemia.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nApplications\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nFertilizer\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium ions are an essential component of plant nutrition and are found in most soil types. They are used as a fertilizer in agriculture, horticulture, and hydroponic culture in the form of chloride (KCl), sulfate (), or nitrate (). Agricultural fertilizers consume 95% of global potassium chemical production, and about 90% of this potassium is supplied as KCl. The potassium content of most plants range from 0.5% to 2% of the harvested weight of crops, conventionally expressed as amount of . Modern high-yield agriculture depends upon fertilizers to replace the potassium lost at harvest. Most agricultural fertilizers contain potassium chloride, while potassium sulfate is used for chloride-sensitive crops or crops needing higher sulfur content. The sulfate is produced mostly by decomposition of the complex minerals kainite () and langbeinite (). Only a very few fertilizers contain potassium nitrate. In 2005, about 93% of world potassium production was consumed by the fertilizer industry.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nFood\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nThe potassium cation is a nutrient necessary for human life and health. Potassium chloride and bicarbonate are used by those seeking to control hypertension. The USDA lists tomato paste, orange juice, beet greens, white beans, potatoes, bananas and many other dietary sources of potassium, ranked in descending order according to potassium content.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium sodium tartrate (, Rochelle salt) is the main constituent of baking powder; it is also used in the silvering of mirrors. Potassium bromate () is a strong oxidizer (E924), used to improve dough strength and rise height. Potassium bisulfite () is used as a food preservative, for example in wine and beer-making (but not in meats). It is also used to bleach textiles and straw, and in the tanning of leathers.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nIndustrial\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nMajor potassium chemicals are potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, and potassium chloride. Megatons of these compounds are produced annually.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium hydroxide is a strong base, which is used in industry to neutralize strong and weak acids, to control pH and to manufacture potassium salts. It is also used to saponify fats and oils, in industrial cleaners, and in hydrolysis reactions, for example of esters.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium nitrate () or saltpeter is obtained from natural sources such as guano and evaporites or manufactured via the Haber process; it is the oxidant in gunpowder (black powder) and an important agricultural fertilizer. Potassium cyanide (KCN) is used industrially to dissolve copper and precious metals, in particular silver and gold, by forming complexes. Its applications include gold mining, electroplating, and electroforming of these metals; it is also used in organic synthesis to make nitriles. Potassium carbonate ( or potash) is used in the manufacture of glass, soap, color TV tubes, fluorescent lamps, textile dyes and pigments. Potassium permanganate () is an oxidizing, bleaching and purification substance and is used for production of saccharin. Potassium chlorate () is added to matches and explosives. Potassium bromide (KBr) was formerly used as a sedative and in photography.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium chromate () is used in inks, dyes, stains (bright yellowish-red color); in explosives and fireworks; in the tanning of leather, in fly paper and safety matches, but all these uses are due to the properties of chromate ion containment rather than potassium ions.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nNiche uses\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nThere are thousands of uses of various potassium compounds. One example is potassium superoxide, , an orange solid that acts as a portable source of oxygen and a carbon dioxide absorber. It is widely used in respiration systems in mines, submarines and spacecraft as it takes less volume than the gaseous oxygen. \\n4 + 2 → 2 + 3\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nAnother example is potassium cobaltinitrite, , which is used as artist's pigment under the name of Aureolin or Cobalt Yellow.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nLaboratory uses\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nAn alloy of sodium and potassium, NaK is a liquid used as a heat-transfer medium and a desiccant for producing dry and air-free solvents. It can also be used in reactive distillation. The ternary alloy of 12% Na, 47% K and 41% Cs has the lowest melting point of −78 °C of any metallic compound.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nMetallic potassium is used in several types of magnetometers.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPrecautions\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium metal reacts violently with water producing potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrogen gas.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\n2 K (s) + 2 (l) → 2 KOH (aq) + ↑ (g)\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nThis reaction is exothermic and releases enough heat to ignite the resulting hydrogen in the presence of oxygen, possibly explosively splashing onlookers with potassium hydroxide, which is a strong alkali that destroys living tissue and causes skin burns. Finely grated potassium ignites in air at room temperature. The bulk metal ignites in air if heated. Because its density is 0.89 g/cm3, burning potassium floats in water that exposes it to atmospheric oxygen. Many common fire extinguishing agents, including water, either are ineffective or make a potassium fire worse. Nitrogen, argon, sodium chloride (table salt), sodium carbonate (soda ash), and silicon dioxide (sand) are effective if they are dry. Some Class D dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires are also effective. These agents deprive the fire of oxygen and cool the potassium metal.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nPotassium reacts violently with halogens and detonates in the presence of bromine. It also reacts explosively with sulfuric acid. During combustion, potassium forms peroxides and superoxides. These peroxides may react violently with organic compounds such as oils. Both peroxides and superoxides may react explosively with metallic potassium.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nBecause potassium reacts with water vapor in the air, it is usually stored under anhydrous mineral oil or kerosene. Unlike lithium and sodium, however, potassium should not be stored under oil for longer than 6 months, unless in an inert (oxygen free) atmosphere, or under vacuum. After prolonged storage in air dangerous shock-sensitive peroxides can form on the metal and under the lid of the container, and can detonate upon opening.\",\n \"Potassium\\n\\nBecause of the highly reactive nature of potassium metal, it must be handled with great care, with full skin and eye protection and preferably an explosion-resistant barrier between the user and the metal. Ingestion of large amounts of potassium compounds can lead to hyperkalemia strongly influencing the cardiovascular system. Potassium chloride is used in the United States for lethal injection executions.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nA chemical element or element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (i.e. the same atomic number, Z). There are 118 elements that have been identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radioactive isotopes, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the most abundant element (by mass) making up Earth, while oxygen is the most common element in the crust of Earth.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nChemical elements constitute all of the ordinary matter of the universe. However astronomical observations suggest that ordinary observable matter is only approximately 15% of the matter in the universe: the remainder is dark matter, the composition of which is unknown, but it is not composed of chemical elements. \\nThe two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation, and are thus more rare than those that follow. Formation of elements with from six to twenty six protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis. The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars. Elements with greater than twenty-six protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae, which, when they explode, blast these elements far into space as supernova remnants, where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe term \\\"element\\\" is used for a kind of atoms with a given number of protons (regardless of whether they are or they are not ionized or chemically bonded, e.g. hydrogen in water) as well as for a pure chemical substance consisting of a single element (e.g. hydrogen gas). For the second meaning, the terms \\\"elementary substance\\\" and \\\"simple substance\\\" have been suggested, but they have not gained much acceptance in the English-language chemical literature, whereas in some other languages their equivalent is widely used (e.g. French corps simple, Russian простое вещество). One element can form multiple substances different by their structure; they are called allotropes of the element.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nWhen different elements are chemically combined, with the atoms held together by chemical bonds, they form chemical compounds. Only a minority of elements are found uncombined as relatively pure minerals. Among the more common of such \\\"native elements\\\" are copper, silver, gold, carbon (as coal, graphite, or diamonds), and sulfur. All but a few of the most inert elements, such as noble gases and noble metals, are usually found on Earth in chemically combined form, as chemical compounds. While about 32 of the chemical elements occur on Earth in native uncombined forms, most of these occur as mixtures. For example, atmospheric air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, and native solid elements occur in alloys, such as that of iron and nickel.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that found native elements like carbon, sulfur, copper and gold. Later civilizations extracted elemental copper, tin, lead and iron from their ores by smelting, using charcoal. Alchemists and chemists subsequently identified many more, with almost all of the naturally-occurring elements becoming known by 1900.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe properties of the chemical elements are summarized on the periodic table, which organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows (\\\"periods\\\") in which the columns (\\\"groups\\\") share recurring (\\\"periodic\\\") physical and chemical properties. Save for unstable radioactive elements with short half-lives, all of the elements are available industrially, most of them in high degrees of purity.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nDescription\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium, both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3:1 by mass (or 12:1 by number of atoms), along with tiny traces of the next two elements, lithium and beryllium. Almost all other elements found in nature were made by various natural methods of nucleosynthesis. On Earth, small amounts of new atoms are naturally produced in nucleogenic reactions, or in cosmogenic processes, such as cosmic ray spallation. New atoms are also naturally produced on Earth as radiogenic daughter isotopes of ongoing radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission, cluster decay, and other rarer modes of decay.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nOf the 94 naturally occurring elements, those with atomic numbers 1 through 82 each have at least one stable isotope (except for technetium, element 43 and promethium, element 61, which have no stable isotopes). Isotopes considered stable are those for which no radioactive decay has yet been observed. Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that radioactive decay of all isotopes can be detected. Some of these elements, notably bismuth (atomic number 83), thorium (atomic number 90), uranium (atomic number 92) and plutonium (atomic number 94), have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy elements before the formation of our solar system. For example, at over 1.9 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 (atomic number 83) has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAs of 2010, there are 118 known elements (in this context, \\\"known\\\" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements). Of these 118 elements, 94 occur naturally on Earth. Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities: technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and plutonium, number 94. These 94 elements have been detected in the universe at large, in the spectra of stars and also supernovae, where short-lived radioactive elements are newly being made. The first 94 elements have been detected directly on Earth as primordial nuclides present from the formation of the solar system, or as naturally-occurring fission or transmutation products of uranium and thorium.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe remaining 24 heavier elements, not found today either on Earth or in astronomical spectra, have been produced artificially: these are all radioactive, with very short half-lives; if any atoms of these elements were present at the formation of Earth, they are extremely likely, to the point of certainty, to have already decayed, and if present in novae, have been in quantities too small to have been noted. Technetium was the first purportedly non-naturally occurring element synthesized, in 1937, although trace amounts of technetium have since been found in nature (and also the element may have been discovered naturally in 1925). This pattern of artificial production and later natural discovery has been repeated with several other radioactive naturally-occurring rare elements.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nLists of the elements are available by name, by symbol, by atomic number, by density, by melting point, and by boiling point as well as ionization energies of the elements. The nuclides of stable and radioactive elements are also available as a list of nuclides, sorted by length of half-life for those that are unstable. One of the most convenient, and certainly the most traditional presentation of the elements, is in the form of the periodic table, which groups together elements with similar chemical properties (and usually also similar electronic structures).\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAtomic number\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom, and defines the element. For example, all carbon atoms contain 6 protons in their atomic nucleus; so the atomic number of carbon is 6. Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons; atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of the element.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe number of protons in the atomic nucleus also determines its electric charge, which in turn determines the number of electrons of the atom in its non-ionized state. The electrons are placed into atomic orbitals that determine the atom's various chemical properties. The number of neutrons in a nucleus usually has very little effect on an element's chemical properties (except in the case of hydrogen and deuterium). Thus, all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons, even though carbon atoms may, for example, have 6 or 8 neutrons. That is why the atomic number, rather than mass number or atomic weight, is considered the identifying characteristic of a chemical element.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe symbol for atomic number is Z.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nIsotopes\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nIsotopes are atoms of the same element (that is, with the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus), but having different numbers of neutrons. Most (66 of 94) naturally occurring elements have more than one stable isotope. Thus, for example, there are three main isotopes of carbon. All carbon atoms have 6 protons in the nucleus, but they can have either 6, 7, or 8 neutrons. Since the mass numbers of these are 12, 13 and 14 respectively, the three isotopes of carbon are known as carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14, often abbreviated to 12C, 13C, and 14C. Carbon in everyday life and in chemistry is a mixture of 12C (about 98.9%), 13C (about 1.1%) and about 1 atom per trillion of 14C.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nExcept in the case of the isotopes of hydrogen (which differ greatly from each other in relative mass—enough to cause chemical effects), the isotopes of a given element are chemically nearly indistinguishable.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAll of the elements have some isotopes that are radioactive (radioisotopes), although not all of these radioisotopes occur naturally. The radioisotopes typically decay into other elements upon radiating an alpha or beta particle. If an element has isotopes that are not radioactive, these are termed \\\"stable\\\" isotopes. All of the known stable isotopes occur naturally (see primordial isotope). The many radioisotopes that are not found in nature have been characterized after being artificially made. Certain elements have no stable isotopes and are composed only of radioactive isotopes: specifically the elements without any stable isotopes are technetium (atomic number 43), promethium (atomic number 61), and all observed elements with atomic numbers greater than 82.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nOf the 80 elements with at least one stable isotope, 26 have only one single stable isotope. The mean number of stable isotopes for the 80 stable elements is 3.1 stable isotopes per element. The largest number of stable isotopes that occur for a single element is 10 (for tin, element 50).\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nIsotopic mass and atomic mass\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe mass number of an element, A, is the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the atomic nucleus. Different isotopes of a given element are distinguished by their mass numbers, which are conventionally written as a superscript on the left hand side of the atomic symbol (e.g., 238U). The mass number is always a simple whole number and has units of \\\"nucleons.\\\" An example of a referral to a mass number is \\\"magnesium-24,\\\" which is an atom with 24 nucleons (12 protons and 12 neutrons).\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nWhereas the mass number simply counts the total number of neutrons and protons and is thus a natural (or whole) number, the atomic mass of a single atom is a real number for the mass of a particular isotope of the element, the unit being u. In general, when expressed in u it differs in value slightly from the mass number for a given nuclide (or isotope) since the mass of the protons and neutrons is not exactly 1 u, since the electrons contribute a lesser share to the atomic mass as neutron number exceeds proton number, and (finally) because of the nuclear binding energy. For example, the atomic mass of chlorine-35 to five significant digits is 34.969 u and that of chlorine-37 is 36.966 u. However, the atomic mass in u of each isotope is quite close to its simple mass number (always within 1%). The only isotope whose atomic mass is exactly a natural number is 12C, which by definition has a mass of exactly 12, because u is defined as 1/12 of the mass of a free neutral carbon-12 atom in the ground state.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe relative atomic mass (historically and commonly also called \\\"atomic weight\\\") of an element is the average of the atomic masses of all the chemical element's isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance, relative to the atomic mass unit (u). This number may be a fraction that is not close to a whole number, due to the averaging process. For example, the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.453 u, which differs greatly from a whole number due to being made of an average of 76% chlorine-35 and 24% chlorine-37. Whenever a relative atomic mass value differs by more than 1% from a whole number, it is due to this averaging effect resulting from significant amounts of more than one isotope being naturally present in the sample of the element in question.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nChemically pure and isotopically pure\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nChemists and nuclear scientists have different definitions of a pure element. In chemistry, a pure element means a substance whose atoms all (or in practice almost all) have the same atomic number, or number of protons. Nuclear scientists, however, define a pure element as one that consists of only one stable isotope.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nFor example, a copper wire is 99.99% chemically pure if 99.99% of its atoms are copper, with 29 protons each. However it is not isotopically pure since ordinary copper consists of two stable isotopes, 69% 63Cu and 31% 65Cu, with different numbers of neutrons. However, a pure gold ingot would be both chemically and isotopically pure, since ordinary gold consists only of one isotope, 197Au.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAllotropes\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAtoms of chemically pure elements may bond to each other chemically in more than one way, allowing the pure element to exist in multiple structures (spatial arrangements of atoms), known as allotropes, which differ in their properties. For example, carbon can be found as diamond, which has a tetrahedral structure around each carbon atom; graphite, which has layers of carbon atoms with a hexagonal structure stacked on top of each other; graphene, which is a single layer of graphite that is very strong; fullerenes, which have nearly spherical shapes; and carbon nanotubes, which are tubes with a hexagonal structure (even these may differ from each other in electrical properties). The ability of an element to exist in one of many structural forms is known as 'allotropy'.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe standard state, also known as reference state, of an element is defined as its thermodynamically most stable state at 1 bar at a given temperature (typically at 298.15 K). In thermochemistry, an element is defined to have an enthalpy of formation of zero in its standard state. For example, the reference state for carbon is graphite, because the structure of graphite is more stable than that of the other allotropes.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nProperties\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nSeveral kinds of descriptive categorizations can be applied broadly to the elements, including consideration of their general physical and chemical properties, their states of matter under familiar conditions, their melting and boiling points, their densities, their crystal structures as solids, and their origins.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nGeneral properties\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nSeveral terms are commonly used to characterize the general physical and chemical properties of the chemical elements. A first distinction is between metals, which readily conduct electricity, nonmetals, which do not, and a small group, (the metalloids), having intermediate properties and often behaving as semiconductors.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nA more refined classification is often shown in colored presentations of the periodic table. This system restricts the terms \\\"metal\\\" and \\\"nonmetal\\\" to only certain of the more broadly defined metals and nonmetals, adding additional terms for certain sets of the more broadly viewed metals and nonmetals. The version of this classification used in the periodic tables presented here includes: actinides, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, lanthanides, transition metals, post-transition metals, metalloids, polyatomic nonmetals, diatomic nonmetals, and noble gases. In this system, the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals, as well as the lanthanides and the actinides, are special groups of the metals viewed in a broader sense. Similarly, the polyatomic nonmetals, diatomic nonmetals and the noble gases are nonmetals viewed in the broader sense. In some presentations, the halogens are not distinguished, with astatine identified as a metalloid and the others identified as nonmetals.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nStates of matter\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAnother commonly used basic distinction among the elements is their state of matter (phase), whether solid, liquid, or gas, at a selected standard temperature and pressure (STP). Most of the elements are solids at conventional temperatures and atmospheric pressure, while several are gases. Only bromine and mercury are liquids at 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) and normal atmospheric pressure; caesium and gallium are solids at that temperature, but melt at 28.4 °C (83.2 °F) and 29.8 °C (85.6 °F), respectively.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nMelting and boiling points\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nMelting and boiling points, typically expressed in degrees Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere, are commonly used in characterizing the various elements. While known for most elements, either or both of these measurements is still undetermined for some of the radioactive elements available in only tiny quantities. Since helium remains a liquid even at absolute zero at atmospheric pressure, it has only a boiling point, and not a melting point, in conventional presentations.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nDensities\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe density at a selected standard temperature and pressure (STP) is frequently used in characterizing the elements. Density is often expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). Since several elements are gases at commonly encountered temperatures, their densities are usually stated for their gaseous forms; when liquefied or solidified, the gaseous elements have densities similar to those of the other elements.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nWhen an element has allotropes with different densities, one representative allotrope is typically selected in summary presentations, while densities for each allotrope can be stated where more detail is provided. For example, the three familiar allotropes of carbon (amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond) have densities of 1.8–2.1, 2.267, and 3.515 g/cm3, respectively.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nCrystal structures\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe elements studied to date as solid samples have eight kinds of crystal structures: cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, hexagonal, monoclinic, orthorhombic, rhombohedral, and tetragonal. For some of the synthetically produced transuranic elements, available samples have been too small to determine crystal structures.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nOccurrence and origin on Earth\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nChemical elements may also be categorized by their origin on Earth, with the first 94 considered naturally occurring, while those with atomic numbers beyond 94 have only been produced artificially as the synthetic products of man-made nuclear reactions.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nOf the 94 naturally occurring elements, 84 are considered primordial and either stable or weakly radioactive. The remaining 10 naturally occurring elements possess half lives too short for them to have been present at the beginning of the Solar System, and are therefore considered transient elements. (Plutonium is sometimes also considered a transient element because primordial plutonium has by now decayed to almost undetectable traces.) Of these 10 transient elements, 5 (polonium, radon, radium, actinium, and protactinium) are relatively common decay products of thorium, uranium, and plutonium. The remaining 5 transient elements (technetium, promethium, astatine, francium, and neptunium) occur only rarely, as products of rare decay modes or nuclear reaction processes involving uranium or other heavy elements.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nElements with atomic numbers 1 through 40 are all stable, while those with atomic numbers 41 through 82 (except technetium and promethium) are metastable. The half-lives of these metastable \\\"theoretical radionuclides\\\" are so long (at least 100 million times longer than the estimated age of the universe) that their radioactive decay has yet to be detected by experiment. Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that their radioactive decay can be detected. Four of these elements, bismuth (element 83), thorium (element 90), uranium (element 92), and plutonium (element 94), have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy elements before the formation of our solar system. For example, at over 1.9 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with short half-lives and do not occur in nature.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe periodic table\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe properties of the chemical elements are often summarized using the periodic table, which powerfully and elegantly organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows (\\\"periods\\\") in which the columns (\\\"groups\\\") share recurring (\\\"periodic\\\") physical and chemical properties. The current standard table contains 118 confirmed elements as of 10 April 2010.