1 M). Extremely minor chemical changes such as the addition of a single methyl group to a binding partner can sometimes suffice to nearly eliminate binding; for example, the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase specific to the amino acid valine discriminates against the very similar side chain of the amino acid isoleucine.","Protein\n\nProteins can bind to other proteins as well as to small-molecule substrates. When proteins bind specifically to other copies of the same molecule, they can oligomerize to form fibrils; this process occurs often in structural proteins that consist of globular monomers that self-associate to form rigid fibers. Protein–protein interactions also regulate enzymatic activity, control progression through the cell cycle, and allow the assembly of large protein complexes that carry out many closely related reactions with a common biological function. Proteins can also bind to, or even be integrated into, cell membranes. The ability of binding partners to induce conformational changes in proteins allows the construction of enormously complex signaling networks. \nAs interactions between proteins are reversible, and depend heavily on the availability of different groups of partner proteins to form aggregates that are capable to carry out discrete sets of function, study of the interactions between specific proteins is a key to understand important aspects of cellular function, and ultimately the properties that distinguish particular cell types.","Protein\n\nEnzymes","Protein\n\nThe best-known role of proteins in the cell is as enzymes, which catalyse chemical reactions. Enzymes are usually highly specific and accelerate only one or a few chemical reactions. Enzymes carry out most of the reactions involved in metabolism, as well as manipulating DNA in processes such as DNA replication, DNA repair, and transcription. Some enzymes act on other proteins to add or remove chemical groups in a process known as posttranslational modification. About 4,000 reactions are known to be catalysed by enzymes. The rate acceleration conferred by enzymatic catalysis is often enormous—as much as 1017-fold increase in rate over the uncatalysed reaction in the case of orotate decarboxylase (78 million years without the enzyme, 18 milliseconds with the enzyme).","Protein\n\nThe molecules bound and acted upon by enzymes are called substrates. Although enzymes can consist of hundreds of amino acids, it is usually only a small fraction of the residues that come in contact with the substrate, and an even smaller fraction—three to four residues on average—that are directly involved in catalysis. The region of the enzyme that binds the substrate and contains the catalytic residues is known as the active site.","Protein\n\nDirigent proteins are members of a class of proteins that dictate the stereochemistry of a compound synthesized by other enzymes.","Protein\n\nCell signaling and ligand binding","Protein\n\nMany proteins are involved in the process of cell signaling and signal transduction. Some proteins, such as insulin, are extracellular proteins that transmit a signal from the cell in which they were synthesized to other cells in distant tissues. Others are membrane proteins that act as receptors whose main function is to bind a signaling molecule and induce a biochemical response in the cell. Many receptors have a binding site exposed on the cell surface and an effector domain within the cell, which may have enzymatic activity or may undergo a conformational change detected by other proteins within the cell.","Protein\n\nAntibodies are protein components of an adaptive immune system whose main function is to bind antigens, or foreign substances in the body, and target them for destruction. Antibodies can be secreted into the extracellular environment or anchored in the membranes of specialized B cells known as plasma cells. Whereas enzymes are limited in their binding affinity for their substrates by the necessity of conducting their reaction, antibodies have no such constraints. An antibody's binding affinity to its target is extraordinarily high.","Protein\n\nMany ligand transport proteins bind particular small biomolecules and transport them to other locations in the body of a multicellular organism. These proteins must have a high binding affinity when their ligand is present in high concentrations, but must also release the ligand when it is present at low concentrations in the target tissues. The canonical example of a ligand-binding protein is haemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to other organs and tissues in all vertebrates and has close homologs in every biological kingdom. Lectins are sugar-binding proteins which are highly specific for their sugar moieties. Lectins typically play a role in biological recognition phenomena involving cells and proteins. Receptors and hormones are highly specific binding proteins.","Protein\n\nTransmembrane proteins can also serve as ligand transport proteins that alter the permeability of the cell membrane to small molecules and ions. The membrane alone has a hydrophobic core through which polar or charged molecules cannot diffuse. Membrane proteins contain internal channels that allow such molecules to enter and exit the cell. Many ion channel proteins are specialized to select for only a particular ion; for example, potassium and sodium channels often discriminate for only one of the two ions.","Protein\n\nStructural proteins","Protein\n\nStructural proteins confer stiffness and rigidity to otherwise-fluid biological components. Most structural proteins are fibrous proteins; for example, collagen and elastin are critical components of connective tissue such as cartilage, and keratin is found in hard or filamentous structures such as hair, nails, feathers, hooves, and some animal shells. Some globular proteins can also play structural functions, for example, actin and tubulin are globular and soluble as monomers, but polymerize to form long, stiff fibers that make up the cytoskeleton, which allows the cell to maintain its shape and size.","Protein\n\nOther proteins that serve structural functions are motor proteins such as myosin, kinesin, and dynein, which are capable of generating mechanical forces. These proteins are crucial for cellular motility of single celled organisms and the sperm of many multicellular organisms which reproduce sexually. They also generate the forces exerted by contracting muscles and play essential roles in intracellular transport.","Protein\n\nMethods of study","Protein\n\nThe activities and structures of proteins may be examined in vitro, in vivo, and in silico. In vitro studies of purified proteins in controlled environments are useful for learning how a protein carries out its function: for example, enzyme kinetics studies explore the chemical mechanism of an enzyme's catalytic activity and its relative affinity for various possible substrate molecules. By contrast, in vivo experiments can provide information about the physiological role of a protein in the context of a cell or even a whole organism. In silico studies use computational methods to study proteins.","Protein\n\nProtein purification","Protein\n\nTo perform in vitro analysis, a protein must be purified away from other cellular components. This process usually begins with cell lysis, in which a cell's membrane is disrupted and its internal contents released into a solution known as a crude lysate. The resulting mixture can be purified using ultracentrifugation, which fractionates the various cellular components into fractions containing soluble proteins; membrane lipids and proteins; cellular organelles, and nucleic acids. Precipitation by a method known as salting out can concentrate the proteins from this lysate. Various types of chromatography are then used to isolate the protein or proteins of interest based on properties such as molecular weight, net charge and binding affinity. The level of purification can be monitored using various types of gel electrophoresis if the desired protein's molecular weight and isoelectric point are known, by spectroscopy if the protein has distinguishable spectroscopic features, or by enzyme assays if the protein has enzymatic activity. Additionally, proteins can be isolated according their charge using electrofocusing.","Protein\n\nFor natural proteins, a series of purification steps may be necessary to obtain protein sufficiently pure for laboratory applications. To simplify this process, genetic engineering is often used to add chemical features to proteins that make them easier to purify without affecting their structure or activity. Here, a \"tag\" consisting of a specific amino acid sequence, often a series of histidine residues (a \"His-tag\"), is attached to one terminus of the protein. As a result, when the lysate is passed over a chromatography column containing nickel, the histidine residues ligate the nickel and attach to the column while the untagged components of the lysate pass unimpeded. A number of different tags have been developed to help researchers purify specific proteins from complex mixtures.","Protein\n\nCellular localization","Protein\n\nThe study of proteins in vivo is often concerned with the synthesis and localization of the protein within the cell. Although many intracellular proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and membrane-bound or secreted proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, the specifics of how proteins are targeted to specific organelles or cellular structures is often unclear. A useful technique for assessing cellular localization uses genetic engineering to express in a cell a fusion protein or chimera consisting of the natural protein of interest linked to a \"reporter\" such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). The fused protein's position within the cell can be cleanly and efficiently visualized using microscopy, as shown in the figure opposite.","Protein\n\nOther methods for elucidating the cellular location of proteins requires the use of known compartmental markers for regions such as the ER, the Golgi, lysosomes or vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, plasma membrane, etc. With the use of fluorescently tagged versions of these markers or of antibodies to known markers, it becomes much simpler to identify the localization of a protein of interest. For example, indirect immunofluorescence will allow for fluorescence colocalization and demonstration of location. Fluorescent dyes are used to label cellular compartments for a similar purpose.","Protein\n\nOther possibilities exist, as well. For example, immunohistochemistry usually utilizes an antibody to one or more proteins of interest that are conjugated to enzymes yielding either luminescent or chromogenic signals that can be compared between samples, allowing for localization information. Another applicable technique is cofractionation in sucrose (or other material) gradients using isopycnic centrifugation. While this technique does not prove colocalization of a compartment of known density and the protein of interest, it does increase the likelihood, and is more amenable to large-scale studies.","Protein\n\nFinally, the gold-standard method of cellular localization is immunoelectron microscopy. This technique also uses an antibody to the protein of interest, along with classical electron microscopy techniques. The sample is prepared for normal electron microscopic examination, and then treated with an antibody to the protein of interest that is conjugated to an extremely electro-dense material, usually gold. This allows for the localization of both ultrastructural details as well as the protein of interest.","Protein\n\nThrough another genetic engineering application known as site-directed mutagenesis, researchers can alter the protein sequence and hence its structure, cellular localization, and susceptibility to regulation. This technique even allows the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins, using modified tRNAs, and may allow the rational design of new proteins with novel properties.","Protein\n\nProteomics","Protein\n\nThe total complement of proteins present at a time in a cell or cell type is known as its proteome, and the study of such large-scale data sets defines the field of proteomics, named by analogy to the related field of genomics. Key experimental techniques in proteomics include 2D electrophoresis, which allows the separation of a large number of proteins, mass spectrometry, which allows rapid high-throughput identification of proteins and sequencing of peptides (most often after in-gel digestion), protein microarrays, which allow the detection of the relative levels of a large number of proteins present in a cell, and two-hybrid screening, which allows the systematic exploration of protein–protein interactions. The total complement of biologically possible such interactions is known as the interactome. A systematic attempt to determine the structures of proteins representing every possible fold is known as structural genomics.","Protein\n\nBioinformatics","Protein\n\nA vast array of computational methods have been developed to analyze the structure, function, and evolution of proteins.","Protein\n\nThe development of such tools has been driven by the large amount of genomic and proteomic data available for a variety of organisms, including the human genome. It is simply impossible to study all proteins experimentally, hence only a few are subjected to laboratory experiments while computational tools are used to extrapolate to similar proteins. Such homologous proteins can be efficiently identified in distantly related organisms by sequence alignment. Genome and gene sequences can be searched by a variety of tools for certain properties. Sequence profiling tools can find restriction enzyme sites, open reading frames in nucleotide sequences, and predict secondary structures. Phylogenetic trees can be constructed and evolutionary hypotheses developed using special software like ClustalW regarding the ancestry of modern organisms and the genes they express. The field of bioinformatics is now indispensable for the analysis of genes and proteins.","Protein\n\nStructure prediction and simulation","Protein\n\nComplementary to the field of structural genomics, protein structure prediction seeks to develop efficient ways to provide plausible models for proteins whose structures have not yet been determined experimentally. The most successful type of structure prediction, known as homology modeling, relies on the existence of a \"template\" structure with sequence similarity to the protein being modeled; structural genomics' goal is to provide sufficient representation in solved structures to model most of those that remain. Although producing accurate models remains a challenge when only distantly related template structures are available, it has been suggested that sequence alignment is the bottleneck in this process, as quite accurate models can be produced if a \"perfect\" sequence alignment is known. Many structure prediction methods have served to inform the emerging field of protein engineering, in which novel protein folds have already been designed. A more complex computational problem is the prediction of intermolecular interactions, such as in molecular docking and protein–protein interaction prediction.","Protein\n\nThe processes of protein folding and binding can be simulated using such technique as molecular mechanics, in particular, molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo, which increasingly take advantage of parallel and distributed computing (Folding@home project; molecular modeling on GPU). The folding of small α-helical protein domains such as the villin headpiece and the HIV accessory protein have been successfully simulated in silico, and hybrid methods that combine standard molecular dynamics with quantum mechanics calculations have allowed exploration of the electronic states of rhodopsins.","Protein\n\nProtein disorder and unstructure prediction","Protein\n\nMany proteins (in Eucaryota ~33%) contain large unstructured but biologically functional segments and can be classified as intrinsically disordered proteins. \nPredicting and analysing protein disorder is, therefore, an important part of protein structure characterisation.","Protein\n\nNutrition","Protein\n\nMost microorganisms and plants can biosynthesize all 20 standard amino acids, while animals (including humans) must obtain some of the amino acids from the diet. The amino acids that an organism cannot synthesize on its own are referred to as essential amino acids. Key enzymes that synthesize certain amino acids are not present in animals — such as aspartokinase, which catalyses the first step in the synthesis of lysine, methionine, and threonine from aspartate. If amino acids are present in the environment, microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their surroundings and downregulating their biosynthetic pathways.","Protein\n\nIn animals, amino acids are obtained through the consumption of foods containing protein. Ingested proteins are then broken down into amino acids through digestion, which typically involves denaturation of the protein through exposure to acid and hydrolysis by enzymes called proteases. Some ingested amino acids are used for protein biosynthesis, while others are converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis, or fed into the citric acid cycle. This use of protein as a fuel is particularly important under starvation conditions as it allows the body's own proteins to be used to support life, particularly those found in muscle. Amino acids are also an important dietary source of nitrogen.","Protein\n\nHistory and etymology","Protein\n\nProteins were recognized as a distinct class of biological molecules in the eighteenth century by Antoine Fourcroy and others, distinguished by the molecules' ability to coagulate or flocculate under treatments with heat or acid. Noted examples at the time included albumin from egg whites, blood serum albumin, fibrin, and wheat gluten.","Protein\n\nProteins were first described by the Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder and named by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1838. Mulder carried out elemental analysis of common proteins and found that nearly all proteins had the same empirical formula, C400H620N100O120P1S1. He came to the erroneous conclusion that they might be composed of a single type of (very large) molecule. The term \"protein\" to describe these molecules was proposed by Mulder's associate Berzelius; protein is derived from the Greek word πρώτειος (proteios), meaning \"primary\", \"in the lead\", or \"standing in front\", + -in. Mulder went on to identify the products of protein degradation such as the amino acid leucine for which he found a (nearly correct) molecular weight of 131 Da.","Protein\n\nEarly nutritional scientists such as the German Carl von Voit believed that protein was the most important nutrient for maintaining the structure of the body, because it was generally believed that \"flesh makes flesh.\" Karl Heinrich Ritthausen extended known protein forms with the identification of glutamic acid. At the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station a detailed review of the vegetable proteins was compiled by Thomas Burr Osborne. Working with Lafayette Mendel and applying Liebig's law of the minimum in feeding laboratory rats, the nutritionally essential amino acids were established. The work was continued and communicated by William Cumming Rose. The understanding of proteins as polypeptides came through the work of Franz Hofmeister and Hermann Emil Fischer. The central role of proteins as enzymes in living organisms was not fully appreciated until 1926, when James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was in fact a protein.","Protein\n\nThe difficulty in purifying proteins in large quantities made them very difficult for early protein biochemists to study. Hence, early studies focused on proteins that could be purified in large quantities, e.g., those of blood, egg white, various toxins, and digestive/metabolic enzymes obtained from slaughterhouses. In the 1950s, the Armour Hot Dog Co. purified 1 kg of pure bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and made it freely available to scientists; this gesture helped ribonuclease A become a major target for biochemical study for the following decades.","Protein\n\nLinus Pauling is credited with the successful prediction of regular protein secondary structures based on hydrogen bonding, an idea first put forth by William Astbury in 1933. Later work by Walter Kauzmann on denaturation, based partly on previous studies by Kaj Linderstrøm-Lang, contributed an understanding of protein folding and structure mediated by hydrophobic interactions.","Protein\n\nThe first protein to be sequenced was insulin, by Frederick Sanger, in 1949. Sanger correctly determined the amino acid sequence of insulin, thus conclusively demonstrating that proteins consisted of linear polymers of amino acids rather than branched chains, colloids, or cyclols. He won the Nobel Prize for this achievement in 1958.","Protein\n\nThe first protein structures to be solved were hemoglobin and myoglobin, by Max Perutz and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, respectively, in 1958. , the Protein Data Bank has over 115,000 atomic-resolution structures of proteins. In more recent times, cryo-electron microscopy of large macromolecular assemblies and computational protein structure prediction of small protein domains are two methods approaching atomic resolution."],"string":"[\n \"Protein\\n\\nProteins ( or) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nA linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nOnce formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nLike other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyse biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. In animals, proteins are needed in the diet to provide the essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized. Digestion breaks the proteins down for use in the metabolism.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nProteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nBiochemistry\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nMost proteins consist of linear polymers built from series of up to 20 different L-α-amino acids. All proteinogenic amino acids possess common structural features, including an α-carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain are bonded. Only proline differs from this basic structure as it contains an unusual ring to the N-end amine group, which forces the CO–NH amide moiety into a fixed conformation. The side chains of the standard amino acids, detailed in the list of standard amino acids, have a great variety of chemical structures and properties; it is the combined effect of all of the amino acid side chains in a protein that ultimately determines its three-dimensional structure and its chemical reactivity.\\nThe amino acids in a polypeptide chain are linked by peptide bonds. Once linked in the protein chain, an individual amino acid is called a residue, and the linked series of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms are known as the main chain or protein backbone.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe peptide bond has two resonance forms that contribute some double-bond character and inhibit rotation around its axis, so that the alpha carbons are roughly coplanar. The other two dihedral angles in the peptide bond determine the local shape assumed by the protein backbone. The end of the protein with a free carboxyl group is known as the C-terminus or carboxy terminus, whereas the end with a free amino group is known as the N-terminus or amino terminus.\\nThe words protein, polypeptide, and peptide are a little ambiguous and can overlap in meaning. Protein is generally used to refer to the complete biological molecule in a stable conformation, whereas peptide is generally reserved for a short amino acid oligomers often lacking a stable three-dimensional structure. However, the boundary between the two is not well defined and usually lies near 20–30 residues. Polypeptide can refer to any single linear chain of amino acids, usually regardless of length, but often implies an absence of a defined conformation.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nAbundance in cells\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nIt has been estimated that average-sized bacteria contain about 2 million proteins per cell (e.g. E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Smaller bacteria, such as Mycoplasma or spirochetes contain fewer molecules, namely on the order of 50,000 to 1 million. By contrast, eukaryotic cells are larger and thus contain much more protein. For instance, yeast cells were estimated to contain about 50 million proteins and human cells on the order of 1 to 3 billion. Bacterial genomes encode about 10 times fewer proteins than humans (e.g. small bacteria ~1,000, E. coli: ~4,000, yeast: ~6,000, human: ~20,000).\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe concentration of individual proteins ranges from a few molecules per cell to hundreds of thousands, and about a third of all proteins is not produced in most cells or only induced under certain circumstances. For instance, of the 20,000 or so proteins encoded by the human genome only 6,000 are detected in lymphoblastoid cells.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nSynthesis\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nBiosynthesis\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nProteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence that is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding this protein. The genetic code is a set of three-nucleotide sets called codons and each three-nucleotide combination designates an amino acid, for example AUG (adenine-uracil-guanine) is the code for methionine. Because DNA contains four nucleotides, the total number of possible codons is 64; hence, there is some redundancy in the genetic code, with some amino acids specified by more than one codon. Genes encoded in DNA are first transcribed into pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) by proteins such as RNA polymerase. Most organisms then process the pre-mRNA (also known as a primary transcript) using various forms of Post-transcriptional modification to form the mature mRNA, which is then used as a template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is known as translation. The mRNA is loaded onto the ribosome and is read three nucleotides at a time by matching each codon to its base pairing anticodon located on a transfer RNA molecule, which carries the amino acid corresponding to the codon it recognizes. The enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthetase \\\"charges\\\" the tRNA molecules with the correct amino acids. The growing polypeptide is often termed the nascent chain. Proteins are always biosynthesized from N-terminus to C-terminus.van Holde and Mathews, pp. 1002–42.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe size of a synthesized protein can be measured by the number of amino acids it contains and by its total molecular mass, which is normally reported in units of daltons (synonymous with atomic mass units), or the derivative unit kilodalton (kDa). Yeast proteins are on average 466 amino acids long and 53 kDa in mass. The largest known proteins are the titins, a component of the muscle sarcomere, with a molecular mass of almost 3,000 kDa and a total length of almost 27,000 amino acids.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nChemical synthesis\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nShort proteins can also be synthesized chemically by a family of methods known as peptide synthesis, which rely on organic synthesis techniques such as chemical ligation to produce peptides in high yield. Chemical synthesis allows for the introduction of non-natural amino acids into polypeptide chains, such as attachment of fluorescent probes to amino acid side chains. These methods are useful in laboratory biochemistry and cell biology, though generally not for commercial applications. Chemical synthesis is inefficient for polypeptides longer than about 300 amino acids, and the synthesized proteins may not readily assume their native tertiary structure. Most chemical synthesis methods proceed from C-terminus to N-terminus, opposite the biological reaction.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nStructure\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nMost proteins fold into unique 3-dimensional structures. The shape into which a protein naturally folds is known as its native conformation. Although many proteins can fold unassisted, simply through the chemical properties of their amino acids, others require the aid of molecular chaperones to fold into their native states. Biochemists often refer to four distinct aspects of a protein's structure: \\n*Primary structure: the amino acid sequence. A protein is a polyamide. *Secondary structure: regularly repeating local structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The most common examples are the α-helix, β-sheet and turns. Because secondary structures are local, many regions of different secondary structure can be present in the same protein molecule. *Tertiary structure: the overall shape of a single protein molecule; the spatial relationship of the secondary structures to one another. Tertiary structure is generally stabilized by nonlocal interactions, most commonly the formation of a hydrophobic core, but also through salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, and even posttranslational modifications. The term \\\"tertiary structure\\\" is often used as synonymous with the term fold. The tertiary structure is what controls the basic function of the protein.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\n*Quaternary structure: the structure formed by several protein molecules (polypeptide chains), usually called protein subunits in this context, which function as a single protein complex.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nProteins are not entirely rigid molecules. In addition to these levels of structure, proteins may shift between several related structures while they perform their functions. In the context of these functional rearrangements, these tertiary or quaternary structures are usually referred to as \\\"conformations\\\", and transitions between them are called conformational changes. Such changes are often induced by the binding of a substrate molecule to an enzyme's active site, or the physical region of the protein that participates in chemical catalysis. In solution proteins also undergo variation in structure through thermal vibration and the collision with other molecules.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nProteins can be informally divided into three main classes, which correlate with typical tertiary structures: globular proteins, fibrous proteins, and membrane proteins. Almost all globular proteins are soluble and many are enzymes. Fibrous proteins are often structural, such as collagen, the major component of connective tissue, or keratin, the protein component of hair and nails. Membrane proteins often serve as receptors or provide channels for polar or charged molecules to pass through the cell membrane.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nA special case of intramolecular hydrogen bonds within proteins, poorly shielded from water attack and hence promoting their own dehydration, are called dehydrons.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nStructure determination\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nDiscovering the tertiary structure of a protein, or the quaternary structure of its complexes, can provide important clues about how the protein performs its function. Common experimental methods of structure determination include X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, both of which can produce information at atomic resolution. However, NMR experiments are able to provide information from which a subset of distances between pairs of atoms can be estimated, and the final possible conformations for a protein are determined by solving a distance geometry problem. Dual polarisation interferometry is a quantitative analytical method for measuring the overall protein conformation and conformational changes due to interactions or other stimulus. Circular dichroism is another laboratory technique for determining internal β-sheet / α-helical composition of proteins. Cryoelectron microscopy is used to produce lower-resolution structural information about very large protein complexes, including assembled viruses; a variant known as electron crystallography can also produce high-resolution information in some cases, especially for two-dimensional crystals of membrane proteins. Solved structures are usually deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a freely available resource from which structural data about thousands of proteins can be obtained in the form of Cartesian coordinates for each atom in the protein.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nMany more gene sequences are known than protein structures. Further, the set of solved structures is biased toward proteins that can be easily subjected to the conditions required in X-ray crystallography, one of the major structure determination methods. In particular, globular proteins are comparatively easy to crystallize in preparation for X-ray crystallography. Membrane proteins, by contrast, are difficult to crystallize and are underrepresented in the PDB. Structural genomics initiatives have attempted to remedy these deficiencies by systematically solving representative structures of major fold classes. Protein structure prediction methods attempt to provide a means of generating a plausible structure for proteins whose structures have not been experimentally determined.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nCellular functions\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nProteins are the chief actors within the cell, said to be carrying out the duties specified by the information encoded in genes. With the exception of certain types of RNA, most other biological molecules are relatively inert elements upon which proteins act. Proteins make up half the dry weight of an Escherichia coli cell, whereas other macromolecules such as DNA and RNA make up only 3% and 20%, respectively. The set of proteins expressed in a particular cell or cell type is known as its proteome.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe chief characteristic of proteins that also allows their diverse set of functions is their ability to bind other molecules specifically and tightly. The region of the protein responsible for binding another molecule is known as the binding site and is often a depression or \\\"pocket\\\" on the molecular surface. This binding ability is mediated by the tertiary structure of the protein, which defines the binding site pocket, and by the chemical properties of the surrounding amino acids' side chains. Protein binding can be extraordinarily tight and specific; for example, the ribonuclease inhibitor protein binds to human angiogenin with a sub-femtomolar dissociation constant (−15 M) but does not bind at all to its amphibian homolog onconase (>1 M). Extremely minor chemical changes such as the addition of a single methyl group to a binding partner can sometimes suffice to nearly eliminate binding; for example, the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase specific to the amino acid valine discriminates against the very similar side chain of the amino acid isoleucine.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nProteins can bind to other proteins as well as to small-molecule substrates. When proteins bind specifically to other copies of the same molecule, they can oligomerize to form fibrils; this process occurs often in structural proteins that consist of globular monomers that self-associate to form rigid fibers. Protein–protein interactions also regulate enzymatic activity, control progression through the cell cycle, and allow the assembly of large protein complexes that carry out many closely related reactions with a common biological function. Proteins can also bind to, or even be integrated into, cell membranes. The ability of binding partners to induce conformational changes in proteins allows the construction of enormously complex signaling networks. \\nAs interactions between proteins are reversible, and depend heavily on the availability of different groups of partner proteins to form aggregates that are capable to carry out discrete sets of function, study of the interactions between specific proteins is a key to understand important aspects of cellular function, and ultimately the properties that distinguish particular cell types.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nEnzymes\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe best-known role of proteins in the cell is as enzymes, which catalyse chemical reactions. Enzymes are usually highly specific and accelerate only one or a few chemical reactions. Enzymes carry out most of the reactions involved in metabolism, as well as manipulating DNA in processes such as DNA replication, DNA repair, and transcription. Some enzymes act on other proteins to add or remove chemical groups in a process known as posttranslational modification. About 4,000 reactions are known to be catalysed by enzymes. The rate acceleration conferred by enzymatic catalysis is often enormous—as much as 1017-fold increase in rate over the uncatalysed reaction in the case of orotate decarboxylase (78 million years without the enzyme, 18 milliseconds with the enzyme).\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe molecules bound and acted upon by enzymes are called substrates. Although enzymes can consist of hundreds of amino acids, it is usually only a small fraction of the residues that come in contact with the substrate, and an even smaller fraction—three to four residues on average—that are directly involved in catalysis. The region of the enzyme that binds the substrate and contains the catalytic residues is known as the active site.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nDirigent proteins are members of a class of proteins that dictate the stereochemistry of a compound synthesized by other enzymes.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nCell signaling and ligand binding\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nMany proteins are involved in the process of cell signaling and signal transduction. Some proteins, such as insulin, are extracellular proteins that transmit a signal from the cell in which they were synthesized to other cells in distant tissues. Others are membrane proteins that act as receptors whose main function is to bind a signaling molecule and induce a biochemical response in the cell. Many receptors have a binding site exposed on the cell surface and an effector domain within the cell, which may have enzymatic activity or may undergo a conformational change detected by other proteins within the cell.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nAntibodies are protein components of an adaptive immune system whose main function is to bind antigens, or foreign substances in the body, and target them for destruction. Antibodies can be secreted into the extracellular environment or anchored in the membranes of specialized B cells known as plasma cells. Whereas enzymes are limited in their binding affinity for their substrates by the necessity of conducting their reaction, antibodies have no such constraints. An antibody's binding affinity to its target is extraordinarily high.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nMany ligand transport proteins bind particular small biomolecules and transport them to other locations in the body of a multicellular organism. These proteins must have a high binding affinity when their ligand is present in high concentrations, but must also release the ligand when it is present at low concentrations in the target tissues. The canonical example of a ligand-binding protein is haemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to other organs and tissues in all vertebrates and has close homologs in every biological kingdom. Lectins are sugar-binding proteins which are highly specific for their sugar moieties. Lectins typically play a role in biological recognition phenomena involving cells and proteins. Receptors and hormones are highly specific binding proteins.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nTransmembrane proteins can also serve as ligand transport proteins that alter the permeability of the cell membrane to small molecules and ions. The membrane alone has a hydrophobic core through which polar or charged molecules cannot diffuse. Membrane proteins contain internal channels that allow such molecules to enter and exit the cell. Many ion channel proteins are specialized to select for only a particular ion; for example, potassium and sodium channels often discriminate for only one of the two ions.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nStructural proteins\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nStructural proteins confer stiffness and rigidity to otherwise-fluid biological components. Most structural proteins are fibrous proteins; for example, collagen and elastin are critical components of connective tissue such as cartilage, and keratin is found in hard or filamentous structures such as hair, nails, feathers, hooves, and some animal shells. Some globular proteins can also play structural functions, for example, actin and tubulin are globular and soluble as monomers, but polymerize to form long, stiff fibers that make up the cytoskeleton, which allows the cell to maintain its shape and size.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nOther proteins that serve structural functions are motor proteins such as myosin, kinesin, and dynein, which are capable of generating mechanical forces. These proteins are crucial for cellular motility of single celled organisms and the sperm of many multicellular organisms which reproduce sexually. They also generate the forces exerted by contracting muscles and play essential roles in intracellular transport.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nMethods of study\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe activities and structures of proteins may be examined in vitro, in vivo, and in silico. In vitro studies of purified proteins in controlled environments are useful for learning how a protein carries out its function: for example, enzyme kinetics studies explore the chemical mechanism of an enzyme's catalytic activity and its relative affinity for various possible substrate molecules. By contrast, in vivo experiments can provide information about the physiological role of a protein in the context of a cell or even a whole organism. In silico studies use computational methods to study proteins.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nProtein purification\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nTo perform in vitro analysis, a protein must be purified away from other cellular components. This process usually begins with cell lysis, in which a cell's membrane is disrupted and its internal contents released into a solution known as a crude lysate. The resulting mixture can be purified using ultracentrifugation, which fractionates the various cellular components into fractions containing soluble proteins; membrane lipids and proteins; cellular organelles, and nucleic acids. Precipitation by a method known as salting out can concentrate the proteins from this lysate. Various types of chromatography are then used to isolate the protein or proteins of interest based on properties such as molecular weight, net charge and binding affinity. The level of purification can be monitored using various types of gel electrophoresis if the desired protein's molecular weight and isoelectric point are known, by spectroscopy if the protein has distinguishable spectroscopic features, or by enzyme assays if the protein has enzymatic activity. Additionally, proteins can be isolated according their charge using electrofocusing.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nFor natural proteins, a series of purification steps may be necessary to obtain protein sufficiently pure for laboratory applications. To simplify this process, genetic engineering is often used to add chemical features to proteins that make them easier to purify without affecting their structure or activity. Here, a \\\"tag\\\" consisting of a specific amino acid sequence, often a series of histidine residues (a \\\"His-tag\\\"), is attached to one terminus of the protein. As a result, when the lysate is passed over a chromatography column containing nickel, the histidine residues ligate the nickel and attach to the column while the untagged components of the lysate pass unimpeded. A number of different tags have been developed to help researchers purify specific proteins from complex mixtures.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nCellular localization\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe study of proteins in vivo is often concerned with the synthesis and localization of the protein within the cell. Although many intracellular proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and membrane-bound or secreted proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, the specifics of how proteins are targeted to specific organelles or cellular structures is often unclear. A useful technique for assessing cellular localization uses genetic engineering to express in a cell a fusion protein or chimera consisting of the natural protein of interest linked to a \\\"reporter\\\" such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). The fused protein's position within the cell can be cleanly and efficiently visualized using microscopy, as shown in the figure opposite.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nOther methods for elucidating the cellular location of proteins requires the use of known compartmental markers for regions such as the ER, the Golgi, lysosomes or vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, plasma membrane, etc. With the use of fluorescently tagged versions of these markers or of antibodies to known markers, it becomes much simpler to identify the localization of a protein of interest. For example, indirect immunofluorescence will allow for fluorescence colocalization and demonstration of location. Fluorescent dyes are used to label cellular compartments for a similar purpose.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nOther possibilities exist, as well. For example, immunohistochemistry usually utilizes an antibody to one or more proteins of interest that are conjugated to enzymes yielding either luminescent or chromogenic signals that can be compared between samples, allowing for localization information. Another applicable technique is cofractionation in sucrose (or other material) gradients using isopycnic centrifugation. While this technique does not prove colocalization of a compartment of known density and the protein of interest, it does increase the likelihood, and is more amenable to large-scale studies.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nFinally, the gold-standard method of cellular localization is immunoelectron microscopy. This technique also uses an antibody to the protein of interest, along with classical electron microscopy techniques. The sample is prepared for normal electron microscopic examination, and then treated with an antibody to the protein of interest that is conjugated to an extremely electro-dense material, usually gold. This allows for the localization of both ultrastructural details as well as the protein of interest.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThrough another genetic engineering application known as site-directed mutagenesis, researchers can alter the protein sequence and hence its structure, cellular localization, and susceptibility to regulation. This technique even allows the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins, using modified tRNAs, and may allow the rational design of new proteins with novel properties.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nProteomics\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe total complement of proteins present at a time in a cell or cell type is known as its proteome, and the study of such large-scale data sets defines the field of proteomics, named by analogy to the related field of genomics. Key experimental techniques in proteomics include 2D electrophoresis, which allows the separation of a large number of proteins, mass spectrometry, which allows rapid high-throughput identification of proteins and sequencing of peptides (most often after in-gel digestion), protein microarrays, which allow the detection of the relative levels of a large number of proteins present in a cell, and two-hybrid screening, which allows the systematic exploration of protein–protein interactions. The total complement of biologically possible such interactions is known as the interactome. A systematic attempt to determine the structures of proteins representing every possible fold is known as structural genomics.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nBioinformatics\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nA vast array of computational methods have been developed to analyze the structure, function, and evolution of proteins.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe development of such tools has been driven by the large amount of genomic and proteomic data available for a variety of organisms, including the human genome. It is simply impossible to study all proteins experimentally, hence only a few are subjected to laboratory experiments while computational tools are used to extrapolate to similar proteins. Such homologous proteins can be efficiently identified in distantly related organisms by sequence alignment. Genome and gene sequences can be searched by a variety of tools for certain properties. Sequence profiling tools can find restriction enzyme sites, open reading frames in nucleotide sequences, and predict secondary structures. Phylogenetic trees can be constructed and evolutionary hypotheses developed using special software like ClustalW regarding the ancestry of modern organisms and the genes they express. The field of bioinformatics is now indispensable for the analysis of genes and proteins.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nStructure prediction and simulation\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nComplementary to the field of structural genomics, protein structure prediction seeks to develop efficient ways to provide plausible models for proteins whose structures have not yet been determined experimentally. The most successful type of structure prediction, known as homology modeling, relies on the existence of a \\\"template\\\" structure with sequence similarity to the protein being modeled; structural genomics' goal is to provide sufficient representation in solved structures to model most of those that remain. Although producing accurate models remains a challenge when only distantly related template structures are available, it has been suggested that sequence alignment is the bottleneck in this process, as quite accurate models can be produced if a \\\"perfect\\\" sequence alignment is known. Many structure prediction methods have served to inform the emerging field of protein engineering, in which novel protein folds have already been designed. A more complex computational problem is the prediction of intermolecular interactions, such as in molecular docking and protein–protein interaction prediction.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe processes of protein folding and binding can be simulated using such technique as molecular mechanics, in particular, molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo, which increasingly take advantage of parallel and distributed computing (Folding@home project; molecular modeling on GPU). The folding of small α-helical protein domains such as the villin headpiece and the HIV accessory protein have been successfully simulated in silico, and hybrid methods that combine standard molecular dynamics with quantum mechanics calculations have allowed exploration of the electronic states of rhodopsins.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nProtein disorder and unstructure prediction\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nMany proteins (in Eucaryota ~33%) contain large unstructured but biologically functional segments and can be classified as intrinsically disordered proteins. \\nPredicting and analysing protein disorder is, therefore, an important part of protein structure characterisation.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nNutrition\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nMost microorganisms and plants can biosynthesize all 20 standard amino acids, while animals (including humans) must obtain some of the amino acids from the diet. The amino acids that an organism cannot synthesize on its own are referred to as essential amino acids. Key enzymes that synthesize certain amino acids are not present in animals — such as aspartokinase, which catalyses the first step in the synthesis of lysine, methionine, and threonine from aspartate. If amino acids are present in the environment, microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their surroundings and downregulating their biosynthetic pathways.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nIn animals, amino acids are obtained through the consumption of foods containing protein. Ingested proteins are then broken down into amino acids through digestion, which typically involves denaturation of the protein through exposure to acid and hydrolysis by enzymes called proteases. Some ingested amino acids are used for protein biosynthesis, while others are converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis, or fed into the citric acid cycle. This use of protein as a fuel is particularly important under starvation conditions as it allows the body's own proteins to be used to support life, particularly those found in muscle. Amino acids are also an important dietary source of nitrogen.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nHistory and etymology\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nProteins were recognized as a distinct class of biological molecules in the eighteenth century by Antoine Fourcroy and others, distinguished by the molecules' ability to coagulate or flocculate under treatments with heat or acid. Noted examples at the time included albumin from egg whites, blood serum albumin, fibrin, and wheat gluten.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nProteins were first described by the Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder and named by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1838. Mulder carried out elemental analysis of common proteins and found that nearly all proteins had the same empirical formula, C400H620N100O120P1S1. He came to the erroneous conclusion that they might be composed of a single type of (very large) molecule. The term \\\"protein\\\" to describe these molecules was proposed by Mulder's associate Berzelius; protein is derived from the Greek word πρώτειος (proteios), meaning \\\"primary\\\", \\\"in the lead\\\", or \\\"standing in front\\\", + -in. Mulder went on to identify the products of protein degradation such as the amino acid leucine for which he found a (nearly correct) molecular weight of 131 Da.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nEarly nutritional scientists such as the German Carl von Voit believed that protein was the most important nutrient for maintaining the structure of the body, because it was generally believed that \\\"flesh makes flesh.\\\" Karl Heinrich Ritthausen extended known protein forms with the identification of glutamic acid. At the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station a detailed review of the vegetable proteins was compiled by Thomas Burr Osborne. Working with Lafayette Mendel and applying Liebig's law of the minimum in feeding laboratory rats, the nutritionally essential amino acids were established. The work was continued and communicated by William Cumming Rose. The understanding of proteins as polypeptides came through the work of Franz Hofmeister and Hermann Emil Fischer. The central role of proteins as enzymes in living organisms was not fully appreciated until 1926, when James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was in fact a protein.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe difficulty in purifying proteins in large quantities made them very difficult for early protein biochemists to study. Hence, early studies focused on proteins that could be purified in large quantities, e.g., those of blood, egg white, various toxins, and digestive/metabolic enzymes obtained from slaughterhouses. In the 1950s, the Armour Hot Dog Co. purified 1 kg of pure bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and made it freely available to scientists; this gesture helped ribonuclease A become a major target for biochemical study for the following decades.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nLinus Pauling is credited with the successful prediction of regular protein secondary structures based on hydrogen bonding, an idea first put forth by William Astbury in 1933. Later work by Walter Kauzmann on denaturation, based partly on previous studies by Kaj Linderstrøm-Lang, contributed an understanding of protein folding and structure mediated by hydrophobic interactions.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe first protein to be sequenced was insulin, by Frederick Sanger, in 1949. Sanger correctly determined the amino acid sequence of insulin, thus conclusively demonstrating that proteins consisted of linear polymers of amino acids rather than branched chains, colloids, or cyclols. He won the Nobel Prize for this achievement in 1958.\",\n \"Protein\\n\\nThe first protein structures to be solved were hemoglobin and myoglobin, by Max Perutz and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, respectively, in 1958. , the Protein Data Bank has over 115,000 atomic-resolution structures of proteins. In more recent times, cryo-electron microscopy of large macromolecular assemblies and computational protein structure prediction of small protein domains are two methods approaching atomic resolution.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137888,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3732"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which insect, native to central Africa, is notorious for causing the sleeping sickness?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Tsetse fly"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["tsetse fly","nagana tsetse fly","tsi tsi fly","tzetze fly","tsetse flies","glossina","tse tse fly","glossinidae","tse tse","tzetze","tse tse flies","tsetze","zimb","tsetse"],"string":"[\n \"tsetse fly\",\n \"nagana tsetse fly\",\n \"tsi tsi fly\",\n \"tzetze fly\",\n \"tsetse flies\",\n \"glossina\",\n \"tse tse fly\",\n \"glossinidae\",\n \"tse tse\",\n \"tzetze\",\n \"tse tse flies\",\n \"tsetze\",\n \"zimb\",\n \"tsetse\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["African trypanosomiasis\n\nAfrican trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. There are two types that infect humans, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.). T.b.g causes over 98% of reported cases. Both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nInitially, in the first stage of the disease, there are fevers, headaches, itchiness, and joint pains. This begins one to three weeks after the bite. Weeks to months later the second stage begins with confusion, poor coordination, numbness and trouble sleeping. Diagnosis is via finding the parasite in a blood smear or in the fluid of a lymph node. A lumbar puncture is often needed to tell the difference between first and second stage disease.