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAlthough earlier precursors to this presentation exist, its invention is generally credited to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, who intended the table to illustrate recurring trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nUse of the periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry, providing an extremely useful framework to classify, systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has also found wide application in physics, geology, biology, materials science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, nutrition, environmental health, and astronomy. Its principles are especially important in chemical engineering.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nNomenclature and symbols\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe various chemical elements are formally identified by their unique atomic numbers, by their accepted names, and by their symbols.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAtomic numbers\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe known elements have atomic numbers from 1 through 118, conventionally presented as Arabic numerals. Since the elements can be uniquely sequenced by atomic number, conventionally from lowest to highest (as in a periodic table), sets of elements are sometimes specified by such notation as \\\"through\\\", \\\"beyond\\\", or \\\"from ... through\\\", as in \\\"through iron\\\", \\\"beyond uranium\\\", or \\\"from lanthanum through lutetium\\\". The terms \\\"light\\\" and \\\"heavy\\\" are sometimes also used informally to indicate relative atomic numbers (not densities), as in \\\"lighter than carbon\\\" or \\\"heavier than lead\\\", although technically the weight or mass of atoms of an element (their atomic weights or atomic masses) do not always increase monotonically with their atomic numbers.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nElement names\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe naming of various substances now known as elements precedes the atomic theory of matter, as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals, metals, compounds, alloys, mixtures, and other materials, although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds. As they were identified as elements, the existing names for anciently-known elements (e.g., gold, mercury, iron) were kept in most countries. National differences emerged over the names of elements either for convenience, linguistic niceties, or nationalism. For a few illustrative examples: German speakers use \\\"Wasserstoff\\\" (water substance) for \\\"hydrogen\\\", \\\"Sauerstoff\\\" (acid substance) for \\\"oxygen\\\" and \\\"Stickstoff\\\" (smothering substance) for \\\"nitrogen\\\", while English and some romance languages use \\\"sodium\\\" for \\\"natrium\\\" and \\\"potassium\\\" for \\\"kalium\\\", and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer \\\"azote/azot/azoto\\\" (from roots meaning \\\"no life\\\") for \\\"nitrogen\\\".\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nFor purposes of international communication and trade, the official names of the chemical elements both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which has decided on a sort of international English language, drawing on traditional English names even when an element's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word, for example adopting \\\"gold\\\" rather than \\\"aurum\\\" as the name for the 79th element (Au). IUPAC prefers the British spellings \\\"aluminium\\\" and \\\"caesium\\\" over the U.S. spellings \\\"aluminum\\\" and \\\"cesium\\\", and the U.S. \\\"sulfur\\\" over the British \\\"sulphur\\\". However, elements that are practical to sell in bulk in many countries often still have locally used national names, and countries whose national language does not use the Latin alphabet are likely to use the IUPAC element names.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAccording to IUPAC, chemical elements are not proper nouns in English; consequently, the full name of an element is not routinely capitalized in English, even if derived from a proper noun, as in californium and einsteinium. Isotope names of chemical elements are also uncapitalized if written out, e.g., carbon-12 or uranium-235. Chemical element symbols (such as Cf for californium and Es for einsteinium), are always capitalized (see below).\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nIn the second half of the twentieth century, physics laboratories became able to produce nuclei of chemical elements with half-lives too short for an appreciable amount of them to exist at any time. These are also named by IUPAC, which generally adopts the name chosen by the discoverer. This practice can lead to the controversial question of which research group actually discovered an element, a question that delayed the naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable amount of time. (See element naming controversy).\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nPrecursors of such controversies involved the nationalistic namings of elements in the late 19th century. For example, lutetium was named in reference to Paris, France. The Germans were reluctant to relinquish naming rights to the French, often calling it cassiopeium. Similarly, the British discoverer of niobium originally named it columbium, in reference to the New World. It was used extensively as such by American publications prior to the international standardization.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nChemical symbols\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nSpecific chemical elements\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nBefore chemistry became a science, alchemists had designed arcane symbols for both metals and common compounds. These were however used as abbreviations in diagrams or procedures; there was no concept of atoms combining to form molecules. With his advances in the atomic theory of matter, John Dalton devised his own simpler symbols, based on circles, to depict molecules.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe current system of chemical notation was invented by Berzelius. In this typographical system, chemical symbols are not mere abbreviations—though each consists of letters of the Latin alphabet. They are intended as universal symbols for people of all languages and alphabets.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe first of these symbols were intended to be fully universal. Since Latin was the common language of science at that time, they were abbreviations based on the Latin names of metals. Cu comes from Cuprum, Fe comes from Ferrum, Ag from Argentum. The symbols were not followed by a period (full stop) as with abbreviations. Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element, but not necessarily in English. For example, sodium has the chemical symbol 'Na' after the Latin natrium. The same applies to \\\"W\\\" (wolfram) for tungsten, \\\"Fe\\\" (ferrum) for iron, \\\"Hg\\\" (hydrargyrum) for mercury, \\\"Sn\\\" (stannum) for tin, \\\"K\\\" (kalium) for potassium, \\\"Au\\\" (aurum) for gold, \\\"Ag\\\" (argentum) for silver, \\\"Pb\\\" (plumbum) for lead, \\\"Cu\\\" (cuprum) for copper, and \\\"Sb\\\" (stibium) for antimony.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nChemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might require translation. There have sometimes been differences in the past. For example, Germans in the past have used \\\"J\\\" (for the alternate name Jod) for iodine, but now use \\\"I\\\" and \\\"Iod\\\".\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized, as in the preceding examples, and the subsequent letters, if any, are always lower case (small letters). Thus, the symbols for californium or einsteinium are Cf and Es.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nGeneral chemical symbols\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThere are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of chemical elements, for example in comparative formulas. These are often a single capital letter, and the letters are reserved and not used for names of specific elements. For example, an \\\"X\\\" indicates a variable group (usually a halogen) in a class of compounds, while \\\"R\\\" is a radical, meaning a compound structure such as a hydrocarbon chain. The letter \\\"Q\\\" is reserved for \\\"heat\\\" in a chemical reaction. \\\"Y\\\" is also often used as a general chemical symbol, although it is also the symbol of yttrium. \\\"Z\\\" is also frequently used as a general variable group. \\\"E\\\" is used in organic chemistry to denote an electron-withdrawing group. \\\"L\\\" is used to represent a general ligand in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. \\\"M\\\" is also often used in place of a general metal.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAt least two additional, two-letter generic chemical symbols are also in informal usage, \\\"Ln\\\" for any lanthanide element and \\\"An\\\" for any actinide element. \\\"Rg\\\" was formerly used for any rare gas element, but the group of rare gases has now been renamed noble gases and the symbol \\\"Rg\\\" has now been assigned to the element roentgenium.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nIsotope symbols\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nIsotopes are distinguished by the atomic mass number (total protons and neutrons) for a particular isotope of an element, with this number combined with the pertinent element's symbol. IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical, for example 12C and 235U. However, other notations, such as carbon-12 and uranium-235, or C-12 and U-235, are also used.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAs a special case, the three naturally occurring isotopes of the element hydrogen are often specified as H for 1H (protium), D for 2H (deuterium), and T for 3H (tritium). This convention is easier to use in chemical equations, replacing the need to write out the mass number for each atom. For example, the formula for heavy water may be written D2O instead of 2H2O.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nOrigin of the elements\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nOnly about 4% of the total mass of the universe is made of atoms or ions, and thus represented by chemical elements. This fraction is about 15% of the total matter, with the remainder of the matter (85%) being dark matter. The nature of dark matter is unknown, but it is not composed of atoms of chemical elements because it contains no protons, neutrons, or electrons. (The remaining non-matter part of the mass of the universe is composed of the even more mysterious dark energy).\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe universe's 94 naturally occurring chemical elements are thought to have been produced by at least four cosmic processes. Most of the hydrogen and helium in the universe was produced primordially in the first few minutes of the Big Bang. Three recurrently occurring later processes are thought to have produced the remaining elements. Stellar nucleosynthesis, an ongoing process, produces all elements from carbon through iron in atomic number, but little lithium, beryllium, or boron. Elements heavier in atomic number than iron, as heavy as uranium and plutonium, are produced by explosive nucleosynthesis in supernovas and other cataclysmic cosmic events. Cosmic ray spallation (fragmentation) of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen is important to the production of lithium, beryllium and boron.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nDuring the early phases of the Big Bang, nucleosynthesis of hydrogen nuclei resulted in the production of hydrogen-1 (protium, 1H) and helium-4 (4He), as well as a smaller amount of deuterium (2H) and very minuscule amounts (on the order of 10−10) of lithium and beryllium. Even smaller amounts of boron may have been produced in the Big Bang, since it has been observed in some very old stars, while carbon has not. It is generally agreed that no heavier elements than boron were produced in the Big Bang. As a result, the primordial abundance of atoms (or ions) consisted of roughly 75% 1H, 25% 4He, and 0.01% deuterium, with only tiny traces of lithium, beryllium, and perhaps boron. Subsequent enrichment of galactic halos occurred due to stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis. However, the element abundance in intergalactic space can still closely resemble primordial conditions, unless it has been enriched by some means.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nOn Earth (and elsewhere), trace amounts of various elements continue to be produced from other elements as products of natural transmutation processes. These include some produced by cosmic rays or other nuclear reactions (see cosmogenic and nucleogenic nuclides), and others produced as decay products of long-lived primordial nuclides. For example, trace (but detectable) amounts of carbon-14 (14C) are continually produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms, and argon-40 (40Ar) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium-40 (40K). Also, three primordially occurring but radioactive actinides, thorium, uranium, and plutonium, decay through a series of recurrently produced but unstable radioactive elements such as radium and radon, which are transiently present in any sample of these metals or their ores or compounds. Three other radioactive elements, technetium, promethium, and neptunium, occur only incidentally in natural materials, produced as individual atoms by natural fission of the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nHuman technology has produced various additional elements beyond these first 94, with those through atomic number 118 now known.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAbundance\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe following graph (note log scale) shows the abundance of elements in our solar system. The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in parts per million, by mass. Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. As physical laws and processes appear common throughout the visible universe, however, scientist expect that these galaxies evolved elements in similar abundance.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe abundance of elements in the Solar System is in keeping with their origin from nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang and a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, but the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by the breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays). Beginning with carbon, elements are produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). In general, such elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovas. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with their atomic number.