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nPrevention of severe disease involves screening the population at risk with blood tests for T.b.g. Treatment is easier when the disease is detected early and before neurological symptoms occur. Treatment of the first stage is with the medications pentamidine or suramin. Treatment of the second stage involves: eflornithine or a combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine for T.b.g. While melarsoprol works for both it is typically only used for T.b.r. due to serious side effects. Without treatment it typically results in death.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe disease occurs regularly in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa with the population at risk being about 70 million in 36 countries. As of 2010 it caused around 9,000 deaths per year, down from 34,000 in 1990. An estimated 30,000 people are currently infected with 7000 new infections in 2012. More than 80% of these cases are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Three major outbreaks have occurred in recent history: one from 1896 to 1906 primarily in Uganda and the Congo Basin and two in 1920 and 1970 in several African countries. Other animals, such as cows, may carry the disease and become infected in which case it is known as Nagana.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nSigns and symptoms","African trypanosomiasis\n\nAfrican trypanosomiasis symptoms occur in two stages. The first stage, known as the hemolymphatic phase, is characterized by fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching. Fever is intermittent, with attacks lasting from a day to a week, separated by intervals of a few days to a month or longer. Invasion of the circulatory and lymphatic systems by the parasites is associated with severe swelling of lymph nodes, often to tremendous sizes. Winterbottom's sign, the tell-tale swollen lymph nodes along the back of the neck, may appear.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nOccasionally, a chancre (red sore) will develop at the location of the tsetse fly bite. If left untreated, the disease overcomes the host's defenses and can cause more extensive damage, broadening symptoms to include anemia, endocrine, cardiac, and kidney dysfunctions. The second, neurological phase, begins when the parasite invades the central nervous system by passing through the blood–brain barrier. Disruption of the sleep cycle is a leading symptom of this stage and is the one that gave the disease the name 'sleeping sickness.' Infected individuals experience a disorganized and fragmented 24-hour rhythm of the sleep-wake cycle, resulting in daytime sleep episodes and nighttime periods of wakefulness.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nOther neurological symptoms include confusion, tremor, general muscle weakness, hemiparesis and paralysis of a limb. Parkinson-like movements might arise due to non-specific movement disorders and speech disorders. Individuals may also exhibit psychiatric symptoms such as irritability, psychotic reactions, aggressive behaviour, or apathy which can sometimes dominate the clinical diagnosis. Without treatment, the disease is invariably fatal, with progressive mental deterioration leading to coma, systemic organ failure, and death. An untreated infection with T. b. rhodesiense will cause death within months whereas an untreated infection with T. b. gambiense will cause death after several years. Damage caused in the neurological phase is irreversible.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nCause","African trypanosomiasis\n\nTrypanosoma brucei","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThere are two subspecies of the parasite that are responsible for starting the disease in humans. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes the diseases in west and central Africa, whereas Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense has a limited geographical range and is responsible for causing the disease in east and southern Africa. In addition, a third subspecies of the parasite known as Trypanosoma brucei brucei is responsible for affecting animals but not humans.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nHumans are the main reservoir for T. b. gambiense but this species can also be found in pigs and other animals. Wild game animals and cattle are the main reservoir of T. b. rhodesiense. These parasites primarily infect individuals in sub-Saharan Africa because that is where the vector (tsetse fly) is located. The two human forms of the disease also vary greatly in intensity. T. b. gambiense causes a chronic condition that can remain in a passive phase for months or years before symptoms emerge and the infection can last about 3 years before death occurs.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nT. b. rhodesiense is the acute form of the disease and death can occur within months since the symptoms emerge within weeks and it is more virulent and faster developing than T. b. gambiense. Furthermore, trypanosomes are surrounded by a coat that is composed of variant surface glycoproteins (VSG). These proteins act to protect the parasite from any lytic factors that are present in human plasma. The host's immune system recognizes the glycoproteins present on the coat of the parasite leading to the production of different antibodies (IgM and IgG).","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThese antibodies will then act to destroy the parasites that circulate around the blood. However, from the several parasites present in the plasma, a small number of them will experience changes in their surface coats resulting in the formation of new VSGs. Thus, the antibodies produced by the immune system will no longer recognize the parasite leading to proliferation until new antibodies are created to combat the novel VSGs. Eventually the immune system will no longer be able to fight off the parasite due to the constant changes in VSGs and infection will arise.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nVector","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe tsetse fly (genus Glossina) is a large, brown, biting fly that serves as both a host and vector for the trypanosome parasites. While taking blood from a mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue. From the bite, parasites first enter the lymphatic system and then pass into the bloodstream. Inside the mammalian host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes, and are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other body fluids (e.g., lymph, spinal fluid), and continue to replicate by binary fission.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe entire life cycle of African trypanosomes is represented by extracellular stages. A tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host. In the fly's midgut, the parasites transform into procyclic trypomastigotes, multiply by binary fission, leave the midgut, and transform into epimastigotes. The epimastigotes reach the fly's salivary glands and continue multiplication by binary fission.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe entire life cycle of the fly takes about three weeks. In addition to the bite of the tsetse fly, the disease can be transmitted by:\n* Mother-to-child infection: the trypanosome can sometimes cross the placenta and infect the fetus. \n* Laboratories: accidental infections, for example, through the handling of blood of an infected person and organ transplantation, although this is uncommon.\n* Blood transfusion\n* Sexual contact (This may be possible) \nHorse-flies (Tabanidae) and stable flies (Muscidae) possibly play a role in transmission of nagana (the animal form of sleeping sickness) and the human disease form.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nMechanism","African trypanosomiasis\n\nTryptophol is a chemical compound that induces sleep in humans. It is produced by the trypanosomal parasite in sleeping sickness.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nDiagnosis","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe gold standard for diagnosis is identification of trypanosomes in a patient sample by microscopic examination. Patient samples that can be used for diagnosis include chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow, and, during the neurological stage, cerebrospinal fluid. Detection of trypanosome-specific antibodies can be used for diagnosis, but the sensitivity and specificity of these methods are too variable to be used alone for clinical diagnosis. Further, seroconversion occurs after the onset of clinical symptoms during a T. b. rhodesiense infection, so is of limited diagnostic use.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nTrypanosomes can be detected from patient samples using two different preparations. A wet preparation can be used to look for the motile trypanosomes. Alternatively, a fixed (dried) smear can be stained using Giemsa's or Field's technique and examined under a microscope. Often, the parasite is in relatively low abundance in the sample, so techniques to concentrate the parasites can be used prior to microscopic examination. For blood samples, these include centrifugation followed by examination of the buffy coat; mini anion-exchange/centrifugation; and the quantitative buffy coat (QBC) technique. For other samples, such as spinal fluid, concentration techniques include centrifugation followed by examination of the sediment.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThree serological tests are also available for detection of the parasite: the micro-CATT, wb-CATT, and wb-LATEX. The first uses dried blood, while the other two use whole blood samples. A 2002 study found the wb-CATT to be the most efficient for diagnosis, while the wb-LATEX is a better exam for situations where greater sensitivity is required.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nPrevention","African trypanosomiasis\n\nCurrently there are few medically related prevention options for African Trypanosomiasis (i.e. no vaccine exists for immunity). Although the risk of infection from a tsetse fly bite is minor (estimated at less than 0.1%), the use of insect repellants, wearing long-sleeved clothing, avoiding tsetse-dense areas, implementing bush clearance methods and wild game culling are the best options to avoid infection available for local residents of affected areas.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nAt the 25th ISCTRC (International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control) in Mombasa, Kenya, in October 1999, the idea of an African-wide initiative to control tsetse and trypanosomiasis populations was discussed. During the 36th summit of the Organization for African Unity in Lome, Togo, in July 2000, a resolution was passed to form the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC). The campaign works to eradicate the tsetse vector population levels and subsequently the protozoan disease, by use of insecticide-impregnated targets, fly traps, insecticide-treated cattle, ultra-low dose aerial/ground spraying (SAT) of tsetse resting sites and the sterile insect technique (SIT). The use of SIT in Zanzibar proved effective in eliminating the entire population of tsetse flies but was expensive and is relatively impractical to use in many of the endemic countries afflicted with African trypanosomiasis.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nRegular active surveillance, involving detection and prompt treatment of new infections, and tsetse fly control is the backbone of the strategy used to control sleeping sickness. Systematic screening of at-risk communities is the best approach, because case-by-case screening is not practical in endemic regions. Systematic screening may be in the form of mobile clinics or fixed screening centres where teams travel daily to areas of high infection rates. Such screening efforts are important because early symptoms are not evident or serious enough to warrant patients with gambiense disease to seek medical attention, particularly in very remote areas. Also, diagnosis of the disease is difficult and health workers may not associate such general symptoms with trypanosomiasis. Systematic screening allows early-stage disease to be detected and treated before the disease progresses, and removes the potential human reservoir. A single case of sexual transmission of West African sleeping sickness has been reported.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nTreatment","African trypanosomiasis\n\nFirst stage","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe current treatment for first-stage disease is intravenous or intramuscular pentamidine for T. b. gambiense or intravenous suramin for T. b. rhodesiense.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nSecond stage","African trypanosomiasis\n\nFor T. b. gambiense intravenous eflornithine or the combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine appear to be more effective and easier to give. These treatments may replace melarsoprol when available with the combination being first line. Intravenous melarsoprol was previously the standard treatment for second-stage (neurological phase) disease and is effective for both types. It is the only treatment for second stage T. b. rhodesiense however causes death in 5% of people who take it. Resistance to melarsoprol can occur.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nEpidemiology","African trypanosomiasis\n\nAs of 2010 it caused around 9,000 deaths, down from 34,000 in 1990. As of 2000, the disability-adjusted life-years (9 to 10 years) lost due to sleeping sickness are 2.0 million. Over 60 million people living in some 250 locations are at risk of contracting the disease, and under 10,000 new cases were reported in 2009.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe disease has been recorded as occurring in 37 countries, all in sub-Saharan Africa. It occurs regularly in southeast Uganda and western Kenya, and killed more than 48,000 Africans in 2008. The population at risk being about 69 million with one third of this number being at a 'very high' to 'moderate' risk and the remaining two thirds at a 'low' to 'very low' risk.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nPrognosis","African trypanosomiasis\n\nIf untreated, T. b. gambiense almost always results in death, with only a few individuals shown in a long-term 15 year follow-up to have survived after refusing treatment. T. b. rhodesiense, being a more acute and severe form of the disease, is consistently fatal if not treated. Disease progression greatly varies depending on disease form. For individuals which are infected by T. b. gambiense, which accounts for 98% of all of the reported cases, a person can be infected for months or even years without signs or symptoms until the advanced disease stage, where it is too late to be treated successfully. For individuals affected by T. b. rhodesiense, which accounts for 2% of all reported cases, symptoms appear within weeks or months of the infection. Disease progression is rapid and invades the central nervous system, causing death within a short amount of time.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nHistory","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe condition has been present in Africa for thousands of years. Because of a lack of travel between indigenous people, sleeping sickness in humans had been limited to isolated pockets. This changed once Arab slave traders entered central Africa from the east, following the Congo River, bringing parasites along. Gambian sleeping sickness travelled up the Congo River, then further eastwards.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nAn Arab writer of the 14th century left the following description in the case of a sultan of the Malli Kingdom: \"His end was to be overtaken by the sleeping sickness (illat an-nawm) which is a disease that frequently befalls the inhabitants of these countries especially their chieftains. Sleep overtakes one of them in such a manner that it is hardly possible to awake him.\"","African trypanosomiasis\n\nBritish naval surgeon John Atkins described the disease on his return from West Africa in 1734: \n\"The Sleepy Distemper (common among the Negroes) gives no other previous Notice, than a want of Appetite 2 or 3 days before; their sleeps are sound, and Sense and Feeling very little; for pulling, drubbing or whipping will scarce stir up Sense and Power enough to move; and the Moment you cease beating the smart is forgot, and down they fall again into a state of Insensibility, drivling constantly from the Mouth as in deep salivation; breathe slowly, but not unequally nor snort. Young people are more subject to it than the old; and the Judgement generally pronounced is Death, the Prognostik seldom failing. If now and then one of them recovers, he certainly loses the little Reason he had, and turns Ideot...\"","African trypanosomiasis\n\nIn 1901, a devastating epidemic erupted in Uganda, killing more than 250,000 people, including about two-thirds of the population in the affected lakeshore areas. According to The Cambridge History of Africa, \"It has been estimated that up to half the people died of sleeping-sickness and smallpox in the lands on either bank of the lower river Congo.\"","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe causative agent and vector were identified in 1903 by David Bruce, and the differentiation between the subspecies of the protozoa made in 1910. Bruce had earlier shown that T. brucei was the cause of a similar disease in horses and cattle that was transmitted by the tse-tse fly (Glossina morsitans).","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe first effective treatment, atoxyl, an arsenic-based drug developed by Paul Ehrlich and Kiyoshi Shiga, was introduced in 1910, but blindness was a serious side effect.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nSuramin was first synthesized by Oskar Dressel and Richard Kothe in 1916 for Bayer. It was introduced in 1920 to treat the first stage of the disease. By 1922, Suramin was generally combined with tryparsamide (another pentavalent organoarsenic drug), the first drug to enter the nervous system and be useful in the treatment of the second stage of the gambiense form. Tryparsamide was announced in the Journal of Experimental Medicine in 1919 and tested in the Belgian Congo by Louise Pearce of the Rockefeller Institute in 1920. It was used during the grand epidemic in West and Central Africa on millions of people and was the mainstay of therapy until the 1960s. American medical missionary Arthur Lewis Piper was active in using tryparsamide to treat sleeping sickness in the Belgian Congo in 1925.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nPentamidine, a highly effective drug for the first stage of the disease, has been used since 1939. During the 1950s, it was widely used as a prophylactic agent in western Africa, leading to a sharp decline in infection rates. At the time, eradication of the disease was thought to be at hand.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe organoarsenical melarsoprol (Arsobal) developed in the 1940s is effective for patients with second-stage sleeping sickness. However, 3–10% of those injected have reactive encephalopathy (convulsions, progressive coma, or psychotic reactions), and 10–70% of such cases result in death; it can cause brain damage in those who survive the encephalopathy. However, due to its effectiveness, melarsoprol is still used today. Resistance to melarsoprol is increasing, and combination therapy with nifurtimox is currently under research.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nEflornithine (difluoromethylornithine or DFMO), the most modern treatment, was developed in the 1970s by Albert Sjoerdsma and underwent clinical trials in the 1980s. The drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1990. Aventis, the company responsible for its manufacture, halted production in 1999. In 2001, Aventis, in association with Médecins Sans Frontières and the World Health Organization, signed a long-term agreement to manufacture and donate the drug.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nIn addition to sleeping sickness, previous names have included negro lethargy, maladie du sommeil (Fr), Schlafkrankheit (Gr), African lethargy,, pp. 20–21. and Congo trypanosomiasis.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nResearch","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe genome of the parasite has been sequenced and several proteins have been identified as potential targets for drug treatment. Analysis of the genome also revealed the reason why generating a vaccine for this disease has been so difficult. T. brucei has over 800 genes that make proteins the parasite \"mixes and matches\" to evade immune system detection.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nUsing a genetically modified form of a bacterium that occurs naturally in the gut of the vectors is being studied as a method of controlling the disease.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nRecent findings indicate the parasite is unable to survive in the bloodstream without its flagellum. This insight gives researchers a new angle with which to attack the parasite.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nA trial in 2005 is testing the efficacy of the first potential oral treatment for sleeping sickness, pafuramidine. Trypanosomiasis vaccines are undergoing research.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nAdditionally, the Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative has contributed to the African sleeping sickness research effort by developing a compound called fexinidazole. This project was originally started in April 2007 and is currently in a pivotal study in clinical phase II/III.36 The goal is to have the drug succeed and be proven effective again stage one and stage two HAT caused by T. b. gambiense, as well HAT caused by T. b. rhodesiense.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nFunding","African trypanosomiasis\n\nFor current funding statistics, human African trypanosomiasis is grouped with kinetoplastid infections. Kinetoplastids refer to a group of flagellate protozoa. Kinetoplastid infections include African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and Leishmaniasis. All together, these three diseases accounted for 4.4 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and an additional 70,075 recorded deaths yearly. For kinetoplastid infections, the total global research and development funding was approximately $136.3 million in 2012. Each of the three diseases, African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and Leishmaniasis each received approximately a third of the funding, which was about $36.8 million US dollars, $38.7 million US dollars, and $31.7 million US dollars, respectively.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nFor sleeping sickness, funding was split into basic research, drug discovery, vaccines, and diagnostics. The greatest amount of funding was directed towards basic research of the disease; approximately $21.6 million US dollars were directed towards that effort. As for therapeutic development, approximately $10.9 billion were invested.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nThe top funder for kinetoplastid infection research and development are public sources. About 62% of the funding comes from high-income countries while 9% comes from low- and middle-income countries. High-income countries public funding is largest contributors to the neglected disease research effort. However, in recent years, funding from high-income countries has been steadily decreasing; in 2007, high-income countries provided 67.5% of the total funding whereas, in 2012, high-income countries public funds only provided 60% of the total funding for kinetoplastid infections. This downwards trend leaves a gap for other funders, such as philanthropic foundations and private pharmaceutical companies to fill.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nMuch of the progress that has been made in African sleeping sickness and neglected disease research as a whole is a result of the other non-public funders. One of these major sources of funding has come from foundations, which have increasingly become more committed to neglected disease drug discovery in the 21st century. In 2012, philanthropic sources provided 15.9% of the total funding. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has been a leader in providing funding for neglected disease drug development. They have provided $444.1 million US dollars towards neglected disease research in 2012. To date, they have donated over $1.02 billion US dollars towards the neglected disease discovery efforts.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nFor kinetoplastid infections specifically, they have donated an average of $28.15 million US dollars annually between the years 2007 to 2011. They have labeled human African trypanosomiasis a high-opportunity target meaning it is a disease that presents the greatest opportunity for control, elimination, and eradication, through the development on new drugs, vaccines, public-health programs, and diagnostics. They are the second highest funding source for neglected diseases, immediately behind the US National Institutes of Health. At a time where public funding is decreasing and government grants for scientific research are harder to obtain, the philanthropic world has stepped in to push the research forward.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nAnother important component of increased interest and funding has come from industry. In 2012, they contributed 13.1% total to the kinetoplastid research and development effort, and have additionally played an important role by contributing to public-private partnerships (PPP) as well as product-development partnerships (PDP). A public-private partnership is an arrangement between one or more public entities and one or more private entities that exists to achieve a specific health outcome or to produce a health product. The partnership can exist in numerous ways; they may share and exchange funds, property, equipment, human resources, and intellectual property. These public-private partnerships and product-development partnerships have been established to address challenges in pharmaceutical industry, especially related to neglected disease research. These partnerships can help increase the scale of the effort towards therapeutic development by using different knowledge, skills, and expertise from different sources. These types of partnerships have been shown to be more effective than industry or public groups working independently.","African trypanosomiasis\n\nOther animals","African trypanosomiasis\n\nTrypanosoma of both the rhodesiense and gambiense types can affect other animals such as cattle and wild animals. In animals it is known as nagana (animal African trypanosomiasis)"],"string":"[\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nAfrican trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. There are two types that infect humans, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.). T.b.g causes over 98% of reported cases. Both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nInitially, in the first stage of the disease, there are fevers, headaches, itchiness, and joint pains. This begins one to three weeks after the bite. Weeks to months later the second stage begins with confusion, poor coordination, numbness and trouble sleeping. Diagnosis is via finding the parasite in a blood smear or in the fluid of a lymph node. A lumbar puncture is often needed to tell the difference between first and second stage disease.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nPrevention of severe disease involves screening the population at risk with blood tests for T.b.g. Treatment is easier when the disease is detected early and before neurological symptoms occur. Treatment of the first stage is with the medications pentamidine or suramin. Treatment of the second stage involves: eflornithine or a combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine for T.b.g. While melarsoprol works for both it is typically only used for T.b.r. due to serious side effects. Without treatment it typically results in death.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe disease occurs regularly in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa with the population at risk being about 70 million in 36 countries. As of 2010 it caused around 9,000 deaths per year, down from 34,000 in 1990. An estimated 30,000 people are currently infected with 7000 new infections in 2012. More than 80% of these cases are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Three major outbreaks have occurred in recent history: one from 1896 to 1906 primarily in Uganda and the Congo Basin and two in 1920 and 1970 in several African countries. Other animals, such as cows, may carry the disease and become infected in which case it is known as Nagana.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nSigns and symptoms\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nAfrican trypanosomiasis symptoms occur in two stages. The first stage, known as the hemolymphatic phase, is characterized by fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching. Fever is intermittent, with attacks lasting from a day to a week, separated by intervals of a few days to a month or longer. Invasion of the circulatory and lymphatic systems by the parasites is associated with severe swelling of lymph nodes, often to tremendous sizes. Winterbottom's sign, the tell-tale swollen lymph nodes along the back of the neck, may appear.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nOccasionally, a chancre (red sore) will develop at the location of the tsetse fly bite. If left untreated, the disease overcomes the host's defenses and can cause more extensive damage, broadening symptoms to include anemia, endocrine, cardiac, and kidney dysfunctions. The second, neurological phase, begins when the parasite invades the central nervous system by passing through the blood–brain barrier. Disruption of the sleep cycle is a leading symptom of this stage and is the one that gave the disease the name 'sleeping sickness.' Infected individuals experience a disorganized and fragmented 24-hour rhythm of the sleep-wake cycle, resulting in daytime sleep episodes and nighttime periods of wakefulness.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nOther neurological symptoms include confusion, tremor, general muscle weakness, hemiparesis and paralysis of a limb. Parkinson-like movements might arise due to non-specific movement disorders and speech disorders. Individuals may also exhibit psychiatric symptoms such as irritability, psychotic reactions, aggressive behaviour, or apathy which can sometimes dominate the clinical diagnosis. Without treatment, the disease is invariably fatal, with progressive mental deterioration leading to coma, systemic organ failure, and death. An untreated infection with T. b. rhodesiense will cause death within months whereas an untreated infection with T. b. gambiense will cause death after several years. Damage caused in the neurological phase is irreversible.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nCause\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nTrypanosoma brucei\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThere are two subspecies of the parasite that are responsible for starting the disease in humans. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes the diseases in west and central Africa, whereas Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense has a limited geographical range and is responsible for causing the disease in east and southern Africa. In addition, a third subspecies of the parasite known as Trypanosoma brucei brucei is responsible for affecting animals but not humans.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nHumans are the main reservoir for T. b. gambiense but this species can also be found in pigs and other animals. Wild game animals and cattle are the main reservoir of T. b. rhodesiense. These parasites primarily infect individuals in sub-Saharan Africa because that is where the vector (tsetse fly) is located. The two human forms of the disease also vary greatly in intensity. T. b. gambiense causes a chronic condition that can remain in a passive phase for months or years before symptoms emerge and the infection can last about 3 years before death occurs.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nT. b. rhodesiense is the acute form of the disease and death can occur within months since the symptoms emerge within weeks and it is more virulent and faster developing than T. b. gambiense. Furthermore, trypanosomes are surrounded by a coat that is composed of variant surface glycoproteins (VSG). These proteins act to protect the parasite from any lytic factors that are present in human plasma. The host's immune system recognizes the glycoproteins present on the coat of the parasite leading to the production of different antibodies (IgM and IgG).\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThese antibodies will then act to destroy the parasites that circulate around the blood. However, from the several parasites present in the plasma, a small number of them will experience changes in their surface coats resulting in the formation of new VSGs. Thus, the antibodies produced by the immune system will no longer recognize the parasite leading to proliferation until new antibodies are created to combat the novel VSGs. Eventually the immune system will no longer be able to fight off the parasite due to the constant changes in VSGs and infection will arise.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nVector\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe tsetse fly (genus Glossina) is a large, brown, biting fly that serves as both a host and vector for the trypanosome parasites. While taking blood from a mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue. From the bite, parasites first enter the lymphatic system and then pass into the bloodstream. Inside the mammalian host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes, and are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other body fluids (e.g., lymph, spinal fluid), and continue to replicate by binary fission.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe entire life cycle of African trypanosomes is represented by extracellular stages. A tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host. In the fly's midgut, the parasites transform into procyclic trypomastigotes, multiply by binary fission, leave the midgut, and transform into epimastigotes. The epimastigotes reach the fly's salivary glands and continue multiplication by binary fission.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe entire life cycle of the fly takes about three weeks. In addition to the bite of the tsetse fly, the disease can be transmitted by:\\n* Mother-to-child infection: the trypanosome can sometimes cross the placenta and infect the fetus. \\n* Laboratories: accidental infections, for example, through the handling of blood of an infected person and organ transplantation, although this is uncommon.\\n* Blood transfusion\\n* Sexual contact (This may be possible) \\nHorse-flies (Tabanidae) and stable flies (Muscidae) possibly play a role in transmission of nagana (the animal form of sleeping sickness) and the human disease form.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nMechanism\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nTryptophol is a chemical compound that induces sleep in humans. It is produced by the trypanosomal parasite in sleeping sickness.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nDiagnosis\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe gold standard for diagnosis is identification of trypanosomes in a patient sample by microscopic examination. Patient samples that can be used for diagnosis include chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow, and, during the neurological stage, cerebrospinal fluid. Detection of trypanosome-specific antibodies can be used for diagnosis, but the sensitivity and specificity of these methods are too variable to be used alone for clinical diagnosis. Further, seroconversion occurs after the onset of clinical symptoms during a T. b. rhodesiense infection, so is of limited diagnostic use.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nTrypanosomes can be detected from patient samples using two different preparations. A wet preparation can be used to look for the motile trypanosomes. Alternatively, a fixed (dried) smear can be stained using Giemsa's or Field's technique and examined under a microscope. Often, the parasite is in relatively low abundance in the sample, so techniques to concentrate the parasites can be used prior to microscopic examination. For blood samples, these include centrifugation followed by examination of the buffy coat; mini anion-exchange/centrifugation; and the quantitative buffy coat (QBC) technique. For other samples, such as spinal fluid, concentration techniques include centrifugation followed by examination of the sediment.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThree serological tests are also available for detection of the parasite: the micro-CATT, wb-CATT, and wb-LATEX. The first uses dried blood, while the other two use whole blood samples. A 2002 study found the wb-CATT to be the most efficient for diagnosis, while the wb-LATEX is a better exam for situations where greater sensitivity is required.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nPrevention\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nCurrently there are few medically related prevention options for African Trypanosomiasis (i.e. no vaccine exists for immunity). Although the risk of infection from a tsetse fly bite is minor (estimated at less than 0.1%), the use of insect repellants, wearing long-sleeved clothing, avoiding tsetse-dense areas, implementing bush clearance methods and wild game culling are the best options to avoid infection available for local residents of affected areas.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nAt the 25th ISCTRC (International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control) in Mombasa, Kenya, in October 1999, the idea of an African-wide initiative to control tsetse and trypanosomiasis populations was discussed. During the 36th summit of the Organization for African Unity in Lome, Togo, in July 2000, a resolution was passed to form the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC). The campaign works to eradicate the tsetse vector population levels and subsequently the protozoan disease, by use of insecticide-impregnated targets, fly traps, insecticide-treated cattle, ultra-low dose aerial/ground spraying (SAT) of tsetse resting sites and the sterile insect technique (SIT). The use of SIT in Zanzibar proved effective in eliminating the entire population of tsetse flies but was expensive and is relatively impractical to use in many of the endemic countries afflicted with African trypanosomiasis.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nRegular active surveillance, involving detection and prompt treatment of new infections, and tsetse fly control is the backbone of the strategy used to control sleeping sickness. Systematic screening of at-risk communities is the best approach, because case-by-case screening is not practical in endemic regions. Systematic screening may be in the form of mobile clinics or fixed screening centres where teams travel daily to areas of high infection rates. Such screening efforts are important because early symptoms are not evident or serious enough to warrant patients with gambiense disease to seek medical attention, particularly in very remote areas. Also, diagnosis of the disease is difficult and health workers may not associate such general symptoms with trypanosomiasis. Systematic screening allows early-stage disease to be detected and treated before the disease progresses, and removes the potential human reservoir. A single case of sexual transmission of West African sleeping sickness has been reported.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nTreatment\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nFirst stage\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe current treatment for first-stage disease is intravenous or intramuscular pentamidine for T. b. gambiense or intravenous suramin for T. b. rhodesiense.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nSecond stage\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nFor T. b. gambiense intravenous eflornithine or the combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine appear to be more effective and easier to give. These treatments may replace melarsoprol when available with the combination being first line. Intravenous melarsoprol was previously the standard treatment for second-stage (neurological phase) disease and is effective for both types. It is the only treatment for second stage T. b. rhodesiense however causes death in 5% of people who take it. Resistance to melarsoprol can occur.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nEpidemiology\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nAs of 2010 it caused around 9,000 deaths, down from 34,000 in 1990. As of 2000, the disability-adjusted life-years (9 to 10 years) lost due to sleeping sickness are 2.0 million. Over 60 million people living in some 250 locations are at risk of contracting the disease, and under 10,000 new cases were reported in 2009.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe disease has been recorded as occurring in 37 countries, all in sub-Saharan Africa. It occurs regularly in southeast Uganda and western Kenya, and killed more than 48,000 Africans in 2008. The population at risk being about 69 million with one third of this number being at a 'very high' to 'moderate' risk and the remaining two thirds at a 'low' to 'very low' risk.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nPrognosis\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nIf untreated, T. b. gambiense almost always results in death, with only a few individuals shown in a long-term 15 year follow-up to have survived after refusing treatment. T. b. rhodesiense, being a more acute and severe form of the disease, is consistently fatal if not treated. Disease progression greatly varies depending on disease form. For individuals which are infected by T. b. gambiense, which accounts for 98% of all of the reported cases, a person can be infected for months or even years without signs or symptoms until the advanced disease stage, where it is too late to be treated successfully. For individuals affected by T. b. rhodesiense, which accounts for 2% of all reported cases, symptoms appear within weeks or months of the infection. Disease progression is rapid and invades the central nervous system, causing death within a short amount of time.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe condition has been present in Africa for thousands of years. Because of a lack of travel between indigenous people, sleeping sickness in humans had been limited to isolated pockets. This changed once Arab slave traders entered central Africa from the east, following the Congo River, bringing parasites along. Gambian sleeping sickness travelled up the Congo River, then further eastwards.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nAn Arab writer of the 14th century left the following description in the case of a sultan of the Malli Kingdom: \\\"His end was to be overtaken by the sleeping sickness (illat an-nawm) which is a disease that frequently befalls the inhabitants of these countries especially their chieftains. Sleep overtakes one of them in such a manner that it is hardly possible to awake him.\\\"\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nBritish naval surgeon John Atkins described the disease on his return from West Africa in 1734: \\n\\\"The Sleepy Distemper (common among the Negroes) gives no other previous Notice, than a want of Appetite 2 or 3 days before; their sleeps are sound, and Sense and Feeling very little; for pulling, drubbing or whipping will scarce stir up Sense and Power enough to move; and the Moment you cease beating the smart is forgot, and down they fall again into a state of Insensibility, drivling constantly from the Mouth as in deep salivation; breathe slowly, but not unequally nor snort. Young people are more subject to it than the old; and the Judgement generally pronounced is Death, the Prognostik seldom failing. If now and then one of them recovers, he certainly loses the little Reason he had, and turns Ideot...\\\"\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nIn 1901, a devastating epidemic erupted in Uganda, killing more than 250,000 people, including about two-thirds of the population in the affected lakeshore areas. According to The Cambridge History of Africa, \\\"It has been estimated that up to half the people died of sleeping-sickness and smallpox in the lands on either bank of the lower river Congo.\\\"\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe causative agent and vector were identified in 1903 by David Bruce, and the differentiation between the subspecies of the protozoa made in 1910. Bruce had earlier shown that T. brucei was the cause of a similar disease in horses and cattle that was transmitted by the tse-tse fly (Glossina morsitans).\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe first effective treatment, atoxyl, an arsenic-based drug developed by Paul Ehrlich and Kiyoshi Shiga, was introduced in 1910, but blindness was a serious side effect.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nSuramin was first synthesized by Oskar Dressel and Richard Kothe in 1916 for Bayer. It was introduced in 1920 to treat the first stage of the disease. By 1922, Suramin was generally combined with tryparsamide (another pentavalent organoarsenic drug), the first drug to enter the nervous system and be useful in the treatment of the second stage of the gambiense form. Tryparsamide was announced in the Journal of Experimental Medicine in 1919 and tested in the Belgian Congo by Louise Pearce of the Rockefeller Institute in 1920. It was used during the grand epidemic in West and Central Africa on millions of people and was the mainstay of therapy until the 1960s. American medical missionary Arthur Lewis Piper was active in using tryparsamide to treat sleeping sickness in the Belgian Congo in 1925.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nPentamidine, a highly effective drug for the first stage of the disease, has been used since 1939. During the 1950s, it was widely used as a prophylactic agent in western Africa, leading to a sharp decline in infection rates. At the time, eradication of the disease was thought to be at hand.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe organoarsenical melarsoprol (Arsobal) developed in the 1940s is effective for patients with second-stage sleeping sickness. However, 3–10% of those injected have reactive encephalopathy (convulsions, progressive coma, or psychotic reactions), and 10–70% of such cases result in death; it can cause brain damage in those who survive the encephalopathy. However, due to its effectiveness, melarsoprol is still used today. Resistance to melarsoprol is increasing, and combination therapy with nifurtimox is currently under research.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nEflornithine (difluoromethylornithine or DFMO), the most modern treatment, was developed in the 1970s by Albert Sjoerdsma and underwent clinical trials in the 1980s. The drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1990. Aventis, the company responsible for its manufacture, halted production in 1999. In 2001, Aventis, in association with Médecins Sans Frontières and the World Health Organization, signed a long-term agreement to manufacture and donate the drug.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nIn addition to sleeping sickness, previous names have included negro lethargy, maladie du sommeil (Fr), Schlafkrankheit (Gr), African lethargy,, pp. 20–21. and Congo trypanosomiasis.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nResearch\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe genome of the parasite has been sequenced and several proteins have been identified as potential targets for drug treatment. Analysis of the genome also revealed the reason why generating a vaccine for this disease has been so difficult. T. brucei has over 800 genes that make proteins the parasite \\\"mixes and matches\\\" to evade immune system detection.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nUsing a genetically modified form of a bacterium that occurs naturally in the gut of the vectors is being studied as a method of controlling the disease.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nRecent findings indicate the parasite is unable to survive in the bloodstream without its flagellum. This insight gives researchers a new angle with which to attack the parasite.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nA trial in 2005 is testing the efficacy of the first potential oral treatment for sleeping sickness, pafuramidine. Trypanosomiasis vaccines are undergoing research.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nAdditionally, the Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative has contributed to the African sleeping sickness research effort by developing a compound called fexinidazole. This project was originally started in April 2007 and is currently in a pivotal study in clinical phase II/III.36 The goal is to have the drug succeed and be proven effective again stage one and stage two HAT caused by T. b. gambiense, as well HAT caused by T. b. rhodesiense.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nFunding\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nFor current funding statistics, human African trypanosomiasis is grouped with kinetoplastid infections. Kinetoplastids refer to a group of flagellate protozoa. Kinetoplastid infections include African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and Leishmaniasis. All together, these three diseases accounted for 4.4 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and an additional 70,075 recorded deaths yearly. For kinetoplastid infections, the total global research and development funding was approximately $136.3 million in 2012. Each of the three diseases, African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and Leishmaniasis each received approximately a third of the funding, which was about $36.8 million US dollars, $38.7 million US dollars, and $31.7 million US dollars, respectively.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nFor sleeping sickness, funding was split into basic research, drug discovery, vaccines, and diagnostics. The greatest amount of funding was directed towards basic research of the disease; approximately $21.6 million US dollars were directed towards that effort. As for therapeutic development, approximately $10.9 billion were invested.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nThe top funder for kinetoplastid infection research and development are public sources. About 62% of the funding comes from high-income countries while 9% comes from low- and middle-income countries. High-income countries public funding is largest contributors to the neglected disease research effort. However, in recent years, funding from high-income countries has been steadily decreasing; in 2007, high-income countries provided 67.5% of the total funding whereas, in 2012, high-income countries public funds only provided 60% of the total funding for kinetoplastid infections. This downwards trend leaves a gap for other funders, such as philanthropic foundations and private pharmaceutical companies to fill.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nMuch of the progress that has been made in African sleeping sickness and neglected disease research as a whole is a result of the other non-public funders. One of these major sources of funding has come from foundations, which have increasingly become more committed to neglected disease drug discovery in the 21st century. In 2012, philanthropic sources provided 15.9% of the total funding. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has been a leader in providing funding for neglected disease drug development. They have provided $444.1 million US dollars towards neglected disease research in 2012. To date, they have donated over $1.02 billion US dollars towards the neglected disease discovery efforts.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nFor kinetoplastid infections specifically, they have donated an average of $28.15 million US dollars annually between the years 2007 to 2011. They have labeled human African trypanosomiasis a high-opportunity target meaning it is a disease that presents the greatest opportunity for control, elimination, and eradication, through the development on new drugs, vaccines, public-health programs, and diagnostics. They are the second highest funding source for neglected diseases, immediately behind the US National Institutes of Health. At a time where public funding is decreasing and government grants for scientific research are harder to obtain, the philanthropic world has stepped in to push the research forward.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nAnother important component of increased interest and funding has come from industry. In 2012, they contributed 13.1% total to the kinetoplastid research and development effort, and have additionally played an important role by contributing to public-private partnerships (PPP) as well as product-development partnerships (PDP). A public-private partnership is an arrangement between one or more public entities and one or more private entities that exists to achieve a specific health outcome or to produce a health product. The partnership can exist in numerous ways; they may share and exchange funds, property, equipment, human resources, and intellectual property. These public-private partnerships and product-development partnerships have been established to address challenges in pharmaceutical industry, especially related to neglected disease research. These partnerships can help increase the scale of the effort towards therapeutic development by using different knowledge, skills, and expertise from different sources. These types of partnerships have been shown to be more effective than industry or public groups working independently.\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nOther animals\",\n \"African trypanosomiasis\\n\\nTrypanosoma of both the rhodesiense and gambiense types can affect other animals such as cattle and wild animals. In animals it is known as nagana (animal African trypanosomiasis)\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137889,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3733"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Citizen (of watch fame), JVC, and Olympus are all companies based in what country?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Japan"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["nihon koku","nihon","japoa","japang","japan","日本國","etymology of japan","iso 3166 1 jp","jpan","japan country","riben","rìběn","🗾","japanese financial sector","japian","nippon koku","state of japan","nippon","modern–era japan","republic of japan","日本国","jpn","japao","ja pan","日本"],"string":"[\n \"nihon koku\",\n \"nihon\",\n \"japoa\",\n \"japang\",\n \"japan\",\n \"日本國\",\n \"etymology of japan\",\n \"iso 3166 1 jp\",\n \"jpan\",\n \"japan country\",\n \"riben\",\n \"rìběn\",\n \"🗾\",\n \"japanese financial sector\",\n \"japian\",\n \"nippon koku\",\n \"state of japan\",\n \"nippon\",\n \"modern–era japan\",\n \"republic of japan\",\n \"日本国\",\n \"jpn\",\n \"japao\",\n \"ja pan\",\n \"日本\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Citizen Holdings\n\nis the core company of a Japanese global corporate group based in Tokyo, Japan. The company was originally founded as Shokosha Watch Research Institute in 1918 and is currently known as the manufacturer of Cincom precision lathe machine tools as well as Citizen watches. The trade name originated from a pocket watch Citizen sold in 1924. It is one of the world's largest producers of watches.","Citizen Holdings\n\nEco-Drive","Citizen Holdings\n\nEco-Drive watches use a battery recharged by a solar panel hidden under the watch face. In the rare and discontinued Eco-Drive Duo series, the solar power was supplemented by an automatic quartz power source. One early model, called the Citizen Vitality, used the watch hands to drive a small electric generator, but was discontinued following complaints that the device could explode and cause wrist injuries. There was also an Eco-Drive Thermo model that exploited temperature differentials between the wearer's skin temperature and ambient temperature to recharge the battery. However, the only Eco-Drive system described on the Citizen Watch official web site is the one depending solely on light to recharge. Features similar to the Eco-Drive have been developed by other manufacturers like Casio and Junghans. All Citizen Eco-Drive movements are made in Japan but the case or the bracelet may also be made in China.","Citizen Holdings\n\nFile:CITIZEN JY8034-58E Navihawk A-T.jpg|CITIZEN JY8034-58E\nFile:CITIZEN JY8034-58E Navihawk A-T.1.jpg|CITIZEN JY8034-58E\nFile:CITIZEN JY8034-58E Navihawk A-T.3.jpg|CITIZEN JY8034-58E\nFile:CITIZEN JY8034-58E Navihawk A-T.4.jpg|CITIZEN JY8034-58E\nFile:CITIZEN JY8034-58E Navihawk A-T.6.jpg|CITIZEN JY8034-58E","Citizen Holdings\n\nAtomic timekeeping","Citizen Holdings\n\nSkyhawk A-T line of watches features Radio Controlled Timekeeping. The watches can synchronize with radio clocks in Japan, North America, and Europe and will automatically select the correct frequency for doing so based upon location of home time zone. The watch actually tracks two time zones—home and world—but synchronizes to the 'home' zone. When traveling, the user may swap the 'home' and 'world' zones—thereby enabling proper time signal reception on a different continent while retaining the other time. The day, date, and Daylight Saving Time settings are also set automatically when the watch is synchronized. These features are comparable to the synchronization with atomic clocks found in Casio Wave Ceptor watches.\nThe Perpetual Chrono A-T is another of Citizen's radio controlled watches. The watch syncs with the atomic clocks in Colorado or Germany depending on signal strength and location. It also incorporates the eco-drive technology which means it will never require a battery.","Citizen Holdings\n\nBulova UHF movement","Citizen Holdings\n\nIn 2010, Miyota (Citizen Watch) of Japan introduced a newly developed movement (UHF 262 kHz) that uses a three-prong quartz crystal for the Precisionist or Accutron II line, a new type of quartz watch with ultra-high frequency (262.144 kHz) which is claimed to be accurate to +/- 10 seconds a year and has a smooth sweeping second hand rather than one that jumps each second.","Citizen Holdings\n\nContemporary watches","Citizen Holdings\n\nCitizen also produces the Independent Watches line, featuring a more modern, contemporary design than the traditional Citizen label. Depending on the market, these watches may be labelled \"Secret\", \"Lighthouse\" brands among others.","Citizen Holdings\n\nDCP clasp","Citizen Holdings\n\nThe Deployment Clasp with a Push Button (DCP) is a clasp available for many Citizen watch bracelet bands. The clasp, as with the Calibre 8700, is also used with leather bands as if they were metal bracelet-style watchbands; however, when the clasp is fastened, the band appears to be a normal eye-hole and link pin leather watchband.","Citizen Holdings\n\nOther products","Citizen Holdings\n\nApart from watches, Citizen also manufactures calculators and small electronic organizers. Some non-watch devices such as handheld televisions and computer printers, have been marketed under the Citizen brand name.","Citizen Holdings\n\nIn the 1980s, a number of handheld electronic games were sold under the Q&Q brand.","Citizen Holdings\n\nIn the early-mid 1990s, Citizen partnered with Compaq Computer Corporation to build notebook computers in Japan for the Japan and Far Eastern market to be sold under the Compaq name.","Citizen Holdings\n\nCorporate divisions","Citizen Holdings\n\n*Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. – manufacture and sale of watches and clocks.\n*Japan CBM Corporation – sales of timepieces, including the Q & Q brand. \n*Citizen Systems Japan Co., Ltd. – sales of business and consumer electronic devices including calculators.\n*Citizen Miyota Co., Ltd. – production of wristwatches, quartz crystal oscillators, electronic viewfinders, LCD back-light units, CCD/CMOS image sensors, ferroelectric micro LCDs, LCoS, high-density mounting equipment.\n*Citizen Fine Tech Co., Ltd. – manufacture and sales of electronic components (ceramic parts, quartz crystal oscillator chips, etc.)\n*Citizen Seimitsu Co., Ltd. – The fact that manufactures watch movement components, watch appearance components, automotive components, LCD cells, mini printers, measuring instruments, lubrication units, secondary machining LC lathes, glass scribers.\n* Citizen Watch Company of America \n* Bulova Watch Company, New York","Citizen Holdings\n\nSponsorships","Citizen Holdings\n\n*Official time keeper and official watch of the US Open tennis championship since 1993\n*ISU – World Figure Skating Championships\n*Official timekeeping partner of Manchester United F.C.","JVC\n\n, , usually referred to as JVC, is a Japanese international consumer and professional electronics corporation based in Yokohama, Japan. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder.","JVC\n\nFrom 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVC Kenwood Holdings.","JVC\n\nHistory","JVC\n\n1920s creation to World War II","JVC\n\nJVC was founded in 1927 as \"The Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan, Limited,\" a subsidiary of the United States' leading phonograph and record company, the Victor Talking Machine Company. In 1929 majority ownership was transferred to RCA-Victor. In the 1930s JVC produced phonographs and records. In 1932, JVC started producing radios, and in 1939 Japan's first locally-made television. JVC severed relations with its foreign partners during World War II. Today the record company in Japan is known as Victor Entertainment.","JVC\n\nPost-war","JVC\n\nIn 1953, JVC became majority-owned by the Panasonic Corporation. Panasonic released its ownership in 2007.","JVC\n\nIn the 1960s, JVC established the Nivico (Nippon Victor Corporation) brand for Delmonico's line of console televisions and stereos.","JVC\n\nIn 1970, JVC marketed the Videosphere, a portable cathode ray tube (CRT) television inside a space-helmet-shaped casing with an alarm clock at the base. It was a commercial success.","JVC\n\nIn 1971, JVC introduced the first discrete system for four channel quadraphonic sound on vinyl records - CD-4 (Compatible Discrete Four Channel) or Quadradisc, as it was called by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in the United States.","JVC\n\nIn 1975, JVC introduced the first combined portable battery-operated radio with inbuilt TV, as the model 3050. The TV was a 3 in black-and-white cathode ray tube. One year later, JVC expanded the model to add a cassette-recorder, as the 3060, creating the world's first boombox with radio, cassette and TV.","JVC\n\nIn 1976, the first VCR to use VHS was the Victor HR-3300, and was introduced by the president of JVC at the Okura Hotel on September 9, 1976. JVC started selling the HR-3300 in Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan on October 31, 1976. Region-specific versions of the JVC HR-3300 were also distributed later on, such as the HR-3300U in the United States, and HR-3300EK in the United Kingdom.","JVC\n\n1970s, 1980s and the VHS/Betamax format war","JVC\n\nIn the late 1970s, JVC developed the VHS format, introducing the first VHS recorders to the consumer market in 1976 for the equivalent of US $1060. Sony, which had introduced the Betamax home videocassette tape a year earlier, became the main competitor for JVC's VHS format into the 1980s, creating the videotape format war. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior picture quality to the VHS cassette, but this resulted in Betamax having less recording time. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVC's VHS format, while only 12 used Betamax. Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders completely.","JVC\n\nOther notable achievements","JVC\n\nIn 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its video high density (VHD) disc system. This system was capacitance-based, like capacitance electronic disc (CED), but the discs were grooveless with the stylus being guided by servo signals in the disc surface. The VHD discs were initially handled by the operator and played on a machine that looked like an audio LP turntable, but JVC used caddy-housed discs when the system was marketed. Development suffered numerous delays, and the product was launched in 1983 in Japan, followed by the United Kingdom in 1984, to a limited industrial market.","JVC\n\nIn 1981, JVC introduced a line of revolutionary direct-drive cassette decks, topped by the DD-9, that provided previously unattainable levels of speed stability.","JVC\n\nDuring the 1980s JVC briefly marketed its own portable audio equipment similar to the Sony Walkman on the market at the time. The JVC CQ-F2K was released in 1982 and had a detachable radio that mounted to the headphones for a compact, wire-free listening experience. JVC had difficulty making the products successful, and a few years later stopped making them. In Japan, JVC marketed the products under the name \"Victor\".","JVC\n\nIn 1986, JVC released the HC-95, a personal computer with a 3.58 MHz Zilog Z80A processor, 64 KB RAM, running on MSX Basic 2.0. It included two 3.5\" floppy disk drives and conformed to the graphics specification of the MSX-2 standard. However, like the Pioneer PX-7, it also carried a sophisticated hardware interface that handled video superimposition and various interactive video processing features. The JVC HC-95 was first sold in Japan, and then Europe, but sales were disappointing.","JVC\n\nJVC video recorders were marketed by the Ferguson Radio Corporation in the UK, with just cosmetic changes. However, Ferguson needed to find another supplier for its camcorders when JVC produced only the VHS-C format, rather than video8. Ferguson was later acquired by Thomson SA, which ended the relationship. JVC later invented hard drive camcorders.","JVC\n\n21st century","JVC\n\nIn October 2001, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences presented JVC an Emmy Award for \"outstanding achievement in technological advancement\" for \"Pioneering Development of Consumer Camcorders\". Annual sponsorships of the world-renowned JVC Tokyo Video Festival and the JVC Jazz Festival have helped attract the attention of more customers.","JVC\n\nJVC has been a worldwide football (soccer) supporter since 1982, having a former kit sponsorship with Arsenal and continued its role as an official partner of 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan. JVC made headlines as the first-ever corporate partner of the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. JVC has recently forged corporate partnerships with ESPN Zone and Foxploration. In 2005, JVC joined HANA, the High-Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance, to help establish standards in consumer-electronics interoperability.","JVC\n\nIn 2005, JVC announced their development of the first DVD-RW DL media (the dual layer version of the rewritable DVD-RW format).","JVC\n\nIn December 2006, Matsushita entered talks with Kenwood and Cerberus Capital Management to sell its stake in JVC.","JVC\n\nIn 2007, Victor Company of Japan Ltd confirmed a strategic capital alliance with Kenwood and SPARKX Investment, resulting in Matsushita's holding being reduced to approximately 37%.","JVC\n\nIn March 2008, Matsushita (Panasonic) agreed to spin off the company and merge it with Kenwood Electronics, creating JVC Kenwood Holdings on October 1, 2008.","JVC\n\nIn April 2008, JVC announced that it was closing its TV plants in East Kilbride, Scotland and Japan. This left it with one plant in Thailand. It stated it would outsource European production to an OEM.","JVC\n\nJVC TVs for North America are now being manufactured by AmTRAN Video Corporation along with distribution, service, and warranty under license from JVC Kenwood. In Europe, Dixons Carphone, owner of Currys Digital and PC World has a similar arrangement with JVC Kenwood.","JVC\n\nIn Europe, JVC sells mainly some audio accessories, like headphones, and until recently DIN type car audio. Also in Europe, JVC is present with camcorders, security cameras, audio systems and with their emblematic boom box, projectors. JVC TV sets in Europe are manufactured mainly by Turkish manufacturer Vestel, but are not available in all countries.","JVC\n\nSponsorship","JVC\n\nJVC is a well-known brand among English football (soccer) fans due to the firm's sponsorship of Arsenal Football Club from 1981 to 1999, when Sega took over as Arsenal's sponsors. JVC's 18-year association with Arsenal is one of the longest club-sponsor associations with any professional club football. Also shirt sponsored Aberdeen Football Club in the eighties and early nineties.","JVC\n\nJVC also sponsors the away shirts of the Australian A-League club, Sydney FC, and Dutch race driver Christijan Albers.","JVC\n\nBrand name","JVC\n\nJVC is generally known within Japan by the Victor brand, preceded by the His Master's Voice (HMV) logo featuring the dog Nipper. Because of a conflict in trademarks between HMV and Victor, HMV is not allowed to use Nipper in Japan. At one time, the company used the Nivico name (for \"Nippon Victor Company\") overseas, before rebranding to JVC, which stands for Japan's Victor Company. Therefore, the Victor and JVC-Victor web sites look quite different. Conversely, the HMV store chain exists in Japan (though no longer owned by HMV Group), but it cannot use the His Master's Voice motto or logo; its logo is a stylized image of a gramophone only.","JVC\n\nSubsidiaries","JVC\n\n* JVCKENWOOD Marketing India Gurgaon, Haryana, India\n* JVC America Inc. - Tuscaloosa, Alabama, US\n* JVC Americas Corp - Wayne, New Jersey, US\n* JVC Canada Inc. - Mississauga, Ontario, Canada\n* JVC Asia - Singapore\n* JVC Australia - Australia\n* JVC China - China\n* JVC Europe - United Kingdom\n* JVC Middle-East (and Africa) - Dubai, UAE\n* JVC Latin America, S.A. - Panama\n* JVC do Brasil Ltda. - Brazil\n* JVC International - Austria\n* Victor Entertainment\n* JCVision","JVC\n\nProduct gallery","JVC\n\nJVC CD player.JPG|JVC CD player\nJVC Camcorder.jpg|JVC camcorder\nCommodore 1702 (made by JVC) front.jpg|JVC television\nJVC boombox.jpg|JVC boombox\nJVC KD D10E v.jpg|JVC KD-D10E tape deck\nVintage JVC FM-AM 9-Transistor Radio, Model 9F-220C (8333901983).jpg|JVC 9F-220C radio\nJVC Picsio 3.jpg|JVC Picsio pocket camcorder","Olympus Corporation\n\nis a Japan-based manufacturer of optics and reprography products. Olympus was established on 12 October 1919, initially specializing in microscope and thermometer businesses. Olympus enjoys a majority share of the world market in gastro-intestinal endoscopes. It has a roughly 70% share of the global market whose estimated value is US$2.5 billion. Its global headquarters are in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.","Olympus Corporation\n\nIn 2011, the company gained coverage in global media when it fired its newly appointed British chief executive (CEO) Michael Woodford. Woodford, a 30-year Olympus veteran and Olympus' president and chief operating officer (COO) since April that year, had sought to probe financial irregularities and unexplained payments of hundreds of millions of dollars following his appointment as CEO. Although the board initially dismissed Woodford's concerns via mass media as being \"disruptive\" actions and Woodford as failing to grasp local culture, the matter quickly snowballed into a corporate corruption scandal over concealment (called Tobashi) of more than 117.7 billion Yen ($1.5 billion) of investment losses and other dubious fees and other payments dating back to the late 1980s and suspicion of covert payments to criminal organizations.","Olympus Corporation\n\nBy 2012, the scandal had developed into one of the biggest and longest-lived loss-concealing financial scandals in the history of corporate Japan; it had wiped 75–80% off the company's stock market valuation, led to the resignation of much of the board, investigations across Japan, the UK, and US, the arrest of 11 past or present Japanese directors, senior managers, auditors and bankers of Olympus for alleged criminal activities or cover-up, and raised considerable turmoil and concern over Japan's prevailing corporate governance and transparencyBanyan (16 February 2012). [http://www.webcitation.org/65x46j9Jc \"Arrested development\"]. The Economist. Archived from [http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/02/olympus-scandal the original] on 6 March 2012. and the Japanese financial markets. Woodford himself, who stated he had received death threats over his exposing of the cover-up, received a reported £10 million ($16 m) in damages from Olympus for defamation and wrongful dismissal in 2012; around the same time, Olympus also announced it would shed 2,700 jobs (7% of its workforce) and around 40 percent of its 30 manufacturing plants by 2015 to reduce its cost base. The company is owned 17% by two large camera makers, Sony and Mitsubishi (makers of Nikon).","Olympus Corporation\n\nProducts","Olympus Corporation\n\nCameras and audio","Olympus Corporation\n\nIn 1936, Olympus introduced its first camera, the Semi-Olympus I. The first innovative camera series from Olympus was the Pen, launched in 1959. The half-frame format, allowing 72 pictures of 18 × 24mm format on a standard 36 exposure roll of film, made Pen cameras compact and portable for their time.","Olympus Corporation\n\nThe Pen system design team, led by Yoshihisa Maitani, later created the OM system, a full-frame professional 35mm SLR system designed to compete with Nikon and Canon's bestsellers. The OM system introduced a new trend towards more compact cameras and lenses, being much smaller than its competitors and presenting innovative design features such as off-the-film (OTF) metering and OTF flash automation. Eventually the system included 14 different bodies, approximately 60 Zuiko-branded lenses, and numerous camera accessories.","Olympus Corporation\n\nIn 1983, Olympus, along with Canon, branded a range of video recording equipment manufactured by JVC, and called it \"Olympus Video Photography\", even employing renowned photographer Terance Donovan to promote the range. A second version of the system was available the year after, but this was Olympus' last foray into the world of consumer video equipment until digital cameras became popular.","Olympus Corporation\n\nTsuyoshi Kikukawa, who was later to become President of Olympus, foresaw the demand for the digital SLR, and is credited with the company's strategy in digital photography. He fought for commitment by Olympus to enter the market in high-resolution photographic products. As a result of his efforts, Olympus released an 810,000-pixel digital camera for the mass market in 1996, when the resolution of rivals' offerings were less than half.[http://www.webcitation.org/63RvtFax0 \"Dismissed CEO Turns Focus on Troubles at Olympus\"], Nikkei Business. 31 Oct. 2011. Archived from [http://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/eng/20111031/223514/ the original] on 25 Nov. 2011. Retrieved 25 Nov. 2011 The very next year, Olympus hit the market with a 1.41 million pixel camera. By 2001, the company's annual turnover from digital photography was in excess of ¥100 billion. Olympus manufactures compact digital cameras and is the designer of the Four-Thirds System standard for digital single-lens reflex cameras. Olympus' Four Thirds system flagship DSLR camera is the E-5 released in 2010. Olympus is also the largest manufacturer of Four-Thirds lenses, under the Zuiko brand.","Olympus Corporation\n\nAt one time, Olympus cameras used only the proprietary xD-Picture Card for storage media. This storage solution is less popular than more common formats, and recent cameras can use SD and CompactFlash cards. The most recent development is Olympus' focus on the Micro Four Thirds system.","Olympus Corporation\n\nOlympus first introduced the Microcassette. The Olympus Pearlcorder L400, released in the 1980s, was the smallest and lightest Microcassette Voice recorder ever offered for sale, 2.9 (L) × 0.8 (H) × 2.0 in. (W) / 73 (L) × 20 (H) × 52 (W) .","Olympus Corporation\n\nIn 2012, the company announced that Sony and Fujifilm had offered forming a capital alliance and the company would focus on Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras (MILC).","Olympus Corporation\n\nMedical and surgical","Olympus Corporation\n\nOlympus manufactures endoscopic, ultrasound, electrocautery, endotherapy, and cleaning and disinfection equipment. The first flexible Endoscope in the world was co-developed and manufactured by Olympus in Tokyo. Through its comprehensive product range and its reactivity to market innovations, Olympus enjoys a virtual stranglehold of the world market in gastro-intestinal endoscopes. It has roughly 70% share of the global market whose estimated valued at US$2.5 billion. On 28 September 2012, Olympus and Sony announced that the two companies will establish a joint venture to develop new surgical endoscopes with 4K resolution (or higher) and 3D capability.","Olympus Corporation\n\nScientific","Olympus Corporation\n\nSince the beginning, the company has also been a manufacturer of microscopes and optics for specialised needs, such as medical use. The first microscope manufactured at Olympus was called the Asahi. Currently, Olympus is a worldwide renowned manufacturer of microscopes. Olympus offers a complete range of microscopes, which covers applications from education and routine studies up to state of the art research imaging systems both in life science and materials science.","Olympus Corporation\n\nOlympus Scientific Solutions Americas Corporation is a Waltham, Massachusetts-based manufacturer, and is a subsidiary of Olympus Corporation. One of its companies, for example, is Olympus Imaging and Measuring Systems, specializing in imaging instruments for testing and measurement during industrial inspections.","Olympus Corporation\n\nIndustrial","Olympus Corporation\n\nOlympus manufactures and sells industrial scanners, flaw detectors, probes and transducers, thickness gages, digital cameras, image analysis software, industrial videoscopes, fiberscopes, light sources, XRF and XRD analyzers, and high-speed video cameras.","Olympus Corporation\n\nName and logo","Olympus Corporation\n\n* 1919: The company was founded as Takachiho Seisakusho. In Japanese mythology, deities live on Takamagahara, the peak of Mt. Takachiho. The first corporate logo was TOKIWA, derived from Tokiwa Shokai, the company that the founder, Takeshi Yamashita, had worked for. Tokiwa Shokai held an equity stake in Takachiho Seisakusho and was responsible for marketing Takachiho products. The logo reads \"TOKIWA TOKYO\". The \"G\" and \"M\" marks above are believed to be the initials of Goro Matsukata, the president of Tokiwa Shokai. * 1921: The Olympus brand was introduced in February 1921. This logo was used for microscopes and other products. Brochures and newspaper ads for cameras also used this logo. The OLYMPUS TOKYO logo is still in use today. There was a period in which OIC was used instead of TOKYO in the logo. OIC stood for Optical Industrial Company, which was a translation of Olympus' Japanese corporate name at that time. This logo was used for the GT-I and GT-II endoscopes, among others. * 1942: The company was renamed to Takachiho Optical Co., Ltd., when optical products became the mainstay of the company. * 1949: The name changed to Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.","Olympus Corporation\n\nIt was named after Mount Olympus, which like Mt. Takachiho is the home of gods, this time of Greek mythology. In the words of the company, they chose the name to \"reflect its strong aspiration to create high-quality, world-famous products\". * 1970: The new logo was designed to give impressions of quality and sophistication. * 2001: The yellow line underneath the new logo is called the \"Opto-Digital Pattern\" and it represents light and boundless possibilities of digital technology. It symbolizes dynamic and innovative nature of Opto-Digital Technology and Olympus Corporation. This logo is called the Communication Symbol of Olympus and it represents Olympus' brand image. * 2003: Renamed Olympus Corporation.","Olympus Corporation\n\nCorporate affairs","Olympus Corporation\n\nOwnership","Olympus Corporation\n\nShareholding in Olympus is dispersed, and the company's key institutional investors are largely passive.Bacani, Cesar (24 October 2011) [http://www.cfoinnovation.com/content/olympus-scandal-when-foreign-ceo-rebels?page\n0%2C2&utm_sourcelyris&utm_medium\nnewsletter&utm_campaigncfo_weekly§ion\nfeatures \"The Olympus Scandal: When a Foreign CEO Rebels\" (pg 3)]. CFO Innovation Asia. Retrieved 24 October 2011 As of 31 March 2011, investors include Nippon Life Insurance (8.4%), Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi (4.98%), and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking (3.13%), and the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (2.55%). Foreign institutions and individuals speak for 27.71% of Olympus shares. On 28 September 2012, Olympus and Sony announced that Olympus will receive a 50 billion yen capital injection from Sony. On 22 February 2013, Sony became the largest shareholder (11.46%) of Olympus.","Olympus Corporation\n\nGovernance","Olympus Corporation\n\nAccording to its 2011 Annual Report, Olympus was governed by a 15-person board of directors, with Tsuyoshi Kikukawa its President and CEO, and Michael C. Woodford as President and chief operating officer. Mr Kikukawa resigned in the following year and was arrested by Tokyo police for alleged criminal offenses during and before his term as president and CEO. The corporation in 2011 had three \"outside directors\". It has a four-member 'Board of Auditors' which supervises and audits directors' performance. The company's executive committee consists of 28 members, responsible for the day-to-day operations.","Olympus Corporation\n\n2011 accounting scandal","Olympus Corporation\n\nOn 1 April 2011, Michael Woodford, 51, was named president and chief operating officer – the first ever foreigner to hold the position – replacing Kikukawa, who became chairman. Woodford, an Olympus veteran of 30-years, was previously executive managing director of Olympus Medical Systems Europa. Olympus appointed Woodford its CEO six months later, but the board suddenly removed him as chief executive two weeks into the job, while allowing him to retain his board seat.Bacani, Cesar (24 October 2011) [http://www.cfoinnovation.com/content/olympus-scandal-when-foreign-ceo-rebels?utm_source\nlyris&utm_mediumnewsletter&utm_campaign\ncfo_weekly§ion=features \"The Olympus Scandal: When a Foreign CEO Rebels\" (pg 1)]. CFO Innovation Asia. Retrieved 24 October 2011","Olympus Corporation\n\nWoodford alleged that his removal was linked to several prior acquisitions he questioned, particularly the US$2.2 billion deal in 2008 to acquire British medical equipment maker Gyrus Group. Thomson Reuters reported that US$687 million was paid to a middle-man as a success fee – a sum equal to 31% of the purchase price, and which ranks as the highest ever M&A fee. According to the Daily Telegraph, some of the sums paid out relating to the acquisition of a technology company ITX were also under examination. Woodford noted that an article in Japanese financial magazine Facta in July prompted his suspicion of the transactions. Reports also said the company acquired three other Japanese companies outside its core business, and recognised that the assets were worth US$721 million less than their acquisition value 12 months previously.","Olympus Corporation\n\nShareholders expressed concern after Olympus' share price nearly halved in value following the Woodford revelations, and asked for \"prompt action\". Following his dismissal, Woodford passed on information to the British Serious Fraud Office, and requested police protection. He said the payments may have been linked to \"forces behind\" the Olympus board.Russell, Jonathan (21 Oct 2011). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/electronics/8840675/Olympus-launches-investigation-into-MandA-fees.html \"Olympus launches investigation into M&A fees\"]. Daily Telegraph. retrieved 24 October 2011. Japanese newspaper Sankei suggest that a total of $1.5bn in acquisition-related advisory payments could be linked to the Yakuza.Russell, Jonathan (23 Oct 2011). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financial-crime/8843231/Huge-Olympus-fees-have-underworld-links.html \"Huge Olympus fees have 'underworld links'\"]. Daily Telegraph. retrieved 24 October 2011.","Olympus Corporation\n\nThe company responded on 19 October that \"major differences had arisen between Mr. Woodford and other management regarding the direction and conduct of the company’s business\". On the Gyrus acquisition, it also declared the Audit Board's view that \"no dishonesty or illegality is found in the transaction itself, nor any breach of obligation to good management or any systematic errors by the directors recognised.\" On 26 October, the company announced that in order to assuage shareholders' concerns, Kikukawa resigned as chairman; he was replaced by Shuichi Takayama. Olympus shares rebounded 23 percent.Yasu, Mariko (27 October 2011). [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-10-27/olympus-stock-surges-as-kikukawa-quits-woodford-heads-to-fbi.html \"Olympus's Kikukawa Quits as Axed Woodford Takes Case to FBI\"], BusinessWeek. Retrieved 27 October 2011","Olympus Corporation\n\nOn 8 November 2011, the company admitted that the money had been used to cover losses on investments dating to the 1990s and that company's accounting practice was \"not appropriate\", thus coming clean on \"one of the biggest and longest-running loss-hiding arrangements in Japanese corporate history\", according to the Wall Street Journal. The company laid the blame for the inappropriate accounting on ex-president Tsuyoshi Kikukawa, auditor Hideo Yamada, and executive VP Hisashi Mori.","Olympus Corporation\n\nOn 21 December 2011, Japanese authorities, including the Tokyo prosecutor's office, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police and the Japanese Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission, raided the company's offices in Tokyo.","Olympus Corporation\n\nIn February 2012, seven Olympus executives were arrested by Japanese police and prosecutors. Ex-president Tsuyoshi Kikukawa, former executive vice president Hisashi Mori, and former auditor Hideo Yamada were taken into custody on suspicion of violating the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law, along with former bankers Akio Nakagawa and Nobumasa Yokoo and two others, suspected of having helped the board hide significant losses. \nOn 25 September 2012, the company and Kikukawa, Yamada, and Mori pleaded guilty to collusion to submit false financial reports.","Olympus Corporation\n\n2016 bribery scandal","Olympus Corporation\n\nDuring 2006-2011, the Olympus corporation has sold over 7 billion dollars of medical devices in the US market and almost 600 million dollars of that amount was used for various kickbacks including grants, bribes, gifts, and other forms of bribes according to US attorney Paul Fishman. On 1 March 2016, the Olympus has agreed to pay 646 million dollars of fines to US authority."],"string":"[\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nis the core company of a Japanese global corporate group based in Tokyo, Japan. The company was originally founded as Shokosha Watch Research Institute in 1918 and is currently known as the manufacturer of Cincom precision lathe machine tools as well as Citizen watches. The trade name originated from a pocket watch Citizen sold in 1924. It is one of the world's largest producers of watches.\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nEco-Drive\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nEco-Drive watches use a battery recharged by a solar panel hidden under the watch face. In the rare and discontinued Eco-Drive Duo series, the solar power was supplemented by an automatic quartz power source. One early model, called the Citizen Vitality, used the watch hands to drive a small electric generator, but was discontinued following complaints that the device could explode and cause wrist injuries. There was also an Eco-Drive Thermo model that exploited temperature differentials between the wearer's skin temperature and ambient temperature to recharge the battery. However, the only Eco-Drive system described on the Citizen Watch official web site is the one depending solely on light to recharge. Features similar to the Eco-Drive have been developed by other manufacturers like Casio and Junghans. All Citizen Eco-Drive movements are made in Japan but the case or the bracelet may also be made in China.\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nFile:CITIZEN JY8034-58E Navihawk A-T.jpg|CITIZEN JY8034-58E\\nFile:CITIZEN JY8034-58E Navihawk A-T.1.jpg|CITIZEN JY8034-58E\\nFile:CITIZEN JY8034-58E Navihawk A-T.3.jpg|CITIZEN JY8034-58E\\nFile:CITIZEN JY8034-58E Navihawk A-T.4.jpg|CITIZEN JY8034-58E\\nFile:CITIZEN JY8034-58E Navihawk A-T.6.jpg|CITIZEN JY8034-58E\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nAtomic timekeeping\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nSkyhawk A-T line of watches features Radio Controlled Timekeeping. The watches can synchronize with radio clocks in Japan, North America, and Europe and will automatically select the correct frequency for doing so based upon location of home time zone. The watch actually tracks two time zones—home and world—but synchronizes to the 'home' zone. When traveling, the user may swap the 'home' and 'world' zones—thereby enabling proper time signal reception on a different continent while retaining the other time. The day, date, and Daylight Saving Time settings are also set automatically when the watch is synchronized. These features are comparable to the synchronization with atomic clocks found in Casio Wave Ceptor watches.\\nThe Perpetual Chrono A-T is another of Citizen's radio controlled watches. The watch syncs with the atomic clocks in Colorado or Germany depending on signal strength and location. It also incorporates the eco-drive technology which means it will never require a battery.\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nBulova UHF movement\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nIn 2010, Miyota (Citizen Watch) of Japan introduced a newly developed movement (UHF 262 kHz) that uses a three-prong quartz crystal for the Precisionist or Accutron II line, a new type of quartz watch with ultra-high frequency (262.144 kHz) which is claimed to be accurate to +/- 10 seconds a year and has a smooth sweeping second hand rather than one that jumps each second.\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nContemporary watches\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nCitizen also produces the Independent Watches line, featuring a more modern, contemporary design than the traditional Citizen label. Depending on the market, these watches may be labelled \\\"Secret\\\", \\\"Lighthouse\\\" brands among others.\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nDCP clasp\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nThe Deployment Clasp with a Push Button (DCP) is a clasp available for many Citizen watch bracelet bands. The clasp, as with the Calibre 8700, is also used with leather bands as if they were metal bracelet-style watchbands; however, when the clasp is fastened, the band appears to be a normal eye-hole and link pin leather watchband.\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nOther products\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nApart from watches, Citizen also manufactures calculators and small electronic organizers. Some non-watch devices such as handheld televisions and computer printers, have been marketed under the Citizen brand name.\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nIn the 1980s, a number of handheld electronic games were sold under the Q&Q brand.\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nIn the early-mid 1990s, Citizen partnered with Compaq Computer Corporation to build notebook computers in Japan for the Japan and Far Eastern market to be sold under the Compaq name.\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nCorporate divisions\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\n*Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. – manufacture and sale of watches and clocks.\\n*Japan CBM Corporation – sales of timepieces, including the Q & Q brand. \\n*Citizen Systems Japan Co., Ltd. – sales of business and consumer electronic devices including calculators.\\n*Citizen Miyota Co., Ltd. – production of wristwatches, quartz crystal oscillators, electronic viewfinders, LCD back-light units, CCD/CMOS image sensors, ferroelectric micro LCDs, LCoS, high-density mounting equipment.\\n*Citizen Fine Tech Co., Ltd. – manufacture and sales of electronic components (ceramic parts, quartz crystal oscillator chips, etc.)\\n*Citizen Seimitsu Co., Ltd. – The fact that manufactures watch movement components, watch appearance components, automotive components, LCD cells, mini printers, measuring instruments, lubrication units, secondary machining LC lathes, glass scribers.\\n* Citizen Watch Company of America \\n* Bulova Watch Company, New York\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\nSponsorships\",\n \"Citizen Holdings\\n\\n*Official time keeper and official watch of the US Open tennis championship since 1993\\n*ISU – World Figure Skating Championships\\n*Official timekeeping partner of Manchester United F.C.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\n, , usually referred to as JVC, is a Japanese international consumer and professional electronics corporation based in Yokohama, Japan. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nFrom 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVC Kenwood Holdings.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"JVC\\n\\n1920s creation to World War II\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nJVC was founded in 1927 as \\\"The Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan, Limited,\\\" a subsidiary of the United States' leading phonograph and record company, the Victor Talking Machine Company. In 1929 majority ownership was transferred to RCA-Victor. In the 1930s JVC produced phonographs and records. In 1932, JVC started producing radios, and in 1939 Japan's first locally-made television. JVC severed relations with its foreign partners during World War II. Today the record company in Japan is known as Victor Entertainment.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nPost-war\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn 1953, JVC became majority-owned by the Panasonic Corporation. Panasonic released its ownership in 2007.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn the 1960s, JVC established the Nivico (Nippon Victor Corporation) brand for Delmonico's line of console televisions and stereos.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn 1970, JVC marketed the Videosphere, a portable cathode ray tube (CRT) television inside a space-helmet-shaped casing with an alarm clock at the base. It was a commercial success.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn 1971, JVC introduced the first discrete system for four channel quadraphonic sound on vinyl records - CD-4 (Compatible Discrete Four Channel) or Quadradisc, as it was called by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in the United States.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn 1975, JVC introduced the first combined portable battery-operated radio with inbuilt TV, as the model 3050. The TV was a 3 in black-and-white cathode ray tube. One year later, JVC expanded the model to add a cassette-recorder, as the 3060, creating the world's first boombox with radio, cassette and TV.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn 1976, the first VCR to use VHS was the Victor HR-3300, and was introduced by the president of JVC at the Okura Hotel on September 9, 1976. JVC started selling the HR-3300 in Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan on October 31, 1976. Region-specific versions of the JVC HR-3300 were also distributed later on, such as the HR-3300U in the United States, and HR-3300EK in the United Kingdom.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\n1970s, 1980s and the VHS/Betamax format war\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn the late 1970s, JVC developed the VHS format, introducing the first VHS recorders to the consumer market in 1976 for the equivalent of US $1060. Sony, which had introduced the Betamax home videocassette tape a year earlier, became the main competitor for JVC's VHS format into the 1980s, creating the videotape format war. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior picture quality to the VHS cassette, but this resulted in Betamax having less recording time. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVC's VHS format, while only 12 used Betamax. Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders completely.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nOther notable achievements\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its video high density (VHD) disc system. This system was capacitance-based, like capacitance electronic disc (CED), but the discs were grooveless with the stylus being guided by servo signals in the disc surface. The VHD discs were initially handled by the operator and played on a machine that looked like an audio LP turntable, but JVC used caddy-housed discs when the system was marketed. Development suffered numerous delays, and the product was launched in 1983 in Japan, followed by the United Kingdom in 1984, to a limited industrial market.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn 1981, JVC introduced a line of revolutionary direct-drive cassette decks, topped by the DD-9, that provided previously unattainable levels of speed stability.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nDuring the 1980s JVC briefly marketed its own portable audio equipment similar to the Sony Walkman on the market at the time. The JVC CQ-F2K was released in 1982 and had a detachable radio that mounted to the headphones for a compact, wire-free listening experience. JVC had difficulty making the products successful, and a few years later stopped making them. In Japan, JVC marketed the products under the name \\\"Victor\\\".\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn 1986, JVC released the HC-95, a personal computer with a 3.58 MHz Zilog Z80A processor, 64 KB RAM, running on MSX Basic 2.0. It included two 3.5\\\" floppy disk drives and conformed to the graphics specification of the MSX-2 standard. However, like the Pioneer PX-7, it also carried a sophisticated hardware interface that handled video superimposition and various interactive video processing features. The JVC HC-95 was first sold in Japan, and then Europe, but sales were disappointing.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nJVC video recorders were marketed by the Ferguson Radio Corporation in the UK, with just cosmetic changes. However, Ferguson needed to find another supplier for its camcorders when JVC produced only the VHS-C format, rather than video8. Ferguson was later acquired by Thomson SA, which ended the relationship. JVC later invented hard drive camcorders.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\n21st century\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn October 2001, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences presented JVC an Emmy Award for \\\"outstanding achievement in technological advancement\\\" for \\\"Pioneering Development of Consumer Camcorders\\\". Annual sponsorships of the world-renowned JVC Tokyo Video Festival and the JVC Jazz Festival have helped attract the attention of more customers.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nJVC has been a worldwide football (soccer) supporter since 1982, having a former kit sponsorship with Arsenal and continued its role as an official partner of 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan. JVC made headlines as the first-ever corporate partner of the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. JVC has recently forged corporate partnerships with ESPN Zone and Foxploration. In 2005, JVC joined HANA, the High-Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance, to help establish standards in consumer-electronics interoperability.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn 2005, JVC announced their development of the first DVD-RW DL media (the dual layer version of the rewritable DVD-RW format).\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn December 2006, Matsushita entered talks with Kenwood and Cerberus Capital Management to sell its stake in JVC.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn 2007, Victor Company of Japan Ltd confirmed a strategic capital alliance with Kenwood and SPARKX Investment, resulting in Matsushita's holding being reduced to approximately 37%.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn March 2008, Matsushita (Panasonic) agreed to spin off the company and merge it with Kenwood Electronics, creating JVC Kenwood Holdings on October 1, 2008.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn April 2008, JVC announced that it was closing its TV plants in East Kilbride, Scotland and Japan. This left it with one plant in Thailand. It stated it would outsource European production to an OEM.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nJVC TVs for North America are now being manufactured by AmTRAN Video Corporation along with distribution, service, and warranty under license from JVC Kenwood. In Europe, Dixons Carphone, owner of Currys Digital and PC World has a similar arrangement with JVC Kenwood.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nIn Europe, JVC sells mainly some audio accessories, like headphones, and until recently DIN type car audio. Also in Europe, JVC is present with camcorders, security cameras, audio systems and with their emblematic boom box, projectors. JVC TV sets in Europe are manufactured mainly by Turkish manufacturer Vestel, but are not available in all countries.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nSponsorship\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nJVC is a well-known brand among English football (soccer) fans due to the firm's sponsorship of Arsenal Football Club from 1981 to 1999, when Sega took over as Arsenal's sponsors. JVC's 18-year association with Arsenal is one of the longest club-sponsor associations with any professional club football. Also shirt sponsored Aberdeen Football Club in the eighties and early nineties.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nJVC also sponsors the away shirts of the Australian A-League club, Sydney FC, and Dutch race driver Christijan Albers.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nBrand name\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nJVC is generally known within Japan by the Victor brand, preceded by the His Master's Voice (HMV) logo featuring the dog Nipper. Because of a conflict in trademarks between HMV and Victor, HMV is not allowed to use Nipper in Japan. At one time, the company used the Nivico name (for \\\"Nippon Victor Company\\\") overseas, before rebranding to JVC, which stands for Japan's Victor Company. Therefore, the Victor and JVC-Victor web sites look quite different. Conversely, the HMV store chain exists in Japan (though no longer owned by HMV Group), but it cannot use the His Master's Voice motto or logo; its logo is a stylized image of a gramophone only.\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nSubsidiaries\",\n \"JVC\\n\\n* JVCKENWOOD Marketing India Gurgaon, Haryana, India\\n* JVC America Inc. - Tuscaloosa, Alabama, US\\n* JVC Americas Corp - Wayne, New Jersey, US\\n* JVC Canada Inc. - Mississauga, Ontario, Canada\\n* JVC Asia - Singapore\\n* JVC Australia - Australia\\n* JVC China - China\\n* JVC Europe - United Kingdom\\n* JVC Middle-East (and Africa) - Dubai, UAE\\n* JVC Latin America, S.A. - Panama\\n* JVC do Brasil Ltda. - Brazil\\n* JVC International - Austria\\n* Victor Entertainment\\n* JCVision\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nProduct gallery\",\n \"JVC\\n\\nJVC CD player.JPG|JVC CD player\\nJVC Camcorder.jpg|JVC camcorder\\nCommodore 1702 (made by JVC) front.jpg|JVC television\\nJVC boombox.jpg|JVC boombox\\nJVC KD D10E v.jpg|JVC KD-D10E tape deck\\nVintage JVC FM-AM 9-Transistor Radio, Model 9F-220C (8333901983).jpg|JVC 9F-220C radio\\nJVC Picsio 3.jpg|JVC Picsio pocket camcorder\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nis a Japan-based manufacturer of optics and reprography products. Olympus was established on 12 October 1919, initially specializing in microscope and thermometer businesses. Olympus enjoys a majority share of the world market in gastro-intestinal endoscopes. It has a roughly 70% share of the global market whose estimated value is US$2.5 billion. Its global headquarters are in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nIn 2011, the company gained coverage in global media when it fired its newly appointed British chief executive (CEO) Michael Woodford. Woodford, a 30-year Olympus veteran and Olympus' president and chief operating officer (COO) since April that year, had sought to probe financial irregularities and unexplained payments of hundreds of millions of dollars following his appointment as CEO. Although the board initially dismissed Woodford's concerns via mass media as being \\\"disruptive\\\" actions and Woodford as failing to grasp local culture, the matter quickly snowballed into a corporate corruption scandal over concealment (called Tobashi) of more than 117.7 billion Yen ($1.5 billion) of investment losses and other dubious fees and other payments dating back to the late 1980s and suspicion of covert payments to criminal organizations.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nBy 2012, the scandal had developed into one of the biggest and longest-lived loss-concealing financial scandals in the history of corporate Japan; it had wiped 75–80% off the company's stock market valuation, led to the resignation of much of the board, investigations across Japan, the UK, and US, the arrest of 11 past or present Japanese directors, senior managers, auditors and bankers of Olympus for alleged criminal activities or cover-up, and raised considerable turmoil and concern over Japan's prevailing corporate governance and transparencyBanyan (16 February 2012). [http://www.webcitation.org/65x46j9Jc \\\"Arrested development\\\"]. The Economist. Archived from [http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/02/olympus-scandal the original] on 6 March 2012. and the Japanese financial markets. Woodford himself, who stated he had received death threats over his exposing of the cover-up, received a reported £10 million ($16 m) in damages from Olympus for defamation and wrongful dismissal in 2012; around the same time, Olympus also announced it would shed 2,700 jobs (7% of its workforce) and around 40 percent of its 30 manufacturing plants by 2015 to reduce its cost base. The company is owned 17% by two large camera makers, Sony and Mitsubishi (makers of Nikon).\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nProducts\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nCameras and audio\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nIn 1936, Olympus introduced its first camera, the Semi-Olympus I. The first innovative camera series from Olympus was the Pen, launched in 1959. The half-frame format, allowing 72 pictures of 18 × 24mm format on a standard 36 exposure roll of film, made Pen cameras compact and portable for their time.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nThe Pen system design team, led by Yoshihisa Maitani, later created the OM system, a full-frame professional 35mm SLR system designed to compete with Nikon and Canon's bestsellers. The OM system introduced a new trend towards more compact cameras and lenses, being much smaller than its competitors and presenting innovative design features such as off-the-film (OTF) metering and OTF flash automation. Eventually the system included 14 different bodies, approximately 60 Zuiko-branded lenses, and numerous camera accessories.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nIn 1983, Olympus, along with Canon, branded a range of video recording equipment manufactured by JVC, and called it \\\"Olympus Video Photography\\\", even employing renowned photographer Terance Donovan to promote the range. A second version of the system was available the year after, but this was Olympus' last foray into the world of consumer video equipment until digital cameras became popular.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nTsuyoshi Kikukawa, who was later to become President of Olympus, foresaw the demand for the digital SLR, and is credited with the company's strategy in digital photography. He fought for commitment by Olympus to enter the market in high-resolution photographic products. As a result of his efforts, Olympus released an 810,000-pixel digital camera for the mass market in 1996, when the resolution of rivals' offerings were less than half.[http://www.webcitation.org/63RvtFax0 \\\"Dismissed CEO Turns Focus on Troubles at Olympus\\\"], Nikkei Business. 31 Oct. 2011. Archived from [http://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/eng/20111031/223514/ the original] on 25 Nov. 2011. Retrieved 25 Nov. 2011 The very next year, Olympus hit the market with a 1.41 million pixel camera. By 2001, the company's annual turnover from digital photography was in excess of ¥100 billion. Olympus manufactures compact digital cameras and is the designer of the Four-Thirds System standard for digital single-lens reflex cameras. Olympus' Four Thirds system flagship DSLR camera is the E-5 released in 2010. Olympus is also the largest manufacturer of Four-Thirds lenses, under the Zuiko brand.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nAt one time, Olympus cameras used only the proprietary xD-Picture Card for storage media. This storage solution is less popular than more common formats, and recent cameras can use SD and CompactFlash cards. The most recent development is Olympus' focus on the Micro Four Thirds system.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nOlympus first introduced the Microcassette. The Olympus Pearlcorder L400, released in the 1980s, was the smallest and lightest Microcassette Voice recorder ever offered for sale, 2.9 (L) × 0.8 (H) × 2.0 in. (W) / 73 (L) × 20 (H) × 52 (W) .\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nIn 2012, the company announced that Sony and Fujifilm had offered forming a capital alliance and the company would focus on Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras (MILC).\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nMedical and surgical\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nOlympus manufactures endoscopic, ultrasound, electrocautery, endotherapy, and cleaning and disinfection equipment. The first flexible Endoscope in the world was co-developed and manufactured by Olympus in Tokyo. Through its comprehensive product range and its reactivity to market innovations, Olympus enjoys a virtual stranglehold of the world market in gastro-intestinal endoscopes. It has roughly 70% share of the global market whose estimated valued at US$2.5 billion. On 28 September 2012, Olympus and Sony announced that the two companies will establish a joint venture to develop new surgical endoscopes with 4K resolution (or higher) and 3D capability.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nScientific\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nSince the beginning, the company has also been a manufacturer of microscopes and optics for specialised needs, such as medical use. The first microscope manufactured at Olympus was called the Asahi. Currently, Olympus is a worldwide renowned manufacturer of microscopes. Olympus offers a complete range of microscopes, which covers applications from education and routine studies up to state of the art research imaging systems both in life science and materials science.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nOlympus Scientific Solutions Americas Corporation is a Waltham, Massachusetts-based manufacturer, and is a subsidiary of Olympus Corporation. One of its companies, for example, is Olympus Imaging and Measuring Systems, specializing in imaging instruments for testing and measurement during industrial inspections.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nIndustrial\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nOlympus manufactures and sells industrial scanners, flaw detectors, probes and transducers, thickness gages, digital cameras, image analysis software, industrial videoscopes, fiberscopes, light sources, XRF and XRD analyzers, and high-speed video cameras.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nName and logo\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\n* 1919: The company was founded as Takachiho Seisakusho. In Japanese mythology, deities live on Takamagahara, the peak of Mt. Takachiho. The first corporate logo was TOKIWA, derived from Tokiwa Shokai, the company that the founder, Takeshi Yamashita, had worked for. Tokiwa Shokai held an equity stake in Takachiho Seisakusho and was responsible for marketing Takachiho products. The logo reads \\\"TOKIWA TOKYO\\\". The \\\"G\\\" and \\\"M\\\" marks above are believed to be the initials of Goro Matsukata, the president of Tokiwa Shokai. * 1921: The Olympus brand was introduced in February 1921. This logo was used for microscopes and other products. Brochures and newspaper ads for cameras also used this logo. The OLYMPUS TOKYO logo is still in use today. There was a period in which OIC was used instead of TOKYO in the logo. OIC stood for Optical Industrial Company, which was a translation of Olympus' Japanese corporate name at that time. This logo was used for the GT-I and GT-II endoscopes, among others. * 1942: The company was renamed to Takachiho Optical Co., Ltd., when optical products became the mainstay of the company. * 1949: The name changed to Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nIt was named after Mount Olympus, which like Mt. Takachiho is the home of gods, this time of Greek mythology. In the words of the company, they chose the name to \\\"reflect its strong aspiration to create high-quality, world-famous products\\\". * 1970: The new logo was designed to give impressions of quality and sophistication. * 2001: The yellow line underneath the new logo is called the \\\"Opto-Digital Pattern\\\" and it represents light and boundless possibilities of digital technology. It symbolizes dynamic and innovative nature of Opto-Digital Technology and Olympus Corporation. This logo is called the Communication Symbol of Olympus and it represents Olympus' brand image. * 2003: Renamed Olympus Corporation.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nCorporate affairs\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nOwnership\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nShareholding in Olympus is dispersed, and the company's key institutional investors are largely passive.Bacani, Cesar (24 October 2011) [http://www.cfoinnovation.com/content/olympus-scandal-when-foreign-ceo-rebels?page\\n0%2C2&utm_sourcelyris&utm_medium\\nnewsletter&utm_campaigncfo_weekly§ion\\nfeatures \\\"The Olympus Scandal: When a Foreign CEO Rebels\\\" (pg 3)]. CFO Innovation Asia. Retrieved 24 October 2011 As of 31 March 2011, investors include Nippon Life Insurance (8.4%), Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi (4.98%), and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking (3.13%), and the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (2.55%). Foreign institutions and individuals speak for 27.71% of Olympus shares. On 28 September 2012, Olympus and Sony announced that Olympus will receive a 50 billion yen capital injection from Sony. On 22 February 2013, Sony became the largest shareholder (11.46%) of Olympus.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nGovernance\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nAccording to its 2011 Annual Report, Olympus was governed by a 15-person board of directors, with Tsuyoshi Kikukawa its President and CEO, and Michael C. Woodford as President and chief operating officer. Mr Kikukawa resigned in the following year and was arrested by Tokyo police for alleged criminal offenses during and before his term as president and CEO. The corporation in 2011 had three \\\"outside directors\\\". It has a four-member 'Board of Auditors' which supervises and audits directors' performance. The company's executive committee consists of 28 members, responsible for the day-to-day operations.