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean, and in various types of life. The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from that in the Solar system (as seen in the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements (hydrogen and helium) and also volatile neon, carbon (as hydrocarbons), nitrogen and sulfur, as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system. Oxygen, the most abundant Earth element by mass, is retained on Earth by combination with silicon. Aluminum at 8% by mass is more common in the Earth's crust than in the universe and solar system, but the composition of the far more bulky mantle, which has magnesium and iron in place of aluminum (which occurs there only at 2% of mass) more closely mirrors the elemental composition of the solar system, save for the noted loss of volatile elements to space, and loss of iron which has migrated to the Earth's core.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe composition of the human body, by contrast, more closely follows the composition of seawater—save that the human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids, together with phosphorus in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. Certain kinds of organisms require particular additional elements, for example the magnesium in chlorophyll in green plants, the calcium in mollusc shells, or the iron in the hemoglobin in vertebrate animals' red blood cells.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nEvolving definitions\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe concept of an \\\"element\\\" as an undivisible substance has developed through three major historical phases: Classical definitions (such as those of the ancient Greeks), chemical definitions, and atomic definitions.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nClassical definitions\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAncient philosophy posited a set of classical elements to explain observed patterns in nature. These elements originally referred to earth, water, air and fire rather than the chemical elements of modern science.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe term 'elements' (stoicheia) was first used by the Greek philosopher Plato in about 360 BCE in his dialogue Timaeus, which includes a discussion of the composition of inorganic and organic bodies and is a speculative treatise on chemistry. Plato believed the elements introduced a century earlier by Empedocles were composed of small polyhedral forms: tetrahedron (fire), octahedron (air), icosahedron (water), and cube (earth).\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAristotle, c. 350 BCE, also used the term stoicheia and added a fifth element called aether, which formed the heavens. Aristotle defined an element as:\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nChemical definitions\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nIn 1661, Robert Boyle proposed his theory of corpuscularism which favoured the analysis of matter as constituted by irreducible units of matter (atoms) and, choosing to side with neither Aristotle's view of the four elements nor Paracelsus' view of three fundamental elements, left open the question of the number of elements. The first modern list of chemical elements was given in Antoine Lavoisier's 1789 Elements of Chemistry, which contained thirty-three elements, including light and caloric. By 1818, Jöns Jakob Berzelius had determined atomic weights for forty-five of the forty-nine then-accepted elements. Dmitri Mendeleev had sixty-six elements in his periodic table of 1869.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nFrom Boyle until the early 20th century, an element was defined as a pure substance that could not be decomposed into any simpler substance. Put another way, a chemical element cannot be transformed into other chemical elements by chemical processes. Elements during this time were generally distinguished by their atomic weights, a property measurable with fair accuracy by available analytical techniques.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nAtomic definitions\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe 1913 discovery by English physicist Henry Moseley that the nuclear charge is the physical basis for an atom's atomic number, further refined when the nature of protons and neutrons became appreciated, eventually led to the current definition of an element based on atomic number (number of protons per atomic nucleus). The use of atomic numbers, rather than atomic weights, to distinguish elements has greater predictive value (since these numbers are integers), and also resolves some ambiguities in the chemistry-based view due to varying properties of isotopes and allotropes within the same element. Currently, IUPAC defines an element to exist if it has isotopes with a lifetime longer than the 10−14 seconds it takes the nucleus to form an electronic cloud.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nBy 1914, seventy-two elements were known, all naturally occurring. The remaining naturally occurring elements were discovered or isolated in subsequent decades, and various additional elements have also been produced synthetically, with much of that work pioneered by Glenn T. Seaborg. In 1955, element 101 was discovered and named mendelevium in honor of D.I. Mendeleev, the first to arrange the elements in a periodic manner. Most recently, the synthesis of element 118 was reported in October 2006, and the synthesis of element 117 was reported in April 2010.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nDiscovery and recognition of various elements\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nTen materials familiar to various prehistoric cultures are now known to be chemical elements: Carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, tin, and zinc. Three additional materials now accepted as elements, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, were recognized as distinct substances prior to 1500 AD. Phosphorus, cobalt, and platinum were isolated before 1750.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nMost of the remaining naturally occurring chemical elements were identified and characterized by 1900, including:\\n* Such now-familiar industrial materials as aluminium, silicon, nickel, chromium, magnesium, and tungsten\\n* Reactive metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, and calcium\\n* The halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine\\n* Gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, helium, argon, and neon\\n* Most of the rare-earth elements, including cerium, lanthanum, gadolinium, and neodymium.\\n* The more common radioactive elements, including uranium, thorium, radium, and radon\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nElements isolated or produced since 1900 include:\\n* The three remaining undiscovered regularly occurring stable natural elements: hafnium, lutetium, and rhenium\\n* Plutonium, which was first produced synthetically in 1940 by Glenn T. Seaborg, but is now also known from a few long-persisting natural occurrences\\n* The three incidentally occurring natural elements (neptunium, promethium, and technetium), which were all first produced synthetically but later discovered in trace amounts in certain geological samples\\n* Three scarce decay products of uranium or thorium, (astatine, francium, and protactinium), and\\n* Various synthetic transuranic elements, beginning with americium and curium\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nRecently discovered elements\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe first transuranium element (element with atomic number greater than 92) discovered was neptunium in 1940. Since 1999 claims for the discovery of new elements have been considered by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party. As of January 2016, all 118 elements have been confirmed as discovered by IUPAC. The discovery of element 112 was acknowledged in 2009, and the name copernicium and the atomic symbol Cn were suggested for it. The name and symbol were officially endorsed by IUPAC on 19 February 2010. The heaviest element that is believed to have been synthesized to date is element 118, ununoctium, on 9 October 2006, by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia. Element 117 was the latest element claimed to be discovered, in 2009. IUPAC officially recognized flerovium and livermorium, elements 114 and 116, in June 2011 and approved their names in May 2012. In December 2015, IUPAC recognized elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, and announced the elements' proposed final names on 8 June 2016. The names, nihonium (113, Nh), moscovium (115, Mc), tennessine (117, Ts), and oganesson (118, Og), are expected to be approved by the end of 2016.\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nList of the 118 known chemical elements\",\n \"Chemical element\\n\\nThe following sortable table includes the 118 known chemical elements, with the names linking to the Wikipedia articles on each.\\n* Atomic number, name, and symbol all serve independently as unique identifiers.\\n* Names are those accepted by IUPAC; provisional names for recently produced elements not yet formally named are in parentheses.\\n* Group, period, and block refer to an element's position in the periodic table. Group numbers here show the currently accepted numbering; for older alternate numberings, see Group (periodic table).\\n* State of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) applies at standard temperature and pressure conditions (STP).\\n* Occurrence distinguishes naturally occurring elements, categorized as either primordial or transient (from decay), and additional synthetic elements that have been produced technologically, but are not known to occur naturally.\\n* Description summarizes an element's properties using the broad categories commonly presented in periodic tables: Actinide, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, lanthanide, post-transition metal, metalloid, noble gas, polyatomic or diatomic nonmetal, and transition metal.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nIn chemistry and physics, the atomic number of a chemical element (also known as its proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus. It is conventionally represented by the symbol Z. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nThe atomic number, Z, should not be confused with the mass number, A, which is the number of nucleons, the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The number of neutrons, N, is known as the neutron number of the atom; thus, A = Z + N (these quantities are always whole numbers). Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in unified atomic mass units (making a quantity called the \\\"relative isotopic mass\\\"), is roughly (to within 1%) equal to the whole number A.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nAtoms with the same atomic number Z but different neutron numbers N, and hence different atomic masses, are known as isotopes. A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight. Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nThe conventional symbol Z comes from the German word meaning number/numeral/figure, which, prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order is approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights. Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word (and its English equivalent atomic number) come into common use in this context.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nThe periodic table and a natural number for each element\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nLoosely speaking, the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements, and so they can be numbered in order.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nDmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables in order of atomic weight (\\\"Atomgewicht\\\"). However, in consideration of the elements' observed chemical properties, he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium (atomic weight 127.6) ahead of iodine (atomic weight 126.9). This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number, Z, but that number was not known or suspected at the time.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nA simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory, however. Besides the case of iodine and tellurium, later several other pairs of elements (such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties. However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whose atomic number was not obvious, led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium (element 71) onwards (hafnium was not known at this time).\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nThe Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nIn 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms. This central charge would thus be approximately half the atomic weight (though it was almost 25% different from the atomic number of gold (Z 79, A \\n 197), the single element from which Rutherford made his guess). Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 (but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table (also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z). This proved eventually to be the case.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nMoseley's 1913 experiment\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nThe experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913. Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of Z.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nTo do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminum (Z 13) to gold (Z \\n 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube. The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression. This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i.e. the element number Z. Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members—no fewer and no more—which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nThe proton and the idea of nuclear electrons\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nIn 1915 the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z, which were now recognized to be the same as the element number, was not understood. An old idea called Prout's hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues (or \\\"protyles\\\") of the lightest element hydrogen, which in the Bohr-Rutherford model had a single electron and a nuclear charge of one. However, as early as 1907 Rutherford and Thomas Royds had shown that alpha particles, which had a charge of +2, were the nuclei of helium atoms, which had a mass four times that of hydrogen, not two times. If Prout's hypothesis were true, something had to be neutralizing some of the charge of the hydrogen nuclei present in the nuclei of heavier atoms.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nIn 1917 Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear reaction between alpha particles and nitrogen gas, and believed he had proven Prout's law. He called the new heavy nuclear particles protons in 1920 (alternate names being proutons and protyles). It had been immediately apparent from the work of Moseley that the nuclei of heavy atoms have more than twice as much mass as would be expected from their being made of hydrogen nuclei, and thus there was required a hypothesis for the neutralization of the extra protons presumed present in all heavy nuclei. A helium nucleus was presumed to be composed of four protons plus two \\\"nuclear electrons\\\" (electrons bound inside the nucleus) to cancel two of the charges. At the other end of the periodic table, a nucleus of gold with a mass 197 times that of hydrogen, was thought to contain 118 nuclear electrons in the nucleus to give it a residual charge of + 79, consistent with its atomic number.