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\n2011 accounting scandal\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nOn 1 April 2011, Michael Woodford, 51, was named president and chief operating officer – the first ever foreigner to hold the position – replacing Kikukawa, who became chairman. Woodford, an Olympus veteran of 30-years, was previously executive managing director of Olympus Medical Systems Europa. Olympus appointed Woodford its CEO six months later, but the board suddenly removed him as chief executive two weeks into the job, while allowing him to retain his board seat.Bacani, Cesar (24 October 2011) [http://www.cfoinnovation.com/content/olympus-scandal-when-foreign-ceo-rebels?utm_source\\nlyris&utm_mediumnewsletter&utm_campaign\\ncfo_weekly§ion=features \\\"The Olympus Scandal: When a Foreign CEO Rebels\\\" (pg 1)]. CFO Innovation Asia. Retrieved 24 October 2011\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nWoodford alleged that his removal was linked to several prior acquisitions he questioned, particularly the US$2.2 billion deal in 2008 to acquire British medical equipment maker Gyrus Group. Thomson Reuters reported that US$687 million was paid to a middle-man as a success fee – a sum equal to 31% of the purchase price, and which ranks as the highest ever M&A fee. According to the Daily Telegraph, some of the sums paid out relating to the acquisition of a technology company ITX were also under examination. Woodford noted that an article in Japanese financial magazine Facta in July prompted his suspicion of the transactions. Reports also said the company acquired three other Japanese companies outside its core business, and recognised that the assets were worth US$721 million less than their acquisition value 12 months previously.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nShareholders expressed concern after Olympus' share price nearly halved in value following the Woodford revelations, and asked for \\\"prompt action\\\". Following his dismissal, Woodford passed on information to the British Serious Fraud Office, and requested police protection. He said the payments may have been linked to \\\"forces behind\\\" the Olympus board.Russell, Jonathan (21 Oct 2011). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/electronics/8840675/Olympus-launches-investigation-into-MandA-fees.html \\\"Olympus launches investigation into M&A fees\\\"]. Daily Telegraph. retrieved 24 October 2011. Japanese newspaper Sankei suggest that a total of $1.5bn in acquisition-related advisory payments could be linked to the Yakuza.Russell, Jonathan (23 Oct 2011). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financial-crime/8843231/Huge-Olympus-fees-have-underworld-links.html \\\"Huge Olympus fees have 'underworld links'\\\"]. Daily Telegraph. retrieved 24 October 2011.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nThe company responded on 19 October that \\\"major differences had arisen between Mr. Woodford and other management regarding the direction and conduct of the company’s business\\\". On the Gyrus acquisition, it also declared the Audit Board's view that \\\"no dishonesty or illegality is found in the transaction itself, nor any breach of obligation to good management or any systematic errors by the directors recognised.\\\" On 26 October, the company announced that in order to assuage shareholders' concerns, Kikukawa resigned as chairman; he was replaced by Shuichi Takayama. Olympus shares rebounded 23 percent.Yasu, Mariko (27 October 2011). [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-10-27/olympus-stock-surges-as-kikukawa-quits-woodford-heads-to-fbi.html \\\"Olympus's Kikukawa Quits as Axed Woodford Takes Case to FBI\\\"], BusinessWeek. Retrieved 27 October 2011\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nOn 8 November 2011, the company admitted that the money had been used to cover losses on investments dating to the 1990s and that company's accounting practice was \\\"not appropriate\\\", thus coming clean on \\\"one of the biggest and longest-running loss-hiding arrangements in Japanese corporate history\\\", according to the Wall Street Journal. The company laid the blame for the inappropriate accounting on ex-president Tsuyoshi Kikukawa, auditor Hideo Yamada, and executive VP Hisashi Mori.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nOn 21 December 2011, Japanese authorities, including the Tokyo prosecutor's office, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police and the Japanese Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission, raided the company's offices in Tokyo.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nIn February 2012, seven Olympus executives were arrested by Japanese police and prosecutors. Ex-president Tsuyoshi Kikukawa, former executive vice president Hisashi Mori, and former auditor Hideo Yamada were taken into custody on suspicion of violating the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law, along with former bankers Akio Nakagawa and Nobumasa Yokoo and two others, suspected of having helped the board hide significant losses. \\nOn 25 September 2012, the company and Kikukawa, Yamada, and Mori pleaded guilty to collusion to submit false financial reports.\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\n2016 bribery scandal\",\n \"Olympus Corporation\\n\\nDuring 2006-2011, the Olympus corporation has sold over 7 billion dollars of medical devices in the US market and almost 600 million dollars of that amount was used for various kickbacks including grants, bribes, gifts, and other forms of bribes according to US attorney Paul Fishman. On 1 March 2016, the Olympus has agreed to pay 646 million dollars of fines to US authority.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137890,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3734"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Knitting uses needles. What tool does crocheting use?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Hooks"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["hooks disambiguation","hooks"],"string":"[\n \"hooks disambiguation\",\n \"hooks\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Knitting\n\nKnitting is a method by which yarn is manipulated to create a textile or fabric.","Knitting\n\nKnitting creates multiple loops of yarn, called stitches, in a line or tube. Knitting has multiple active stitches on the needle at one time. Knitted fabric consists of a number of consecutive rows of interlocking loops. As each row progresses, a newly created loop is pulled through one or more loops from the prior row, placed on the gaining needle, and the loops from the prior row are then pulled off the other needle.","Knitting\n\nKnitting may be done by hand or by using a machine.","Knitting\n\nDifferent types of yarns (fibre type, texture, and twist), needle sizes, and stitch types may be used to achieve knitted fabrics with diverse properties (colour, texture, weight, heat retention, water resistance, and/or integrity).","Knitting\n\nStructure","Knitting\n\nCourses and wales","Knitting\n\nLike weaving, knitting is a technique for producing a two-dimensional fabric made from a one-dimensional yarn or thread. In weaving, threads are always straight, running parallel either lengthwise (warp threads) or crosswise (weft threads). By contrast, the yarn in knitted fabrics follows a meandering path (a course), forming symmetric loops (also called bights) symmetrically above and below the mean path of the yarn. These meandering loops can be easily stretched in different directions giving knit fabrics much more elasticity than woven fabrics. Depending on the yarn and knitting pattern, knitted garments can stretch as much as 500%. For this reason, knitting was initially developed for garments that must be elastic or stretch in response to the wearer's motions, such as socks and hosiery. For comparison, woven garments stretch mainly along one or other of a related pair of directions that lie roughly diagonally between the warp and the weft, while contracting in the other direction of the pair (stretching and contracting with the bias), and are not very elastic, unless they are woven from stretchable material such as spandex.","Knitting\n\nKnitted garments are often more form-fitting than woven garments, since their elasticity allows them to contour to the body's outline more closely; by contrast, curvature is introduced into most woven garments only with sewn darts, flares, gussets and gores, the seams of which lower the elasticity of the woven fabric still further. Extra curvature can be introduced into knitted garments without seams, as in the heel of a sock; the effect of darts, flares, etc. can be obtained with short rows or by increasing or decreasing the number of stitches. Thread used in weaving is usually much finer than the yarn used in knitting, which can give the knitted fabric more bulk and less drape than a woven fabric.","Knitting\n\nIf they are not secured, the loops of a knitted course will come undone when their yarn is pulled; this is known as ripping out, unravelling knitting, or humorously, frogging (because you 'rip it', this sounds like a frog croaking: 'rib-bit'). To secure a stitch, at least one new loop is passed through it. Although the new stitch is itself unsecured (\"active\" or \"live\"), it secures the stitch(es) suspended from it. A sequence of stitches in which each stitch is suspended from the next is called a wale. To secure the initial stitches of a knitted fabric, a method for casting on is used; to secure the final stitches in a wale, one uses a method of binding/casting off. During knitting, the active stitches are secured mechanically, either from individual hooks (in knitting machines) or from a knitting needle or frame in hand-knitting.","Knitting\n\nWeft and warp knitting","Knitting\n\nThere are two major varieties of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting. In the more common weft knitting, the wales are perpendicular to the course of the yarn. In warp knitting, the wales and courses run roughly parallel. In weft knitting, the entire fabric may be produced from a single yarn, by adding stitches to each wale in turn, moving across the fabric as in a raster scan. By contrast, in warp knitting, one yarn is required for every wale. Since a typical piece of knitted fabric may have hundreds of wales, warp knitting is typically done by machine, whereas weft knitting is done by both hand and machine. Warp-knitted fabrics such as tricot and milanese are resistant to runs, and are commonly used in lingerie.","Knitting\n\nWeft-knit fabrics may also be knit with multiple yarns, usually to produce interesting color patterns. The two most common approaches are intarsia and stranded colorwork. In intarsia, the yarns are used in well-segregated regions, e.g., a red apple on a field of green; in that case, the yarns are kept on separate spools and only one is knitted at any time. In the more complex stranded approach, two or more yarns alternate repeatedly within one row and all the yarns must be carried along the row, as seen in Fair Isle sweaters. Double knitting can produce two separate knitted fabrics simultaneously (e.g., two socks). However, the two fabrics are usually integrated into one, giving it great warmth and excellent drape.","Knitting\n\nKnit and purl stitches","Knitting\n\nIn securing the previous stitch in a wale, the next stitch can pass through the previous loop from either below or above. If the former, the stitch is denoted as a knit stitch or a plain stitch; if the latter, as a purl stitch. The two stitches are related in that a knit stitch seen from one side of the fabric appears as a purl stitch on the other side.","Knitting\n\nThe two types of stitches have a different visual effect; the knit stitches look like \"V\"'s stacked vertically, whereas the purl stitches look like a wavy horizontal line across the fabric. Patterns and pictures can be created in knitted fabrics by using knit and purl stitches as \"pixels\"; however, such pixels are usually rectangular, rather than square, depending on the gauge/tension of the knitting. Individual stitches, or rows of stitches, may be made taller by drawing more yarn into the new loop (an elongated stitch), which is the basis for uneven knitting: a row of tall stitches may alternate with one or more rows of short stitches for an interesting visual effect. Short and tall stitches may also alternate within a row, forming a fish-like oval pattern.","Knitting\n\nIn the simplest knitted fabrics, all the stitches are knit or purl; this is known as a garter stitch. Alternating rows of knit stitches and purl stitches produce what is known as a stockinette pattern/stocking stitch. Vertical stripes (ribbing) are possible by having alternating wales of knit and purl stitches. For example, a common choice is 2x2 ribbing, in which two wales of knit stitches are followed by two wales of purl stitches, etc. Horizontal striping (welting) is also possible, by alternating rows of knit and purl stitches. Checkerboard patterns (basketweave) are also possible, the smallest of which is known as seed/moss stitch: the stitches alternate between knit and purl in every wale and along every row.","Knitting\n\nFabrics in which the number of knit and purl stitches are not the same, such as stockinette/stocking stitch, have a tendency to curl; by contrast, those in which knit and purl stitches are arranged symmetrically (such as ribbing, garter stitch or seed/moss stitch) tend to lie flat and drape well. Wales of purl stitches have a tendency to recede, whereas those of knit stitches tend to come forward. Thus, the purl wales in ribbing tend to be invisible, since the neighboring knit wales come forward. Conversely, rows of purl stitches tend to form an embossed ridge relative to a row of knit stitches. This is the basis of shadow knitting, in which the appearance of a knitted fabric changes when viewed from different directions.","Knitting\n\nTypically, a new stitch is passed through a single unsecured (\"active\") loop, thus lengthening that wale by one stitch. However, this need not be so; the new loop may be passed through an already secured stitch lower down on the fabric, or even between secured stitches (a dip stitch). Depending on the distance between where the loop is drawn through the fabric and where it is knitted, dip stitches can produce a subtle stippling or long lines across the surface of the fabric, e.g., the lower leaves of a flower. The new loop may also be passed between two stitches in the present row, thus clustering the intervening stitches; this approach is often used to produce a smocking effect in the fabric. The new loop may also be passed through two or more previous stitches, producing a decrease and merging wales together. The merged stitches need not be from the same row; for example, a tuck can be formed by knitting stitches together from two different rows, producing a raised horizontal welt on the fabric.","Knitting\n\nNot every stitch in a row need be knitted; some may be left \"as is\" and knitted on a subsequent row. This is known as slip-stitch knitting. The slipped stitches are naturally longer than the knitted ones. For example, a stitch slipped for one row before knitting would be roughly twice as tall as its knitted counterparts. This can produce interesting visual effects, although the resulting fabric is more rigid because the slipped stitch \"pulls\" on its neighbours and is less deformable. Mosaic knitting is a form of slip-stitch knitting that knits alternate colored rows and uses slip stitches to form patterns; mosaic-knit fabrics tend to be stiffer than patterned fabrics produced by other methods such as Fair-Isle knitting.","Knitting\n\nIn some cases, a stitch may be deliberately left unsecured by a new stitch and its wale allowed to disassemble. This is known as drop-stitch knitting, and produces a vertical ladder of see-through holes in the fabric, corresponding to where the wale had been.","Knitting\n\nRight- and left-plaited stitches","Knitting\n\nBoth knit and purl stitches may be twisted: usually once if at all, but sometimes twice and (very rarely) thrice. When seen from above, the twist can be clockwise (right yarn over left) or counterclockwise (left yarn over right); these are denoted as right- and left-plaited stitches, respectively. Hand-knitters generally produce right-plaited stitches by knitting or purling through the back loops, i.e., passing the needle through the initial stitch in an unusual way, but wrapping the yarn as usual. By contrast, the left-plaited stitch is generally formed by hand-knitters by wrapping the yarn in the opposite way, rather than by any change in the needle. Although they are mirror images in form, right- and left-plaited stitches are functionally equivalent. Both types of plaited stitches give a subtle but interesting visual texture, and tend to draw the fabric inwards, making it stiffer. Plaited stitches are a common method for knitting jewelry from fine metal wire.","Knitting\n\nEdges and joins between fabrics","Knitting\n\nThe initial and final edges of a knitted fabric are known as the cast-on and bound/cast-off edges. The side edges are known as the selvages; the word derives from \"self-edges\", meaning that the stitches do not need to be secured by anything else. Many types of selvages have been developed, with different elastic and ornamental properties.","Knitting\n\nVertical and horizontal edges can be introduced within a knitted fabric, e.g., for button holes, by binding/casting off and re-casting on again (horizontal) or by knitting the fabrics on either side of a vertical edge separately.","Knitting\n\nTwo knitted fabrics can be joined by embroidery-based grafting methods, most commonly the Kitchener stitch. New wales can be begun from any of the edges of a knitted fabric; this is known as picking up stitches and is the basis for entrelac, in which the wales run perpendicular to one another in a checkerboard pattern.","Knitting\n\nCables, increases, and lace","Knitting\n\nOrdinarily, stitches are knitted in the same order in every row, and the wales of the fabric run parallel and vertically along the fabric. However, this need not be so, since the order in which stitches are knitted may be permuted so that wales cross over one another, forming a cable pattern. Cables patterns tend to draw the fabric together, making it denser and less elastic; Aran sweaters are a common form of knitted cabling. Arbitrarily complex braid patterns can be done in cable knitting, with the proviso that the wales must move ever upwards; it is generally impossible for a wale to move up and then down the fabric. Knitters have developed methods for giving the illusion of a circular wale, such as appear in Celtic knots, but these are inexact approximations. However, such circular wales are possible using Swiss darning, a form of embroidery, or by knitting a tube separately and attaching it to the knitted fabric.","Knitting\n\nA wale can split into two or more wales using increases, most commonly involving a yarn over. Depending on how the increase is done, there is often a hole in the fabric at the point of the increase. This is used to great effect in lace knitting, which consists of making patterns and pictures using such holes, rather than with the stitches themselves. The large and many holes in lacy knitting makes it extremely elastic; for example, some Shetland \"wedding-ring\" shawls are so fine that they may be drawn through a wedding ring.","Knitting\n\nBy combining increases and decreases, it is possible to make the direction of a wale slant away from vertical, even in weft knitting. This is the basis for bias knitting, and can be used for visual effect, similar to the direction of a brush-stroke in oil painting.","Knitting\n\nOrnamentations and additions","Knitting\n\nVarious point-like ornaments may be added to knitting for their look or to improve the wear of the fabric. Examples include various types of bobbles, sequins and beads. Long loops can also be drawn out and secured, forming a \"shaggy\" texture to the fabric; this is known as loop knitting. Additional patterns can be made on the surface of the knitted fabric using embroidery; if the embroidery resembles knitting, it is often called Swiss darning. Various closures for the garments, such as frogs and buttons can be added; usually buttonholes are knitted into the garment, rather than cut.","Knitting\n\nOrnamental pieces may also be knitted separately and then attached using applique. For example, differently colored leaves and petals of a flower could be knit separately and attached to form the final picture. Separately knitted tubes can be applied to a knitted fabric to form complex Celtic knots and other patterns that would be difficult to knit.","Knitting\n\nUnknitted yarns may be worked into knitted fabrics for warmth, as is done in tufting and \"weaving\" (also known as \"couching\").","Knitting\n\nHistory and culture","Knitting\n\nThe word is derived from knot and ultimately from the Old English cnyttan, to knot.","Knitting\n\nNålebinding (Danish: literally \"binding with a needle\" or \"needle-binding\") is a fabric creation technique predating both knitting and crochet. That said, one of the earliest known examples of true knitting was cotton socks with stranded knit color patterns found in Egypt from the end of the first millennium AD.","Knitting\n\nThe first commercial knitting guilds appear in Western Europe in the early fifteenth century (Tournai in 1429, Barcelona in 1496). The Guild of Saint Fiacre was founded in Paris in 1527 but the archives mention an organization (not necessarily a guild) of knitters from 1268.","Knitting\n\nWith the invention of the knitting machine, knitting \"by hand\" became a craft used by country people with easy access to fiber. Similar to quilting, spinning, and needlepoint, hand knitting became a leisure activity for the wealthy.","Knitting\n\nProperties of fabrics","Knitting\n\nThe topology of a knitted fabric is relatively complex. Unlike woven fabrics, where strands usually run straight horizontally and vertically, yarn that has been knitted follows a looped path along its row, as with the red strand in the diagram at left, in which the loops of one row have all been pulled through the loops of the row below it.","Knitting\n\nBecause there is no single straight line of yarn anywhere in the pattern, a knitted piece of fabric can stretch in all directions. This elasticity is all but unavailable in woven fabrics which only stretch along the bias. Many modern stretchy garments, even as they rely on elastic synthetic materials for some stretch, also achieve at least some of their stretch through knitted patterns.","Knitting\n\nThe basic knitted fabric (as in the diagram, and usually called a stocking or stockinette pattern) has a definite \"right side\" and \"wrong side\". On the right side, the visible portions of the loops are the verticals connecting two rows which are arranged in a grid of V shapes. On the wrong side, the ends of the loops are visible, both the tops and bottoms, creating a much more bumpy texture sometimes called reverse stockinette. (Despite being the \"wrong side,\" reverse stockinette is frequently used as a pattern in its own right.) Because the yarn holding rows together is all on the front, and the yarn holding side-by-side stitches together is all on the back, stockinette fabric has a strong tendency to curl toward the front on the top and bottom, and toward the back on the left and right side.","Knitting\n\nStitches can be worked from either side, and various patterns are created by mixing regular knit stitches with the \"wrong side\" stitches, known as purl stitches, either in columns (ribbing), rows (garter, welting), or more complex patterns. Each fabric has different properties: a garter stitch has much more vertical stretch, while ribbing stretches much more horizontally. Because of their front-back symmetry, these two fabrics have little curl, making them popular as edging, even when their stretch properties are not desired.","Knitting\n\nDifferent combinations of knit and purl stitches, along with more advanced techniques, generate fabrics of considerably variable consistency, from gauzy to very dense, from highly stretchy to relatively stiff, from flat to tightly curled, and so on.","Knitting\n\nTexture","Knitting\n\nThe most common texture for a knitted garment is that generated by the flat stockinette stitch—as seen, though very small, in machine-made stockings and T-shirts—which is worked in the round as nothing but knit stitches, and worked flat as alternating rows of knit and purl. Other simple textures can be made with nothing but knit and purl stitches, including garter stitch, ribbing, and moss and seed stitches. Adding a \"slip stitch\" (where a loop is passed from one needle to the other) allows for a wide range of textures, including heel and linen stitches as well as a number of more complicated patterns.","Knitting\n\nSome more advanced knitting techniques create a surprising variety of complex textures. Combining certain increases, which can create small eyelet holes in the resulting fabric, with assorted decreases is key to creating knitted lace, a very open fabric resembling lace. Open vertical stripes can be created using the drop-stitch knitting technique. Changing the order of stitches from one row to the next, usually with the help of a cable needle or stitch holder, is key to cable knitting, producing an endless variety of cables, honeycombs, ropes, and Aran sweater patterning. Entrelac forms a rich checkerboard texture by knitting small squares, picking up their side edges, and knitting more squares to continue the piece.","Knitting\n\nFair Isle knitting uses two or more colored yarns to create patterns and forms a thicker and less flexible fabric.","Knitting\n\nThe appearance of a garment is also affected by the weight of the yarn, which describes the thickness of the spun fibre. The thicker the yarn, the more visible and apparent stitches will be; the thinner the yarn, the finer the texture.","Knitting\n\nColor","Knitting\n\nPlenty of finished knitting projects never use more than a single color of yarn, but there are many ways to work in multiple colors. Some yarns are dyed to be either variegated (changing color every few stitches in a random fashion) or self-striping (changing every few rows). More complicated techniques permit large fields of color (intarsia, for example), busy small-scale patterns of color (such as Fair Isle), or both (double knitting and slip-stitch color, for example).","Knitting\n\nYarn with multiple shades of the same hue are called ombre, while a yarn with multiple hues may be known as a given colorway — a green, red and yellow yarn might be dubbed the \"Parrot Colorway\" by its manufacturer, for example. Heathered yarns contain small amounts of fibre of different colours, while tweed yarns may have greater amounts of different colored fibres.","Knitting\n\nHand Knitting Process","Knitting\n\nThere are many hundreds of different knitting stitches used by hand knitters. A piece of hand knitting begins with the process of casting on, which involves the initial creation of the stitches on the needle. Different methods of casting on are used for different effects: one may be stretchy enough for lace, while another provides a decorative edging. Provisional cast-ons are used when the knitting will continue in both directions from the cast-on. There are various methods employed to cast on, such as the \"thumb method\" (also known as \"slingshot\" or \"long-tail\" cast-ons), where the stitches are created by a series of loops that will, when knitted, give a very loose edge ideal for \"picking up stitches\" and knitting a border; the \"double needle method\" (also known as \"knit-on\" or \"cable cast-on\"), whereby each loop placed on the needle is then \"knitted on,\" which produces a firmer edge ideal on its own as a border; and many more. The number of active stitches remains the same as when cast on unless stitches are added (an increase) or removed (a decrease).","Knitting\n\nMost Western-style hand knitters follow either the English style (in which the yarn is held in the right hand) or the Continental style (in which the yarn is held in the left hand).","Knitting\n\nThere are also different ways to insert the needle into the stitch. Knitting through the front of a stitch is called Western knitting. Going through the back of a stitch is called Eastern knitting. A third method, called combination knitting, goes through the front of a knit stitch and the back of a purl stitch.","Knitting\n\nOnce the hand knitted piece is finished, the remaining live stitches are \"cast off\". Casting (or \"binding\") off loops the stitches across each other so they can be removed from the needle without unravelling the item. Although the mechanics are different from casting on, there is a similar variety of methods.","Knitting\n\nIn hand knitting certain articles of clothing, especially larger ones like sweaters, the final knitted garment will be made of several knitted pieces, with individual sections of the garment hand knitted separately and then sewn together. Seamless knitting, where a whole garment is hand knit as a single piece, is also possible. Elizabeth Zimmermann is probably the best-known proponent of seamless or circular hand knitting techniques. Smaller items, such as socks and hats, are usually knit in one piece on double-pointed needles or circular needles. Hats in particular can be started \"top down\" on double pointed needles with the increases added until the preferred size is achieved, switching to an appropriate circular needle when enough stitches have been added. Care must be taken to bind off at a tension that will allow the \"give\" needed to comfortably fit on the head. (See Circular knitting.)","Knitting\n\nMega knitting","Knitting\n\nMega knitting is a term recently coined and relates to the use of knitting needles greater than or equal to half an inch in diameter.","Knitting\n\nMega knitting uses the same stitches and techniques as conventional knitting, except that hooks are carved into the ends of the needles. The hooked needles greatly enhance control of the work, catching the stitches and preventing them from slipping off.","Knitting\n\nIt was the development of the knitting machine that introduced hooked needles and enabled faultless, automated knitting. Most knitters probably aren’t even aware of the many processes that their fingers perform in the making of a single stitch. However, large gauge needles emphasise those actions and knitting becomes increasingly more awkward when the needle diameter is greater than the width of the knitters finger. On a one-inch diameter (size 50) needle for instance, the shaft begins to taper one and three quarter inches from the tip. This means that the stitches are spread much further apart on mega knitting needles, making them more difficult to control. The hook catches the loop of yarn as each stitch is knitted, meaning that wrists and fingers don’t have to work so hard and there is less chance of stitches slipping off the needle.\nThe position of the hook is most important. Turn the left (non-working) hook to face away at all times; turn the right (working) hook toward you up whilst knitting (plain stitch) and away whilst purling.","Knitting\n\nMega knitting produces a chunky, bulky fabric or an open lacy weave, depending on the weight and type of yarn used.","Knitting\n\nMaterials","Knitting\n\nYarn","Knitting\n\nYarn for hand-knitting is usually sold as balls or skeins (hanks), although it may also be wound on spools or cones. Skeins and balls are generally sold with a yarn-band, a label that describes the yarn's weight, length, dye lot, fiber content, washing instructions, suggested needle size, likely gauge/tension, etc. It is common practice to save the yarn band for future reference, especially if additional skeins must be purchased. Knitters generally ensure that the yarn for a project comes from a single dye lot. The dye lot specifies a group of skeins that were dyed together and thus have precisely the same color; skeins from different dye-lots, even if very similar in color, are usually slightly different and may produce a visible horizontal stripe when knitted together. If a knitter buys insufficient yarn of a single dye lot to complete a project, additional skeins of the same dye lot can sometimes be obtained from other yarn stores or online. Otherwise, knitters can alternate skeins every few rows to help the dye lots blend together easier.","Knitting\n\nThe thickness or weight of the yarn is a significant factor in determining the gauge/tension, i.e., how many stitches and rows are required to cover a given area for a given stitch pattern. Thicker yarns generally require thicker knitting needles, whereas thinner yarns may be knit with thick or thin needles. Hence, thicker yarns generally require fewer stitches, and therefore less time, to knit up a given garment. Patterns and motifs are coarser with thicker yarns; thicker yarns produce bold visual effects, whereas thinner yarns are best for refined patterns. Yarns are grouped by thickness into six categories: superfine, fine, light, medium, bulky and superbulky; quantitatively, thickness is measured by the number of wraps per inch (WPI). In the British Commonwealth (outside North America) yarns are measured as 1ply, 2ply, 3ply, 4ply, 5ply, 8ply (or double knit),10ply and 12ply (triple knit). The related weight per unit length is usually measured in tex or denier.","Knitting\n\nBefore knitting, the knitter will typically transform a hank/skein into a ball where the yarn emerges from the center of the ball; this making the knitting easier by preventing the yarn from becoming easily tangled. This transformation may be done by hand, or with a device known as a ballwinder. When knitting, some knitters enclose their balls in jars to keep them clean and untangled with other yarns; the free yarn passes through a small hole in the jar-lid.","Knitting\n\nA yarn's usefulness for a knitting project is judged by several factors, such as its loft (its ability to trap air), its resilience (elasticity under tension), its washability and colorfastness, its hand (its feel, particularly softness vs. scratchiness), its durability against abrasion, its resistance to pilling, its hairiness (fuzziness), its tendency to twist or untwist, its overall weight and drape, its blocking and felting qualities, its comfort (breathability, moisture absorption, wicking properties) and of course its look, which includes its color, sheen, smoothness and ornamental features. Other factors include allergenicity; speed of drying; resistance to chemicals, moths, and mildew; melting point and flammability; retention of static electricity; and the propensity to become stained and to accept dyes. Different factors may be more significant than others for different knitting projects, so there is no one \"best\" yarn. The resilience and propensity to (un)twist are general properties that affect the ease of hand-knitting. More resilient yarns are more forgiving of irregularities in tension; highly twisted yarns are sometimes difficult to knit, whereas untwisting yarns can lead to split stitches, in which not all the yarn is knitted into a stitch.","Knitting\n\nA key factor in knitting is stitch definition, corresponding to how well complicated stitch patterns can be seen when made from a given yarn. Smooth, highly spun yarns are best for showing off stitch patterns; at the other extreme, very fuzzy yarns or eyelash yarns have poor stitch definition, and any complicated stitch pattern would be invisible.","Knitting\n\nAlthough knitting may be done with ribbons, metal wire or more exotic filaments, most yarns are made by spinning fibers. In spinning, the fibers are twisted so that the yarn resists breaking under tension; the twisting may be done in either direction, resulting in a Z-twist or S-twist yarn. If the fibers are first aligned by combing them, the yarn is smoother and called a worsted; by contrast, if the fibers are carded but not combed, the yarn is fuzzier and called woolen-spun. The fibers making up a yarn may be continuous filament fibers such as silk and many synthetics, or they may be staples (fibers of an average length, typically a few inches); naturally filament fibers are sometimes cut up into staples before spinning. The strength of the spun yarn against breaking is determined by the amount of twist, the length of the fibers and the thickness of the yarn. In general, yarns become stronger with more twist (also called worst), longer fibers and thicker yarns (more fibers); for example, thinner yarns require more twist than do thicker yarns to resist breaking under tension.","Knitting\n\nThe thickness of the yarn may vary along its length; a slub is a much thicker section in which a mass of fibers is incorporated into the yarn.","Knitting\n\nThe spun fibers are generally divided into animal fibers, plant and synthetic fibers. These fiber types are chemically different, corresponding to proteins, carbohydrates and synthetic polymers, respectively. Animal fibers include silk, but generally are long hairs of animals such as sheep (wool), goat (angora, or cashmere goat), rabbit (angora), llama, alpaca, dog, cat, camel, yak, and muskox (qiviut). Plants used for fibers include cotton, flax (for linen), bamboo, ramie, hemp, jute, nettle, raffia, yucca, coconut husk, banana fiber, soy and corn. Rayon and acetate fibers are also produced from cellulose mainly derived from trees. Common synthetic fibers include acrylics, polyesters such as dacron and ingeo, nylon and other polyamides, and olefins such as polypropylene. Of these types, wool is generally favored for knitting, chiefly owing to its superior elasticity, warmth and (sometimes) felting; however, wool is generally less convenient to clean and some people are allergic to it. It is also common to blend different fibers in the yarn, e.g., 85% alpaca and 15% silk.","Knitting\n\nEven within a type of fiber, there can be great variety in the length and thickness of the fibers; for example, Merino wool and Egyptian cotton are favored because they produce exceptionally long, thin (fine) fibers for their type.","Knitting\n\nA single spun yarn may be knitted as is, or braided or plied with another. In plying, two or more yarns are spun together, almost always in the opposite sense from which they were spun individually; for example, two Z-twist yarns are usually plied with an S-twist. The opposing twist relieves some of the yarns' tendency to curl up and produces a thicker, balanced yarn. Plied yarns may themselves be plied together, producing cabled yarns or multi-stranded yarns. Sometimes, the yarns being plied are fed at different rates, so that one yarn loops around the other, as in bouclé. The single yarns may be dyed separately before plying, or afterwards to give the yarn a uniform look.","Knitting\n\nThe dyeing of yarns is a complex art that has a long history. However, yarns need not be dyed. They may be dyed just one color, or a great variety of colors. Dyeing may be done industrially, by hand or even hand-painted onto the yarn. A great variety of synthetic dyes have been developed since the synthesis of indigo dye in the mid-19th century; however, natural dyes are also possible, although they are generally less brilliant. The color-scheme of a yarn is sometimes called its colorway. Variegated yarns can produce interesting visual effects, such as diagonal stripes; conversely, a variegated yarn may frustrate an otherwise good knitting pattern by producing distasteful color combination.","Knitting\n\nGlass/Wax","Knitting\n\nKnitted Glass combines knitting, lost-wax casting, mold-making, and kiln-casting. \nThe process involves\n# knitting with wax strands, \n# surrounding the knitted wax piece with a heat-tolerant refractory material,\n# removing the wax by melting it out, thus creating a mold;\n# placing the mold in a kiln where lead crystal glass melts into the mold; \n# after the mold cools, the mold material is removed to reveal the knitted glass piece.","Knitting\n\nTools","Knitting\n\nThe process of knitting has three basic tasks:\n#the active (unsecured) stitches must be held so they don't drop\n#these stitches must be released sometime after they are secured\n#new bights of yarn must be passed through the fabric, usually through active stitches, thus securing them.\nIn very simple cases, knitting can be done without tools, using only the fingers to do these tasks; however, knitting is usually carried out using tools such as knitting needles, knitting machines or rigid frames. Depending on their size and shape, the rigid frames are called stocking frames, knitting boards, knitting rings (also called knitting looms) or knitting spools (also known as knitting knobbies, knitting nancies, or corkers). There is also a technique called knooking of knitting with a crochet hook that has a cord attached to the end, to hold the stitches while they're being worked. Other tools are used to prepare yarn for knitting, to measure and design knitted garments, or to make knitting easier or more comfortable.","Knitting\n\nNeedles","Knitting\n\nThere are three basic types of knitting needles (also called \"knitting pins\"). The first and most common type consists of two slender, straight sticks tapered to a point at one end, and with a knob at the other end to prevent stitches from slipping off. Such needles are usually 10 - long but, due to the compressibility of knitted fabrics, may be used to knit pieces significantly wider. The most important property of needles is their diameter, which ranges from below 2 to 25 mm (roughly 1 inch). The diameter affects the size of stitches, which affects the gauge/tension of the knitting and the elasticity of the fabric. Thus, a simple way to change gauge/tension is to use different needles, which is the basis of uneven knitting. Although the diameter of the knitting needle is often measured in millimeters, there are several measurement systems, particularly those specific to the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan; a conversion table is given at knitting needle. Such knitting needles may be made out of any materials, but the most common materials are metals, wood, bamboo, and plastic.","Knitting\n\nDifferent materials have different frictions and grip the yarn differently; slick needles such as metallic needles are useful for swift knitting, whereas rougher needles such as bamboo offer more friction and are therefore less prone to dropping stitches. The knitting of new stitches occurs only at the tapered ends. Needles with lighted tips have been sold to allow knitters to knit in the dark.","Knitting\n\nThe second type of knitting needles are straight, double-pointed knitting needles (also called \"DPNs\"). Double-pointed needles are tapered at both ends, which allows them to be knit from either end. DPNs are typically used for circular knitting, especially smaller tube-shaped pieces such as sleeves, collars, and socks; usually one needle is active while the others hold the remaining active stitches. DPNs are somewhat shorter (typically 7 inches) and are usually sold in sets of four or five.","Knitting\n\nCable needles are a special case of DPNs, although they are usually not straight, but dimpled in the middle. Often, they have the form of a hook. When cabling a knitted piece, a hook is easier to grab and hold the yarn. Cable needles are typically very short (a few inches), and are used to hold stitches temporarily while others are being knitted. Cable patterns are made by permuting the order of stitches; although one or two stitches may be held by hand or knit out of order, cables of three or more generally require a cable needle.","Knitting\n\nThe third needle type consists of circular needles, which are long, flexible double-pointed needles. The two tapered ends (typically 5 in long) are rigid and straight, allowing for easy knitting; however, the two ends are connected by a flexible strand (usually nylon) that allows the two ends to be brought together. Circular needles are typically 24-60 inches long, and are usually used singly or in pairs; again, the width of the knitted piece may be significantly longer than the length of the circular needle.","Knitting\n\nA developing trend in the knitting world is interchangeable needles. These kits consist of pairs of needles with usually nylon cables or cords. The cables/cords are screwed into the needles, allowing the knitter to have both flexible straight needles or circular needles. This also allows the knitter to change the diameter and length of the needles as needed.","Knitting\n\nThe ability to work from either end of one needle is convenient in several types of knitting, such as slip-stitch versions of double knitting. Circular needles may be used for flat or circular knitting.","Knitting\n\nCable needles are a specific design, and are used to create the twisting motif of a knitted cable. They are made in different sizes, which produces cables of different widths. When in use, the cable needle is used at the same time as two regular needles. It functions by holding together the stitches creating the cable as the other needles create the rest of the stitches for the knitted piece. At specific points indicated by the knitting pattern, the cable needle is moved, the stitches on it are worked by the other needles, then the cable needle is turned around to a different position to create the cable twist.","Knitting\n\nMega needles","Knitting\n\nMega knitting needles are generally considered to be any knitting needles larger than size 17 (half inch diameter). Mega needles may or may not have hooks carved in the ends. Hooks on large diameter needles help enormously to control the stitches whilst knitting.","Knitting\n\nLargest circular knitting needles","Knitting\n\nThe largest aluminum circular knitting needles on record are size US 150 and are nearly 7 feet tall. They are owned by Paradise Fibers and are currently on display in the [http://www.paradisefibers.com/index.php/worlds_larges_addi_turbo_circular_needles Paradise Fibers] retail showroom.","Knitting\n\nRecord","Knitting\n\nThe current holder of the Guinness World Record for Knitting with the Largest Knitting Needles is Julia Hopson of Penzance in Cornwall.","Knitting\n\nJulia knitted a square of ten stitches and ten rows in stockinette stitch using knitting needles that were 6.5 centimeters in diameter and 3.5 meters long.","Knitting\n\nAncillary tools","Knitting\n\nVarious tools have been developed to make hand-knitting easier. Tools for measuring needle diameter and yarn properties have been discussed above, as well as the yarn swift, ballwinder and \"yarntainers\". Crochet hooks and a darning needle are often useful in binding/casting off or in joining two knitted pieces edge-to-edge. The darning needle is used in duplicate stitch (also known as Swiss darning). The crochet hook is also essential for repairing dropped stitches and some specialty stitches such as tufting. Other tools such as knitting spools or pom-pom makers are used to prepare specific ornaments. For large or complex knitting patterns, it is sometimes difficult to keep track of which stitch should be knit in a particular way; therefore, several tools have been developed to identify the number of a particular row or stitch, including circular stitch markers, hanging markers, extra yarn and row counters. A second potential difficulty is that the knitted piece will slide off the tapered end of the needles when unattended; this is prevented by \"point protectors\" that cap the tapered ends. Another problem is that too much knitting may lead to hand and wrist troubles; for this, special stress-relieving gloves are available.","Knitting\n\nIn traditional Shetland knitting a special belt is often used to support the end of one needle allowing the knitting greater speed. Finally, there are sundry bags and containers for holding knitting, yarns and needles.","Knitting\n\nCommercial applications","Knitting\n\nIndustrially, metal wire is also knitted into a metal fabric for a wide range of uses including the filter material in cafetieres, catalytic converters for cars and many other uses. These fabrics are usually manufactured on circular knitting machines that would be recognised by conventional knitters as sock machines.","Knitting\n\nMany fashion designers make heavy use of knitted fabric in their fashion collections. Gordana Gelhausen, who appeared in season six of the television show Project Runway, is primarily a knit designer. Other designers and labels that make heavy use of knitting include Michael Kors, Fendi, and Marc Jacobs.","Knitting\n\nFor individual hobbyists, websites such as Etsy, Big Cartel and Ravelry have made it easy to sell knitting patterns on a small scale, in a way similar to eBay.","Knitting\n\nGraffiti","Knitting\n\nIn the last decade, a practice called knitting graffiti, guerilla knitting, or yarn bombing— the use of knitted or crocheted cloth to modify and beautify one's (usually outdoor) surroundings—emerged in the U.S. and spread worldwide. Magda Sayeg is credited with starting the movement in the US and Knit the City are a prominent group of graffiti knitters in the United Kingdom. Yarn bombers sometimes target existing pieces of graffiti for beautification. For instance, Dave Cole is a contemporary sculpture artist who practiced knitting as graffiti for a large-scale public art installation in Melbourne, Australia for the Big West Arts Festival in 2009. The work was vandalized the night of its completion. A new movie, shot by a Tasmanian filmmaker on a set made almost entirely out of yarn, was partially inspired by \"knitted graffiti\".","Knitting\n\nCharity","Knitting\n\nHand knitting garments for free distribution to others has become common practice among hand knitting groups. Girls and women hand knitted socks, sweaters, scarves, mittens, gloves, and hats for soldiers in Crimea, the American Civil War, and the Boer Wars; this practice continued in World War I, World War II and the Korean War, and continues for soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Australian charity Wrap with Love continues to provide blankets hand knitted by volunteers to people most in need around the world who have been affected by war.","Knitting\n\nIn the historical projects, yarn companies provided knitting patterns approved by the various branches of the armed services; often they were distributed by local chapters of the American Red Cross. Modern projects usually entail the hand knitting of hats or helmet liners; the liners provided for soldiers must be of 100% worsted weight wool and be crafted using specific colors.","Knitting\n\nClothing and afghans are frequently made for children, the elderly, and the economically disadvantaged in various countries. Pine Ridge Indian Reservation accepts donations for the Lakota people in the United States. Prayer shawls, or shawls in which the crafter meditates or says prayers of their faith while hand knitting with the intent on comforting the recipient, are donated to those experiencing loss or stress. Many knitters today hand knit and donate \"chemo caps,\" soft caps for cancer patients who lose their hair during chemotherapy. Yarn companies offer free knitting patterns for these caps.","Knitting\n\nPenguin sweaters were hand knitted by volunteers for the rehabilitation of penguins contaminated by exposure to oil slicks. The project is now complete.","Knitting\n\nChicken sweaters were also hand knitted to aid battery hens that had lost their feathers. The organization is not currently accepting donations, but maintains a list of volunteers.","Knitting\n\nOriginally started after the 2004 Indonesian tsunami, [http://www.yarnharlot.ca/blog/tsffaq.html Knitters Without Borders] is a charity challenge issued by knitting personality Stephanie Pearl-McPhee that encourages hand knitters to donate to Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders). Instead of hand knitting for charity, knitters are encouraged to donate a week’s worth of disposable income, including money that otherwise might have been spent on yarn. Knitted items are occasional offered as prizes to donors. As of September 2011, Knitters Without Borders donors have contributed CAD$1,062,217.","Knitting\n\nSecurity blankets can also be made through the Project Linus organization which helps needy children.","Knitting\n\nThere are organizations that help reach other countries in need such as afghans for Afghans. This outreach is described as, \"afghans for Afghans is a humanitarian and educational people-to-people project that sends hand-knit and crocheted blankets and sweaters, vests, hats, mittens, and socks to the beleaguered people of Afghanistan.\"","Knitting\n\nHealth benefits","Knitting\n\nStudies have shown that hand knitting, along with other forms of needlework, provide several significant health benefits. These studies have found the rhythmic and repetitive action of hand knitting can “help prevent and manage stress, pain and depression, which in turn strengthens the body’s immune system”, as well as create a relaxation response in the body which can decrease blood pressure, heart rate, help prevent illness, and have a calming effect. Pain specialists have also found that the brain chemistry is changed when one hand knits, resulting in an increase in \"feel good\" hormones (i.e. serotonin and dopamine), and a decrease in stress hormones.","Knitting\n\nHand knitting, along with other leisure activities has been linked to reducing the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Much like physical activity strengthens the body, mental exercise makes the human brain more resilient.","Knitting\n\nA repository of research into the effect on health of hand knitting can be found at [http://www.stitchlinks.com/clinicians.html Stitchlinks], an organisation founded in Bath, England.","Knitting\n\nKnitting also helps in the area of social interaction; knitting provides people with opportunities to socialize with others. Some ways to increase social interaction with knitting is inviting friends over to knit and chat with each other. Even if they've never knitted before this can be a fun way to interact with your friends.","Knitting\n\nAnother interesting way that knitting can positively impact your life is improving the dexterity in your hands and figures. This keeps your fingers limber and can be especially helpful for those with arthritis. Knitting can reduce the pain of arthritis if people make it a daily habit.","Crochet\n\nCrochet (; ) is a process of creating fabric by interlocking loops of yarn, thread, or strands of other materials using a crochet hook. The name is derived from the French term \"crochet\", meaning small hook. These are made of materials such as metal, wood, or plastic and are manufactured commercially and produced in artisan workshops. The salient difference between crochet and knitting, beyond the implements used for their production, is that each stitch in crochet is completed before proceeding with the next one, while knitting keeps a large number of stitches open at a time. (Variant forms such as Tunisian crochet and broomstick lace keep multiple crochet stitches open at a time.)","Crochet\n\nEtymology","Crochet\n\nThe word crochet is derived from the Old French crochet, a diminutive of croche, in turn from the Germanic croc, both meaning \"hook\". It was used in 17th-century French lace making, crochetage designating a stitch used to join separate pieces of lace, and crochet subsequently designating both a specific type of fabric and the hooked needle used to produce it. Although that fabric is not known to be crochet in the present sense, a genealogical relationship between the techniques sharing that name appears likely.","Crochet\n\nOrigins","Crochet\n\nKnitted textiles survive from early periods but the first substantive evidence of crocheted fabric relates to its appearance in Europe during the 19th century. Earlier work identified as crochet was commonly made by nålebinding, a separate looped yarn technique.","Crochet\n\nThe first known published instructions for crochet appeared in the Dutch magazine, Penélopé, in 1823. This includes a color plate showing five different style purses of which three were intended to be crocheted with silk thread. The first is \"simple open crochet\" (crochet simple ajour), a mesh of chain-stitch arches. The second (illustrated here) starts in a semi-open form (demi jour), where chain-stitch arches alternate with equally long segments of slip-stitch crochet, and closes with a star made with \"double-crochet stitches\" (dubbelde hekelsteek— double-crochet in British terminology; single-crochet in US). The third purse is made entirely in double-crochet. The instructions prescribe the use of a tambour needle (as illustrated below) and introduce a number of decorative techniques.","Crochet\n\nThe earliest dated English reference to garments made of cloth produced by looping yarn with a hook — shepherd's knitting — is in, The Memoirs of a Highland Lady, by Elizabeth Grant (1797–1830). The journal entry, itself, is dated 1812 but was not recorded in its subsequently published form until some time between 1845 and 1867, and the actual date of publication was first in 1898. Nonetheless, the 1833 volume of Penélopé describes and illustrates a shepherd's hook, and recommends its use for crochet with coarser yarn.","Crochet\n\nIn 1842, one of the numerous books discussing crochet that began to appear in the 1840s states:\n:\"Crochet needles, sometimes called Shepherds' hooks, are made of steel, ivory, or box-wood. They have a hook at one end similar in shape to a fish-hook, by which the wool or silk is caught and drawn through the work. These instruments are to be procured of various sizes...\"","Crochet\n\nTwo years later, the same author, writes:\n:\"Crochet, — a species of knitting originally practised by the peasants in Scotland, with a small hooked needle called a shepherd’s hook, — has, within the last seven years, aided by taste and fashion, obtained the preference over all other ornamental works of a similar nature. It derives its present name from the French; the instrument with which it is worked being by them, from its crooked shape, termed 'crochet.' This art has attained its highest degree of perfection in England, whence it has been transplanted to France and Germany, and both countries, although unjustifiably, have claimed the invention.\"","Crochet\n\nAn instruction book from 1846 describes Shepherd or Single Crochet as what in current British usage is either called single crochet or slip-stitch crochet, with U.S. American terminology always using the latter (reserving single crochet for use as noted above). It similarly equates \"Double\" and \"French crochet\".","Crochet\n\nNotwithstanding the categorical assertion of a purely British origin, there is solid evidence of a connection between French tambour embroidery and crochet. The former method of production was illustrated in detail in 1763 in Diderot's Encyclopedia. The tip of the needle shown there is indistinguishable from that of a present-day inline crochet hook and the chain stitch separated from a cloth support is a fundamental element of the latter technique. The 1824 Penélopé instructions unequivocally state that the tambour tool was used for crochet and the first of the 1840s instruction books uses the terms tambour and crochet as synonyms. This equivalence is retained in the 4th edition of that work, 1847.","Crochet\n\nThe strong taper of the shepherd's hook eases the production of slip-stitch crochet but is less amenable to stitches that require multiple loops on the hook at the same time. Early yarn hooks were also continuously tapered but gradually enough to accommodate multiple loops. The design with a cylindrical shaft that is commonplace today was largely reserved for tambour-style steel needles. Both types gradually merged into the modern form that appeared toward the end of the 19th century, including both tapered and cylindrical segments, and the continuously tapered bone hook remained in industrial production until World War II.","Crochet\n\nThe early instruction books make frequent reference to the alternate use of 'ivory, bone, or wooden hooks' and 'steel needles in a handle', as appropriate to the stitch being made. Taken with the synonymous labeling of shepherd's- and single crochet, and the similar equivalence of French- and double crochet, there is a strong suggestion that crochet is rooted both in tambour embroidery and shepherd's knitting, leading to thread and yarn crochet respectively; a distinction that is still made. The locus of the fusion of all these elements — the \"invention\" noted above — has yet to be determined, as does the origin of shepherd's knitting.","Crochet\n\nShepherd's hooks are still being made for local slip-stitch crochet traditions. The form in the accompanying photograph is typical for contemporary production. A longer continuously tapering design intermediate between it and the 19th-century tapered hook was also in earlier production, commonly being made from the handles of forks and spoons.","Crochet\n\nIrish crochet","Crochet\n\nIn the 19th century, as Ireland was facing the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849), crochet lace work was introduced as a form of famine relief (the production of crocheted lace being an alternative way of making money for impoverished Irish workers). Mademoiselle Riego de la Blanchardiere is generally credited with the invention of Irish Crochet, publishing the first book of patterns in 1846. Irish lace became popular in Europe and America, and was made in quantity until the first World War.","Crochet\n\nModern practice and culture","Crochet\n\nFashions in crochet changed with the end of the Victorian era in the 1890s. Crocheted laces in the new Edwardian era, peaking between 1910 and 1920, became even more elaborate in texture and complicated stitching.","Crochet\n\nThe strong Victorian colours disappeared, though, and new publications called for white or pale threads, except for fancy purses, which were often crocheted of brightly colored silk and elaborately beaded. After World War I, far fewer crochet patterns were published, and most of them were simplified versions of the early 20th-century patterns. After World War II, from the late 1940s until the early 1960s, there was a resurgence in interest in home crafts, particularly in the United States, with many new and imaginative crochet designs published for colorful doilies, potholders, and other home items, along with updates of earlier publications. These patterns called for thicker threads and yarns than in earlier patterns and included wonderful variegated colors. The craft remained primarily a homemaker's art until the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the new generation picked up on crochet and popularized granny squares, a motif worked in the round and incorporating bright colors.","Crochet\n\nAlthough crochet underwent a subsequent decline in popularity, the early 21st century has seen a revival of interest in handcrafts and DIY, as well as great strides in improvement of the quality and varieties of yarn. There are many more new pattern books with modern patterns being printed, and most yarn stores now offer crochet lessons in addition to the traditional knitting lessons. There are many books you can purchase from local book stores to teach yourself how to crochet whether it be as a beginner or intermediate. There are also many books for children and teenagers who are hoping to take up the hobby. \nFilet crochet, Tunisian crochet, tapestry crochet, broomstick lace, hairpin lace, cro-hooking, and Irish crochet are all variants of the basic crochet method.","Crochet\n\nCrochet has experienced a revival on the catwalk as well. Christopher Kane's Fall 2011 Ready-to-Wear collection makes intensive use of the granny square, one of the most basic of crochet motifs. In addition, crochet has been utilized many times by designers on the popular reality show Project Runway. Even websites such as Etsy and Ravelry have made it easier for individual hobbyists to sell and distribute their patterns or projects across the internet.","Crochet\n\nLaneya Wiles released a music video titled \"Straight Hookin'\" which makes a play on the word \"hookers,\" which has a double meaning for both \"one who crochets\" and \"a prostitute.\"","Crochet\n\nMaterials","Crochet\n\nBasic materials required for crochet are a hook and some type of material that will be crocheted, most commonly yarn or thread. Additional tools are convenient for keeping stitches counted, measuring crocheted fabric, or making related accessories. Examples include cardboard cutouts, which can be used to make tassels, fringe, and many other items; a pom-pom circle, used to make pom-poms; a tape measure and a gauge measure, both used for measuring crocheted work and counting stitches; a row counter; and occasionally plastic rings, which are used for special projects.\nIn recent years, yarn selections have moved beyond synthetic and plant and animal-based fibers to include bamboo, qiviut, hemp, and banana stalks, to name a few.","Crochet\n\nCrochet hook","Crochet\n\nThe crochet hook comes in many sizes and materials, such as bone, bamboo, aluminium, plastic, and steel. Because sizing is categorized by the diameter of the hook's shaft, a crafter aims to create stitches of a certain size in order to reach a particular gauge specified in a given pattern. If gauge is not reached with one hook, another is used until the stitches made are the needed size. Crafters may have a preference for one type of hook material over another due to aesthetic appeal, yarn glide, or hand disorders such as arthritis, where bamboo or wood hooks are favored over metal for the perceived warmth and flexibility during use. Hook grips and ergonomic hook handles are also available to assist crafters.","Crochet\n\nSteel crochet hooks range in size from 0.4 to 3.5 millimeters, or from 00 to 16 in American sizing. These hooks are used for fine crochet work such as doilies and lace.","Crochet\n\nAluminium, bamboo, and plastic crochet hooks are available from 2.5 to 19 millimeters in size, or from B to S in American sizing.","Crochet\n\nArtisan-made hooks are often made of hand-turned woods, sometimes decorated with semi-precious stones or beads.","Crochet\n\nCrochet hooks used for Tunisian crochet are elongated and have a stopper at the end of the handle, while double-ended crochet hooks have a hook on both ends of the handle. There is also a double hooked apparatus called a Cro-hook that has become popular.","Crochet\n\nA hairpin loom is often used to create lacy and long stitches, known as hairpin lace. While this is not in itself a hook, it is a device used in conjunction with a crochet hook to produce stitches.","Crochet\n\nSee : List of United States standard crochet hook and knitting needle sizes","Crochet\n\nYarn","Crochet\n\nYarn for crochet is usually sold as balls or skeins (hanks), although it may also be wound on spools or cones. Skeins and balls are generally sold with a yarn band, a label that describes the yarn's weight, length, dye lot, fiber content, washing instructions, suggested needle size, likely gauge, etc. It is a common practice to save the yarn band for future reference, especially if additional skeins must be purchased. Crocheters generally ensure that the yarn for a project comes from a single dye lot. The dye lot specifies a group of skeins that were dyed together and thus have precisely the same color; skeins from different dye lots, even if very similar in color, are usually slightly different and may produce a visible stripe when added onto existing work. If insufficient yarn of a single dye lot is bought to complete a project, additional skeins of the same dye lot can sometimes be obtained from other yarn stores or online.","Crochet\n\nThe thickness or weight of the yarn is a significant factor in determining the gauge, i.e., how many stitches and rows are required to cover a given area for a given stitch pattern. Thicker yarns generally require large-diameter crochet hooks, whereas thinner yarns may be crocheted with thick or thin hooks. Hence, thicker yarns generally require fewer stitches, and therefore less time, to work up a given project. Patterns and motifs are coarser with thicker yarns and produce bold visual effects, whereas thinner yarns are best for refined or delicate patternwork. Yarns are standardly grouped by thickness into six categories: superfine, fine, light, medium, bulky and superbulky. Quantitatively, thickness is measured by the number of wraps per inch (WPI). The related weight per unit length is usually measured in tex or denier.","Crochet\n\nBefore use, hanks are wound into balls in which the yarn emerges from the center, making crocheting easier by preventing the yarn from becoming easily tangled. The winding process may be performed by hand or done with a ballwinder and swift.","Crochet\n\nA yarn's usefulness is judged by several factors, such as its loft (its ability to trap air), its resilience (elasticity under tension), its washability and colorfastness, its hand (its feel, particularly softness vs. scratchiness), its durability against abrasion, its resistance to pilling, its hairiness (fuzziness), its tendency to twist or untwist, its overall weight and drape, its blocking and felting qualities, its comfort (breathability, moisture absorption, wicking properties) and its appearance, which includes its color, sheen, smoothness and ornamental features. Other factors include allergenicity, speed of drying, resistance to chemicals, moths, and mildew, melting point and flammability, retention of static electricity, and the propensity to accept dyes. Desirable properties may vary for different projects, so there is no one \"best\" yarn.","Crochet\n\nAlthough crochet may be done with ribbons, metal wire or more exotic filaments, most yarns are made by spinning fibers. In spinning, the fibers are twisted so that the yarn resists breaking under tension; the twisting may be done in either direction, resulting in a Z-twist or S-twist yarn. If the fibers are first aligned by combing them and the spinner uses a worsted type drafting method such as the short forward draw, the yarn is smoother and called a worsted; by contrast, if the fibers are carded but not combed and the spinner uses a woolen drafting method such as the long backward draw, the yarn is fuzzier and called woolen-spun. The fibers making up a yarn may be continuous filament fibers such as silk and many synthetics, or they may be staples (fibers of an average length, typically a few inches); naturally filament fibers are sometimes cut up into staples before spinning. The strength of the spun yarn against breaking is determined by the amount of twist, the length of the fibers and the thickness of the yarn.","Crochet\n\nIn general, yarns become stronger with more twist (also called worst), longer fibers and thicker yarns (more fibers); for example, thinner yarns require more twist than do thicker yarns to resist breaking under tension. The thickness of the yarn may vary along its length; a slub is a much thicker section in which a mass of fibers is incorporated into the yarn.","Crochet\n\nThe spun fibers are generally divided into animal fibers, plant and synthetic fibers. These fiber types are chemically different, corresponding to proteins, carbohydrates and synthetic polymers, respectively. Animal fibers include silk, but generally are long hairs of animals such as sheep (wool), goat (angora, or cashmere goat), rabbit (angora), llama, alpaca, dog, cat, camel, yak, and muskox (qiviut). Plants used for fibers include cotton, flax (for linen), bamboo, ramie, hemp, jute, nettle, raffia, yucca, coconut husk, banana trees, soy and corn. Rayon and acetate fibers are also produced from cellulose mainly derived from trees. Common synthetic fibers include acrylics, polyesters such as dacron and ingeo, nylon and other polyamides, and olefins such as polypropylene. Of these types, wool is generally favored for crochet, chiefly owing to its superior elasticity, warmth and (sometimes) felting; however, wool is generally less convenient to clean and some people are allergic to it. It is also common to blend different fibers in the yarn, e.g., 85% alpaca and 15% silk.","Crochet\n\nEven within a type of fiber, there can be great variety in the length and thickness of the fibers; for example, Merino wool and Egyptian cotton are favored because they produce exceptionally long, thin (fine) fibers for their type.","Crochet\n\nA single spun yarn may be crochet as is, or braided or plied with another. In plying, two or more yarns are spun together, almost always in the opposite sense from which they were spun individually; for example, two Z-twist yarns are usually plied with an S-twist. The opposing twist relieves some of the yarns' tendency to curl up and produces a thicker, balanced yarn. Plied yarns may themselves be plied together, producing cabled yarns or multi-stranded yarns. Sometimes, the yarns being plied are fed at different rates, so that one yarn loops around the other, as in bouclé. The single yarns may be dyed separately before plying, or afterwords to give the yarn a uniform look.","Crochet\n\nThe dyeing of yarns is a complex art. Yarns need not be dyed; or they may be dyed one color, or a great variety of colors. Dyeing may be done industrially, by hand or even hand-painted onto the yarn. A great variety of synthetic dyes have been developed since the synthesis of indigo dye in the mid-19th century; however, natural dyes are also possible, although they are generally less brilliant. The color-scheme of a yarn is sometimes called its colorway. Variegated yarns can produce interesting visual effects, such as diagonal stripes.","Crochet\n\nProcess","Crochet\n\nCrocheted fabric is begun by placing a slip-knot loop on the hook (though other methods, such as a magic ring or simple folding over of the yarn may be used), pulling another loop through the first loop, and repeating this process to create a chain of a suitable length. The chain is either turned and worked in rows, or joined to the beginning of the row with a slip stitch and worked in rounds. Rounds can also be created by working many stitches into a single loop. Stitches are made by pulling one or more loops through each loop of the chain. At any one time at the end of a stitch, there is only one loop left on the hook. Tunisian crochet, however, draws all of the loops for an entire row onto a long hook before working them off one at a time. Like knitting, crochet can be worked either flat or in the round.","Crochet\n\nTypes of stitches","Crochet\n\nThere are five main types of basic stitches. 1. Chain Stitch - the most basic of all stitches and used to begin most projects. 2. Slip Stitch - used to join chain stitch to form a ring. 3. Single Crochet Stitch - easiest stitch to master [http://crochet.about.com/od/learntocrochet/ss/Single_Crochet.htm Single Crochet Stitch Tutorial] 4. Half Double Crochet Stitch - the 'in-between' stitch [http://crochet.about.com/od/learntocrochet/tp/half-double-crochet-stitch.htm Half-Double Crochet Tutorial] 5. Double Crochet Stitch - many uses for this unlimited use stitch [http://crochet.about.com/od/learntocrochet/ss/DoubleCrochet.htm Double Crochet Stitch Tutorial]","Crochet\n\nThe more advanced stitches include the Shell Stitch, V Stitch, Spike Stitch, Afghan Stitch, Butterfly Stitch, Popcorn Stitch, and Crocodile Stitch.","Crochet\n\nInternational crochet terms and notations","Crochet\n\nIn the English-speaking crochet world, basic stitches have different names that vary by country. The differences are usually referred to as UK/US or British/American. To help counter confusion when reading patterns, a diagramming system using a standard international notation has come into use (illustration, left).","Crochet\n\nAnother terminological difference is known as tension (UK) and gauge (US). Individual crocheters work yarn with a loose or a tight hold and, if unmeasured, these differences can lead to significant size changes in finished garments that have the same number of stitches. In order to control for this inconsistency, printed crochet instructions include a standard for the number of stitches across a standard swatch of fabric. An individual crocheter begins work by producing a test swatch and compensating for any discrepancy by changing to a smaller or larger hook. North Americans call this gauge, referring to the end result of these adjustments; British crocheters speak of tension, which refers to the crafter's grip on the yarn while producing stitches.","Crochet\n\nDifferences from and similarities to knitting","Crochet\n\nOne of the more obvious differences is that crochet uses one hook while much knitting uses two needles. In most crochet, the artisan usually has only one live stitch on the hook (with the exception being Tunisian crochet), while a knitter keeps an entire row of stitches active simultaneously. Dropped stitches, which can unravel a fabric, rarely interfere with crochet work, due to a second structural difference between knitting and crochet. In knitting, each stitch is supported by the corresponding stitch in the row above and it supports the corresponding stitch in the row below, whereas crochet stitches are only supported by and support the stitches on either side of it. If a stitch in a finished crocheted item breaks, the stitches above and below remain intact, and because of the complex looping of each stitch, the stitches on either side are unlikely to come loose unless heavily stressed.","Crochet\n\nRound or cylindrical patterns are simple to produce with a regular crochet hook, but cylindrical knitting requires either a set of circular needles or three to five special double-ended needles. Many crocheted items are composed of individual motifs which are then joined together, either by sewing or crocheting, whereas knitting is usually composed of one fabric, such as entrelac.","Crochet\n\nFreeform crochet is a technique that can create interesting shapes in three dimensions because new stitches can be made independently of previous stitches almost anywhere in the crocheted piece. It is generally accomplished by building shapes or structural elements onto existing crocheted fabric at any place the crafter desires.","Crochet\n\nKnitting can be accomplished by machine, while many crochet stitches can only be crafted by hand. The height of knitted and crocheted stitches is also different: a single crochet stitch is twice the height of a knit stitch in the same yarn size and comparable diameter tools, and a double crochet stitch is about four times the height of a knit stitch.","Crochet\n\nWhile most crochet is made with a hook, there is also a method of crocheting with a knitting loom. This is called loomchet. Slip stitch crochet is very similar to knitting. Each stitch in slip stitch crochet is formed the same way as a knit or purl stitch which is then bound off. A person working in slip stitch crochet can follow a knitted pattern with knits, purls, and cables, and get a similar result.","Crochet\n\nIt is a common perception that crochet produces a thicker fabric than knitting, tends to have less \"give\" than knitted fabric, and uses approximately a third more yarn for a comparable project than knitted items. Though this is true when comparing a single crochet swatch with a stockinette swatch, both made with the same size yarn and needle/hook, it is not necessarily true for crochet in general. Most crochet uses far less than 1/3 more yarn than knitting for comparable pieces, and a crocheter can get similar feel and drape to knitting by using a larger hook or thinner yarn. Tunisian crochet and slip stitch crochet can in some cases use less yarn than knitting for comparable pieces. According to sources claiming to have tested the 1/3 more yarn assertion, a single crochet stitch (sc) uses approximately the same amount of yarn as knit garter stitch, but more yarn than stockinette stitch. Any stitch using yarnovers uses less yarn than single crochet to produce the same amount of fabric. Cluster stitches, which are in fact multiple stitches worked together, will use the most length.","Crochet\n\nStandard crochet stitches like sc and dc also produce a thicker fabric, more like knit garter stitch. This is part of why they use more yarn. Slip stitch can produce a fabric much like stockinette that is thinner and therefore uses less yarn.","Crochet\n\nIt is possible to use the same yarn or wool for both crochet and knitting, providing you have the correct size knitting needles or crochet hooks for the yarn you are using. There are some yarn that are only made for crochet, for example DMC make Cebelia No.10 which is a very thin yarn and works well with Amigurumi crochet.","Crochet\n\nFile:Crochet-round.jpg|Most crochet uses one hook and works upon one stitch at a time. Crochet may be worked in circular rounds without any specialized tools, as shown here.\nFile:Pink knitting in front of pink sweatshirt.JPG|Knitting uses two or more straight needles that carry multiple stitches.\nFile:Doublepoints2.JPG|Unlike crochet, knitting requires specialized needles to create circular rounds.","Crochet\n\nCharity","Crochet\n\nIt has been very common for people and groups to crochet clothing and other garments and then donate them to soldiers during war. People have also crocheted clothing and then donated it to hospitals, for sick patients and also for newborn babies. Sometimes groups will crochet for a specific charity purpose, such as crocheting for homeless shelters, nursing homes, etc.\nIt is also becoming increasingly popular to crochet hats (commonly referred to as \"chemo caps\") and donate them to cancer treatment centers, for those undergoing chemotherapy. During the month of October pink hats and scarves are made and proceeds are donated to breast cancer funds.","Crochet\n\nMathematics and hyperbolic crochet","Crochet\n\nCrochet has been used to illustrate shapes in hyperbolic space that are difficult to reproduce using other media or are difficult to understand when viewed two-dimensionally. A hyperbolic model of a coral reef has also been constructed for environmental purposes.","Crochet\n\nA paper model based on the pseudosphere was created by William Thurston, however, it was quite delicate. Crochet has been used by the mathematician Daina Taimina in order to create a version of the hyperbolic plane. Daina Taimina used the art of crochet to create a strong, durable model (see related image), which received an exhibition by the Institute For Figuring.","Crochet\n\nAs hyperbolic and mathematics-based crochet has continued to become more popular, there have been several events highlighting work from various fiber artists. Two such shows include [http://crochetcoralreef.org/exhibitions/smithsonian.php Sant Ocean Hall] at the Smithsonian in Washington D.C. and [http://galleries.lafayette.edu/2011/09/01/sticks-hooks-and-the-mobius-knit-and-crochet-goes-cerebral/ Sticks, Hooks, and the Mobius: Knit and Crochet Go Cerebral] at Lafayette College in Pennsylvania.","Crochet\n\nArchitecture","Crochet\n\nIn Style in the technical arts, Gottfried Semper looks at the textile with great promise and historical precedent. In Section 53, he writes of the \"loop stitch, or Noeud Coulant: a knot that, if untied, causes the whole system to unravel.\" In the same section, Semper confesses his ignorance of the subject of crochet but believes strongly that it is a technique of great value as a textile technique and possibly something more.","Crochet\n\nThere are a small number of architects currently interested in the subject of crochet as it relates to architecture. The following publications, explorations and thesis projects can be used as a resource to see how crochet is being used within the capacity of architecture.\n*[http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05102011-225915/ Emergent Explorations: Analog and Digital Scripting] - Alexander Worden\n*Research and Design: The Architecture of variation - Lars Spuybroek\n*[http://yurtalert.com/about/ YurtAlert] - Kate Pokorny","Crochet\n\nYarn bombing","Crochet\n\nIn the past few years, a practice called yarn bombing, or the use of knitted or crocheted cloth to modify and beautify one's (usually outdoor) surroundings, emerged in the US and spread worldwide. Yarn bombers sometimes target existing pieces of graffiti for beautification. In 2010, an entity dubbed \"the Midnight Knitter\" hit West Cape May. Residents awoke to find knit cozies hugging tree branches and sign poles. In September 2015, Grace Brett was named \"The World's Oldest Yarn Bomber\". She is part of a group of yarn graffiti-artists called the Souter Stormers, who beautify their local town in Scotland. When she is not yarn bombing, she is utilizing her craft by making items for her children and grandchildren.","Crochet\n\nEntomology","Crochet\n\nProlegs of lepidopteran larvae have a small circle of gripping hooks, called \"crochets\". The arrangement of the crochets can be helpful in identification to family level. Although the point has been debated, prolegs are not widely regarded as true legs, derived from the primitive uniramous limbs. Certainly in their morphology they are not jointed, and so lack the five segments (coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus) of thoracic insect legs. Prolegs do have limited musculature, but much of their movement is hydraulically powered."],"string":"[\n \"Knitting\\n\\nKnitting is a method by which yarn is manipulated to create a textile or fabric.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nKnitting creates multiple loops of yarn, called stitches, in a line or tube. Knitting has multiple active stitches on the needle at one time. Knitted fabric consists of a number of consecutive rows of interlocking loops. As each row progresses, a newly created loop is pulled through one or more loops from the prior row, placed on the gaining needle, and the loops from the prior row are then pulled off the other needle.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nKnitting may be done by hand or by using a machine.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nDifferent types of yarns (fibre type, texture, and twist), needle sizes, and stitch types may be used to achieve knitted fabrics with diverse properties (colour, texture, weight, heat retention, water resistance, and/or integrity).\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nStructure\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nCourses and wales\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nLike weaving, knitting is a technique for producing a two-dimensional fabric made from a one-dimensional yarn or thread. In weaving, threads are always straight, running parallel either lengthwise (warp threads) or crosswise (weft threads). By contrast, the yarn in knitted fabrics follows a meandering path (a course), forming symmetric loops (also called bights) symmetrically above and below the mean path of the yarn. These meandering loops can be easily stretched in different directions giving knit fabrics much more elasticity than woven fabrics. Depending on the yarn and knitting pattern, knitted garments can stretch as much as 500%. For this reason, knitting was initially developed for garments that must be elastic or stretch in response to the wearer's motions, such as socks and hosiery. For comparison, woven garments stretch mainly along one or other of a related pair of directions that lie roughly diagonally between the warp and the weft, while contracting in the other direction of the pair (stretching and contracting with the bias), and are not very elastic, unless they are woven from stretchable material such as spandex.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nKnitted garments are often more form-fitting than woven garments, since their elasticity allows them to contour to the body's outline more closely; by contrast, curvature is introduced into most woven garments only with sewn darts, flares, gussets and gores, the seams of which lower the elasticity of the woven fabric still further. Extra curvature can be introduced into knitted garments without seams, as in the heel of a sock; the effect of darts, flares, etc. can be obtained with short rows or by increasing or decreasing the number of stitches. Thread used in weaving is usually much finer than the yarn used in knitting, which can give the knitted fabric more bulk and less drape than a woven fabric.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nIf they are not secured, the loops of a knitted course will come undone when their yarn is pulled; this is known as ripping out, unravelling knitting, or humorously, frogging (because you 'rip it', this sounds like a frog croaking: 'rib-bit'). To secure a stitch, at least one new loop is passed through it. Although the new stitch is itself unsecured (\\\"active\\\" or \\\"live\\\"), it secures the stitch(es) suspended from it. A sequence of stitches in which each stitch is suspended from the next is called a wale. To secure the initial stitches of a knitted fabric, a method for casting on is used; to secure the final stitches in a wale, one uses a method of binding/casting off. During knitting, the active stitches are secured mechanically, either from individual hooks (in knitting machines) or from a knitting needle or frame in hand-knitting.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nWeft and warp knitting\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThere are two major varieties of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting. In the more common weft knitting, the wales are perpendicular to the course of the yarn. In warp knitting, the wales and courses run roughly parallel. In weft knitting, the entire fabric may be produced from a single yarn, by adding stitches to each wale in turn, moving across the fabric as in a raster scan. By contrast, in warp knitting, one yarn is required for every wale. Since a typical piece of knitted fabric may have hundreds of wales, warp knitting is typically done by machine, whereas weft knitting is done by both hand and machine. Warp-knitted fabrics such as tricot and milanese are resistant to runs, and are commonly used in lingerie.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nWeft-knit fabrics may also be knit with multiple yarns, usually to produce interesting color patterns. The two most common approaches are intarsia and stranded colorwork. In intarsia, the yarns are used in well-segregated regions, e.g., a red apple on a field of green; in that case, the yarns are kept on separate spools and only one is knitted at any time. In the more complex stranded approach, two or more yarns alternate repeatedly within one row and all the yarns must be carried along the row, as seen in Fair Isle sweaters. Double knitting can produce two separate knitted fabrics simultaneously (e.g., two socks). However, the two fabrics are usually integrated into one, giving it great warmth and excellent drape.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nKnit and purl stitches\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nIn securing the previous stitch in a wale, the next stitch can pass through the previous loop from either below or above. If the former, the stitch is denoted as a knit stitch or a plain stitch; if the latter, as a purl stitch. The two stitches are related in that a knit stitch seen from one side of the fabric appears as a purl stitch on the other side.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe two types of stitches have a different visual effect; the knit stitches look like \\\"V\\\"'s stacked vertically, whereas the purl stitches look like a wavy horizontal line across the fabric. Patterns and pictures can be created in knitted fabrics by using knit and purl stitches as \\\"pixels\\\"; however, such pixels are usually rectangular, rather than square, depending on the gauge/tension of the knitting. Individual stitches, or rows of stitches, may be made taller by drawing more yarn into the new loop (an elongated stitch), which is the basis for uneven knitting: a row of tall stitches may alternate with one or more rows of short stitches for an interesting visual effect. Short and tall stitches may also alternate within a row, forming a fish-like oval pattern.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nIn the simplest knitted fabrics, all the stitches are knit or purl; this is known as a garter stitch. Alternating rows of knit stitches and purl stitches produce what is known as a stockinette pattern/stocking stitch. Vertical stripes (ribbing) are possible by having alternating wales of knit and purl stitches. For example, a common choice is 2x2 ribbing, in which two wales of knit stitches are followed by two wales of purl stitches, etc. Horizontal striping (welting) is also possible, by alternating rows of knit and purl stitches. Checkerboard patterns (basketweave) are also possible, the smallest of which is known as seed/moss stitch: the stitches alternate between knit and purl in every wale and along every row.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nFabrics in which the number of knit and purl stitches are not the same, such as stockinette/stocking stitch, have a tendency to curl; by contrast, those in which knit and purl stitches are arranged symmetrically (such as ribbing, garter stitch or seed/moss stitch) tend to lie flat and drape well. Wales of purl stitches have a tendency to recede, whereas those of knit stitches tend to come forward. Thus, the purl wales in ribbing tend to be invisible, since the neighboring knit wales come forward. Conversely, rows of purl stitches tend to form an embossed ridge relative to a row of knit stitches. This is the basis of shadow knitting, in which the appearance of a knitted fabric changes when viewed from different directions.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nTypically, a new stitch is passed through a single unsecured (\\\"active\\\") loop, thus lengthening that wale by one stitch. However, this need not be so; the new loop may be passed through an already secured stitch lower down on the fabric, or even between secured stitches (a dip stitch). Depending on the distance between where the loop is drawn through the fabric and where it is knitted, dip stitches can produce a subtle stippling or long lines across the surface of the fabric, e.g., the lower leaves of a flower. The new loop may also be passed between two stitches in the present row, thus clustering the intervening stitches; this approach is often used to produce a smocking effect in the fabric. The new loop may also be passed through two or more previous stitches, producing a decrease and merging wales together. The merged stitches need not be from the same row; for example, a tuck can be formed by knitting stitches together from two different rows, producing a raised horizontal welt on the fabric.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nNot every stitch in a row need be knitted; some may be left \\\"as is\\\" and knitted on a subsequent row. This is known as slip-stitch knitting. The slipped stitches are naturally longer than the knitted ones. For example, a stitch slipped for one row before knitting would be roughly twice as tall as its knitted counterparts. This can produce interesting visual effects, although the resulting fabric is more rigid because the slipped stitch \\\"pulls\\\" on its neighbours and is less deformable. Mosaic knitting is a form of slip-stitch knitting that knits alternate colored rows and uses slip stitches to form patterns; mosaic-knit fabrics tend to be stiffer than patterned fabrics produced by other methods such as Fair-Isle knitting.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nIn some cases, a stitch may be deliberately left unsecured by a new stitch and its wale allowed to disassemble. This is known as drop-stitch knitting, and produces a vertical ladder of see-through holes in the fabric, corresponding to where the wale had been.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nRight- and left-plaited stitches\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nBoth knit and purl stitches may be twisted: usually once if at all, but sometimes twice and (very rarely) thrice. When seen from above, the twist can be clockwise (right yarn over left) or counterclockwise (left yarn over right); these are denoted as right- and left-plaited stitches, respectively. Hand-knitters generally produce right-plaited stitches by knitting or purling through the back loops, i.e., passing the needle through the initial stitch in an unusual way, but wrapping the yarn as usual. By contrast, the left-plaited stitch is generally formed by hand-knitters by wrapping the yarn in the opposite way, rather than by any change in the needle. Although they are mirror images in form, right- and left-plaited stitches are functionally equivalent. Both types of plaited stitches give a subtle but interesting visual texture, and tend to draw the fabric inwards, making it stiffer. Plaited stitches are a common method for knitting jewelry from fine metal wire.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nEdges and joins between fabrics\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe initial and final edges of a knitted fabric are known as the cast-on and bound/cast-off edges. The side edges are known as the selvages; the word derives from \\\"self-edges\\\", meaning that the stitches do not need to be secured by anything else. Many types of selvages have been developed, with different elastic and ornamental properties.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nVertical and horizontal edges can be introduced within a knitted fabric, e.g., for button holes, by binding/casting off and re-casting on again (horizontal) or by knitting the fabrics on either side of a vertical edge separately.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nTwo knitted fabrics can be joined by embroidery-based grafting methods, most commonly the Kitchener stitch. New wales can be begun from any of the edges of a knitted fabric; this is known as picking up stitches and is the basis for entrelac, in which the wales run perpendicular to one another in a checkerboard pattern.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nCables, increases, and lace\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nOrdinarily, stitches are knitted in the same order in every row, and the wales of the fabric run parallel and vertically along the fabric. However, this need not be so, since the order in which stitches are knitted may be permuted so that wales cross over one another, forming a cable pattern. Cables patterns tend to draw the fabric together, making it denser and less elastic; Aran sweaters are a common form of knitted cabling. Arbitrarily complex braid patterns can be done in cable knitting, with the proviso that the wales must move ever upwards; it is generally impossible for a wale to move up and then down the fabric. Knitters have developed methods for giving the illusion of a circular wale, such as appear in Celtic knots, but these are inexact approximations. However, such circular wales are possible using Swiss darning, a form of embroidery, or by knitting a tube separately and attaching it to the knitted fabric.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nA wale can split into two or more wales using increases, most commonly involving a yarn over. Depending on how the increase is done, there is often a hole in the fabric at the point of the increase. This is used to great effect in lace knitting, which consists of making patterns and pictures using such holes, rather than with the stitches themselves. The large and many holes in lacy knitting makes it extremely elastic; for example, some Shetland \\\"wedding-ring\\\" shawls are so fine that they may be drawn through a wedding ring.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nBy combining increases and decreases, it is possible to make the direction of a wale slant away from vertical, even in weft knitting. This is the basis for bias knitting, and can be used for visual effect, similar to the direction of a brush-stroke in oil painting.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nOrnamentations and additions\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nVarious point-like ornaments may be added to knitting for their look or to improve the wear of the fabric. Examples include various types of bobbles, sequins and beads. Long loops can also be drawn out and secured, forming a \\\"shaggy\\\" texture to the fabric; this is known as loop knitting. Additional patterns can be made on the surface of the knitted fabric using embroidery; if the embroidery resembles knitting, it is often called Swiss darning. Various closures for the garments, such as frogs and buttons can be added; usually buttonholes are knitted into the garment, rather than cut.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nOrnamental pieces may also be knitted separately and then attached using applique. For example, differently colored leaves and petals of a flower could be knit separately and attached to form the final picture. Separately knitted tubes can be applied to a knitted fabric to form complex Celtic knots and other patterns that would be difficult to knit.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nUnknitted yarns may be worked into knitted fabrics for warmth, as is done in tufting and \\\"weaving\\\" (also known as \\\"couching\\\").\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nHistory and culture\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe word is derived from knot and ultimately from the Old English cnyttan, to knot.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nNålebinding (Danish: literally \\\"binding with a needle\\\" or \\\"needle-binding\\\") is a fabric creation technique predating both knitting and crochet. That said, one of the earliest known examples of true knitting was cotton socks with stranded knit color patterns found in Egypt from the end of the first millennium AD.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe first commercial knitting guilds appear in Western Europe in the early fifteenth century (Tournai in 1429, Barcelona in 1496). The Guild of Saint Fiacre was founded in Paris in 1527 but the archives mention an organization (not necessarily a guild) of knitters from 1268.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nWith the invention of the knitting machine, knitting \\\"by hand\\\" became a craft used by country people with easy access to fiber. Similar to quilting, spinning, and needlepoint, hand knitting became a leisure activity for the wealthy.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nProperties of fabrics\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe topology of a knitted fabric is relatively complex. Unlike woven fabrics, where strands usually run straight horizontally and vertically, yarn that has been knitted follows a looped path along its row, as with the red strand in the diagram at left, in which the loops of one row have all been pulled through the loops of the row below it.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nBecause there is no single straight line of yarn anywhere in the pattern, a knitted piece of fabric can stretch in all directions. This elasticity is all but unavailable in woven fabrics which only stretch along the bias. Many modern stretchy garments, even as they rely on elastic synthetic materials for some stretch, also achieve at least some of their stretch through knitted patterns.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe basic knitted fabric (as in the diagram, and usually called a stocking or stockinette pattern) has a definite \\\"right side\\\" and \\\"wrong side\\\". On the right side, the visible portions of the loops are the verticals connecting two rows which are arranged in a grid of V shapes. On the wrong side, the ends of the loops are visible, both the tops and bottoms, creating a much more bumpy texture sometimes called reverse stockinette. (Despite being the \\\"wrong side,\\\" reverse stockinette is frequently used as a pattern in its own right.) Because the yarn holding rows together is all on the front, and the yarn holding side-by-side stitches together is all on the back, stockinette fabric has a strong tendency to curl toward the front on the top and bottom, and toward the back on the left and right side.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nStitches can be worked from either side, and various patterns are created by mixing regular knit stitches with the \\\"wrong side\\\" stitches, known as purl stitches, either in columns (ribbing), rows (garter, welting), or more complex patterns. Each fabric has different properties: a garter stitch has much more vertical stretch, while ribbing stretches much more horizontally. Because of their front-back symmetry, these two fabrics have little curl, making them popular as edging, even when their stretch properties are not desired.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nDifferent combinations of knit and purl stitches, along with more advanced techniques, generate fabrics of considerably variable consistency, from gauzy to very dense, from highly stretchy to relatively stiff, from flat to tightly curled, and so on.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nTexture\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe most common texture for a knitted garment is that generated by the flat stockinette stitch—as seen, though very small, in machine-made stockings and T-shirts—which is worked in the round as nothing but knit stitches, and worked flat as alternating rows of knit and purl. Other simple textures can be made with nothing but knit and purl stitches, including garter stitch, ribbing, and moss and seed stitches. Adding a \\\"slip stitch\\\" (where a loop is passed from one needle to the other) allows for a wide range of textures, including heel and linen stitches as well as a number of more complicated patterns.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nSome more advanced knitting techniques create a surprising variety of complex textures. Combining certain increases, which can create small eyelet holes in the resulting fabric, with assorted decreases is key to creating knitted lace, a very open fabric resembling lace. Open vertical stripes can be created using the drop-stitch knitting technique. Changing the order of stitches from one row to the next, usually with the help of a cable needle or stitch holder, is key to cable knitting, producing an endless variety of cables, honeycombs, ropes, and Aran sweater patterning. Entrelac forms a rich checkerboard texture by knitting small squares, picking up their side edges, and knitting more squares to continue the piece.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nFair Isle knitting uses two or more colored yarns to create patterns and forms a thicker and less flexible fabric.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe appearance of a garment is also affected by the weight of the yarn, which describes the thickness of the spun fibre. The thicker the yarn, the more visible and apparent stitches will be; the thinner the yarn, the finer the texture.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nColor\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nPlenty of finished knitting projects never use more than a single color of yarn, but there are many ways to work in multiple colors. Some yarns are dyed to be either variegated (changing color every few stitches in a random fashion) or self-striping (changing every few rows). More complicated techniques permit large fields of color (intarsia, for example), busy small-scale patterns of color (such as Fair Isle), or both (double knitting and slip-stitch color, for example).\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nYarn with multiple shades of the same hue are called ombre, while a yarn with multiple hues may be known as a given colorway — a green, red and yellow yarn might be dubbed the \\\"Parrot Colorway\\\" by its manufacturer, for example. Heathered yarns contain small amounts of fibre of different colours, while tweed yarns may have greater amounts of different colored fibres.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nHand Knitting Process\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThere are many hundreds of different knitting stitches used by hand knitters. A piece of hand knitting begins with the process of casting on, which involves the initial creation of the stitches on the needle. Different methods of casting on are used for different effects: one may be stretchy enough for lace, while another provides a decorative edging. Provisional cast-ons are used when the knitting will continue in both directions from the cast-on. There are various methods employed to cast on, such as the \\\"thumb method\\\" (also known as \\\"slingshot\\\" or \\\"long-tail\\\" cast-ons), where the stitches are created by a series of loops that will, when knitted, give a very loose edge ideal for \\\"picking up stitches\\\" and knitting a border; the \\\"double needle method\\\" (also known as \\\"knit-on\\\" or \\\"cable cast-on\\\"), whereby each loop placed on the needle is then \\\"knitted on,\\\" which produces a firmer edge ideal on its own as a border; and many more. The number of active stitches remains the same as when cast on unless stitches are added (an increase) or removed (a decrease).\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nMost Western-style hand knitters follow either the English style (in which the yarn is held in the right hand) or the Continental style (in which the yarn is held in the left hand).\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThere are also different ways to insert the needle into the stitch. Knitting through the front of a stitch is called Western knitting. Going through the back of a stitch is called Eastern knitting. A third method, called combination knitting, goes through the front of a knit stitch and the back of a purl stitch.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nOnce the hand knitted piece is finished, the remaining live stitches are \\\"cast off\\\". Casting (or \\\"binding\\\") off loops the stitches across each other so they can be removed from the needle without unravelling the item. Although the mechanics are different from casting on, there is a similar variety of methods.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nIn hand knitting certain articles of clothing, especially larger ones like sweaters, the final knitted garment will be made of several knitted pieces, with individual sections of the garment hand knitted separately and then sewn together. Seamless knitting, where a whole garment is hand knit as a single piece, is also possible. Elizabeth Zimmermann is probably the best-known proponent of seamless or circular hand knitting techniques. Smaller items, such as socks and hats, are usually knit in one piece on double-pointed needles or circular needles. Hats in particular can be started \\\"top down\\\" on double pointed needles with the increases added until the preferred size is achieved, switching to an appropriate circular needle when enough stitches have been added. Care must be taken to bind off at a tension that will allow the \\\"give\\\" needed to comfortably fit on the head. (See Circular knitting.)\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nMega knitting\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nMega knitting is a term recently coined and relates to the use of knitting needles greater than or equal to half an inch in diameter.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nMega knitting uses the same stitches and techniques as conventional knitting, except that hooks are carved into the ends of the needles. The hooked needles greatly enhance control of the work, catching the stitches and preventing them from slipping off.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nIt was the development of the knitting machine that introduced hooked needles and enabled faultless, automated knitting. Most knitters probably aren’t even aware of the many processes that their fingers perform in the making of a single stitch. However, large gauge needles emphasise those actions and knitting becomes increasingly more awkward when the needle diameter is greater than the width of the knitters finger. On a one-inch diameter (size 50) needle for instance, the shaft begins to taper one and three quarter inches from the tip. This means that the stitches are spread much further apart on mega knitting needles, making them more difficult to control. The hook catches the loop of yarn as each stitch is knitted, meaning that wrists and fingers don’t have to work so hard and there is less chance of stitches slipping off the needle.\\nThe position of the hook is most important. Turn the left (non-working) hook to face away at all times; turn the right (working) hook toward you up whilst knitting (plain stitch) and away whilst purling.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nMega knitting produces a chunky, bulky fabric or an open lacy weave, depending on the weight and type of yarn used.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nMaterials\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nYarn\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nYarn for hand-knitting is usually sold as balls or skeins (hanks), although it may also be wound on spools or cones. Skeins and balls are generally sold with a yarn-band, a label that describes the yarn's weight, length, dye lot, fiber content, washing instructions, suggested needle size, likely gauge/tension, etc. It is common practice to save the yarn band for future reference, especially if additional skeins must be purchased. Knitters generally ensure that the yarn for a project comes from a single dye lot. The dye lot specifies a group of skeins that were dyed together and thus have precisely the same color; skeins from different dye-lots, even if very similar in color, are usually slightly different and may produce a visible horizontal stripe when knitted together. If a knitter buys insufficient yarn of a single dye lot to complete a project, additional skeins of the same dye lot can sometimes be obtained from other yarn stores or online. Otherwise, knitters can alternate skeins every few rows to help the dye lots blend together easier.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe thickness or weight of the yarn is a significant factor in determining the gauge/tension, i.e., how many stitches and rows are required to cover a given area for a given stitch pattern. Thicker yarns generally require thicker knitting needles, whereas thinner yarns may be knit with thick or thin needles. Hence, thicker yarns generally require fewer stitches, and therefore less time, to knit up a given garment. Patterns and motifs are coarser with thicker yarns; thicker yarns produce bold visual effects, whereas thinner yarns are best for refined patterns. Yarns are grouped by thickness into six categories: superfine, fine, light, medium, bulky and superbulky; quantitatively, thickness is measured by the number of wraps per inch (WPI). In the British Commonwealth (outside North America) yarns are measured as 1ply, 2ply, 3ply, 4ply, 5ply, 8ply (or double knit),10ply and 12ply (triple knit). The related weight per unit length is usually measured in tex or denier.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nBefore knitting, the knitter will typically transform a hank/skein into a ball where the yarn emerges from the center of the ball; this making the knitting easier by preventing the yarn from becoming easily tangled. This transformation may be done by hand, or with a device known as a ballwinder. When knitting, some knitters enclose their balls in jars to keep them clean and untangled with other yarns; the free yarn passes through a small hole in the jar-lid.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nA yarn's usefulness for a knitting project is judged by several factors, such as its loft (its ability to trap air), its resilience (elasticity under tension), its washability and colorfastness, its hand (its feel, particularly softness vs. scratchiness), its durability against abrasion, its resistance to pilling, its hairiness (fuzziness), its tendency to twist or untwist, its overall weight and drape, its blocking and felting qualities, its comfort (breathability, moisture absorption, wicking properties) and of course its look, which includes its color, sheen, smoothness and ornamental features. Other factors include allergenicity; speed of drying; resistance to chemicals, moths, and mildew; melting point and flammability; retention of static electricity; and the propensity to become stained and to accept dyes. Different factors may be more significant than others for different knitting projects, so there is no one \\\"best\\\" yarn. The resilience and propensity to (un)twist are general properties that affect the ease of hand-knitting. More resilient yarns are more forgiving of irregularities in tension; highly twisted yarns are sometimes difficult to knit, whereas untwisting yarns can lead to split stitches, in which not all the yarn is knitted into a stitch.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nA key factor in knitting is stitch definition, corresponding to how well complicated stitch patterns can be seen when made from a given yarn. Smooth, highly spun yarns are best for showing off stitch patterns; at the other extreme, very fuzzy yarns or eyelash yarns have poor stitch definition, and any complicated stitch pattern would be invisible.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nAlthough knitting may be done with ribbons, metal wire or more exotic filaments, most yarns are made by spinning fibers. In spinning, the fibers are twisted so that the yarn resists breaking under tension; the twisting may be done in either direction, resulting in a Z-twist or S-twist yarn. If the fibers are first aligned by combing them, the yarn is smoother and called a worsted; by contrast, if the fibers are carded but not combed, the yarn is fuzzier and called woolen-spun. The fibers making up a yarn may be continuous filament fibers such as silk and many synthetics, or they may be staples (fibers of an average length, typically a few inches); naturally filament fibers are sometimes cut up into staples before spinning. The strength of the spun yarn against breaking is determined by the amount of twist, the length of the fibers and the thickness of the yarn. In general, yarns become stronger with more twist (also called worst), longer fibers and thicker yarns (more fibers); for example, thinner yarns require more twist than do thicker yarns to resist breaking under tension.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe thickness of the yarn may vary along its length; a slub is a much thicker section in which a mass of fibers is incorporated into the yarn.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe spun fibers are generally divided into animal fibers, plant and synthetic fibers. These fiber types are chemically different, corresponding to proteins, carbohydrates and synthetic polymers, respectively. Animal fibers include silk, but generally are long hairs of animals such as sheep (wool), goat (angora, or cashmere goat), rabbit (angora), llama, alpaca, dog, cat, camel, yak, and muskox (qiviut). Plants used for fibers include cotton, flax (for linen), bamboo, ramie, hemp, jute, nettle, raffia, yucca, coconut husk, banana fiber, soy and corn. Rayon and acetate fibers are also produced from cellulose mainly derived from trees. Common synthetic fibers include acrylics, polyesters such as dacron and ingeo, nylon and other polyamides, and olefins such as polypropylene. Of these types, wool is generally favored for knitting, chiefly owing to its superior elasticity, warmth and (sometimes) felting; however, wool is generally less convenient to clean and some people are allergic to it. It is also common to blend different fibers in the yarn, e.g., 85% alpaca and 15% silk.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nEven within a type of fiber, there can be great variety in the length and thickness of the fibers; for example, Merino wool and Egyptian cotton are favored because they produce exceptionally long, thin (fine) fibers for their type.