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nThe discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nAll consideration of nuclear electrons ended with James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932. An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons, and its positive charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79 protons. After 1932, therefore, an element's atomic number Z was also realized to be identical to the proton number of its nuclei.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nThe symbol of Z\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nThe conventional symbol Z possibly comes from the German word (atomic number). However, prior to 1915, the word Zahl (simply number) was used for an element's assigned number in the periodic table.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nChemical properties\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nEach element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is Z (the atomic number). The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. Hence, it is the atomic number alone that determines the chemical properties of an element; and it is for this reason that an element can be defined as consisting of any mixture of atoms with a given atomic number.\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nNew elements\",\n \"Atomic number\\n\\nThe quest for new elements is usually described using atomic numbers. As of 2010, elements with atomic numbers 1 to 118 have been observed. Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions, such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created. In general, the half-life becomes shorter as atomic number increases, though an \\\"island of stability\\\" may exist for undiscovered isotopes with certain numbers of protons and neutrons.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":1379,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":138384,"offset":137900,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSIsImtpZCI6IjVHZDBvd0g5MTM2eDZjc1FvbE1zcktNWUZoRVFoUm5PVVVybEpjOUhaUEEifQ.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc4OTc5NjEzOSwianRpIjoiYjljOTBkYjktNjEyYi00MGZiLWJiYWQtYzk1ZjJlMTc5NjU3Iiwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL01lbW9yeUFzTW9kYWxpdHkvVHJpdmlhUUEiLCJleHAiOjE3ODk3OTk3MzksImlzcyI6Imh0dHBzOi8vaHVnZ2luZ2ZhY2UuY28ifQ.IMVtV66DHK4tJRGM31WT6Q03Ag1jgBLUC8YcolRgcGoDeYjnTHBeiNqxYtpKd-_bCQ39uC4KjtPcnGpB1juXCA","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":138384,"numBytesParquet":4149441207},{"config":"default","split":"validation","numRows":17944,"numBytesParquet":531588839},{"config":"default","split":"test","numRows":17210,"numBytesParquet":506953567}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
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qg_3751 | Consisting of a metal bob, or ring, and a strike plate, what ornamental door furniture is used in place of a door bell? | Door knocker | [
"door knockers",
"doorknocker",
"door knocker"
] | [
"Door furniture\n\nDoor furniture (British and Australian English) or door hardware (North American English) refers to any of the items that are attached to a door or a drawer to enhance its functionality or appearance.",
"Door furniture\n\nDesign of door furniture is an issue to disabled persons who might have ... |
qg_3752 | What Rocky Mountains range forms part of the border between Idaho and Wyoming, and created the valley known as Jackson Hole? | Tetons | [
"tetons",
"teton mountain range",
"teton range",
"teton mountains",
"grand tetons",
"grand teton mountains"
] | [
"Rocky Mountains\n\nThe Rocky Mountains, commonly known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3000 mi from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States. Within the North American Co... |
qg_3757 | Formerly used in navigation, and now a tool used in surveying, a theodolite is used to measure what? | Angles | [
"angles",
"anglii",
"angles people",
"angle tribe",
"angili",
"angli",
"angles tribe"
] | [
"Surveying\n\nSurveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and the... |
qg_3759 | Played by Paul Marcarelli, the Verizon test man would end each advertisement by picking up a phone and asking what question? | Can you hear me now? | [
"can you hear me now"
] | [
"Paul Marcarelli\n\nPaul Marcarelli is an American actor best known as the ubiquitous \"Test Man\" character in commercials (\"Can you hear me now?\") for Verizon Wireless. He appeared in all of his Verizon commercials wearing a gray Verizon jacket and his own horn-rimmed glasses until 2011. He now appears as a sp... |
qg_3760 | Spelunking is the recreational pastime of exploring what? | Caves | [
"dripstone cave",
"caves",
"river cave",
"primary caves",
"collapse cave",
"cave complex",
"sacred cave",
"cave natural",
"collapse cavern",
"dry cave",
"cave systems",
"world s deepest cave",
"cave records",
"natural caves",
"cave",
"caverns",
"cave system",
"water cave",
"caver... | [
"Caving\n\nCaving — also traditionally known as spelunking in the United States and Canada and potholing in the United Kingdom and Ireland — is the recreational pastime of exploring wild (generally non-commercial) cave systems. In contrast, speleology is the scientific study of caves and the cave environment.",
"... |
qg_3762 | Prohibition era gangster Al Capone was convicted of what crime on Oct 17, 1931, and subsequent sentenced to 11 years in federal prison? | Tax evasion | [
"tax evasion",
"income tax evasion",
"tax fraud schemes",
"tax evasion investigations",
"evasion of tax",
"income tax fraud",
"tax fraud",
"tax evader",
"fiscal fraud"
] | [
"Al Capone\n\nAlphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (; January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who attained fame during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. His seven-year reign as crime boss ended when he was 33 years old.",
"Al Capone\n\nCapone was born in the bor... |
qg_3763 | Known as the Peace Garden State or the Roughrider State, what was the 39th state to join the Union on November 2, 1889? | North Dakota | [
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"transport in north dakota",
"culture of north dakota",
"dakota del norte",
"39th state",
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"north dacota",
"education in north dakota",
"north dakota united states",
"n dakota",
... | [
"North Dakota\n\nNorth Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.",
"North Dakota\n\nIt is located in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north, Minnesota to ... |
qg_3764 | What is the general classification for trees that lose their leaves every autumn? | Deciduous | [
"deciduous plants",
"deciduous leaves",
"deciduous forests",
"deciduous tree",
"decidual tree",
"deciduous vegetation",
"deciduous plant",
"deciduous",
"decidious",
"decidious tree",
"delicious tree",
"deciduous trees",
"deciduous forest",
"deciduousness",
"leaf fall"
] | [
"Tree\n\nIn botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified height. Trees ar... |
qg_3765 | "Om nom nom nom" is one of the favorite phrases of which Sesame Street character, known for his voracious appetite? | Cookie Monster | [
"pingkan kuaishou",
"cookiee monster",
"kaa ki",
"om nom",
"ugifletzet",
"om nom nom",
"baby cookie monster",
"koekiemonster",
"餅乾怪獸",
"kakmonstret",
"krümelmonster",
"triki",
"om nom nom nom",
"sid sesame street",
"baby cookie",
"cookie monster",
"kruemelmonster",
"kakemonsteret",... | [
"Cookie Monster\n\nCookie Monster is a Muppet on the long-running children's television show Sesame Street. He is best known for his voracious appetite and his famous eating phrases, such as \"Me want cookie!\" \"Me eat cookie!\" and \"Om nom nom nom\" (said through a mouth full of food). He often eats just about a... |
qg_3769 | A member of the family Characidae, the omnivorous freshwater fish known as the piranha is native to the waters of which continent? | South America | [
"south america",
"south amerika",
"américa do sul",
"south america region",
"south american capital cities",
"southern america",
"prehistory of south america",
"south america continent",
"america do sul",
"south americas",
"southamerica",
"southamericans",
"south american",
"south american... | [
"Characidae\n\nCharacidae, the characids or characins is a family of freshwater subtropical and tropical fish, belonging to the order Characiformes. The name \"characins\" is the historical one, but scientists today tend to prefer \"characids\" to reflect their status as a by and large monophyletic group at family... |
qg_3771 | On October 18, 1867, the US took possession of Alaska, following its purchase from what country? | Russia | [
"российская федерация",
"русија",
"ресей",
"northern russia",
"novaya russia",
"russie",
"арассыыйа",
"russsia",
"урысей",
"россии",
"russian federation",
"ородой холбооной улас",
"russia 1990 1993",
"росси́йская федера́ция",
"росси́я",
"оьрсийн федераций",
"аьрасат",
"урыстәыла",
... | [
"Alaska\n\nAlaska is a U.S. state situated in the northwest extremity of the Americas. The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east; it has a maritime border with Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas–the south... |
qg_3773 | October 20, 1944, saw General Douglas MacArthur fulfill his famous "I shall return" promise when he landed where? | Philippines | [
"etymology of philippines",
"philippinan",
"philippines colonial history",
"legazpi boulevard",
"pilipinas",
"republic of philippines",
"pinas country",
"islas de filipinas",
"philippine archipelago",
"filipino republic",
"islas filipinas",
"philiphines",
"fillipines",
"phillipine",
"phi... | [
"Douglas MacArthur\n\n\"General MacArthur\" and \"Douglas McArthur\" redirect here. For the Canadian politician, see Douglas Francis McArthur. For the diplomat, see Douglas MacArthur II. For other uses, see General MacArthur (disambiguation).",
"Douglas MacArthur\n\nDouglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 - 5 April 19... |
qg_3774 | What famous brand of shortening gets its name from the phrase crystallized cottonseed oil? | Crisco | [
"crisco",
"kream krisp"
] | [
"Cottonseed oil\n\nCottonseed oil is a cooking oil extracted from the seeds of cotton plants of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum, that are grown for cotton fiber, animal feed, and oil.",
"Cottonseed oil\n\nCotton seed has a similar structure to other oilseeds such as sunflower se... |
qg_3775 | Although he pines for the little red haired girl, which Peanuts character, who has an October birthday, has a crush on Charlie Brown? | Peppermint Patty | [
"sir peanuts",
"peppermint patty",
"rare gem",
"patricia reichardt",
"patricia 22peppermint patty 22 reichardt",
"peppermint patty peanuts",
"pepperment patty"
] | [
"Little Red-Haired Girl\n\nThe Little Red-Haired Girl is an unseen character in the Peanuts comic strip by Charles M. Schulz, who serves as the object of Charlie Brown's affection, and a symbol of unrequited love. While never seen in the strip, she appears onscreen in several television specials, in which her name ... |
qg_3777 | A cultural, retail, manufacturing, health care, and educational hub for the region, what is the most populous city in all of North Dakota? | Fargo | [
"fargo",
"fargo disambiguation"
] | [
"North Dakota\n\nNorth Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.",
"North Dakota\n\nIt is located in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north, Minnesota to ... |
qg_3778 | Although rarely used, what is the internet top-level domain for America? | .us | [
"md us",
"in us",
"la us",
"fl us",
"wy us",
"tx us",
"pa us",
"ut us",
"nh us",
"nv us",
"mo us",
"az us",
"tn us",
"ne us",
"al us",
"dot us",
"nc us",
"sc us",
"wa us",
"co us",
"ky us",
"nd us",
"ri us",
"wv us",
"dc us",
"wi us",
"ny us",
"de us",
"ar us"... | [
"Library\n\nA library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both. A library's collection can include book... |
qg_3779 | What super hero, born Steve Rogers, wields a shield made of vibranium alloy? | Captain America | [
"weapon i",
"super soldier formula",
"captain armenia",
"captain america marvel comics",
"captain america s weird tales",
"capt america",
"captain america sentinel of liberty",
"operation rebirth",
"captian america serial",
"captain steve rogers",
"steve rogers marvel comics",
"captain america... | [
"Superhero\n\nIn modern popular fiction, a superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero) is a type of costumed heroic character who possesses supernatural or superhuman powers and who is dedicated to fighting crime, protecting the public, and usually battling supervillains. A female superhero is sometimes... |
qg_3781 | "More saving. More doing." is the current advertising slogan for what home improvement behemoth? | The Home Depot | [
"homedepot com",
"home decorators collection",
"homer tlc inc",
"your other warehouse",
"home depot usa inc",
"homer tlc",
"homedepo",
"home depot u s inc",
"home depot canada",
"home depot usa",
"expo design center",
"homo depot",
"home depo",
"home depot system breach",
"homedepotespan... | [
"The Home Depot\n\nThe Home Depot (referred to in some countries and often in colloquial speech simply as Home Depot) is a home improvement supplies superstore that sells tools, construction products and services.",
"The Home Depot\n\nIt operates many big-box format stores across the United States (including all... |
qg_3782 | What is the nickname for the sports teams from Western Washington University, the pride of Bellingham? | Vikings | [
"viking architecture",
"viking children",
"vikinger",
"wicing",
"viking",
"first viking age",
"vikings in popular culture",
"vikingerne",
"northern ark",
"viking behavior",
"vikings",
"norse men",
"danish vikings",
"vikings norsemen",
"viking age archaeology",
"vikingz"
] | [
"Western Washington University\n\nWestern Washington University (WWU or Western) is one of six public universities in the U.S. state of Washington. It is located in Bellingham, and is the northernmost university in the contiguous United States. WWU was founded as the state-funded New Whatcom Normal School in 1893, ... |
qg_3784 | What is the name for the common alloy of silver that consists of 92.5% by mass of silver and 7.5% by mass of other metals, usually copper? | Sterling silver | [
"925 sterling silver",
"sterling silver"
] | [
"Alloy\n\nAn alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined sto... |
qg_3785 | Describing a verb used as a noun, a gerund must end in what letters? | ING | [
"ing bank eurasia",
"electric orange",
"ingyournumber",
"internationale nederlanden group",
"ing groep n v",
"security life of denver insurance company",
"reliastar life insurance company",
"ing groep naamloze vennootschap",
"ing nl",
"equitable of iowa",
"equitable life insurance company of iow... | [