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nA single spun yarn may be knitted as is, or braided or plied with another. In plying, two or more yarns are spun together, almost always in the opposite sense from which they were spun individually; for example, two Z-twist yarns are usually plied with an S-twist. The opposing twist relieves some of the yarns' tendency to curl up and produces a thicker, balanced yarn. Plied yarns may themselves be plied together, producing cabled yarns or multi-stranded yarns. Sometimes, the yarns being plied are fed at different rates, so that one yarn loops around the other, as in bouclé. The single yarns may be dyed separately before plying, or afterwards to give the yarn a uniform look.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe dyeing of yarns is a complex art that has a long history. However, yarns need not be dyed. They may be dyed just one color, or a great variety of colors. Dyeing may be done industrially, by hand or even hand-painted onto the yarn. A great variety of synthetic dyes have been developed since the synthesis of indigo dye in the mid-19th century; however, natural dyes are also possible, although they are generally less brilliant. The color-scheme of a yarn is sometimes called its colorway. Variegated yarns can produce interesting visual effects, such as diagonal stripes; conversely, a variegated yarn may frustrate an otherwise good knitting pattern by producing distasteful color combination.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nGlass/Wax\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nKnitted Glass combines knitting, lost-wax casting, mold-making, and kiln-casting. \\nThe process involves\\n# knitting with wax strands, \\n# surrounding the knitted wax piece with a heat-tolerant refractory material,\\n# removing the wax by melting it out, thus creating a mold;\\n# placing the mold in a kiln where lead crystal glass melts into the mold; \\n# after the mold cools, the mold material is removed to reveal the knitted glass piece.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nTools\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe process of knitting has three basic tasks:\\n#the active (unsecured) stitches must be held so they don't drop\\n#these stitches must be released sometime after they are secured\\n#new bights of yarn must be passed through the fabric, usually through active stitches, thus securing them.\\nIn very simple cases, knitting can be done without tools, using only the fingers to do these tasks; however, knitting is usually carried out using tools such as knitting needles, knitting machines or rigid frames. Depending on their size and shape, the rigid frames are called stocking frames, knitting boards, knitting rings (also called knitting looms) or knitting spools (also known as knitting knobbies, knitting nancies, or corkers). There is also a technique called knooking of knitting with a crochet hook that has a cord attached to the end, to hold the stitches while they're being worked. Other tools are used to prepare yarn for knitting, to measure and design knitted garments, or to make knitting easier or more comfortable.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nNeedles\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThere are three basic types of knitting needles (also called \\\"knitting pins\\\"). The first and most common type consists of two slender, straight sticks tapered to a point at one end, and with a knob at the other end to prevent stitches from slipping off. Such needles are usually 10 - long but, due to the compressibility of knitted fabrics, may be used to knit pieces significantly wider. The most important property of needles is their diameter, which ranges from below 2 to 25 mm (roughly 1 inch). The diameter affects the size of stitches, which affects the gauge/tension of the knitting and the elasticity of the fabric. Thus, a simple way to change gauge/tension is to use different needles, which is the basis of uneven knitting. Although the diameter of the knitting needle is often measured in millimeters, there are several measurement systems, particularly those specific to the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan; a conversion table is given at knitting needle. Such knitting needles may be made out of any materials, but the most common materials are metals, wood, bamboo, and plastic.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nDifferent materials have different frictions and grip the yarn differently; slick needles such as metallic needles are useful for swift knitting, whereas rougher needles such as bamboo offer more friction and are therefore less prone to dropping stitches. The knitting of new stitches occurs only at the tapered ends. Needles with lighted tips have been sold to allow knitters to knit in the dark.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe second type of knitting needles are straight, double-pointed knitting needles (also called \\\"DPNs\\\"). Double-pointed needles are tapered at both ends, which allows them to be knit from either end. DPNs are typically used for circular knitting, especially smaller tube-shaped pieces such as sleeves, collars, and socks; usually one needle is active while the others hold the remaining active stitches. DPNs are somewhat shorter (typically 7 inches) and are usually sold in sets of four or five.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nCable needles are a special case of DPNs, although they are usually not straight, but dimpled in the middle. Often, they have the form of a hook. When cabling a knitted piece, a hook is easier to grab and hold the yarn. Cable needles are typically very short (a few inches), and are used to hold stitches temporarily while others are being knitted. Cable patterns are made by permuting the order of stitches; although one or two stitches may be held by hand or knit out of order, cables of three or more generally require a cable needle.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe third needle type consists of circular needles, which are long, flexible double-pointed needles. The two tapered ends (typically 5 in long) are rigid and straight, allowing for easy knitting; however, the two ends are connected by a flexible strand (usually nylon) that allows the two ends to be brought together. Circular needles are typically 24-60 inches long, and are usually used singly or in pairs; again, the width of the knitted piece may be significantly longer than the length of the circular needle.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nA developing trend in the knitting world is interchangeable needles. These kits consist of pairs of needles with usually nylon cables or cords. The cables/cords are screwed into the needles, allowing the knitter to have both flexible straight needles or circular needles. This also allows the knitter to change the diameter and length of the needles as needed.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe ability to work from either end of one needle is convenient in several types of knitting, such as slip-stitch versions of double knitting. Circular needles may be used for flat or circular knitting.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nCable needles are a specific design, and are used to create the twisting motif of a knitted cable. They are made in different sizes, which produces cables of different widths. When in use, the cable needle is used at the same time as two regular needles. It functions by holding together the stitches creating the cable as the other needles create the rest of the stitches for the knitted piece. At specific points indicated by the knitting pattern, the cable needle is moved, the stitches on it are worked by the other needles, then the cable needle is turned around to a different position to create the cable twist.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nMega needles\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nMega knitting needles are generally considered to be any knitting needles larger than size 17 (half inch diameter). Mega needles may or may not have hooks carved in the ends. Hooks on large diameter needles help enormously to control the stitches whilst knitting.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nLargest circular knitting needles\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe largest aluminum circular knitting needles on record are size US 150 and are nearly 7 feet tall. They are owned by Paradise Fibers and are currently on display in the [http://www.paradisefibers.com/index.php/worlds_larges_addi_turbo_circular_needles Paradise Fibers] retail showroom.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nRecord\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThe current holder of the Guinness World Record for Knitting with the Largest Knitting Needles is Julia Hopson of Penzance in Cornwall.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nJulia knitted a square of ten stitches and ten rows in stockinette stitch using knitting needles that were 6.5 centimeters in diameter and 3.5 meters long.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nAncillary tools\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nVarious tools have been developed to make hand-knitting easier. Tools for measuring needle diameter and yarn properties have been discussed above, as well as the yarn swift, ballwinder and \\\"yarntainers\\\". Crochet hooks and a darning needle are often useful in binding/casting off or in joining two knitted pieces edge-to-edge. The darning needle is used in duplicate stitch (also known as Swiss darning). The crochet hook is also essential for repairing dropped stitches and some specialty stitches such as tufting. Other tools such as knitting spools or pom-pom makers are used to prepare specific ornaments. For large or complex knitting patterns, it is sometimes difficult to keep track of which stitch should be knit in a particular way; therefore, several tools have been developed to identify the number of a particular row or stitch, including circular stitch markers, hanging markers, extra yarn and row counters. A second potential difficulty is that the knitted piece will slide off the tapered end of the needles when unattended; this is prevented by \\\"point protectors\\\" that cap the tapered ends. Another problem is that too much knitting may lead to hand and wrist troubles; for this, special stress-relieving gloves are available.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nIn traditional Shetland knitting a special belt is often used to support the end of one needle allowing the knitting greater speed. Finally, there are sundry bags and containers for holding knitting, yarns and needles.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nCommercial applications\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nIndustrially, metal wire is also knitted into a metal fabric for a wide range of uses including the filter material in cafetieres, catalytic converters for cars and many other uses. These fabrics are usually manufactured on circular knitting machines that would be recognised by conventional knitters as sock machines.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nMany fashion designers make heavy use of knitted fabric in their fashion collections. Gordana Gelhausen, who appeared in season six of the television show Project Runway, is primarily a knit designer. Other designers and labels that make heavy use of knitting include Michael Kors, Fendi, and Marc Jacobs.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nFor individual hobbyists, websites such as Etsy, Big Cartel and Ravelry have made it easy to sell knitting patterns on a small scale, in a way similar to eBay.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nGraffiti\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nIn the last decade, a practice called knitting graffiti, guerilla knitting, or yarn bombing— the use of knitted or crocheted cloth to modify and beautify one's (usually outdoor) surroundings—emerged in the U.S. and spread worldwide. Magda Sayeg is credited with starting the movement in the US and Knit the City are a prominent group of graffiti knitters in the United Kingdom. Yarn bombers sometimes target existing pieces of graffiti for beautification. For instance, Dave Cole is a contemporary sculpture artist who practiced knitting as graffiti for a large-scale public art installation in Melbourne, Australia for the Big West Arts Festival in 2009. The work was vandalized the night of its completion. A new movie, shot by a Tasmanian filmmaker on a set made almost entirely out of yarn, was partially inspired by \\\"knitted graffiti\\\".\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nCharity\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nHand knitting garments for free distribution to others has become common practice among hand knitting groups. Girls and women hand knitted socks, sweaters, scarves, mittens, gloves, and hats for soldiers in Crimea, the American Civil War, and the Boer Wars; this practice continued in World War I, World War II and the Korean War, and continues for soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Australian charity Wrap with Love continues to provide blankets hand knitted by volunteers to people most in need around the world who have been affected by war.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nIn the historical projects, yarn companies provided knitting patterns approved by the various branches of the armed services; often they were distributed by local chapters of the American Red Cross. Modern projects usually entail the hand knitting of hats or helmet liners; the liners provided for soldiers must be of 100% worsted weight wool and be crafted using specific colors.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nClothing and afghans are frequently made for children, the elderly, and the economically disadvantaged in various countries. Pine Ridge Indian Reservation accepts donations for the Lakota people in the United States. Prayer shawls, or shawls in which the crafter meditates or says prayers of their faith while hand knitting with the intent on comforting the recipient, are donated to those experiencing loss or stress. Many knitters today hand knit and donate \\\"chemo caps,\\\" soft caps for cancer patients who lose their hair during chemotherapy. Yarn companies offer free knitting patterns for these caps.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nPenguin sweaters were hand knitted by volunteers for the rehabilitation of penguins contaminated by exposure to oil slicks. The project is now complete.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nChicken sweaters were also hand knitted to aid battery hens that had lost their feathers. The organization is not currently accepting donations, but maintains a list of volunteers.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nOriginally started after the 2004 Indonesian tsunami, [http://www.yarnharlot.ca/blog/tsffaq.html Knitters Without Borders] is a charity challenge issued by knitting personality Stephanie Pearl-McPhee that encourages hand knitters to donate to Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders). Instead of hand knitting for charity, knitters are encouraged to donate a week’s worth of disposable income, including money that otherwise might have been spent on yarn. Knitted items are occasional offered as prizes to donors. As of September 2011, Knitters Without Borders donors have contributed CAD$1,062,217.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nSecurity blankets can also be made through the Project Linus organization which helps needy children.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nThere are organizations that help reach other countries in need such as afghans for Afghans. This outreach is described as, \\\"afghans for Afghans is a humanitarian and educational people-to-people project that sends hand-knit and crocheted blankets and sweaters, vests, hats, mittens, and socks to the beleaguered people of Afghanistan.\\\"\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nHealth benefits\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nStudies have shown that hand knitting, along with other forms of needlework, provide several significant health benefits. These studies have found the rhythmic and repetitive action of hand knitting can “help prevent and manage stress, pain and depression, which in turn strengthens the body’s immune system”, as well as create a relaxation response in the body which can decrease blood pressure, heart rate, help prevent illness, and have a calming effect. Pain specialists have also found that the brain chemistry is changed when one hand knits, resulting in an increase in \\\"feel good\\\" hormones (i.e. serotonin and dopamine), and a decrease in stress hormones.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nHand knitting, along with other leisure activities has been linked to reducing the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Much like physical activity strengthens the body, mental exercise makes the human brain more resilient.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nA repository of research into the effect on health of hand knitting can be found at [http://www.stitchlinks.com/clinicians.html Stitchlinks], an organisation founded in Bath, England.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nKnitting also helps in the area of social interaction; knitting provides people with opportunities to socialize with others. Some ways to increase social interaction with knitting is inviting friends over to knit and chat with each other. Even if they've never knitted before this can be a fun way to interact with your friends.\",\n \"Knitting\\n\\nAnother interesting way that knitting can positively impact your life is improving the dexterity in your hands and figures. This keeps your fingers limber and can be especially helpful for those with arthritis. Knitting can reduce the pain of arthritis if people make it a daily habit.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nCrochet (; ) is a process of creating fabric by interlocking loops of yarn, thread, or strands of other materials using a crochet hook. The name is derived from the French term \\\"crochet\\\", meaning small hook. These are made of materials such as metal, wood, or plastic and are manufactured commercially and produced in artisan workshops. The salient difference between crochet and knitting, beyond the implements used for their production, is that each stitch in crochet is completed before proceeding with the next one, while knitting keeps a large number of stitches open at a time. (Variant forms such as Tunisian crochet and broomstick lace keep multiple crochet stitches open at a time.)\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nEtymology\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThe word crochet is derived from the Old French crochet, a diminutive of croche, in turn from the Germanic croc, both meaning \\\"hook\\\". It was used in 17th-century French lace making, crochetage designating a stitch used to join separate pieces of lace, and crochet subsequently designating both a specific type of fabric and the hooked needle used to produce it. Although that fabric is not known to be crochet in the present sense, a genealogical relationship between the techniques sharing that name appears likely.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nOrigins\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nKnitted textiles survive from early periods but the first substantive evidence of crocheted fabric relates to its appearance in Europe during the 19th century. Earlier work identified as crochet was commonly made by nålebinding, a separate looped yarn technique.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThe first known published instructions for crochet appeared in the Dutch magazine, Penélopé, in 1823. This includes a color plate showing five different style purses of which three were intended to be crocheted with silk thread. The first is \\\"simple open crochet\\\" (crochet simple ajour), a mesh of chain-stitch arches. The second (illustrated here) starts in a semi-open form (demi jour), where chain-stitch arches alternate with equally long segments of slip-stitch crochet, and closes with a star made with \\\"double-crochet stitches\\\" (dubbelde hekelsteek— double-crochet in British terminology; single-crochet in US). The third purse is made entirely in double-crochet. The instructions prescribe the use of a tambour needle (as illustrated below) and introduce a number of decorative techniques.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThe earliest dated English reference to garments made of cloth produced by looping yarn with a hook — shepherd's knitting — is in, The Memoirs of a Highland Lady, by Elizabeth Grant (1797–1830). The journal entry, itself, is dated 1812 but was not recorded in its subsequently published form until some time between 1845 and 1867, and the actual date of publication was first in 1898. Nonetheless, the 1833 volume of Penélopé describes and illustrates a shepherd's hook, and recommends its use for crochet with coarser yarn.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nIn 1842, one of the numerous books discussing crochet that began to appear in the 1840s states:\\n:\\\"Crochet needles, sometimes called Shepherds' hooks, are made of steel, ivory, or box-wood. They have a hook at one end similar in shape to a fish-hook, by which the wool or silk is caught and drawn through the work. These instruments are to be procured of various sizes...\\\"\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nTwo years later, the same author, writes:\\n:\\\"Crochet, — a species of knitting originally practised by the peasants in Scotland, with a small hooked needle called a shepherd’s hook, — has, within the last seven years, aided by taste and fashion, obtained the preference over all other ornamental works of a similar nature. It derives its present name from the French; the instrument with which it is worked being by them, from its crooked shape, termed 'crochet.' This art has attained its highest degree of perfection in England, whence it has been transplanted to France and Germany, and both countries, although unjustifiably, have claimed the invention.\\\"\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nAn instruction book from 1846 describes Shepherd or Single Crochet as what in current British usage is either called single crochet or slip-stitch crochet, with U.S. American terminology always using the latter (reserving single crochet for use as noted above). It similarly equates \\\"Double\\\" and \\\"French crochet\\\".\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nNotwithstanding the categorical assertion of a purely British origin, there is solid evidence of a connection between French tambour embroidery and crochet. The former method of production was illustrated in detail in 1763 in Diderot's Encyclopedia. The tip of the needle shown there is indistinguishable from that of a present-day inline crochet hook and the chain stitch separated from a cloth support is a fundamental element of the latter technique. The 1824 Penélopé instructions unequivocally state that the tambour tool was used for crochet and the first of the 1840s instruction books uses the terms tambour and crochet as synonyms. This equivalence is retained in the 4th edition of that work, 1847.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThe strong taper of the shepherd's hook eases the production of slip-stitch crochet but is less amenable to stitches that require multiple loops on the hook at the same time. Early yarn hooks were also continuously tapered but gradually enough to accommodate multiple loops. The design with a cylindrical shaft that is commonplace today was largely reserved for tambour-style steel needles. Both types gradually merged into the modern form that appeared toward the end of the 19th century, including both tapered and cylindrical segments, and the continuously tapered bone hook remained in industrial production until World War II.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThe early instruction books make frequent reference to the alternate use of 'ivory, bone, or wooden hooks' and 'steel needles in a handle', as appropriate to the stitch being made. Taken with the synonymous labeling of shepherd's- and single crochet, and the similar equivalence of French- and double crochet, there is a strong suggestion that crochet is rooted both in tambour embroidery and shepherd's knitting, leading to thread and yarn crochet respectively; a distinction that is still made. The locus of the fusion of all these elements — the \\\"invention\\\" noted above — has yet to be determined, as does the origin of shepherd's knitting.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nShepherd's hooks are still being made for local slip-stitch crochet traditions. The form in the accompanying photograph is typical for contemporary production. A longer continuously tapering design intermediate between it and the 19th-century tapered hook was also in earlier production, commonly being made from the handles of forks and spoons.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nIrish crochet\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nIn the 19th century, as Ireland was facing the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849), crochet lace work was introduced as a form of famine relief (the production of crocheted lace being an alternative way of making money for impoverished Irish workers). Mademoiselle Riego de la Blanchardiere is generally credited with the invention of Irish Crochet, publishing the first book of patterns in 1846. Irish lace became popular in Europe and America, and was made in quantity until the first World War.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nModern practice and culture\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nFashions in crochet changed with the end of the Victorian era in the 1890s. Crocheted laces in the new Edwardian era, peaking between 1910 and 1920, became even more elaborate in texture and complicated stitching.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThe strong Victorian colours disappeared, though, and new publications called for white or pale threads, except for fancy purses, which were often crocheted of brightly colored silk and elaborately beaded. After World War I, far fewer crochet patterns were published, and most of them were simplified versions of the early 20th-century patterns. After World War II, from the late 1940s until the early 1960s, there was a resurgence in interest in home crafts, particularly in the United States, with many new and imaginative crochet designs published for colorful doilies, potholders, and other home items, along with updates of earlier publications. These patterns called for thicker threads and yarns than in earlier patterns and included wonderful variegated colors. The craft remained primarily a homemaker's art until the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the new generation picked up on crochet and popularized granny squares, a motif worked in the round and incorporating bright colors.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nAlthough crochet underwent a subsequent decline in popularity, the early 21st century has seen a revival of interest in handcrafts and DIY, as well as great strides in improvement of the quality and varieties of yarn. There are many more new pattern books with modern patterns being printed, and most yarn stores now offer crochet lessons in addition to the traditional knitting lessons. There are many books you can purchase from local book stores to teach yourself how to crochet whether it be as a beginner or intermediate. There are also many books for children and teenagers who are hoping to take up the hobby. \\nFilet crochet, Tunisian crochet, tapestry crochet, broomstick lace, hairpin lace, cro-hooking, and Irish crochet are all variants of the basic crochet method.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nCrochet has experienced a revival on the catwalk as well. Christopher Kane's Fall 2011 Ready-to-Wear collection makes intensive use of the granny square, one of the most basic of crochet motifs. In addition, crochet has been utilized many times by designers on the popular reality show Project Runway. Even websites such as Etsy and Ravelry have made it easier for individual hobbyists to sell and distribute their patterns or projects across the internet.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nLaneya Wiles released a music video titled \\\"Straight Hookin'\\\" which makes a play on the word \\\"hookers,\\\" which has a double meaning for both \\\"one who crochets\\\" and \\\"a prostitute.\\\"\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nMaterials\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nBasic materials required for crochet are a hook and some type of material that will be crocheted, most commonly yarn or thread. Additional tools are convenient for keeping stitches counted, measuring crocheted fabric, or making related accessories. Examples include cardboard cutouts, which can be used to make tassels, fringe, and many other items; a pom-pom circle, used to make pom-poms; a tape measure and a gauge measure, both used for measuring crocheted work and counting stitches; a row counter; and occasionally plastic rings, which are used for special projects.\\nIn recent years, yarn selections have moved beyond synthetic and plant and animal-based fibers to include bamboo, qiviut, hemp, and banana stalks, to name a few.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nCrochet hook\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThe crochet hook comes in many sizes and materials, such as bone, bamboo, aluminium, plastic, and steel. Because sizing is categorized by the diameter of the hook's shaft, a crafter aims to create stitches of a certain size in order to reach a particular gauge specified in a given pattern. If gauge is not reached with one hook, another is used until the stitches made are the needed size. Crafters may have a preference for one type of hook material over another due to aesthetic appeal, yarn glide, or hand disorders such as arthritis, where bamboo or wood hooks are favored over metal for the perceived warmth and flexibility during use. Hook grips and ergonomic hook handles are also available to assist crafters.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nSteel crochet hooks range in size from 0.4 to 3.5 millimeters, or from 00 to 16 in American sizing. These hooks are used for fine crochet work such as doilies and lace.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nAluminium, bamboo, and plastic crochet hooks are available from 2.5 to 19 millimeters in size, or from B to S in American sizing.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nArtisan-made hooks are often made of hand-turned woods, sometimes decorated with semi-precious stones or beads.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nCrochet hooks used for Tunisian crochet are elongated and have a stopper at the end of the handle, while double-ended crochet hooks have a hook on both ends of the handle. There is also a double hooked apparatus called a Cro-hook that has become popular.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nA hairpin loom is often used to create lacy and long stitches, known as hairpin lace. While this is not in itself a hook, it is a device used in conjunction with a crochet hook to produce stitches.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nSee : List of United States standard crochet hook and knitting needle sizes\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nYarn\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nYarn for crochet is usually sold as balls or skeins (hanks), although it may also be wound on spools or cones. Skeins and balls are generally sold with a yarn band, a label that describes the yarn's weight, length, dye lot, fiber content, washing instructions, suggested needle size, likely gauge, etc. It is a common practice to save the yarn band for future reference, especially if additional skeins must be purchased. Crocheters generally ensure that the yarn for a project comes from a single dye lot. The dye lot specifies a group of skeins that were dyed together and thus have precisely the same color; skeins from different dye lots, even if very similar in color, are usually slightly different and may produce a visible stripe when added onto existing work. If insufficient yarn of a single dye lot is bought to complete a project, additional skeins of the same dye lot can sometimes be obtained from other yarn stores or online.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThe thickness or weight of the yarn is a significant factor in determining the gauge, i.e., how many stitches and rows are required to cover a given area for a given stitch pattern. Thicker yarns generally require large-diameter crochet hooks, whereas thinner yarns may be crocheted with thick or thin hooks. Hence, thicker yarns generally require fewer stitches, and therefore less time, to work up a given project. Patterns and motifs are coarser with thicker yarns and produce bold visual effects, whereas thinner yarns are best for refined or delicate patternwork. Yarns are standardly grouped by thickness into six categories: superfine, fine, light, medium, bulky and superbulky. Quantitatively, thickness is measured by the number of wraps per inch (WPI). The related weight per unit length is usually measured in tex or denier.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nBefore use, hanks are wound into balls in which the yarn emerges from the center, making crocheting easier by preventing the yarn from becoming easily tangled. The winding process may be performed by hand or done with a ballwinder and swift.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nA yarn's usefulness is judged by several factors, such as its loft (its ability to trap air), its resilience (elasticity under tension), its washability and colorfastness, its hand (its feel, particularly softness vs. scratchiness), its durability against abrasion, its resistance to pilling, its hairiness (fuzziness), its tendency to twist or untwist, its overall weight and drape, its blocking and felting qualities, its comfort (breathability, moisture absorption, wicking properties) and its appearance, which includes its color, sheen, smoothness and ornamental features. Other factors include allergenicity, speed of drying, resistance to chemicals, moths, and mildew, melting point and flammability, retention of static electricity, and the propensity to accept dyes. Desirable properties may vary for different projects, so there is no one \\\"best\\\" yarn.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nAlthough crochet may be done with ribbons, metal wire or more exotic filaments, most yarns are made by spinning fibers. In spinning, the fibers are twisted so that the yarn resists breaking under tension; the twisting may be done in either direction, resulting in a Z-twist or S-twist yarn. If the fibers are first aligned by combing them and the spinner uses a worsted type drafting method such as the short forward draw, the yarn is smoother and called a worsted; by contrast, if the fibers are carded but not combed and the spinner uses a woolen drafting method such as the long backward draw, the yarn is fuzzier and called woolen-spun. The fibers making up a yarn may be continuous filament fibers such as silk and many synthetics, or they may be staples (fibers of an average length, typically a few inches); naturally filament fibers are sometimes cut up into staples before spinning. The strength of the spun yarn against breaking is determined by the amount of twist, the length of the fibers and the thickness of the yarn.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nIn general, yarns become stronger with more twist (also called worst), longer fibers and thicker yarns (more fibers); for example, thinner yarns require more twist than do thicker yarns to resist breaking under tension. The thickness of the yarn may vary along its length; a slub is a much thicker section in which a mass of fibers is incorporated into the yarn.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThe spun fibers are generally divided into animal fibers, plant and synthetic fibers. These fiber types are chemically different, corresponding to proteins, carbohydrates and synthetic polymers, respectively. Animal fibers include silk, but generally are long hairs of animals such as sheep (wool), goat (angora, or cashmere goat), rabbit (angora), llama, alpaca, dog, cat, camel, yak, and muskox (qiviut). Plants used for fibers include cotton, flax (for linen), bamboo, ramie, hemp, jute, nettle, raffia, yucca, coconut husk, banana trees, soy and corn. Rayon and acetate fibers are also produced from cellulose mainly derived from trees. Common synthetic fibers include acrylics, polyesters such as dacron and ingeo, nylon and other polyamides, and olefins such as polypropylene. Of these types, wool is generally favored for crochet, chiefly owing to its superior elasticity, warmth and (sometimes) felting; however, wool is generally less convenient to clean and some people are allergic to it. It is also common to blend different fibers in the yarn, e.g., 85% alpaca and 15% silk.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nEven within a type of fiber, there can be great variety in the length and thickness of the fibers; for example, Merino wool and Egyptian cotton are favored because they produce exceptionally long, thin (fine) fibers for their type.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nA single spun yarn may be crochet as is, or braided or plied with another. In plying, two or more yarns are spun together, almost always in the opposite sense from which they were spun individually; for example, two Z-twist yarns are usually plied with an S-twist. The opposing twist relieves some of the yarns' tendency to curl up and produces a thicker, balanced yarn. Plied yarns may themselves be plied together, producing cabled yarns or multi-stranded yarns. Sometimes, the yarns being plied are fed at different rates, so that one yarn loops around the other, as in bouclé. The single yarns may be dyed separately before plying, or afterwords to give the yarn a uniform look.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThe dyeing of yarns is a complex art. Yarns need not be dyed; or they may be dyed one color, or a great variety of colors. Dyeing may be done industrially, by hand or even hand-painted onto the yarn. A great variety of synthetic dyes have been developed since the synthesis of indigo dye in the mid-19th century; however, natural dyes are also possible, although they are generally less brilliant. The color-scheme of a yarn is sometimes called its colorway. Variegated yarns can produce interesting visual effects, such as diagonal stripes.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nProcess\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nCrocheted fabric is begun by placing a slip-knot loop on the hook (though other methods, such as a magic ring or simple folding over of the yarn may be used), pulling another loop through the first loop, and repeating this process to create a chain of a suitable length. The chain is either turned and worked in rows, or joined to the beginning of the row with a slip stitch and worked in rounds. Rounds can also be created by working many stitches into a single loop. Stitches are made by pulling one or more loops through each loop of the chain. At any one time at the end of a stitch, there is only one loop left on the hook. Tunisian crochet, however, draws all of the loops for an entire row onto a long hook before working them off one at a time. Like knitting, crochet can be worked either flat or in the round.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nTypes of stitches\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThere are five main types of basic stitches. 1. Chain Stitch - the most basic of all stitches and used to begin most projects. 2. Slip Stitch - used to join chain stitch to form a ring. 3. Single Crochet Stitch - easiest stitch to master [http://crochet.about.com/od/learntocrochet/ss/Single_Crochet.htm Single Crochet Stitch Tutorial] 4. Half Double Crochet Stitch - the 'in-between' stitch [http://crochet.about.com/od/learntocrochet/tp/half-double-crochet-stitch.htm Half-Double Crochet Tutorial] 5. Double Crochet Stitch - many uses for this unlimited use stitch [http://crochet.about.com/od/learntocrochet/ss/DoubleCrochet.htm Double Crochet Stitch Tutorial]\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThe more advanced stitches include the Shell Stitch, V Stitch, Spike Stitch, Afghan Stitch, Butterfly Stitch, Popcorn Stitch, and Crocodile Stitch.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nInternational crochet terms and notations\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nIn the English-speaking crochet world, basic stitches have different names that vary by country. The differences are usually referred to as UK/US or British/American. To help counter confusion when reading patterns, a diagramming system using a standard international notation has come into use (illustration, left).\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nAnother terminological difference is known as tension (UK) and gauge (US). Individual crocheters work yarn with a loose or a tight hold and, if unmeasured, these differences can lead to significant size changes in finished garments that have the same number of stitches. In order to control for this inconsistency, printed crochet instructions include a standard for the number of stitches across a standard swatch of fabric. An individual crocheter begins work by producing a test swatch and compensating for any discrepancy by changing to a smaller or larger hook. North Americans call this gauge, referring to the end result of these adjustments; British crocheters speak of tension, which refers to the crafter's grip on the yarn while producing stitches.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nDifferences from and similarities to knitting\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nOne of the more obvious differences is that crochet uses one hook while much knitting uses two needles. In most crochet, the artisan usually has only one live stitch on the hook (with the exception being Tunisian crochet), while a knitter keeps an entire row of stitches active simultaneously. Dropped stitches, which can unravel a fabric, rarely interfere with crochet work, due to a second structural difference between knitting and crochet. In knitting, each stitch is supported by the corresponding stitch in the row above and it supports the corresponding stitch in the row below, whereas crochet stitches are only supported by and support the stitches on either side of it. If a stitch in a finished crocheted item breaks, the stitches above and below remain intact, and because of the complex looping of each stitch, the stitches on either side are unlikely to come loose unless heavily stressed.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nRound or cylindrical patterns are simple to produce with a regular crochet hook, but cylindrical knitting requires either a set of circular needles or three to five special double-ended needles. Many crocheted items are composed of individual motifs which are then joined together, either by sewing or crocheting, whereas knitting is usually composed of one fabric, such as entrelac.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nFreeform crochet is a technique that can create interesting shapes in three dimensions because new stitches can be made independently of previous stitches almost anywhere in the crocheted piece. It is generally accomplished by building shapes or structural elements onto existing crocheted fabric at any place the crafter desires.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nKnitting can be accomplished by machine, while many crochet stitches can only be crafted by hand. The height of knitted and crocheted stitches is also different: a single crochet stitch is twice the height of a knit stitch in the same yarn size and comparable diameter tools, and a double crochet stitch is about four times the height of a knit stitch.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nWhile most crochet is made with a hook, there is also a method of crocheting with a knitting loom. This is called loomchet. Slip stitch crochet is very similar to knitting. Each stitch in slip stitch crochet is formed the same way as a knit or purl stitch which is then bound off. A person working in slip stitch crochet can follow a knitted pattern with knits, purls, and cables, and get a similar result.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nIt is a common perception that crochet produces a thicker fabric than knitting, tends to have less \\\"give\\\" than knitted fabric, and uses approximately a third more yarn for a comparable project than knitted items. Though this is true when comparing a single crochet swatch with a stockinette swatch, both made with the same size yarn and needle/hook, it is not necessarily true for crochet in general. Most crochet uses far less than 1/3 more yarn than knitting for comparable pieces, and a crocheter can get similar feel and drape to knitting by using a larger hook or thinner yarn. Tunisian crochet and slip stitch crochet can in some cases use less yarn than knitting for comparable pieces. According to sources claiming to have tested the 1/3 more yarn assertion, a single crochet stitch (sc) uses approximately the same amount of yarn as knit garter stitch, but more yarn than stockinette stitch. Any stitch using yarnovers uses less yarn than single crochet to produce the same amount of fabric. Cluster stitches, which are in fact multiple stitches worked together, will use the most length.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nStandard crochet stitches like sc and dc also produce a thicker fabric, more like knit garter stitch. This is part of why they use more yarn. Slip stitch can produce a fabric much like stockinette that is thinner and therefore uses less yarn.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nIt is possible to use the same yarn or wool for both crochet and knitting, providing you have the correct size knitting needles or crochet hooks for the yarn you are using. There are some yarn that are only made for crochet, for example DMC make Cebelia No.10 which is a very thin yarn and works well with Amigurumi crochet.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nFile:Crochet-round.jpg|Most crochet uses one hook and works upon one stitch at a time. Crochet may be worked in circular rounds without any specialized tools, as shown here.\\nFile:Pink knitting in front of pink sweatshirt.JPG|Knitting uses two or more straight needles that carry multiple stitches.\\nFile:Doublepoints2.JPG|Unlike crochet, knitting requires specialized needles to create circular rounds.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nCharity\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nIt has been very common for people and groups to crochet clothing and other garments and then donate them to soldiers during war. People have also crocheted clothing and then donated it to hospitals, for sick patients and also for newborn babies. Sometimes groups will crochet for a specific charity purpose, such as crocheting for homeless shelters, nursing homes, etc.\\nIt is also becoming increasingly popular to crochet hats (commonly referred to as \\\"chemo caps\\\") and donate them to cancer treatment centers, for those undergoing chemotherapy. During the month of October pink hats and scarves are made and proceeds are donated to breast cancer funds.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nMathematics and hyperbolic crochet\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nCrochet has been used to illustrate shapes in hyperbolic space that are difficult to reproduce using other media or are difficult to understand when viewed two-dimensionally. A hyperbolic model of a coral reef has also been constructed for environmental purposes.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nA paper model based on the pseudosphere was created by William Thurston, however, it was quite delicate. Crochet has been used by the mathematician Daina Taimina in order to create a version of the hyperbolic plane. Daina Taimina used the art of crochet to create a strong, durable model (see related image), which received an exhibition by the Institute For Figuring.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nAs hyperbolic and mathematics-based crochet has continued to become more popular, there have been several events highlighting work from various fiber artists. Two such shows include [http://crochetcoralreef.org/exhibitions/smithsonian.php Sant Ocean Hall] at the Smithsonian in Washington D.C. and [http://galleries.lafayette.edu/2011/09/01/sticks-hooks-and-the-mobius-knit-and-crochet-goes-cerebral/ Sticks, Hooks, and the Mobius: Knit and Crochet Go Cerebral] at Lafayette College in Pennsylvania.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nArchitecture\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nIn Style in the technical arts, Gottfried Semper looks at the textile with great promise and historical precedent. In Section 53, he writes of the \\\"loop stitch, or Noeud Coulant: a knot that, if untied, causes the whole system to unravel.\\\" In the same section, Semper confesses his ignorance of the subject of crochet but believes strongly that it is a technique of great value as a textile technique and possibly something more.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nThere are a small number of architects currently interested in the subject of crochet as it relates to architecture. The following publications, explorations and thesis projects can be used as a resource to see how crochet is being used within the capacity of architecture.\\n*[http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05102011-225915/ Emergent Explorations: Analog and Digital Scripting] - Alexander Worden\\n*Research and Design: The Architecture of variation - Lars Spuybroek\\n*[http://yurtalert.com/about/ YurtAlert] - Kate Pokorny\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nYarn bombing\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nIn the past few years, a practice called yarn bombing, or the use of knitted or crocheted cloth to modify and beautify one's (usually outdoor) surroundings, emerged in the US and spread worldwide. Yarn bombers sometimes target existing pieces of graffiti for beautification. In 2010, an entity dubbed \\\"the Midnight Knitter\\\" hit West Cape May. Residents awoke to find knit cozies hugging tree branches and sign poles. In September 2015, Grace Brett was named \\\"The World's Oldest Yarn Bomber\\\". She is part of a group of yarn graffiti-artists called the Souter Stormers, who beautify their local town in Scotland. When she is not yarn bombing, she is utilizing her craft by making items for her children and grandchildren.\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nEntomology\",\n \"Crochet\\n\\nProlegs of lepidopteran larvae have a small circle of gripping hooks, called \\\"crochets\\\". The arrangement of the crochets can be helpful in identification to family level. Although the point has been debated, prolegs are not widely regarded as true legs, derived from the primitive uniramous limbs. Certainly in their morphology they are not jointed, and so lack the five segments (coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus) of thoracic insect legs. Prolegs do have limited musculature, but much of their movement is hydraulically powered.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137891,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3735"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"With a truck body on a car chassis, what Chevrolet product, produced from 1959-60, and 64-87, was a competitor to the Ford Ranchero?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"El Camino"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["el camino","el camino disambiguation","el camino album"],"string":"[\n \"el camino\",\n \"el camino disambiguation\",\n \"el camino album\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Ford Ranchero\n\nThe Ford Ranchero is a coupe utility that was produced by Ford between 1957 and 1979. Unlike a pickup truck, the Ranchero was adapted from a two-door station wagon platform that integrated the cab and cargo bed into the body. A total of 508,355 units were produced during the model's production run. It was adapted from full-sized, compact, and intermediate automobiles sold by Ford for the North American market.","Ford Ranchero\n\nDuring the 1970s, the Ranchero name was used in the South African market on a rebadged Australian Ford Falcon utility. These vehicles were sent to South Africa in complete knock down (CKD) form, and assembled at the Port Elizabeth plant.[http://www.moby302.co.za/cars/1972_xa/ranchero.html 1972 Ranchero Bakkie - Australian XA Falcon Ute] Retrieved on 8 May 2010 In Argentina, a utility version of the locally produced Ford Falcon was also called Ranchero.","Ford Ranchero\n\nThe Ford Ranchero sold well enough to spawn a competitor from General Motors in 1959, the Chevrolet El Camino.","Ford Ranchero\n\nHistory","Ford Ranchero\n\nThe first Ford Model T and Model A pickup trucks were created from sedans by placing a truck box behind the body of a car truncated behind the driver's seat. In 1934, Ford Australia's designer Lew Bandt modified a coupe with a smoothly integrated loadbed that could be used like a car to drive to church or to deliver pigs to market. This created the coupe utility which remains a popular body style known as the \"ute\" in Australia. In North America, pickup trucks evolved into a heavier duty form with cabs and beds that were quite distinct from passenger automobiles. The Ranchero was the first postwar American vehicle of its type adapted from a popular sedan from the factory. It combined the sleek looks of a sedan with the utility of a light-duty pickup truck.","Ford Ranchero\n\nFirst generation (1957–1959)","Ford Ranchero\n\nSee also 1957 Ford","Ford Ranchero\n\nIntroduced in December 1956, three months after the traditional September model year start-up, the Ranchero was based on the standard and new-for-1957 full-sized Ford platform, specifically the short-wheelbase Custom sedan, two-door Ranch Wagon station wagon, and utilitarian Courier sedan delivery. Essentially a Courier with an open, reinforced bed, its own unique rear window and integrated cab and cargo box, the Ranchero was initially offered in two trim levels, and throughout the model run, was built on the corresponding automobile assembly line, but sold as a truck through Ford's truck division. An extremely basic standard model was marketed to traditional pickup truck buyers such as farmers, and the Custom picked up most of the options and accessories available on the Fairlane line, including stainless steel bodyside mouldings and two-tone paint. Upscale models were badged both as a Fairlane and Ranchero, with a stylized representation of a Longhorn as the symbol for the model located on the tailgate.","Ford Ranchero\n\nIndeed, print advertising of the time played on the theme of the American Southwest that the Spanish model name and Longhorn symbol were meant to evoke, showing artistic representations of the vehicle being used in ranching and outdoor activities, proclaiming it as \"More Than A Car! More Than A Truck!\" The Ranchero was a hit with both the automotive press and the buying public, filling an untapped market niche for vehicles with the utility of a light pickup and the ease of operation and riding characteristics of a car. In fact, the Ranchero had a marginally higher cargo capacity by about 50 lb (23 kg) than the half-ton F-Series pickup. Both standard and Custom could be ordered with any engine available for Ford cars, all the way up to the 352 cuin \"Thunderbird Special\". In Canada, the Ranchero was also available in the Meteor line-up. Seat belts and padded instrument panels were optional.","Ford Ranchero\n\nThe 1958 version remained largely unchanged under the skin save for the new front sheet metal (shared by the big '58 Ford and inspired by the Thunderbird) and its new four-headlamp arrangement.","Ford Ranchero\n\nThe 1959 model was built with the same 118 in wheelbase as all 1959 Fords, giving the Ranchero the advantage over its predecessors of a new, longer 7 ft bed. However, this would be the last time the vehicle would grow either in size or trim for several years to come. The windshield was also 25% larger. Seatcovers were vinyl or \"woven plastic\", while the spare tire was located behind the passenger seat. The Custom Ranchero was the only model marketed in 1959, and was offered in 26 colors (11 solid shades, 11 two-tone combinations with white on top, and four other two-tone choices).","Ford Ranchero\n\nFile:Ford Custom Ranchero-1957.jpg|1957 Ford Custom Ranchero\nFile:Ford Ranchero 1958 front 2006-04-08 U.jpg|1958 Ford Ranchero\nFile:Ford Ranchero 1958 back 2006-04-08 U.jpg|1958 Ford Ranchero (rear)\nFile:1959 Ranchero.jpg|1959 Ford Ranchero","Ford Ranchero\n\nSecond generation (1960–1965) Falcon Ranchero","Ford Ranchero\n\nIn 1960, the Ranchero became much smaller, based on Ford's compact Falcon, specifically the two-door sedan delivery variant. The popularity of small, economical cars like the Volkswagen Beetle perpetuated a shift in thinking among the three largest American manufacturers; 1959 had the introduction of the 1960 Falcon along with the 1960 Chevrolet Corvair and Plymouth Valiant. A pickup version of the Volkswagen Bus and a van based on the Chevrolet Corvair were offered, as well. The economic recession of the late 1950s also certainly played a role. Ford believed the market wanted a more practical vehicle, one much smaller, lighter, and cheaper than a full-sized pickup truck, and indeed the Ranchero sold well in this incarnation. Now marketed in print as the \"Falcon Ranchero\", the new vehicle's standard powerplant was an economical 144 cuin straight-6. In 1961, the 170 cuin straight-6 was offered, and in 1963, the optional 260 cuin V8 was offered in addition to the 144 and 170. The two-speed Ford-O-Matic automatic transmission (offered between 1960 and 1963) or three-speed C4 Cruise-O-Matic could be ordered as could a three-speed manual transmission. The Ranchero had an 800-lb load capacity.","Ford Ranchero\n\nThree almost entirely different coupé utility bodies were available for this generation of Falcon: the Australian Falcon Ute differed in having a shorter rear overhang than North American models, a cargo box that extended farther forward than the rear window, and shorter doors, while the Argentinian version also shared the sedan's overall length and short \"four-door\" doors, adding higher and more squared-off cargo box sides.","Ford Ranchero\n\nThe Ranchero evolved along with the Falcon in 1964, becoming just a little larger along with its parent and using the same basic body style for 1964 and 1965. In 1965, the 289 cuin V8 replaced the discontinued 260 and an alternator replaced the generator in all Ford cars.","Ford Ranchero\n\nFile:1962 Ford Falcon Ranchero.jpg|1962 Ford Falcon Ranchero\nFile:1963 Ford Falcon Ranchero.jpg|1963 Ford Falcon Ranchero\nFile:1964 Ford Ranchero Pickup.jpg|1964 Ford Falcon Ranchero\nFile:Ford Ranchero, 1965.JPG|1965 Ford Falcon Ranchero","Ford Ranchero\n\nThird generation (1966–1967)","Ford Ranchero\n\nThe 1966 version was a one-year model, when Falcon and Fairlane were redeveloped on the same basic platform, one which did not include the sedan delivery, as 1965 marked the final year of sedan delivery production. Instead, the 1966 Ranchero used Falcon front sheet metal, trim, and interior accents on a modified station wagon platform. Engines available were the 170 cuin I6, 200 cuin I6, and two- and four-barrel versions of the 289 cuin V8. Transmissions choices ranged from the C4 three-speed automatic to the three-speed column-shifted manual. The 1966 model was marketed simply as the Ford Ranchero, and did not carry Falcon badges. Seat belts were standard.","Ford Ranchero\n\nThe 1967 Ranchero, based on the post-'66 Falcon/Fairlane chassis, used the basic 1966 Ranchero body with Fairlane trim, front sheet metal, and interior treatments instead of Falcon. It was marketed as the Fairlane Ranchero.","Ford Ranchero\n\nThis was a well-received and unique one-year vehicle, with clean, straight lines, dual stacked headlamps, and plenty of power; the Ranchero had entered the muscle car arena in 1967. Engine options started with a 200 cuin straight-6 and went up to a 390 cuin FE-series big-block V8 giving 315 bhp and backed by an optional C6 automatic, the new-for-1966 heavy duty variant of the C4. The '67 also had the largest expansion of trim levels since the vehicle's introduction 10 years prior. Supplementing the base model were the new Ranchero 500, 500/XL, and GT. The GT-A, Ford's label for '66 and '67 automatic transmission-equipped GTs given to both the Fairlane and Mustang, did not apply to the Ranchero.","Ford Ranchero\n\nWhat did apply to all American cars in 1967 was the use of a dual-circuit braking system with a dual-chambered master cylinder. Increased awareness of passenger safety resulted in such innovations as safety-padded windshield pillars and an unusual 1967-only safety pad which protruded from the center of the three-spoked steering wheel to a point just beyond the rim of the steering wheel. It was designed to minimize abdominal injuries in the event of a collision.","Ford Ranchero\n\nFile:Ford 170 and 200cid I-6 engines.jpg|Schematic of Ford's 170 and 200 cid engines used in their automobiles from the early 1960s to 1980s\nFile:'66 Ford Ranchero (5eme picnic et BBQ 2011 du club de Lowrider LuxuriouS Montréal).jpg|1966 Ford Ranchero\nFile:67 Ranchero, interior.jpg|Interior image of a 1967 Ford Ranchero with bench seat and three-speed shifter on the steering column","Ford Ranchero\n\nFourth generation (1968–1969)","Ford Ranchero\n\nIn 1968, the Fairlane line was supplemented by the new Torino, and the Ranchero followed suit, becoming the largest model since the full-sized 1959. Overall, the new Ranchero was not only bigger, but also more angular than before with its more horizontal grille and horizontal headlamps; Ford and other automakers were making a switch back to horizontal quad headlamps. The interior was all new, as well, sharing the Torino/Fairlane's distinctive four-pod instrument cluster. Though the four round pods gave the illusion of an engine-turned dash, viewed from left to right, they instead featured warning lights for coolant temperature (both cold and hot) and the left turn signal indicator in the left pod with the speedometer in the second pod directly in front of the driver. Warning lights for the charging system and oil pressure, as well as the right turn signal indicator, were located third from the left. In upscale models, this pod was supplanted by a tachometer. An optional clock filled the fourth pod; a decorative \"clock delete\" panel otherwise filled the space. A seat belt warning light was a new feature, too, lighting briefly in the far left pod whenever the engine was started.","Ford Ranchero\n\nThe model line also featured wraparound front side marker lamps which doubled as parking lights and rear side reflectors, newly mandated by US law for the 1968 model year.","Ford Ranchero\n\nThree trim levels were offered, beginning with the sparsely trimmed base Ranchero, the Ranchero 500 trimmed like the corresponding Fairlane 500, and the top-of-the line Ranchero GT with its Torino GT trim. Engine choices began with the 250 cubic inch I6 and ran to several V8 choices, including the standard 289 with two-barrel carburetor, and the FE-based 390. The powerful 428 cuin Cobra Jet, another FE derivative and the largest engine offered in the Ranchero to date, was a mid-1968 option. The 1968 model marked the final year of production of the 289; a 302 cuin V8 with two-barrel carburetor became the standard V8 in 1969. Two new upmarket engine choices were available, the 351 Windsor with two- and four-barrel carburetion. The FMX automatic was available with both, which was a variant of the old Cruise-o-Matic and was offered exclusively with either 351.","Ford Ranchero\n\nLike the Torino/Fairlane, the Ranchero could be had with virtually all of the same options as its cousins, including air conditioning, bucket seats, center console, AM/FM radio, optional wheels, front power disc brakes, hood scoop (standard on GT), and even a vinyl top. Changes across the 1969 model line were slight and included a flatter three-piece grille less the horizontal crossbar and Ford crest, relocation of GT grille badging from the crest to the lower right corner of the grille as viewed from the front, a change from black-faced instruments with white numerals to brushed aluminum with black numerals and a slimmer, two-spoke steering wheel pad similar to those across the Ford product line, unlike the wheel with its broader \"safety pad\" and separate horn ring used in the 1968 intermediates and compacts. While the pad may have changed, the horn ring did not. The only change unique to the Ranchero was the relocation of the \"Ranchero\" script from the rear quarter panels to the front fenders.","Ford Ranchero\n\nA little-known and extremely rare offering in 1969 was the Rio Grande. Available on special order, this was essentially a GT in the so-called \"Grabber\" colors of \"Wimbledon White\", \"Poppy Red\" or \"Calypso Coral\", partially blacked-out hood with scoop, side stripes, bed rails, vinyl top, and unique \"Ford Ranchero Rio Grande\" wheel centers. As a result, Rancheros so equipped received Ford's \"Special Performance Vehicle\" identification on the data plate regardless of engine choice. These vehicles may be identified by the aforementioned designation, as well as a blank space where the trim code would normally be found. Production figures are unclear, but may have been around 900 total units.","Ford Ranchero\n\nAt the Detroit motor show in 1969 was shown a concept car Ford Scrambler, some elements of which were used in the next models of Ford Ranchero.","Ford Ranchero\n\nFifth generation (1970–1971)","Ford Ranchero\n\nWhile Chevrolet's El Camino used the same body from 1968 to 1972, 1970 had a complete restyle for the Ranchero, which had started with a boxy body style. Both the Torino and Ranchero featured a shallow-pointed grille and front end with smooth, somewhat more curvaceous lines influenced by coke bottle styling. A fourth trim option was made available in 1970. The Ranchero Squire was an upmarket trim package which featured a woodgrain applique similar to that found on the Country Squire station wagon. Like in previous years, all Torino trim and engine options could be ordered, including all-new Ram-Air 429 Cobra Jet or Super Cobra Jet engines (7 L) with the new \"shaker\" hood scoop, so named because it was directly mounted to the carburetor and shook with the engine at idle. Also available was a stylish grille that featured hide-away headlamps, as well as an optional hood with an oversized scoop which was standard on Torino GTs. The 1971 is distinguished by a grilled divided by a center section.","Ford Ranchero\n\nA minor but nevertheless important variation debuted with the 1970 model. Prior to 1970, no Ranchero had any interior badging identifying it as such. With the 1970 model came a \"Ranchero\" or \"Ranchero GT\" badge on the glove compartment rather than Fairlane or Torino badging.","Ford Ranchero\n\nSixth generation (1972–1976)","Ford Ranchero\n\nIn 1972, a radical change occurred in the Torino and Ranchero lines. The sleek, pointy look of the previous year's model was replaced with a larger, heavier design. Most prominent was a wide semioval grille reminiscent of a jet intake and a new body-on-frame design. Three models were still available; the now-standard 500, the new Squire with simulated woodgrain \"paneling\" along the flanks, and the sporty GT. Engine choices remained basically the same beginning with the 250 cubic-inch six-cylinder and a selection of V8s that ranged from the standard 302 to Cleveland and Windsor series 351s, plus the new-for-1972 400. The 385-series V8 (the 429 for 1972-73; the 460 for 1974-76) was still available. However, all suffered from lower compression ratios to better meet new emissions standards. The 351 cuin Cleveland could still be obtained in tuned 4-V Cobra Jet form through 1974. A four-speed manual transmission was available on Cobra Jet-powered GT models.","Ford Ranchero\n\nThe 1973 Ranchero had a redesigned front end to meet new federal standards for front impact protection. Aside from slight cosmetic differences, the Ranchero remained basically the same until the Torino's final year, 1976.","Ford Ranchero\n\nFile:1972 Ford Ranchero GT (5133241430).jpg|1972 Ford Ranchero GT\nFile:1973 Ford Ranchero 500.jpg|1973 Ford Ranchero 500\nFile:Ford Ranchero.jpg|1974-1976 Ford Ranchero\nFile:Ford Ranchero rear.jpg|1974-1976 Ford Ranchero","Ford Ranchero\n\nSeventh generation (1977–1979)","Ford Ranchero\n\nWith the Torino ending production after 1976, the 1977 Ranchero was restyled in line with the Ford LTD II mid-sized car line which replaced the Torino using the same platform. The same three models available since 1968 were still offered and the Ranchero could be ordered in quite luxurious form. Engines fitted went up to the big block 400 cuin.\nProduction ceased in 1979 with, among the traditional choices, a commemorative \"1979½\" model. Although the LTD II was not produced for many model years, this body style with stacked rectangular headlamps is among the most popular among collectors.","Ford Ranchero\n\nCars were getting smaller and increasing government restrictions, and requirements on a car-based pickup truck made such a vehicle less and less attractive from a manufacturing standpoint. Meanwhile, purpose-designed light trucks had to meet much less stringent requirements for emissions and fuel economy. Ford saw the way the market was going and decided small light trucks were the wave of the future, beginning with the Mazda-built Courier pickup. This vehicle would be a \"stepping stone\" during which time Ford would develop their homegrown replacement, the Ranger.","Ford Ranchero\n\nArgentine Ranchero","Ford Ranchero\n\nFrom 1973 to 1991, Ford Motor Argentina developed and sold a utility version of its own Ford Falcon called the Ford Ranchero. The first generation sold very well, and in 1974, exports began to Cuba. Later that year, it became the best-selling car in Argentina, with a total of 110,382 sold between 1973 and 1978. Production of the second-generation model lasted from 1978 to 1982, and production of the third generation lasted from 1982 to 1987. In 1987, the fourth and final generation was released and in 1988 a diesel model was added to the lineup for the first time, but it was discontinued as of 1989. Production of the fourth-generation Argentine Ranchero ended in 1991.","Ford Ranchero\n\nToday","Ford Ranchero\n\nRancheros are reasonably collectible, though they are nowadays often overlooked in favor of the later-arriving Chevrolet El Camino, which stayed in production eight more years. Miniatures, apart from hand-cast resin kits from cottage-industry makers, are rare. Several Revell offerings of the 1957 model in both 1/32 and 1/25 scale have been offered over the years, as has a kit of the 1961 Ranchero by AMT/Ertl. A well-detailed promotional model of the 1959 intended for distribution by dealers was offered both with and without interior trim, windows, and friction drive by AMT/Ertl's predecessor, SMP; resin castings of this model's body are offered by the aforementioned cottage industries, as well. No Matchbox versions were made, but Johnny Lightning makes a 1964 model, Hot Wheels an adult collectible '57, and 2011 HW Premiere 65 Ford Ranchero Racing Champions made a 1/64 scale 1957 Ranchero and AMT/Ertl currently produces a diecast '57 which doubles as a bank. AMT was responsible for other early dealer promotional models, too, including those of the aforementioned El Camino.","Ford Ranchero\n\nTonka produced a resin toy version of the 1968-69 model in roughly 1/24 scale as part of an auto transporter set; the front end of that toy arguably resembles the 1969 model more closely.","Ford Ranchero\n\nThe idea of a car-based pickup remains an attractive one, and is an illustration of how favorable treatment for light trucks over cars by United States regulations skews the marketplace. Many Ranchero and El Camino owners, indeed, stopped buying new vehicles when those models were discontinued. Aftermarket conversions of the Fairmont Futura and Mercury Zephyr Z7 sport coupes to a Ranchero-like \"Durango\" pickup were sold in select Ford dealers in the early- to mid-1980s. Recently, interest in producing such vehicles again has grown, including those like the Subaru Baja, essentially an Outback station wagon with a stubby pickup bed instead of an enclosed cargo area. The Baja, like the Ranchero, is titled in most American states and Canadian provinces as a commercial vehicle. Until the late-2000s, the North American market tended to lean towards compact and midsized crew-cab four-door pickups such as the Ford Explorer Sport Trac and Chevrolet Colorado.","Ford Ranchero\n\nHowever, with the compact pickups having grown towards midsized and encroaching on base models of more profitable full-sized pickups, some manufacturers such as Ford and Ram Trucks have discontinued even their compact and midsized offerings; Ford discontinued the North American Ranger in 2012 and opted not to sell its global replacement in North America due to being too close in size and price to the base model Ford F-150.","Ford Ranchero\n\nIn Australia, Ford continues to produce a right-hand drive car based \"pickup\", with the FG X Falcon Ute available in style-side or tray-back form. Production of Falcon sedans and utilities is scheduled to cease in Australia in late 2016."],"string":"[\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThe Ford Ranchero is a coupe utility that was produced by Ford between 1957 and 1979. Unlike a pickup truck, the Ranchero was adapted from a two-door station wagon platform that integrated the cab and cargo bed into the body. A total of 508,355 units were produced during the model's production run. It was adapted from full-sized, compact, and intermediate automobiles sold by Ford for the North American market.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nDuring the 1970s, the Ranchero name was used in the South African market on a rebadged Australian Ford Falcon utility. These vehicles were sent to South Africa in complete knock down (CKD) form, and assembled at the Port Elizabeth plant.[http://www.moby302.co.za/cars/1972_xa/ranchero.html 1972 Ranchero Bakkie - Australian XA Falcon Ute] Retrieved on 8 May 2010 In Argentina, a utility version of the locally produced Ford Falcon was also called Ranchero.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThe Ford Ranchero sold well enough to spawn a competitor from General Motors in 1959, the Chevrolet El Camino.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThe first Ford Model T and Model A pickup trucks were created from sedans by placing a truck box behind the body of a car truncated behind the driver's seat. In 1934, Ford Australia's designer Lew Bandt modified a coupe with a smoothly integrated loadbed that could be used like a car to drive to church or to deliver pigs to market. This created the coupe utility which remains a popular body style known as the \\\"ute\\\" in Australia. In North America, pickup trucks evolved into a heavier duty form with cabs and beds that were quite distinct from passenger automobiles. The Ranchero was the first postwar American vehicle of its type adapted from a popular sedan from the factory. It combined the sleek looks of a sedan with the utility of a light-duty pickup truck.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nFirst generation (1957–1959)\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nSee also 1957 Ford\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nIntroduced in December 1956, three months after the traditional September model year start-up, the Ranchero was based on the standard and new-for-1957 full-sized Ford platform, specifically the short-wheelbase Custom sedan, two-door Ranch Wagon station wagon, and utilitarian Courier sedan delivery. Essentially a Courier with an open, reinforced bed, its own unique rear window and integrated cab and cargo box, the Ranchero was initially offered in two trim levels, and throughout the model run, was built on the corresponding automobile assembly line, but sold as a truck through Ford's truck division. An extremely basic standard model was marketed to traditional pickup truck buyers such as farmers, and the Custom picked up most of the options and accessories available on the Fairlane line, including stainless steel bodyside mouldings and two-tone paint. Upscale models were badged both as a Fairlane and Ranchero, with a stylized representation of a Longhorn as the symbol for the model located on the tailgate.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nIndeed, print advertising of the time played on the theme of the American Southwest that the Spanish model name and Longhorn symbol were meant to evoke, showing artistic representations of the vehicle being used in ranching and outdoor activities, proclaiming it as \\\"More Than A Car! More Than A Truck!\\\" The Ranchero was a hit with both the automotive press and the buying public, filling an untapped market niche for vehicles with the utility of a light pickup and the ease of operation and riding characteristics of a car. In fact, the Ranchero had a marginally higher cargo capacity by about 50 lb (23 kg) than the half-ton F-Series pickup. Both standard and Custom could be ordered with any engine available for Ford cars, all the way up to the 352 cuin \\\"Thunderbird Special\\\". In Canada, the Ranchero was also available in the Meteor line-up. Seat belts and padded instrument panels were optional.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThe 1958 version remained largely unchanged under the skin save for the new front sheet metal (shared by the big '58 Ford and inspired by the Thunderbird) and its new four-headlamp arrangement.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThe 1959 model was built with the same 118 in wheelbase as all 1959 Fords, giving the Ranchero the advantage over its predecessors of a new, longer 7 ft bed. However, this would be the last time the vehicle would grow either in size or trim for several years to come. The windshield was also 25% larger. Seatcovers were vinyl or \\\"woven plastic\\\", while the spare tire was located behind the passenger seat. The Custom Ranchero was the only model marketed in 1959, and was offered in 26 colors (11 solid shades, 11 two-tone combinations with white on top, and four other two-tone choices).\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nFile:Ford Custom Ranchero-1957.jpg|1957 Ford Custom Ranchero\\nFile:Ford Ranchero 1958 front 2006-04-08 U.jpg|1958 Ford Ranchero\\nFile:Ford Ranchero 1958 back 2006-04-08 U.jpg|1958 Ford Ranchero (rear)\\nFile:1959 Ranchero.jpg|1959 Ford Ranchero\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nSecond generation (1960–1965) Falcon Ranchero\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nIn 1960, the Ranchero became much smaller, based on Ford's compact Falcon, specifically the two-door sedan delivery variant. The popularity of small, economical cars like the Volkswagen Beetle perpetuated a shift in thinking among the three largest American manufacturers; 1959 had the introduction of the 1960 Falcon along with the 1960 Chevrolet Corvair and Plymouth Valiant. A pickup version of the Volkswagen Bus and a van based on the Chevrolet Corvair were offered, as well. The economic recession of the late 1950s also certainly played a role. Ford believed the market wanted a more practical vehicle, one much smaller, lighter, and cheaper than a full-sized pickup truck, and indeed the Ranchero sold well in this incarnation. Now marketed in print as the \\\"Falcon Ranchero\\\", the new vehicle's standard powerplant was an economical 144 cuin straight-6. In 1961, the 170 cuin straight-6 was offered, and in 1963, the optional 260 cuin V8 was offered in addition to the 144 and 170. The two-speed Ford-O-Matic automatic transmission (offered between 1960 and 1963) or three-speed C4 Cruise-O-Matic could be ordered as could a three-speed manual transmission. The Ranchero had an 800-lb load capacity.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThree almost entirely different coupé utility bodies were available for this generation of Falcon: the Australian Falcon Ute differed in having a shorter rear overhang than North American models, a cargo box that extended farther forward than the rear window, and shorter doors, while the Argentinian version also shared the sedan's overall length and short \\\"four-door\\\" doors, adding higher and more squared-off cargo box sides.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThe Ranchero evolved along with the Falcon in 1964, becoming just a little larger along with its parent and using the same basic body style for 1964 and 1965. In 1965, the 289 cuin V8 replaced the discontinued 260 and an alternator replaced the generator in all Ford cars.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nFile:1962 Ford Falcon Ranchero.jpg|1962 Ford Falcon Ranchero\\nFile:1963 Ford Falcon Ranchero.jpg|1963 Ford Falcon Ranchero\\nFile:1964 Ford Ranchero Pickup.jpg|1964 Ford Falcon Ranchero\\nFile:Ford Ranchero, 1965.JPG|1965 Ford Falcon Ranchero\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThird generation (1966–1967)\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThe 1966 version was a one-year model, when Falcon and Fairlane were redeveloped on the same basic platform, one which did not include the sedan delivery, as 1965 marked the final year of sedan delivery production. Instead, the 1966 Ranchero used Falcon front sheet metal, trim, and interior accents on a modified station wagon platform. Engines available were the 170 cuin I6, 200 cuin I6, and two- and four-barrel versions of the 289 cuin V8. Transmissions choices ranged from the C4 three-speed automatic to the three-speed column-shifted manual. The 1966 model was marketed simply as the Ford Ranchero, and did not carry Falcon badges. Seat belts were standard.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThe 1967 Ranchero, based on the post-'66 Falcon/Fairlane chassis, used the basic 1966 Ranchero body with Fairlane trim, front sheet metal, and interior treatments instead of Falcon. It was marketed as the Fairlane Ranchero.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThis was a well-received and unique one-year vehicle, with clean, straight lines, dual stacked headlamps, and plenty of power; the Ranchero had entered the muscle car arena in 1967. Engine options started with a 200 cuin straight-6 and went up to a 390 cuin FE-series big-block V8 giving 315 bhp and backed by an optional C6 automatic, the new-for-1966 heavy duty variant of the C4. The '67 also had the largest expansion of trim levels since the vehicle's introduction 10 years prior. Supplementing the base model were the new Ranchero 500, 500/XL, and GT. The GT-A, Ford's label for '66 and '67 automatic transmission-equipped GTs given to both the Fairlane and Mustang, did not apply to the Ranchero.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nWhat did apply to all American cars in 1967 was the use of a dual-circuit braking system with a dual-chambered master cylinder. Increased awareness of passenger safety resulted in such innovations as safety-padded windshield pillars and an unusual 1967-only safety pad which protruded from the center of the three-spoked steering wheel to a point just beyond the rim of the steering wheel. It was designed to minimize abdominal injuries in the event of a collision.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nFile:Ford 170 and 200cid I-6 engines.jpg|Schematic of Ford's 170 and 200 cid engines used in their automobiles from the early 1960s to 1980s\\nFile:'66 Ford Ranchero (5eme picnic et BBQ 2011 du club de Lowrider LuxuriouS Montréal).jpg|1966 Ford Ranchero\\nFile:67 Ranchero, interior.jpg|Interior image of a 1967 Ford Ranchero with bench seat and three-speed shifter on the steering column\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nFourth generation (1968–1969)\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nIn 1968, the Fairlane line was supplemented by the new Torino, and the Ranchero followed suit, becoming the largest model since the full-sized 1959. Overall, the new Ranchero was not only bigger, but also more angular than before with its more horizontal grille and horizontal headlamps; Ford and other automakers were making a switch back to horizontal quad headlamps. The interior was all new, as well, sharing the Torino/Fairlane's distinctive four-pod instrument cluster. Though the four round pods gave the illusion of an engine-turned dash, viewed from left to right, they instead featured warning lights for coolant temperature (both cold and hot) and the left turn signal indicator in the left pod with the speedometer in the second pod directly in front of the driver. Warning lights for the charging system and oil pressure, as well as the right turn signal indicator, were located third from the left. In upscale models, this pod was supplanted by a tachometer. An optional clock filled the fourth pod; a decorative \\\"clock delete\\\" panel otherwise filled the space. A seat belt warning light was a new feature, too, lighting briefly in the far left pod whenever the engine was started.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThe model line also featured wraparound front side marker lamps which doubled as parking lights and rear side reflectors, newly mandated by US law for the 1968 model year.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThree trim levels were offered, beginning with the sparsely trimmed base Ranchero, the Ranchero 500 trimmed like the corresponding Fairlane 500, and the top-of-the line Ranchero GT with its Torino GT trim. Engine choices began with the 250 cubic inch I6 and ran to several V8 choices, including the standard 289 with two-barrel carburetor, and the FE-based 390. The powerful 428 cuin Cobra Jet, another FE derivative and the largest engine offered in the Ranchero to date, was a mid-1968 option. The 1968 model marked the final year of production of the 289; a 302 cuin V8 with two-barrel carburetor became the standard V8 in 1969. Two new upmarket engine choices were available, the 351 Windsor with two- and four-barrel carburetion. The FMX automatic was available with both, which was a variant of the old Cruise-o-Matic and was offered exclusively with either 351.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nLike the Torino/Fairlane, the Ranchero could be had with virtually all of the same options as its cousins, including air conditioning, bucket seats, center console, AM/FM radio, optional wheels, front power disc brakes, hood scoop (standard on GT), and even a vinyl top. Changes across the 1969 model line were slight and included a flatter three-piece grille less the horizontal crossbar and Ford crest, relocation of GT grille badging from the crest to the lower right corner of the grille as viewed from the front, a change from black-faced instruments with white numerals to brushed aluminum with black numerals and a slimmer, two-spoke steering wheel pad similar to those across the Ford product line, unlike the wheel with its broader \\\"safety pad\\\" and separate horn ring used in the 1968 intermediates and compacts. While the pad may have changed, the horn ring did not. The only change unique to the Ranchero was the relocation of the \\\"Ranchero\\\" script from the rear quarter panels to the front fenders.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nA little-known and extremely rare offering in 1969 was the Rio Grande. Available on special order, this was essentially a GT in the so-called \\\"Grabber\\\" colors of \\\"Wimbledon White\\\", \\\"Poppy Red\\\" or \\\"Calypso Coral\\\", partially blacked-out hood with scoop, side stripes, bed rails, vinyl top, and unique \\\"Ford Ranchero Rio Grande\\\" wheel centers. As a result, Rancheros so equipped received Ford's \\\"Special Performance Vehicle\\\" identification on the data plate regardless of engine choice. These vehicles may be identified by the aforementioned designation, as well as a blank space where the trim code would normally be found. Production figures are unclear, but may have been around 900 total units.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nAt the Detroit motor show in 1969 was shown a concept car Ford Scrambler, some elements of which were used in the next models of Ford Ranchero.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nFifth generation (1970–1971)\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nWhile Chevrolet's El Camino used the same body from 1968 to 1972, 1970 had a complete restyle for the Ranchero, which had started with a boxy body style. Both the Torino and Ranchero featured a shallow-pointed grille and front end with smooth, somewhat more curvaceous lines influenced by coke bottle styling. A fourth trim option was made available in 1970. The Ranchero Squire was an upmarket trim package which featured a woodgrain applique similar to that found on the Country Squire station wagon. Like in previous years, all Torino trim and engine options could be ordered, including all-new Ram-Air 429 Cobra Jet or Super Cobra Jet engines (7 L) with the new \\\"shaker\\\" hood scoop, so named because it was directly mounted to the carburetor and shook with the engine at idle. Also available was a stylish grille that featured hide-away headlamps, as well as an optional hood with an oversized scoop which was standard on Torino GTs. The 1971 is distinguished by a grilled divided by a center section.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nA minor but nevertheless important variation debuted with the 1970 model. Prior to 1970, no Ranchero had any interior badging identifying it as such. With the 1970 model came a \\\"Ranchero\\\" or \\\"Ranchero GT\\\" badge on the glove compartment rather than Fairlane or Torino badging.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nSixth generation (1972–1976)\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nIn 1972, a radical change occurred in the Torino and Ranchero lines. The sleek, pointy look of the previous year's model was replaced with a larger, heavier design. Most prominent was a wide semioval grille reminiscent of a jet intake and a new body-on-frame design. Three models were still available; the now-standard 500, the new Squire with simulated woodgrain \\\"paneling\\\" along the flanks, and the sporty GT. Engine choices remained basically the same beginning with the 250 cubic-inch six-cylinder and a selection of V8s that ranged from the standard 302 to Cleveland and Windsor series 351s, plus the new-for-1972 400. The 385-series V8 (the 429 for 1972-73; the 460 for 1974-76) was still available. However, all suffered from lower compression ratios to better meet new emissions standards. The 351 cuin Cleveland could still be obtained in tuned 4-V Cobra Jet form through 1974. A four-speed manual transmission was available on Cobra Jet-powered GT models.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThe 1973 Ranchero had a redesigned front end to meet new federal standards for front impact protection. Aside from slight cosmetic differences, the Ranchero remained basically the same until the Torino's final year, 1976.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nFile:1972 Ford Ranchero GT (5133241430).jpg|1972 Ford Ranchero GT\\nFile:1973 Ford Ranchero 500.jpg|1973 Ford Ranchero 500\\nFile:Ford Ranchero.jpg|1974-1976 Ford Ranchero\\nFile:Ford Ranchero rear.jpg|1974-1976 Ford Ranchero\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nSeventh generation (1977–1979)\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nWith the Torino ending production after 1976, the 1977 Ranchero was restyled in line with the Ford LTD II mid-sized car line which replaced the Torino using the same platform. The same three models available since 1968 were still offered and the Ranchero could be ordered in quite luxurious form. Engines fitted went up to the big block 400 cuin.\\nProduction ceased in 1979 with, among the traditional choices, a commemorative \\\"1979½\\\" model. Although the LTD II was not produced for many model years, this body style with stacked rectangular headlamps is among the most popular among collectors.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nCars were getting smaller and increasing government restrictions, and requirements on a car-based pickup truck made such a vehicle less and less attractive from a manufacturing standpoint. Meanwhile, purpose-designed light trucks had to meet much less stringent requirements for emissions and fuel economy. Ford saw the way the market was going and decided small light trucks were the wave of the future, beginning with the Mazda-built Courier pickup. This vehicle would be a \\\"stepping stone\\\" during which time Ford would develop their homegrown replacement, the Ranger.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nArgentine Ranchero\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nFrom 1973 to 1991, Ford Motor Argentina developed and sold a utility version of its own Ford Falcon called the Ford Ranchero. The first generation sold very well, and in 1974, exports began to Cuba. Later that year, it became the best-selling car in Argentina, with a total of 110,382 sold between 1973 and 1978. Production of the second-generation model lasted from 1978 to 1982, and production of the third generation lasted from 1982 to 1987. In 1987, the fourth and final generation was released and in 1988 a diesel model was added to the lineup for the first time, but it was discontinued as of 1989. Production of the fourth-generation Argentine Ranchero ended in 1991.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nToday\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nRancheros are reasonably collectible, though they are nowadays often overlooked in favor of the later-arriving Chevrolet El Camino, which stayed in production eight more years. Miniatures, apart from hand-cast resin kits from cottage-industry makers, are rare. Several Revell offerings of the 1957 model in both 1/32 and 1/25 scale have been offered over the years, as has a kit of the 1961 Ranchero by AMT/Ertl. A well-detailed promotional model of the 1959 intended for distribution by dealers was offered both with and without interior trim, windows, and friction drive by AMT/Ertl's predecessor, SMP; resin castings of this model's body are offered by the aforementioned cottage industries, as well. No Matchbox versions were made, but Johnny Lightning makes a 1964 model, Hot Wheels an adult collectible '57, and 2011 HW Premiere 65 Ford Ranchero Racing Champions made a 1/64 scale 1957 Ranchero and AMT/Ertl currently produces a diecast '57 which doubles as a bank. AMT was responsible for other early dealer promotional models, too, including those of the aforementioned El Camino.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nTonka produced a resin toy version of the 1968-69 model in roughly 1/24 scale as part of an auto transporter set; the front end of that toy arguably resembles the 1969 model more closely.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nThe idea of a car-based pickup remains an attractive one, and is an illustration of how favorable treatment for light trucks over cars by United States regulations skews the marketplace. Many Ranchero and El Camino owners, indeed, stopped buying new vehicles when those models were discontinued. Aftermarket conversions of the Fairmont Futura and Mercury Zephyr Z7 sport coupes to a Ranchero-like \\\"Durango\\\" pickup were sold in select Ford dealers in the early- to mid-1980s. Recently, interest in producing such vehicles again has grown, including those like the Subaru Baja, essentially an Outback station wagon with a stubby pickup bed instead of an enclosed cargo area. The Baja, like the Ranchero, is titled in most American states and Canadian provinces as a commercial vehicle. Until the late-2000s, the North American market tended to lean towards compact and midsized crew-cab four-door pickups such as the Ford Explorer Sport Trac and Chevrolet Colorado.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nHowever, with the compact pickups having grown towards midsized and encroaching on base models of more profitable full-sized pickups, some manufacturers such as Ford and Ram Trucks have discontinued even their compact and midsized offerings; Ford discontinued the North American Ranger in 2012 and opted not to sell its global replacement in North America due to being too close in size and price to the base model Ford F-150.\",\n \"Ford Ranchero\\n\\nIn Australia, Ford continues to produce a right-hand drive car based \\\"pickup\\\", with the FG X Falcon Ute available in style-side or tray-back form. Production of Falcon sedans and utilities is scheduled to cease in Australia in late 2016.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137892,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3738"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"The catchphrase of what Toy Story character was “To Infinity and Beyond”?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Buzz Lightyear"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["buzz lightyear toy story","buz lightyear","buzz light year","to infinity and beyond","mrs nesbit","buzz toy story","javier fernandez peña","buzz lightyear"],"string":"[\n \"buzz lightyear toy story\",\n \"buz lightyear\",\n \"buzz light year\",\n \"to infinity and beyond\",\n \"mrs nesbit\",\n \"buzz toy story\",\n \"javier fernandez peña\",\n \"buzz lightyear\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Toy Story\n\nToy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated adventure buddy comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by John Lasseter at his directorial debut, Toy Story was the first feature-length computer-animated film and the first theatrical film produced by Pixar. Toy Story follows a group of anthropomorphic toys who pretend to be lifeless whenever humans are present, and focuses on the relationship between Woody, a pullstring cowboy doll (voiced by Tom Hanks), and Buzz Lightyear, an astronaut action figure (voiced by Tim Allen). The film was written by John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, Joel Cohen, Alec Sokolow, and Joss Whedon, and featured music by Randy Newman. Its executive producers were Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull. It was released in theatres November 22, 1995.","Toy Story\n\nPixar, which produced short animated films to promote their computers, was approached by Disney to produce a computer-animated feature after the success of the short film, Tin Toy (1988), which is told from a small toy's perspective. Lasseter, Stanton, and Pete Docter wrote early story treatments which were thrown out by Disney, who pushed for a more edgy film. After disastrous story reels, production was halted and the script was re-written, better reflecting the tone and theme Pixar desired: that \"toys deeply want children to play with them, and that this desire drives their hopes, fears, and actions.\" The studio, then consisting of a relatively small number of employees, produced the film under minor financial constraints.","Toy Story\n\nThe top-grossing film on its opening weekend, Toy Story went on to earn over $361 million worldwide. Reviews were positive, praising both the animation's technical innovation and the screenplay's wit and sophistication, and it is now widely considered by many critics to be one of the best animated films ever made. The film received three Academy Award nominations, including Best Original Screenplay, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song for \"You've Got a Friend in Me\", as well as winning a Special Achievement Academy Award. It was inducted into the National Film Registry as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" in 2005, its first year of eligibility. In addition to home media releases and theatrical re-releases, Toy Story-inspired material has run the gamut from toys, video games, theme park attractions, spin-offs, merchandise, and two sequels—Toy Story 2 (1999) and Toy Story 3 (2010)—both of which also garnered massive commercial success and critical acclaim, with a third sequel, Toy Story 4, slated for a 2018 release.","Toy Story\n\nPlot","Toy Story\n\nIn a world where toys are living things who pretend to be lifeless when their owners are present, a group of toys owned by a six-year-old boy, Andy Davis (John Morris), are caught off-guard when Andy's birthday party is moved up a week, as Andy, his single mother (Laurie Metcalf) and infant sister Molly are preparing to move the following week. The toys' leader and Andy's favorite toy, an old fashioned cowboy doll named Sheriff Woody (Tom Hanks) organizes the other toys, including Bo Peep the shepherdess (Annie Potts), Mr. Potato Head (Don Rickles), Rex the Dinosaur (Wallace Shawn), Hamm the Piggy Bank (John Ratzenberger) and Slinky Dog (Jim Varney), into a scouting mission. Green army men, led by Sarge (R. Lee Ermey), spy on the party and report the results to the others via baby monitors. The toys are relieved when the party appears to end with none of them having been replaced, but then Andy receives a surprise gift – an electronic toy space ranger action figure named Buzz Lightyear (Tim Allen), who believes that he is an actual space ranger.","Toy Story\n\nBuzz impresses the other toys with his various features, and Andy begins to favor him, making Woody feel left out. As Andy prepares for a family outing at Pizza Planet, his mother allows him to bring only one toy along. Fearing Andy will choose Buzz, Woody attempts to trap him behind a desk, but ends up knocking him out a window instead, resulting in the other toys accusing Woody of murdering Buzz out of jealousy. Before they can exact punishment, Andy takes Woody instead and leaves for Pizza Planet. When the family stops for gas, Woody finds that Buzz has hitched a ride on the car as well, and the two fight, only to find the family has left without them. They manage to make their way to the restaurant by stowing away on a pizza delivery truck, where Buzz, still believing he is a real space ranger despite Woody's attempts to convince him otherwise, gets himself stuck in a crane game, where he is picked out by Andy's destructive neighbor Sid Phillips (Erik von Detten).","Toy Story\n\nBuzz attempts to escape from Sid's house, but fails, and, finally discovering he is a toy, sinks into despondence. Sid plans to launch Buzz on a firework rocket, but his plans are delayed by a thunderstorm. Woody tells Buzz about the joy he can bring to Andy as a toy, restoring his confidence. The next morning, Woody and Sid's mutant toy creations rescue Buzz just as Sid is about to launch the rocket and scare Sid into no longer abusing toys by coming to life in front of him. Woody and Buzz then leave Sid's house just as Andy and his family drive away toward their new home.","Toy Story\n\nThe duo try to make it to the moving truck, but Sid's dog, Scud, sees them and gives chase. Woody tries rescuing Buzz with Andy's RC car, but the other toys, thinking Woody eliminated RC as well, attack and toss him off the truck. Having evaded Scud, Buzz and RC pick up Woody and continue after the truck. Upon seeing Woody and Buzz together on RC, the other toys realize their mistake and try to help them get back aboard but RC's batteries become depleted, stranding them. Woody ignites the rocket on Buzz's back and manages to throw RC into the truck before they soar into the air. Buzz opens his wings to free himself from the rocket before it explodes, gliding with Woody to land safely into a box in the van, right next to Andy.","Toy Story\n\nOn Christmas Day, at their new house, Woody and Buzz stage another reconnaissance mission to prepare for the new toy arrivals. As Woody jokingly asks what might be worse than Buzz, they discover Andy's new gift is a puppy, and the two share a worried smile.","Toy Story\n\nCast","Toy Story\n\nMain cast","Toy Story\n\n* Tom Hanks as Sheriff Woody, a cowboy pull-string doll.\n* Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear, a space ranger action figure and Woody's rival, who later becomes his best friend.\n* Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head, a potato shaped doll with put together pieces on his body.\n* Jim Varney as Slinky Dog, a dachshund slink toy.\n* Wallace Shawn as Rex, a cowardly green Tyrannosaurus rex.\n* John Ratzenberger as Hamm, a piggy bank\n* Annie Potts as Bo Peep, a shepherdess and Woody's love interest.\n* John Morris as Andy Davis, Woody and Buzz's owner.\n* Erik von Detten as Sid Phillips, Andy's next door neighbor and a ten-year-old bully, who tortures toys for his own amusement.\n* Laurie Metcalf as Mrs. Davis, Andy's single mother.\n* R. Lee Ermey as Sarge, a green plastic figure soldier, and the leader of the other green soldiers.\n* Sarah Freeman as Hannah Phillips, Sid's younger sister.","Toy Story\n\nAdditional voices","Toy Story\n\n* Penn Jillette as TV announcer\n* Hannah Unkrich as Molly Davis, Andy's baby sister\n* Jack Angel as Shark/Rocky Gibraltar\n* Greg Berg as Minesweeper Soldier\n* Debi Derryberry as Squeeze toy aliens/Pizza Planet Intercom\n* Mickie McGowan as Ms. Phillips, Sid's mother\n* Ryan O'Donohue as kid in Buzz Lightyear commercial\n* Jeff Pidgeon as Squeeze toy aliens/Mr. Spell/Robot\n* Phil Proctor as Pizza Planet guard/bowling announcer\n* Joe Ranft as Lenny\n* Andrew Stanton as Buzz Lightyear commercial chorus","Toy Story\n\nProduction","Toy Story\n\nDevelopment","Toy Story\n\nDirector John Lasseter's first experience with computer animation was during his work as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation, when two of his friends showed him the lightcycle scene from Tron. It was an eye-opening experience which awakened Lasseter to the possibilities offered by the new medium of computer-generated animation. Lasseter tried to pitch the idea of a fully computer-animated film to Disney, but the idea was rejected and Lasseter was fired. He then went on to work at Lucasfilm and later as a founding member of Pixar, which was purchased by entrepreneur and Apple Inc. founder Steve Jobs in 1986. At Pixar, Lasseter created short, computer-animated films to show off the Pixar Image Computer's capabilities, and Tin Toy (1988) —a short told from the perspective of a toy, referencing Lasseter's love of classic toys— would go on to claim the 1988 Academy Award for animated short films, the first computer-generated film to do so.","Toy Story\n\nTin Toy gained Disney's attention, and the new team at The Walt Disney Company—CEO Michael Eisner and chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg in the film division —began a quest to get Lasseter to come back. Lasseter, grateful for Jobs' faith in him, felt compelled to stay with Pixar, telling co-founder Ed Catmull, \"I can go to Disney and be a director, or I can stay here and make history.\" Katzenberg realized he could not lure Lasseter back to Disney and therefore set plans into motion to ink a production deal with Pixar to produce a film. Disney had always made all their movies in-house, and refused to change this. But when Tim Burton, who used to work at Disney, wanted to buy back the rights to The Nightmare Before Christmas, Disney struck a deal allowing him to make it as a Disney movie outside the studio. This opened the door for Pixar to make their movies outside Disney.","Toy Story\n\nBoth sides were willing. Catmull and fellow Pixar co-founder Alvy Ray Smith had long wanted to produce a computer-animated feature. In addition, Disney had licensed Pixar's Computer Animation Production System (CAPS), and that made it the largest customer for Pixar's computers. Jobs made it apparent to Katzenberg that although Disney was happy with Pixar, it was not the other way around: \"We want to do a film with you,\" said Jobs. \"That would make us happy.\" At this same time, Peter Schneider, president of Walt Disney Feature Animation, was potentially interested in making a feature film with Pixar. When Catmull, Smith and head of animation Ralph Guggenheim met with Schneider in the summer of 1990, they found the atmosphere to be puzzling and contentious. They later learned that Katzenberg intended that if Disney were to make a film with Pixar, it would be outside Schneider's purview, which aggravated Schneider. After that first meeting, the Pixar contingent went home with low expectations and were surprised when Katzenberg called for another conference. Catmull, Smith and Guggenheim were joined by Bill Reeves (head of animation research and development), Jobs, and Lasseter.","Toy Story\n\nThey brought with them an idea for a half-hour television special called A Tin Toy Christmas. They reasoned that a television program would be a sensible way to gain experience before tackling a feature film.","Toy Story\n\nThey met with Katzenberg at a conference table in the Team Disney building at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank. Catmull and Smith considered it would be difficult to keep Katzenberg interested in working with the company over time. They considered it even more difficult to sell Lasseter and the junior animators on the idea of working with Disney, who had a bad reputation for how they treated their animators, and Katzenberg, who had built a reputation as a micromanaging tyrant. Katzenberg asserted this himself in the meeting: \"Everybody thinks I'm a tyrant. I am a tyrant. But I'm usually right.\" He threw out the idea of a half-hour special and eyed Lasseter as the key talent in the room: \"John, since you won't come work for me, I'm going to make it work this way.\" He invited the six visitors to mingle with the animators—\"ask them anything at all\"—and the men did so, finding they all backed up Katzenberg's statements. Lasseter felt he would be able to work with Disney and the two companies began negotiations. Pixar at this time was on the verge of bankruptcy and needed a deal with Disney.","Toy Story\n\nKatzenberg insisted that Disney be given the rights to Pixar's proprietary technology for making 3-D animation, but Jobs refused. In another case, Jobs demanded Pixar would have part ownership of the film and its characters, sharing control of both video rights and sequels, but Katzenberg refused. Disney and Pixar reached accord on contract terms in an agreement dated May 3, 1991, and signed on in early July. Eventually the deal specified that Disney would own the picture and its characters outright, have creative control, and pay Pixar about 12.5% of the ticket revenues. It had the option (but not the obligation) to do Pixar's next two films and the right to make (with or without Pixar) sequels using the characters in the film. Disney could also kill the film at any time with only a small penalty. These early negotiations would become a point of contention between Jobs and Eisner for many years.","Toy Story\n\nAn agreement to produce a feature film based on Tin Toy with a working title of Toy Story was finalized and production began soon thereafter.","Toy Story\n\nWriting","Toy Story\n\nThe original treatment for Toy Story, drafted by Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, and Pete Docter, had little in common with the eventual finished film. It paired Tinny, the one-man band from Tin Toy with a ventriloquist's dummy and sent them on a sprawling odyssey. Under studio head Jeffrey Katzenberg, Woody was the main villain, abusing the other toys until they rallied against him; however after Disney executive saw the storyboards they relinquished creative control to Pixar. The core idea of Toy Story was present from the treatment onward, however: that \"toys deeply want children to play with them, and that this desire drives their hopes, fears, and actions.\" Katzenberg felt the original treatment was problematic and told Lasseter to reshape Toy Story as more of an odd-couple buddy picture, and suggested they watch some classic buddy movies, such as The Defiant Ones and 48 Hrs., in which two characters with different attitudes are thrown together and have to bond. Lasseter, Stanton, and Docter emerged in early September 1991 with the second treatment, and although the lead characters were still Tinny and the dummy, the outline of the final film was beginning to take shape.","Toy Story\n\nThe script went through many changes before the final version. Lasseter decided Tinny was \"too antiquated\", and the character was changed to a military action figure, and then given a space theme. Tinny's name changed to Lunar Larry, then Tempus from Morph, and eventually Buzz Lightyear (after astronaut Buzz Aldrin). Lightyear's design was modeled on the suits worn by Apollo astronauts as well as G.I. Joe action figures. In addition, the green and purple color scheme on Lightyear's suit was inspired by Lasseter and his wife, Nancy, whose favorite colors were green and purple respectively. Woody, the second character, was inspired by a Casper the Friendly Ghost doll that Lasseter had when he was a child. Originally, Woody was a ventriloquist's dummy with a pull-string (hence the name Woody). However, character designer Bud Luckey suggested that Woody could be changed to a cowboy ventriloquist dummy. John Lasseter liked the contrast between the Western and the science fiction genres and the character immediately changed. Eventually all the ventriloquist dummy aspects of the character were deleted, because the dummy was designed to look \"sneaky and mean.\" However they kept the name Woody to pay homage to the Western actor Woody Strode.","Toy Story\n\nThe story department drew inspiration from films such as Midnight Run and The Odd Couple, and Lasseter screened Hayao Miyazaki's Castle in the Sky (1986) for further influence.","Toy Story\n\nToy Storys script was strongly influenced by the ideas of screenwriter Robert McKee. The members of Pixar's story team—Lasseter, Stanton, Docter and Joe Ranft—were aware that most of them were beginners at writing for feature films. None of them had any feature story or writing credits to their name besides Ranft, who had taught a story class at CalArts and did some storyboard work prior. Seeking insight, Lasseter and Docter attended a three-day seminar in Los Angeles given by McKee. His principles, grounded in Aristotle's Poetics, dictated that a character emerges most realistically and compellingly from the choices that the protagonist makes in reaction to his problems. Disney also appointed Joel Cohen, Alec Sokolow and, later, Joss Whedon to help develop the script. Whedon found that the script wasn't working but had a great structure, and added the character of Rex and sought a pivotal role for Barbie. The story team continued to touch up the script as production was underway. Among the late additions was the encounter between Buzz and the alien squeaky toys at Pizza Planet, which emerged from a brainstorming session with a dozen directors, story artists, and animators from Disney.","Toy Story\n\nCasting","Toy Story\n\nKatzenberg gave approval for the script on January 19, 1993, at which point voice casting could begin. Lasseter always wanted Tom Hanks to play the character of Woody. Lasseter claimed Hanks \"has the ability to take emotions and make them appealing. Even if the character, like the one in A League of Their Own, is down-and-out and despicable.\" Paul Newman, who subsequently accepted the role of Doc Hudson in another Pixar success, Cars, was considered for the role of Woody. Billy Crystal was approached to play Buzz, but turned down the role, which he later regretted, and subsequently accepted the role of Mike Wazowski in another Pixar success, Monsters, Inc.. In addition to Crystal, Bill Murray, Chevy Chase and Jim Carrey were also considered for Buzz. Lasseter took the role to Tim Allen, who was appearing in Disney's Home Improvement, and he accepted.","Toy Story\n\nTo gauge how an actor's voice would fit with a character, Lasseter borrowed a common Disney technique: animate a vocal monologue from a well-established actor to meld the actor's voice with the appearance or actions of the animated character. This early test footage, using Hanks' voice from Turner & Hooch, convinced Hanks to sign on to the film. Toy Story was both Hanks' and Allen's first animated film role.","Toy Story\n\nProduction shutdown","Toy Story\n\nEvery couple of weeks, Lasseter and his team would put together their latest set of storyboards or footage to show Disney. In early screen tests, Pixar impressed Disney with the technical innovation but convincing Disney of the plot was more difficult. At each presentation by Pixar, Katzenberg would tear much of it up, giving out detailed comments and notes. Katzenberg's big push was to add more edginess to the two main characters. Disney wanted the film to appeal to both children and adults, and asked for adult references to be added to the film. After many rounds of notes from Katzenberg and other Disney execs, the general consensus was that Woody had been stripped of almost all charm. Tom Hanks, while recording the dialogue for the story reels, exclaimed at one point that the character was a jerk.","Toy Story\n\nLasseter and his Pixar team had the first half of the movie ready to screen, so they brought it down to Burbank to show to Katzenberg and other Disney executives on November 19, 1993, an event they later dubbed \"The Black Friday Incident.\" The results were disastrous, and Schneider, who was never particularly enamored of Katzenberg's idea of having outsiders make animation for Disney, declared it a mess and ordered that production be stopped immediately. Katzenberg asked colleague Thomas Schumacher why the reels were bad. Schumacher replied bluntly: \"Because it's not their movie anymore, it's completely not the movie that John set out to make.\"","Toy Story\n\nLasseter was embarrassed with what was on the screen, later recalling, \"It was a story filled with the most unhappy, mean characters that I've ever seen.