"Gerund\n\nGerund ( or) is a term for a verb form that functions as a noun. In English, the term has been applied to -ing forms in certain uses. Traditional grammar made a distinction within -ing forms between present participles and gerunds, a distinction that is not observed in such modern linguistically-informed... |
qg_3786 | Now owned by Kellogg, Wally Amos started the Famous Amos company in 1975 to produce what? | Chocolate Chip Cookies | [
"toll house cookies",
"chocolate chip cookie recipes",
"tollhouse cookie",
"chocolate chip cookies",
"tollhouse cookies",
"toll house cookie",
"nestlé toll house",
"chocolate chip biscuit",
"chocolate chip cookie",
"tollhousecookie"
] | [
"Wally Amos\n\nWallace \"Wally\" Amos, Jr. (born July 1, 1936) is an American TV personality, entrepreneur and author from Tallahassee, Florida. He is the founder of the \"Famous Amos\" chocolate chip cookie brand. He also was the host of the adult reading program, Learn To Read. He later co-founded Uncle Wally's ... |
qg_3787 | Old Ironsides, so called because cannon balls seemed to bounce off her sides, is the nickname for what famous frigate, launched on Oct 21, 1797? | USS Constitution | [
"uss constitution 1797",
"usf constitution",
"uss constitution ix 21",
"ship constitution",
"u s s constitution",
"old constitution",
"uss old constitution",
"constitution vessel",
"uss constitution"
] | [
"USS Constitution\n\nUSS Constitution is a wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy, named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America. Constitution is the oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world. Constitution was launched in 1797, one of... |
qg_3788 | October 21, 1833 saw the birth of what Swedish chemist, engineer, and inventor, responsible for creating dynamite? | Alfred Nobel | [
"alfred bernhard nobel",
"list of inventions by alfred nobel",
"alfred b nobel",
"nobel alfred bernhard",
"alfred nobel s",
"alfred nobel"
] | [
"Dynamite\n\nDynamite is an explosive made of nitroglycerin, sorbents (such as powdered shells or clay) and stabilizers. It was invented by the Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in Geesthacht, and patented in 1867. It rapidly gained wide-scale use as a safer alternative to gun powder and nitroglycerin.",
... |
qg_3791 | The leading agricultural machinery manufacture in the world, which company uses a distinctive shade of bright green paint with yellow trim for its' products? | John Deere | [
"green magazine",
"john deere",
"john deere harvester works",
"john deere company",
"deere and company",
"deere company",
"john deere and co",
"deere co",
"charles deere"
] | [
"John Deere\n\nDeere & Company (brand name John Deere) is an American corporation that manufactures agricultural, construction, and forestry machinery, diesel engines, drivetrains (axles, transmissions, gearboxes) used in heavy equipment, and lawn care equipment. In 2014, it was listed as 80th in the Fortune 500 Am... |
qg_3793 | What is the name of the sugar found in milk? | Lactose | [
"lactobiose",
"milk sugar",
"lactose"
] | [
"Sugar\n\nSugar is the generalized name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are various types of sugar derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose (also known as dextr... |
qg_3795 | Oct 21, 1797 saw the launch of what famous frigate, the world's oldest commissioned warship, in Boston Harbor? | USS Constitution | [
"uss constitution 1797",
"usf constitution",
"uss constitution ix 21",
"ship constitution",
"u s s constitution",
"old constitution",
"uss old constitution",
"constitution vessel",
"uss constitution"
] | [
"Frigate\n\nA frigate is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries.",
"Frigate\n\nIn the 17th century, this term was used for any warship built for speed and maneuverability, the description often used being \"frigate-built\". These... |
qg_3797 | What American boxer, who celebrated his birthday on Monday, is the first in history to win 5 world titles in 5 different weight classes, and was nicknamed The Motor City Cobra or The Hitman? | Thomas Hearns | [
"thomas hearns",
"thomas 22the hitman 22 hearns",
"tommy hearns",
"hitman hearns"
] | [
"Boxing\n\nBoxing is a martial art and combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring.",
"Boxing\n\nAmateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth sport and is a common fixture in most international games—it also has its ... |
qg_3800 | What English poet, founder of the Romantic Movement (along with William Wordsworth), wrote such works as Kubla Khan and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner? | Samuel Taylor Coleridge | [
"silas tomkyn comberbache",
"samuel taylor coleridge",
"coleridegy",
"samuel t coleridge",
"coleridgean",
"samuel coleridge",
"samuel tayler coleridge",
"s t coleridge",
"sarah fricker"
] | [
"English poetry\n\nThis article focuses on poetry written in English from the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (and Ireland before 1922). However, though the whole of Ireland was politically part of the United Kingdom between January 1801 and December 1922, it can be controversial to ... |
qg_3801 | Knitting uses needles. What does crochet use? | Hooks | [
"hooks disambiguation",
"hooks"
] | [
"Knitting\n\nKnitting is a method by which yarn is manipulated to create a textile or fabric.",
"Knitting\n\nKnitting creates multiple loops of yarn, called stitches, in a line or tube. Knitting has multiple active stitches on the needle at one time. Knitted fabric consists of a number of consecutive rows of inte... |
qg_3802 | According to the nursery rhyme, who's pocket did Kitty Fisher find? | Lucy Locket | [
"lucy locket"
] | [
"Kitty Fisher\n\nKitty Fisher (1741–1767) was a prominent British courtesan. From her teen years onwards, Fisher carefully developed her public image, which was boosted by attention from Sir Joshua Reynolds and other artists. By emphasizing Fisher's beauty, audacity, and charm, portraits and newspaper and magazine ... |
qg_3803 | The surveying for the Mason-Dixon line was complete on Oct 18, 1767. Which two states does the line separate? | Maryland and Pennsylvania | [
"maryland and pennsylvania"
] | [
"Mason–Dixon line\n\nThe Mason–Dixon line, also called Mason's and Dixon's line, was surveyed between 1763 and 1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in the resolution of a border dispute involving Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware in Colonial America. It is still a demarcation line among four U.S. states, for... |
qg_3804 | What male singing voice lies between bass and tenor? | Baritone | [
"list of famous baritones",
"baritones",
"baratone",
"baripsaltes",
"bariclamans",
"baricanor",
"kavalierbariton",
"bariton baryton martin",
"dramatic baritone",
"lyric baritone",
"verdi baritone",
"barritone",
"baryton noble",
"bel canto coloratura baritone",
"barotone",
"baritone"
] | [
"Singing\n\nSinging is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist. Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or with... |
qg_3805 | How many sides does a rhombus have? | 4 | [
"four"
] | [
"Edge (geometry)\n\nFor edge in graph theory, see Edge (graph theory)\nIn geometry, an edge is a particular type of line segment joining two vertices in a polygon, polyhedron, or higher-dimensional polytope. In a polygon, an edge is a line segment on the boundary, and is often called a side. In a polyhedron or mo... |
qg_3807 | What's missing: Woods, putters, chippers | Irons | [
"irons surname",
"irons",
"irons disambiguation"
] | [
"Golf club\n\nA golf club is a club used to hit a golf ball in a game of golf. Each club is composed of a shaft with a grip and a club head. Woods are mainly used for long-distance fairway or tee shots; irons, the most versatile class, are used for a variety of shots; hybrids that combine design elements of woods a... |
qg_3815 | "I Like Ike" was the campaign slogan for what eventual US president? | Eisenhower | [
"dwight eisenhauer",
"dwight eisenhower",
"dwight eisienhower",
"dwight d eisenhower",
"general dwight david eisenhower",
"general eisenhower",
"eisenhower dwight",
"d eisenhower",
"eisenhower",
"david d eisenhower",
"d d eisenhower",
"34th president of united states",
"general of army dwigh... | [
"Draft Eisenhower movement\n\nThe Draft Eisenhower movement was the first successful political draft of the 20th century to take a private citizen to the Oval Office. It was a widespread American grassroots political movement that eventually persuaded Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for President. The movement culminat... |
qg_3816 | Usually made of wood or plastic, what is the name for the tool which billiard players use to organize their balls at the beginning of a game? | Rack | [
"rack",
"racks",
"rack disambiguation",
"racks disambiguation"
] | [
"Cue sports\n\nCue sports (sometimes written cuesports), also known as billiard sports, are a wide variety of games of skill generally played with a cue stick which is used to strike billiard balls, moving them around a cloth-covered billiards table bounded by rubber .",
"Cue sports\n\nHistorically, the umbrella... |
qg_3818 | Oct 20, 1977 saw a plane crash that killed Ronnie Van Zant, Steve Gaines, Cassie Gaines, Dean Kilpatrick and the pilot and co-pilot, ripping the heart out of what Southern band? | Lynyrd Skynyrd | [
"links skinnard",
"lynyrd skynrd",
"lynrd skynrd",
"lynard skynard",
"linnard skinnard",
"leonard skinnerd",
"skynard",
"lynyrd",
"leonard skynyrd",
"lynrd skynyrd",
"leonard skinner band",
"skynyrd",
"my backyard",
"lynryd skynyrd",
"lynyrd skynyrd",
"leonard skynard",
"honkettes",
... | [
"Ronnie Van Zant\n\nRonald Wayne \"Ronnie\" Van Zant (January 15, 1948 – October 20, 1977) was an American lead vocalist, primary lyricist, and a founding member of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. He was the older brother of current Lynyrd Skynyrd lead vocalist Johnny Van Zant, and of the founder and vocalis... |
qg_3824 | What walks down stairs, alone or in pairs, and makes a slinkity sound? A spring, a spring, a marvelous thing! Everyone knows it's? | Slinky | [
"slinkey",
"slinky jingle",
"slinkie",
"slinky",
"slinki",
"slinkee"
] | [
"Slinky\n\nSlinky is a toy; a precompressed helical spring invented by Richard James in the early 1940s. It can perform a number of tricks, including travelling down a flight of steps end-over-end as it stretches and re-forms itself with the aid of gravity and its own momentum, or appear to levitate for a period of... |
qg_3825 | Sunday marks the anniversary of the introduction of the game-changing IPod. In what year was it introduced? | 2001 | [
"two thousand and one"
] | [
"IPod\n\nThe iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are th... |
qg_3827 | With a length of up to 10 feet, what name is given to the largest of concert pianos? | Grand Piano | [
"pianie",
"classical piano",
"acoustic piano",
"vertical piano",
"black key",
"vertical pianoforte",
"grand pianoforte",
"piano music",
"upright pianoforte",
"pianino",
"upright piano",
"baby grand piano",
"pianoforte",
"pianos",
"piano construction",
"piano",
"piano keys",
"parts ... | [
"Piano\n\nThe piano is a musical instrument played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys (small levers) that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands. Invented in about 1700 (the exact date is uncertain), the piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and pop... |
qg_3829 | A viscous byproduct from its manufacture, what is the syrup drained from raw sugar called? | Molasses | [
"molassess",
"melaço",
"blackstrap molasses",
"black treacle",
"fancy molasses",
"black strap molasses",
"molases",
"black strap",
"molasses",
"blackstrap"
] | [
"By-product\n\nA by-product is a secondary product derived from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction. It is not the primary product or service being produced. In the context of production, a by-product is the 'output from a joint production process that is minor in quantity and/or net realizable value (NRV)... |
qg_3831 | Who, or what, would you typically find inside a Habitrail? | Mice or hamsters | [
"mice or hamsters"
] | [
"Habitrail\n\nHabitrail, a product made by the Hagen corporation, is a series of translucent plastic tubes and \"houses\" for use in home terrariums, designed specially for small pets, such as mice or hamsters. The design of the Habitrail is modular and can be configured however the owner likes, as well as disassem... |
qg_3832 | Richard Francis Burton, who died the 20th of Oct, 1890, first translated Mallanaga Vatsyayana's instructive work in 1884 from its' native Sanskrit. What was the title of this book? | Kama Sutra | [
"karma sutra",
"indian erotic sex",
"kama sutram",
"kamasutra",
"kama sutra",
"kamasutram"
] | [
"Richard Francis Burton\n\nSir Richard Francis Burton (19 March 1821 – 20 October 1890) was a British explorer, geographer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, cartographer, ethnologist, spy, linguist, poet, fencer, and diplomat. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa and the Americas,... |
qg_3833 | In basketball it's called a tip off, while football has a kick off. What do they call the method to begin play in ice hockey? | Face off | [
"face off pool",
"face off",
"face off disambiguation",
"faceoff",
"face off album"
] | [
"Ice hockey\n\nIce hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six players each: one goaltender, and five players who skate up and down... |
qg_3834 | Oct 24, 1964 saw Northern Rhodesia gained independence from the United Kingdom and promptly changed its' name. By what name do we now know it? | Zambia | [
"culture of zambia",
"sport in zambia",
"zamibia",
"zambian cuisine",
"people of zambia",
"name of zambia",
"republic of zambia",
"iso 3166 1 zm",
"etymology of zambia",
"cuisine of zambia",
"zambia",
"health care in zambia",
"zambian people",
"zambians"
] | [
"Zambia\n\nThe Republic of Zambia is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, in the south-cen... |
qg_3835 | Although debunked as an urban legend, what model of Chevrolet car supposedly would not sell in Spanish speaking countries because the name of the car means “won’t run” in Spanish? | Nova | [
"nova and supernova",
"rne",
"nova",
"novas",
"classical nova",
"helium nova",
"stellar surface fusion",
"recurrent nova",
"cne",
"recurring nova"
] | [
"Chevrolet\n\nChevrolet ( ), colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company, is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors (GM). Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3, 19... |
qg_3837 | During WWII, General Douglas MacArthur famously declared “I shall” what, which he did on Oct 20, 1944? | Return | [
"return disambiguation",
"returns",
"returning disambiguation",
"returns disambiguation",
"return film",
"return"
] | [
"Douglas MacArthur\n\n\"General MacArthur\" and \"Douglas McArthur\" redirect here. For the Canadian politician, see Douglas Francis McArthur. For the diplomat, see Douglas MacArthur II. For other uses, see General MacArthur (disambiguation).",
"Douglas MacArthur\n\nDouglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 - 5 April 19... |
qg_3839 | If a dish is described as ‘Mornay’ what is it served with? | Cheese Sauce | [
"cheese sauce"
] | [
"Mornay sauce\n\nA Mornay sauce is a Béchamel sauce with shredded or grated Gruyère cheese added. Some variations use different combinations of Gruyère, Emmental cheese, or white Cheddar.",
"Mornay sauce\n\nEtymology",
"Mornay sauce\n\nThe name origin of Mornay sauce is debated. It may be named after Philipp... |
qg_3840 | What star of the NBC sitcom Cheers was later the focus of the Showtime TV series Fat Actress? | Kirstie Alley | [
"kristie ally",
"kirstin alley",
"kirstey alley",
"kirstie ally",
"kirsty ally",
"kristie alley",
"kirstie allie",
"kirstie alley",
"alley kirstie",
"kirsty alley"
] | [
"Cheers\n\nCheers is an American sitcom that ran for eleven seasons between 1982 and 1993. The show was produced by Charles/Burrows/Charles Productions in association with Paramount Network Television for NBC and created by the team of James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles. The show is set in a bar named Ch... |
qg_3841 | Oct 23 is the anniversary of the release of the first iPod from Apple. What year was it? | 2001 | [
"two thousand and one"
] | [
"IPod\n\nThe iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are th... |
qg_3844 | Due to his small stature and looks, 1930s murder and bank robber George Nelson was commonly known by what nickname? | Baby Face | [
"babyfaceness",
"baby face",
"babyface",
"babyface disambiguation"
] | [
"Pre-Code Hollywood\n\nPre-Code Hollywood refers to the brief era in the American film industry between the introduction of sound pictures in 1929 and the enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code censorship guidelines in 1934, usually labeled, albeit inaccurately, as the \"Hays Code\". Although the Code w... |
qg_3847 | Citizens of Mexico know it as Rio Bravo del Norte. What do we call the 4th longest river system in the US? | Rio Grande | [
"rio bravo del norte",
"rio grande",
"río bravo",
"río grande",
"rio grande river united states and mexico",
"rio grande river",
"rio grande del norte",
"río bravo del norte"
] | [
"Mexico\n\nMexico (), officially the United Mexican States (, ), is a federal republic in the southern part of North America. The country is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the... |
qg_3850 | What was the name of the legendary, and as of yet undiscovered, city of gold which inspired the Spanish conquest of half of the Americas? | El Dorado | [
"legend of el dorado",
"eldorado",
"el dorado legend",
"el rey dorado",
"el dorado",
"golden king",
"golden indian",
"el dorado myth",
"el indio dorado",
"gilded one",
"manõa"
] | [
"Spanish Empire\n\nThe Spanish Empire () was one of the largest empires in the world and became one of the first global empires in world history. It reached the peak of its military, political and economic power under the Spanish Habsburgs, through most of the 16th and 17th centuries, and its greatest territorial... |
qg_3851 | Athos, Porthos, and Aramis are collectively known as whom? | The Three Musketeers | [
"3 musketeers",
"les trois mousquetaires",
"trois mousquetaires",
"three musketeers",
"les trois mousqetaires",
"three musketeer",
"three muskateers"
] | [
"Athos (character)\n\nAthos, Count de la Fère, is a fictional character in the novels The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, and The Vicomte de Bragelonne by Alexandre Dumas, père. He is a highly fictionalised version of the historical musketeer Armand de Sillègue d'Athos d'Autevielle (1615–1644).",
"Athos (c... |
qg_3853 | Everyone's favorite childhood book, Where the Wild Things Are, saw the movie version dominate the box office last weekend. What is the name of the main protagonist in the book? | Max | [
"max film",
"max disambiguation",
"max tv channel",
"max novel",
"m x",
"max magazine",
"max",
"max channel"
] | [
"Where the Wild Things Are (film)\n\nWhere the Wild Things Are is a 2009 fantasy drama film directed by Spike Jonze. Written by Jonze and Dave Eggers, it is adapted from Maurice Sendak's 1963 children's book of the same name. It combines live-action, performers in costumes, animatronics, and computer-generated imag... |
qg_3855 | What famous TV family got their start with short vignettes on the variety show, The Tracey Ullman Show? | The Simpsons | [
"flanders tv show",
"good vs evil simpsons tv ad",
"simpsons com",
"simpsons tv series",
"list of advertisements featuring simpsons characters",
"simpsons jokes",
"culturally significant words and phrases from simpsons",
"beach simpsons tv ad",
"list of made up words in simpsons",
"jokes on simpso... | [
"The Tracey Ullman Show\n\nThe Tracey Ullman Show is an American television variety show starring Tracey Ullman. It debuted on April 5, 1987, as the Fox network's second prime-time series after Married... with Children, and ran until May 26, 1990. The show is produced by Gracie Films and 20th Century Fox Television... |
qg_3856 | With Halifax as its capital, what Canadian provinces' name literally translates as New Scotland? | Nova Scotia | [
"14th british colony",
"nova scocia",
"province of nova scotia",
"nova scosia",
"nova scotia canada",
"alba nuadh",
"nova scotia",
"ca ns",
"novia scotia",
"colonial nova scotia",
"scottish america",
"nouvelle écosse",
"nova scotian",
"nova scosha",
"hart island nova scotia",
"scotian"... | [
"Halifax, Nova Scotia\n\nHalifax (, locally), legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM), is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The metropolitan area had a population of 414,400 in 2014, with 297,943 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour. The regional municipality consists of... |
qg_3862 | October 26th, 1881, was the famous shootout at the OK Corral. In what Arizona town was it located? | Tombstone, Az | [
"tombstone city arizona",
"tombstone arizona",
"tombstone district",
"tombstone az"
] | [
"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between an outlaw group of Cowboys and lawmen. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombsto... |
qg_3863 | Which Peanuts character waits up every Halloween night for a visit from the Great Pumpkin? | Linus | [
"linus disambiguation",
"linus"
] | [
"Peanuts\n\nPeanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz, which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000, continuing in reruns afterward. The strip is the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in ... |
qg_3865 | Who penned the classic mystery novel And Then There Were None? | Agatha Christie | [
"agatha mary clarissa",
"dame agatha christie",
"agatha mary clarissa dame christie",
"agasta christie",
"agatha clarissa",
"agatha mary",
"agatha christie",
"agatha christie dbe",
"agatha mary clarissa christie",
"agatha mary clarissa lady mallowan dbe nee miller",
"tropes in agatha christie s ... | [
"And Then There Were None\n\nAnd Then There Were None is a mystery novel by Agatha Christie, widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write. It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers, after t... |
qg_3866 | What is the main alcoholic ingredient in the cocktail known as a zombie? | Rum | [
"cuban rum",
"gunpowder rum",
"rum beverage",
"jamaica spirit",
"light rum",
"caña blanca",
"overproof rum",
"gold rum",
"rum",
"jamaica spirits",
"rude rum",
"coconut rum",
"dark rum",
"spiced rum",
"white rum",
"cane spirit",
"hard rum",
"black rum"
] | [
"Alcoholic beverage\n\nAn alcoholic beverage, or alcoholic drink, is a drink that contains a substantial amount of the psychoactive drug ethanol (informally called alcohol), a depressant which in low doses causes euphoria, reduced anxiety, and sociability, and in higher doses causes intoxication (drunkenness), stup... |
qg_3867 | Who wrote the novel It, which sees Derry, Maine terrorized at 28 year intervals by a entity that calls itself "Pennywise the Dancing Clown? | Stephen King | [
"list of times name 22stephen king 22 or stephen king work is mentioned in some context",
"stephen edwin king",
"stephen e king",
"stephan king",
"naomi rachel",
"john swithen",
"steven king accident",
"list of books that stephen king has written",
"list of cultural references to stephen king",
"n... | [
"Derry (Stephen King)\n\nDerry is a fictional town and a part of Stephen King's fictional Maine topography. Derry has served as the setting for a number of his novels, novellas, and short stories. Derry first appeared in King's 1981 short story The Bird and the Album, and has reappeared as late as his 2011 novel ... |
qg_3868 | October 25, 1957 was the birthday of actress and comedian Nancy Cartwright. What TV character is she best know for? | Bart Simpson | [
"mort simpson",
"bartholomew j",
"bart simpson i",
"have cow",
"brat simpson",
"bartmania",
"simpsons bart",
"cupcake kid",
"bart simpsons",
"bartholomew jo jo simpson",
"bart jojo simpson",
"don t have cow",
"bartholomew jay simpson",
"aye karumba",
"bart devil",
"don t have cow man",... | [
"Nancy Cartwright\n\nNancy Jean Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American voice actress, film and television actress, and comedian. She is known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons. Cartwright also voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Mu... |
qg_3869 | Monster Charles Manson carved an X into his forehead for his trial in 1970. After getting bored with it, what did he transform it into? | A swastika | [
"nazi swastika",
"suastika",
"hitler cross",
"࿘",
"crux gammata",
"࿗",
"卐",
"aryan swastika",
"suastica",
"manji kanji",
"swastika origin hypotheses",
"卍",
"࿖",
"hitler s swastika",
"࿕",
"hakenkreuz",
"swaztika",
"manji symbol",
"swastiker",
"tetraskelion",
"shwastika",
"cr... | [
"Charles Manson\n\nCharles Milles Manson (born Charles Milles Maddox, November 12, 1934) is an American criminal who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in the California desert in the late 1960s. Manson and his followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations over a... |
qg_3870 | What is the name of the scrawny, superstitious schoolmaster who is pursued by the Headless Horseman in the Washington Irving story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"? | Ichabod Crane | [
"ichabod crane"
] | [
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\n\n\"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is a short story of speculative fiction by American author Washington Irving, contained in his collection of 34 essays and short stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Written while Irving was living abroad in Birmingham, England, \... |
qg_3872 | October 30, 1938 saw Orson Wells induce widespread public panic with his radio broadcast of what HG Wells classic? | War of the Worlds | [
"battle of weybridge and shepperton",
"war of world",
"fall of london war of worlds",
"h g wells war of worlds",
"war of worlds 3 d",
"war of worlds",
"horsell offensive",
"ulla war of worlds",
"martian war machine",
"war of worlds novel",
"battle of weybridge shepperton"
] | [
"Orson Welles\n\nGeorge Orson Welles (; May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American actor, director, writer, and producer who worked in theatre, radio, and film. He is remembered for his innovative work in all three: in theatre, most notably Caesar (1937), a Broadway adaptation of William Shakespeare's Julius C... |
qg_3874 | What Rudyard Kipling story, later made into a movie staring Sean Connery and Michael Caine, tells the story of two British adventurers in India who set off to become the rules of Kafiristan? | The Man Who Would Be King | [
"man who would be king",
"billy fish",
"peachey carnehan"
] | [
"Rudyard Kipling\n\nJoseph Rudyard Kipling ( , ; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English journalist, short-story writer, poet, and novelist.",
"Rudyard Kipling\n\nKipling's works of fiction include The Jungle Book (1894), Kim (1901), and many short stories, including \"The Man Who Would Be King\" (18... |
qg_3875 | Which hands-free children's Halloween party game began as contest to see who would be the first to marry in a new year? | Bobbing for apples | [
"bobbing for apples",
"apple bobbing",
"ducking for apples",
"bob apple"
] | [
"Halloween\n\nHalloween, or Hallowe'en (a contraction of All Hallows’ Evening), also known as Allhalloween, All Hallows' Eve, or All Saints' Eve, is a celebration observed in a number of countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day. It begins the three-day observance of Allh... |
qg_3877 | According to legend, Henry Ford famously stated "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as" what? | It is black | [
"it is black"
] | [
"Henry Ford\n\nHenry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.",
"Henry Ford\n\nAlthough Ford did not invent the automobile or the assembly line, he developed and... |
qg_3879 | What color is the tip on a standard piece of candy corn? | White | [
"color white",
"white political adjective",
"whitishness",
"rgb 255 255 255",
"255 255 255",
"ffffff",
"whitishly",
"white colour",
"man on white horse",
"white",
"whiter",
"white finn",
"whitest"
] | [
"Candy corn\n\nCandy corn is a candy most often found in the United States and Canada, popular primarily around Halloween. The three colors of the candy – a broad yellow end, a tapered orange center, and a pointed white tip – mimic the appearance of kernels of corn. Each piece is approximately three times the siz... |
qg_3881 | What WWII fighter ace went on to become the first human to travel faster than the speed of sound when he piloted the Bell X-1, nicknamed Glamorous Glennis, past Mach 1? | Chuck Yeager | [
"charles yeager",
"victoria scott d angelo",
"chuck yager",
"glennis faye dickhouse",
"charles elwood 22chuck 22 yeager",
"chuck yeager",
"chuck jaeger",
"charles e yeager",
"glennis dickhouse",
"glennis yeager",
"charles elwood yeager",
"chuck yeagar",
"chuck yaeger"
] | [
"Bell X-1\n\nThe Bell X-1, designated originally as XS-1, was a joint National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics-U.S. Army Air Forces-U.S. Air Force supersonic research project built by the Bell Aircraft. Conceived during 1944 and designed and built in 1945, it achieved a speed of nearly 1000 mph in 1948. A deriva... |
qg_3882 | What product is advertised with the slogan When it rains, it pours? | Morton's Salt | [
"morton international inc",
"morton salt",
"morton norwich",
"morton s salt",
"morton norwich products",
"morton salt company",
"morton salts",
"morton international"
] | [
"Morton Salt\n\nMorton Salt is an American company producing salt for food, water conditioning, industrial, agricultural, and road/highway use. Based in Chicago, the business is North America's leading producer and marketer of salt. It is a subsidiary of the German company K+S.",
"Morton Salt\n\nHistory",
"Mor... |
qg_3886 | The Treehouse of Horror episodes are the Halloween specials of what long-running TV series? | The Simpsons | [
"flanders tv show",
"good vs evil simpsons tv ad",
"simpsons com",
"simpsons tv series",
"list of advertisements featuring simpsons characters",
"simpsons jokes",
"culturally significant words and phrases from simpsons",
"beach simpsons tv ad",
"list of made up words in simpsons",
"jokes on simpso... | [
"Treehouse of Horror (series)\n\nThe Simpsons Treehouse of Horror episodes, also known as The Simpsons Halloween specials, is a series of Halloween specials in the animated series The Simpsons, each consisting of three separate, self-contained segments. These segments usually involve the Simpson family in some horr... |
qg_3889 | Shepard Faireys Barack Obama poster, which has been in the news of late because of copyright issues, began life sporting a word other than hope. What was it? | Progress | [
"progress",
"progress disambiguation",
"unprogressed",
"progressed",
"progressing",
"procress",
"unprogressing",
"unprogress",
"measuring progress",
"progress album",
"unprogresses",
"progresses"
] | [
"Barack Obama \"Hope\" poster\n\nThe Barack Obama \"Hope\" poster is an image of Barack Obama designed by artist Shepard Fairey, which was widely described as iconic and came to represent his 2008 presidential campaign. It consists of a stylized stencil portrait of Obama in solid red, beige and (light and dark) b... |
qg_3891 | We know (and love) Shrek from his many movies. What type of mythical creature is he? | An ogre | [
"list of criminal organizations in dc comics",
"o g r e comics",
"futuresmiths",
"o g r e",
"ogre",
"ogre comics",
"ocean going resource exchange"
] | [
"Shrek\n\nShrek is a 2001 American computer-animated fantasy-comedy film directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson at their directorial debut. It features the voices of Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, and John Lithgow. It is loosely based on William Steig's 1990 fairy tale picture book Shrek!, and somewh... |
qg_3892 | According to the classic poem The Raven, what is the name of the lost love that the unnamed narrator is trying to forget? | Lenore | [
"paean",
"lenore",
"pæan"
] | [
"The Raven\n\n\"The Raven\" is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe. First published in January 1845, the poem is often noted for its musicality, stylized language, and supernatural atmosphere. It tells of a talking raven's mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow fall into madn... |
qg_3893 | October 26, 1972, saw the death of Igor Sikorsky, the man responsible for what mode of transport? | The helicopter | [
"helicopter"
] | [
"Igor Sikorsky\n\nIgor Ivanovich Sikorsky (, tr. Ígor' Ivánovič Sikórskij; , tr. Ihor Ivanovych Sikorskyj; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972), was a Russian-American aviation pioneer in both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. First success came with the S-2, the second fixedwing plane of his design and constru... |
qg_3895 | What religious holiday immediately follows Halloween? | All Saints day | [
"all saints sunday",
"feast of all saints",
"all saints",
"solemnity of all saints",
"tutti i santi",
"hallowmas",
"all hallows day",
"all saint s day",
"all saints day"
] | [
"Halloween\n\nHalloween, or Hallowe'en (a contraction of All Hallows’ Evening), also known as Allhalloween, All Hallows' Eve, or All Saints' Eve, is a celebration observed in a number of countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day. It begins the three-day observance of Allh... |
qg_3896 | On Oct 28, 1919, the United States Congress shat upon the American people by passing the Volstead Act, which lead the way to what 14 year period of darkness and despair? | Prohibition | [
"prohibition of alcohol",
"prohibition",
"alcohol ban",
"prohibition historical",
"prohition",
"laws against alcohol",
"dry law",
"prohibiton",
"prohibitionists",
"alcohol prohibition",
"dry laws",
"anti alcohol",
"prohibition act",
"kieltolaki",
"prohibition in finland"
] | [
"Volstead Act\n\nThe National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States. The Anti-Saloon League's Wayne Wheeler conceived and drafted the bill, which was named for Andrew Volstead, Chairm... |
qg_3897 | What is the only venomous lizard native to the United States? | Gila Monster | [
"toxic lizard saliva",
"gila monsters",
"gila monster",
"heloderma suspectum"
] | [
"Venom\n\nVenom is a form of toxin secreted by an animal for the purpose of causing harm to another. Venom is injected into victims by means of a bite, sting, or other sharp body feature, which differentiates it from poison (that is absorbed, consumed, or inhaled).",
"Venom\n\nThe potency of different venoms v... |
qg_3899 | Played by Lee Majors, Steve Austin, astronaut, A man barely alive, becomes who? | The Six Million Dollar Man | [
"bionic man",
"rudy wells",
"six million dollar man",
"6000000 man",
"6 million dollar man",
"6 000 000 man"
] | [
"Lee Majors\n\nLee Majors (born Harvey Lee Yeary; April 23, 1939) is an American film, television and voice actor. Majors is best known portraying the roles of Heath Barkley in the American television Western series The Big Valley (1965–1969), Colonel Steve Austin in the American television science fiction action s... |
qg_3900 | In the Star Wars universe, what rank falls between Padawan and Jedi Master? | Jedi Knight | [
"jedi knight disambiguation",
"jedi knights",
"jedi knights disambiguation",
"jedi knight"
] | [
"Star Wars\n\nStar Wars is an American epic space opera media franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of various characters \"a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away\".",
"Star Wars\n\nThe franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars, (subtitled ... |
qg_3901 | 21 October, 1833 saw the birth of Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel, who amassed his considerable fortune following his invention of what? | Dynamite | [
"dynamite",
"dynamited",
"dinamite"
] | [
"Alfred Nobel\n\nAlfred Bernhard Nobel (; ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer.",
"Alfred Nobel\n\nKnown for inventing dynamite, Nobel also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer t... |
qg_3903 | What band worried that “You Shook Me All Night Long” before offering themselves as “Guns For Hire” which resulted in a “Touch Too Much” but were finally satisfied with “Moneytalks”? | AC/DC | [
"ac dc"
] | [
"You Shook Me All Night Long\n\n\"You Shook Me All Night Long\" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, from the album Back in Black. The song also reappeared on their later album Who Made Who. It is AC/DC's first single to feature Brian Johnson as the lead singer and reached number 35 on the USA's Hot 100 p... |
qg_3904 | Used in place of a net, what is the name for the pole with a sharp hook on the end of it used to boat large fish? | Gaff | [
"gaff disambiguation",
"gaff"
] | [
"Fishing\n\nFishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping.",
"Fishing\n\nFishing may include catching other aquatic animals, such as molluscs, cephalopods, crustaceans, and echinod... |
qg_3905 | As part of a purification ritual, what is it that sumo wrestlers throw in the ring before they engage in combat? | Salt | [
"salt compound",
"salt production",
"salt crystal",
"salt food",
"salt crystals",
"refined salt",
"saltmaking",
"table salt",
"edible salt",
"salt refining",
"sodium salt",
"kitchen salt",
"refining salt",
"manufacture of salt",
"normal salt",
"salt",
"common salt",
"dietary salt"
... | [
"Sumo\n\nor sumo wrestling is a competitive full-contact wrestling sport where a rikishi (wrestler) attempts to force another wrestler out of a circular ring (dohyō) or into touching the ground with anything other than the soles of his feet. The characters, 相撲 literally mean \"striking one another\".",
"Sumo\n\nT... |
qg_3906 | What was the name of the Scottish clan featured in the TV show and movies Highlander? | MacLeod | [
"macleod",
"mcleod"
] | [
"Scottish clan\n\nA Scottish clan (from Gaelic ', \"children\") is a kinship group among the Scottish people. Clans give a sense of shared identity and descent to members, and in modern times have an official structure recognised by the Court of the Lord Lyon, which regulates Scottish heraldry and coats of arms. Mo... |
qg_3907 | Oct 26, 1881 saw the famous Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, which pitted the Earps and Doc Holliday against the Clanton and McLaury brothers, in what famous Old West town? | Tombstone, Arizona Territory | [
"tombstone arizona territory"
] | [
"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between an outlaw group of Cowboys and lawmen. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombsto... |
qg_3909 | Having originated in Germany, what is the name of the dog breed that competes in the eponymous wiener dog races? | Dachshund | [
"wire haired daschshund",
"dachshund",
"dachshuend",
"dachshund miniature wire haired",
"dackel",
"teckel",
"teckle",
"dachshund smooth haired",
"dachshunds",
"dachshund miniature long haired",
"liberty pups",
"sausage dog",
"weiner dog",
"dachshund wire haired",
"dashshund",
"dackle",... | [
"Dachshund racing\n\nDachshund racing, or wiener dog racing, is a popular, yet controversial sporting event, primarily found in North America. Typical Dachshund races are either 25 or 50 yards in length, and are run on various surfaces. Many race tracks across America host these events as fundraising or publicity e... |
qg_3910 | What large hospitality chain owns and operates the mid-priced Courtyard hotel chain? | Marriott | [
"marriot",
"marriott",
"marriott disambiguation"
] | [
"Courtyard by Marriott\n\nCourtyard by Marriott is a brand of hotels owned by Marriott International. Courtyard by Marriott is designed for business travelers but also accommodates families. Its rooms have desks, couches, and free Internet access. The majority of locations have a bistro which sell fresh cooked and ... |
qg_3913 | October 27, 1858 saw the birth of what total badass, who spent time as New York City Police Commissioner, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 33rd Governor of New York, and 25th Vice President of the US, before going on to a few other impressive jobs? | Teddy Roosevelt | [
"t ros",
"cowboy president",
"theodore roosavelt",
"trust buster",
"president theodore roosevelt",
"teddy roosvelt",
"teddy rosevelt",
"t roosevelt",
"roosevelt theodore",
"feddy roosevelt",
"cowboy of dakotas",
"teddy rose",
"26th president of united states",
"teddy roosevelt foreign poli... | [
"New York City Police Commissioner\n\nThe New York City Police Commissioner is the head of the New York City Police Department. The Commissioner is appointed by the Mayor, and serves at the Mayor's pleasure. The Commissioner is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the department as well as the appointment of... |
qg_3915 | What is the name for money paid out to shareholders of a company out of the corporate profits, based on the number of owned shares? | Dividend | [
"interim dividend",
"stock dividend",
"patronage dividend",
"dividend",
"cash dividend",
"share dividend",
"patronage refund",
"quarterly dividends",
"dividends",
"dividents",
"divident"
] | [
"Shareholder\n\nA shareholder or stockholder is an individual or institution (including a corporation) that legally owns a share of stock in a public or private corporation. Shareholders may be referred to as members of a corporation. Legally, a person is not a shareholder in a corporation until his or her name an... |
qg_3916 | Book Stieg Larsson – The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets’ Nest | The Girl Who Played with Fire | [
"alexander zalachenko",
"tgwpwf",
"flickan som lekte med elden",
"dimensions in mathematics",
"girl who played with fire",
"l c parnault"
] | [
"Stieg Larsson\n\nKarl Stig-Erland \"Stieg\" Larsson (;; 15 August 1954 – 9 November 2004) was a Swedish journalist and writer. He is best known for writing the Millennium trilogy of crime novels, which were published posthumously and adapted as motion pictures. Larsson lived much of his life in Stockholm and wo... |
qg_3918 | The Maine Coon is a breed of what popular pet? | Cat | [
"cat",
"feline asocial aggression",
"tom cat",
"moggy",
"felis cattus domesticus",
"domestic cat",
"midnight crazies",
"felis catus domesticus",
"felis catus",
"f catus",
"pet cat",
"feline sexual behavior",
"evening crazies",
"felis silvestris catus",
"asocial aggression",
"felis silv... | [
"Maine Coon\n\nThe Maine Coon is the largest domesticated breed of cat.",
"Maine Coon\n\nIt has a distinctive physical appearance and valuable hunting skills. It is one of the oldest natural breeds in North America, specifically \"native\" to the state of Maine (though the feline was simply introduced there), wh... |
qg_3922 | Hyundai, LG, Kia, and Samsung are all companies based in what country? | South Korea | [
"s korea",
"south corea",
"south korean",
"south korea",
"daehanmingook",
"korea seoul",
"republic of korea",
"korean republic",
"한국",
"korea south",
"south korea economy",
"republican korea",
"korea republic",
"daehanminkook",
"south koreans",
"republican corea",
"korea s",
"s kor... | [
"Hyundai\n\nHyundai Group (;) was a multinational chaebol (conglomerate) headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It was founded by Chung Ju-yung in 1947 as a construction firm and Chung was directly in control of the company until his death in 2001.",
"Hyundai\n\nFollowing the 1997 East Asian financial crisis and C... |
qg_3924 | What is the name for the affluent district in southwest Seoul, Korea, which boasts the highest land values in the entire country? | Gangnam | [
"gangnam",
"gangnam disambiguation",
"kangnam",
"강남"
] | [
"Seoul\n\nSeoul (; 서울;) – officially the Seoul Special City (서울특별시) – is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea, forming the heart of the Seoul Capital Area, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province, the world's 18th largest city. It is home to over half of all South Korea... |
qg_3927 | The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral pitted the Earps against the Clantons. In what territorial city did the gunfight take place? | Tombstone, Az | [
"tombstone city arizona",
"tombstone arizona",
"tombstone district",
"tombstone az"
] | [
"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\n\nThe Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between an outlaw group of Cowboys and lawmen. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombsto... |
qg_3928 | Immortalized in an 1854 poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the Charge of the Light Brigade, a military disaster for the English, occurred during what 1854 war? | Crimean War | [
"russian war",
"war of crimea",
"crimean expedition",
"crimea war",
"cremean war",
"baltic theatre of crimean war",
"baltic campaign of 1854",
"crimean war 1853",
"oriental war",
"eastern war",
"paris peace conference 1856",
"russo turkish war 1853 1856",
"crimean war",
"russo turkish war ... | [
"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nAlfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victoria's reign and remains one of the most popular British poets.",
"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\n\nTennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, such as... |
qg_3933 | From the Latin for Kalium, what element, with an atomic number of 19, uses the symbol K? | Potassium | [
"kalium",
"potassium metabolism",
"potassium",
"k",
"element 19",
"koal",
"potassium in nutrition and human health",
"potassium compounds",
"potassium ion",
"k element",
"potassium metal",
"potasium"
] | [
"Potassium\n\nPotassium is a chemical element with symbol K (derived from Neo-Latin, kalium) and atomic number 19. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the Periodic table, potassium is one of seven elements in column (group) 1 (alkali metals). All elements in Grou... |
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