\" He asked Disney for the chance to retreat back to Pixar and rework the script in two weeks, and Katzenberg was supportive. Lasseter, Stanton, Docter and Ranft delivered the news of the production shutdown to the production crew, many of whom had left other jobs to work on the project. In the meantime, the crew would shift to television commercials while the head writers worked out a new script. Although Lasseter kept morale high by remaining outwardly buoyant, the production shutdown was \"a very scary time,\" recalled story department manager BZ Petroff. Schneider had initially wanted to shutdown production altogether and fire all recently hired animators. Katzenberg put the film under the wing of Walt Disney Feature Animation. The Pixar team was pleased that the move would give them an open door to counsel from Disney's animation veterans. Schneider, however, continued to take a dim view of the project and would later go over Katzenberg's head to urge Eisner to cancel it.","Toy Story\n\nStanton retreated into a small, dark, windowless office, emerging periodically with new script pages. He and the other story artists would then draw the shots on storyboards. Whedon came back to Pixar for part of the shutdown to help with revising, and the script was revised in two weeks as promised. When Katzenberg and Schneider halted production on Toy Story, Steve Jobs kept the work going with his own personal funding. Jobs did not insert himself much into the creative process, respecting the artists at Pixar and instead managing the relationship with Disney.","Toy Story\n\nThe Pixar team came back with a new script three months later, with the character of Woody morphed from being a tyrannical boss of Andy's other toys to being their wise and caring leader. It also included a more adult-oriented staff meeting amongst the toys rather than a juvenile group discussion that had existed in earlier drafts. Buzz Lightyear's character was also changed slightly \"to make it more clear to the audience that he really doesn't realize he's a toy.\" Katzenberg and Schneider approved the new approach, and by February 1994 the film was back in production. The voice actors returned in March 1994 to record their new lines. When production was greenlit, the crew quickly grew from its original size of 24 to 110, including 27 animators, 22 technical directors, and 61 other artists and engineers. In comparison, The Lion King, released in 1994, required a budget of $45 million and a staff of 800. In the early budgeting process, Jobs was eager to produce the film as efficiently as possible, impressing Katzenberg with his focus on cost-cutting.","Toy Story\n\nDespite this, the $17 million production budget was proving inadequate, especially given the major revision that was necessary after Katzenberg had pushed them to make Woody too edgy. Jobs demanded more funds to complete the film right, and insisted that Disney was liable for the cost overruns. Katzenberg was not willing, and Ed Catmull, described as \"more diplomatic than Jobs,\" was able to reach a compromise.","Toy Story\n\nAnimation","Toy Story\n\nRecruiting animators for Toy Story was brisk; the magnet for talent was not the pay, generally mediocre, but rather the allure of taking part in the first computer-animated feature. Lasseter said that on the challenges of the computer animation in the film \"We had to make things look more organic. Every leaf and blade of grass had to be created. We had to give the world a sense of history. So the doors are banged up, the floors have scuffs.\" The film began with animated storyboards to guide the animators in developing the characters. 27 animators worked on the film, using 400 computer models to animate the characters. Each character was either created out of clay or was first modeled off of a computer-drawn diagram before reaching the computer animated design. Once the animators had a model, articulation and motion controls were coded; this would allow each character to move in a variety of ways, such as talking, walking, or jumping. Out of all the characters, Woody was the most complex, as he required 723 motion controls, including 212 for his face and 58 for his mouth.","Toy Story\n\nThe first piece of animation, a 30-second test, was delivered to Disney in June 1992, when the company requested a sample of what the film would look like. Lasseter wanted to impress Disney with a number of things in the test that could not be done in traditional, hand-drawn animation, such as Woody's yellow plaid shirt with red stripes, the reflections in Buzz's helmet and the decals on his space suit, or venetian blind shadows falling across Andy's room.","Toy Story\n\nEvery shot in the film passed through the hands of eight different teams. The art department gave each shot its color scheme and general lighting. Under Craig Good, the layout department then placed the models in the shot, framed it by setting the location of the virtual camera, and programmed any camera movement. To make the medium feel as familiar as possible, they sought to stay within the limits of what might be done in a live-action film with real cameras, dollies, tripods, and cranes. Headed by directing animators Rich Quade and Ash Brannon, each shot went to the animation department from layout. Lasseter opted against Disney's approach of assigning an animator to work on a character throughout a film, but made certain exceptions in scenes where he thought acting was particularly critical. The animators used the Menv program to set each character in a desired pose. Once a sequence of hand-built poses (or \"keyframes\") was created, the software would build poses for the frames in-between. The animators studied videotapes of the actors for inspiration, and Lasseter rejected automatic lip-syncing.","Toy Story\n\nTo sync the characters' mouths and facial expressions to the actors' recorded voices, animators spent a week per 8 seconds of animation.","Toy Story\n\nAfterward, the animators would compile the scenes, and develop a new storyboard with the computer-animated characters. They then added shading, lighting, visual effects, and finally used 300 computer processors to render the film to its final design. Under Tom Porter, the shading team used RenderMan's shader language to create shader programs for each of a model's surfaces. A few surfaces in Toy Story came from real objects: a shader for the curtain fabric in Andy's room used a scan of actual cloth. Under Galyn Susman and Sharon Calahan, the lighting team orchestrated the final lighting of the shot after animation and shading. Each completed shot then went into rendering on a \"render farm\" of 117 Sun Microsystems computers that ran 24 hours a day. Finished animation emerged in a steady drip of around three minutes a week. Depending on its complexity, each frame took from 45 minutes up to 30 hours to render. The film required 800,000 machine hours and 114,240 frames of animation in total. There are over 77 minutes of animation spread across 1,561 shots. A camera team, aided by David DiFrancesco, recorded the frames onto film stock.","Toy Story\n\nToy Story was rendered at a mere 1,536 by 922 pixels, with each of them corresponding to roughly a quarter inch of screen area on a typical cinema screen. During post-production, the film was sent to Skywalker Sound, where the sound effects were mixed with the music score.","Toy Story\n\nMusic","Toy Story\n\nDisney was concerned with Lasseter's position on the use of music. Unlike other Disney films of the time, Lasseter did not want the film to be a musical, saying it was a buddy film featuring \"real toys.\" Joss Whedon agreed saying, \"It would have been a really bad musical, because it's a buddy movie. It's about people who won't admit what they want, much less sing about it. ... Buddy movies are about sublimating, punching an arm, 'I hate you.' It's not about open emotion.\" However, Disney favored the musical format, claiming \"Musicals are our orientation. Characters breaking into song is a great shorthand. It takes some of the onus off what they're asking for.\" Disney and Pixar reached a compromise: the characters in Toy Story would not break into song, but the film would use songs over the action, as in The Graduate, to convey and amplify the emotions that Buzz and Woody were feeling. Disney and Lasseter tapped Randy Newman to compose the film. The edited Toy Story was due to Newman and Gary Rydstrom in late September 1995 for their final work on the score and sound design, respectively.","Toy Story\n\nLasseter claimed \"His songs are touching, witty, and satirical, and he would deliver the emotional underpinning for every scene.\" Newman developed the film's signature song \"You've Got a Friend in Me\" in one day.","Toy Story\n\nEditing and pre-release","Toy Story\n\nIt was difficult for crew members to perceive the film's quality during much of the production process, when the finished footage was in scattered pieces and lacked elements like music and sound design. Some animators felt the film would be a significant disappointment commercially, but felt animators and animation fans would find it interesting. According to Lee Unkrich, one of the original editors of Toy Story, a scene was cut out of the original final edit. The scene features Sid, after Pizza Planet, torturing Buzz and Woody violently. Unkrich decided to cut right into the scene where Sid is interrogating the toys because the creators of the movie thought the audience would be loving Buzz and Woody at that point. Another scene, where Woody was trying to get Buzz's attention when he was stuck in the box crate, was shortened because the creators felt it would lose the energy of the movie. Peter Schneider had grown optimistic about the film as it neared completion, and announced a United States release date of November, coinciding with Thanksgiving weekend and the start of the winter holiday season.","Toy Story\n\nSources indicate that executive producer Steve Jobs lacked confidence in the film during its production, and he had been talking to various companies, ranging from Hallmark to Microsoft, about selling Pixar. However, as the film progressed, Jobs became ever more excited about it, feeling that he might be on the verge of transforming the movie industry. As scenes from the movie were finished, he watched them repeatedly and had friends come by his home to share his new passion. Jobs decided that the release of Toy Story that November would be the occasion to take Pixar public. A test audience near Anaheim in late July 1995 indicated the need for last-minute tweaks, which added further pressure to the already frenetic final weeks. Response cards from the audience were encouraging, but were not top of the scale, adding further question as to how audiences would respond. The film ended with a shot of Andy's house and the sound of a new puppy. Michael Eisner, who attended the screening, told Lasseter afterward that the film needed to end with a shot of Woody and Buzz together, reacting to the news of the puppy.","Toy Story\n\nSoundtrack","Toy Story\n\nThe soundtrack for Toy Story was produced by Walt Disney Records and was released on November 22, 1995, the week of the film's release. Scored and written by Randy Newman, the soundtrack has received praise for its \"sprightly, stirring score\". Despite the album's critical success, the soundtrack only peaked at number 94 on the Billboard 200 album chart. A cassette and CD single release of \"You've Got a Friend in Me\" was released on April 12, 1996, to promote the soundtrack's release. The soundtrack was remastered in 2006. After it went out of print, the album was made available for purchase digitally in retailers such as iTunes. The soundtrack, along with Newman's complete unreleased score for the film was reissued on July 17, 2015 as part of the Walt Disney Records: The Legacy Collection series.","Toy Story\n\nTrack listing","Toy Story\n\n;Charts","Toy Story\n\nRelease","Toy Story\n\nThere were two premieres of Toy Story in November 1995. Disney organized one at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, and built a fun house, Totally Toy Story, next door featuring the characters. Jobs did not attend and instead rented the Regency, a similar theater in San Francisco, and held his own premiere the next night. Instead of Tom Hanks and Tim Allen, the guests were Silicon Valley celebrities, such as Larry Ellison and Andy Grove. The dueling premieres highlighted a festering issue between the companies: whether Toy Story was a Disney or a Pixar film. \"The audience appeared to be captivated by the film,\" wrote David Price in his 2008 book The Pixar Touch. \"Adult-voiced sobs could be heard during the quiet moments after Buzz Lightyear fell and lay broken on the stairway landing.\" Toy Story opened on 2,281 screens in the United States on November 22, 1995 (before later expanding to 2,574 screens). It was paired alongside a reissue of a Roger Rabbit short called Rollercoaster Rabbit, while select prints contained The Adventures of André and Wally B..","Toy Story\n\nThe film was also shown at the Berlin International Film Festival out of competition from February 15 to 26, 1996. Elsewhere, the film opened in March 1996.","Toy Story\n\nMarketing","Toy Story\n\nMarketing for the film included $20 million spent by Disney for advertising as well as advertisers such as Burger King, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, and Payless ShoeSource paying $125 million in tied promotions for the film. A marketing consultant reflected on the promotion: \"This will be a killer deal. How can a kid, sitting through a one-and-a-half-hour movie with an army of recognizable toy characters, not want to own one?\" Despite this, Disney Consumer Products was slow to see the potential of Toy Story early on. When the Thanksgiving release date was announced in January 1995, many toy companies were accustomed to having eighteen months to two years of runway time, and passed on the project. In February 1995, Disney took the idea to Toy Fair, a toy industry trade show in New York. There, a Toronto-based company with a factory based in China, Thinkway Toys, became interested. Although Thinkway was a small player in the industry, mainly producing toy banks in the form of film characters, it was able to scoop up the worldwide master license for Toy Story toys simply because no one else wanted it.","Toy Story\n\nWalt Disney Home Video put a trailer for the film on seven million copies of the VHS re-release of Cinderella; the Disney Channel ran a television special on the making of Toy Story; Walt Disney World in Florida held a daily Toy Story parade at Disney-MGM Studios.","Toy Story\n\nIt was screenwriter Joss Whedon's idea to incorporate Barbie as a character who would rescue Woody and Buzz in the film's final act. The idea was dropped after Mattel objected and refused to license the toy. Producer Ralph Guggenheim claimed that Mattel did not allow the use of the toy as \"They [Mattel] philosophically felt girls who play with Barbie dolls are projecting their personalities onto the doll. If you give the doll a voice and animate it, you're creating a persona for it that might not be every little girl's dream and desire.\" Hasbro likewise refused to license G.I. Joe (mainly because Sid was going to blow one up), but they did license Mr. Potato Head. The only toy in the movie that was not in production was Slinky Dog, which was discontinued since the 1970s. When designs for Slinky were sent to Betty James (Richard James's wife) she said that Pixar had improved the toy and that it was \"cuter\" than the original.","Toy Story\n\n3-D re-release","Toy Story\n\nOn October 2, 2009, the film was re-released in Disney Digital 3-D. The film was also released with Toy Story 2 as a double feature for a two-week run which was extended due to its success. In addition, the film's second sequel, Toy Story 3, was also released in the 3-D format. Lasseter commented on the new 3-D re-release:","Toy Story\n\nThe Toy Story films and characters will always hold a very special place in our hearts and we're so excited to be bringing this landmark film back for audiences to enjoy in a whole new way thanks to the latest in 3-D technology. With Toy Story 3 shaping up to be another great adventure for Buzz, Woody and the gang from Andy's room, we thought it would be great to let audiences experience the first two films all over again and in a brand new way.","Toy Story\n\nTranslating the film into 3-D involved revisiting the original computer data and virtually placing a second camera into each scene, creating left-eye and right-eye views needed to achieve the perception of depth. Unique to computer animation, Lasseter referred to this process as \"digital archaeology.\" The process took four months, as well as an additional six months for the two films to add the 3-D. The lead stereographer Bob Whitehill oversaw this process and sought to achieve an effect that affected the emotional storytelling of the film:","Toy Story\n\nWhen I would look at the films as a whole, I would search for story reasons to use 3-D in different ways. In Toy Story, for instance, when the toys were alone in their world, I wanted it to feel consistent to a safer world. And when they went out to the human world, that's when I really blew out the 3-D to make it feel dangerous and deep and overwhelming.","Toy Story\n\nUnlike other countries, the United Kingdom received the films in 3-D as separate releases. Toy Story was released on October 2, 2009. Toy Story 2 was instead released January 22, 2010. The re-release performed well at the box office, opening with $12,500,000 in its opening weekend, placing at the third position after Zombieland and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. The double feature grossed $30,714,027 in its five-week release.","Toy Story\n\nHome media","Toy Story\n\nToy Story was released by Walt Disney Home Video on VHS and LaserDisc on October 29, 1996 with no bonus material. In the first week of this release, VHS rentals totaled $5.1 million, debuting Toy Story as the week's 1 video. Over 21.5 million VHS copies were sold the first year. A deluxe edition widescreen LaserDisc 4-disc box set was released on December 18, 1996. On January 11, 2000, the film was re-released on VHS, but this time as the first video to be part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection with the bonus short film Tin Toy. This release sold two million copies. The film was released on DVD on October 17, 2000 in a two-pack with its first sequel Toy Story 2. The same day, a 3-disc \"Ultimate Toy Box\" set was released, featuring Toy Story, Toy Story 2, and a third disc of bonus materials. The twin-pack release was later released individually on March 20, 2001. The DVD two-pack, the Ultimate Toy Box set, the Gold Classic Collection VHS and DVD, and the original DVD were all put in the Disney Vault on May 1, 2003.","Toy Story\n\nOn September 6, 2005, a 2-disc \"10th Anniversary Edition\" was released featuring much of the bonus material from the \"Ultimate Toy Box\", including a retrospective special with John Lasseter, a home theater mix, as well as a new picture. This DVD went back in the Disney Vault on January 31, 2009 along with Toy Story 2. The 10th Anniversary release was the last version of Toy Story to be released before taken out of the Disney Vault lineup along with Toy Story 2. Also on September 6, 2005, a bare-bones UMD of Toy Story was released for the Sony PlayStation Portable.","Toy Story\n\nThe film was available for the first time on Blu-ray in a Special Edition Combo Pack that included two discs, the Blu-ray, and the DVD versions of the film. This combo-edition was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on March 23, 2010, along with its sequel. There was a DVD-only re-release on May 11, 2010. Another \"Ultimate Toy Box\", packaging the Combo Pack with those of both sequels, became available on November 2, 2010. On November 1, 2011, along with the DVD and Blu-ray release of Cars 2, Toy Story and the other two films were released on each DVD/Blu-ray/Blu-ray 3D/Digital Copy combo pack (four discs each for the first two films, and five for the third film). They were also released on Blu-ray 3D in a complete trilogy box set.","Toy Story\n\nReception","Toy Story\n\nCritical response","Toy Story\n\nToy Story received widespread critical acclaim. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval 100% rating based on 78 reviews, with an average score of 9/10. The website's consensus reads, \"Entertaining as it is innovative, Toy Story reinvigorated animation while heralding the arrival of Pixar as a family-friendly force to be reckoned with.\" At Metacritic, which uses a normalized rating system, the film earned a \"universal acclaim\" level rating of 92/100 based on 16 reviews by mainstream critics. Reviewers hailed the film for its creative computer animation, voice cast, and ability to appeal to numerous age groups.","Toy Story\n\nLeonard Klady of Variety commended the animation's \"... razzle-dazzle technique and unusual look\" and that \"the camera loops and zooms in a dizzying fashion that fairly takes one's breath away.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times compared the film's innovative animation to Disney's Who Framed Roger Rabbit, saying that \"both movies take apart the universe of cinematic visuals and put it back together again, allowing us to see in a new way.\" Due to the film's creative animation, Richard Corliss of TIME claimed that it was \"... the year's most inventive comedy.\"","Toy Story\n\nThe voice cast was also praised by various critics. Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today approved of the selection of Hanks and Allen for the lead roles. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated that \"Starting with Tom Hanks, who brings an invaluable heft and believability to Woody, Toy Story is one of the best voiced animated features in memory, with all the actors ... making their presences strongly felt.\" \nSeveral critics also recognized the film's ability to appeal to various age groups, specifically children and adults. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote \"It has the purity, the ecstatic freedom of imagination, that's the hallmark of the greatest children's films. It also has the kind of spring-loaded allusive prankishness that, at times, will tickle adults even more than it does kids.\"","Toy Story\n\nIn 1995, Toy Story was ranked eighth in TIME s list of the \"Best 10 films of 1995\". In 2011, TIME named it one of the \"25 All-TIME Best Animated Films\". \nIt also ranks at number 99 in Empire magazine's list of the \"500 Greatest Films of All Time\" and as the \"highest-ranked animated movie\".","Toy Story\n\nIn 2003, the Online Film Critics Society ranked the film as the greatest animated film of all time. In 2007, the Visual Effects Society named the film 22nd in its list of the \"Top 50 Most Influential Visual Effects Films of All Time\". In 2005 (10 years after its theatrical release), the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, one of five films to be selected in its first year of eligibility. The film is ranked 99th on the AFI's list of the \"100 greatest American Films of All-Time\". It was one of the only two animated films on that list, the other being Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). It was also the sixth best in the animation genre on AFI's 10 Top 10.","Toy Story\n\nDirector Terry Gilliam would praise the film as \"a work of genius. It got people to understand what toys are about. They're true to their own character. And that's just brilliant. It's got a shot that's always stuck with me, when Buzz Lightyear discovers he's a toy. He's sitting on this landing at the top of the staircase and the camera pulls back and he's this tiny little figure. He was this guy with a massive ego two seconds before... and it's stunning. I'd put that as one of my top ten films, period.\"","Toy Story\n\nBox office performance","Toy Story\n\nBefore the film's release, executive producer and Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs stated \"If Toy Story is a modest hit—say $75 million at the box office, we'll [Pixar and Disney] both break even. If it gets $100 million, we'll both make money. But if it's a real blockbuster and earns $200 million or so at the box office, we'll make good money, and Disney will make a lot of money.\" Upon its release on November 22, 1995, Toy Story managed to gross more than $350 million worldwide. Disney chairman Michael Eisner stated \"I don't think either side thought Toy Story would turn out as well as it has. The technology is brilliant, the casting is inspired, and I think the story will touch a nerve. Believe me, when we first agreed to work together, we never thought their first movie would be our 1995 holiday feature, or that they could go public on the strength of it.\" The film's first five days of domestic release (on Thanksgiving weekend) earned it $39,071,176. The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $29,140,617 and maintained the 1 position at the domestic box office for the next two weekends.","Toy Story\n\nToy Story became the highest-grossing domestic film of 1995, beating Batman Forever, Apollo 13 (also starring Tom Hanks), Pocahontas, Casper, Waterworld,and GoldenEye. At the time of its release, it was the third highest-grossing animated film of all time, after The Lion King (1994) and Aladdin (1992). When not considering inflation, Toy Story is 96 on the list of the highest-grossing domestic films of all time. The film had gross receipts of $191,796,233 in the U.S. and Canada and $170,162,503 in international markets for a total of $361,958,736 worldwide. At the time of its release, the film ranked as 17th highest-grossing film (unadjusted) domestically and it was the 21st highest-grossing film worldwide.","Toy Story\n\nAccolades","Toy Story\n\nThe film won and was nominated for various other awards including a Kids' Choice Award, MTV Movie Award, and a British Academy Film Award, among others. John Lasseter received an Academy Special Achievement Award in 1996 \"for the development and inspired application of techniques that have made possible the first feature-length computer-animated film.\" Additionally, the film was nominated for three Academy Awards, two to Randy Newman for Best Music—Original Song, for \"You've Got a Friend in Me\", and Best Music—Original Musical or Comedy Score. It was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay for the work by Joel Cohen, Pete Docter, John Lasseter, Joe Ranft, Alec Sokolow, Andrew Stanton and Joss Whedon, making Toy Story the first animated film to be nominated for an Academy Award writing category.","Toy Story\n\nToy Story won eight Annie Awards, including \"Best Animated Feature\". Animator Pete Docter, director John Lasseter, musician Randy Newman, producers Bonnie Arnold and Ralph Guggenheim, production designer Ralph Eggleston, and writers Joel Cohen, Alec Sokolow, Andrew Stanton, and Joss Whedon all won awards for \"Best Individual Achievement\" in their respective fields for their work on the film. The film also won \"Best Individual Achievement\" in technical achievement.","Toy Story\n\nToy Story was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards, one for Best Motion Picture—Comedy or Musical, and one for Best Original Song—Motion Picture for Newman's \"You've Got a Friend in Me\". At both the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards and the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards, the film won \"Best Animated Film\". Toy Story is also among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14, and the highest-placed (at 99) animated film in Empire magazines list of \"500 Greatest Movie of All Time\". \nIn 2005, Toy Story, along with Toy Story 2 was voted the 4th greatest cartoon in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Cartoons poll, behind The Simpsons, Tom and Jerry and South Park.","Toy Story\n\nImpact and legacy","Toy Story\n\nToy Story had a large impact on the film industry with its innovative computer animation. After the film's debut, various industries were interested in the technology used for the film. Graphics chip makers desired to compute imagery similar to the film's animation for personal computers; game developers wanted to learn how to replicate the animation for video games; and robotics researchers were interested in building artificial intelligence into their machines that compared to the film's lifelike characters. Various authors have also compared the film to an interpretation of Don Quixote as well as humanism. In addition, Toy Story left an impact with its catchphrase \"To Infinity and Beyond\", sequels, and software, among others.","Toy Story\n\n\"To Infinity and Beyond\"","Toy Story\n\nBuzz Lightyear's classic line \"To Infinity and Beyond\" has seen usage not only on themed merchandise, but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well. In 2008, during STS-124 astronauts took an action figure of Buzz Lightyear into space on the Discovery Space Shuttle as part of an educational experience for students while stressing the catchphrase. The action figure was used for experiments in zero-g. It was reported in 2008 that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean. The phrase occurs in the lyrics of Beyoncé's 2008 song \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", during the bridge.","Toy Story\n\nSequels, shows, and spin-offs","Toy Story\n\nToy Story has spawned three sequels: Toy Story 2 (1999), Toy Story 3 (2010), and Toy Story 4, to be released in 2018. Initially, the first sequel to Toy Story was going to be a direct-to-video release, with development beginning in 1996. However, after the cast from Toy Story returned and the story was considered to be better than that of a direct-to-video release, it was announced in 1998 that the sequel would see a theatrical release. Toy Story's first sequel Toy Story 2 was released in theatres November 24, 1999 and saw the return of the majority of the voice cast from Toy Story, and the film focuses on Andy's toys going to rescue Woody after he is stolen at a yard sale by a greedy toy collector voiced by Wayne Knight. The film was equally well received by critics, many of whom thought it was even better than the first installment, earning a rare 100% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 163 reviews. At Metacritic, the film earned a favorable rating of 88/100 based on 34 reviews.","Toy Story\n\nThe film's widest release was 3,257 theaters and it grossed $485,015,179 worldwide, becoming the second-most successful animated film after The Lion King at the time of its release.","Toy Story\n\nThe second sequel Toy Story 3 was released in theatres June 18, 2010 and centers on Andy's toys being accidentally donated to a day-care center when Andy, now a teenager, is preparing to go to college. Again, the majority of the cast from the prior two films returned. It was the first film in the franchise to be released in 3-D for its first run, though the first two films, which were originally released in 2-D, were re-released in 3-D in 2009 as a double feature. Like its predecessors, Toy Story 3 received enormous critical acclaim, earning a 99% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes. It also grossed more than $1 billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing animated film until the release of 2013's Frozen.","Toy Story\n\nIn November 1996, the Disney on Ice: Toy Story ice show opened which featured the cast's voices as well as Randy Newman's music. In April 2008, the Disney Wonder cruise ship launched Toy Story: The Musical shows on its cruises.","Toy Story\n\nToy Story also led to a spin-off direct-to-video animated film, Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins, as well as the animated television series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command. The film and series followed Buzz Lightyear and his friends at Star Command as they uphold justice across the galaxy. Although the film was criticized for not using the same animation as in Toy Story and Toy Story 2, it sold three million VHS and DVDs in its first week of release. The television series brought further commercial and critical acclaim, winning a Daytime Emmy in 2001 for Outstanding Sound Editing. The series ran for a total of 65 episodes.","Toy Story\n\nFollowing the release of Toy Story 3, a series of Toy Story short films have been shown in theaters in front of other Disney features: Hawaiian Vacation (shown before Cars 2), centering on Barbie and Ken on vacation in Bonnie's room, Small Fry (shown before The Muppets), centering on Buzz being left in a fast-food restaurant, and Partysaurus Rex (shown before the 3D re-release of Finding Nemo), centering on Rex partying with Bonnie's bath toys.","Toy Story\n\nIn January 2013, a fan-made live-action version of the film was posted on YouTube that received more than 15 million views before being taken down by Disney for copyright of the audio. In February 2016, the video returned to YouTube.","Toy Story\n\nIn October 2013, ABC aired Toy Story of Terror!, promoting it as Pixar's first television special. In the special, Mr. Potato Head disappears and Woody, Buzz and Rex have to find him.","Toy Story\n\nOn December 2, 2014, ABC aired Toy Story That Time Forgot. In the story, Woody, Buzz, Rex and Trixie (one of the toy characters introduced in Toy Story 3) are trapped in room with a group of humanoid dinosaur warrior toys called Battlesaurs who do not know that they are toys and must escape.","Toy Story\n\nA third sequel, Toy Story 4, will be released on June 15, 2018. It will be directed by John Lasseter, and will focus on the romance between Woody and Bo Peep.","Toy Story\n\nSoftware and merchandise","Toy Story\n\nDisney's Animated Storybook: Toy Story and Disney's Activity Center: Toy Story were released for Windows and Mac. Disney's Animated Storybook: Toy Story was the best selling software title of 1996, selling over 500,000 copies. Two console video games were released for the film: the Toy Story video game, for the Sega Genesis, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, and PC as well as Toy Story Racer, for the PlayStation (which contains elements from Toy Story 2). Pixar created original animations for all of the games, including fully animated sequences for the PC titles.","Toy Story\n\nToy Story had a large promotion before its release, leading to numerous tie-ins with the film including images on food packaging. A variety of merchandise was released during the film's theatrical run and its initial VHS release including toys, clothing, and shoes, among other things. When an action figure for Buzz Lightyear and Sheriff Woody was created it was initially ignored by retailers. However, after over 250,000 figures were sold for each character before the film's release, demand continued to expand, eventually reaching over 25 million units sold by 2007.","Toy Story\n\nTheme park attractions","Toy Story\n\nToy Story and its sequels have inspired multiple attractions at the theme parks of Walt Disney World and Disneyland:\n* Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin at the Magic Kingdom casts theme park guests as cadets in Buzz's Space Ranger Corps. Guests ride through various scenes featuring Emperor Zurg's henchmen, firing \"laser cannons\" at their Z symbols, scoring points for each hit. * Buzz Lightyear's Astro Blasters at Disneyland, is similar to Space Ranger Spin, except that the laser cannons are hand-held rather than mounted to the ride vehicle. * Buzz Lightyear's Astroblasters at Walt Disney World's DisneyQuest, despite the nearly identical name to the Disneyland attraction, is a bumper car style attraction in which guests compete against each other not only by ramming their ride vehicles into each other, but also by firing \"asteroids\" (playground balls) at each other. * Toy Story Mania at both Walt Disney World's Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disneyland's Disney California Adventure features a series of interactive carnival-type games hosted by the Toy Story characters. Guests ride in vehicles while wearing 3-D glasses, and using a pull-string cannon to launch virtual rings, darts, baseballs, etc.","Toy Story\n\nDisney announced an update to the attraction to add characters from Toy Story 3 several months before the film's release date. * World of Color at Disney California Adventure is a large night time water and light show. Some of the scenes projected on the water screens feature animation from the Toy Story films. * Toy Story Playland at Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland, opening in August 2010 and 2011 respectively. The area is designed to create the illusion of \"shrinking the guest\" down to the size of a toy, and to play in Andy's backyard in several themed rides. * Toy Story Character Greetings are located at almost all Disney Parks. Three of the main characters, Buzz Lightyear, Woody and Jessie are normally the characters you would meet. Sometimes you can even meet Bullseye, the Green Army Men and Mr. Potato Head.","Toy Story\n\nOther influences","Toy Story\n\nToy Story's cast of characters forms the basis for the naming of the releases of the Debian computer operating system, from buzz in 1996 to stretch, the version currently (in 2015) being prepared for release.","Toy Story\n\nIn 2013 Pixar designed a \"Gromit Lightyear\" sculpture based on the Aardman Animations character Gromit for Gromit Unleashed which sold for £65,000.","Toy Story\n\nNotes"],"string":"[\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated adventure buddy comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by John Lasseter at his directorial debut, Toy Story was the first feature-length computer-animated film and the first theatrical film produced by Pixar. Toy Story follows a group of anthropomorphic toys who pretend to be lifeless whenever humans are present, and focuses on the relationship between Woody, a pullstring cowboy doll (voiced by Tom Hanks), and Buzz Lightyear, an astronaut action figure (voiced by Tim Allen). The film was written by John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, Joel Cohen, Alec Sokolow, and Joss Whedon, and featured music by Randy Newman. Its executive producers were Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull. It was released in theatres November 22, 1995.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nPixar, which produced short animated films to promote their computers, was approached by Disney to produce a computer-animated feature after the success of the short film, Tin Toy (1988), which is told from a small toy's perspective. Lasseter, Stanton, and Pete Docter wrote early story treatments which were thrown out by Disney, who pushed for a more edgy film. After disastrous story reels, production was halted and the script was re-written, better reflecting the tone and theme Pixar desired: that \\\"toys deeply want children to play with them, and that this desire drives their hopes, fears, and actions.\\\" The studio, then consisting of a relatively small number of employees, produced the film under minor financial constraints.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe top-grossing film on its opening weekend, Toy Story went on to earn over $361 million worldwide. Reviews were positive, praising both the animation's technical innovation and the screenplay's wit and sophistication, and it is now widely considered by many critics to be one of the best animated films ever made. The film received three Academy Award nominations, including Best Original Screenplay, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song for \\\"You've Got a Friend in Me\\\", as well as winning a Special Achievement Academy Award. It was inducted into the National Film Registry as being \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\" in 2005, its first year of eligibility. In addition to home media releases and theatrical re-releases, Toy Story-inspired material has run the gamut from toys, video games, theme park attractions, spin-offs, merchandise, and two sequels—Toy Story 2 (1999) and Toy Story 3 (2010)—both of which also garnered massive commercial success and critical acclaim, with a third sequel, Toy Story 4, slated for a 2018 release.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nPlot\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nIn a world where toys are living things who pretend to be lifeless when their owners are present, a group of toys owned by a six-year-old boy, Andy Davis (John Morris), are caught off-guard when Andy's birthday party is moved up a week, as Andy, his single mother (Laurie Metcalf) and infant sister Molly are preparing to move the following week. The toys' leader and Andy's favorite toy, an old fashioned cowboy doll named Sheriff Woody (Tom Hanks) organizes the other toys, including Bo Peep the shepherdess (Annie Potts), Mr. Potato Head (Don Rickles), Rex the Dinosaur (Wallace Shawn), Hamm the Piggy Bank (John Ratzenberger) and Slinky Dog (Jim Varney), into a scouting mission. Green army men, led by Sarge (R. Lee Ermey), spy on the party and report the results to the others via baby monitors. The toys are relieved when the party appears to end with none of them having been replaced, but then Andy receives a surprise gift – an electronic toy space ranger action figure named Buzz Lightyear (Tim Allen), who believes that he is an actual space ranger.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nBuzz impresses the other toys with his various features, and Andy begins to favor him, making Woody feel left out. As Andy prepares for a family outing at Pizza Planet, his mother allows him to bring only one toy along. Fearing Andy will choose Buzz, Woody attempts to trap him behind a desk, but ends up knocking him out a window instead, resulting in the other toys accusing Woody of murdering Buzz out of jealousy. Before they can exact punishment, Andy takes Woody instead and leaves for Pizza Planet. When the family stops for gas, Woody finds that Buzz has hitched a ride on the car as well, and the two fight, only to find the family has left without them. They manage to make their way to the restaurant by stowing away on a pizza delivery truck, where Buzz, still believing he is a real space ranger despite Woody's attempts to convince him otherwise, gets himself stuck in a crane game, where he is picked out by Andy's destructive neighbor Sid Phillips (Erik von Detten).\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nBuzz attempts to escape from Sid's house, but fails, and, finally discovering he is a toy, sinks into despondence. Sid plans to launch Buzz on a firework rocket, but his plans are delayed by a thunderstorm. Woody tells Buzz about the joy he can bring to Andy as a toy, restoring his confidence. The next morning, Woody and Sid's mutant toy creations rescue Buzz just as Sid is about to launch the rocket and scare Sid into no longer abusing toys by coming to life in front of him. Woody and Buzz then leave Sid's house just as Andy and his family drive away toward their new home.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe duo try to make it to the moving truck, but Sid's dog, Scud, sees them and gives chase. Woody tries rescuing Buzz with Andy's RC car, but the other toys, thinking Woody eliminated RC as well, attack and toss him off the truck. Having evaded Scud, Buzz and RC pick up Woody and continue after the truck. Upon seeing Woody and Buzz together on RC, the other toys realize their mistake and try to help them get back aboard but RC's batteries become depleted, stranding them. Woody ignites the rocket on Buzz's back and manages to throw RC into the truck before they soar into the air. Buzz opens his wings to free himself from the rocket before it explodes, gliding with Woody to land safely into a box in the van, right next to Andy.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nOn Christmas Day, at their new house, Woody and Buzz stage another reconnaissance mission to prepare for the new toy arrivals. As Woody jokingly asks what might be worse than Buzz, they discover Andy's new gift is a puppy, and the two share a worried smile.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nCast\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nMain cast\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\n* Tom Hanks as Sheriff Woody, a cowboy pull-string doll.\\n* Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear, a space ranger action figure and Woody's rival, who later becomes his best friend.\\n* Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head, a potato shaped doll with put together pieces on his body.\\n* Jim Varney as Slinky Dog, a dachshund slink toy.\\n* Wallace Shawn as Rex, a cowardly green Tyrannosaurus rex.\\n* John Ratzenberger as Hamm, a piggy bank\\n* Annie Potts as Bo Peep, a shepherdess and Woody's love interest.\\n* John Morris as Andy Davis, Woody and Buzz's owner.\\n* Erik von Detten as Sid Phillips, Andy's next door neighbor and a ten-year-old bully, who tortures toys for his own amusement.\\n* Laurie Metcalf as Mrs. Davis, Andy's single mother.\\n* R. Lee Ermey as Sarge, a green plastic figure soldier, and the leader of the other green soldiers.\\n* Sarah Freeman as Hannah Phillips, Sid's younger sister.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nAdditional voices\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\n* Penn Jillette as TV announcer\\n* Hannah Unkrich as Molly Davis, Andy's baby sister\\n* Jack Angel as Shark/Rocky Gibraltar\\n* Greg Berg as Minesweeper Soldier\\n* Debi Derryberry as Squeeze toy aliens/Pizza Planet Intercom\\n* Mickie McGowan as Ms. Phillips, Sid's mother\\n* Ryan O'Donohue as kid in Buzz Lightyear commercial\\n* Jeff Pidgeon as Squeeze toy aliens/Mr. Spell/Robot\\n* Phil Proctor as Pizza Planet guard/bowling announcer\\n* Joe Ranft as Lenny\\n* Andrew Stanton as Buzz Lightyear commercial chorus\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nProduction\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nDevelopment\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nDirector John Lasseter's first experience with computer animation was during his work as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation, when two of his friends showed him the lightcycle scene from Tron. It was an eye-opening experience which awakened Lasseter to the possibilities offered by the new medium of computer-generated animation. Lasseter tried to pitch the idea of a fully computer-animated film to Disney, but the idea was rejected and Lasseter was fired. He then went on to work at Lucasfilm and later as a founding member of Pixar, which was purchased by entrepreneur and Apple Inc. founder Steve Jobs in 1986. At Pixar, Lasseter created short, computer-animated films to show off the Pixar Image Computer's capabilities, and Tin Toy (1988) —a short told from the perspective of a toy, referencing Lasseter's love of classic toys— would go on to claim the 1988 Academy Award for animated short films, the first computer-generated film to do so.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nTin Toy gained Disney's attention, and the new team at The Walt Disney Company—CEO Michael Eisner and chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg in the film division —began a quest to get Lasseter to come back. Lasseter, grateful for Jobs' faith in him, felt compelled to stay with Pixar, telling co-founder Ed Catmull, \\\"I can go to Disney and be a director, or I can stay here and make history.\\\" Katzenberg realized he could not lure Lasseter back to Disney and therefore set plans into motion to ink a production deal with Pixar to produce a film. Disney had always made all their movies in-house, and refused to change this. But when Tim Burton, who used to work at Disney, wanted to buy back the rights to The Nightmare Before Christmas, Disney struck a deal allowing him to make it as a Disney movie outside the studio. This opened the door for Pixar to make their movies outside Disney.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nBoth sides were willing. Catmull and fellow Pixar co-founder Alvy Ray Smith had long wanted to produce a computer-animated feature. In addition, Disney had licensed Pixar's Computer Animation Production System (CAPS), and that made it the largest customer for Pixar's computers. Jobs made it apparent to Katzenberg that although Disney was happy with Pixar, it was not the other way around: \\\"We want to do a film with you,\\\" said Jobs. \\\"That would make us happy.\\\" At this same time, Peter Schneider, president of Walt Disney Feature Animation, was potentially interested in making a feature film with Pixar. When Catmull, Smith and head of animation Ralph Guggenheim met with Schneider in the summer of 1990, they found the atmosphere to be puzzling and contentious. They later learned that Katzenberg intended that if Disney were to make a film with Pixar, it would be outside Schneider's purview, which aggravated Schneider. After that first meeting, the Pixar contingent went home with low expectations and were surprised when Katzenberg called for another conference. Catmull, Smith and Guggenheim were joined by Bill Reeves (head of animation research and development), Jobs, and Lasseter.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThey brought with them an idea for a half-hour television special called A Tin Toy Christmas. They reasoned that a television program would be a sensible way to gain experience before tackling a feature film.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThey met with Katzenberg at a conference table in the Team Disney building at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank. Catmull and Smith considered it would be difficult to keep Katzenberg interested in working with the company over time. They considered it even more difficult to sell Lasseter and the junior animators on the idea of working with Disney, who had a bad reputation for how they treated their animators, and Katzenberg, who had built a reputation as a micromanaging tyrant. Katzenberg asserted this himself in the meeting: \\\"Everybody thinks I'm a tyrant. I am a tyrant. But I'm usually right.\\\" He threw out the idea of a half-hour special and eyed Lasseter as the key talent in the room: \\\"John, since you won't come work for me, I'm going to make it work this way.\\\" He invited the six visitors to mingle with the animators—\\\"ask them anything at all\\\"—and the men did so, finding they all backed up Katzenberg's statements. Lasseter felt he would be able to work with Disney and the two companies began negotiations. Pixar at this time was on the verge of bankruptcy and needed a deal with Disney.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nKatzenberg insisted that Disney be given the rights to Pixar's proprietary technology for making 3-D animation, but Jobs refused. In another case, Jobs demanded Pixar would have part ownership of the film and its characters, sharing control of both video rights and sequels, but Katzenberg refused. Disney and Pixar reached accord on contract terms in an agreement dated May 3, 1991, and signed on in early July. Eventually the deal specified that Disney would own the picture and its characters outright, have creative control, and pay Pixar about 12.5% of the ticket revenues. It had the option (but not the obligation) to do Pixar's next two films and the right to make (with or without Pixar) sequels using the characters in the film. Disney could also kill the film at any time with only a small penalty. These early negotiations would become a point of contention between Jobs and Eisner for many years.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nAn agreement to produce a feature film based on Tin Toy with a working title of Toy Story was finalized and production began soon thereafter.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nWriting\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe original treatment for Toy Story, drafted by Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, and Pete Docter, had little in common with the eventual finished film. It paired Tinny, the one-man band from Tin Toy with a ventriloquist's dummy and sent them on a sprawling odyssey. Under studio head Jeffrey Katzenberg, Woody was the main villain, abusing the other toys until they rallied against him; however after Disney executive saw the storyboards they relinquished creative control to Pixar. The core idea of Toy Story was present from the treatment onward, however: that \\\"toys deeply want children to play with them, and that this desire drives their hopes, fears, and actions.\\\" Katzenberg felt the original treatment was problematic and told Lasseter to reshape Toy Story as more of an odd-couple buddy picture, and suggested they watch some classic buddy movies, such as The Defiant Ones and 48 Hrs., in which two characters with different attitudes are thrown together and have to bond. Lasseter, Stanton, and Docter emerged in early September 1991 with the second treatment, and although the lead characters were still Tinny and the dummy, the outline of the final film was beginning to take shape.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe script went through many changes before the final version. Lasseter decided Tinny was \\\"too antiquated\\\", and the character was changed to a military action figure, and then given a space theme. Tinny's name changed to Lunar Larry, then Tempus from Morph, and eventually Buzz Lightyear (after astronaut Buzz Aldrin). Lightyear's design was modeled on the suits worn by Apollo astronauts as well as G.I. Joe action figures. In addition, the green and purple color scheme on Lightyear's suit was inspired by Lasseter and his wife, Nancy, whose favorite colors were green and purple respectively. Woody, the second character, was inspired by a Casper the Friendly Ghost doll that Lasseter had when he was a child. Originally, Woody was a ventriloquist's dummy with a pull-string (hence the name Woody). However, character designer Bud Luckey suggested that Woody could be changed to a cowboy ventriloquist dummy. John Lasseter liked the contrast between the Western and the science fiction genres and the character immediately changed. Eventually all the ventriloquist dummy aspects of the character were deleted, because the dummy was designed to look \\\"sneaky and mean.\\\" However they kept the name Woody to pay homage to the Western actor Woody Strode.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe story department drew inspiration from films such as Midnight Run and The Odd Couple, and Lasseter screened Hayao Miyazaki's Castle in the Sky (1986) for further influence.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Storys script was strongly influenced by the ideas of screenwriter Robert McKee. The members of Pixar's story team—Lasseter, Stanton, Docter and Joe Ranft—were aware that most of them were beginners at writing for feature films. None of them had any feature story or writing credits to their name besides Ranft, who had taught a story class at CalArts and did some storyboard work prior. Seeking insight, Lasseter and Docter attended a three-day seminar in Los Angeles given by McKee. His principles, grounded in Aristotle's Poetics, dictated that a character emerges most realistically and compellingly from the choices that the protagonist makes in reaction to his problems. Disney also appointed Joel Cohen, Alec Sokolow and, later, Joss Whedon to help develop the script. Whedon found that the script wasn't working but had a great structure, and added the character of Rex and sought a pivotal role for Barbie. The story team continued to touch up the script as production was underway. Among the late additions was the encounter between Buzz and the alien squeaky toys at Pizza Planet, which emerged from a brainstorming session with a dozen directors, story artists, and animators from Disney.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nCasting\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nKatzenberg gave approval for the script on January 19, 1993, at which point voice casting could begin. Lasseter always wanted Tom Hanks to play the character of Woody. Lasseter claimed Hanks \\\"has the ability to take emotions and make them appealing. Even if the character, like the one in A League of Their Own, is down-and-out and despicable.\\\" Paul Newman, who subsequently accepted the role of Doc Hudson in another Pixar success, Cars, was considered for the role of Woody. Billy Crystal was approached to play Buzz, but turned down the role, which he later regretted, and subsequently accepted the role of Mike Wazowski in another Pixar success, Monsters, Inc.. In addition to Crystal, Bill Murray, Chevy Chase and Jim Carrey were also considered for Buzz. Lasseter took the role to Tim Allen, who was appearing in Disney's Home Improvement, and he accepted.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nTo gauge how an actor's voice would fit with a character, Lasseter borrowed a common Disney technique: animate a vocal monologue from a well-established actor to meld the actor's voice with the appearance or actions of the animated character. This early test footage, using Hanks' voice from Turner & Hooch, convinced Hanks to sign on to the film. Toy Story was both Hanks' and Allen's first animated film role.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nProduction shutdown\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nEvery couple of weeks, Lasseter and his team would put together their latest set of storyboards or footage to show Disney. In early screen tests, Pixar impressed Disney with the technical innovation but convincing Disney of the plot was more difficult. At each presentation by Pixar, Katzenberg would tear much of it up, giving out detailed comments and notes. Katzenberg's big push was to add more edginess to the two main characters. Disney wanted the film to appeal to both children and adults, and asked for adult references to be added to the film. After many rounds of notes from Katzenberg and other Disney execs, the general consensus was that Woody had been stripped of almost all charm. Tom Hanks, while recording the dialogue for the story reels, exclaimed at one point that the character was a jerk.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nLasseter and his Pixar team had the first half of the movie ready to screen, so they brought it down to Burbank to show to Katzenberg and other Disney executives on November 19, 1993, an event they later dubbed \\\"The Black Friday Incident.\\\" The results were disastrous, and Schneider, who was never particularly enamored of Katzenberg's idea of having outsiders make animation for Disney, declared it a mess and ordered that production be stopped immediately. Katzenberg asked colleague Thomas Schumacher why the reels were bad. Schumacher replied bluntly: \\\"Because it's not their movie anymore, it's completely not the movie that John set out to make.\\\"\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nLasseter was embarrassed with what was on the screen, later recalling, \\\"It was a story filled with the most unhappy, mean characters that I've ever seen.\\\" He asked Disney for the chance to retreat back to Pixar and rework the script in two weeks, and Katzenberg was supportive. Lasseter, Stanton, Docter and Ranft delivered the news of the production shutdown to the production crew, many of whom had left other jobs to work on the project. In the meantime, the crew would shift to television commercials while the head writers worked out a new script. Although Lasseter kept morale high by remaining outwardly buoyant, the production shutdown was \\\"a very scary time,\\\" recalled story department manager BZ Petroff. Schneider had initially wanted to shutdown production altogether and fire all recently hired animators. Katzenberg put the film under the wing of Walt Disney Feature Animation. The Pixar team was pleased that the move would give them an open door to counsel from Disney's animation veterans. Schneider, however, continued to take a dim view of the project and would later go over Katzenberg's head to urge Eisner to cancel it.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nStanton retreated into a small, dark, windowless office, emerging periodically with new script pages. He and the other story artists would then draw the shots on storyboards. Whedon came back to Pixar for part of the shutdown to help with revising, and the script was revised in two weeks as promised. When Katzenberg and Schneider halted production on Toy Story, Steve Jobs kept the work going with his own personal funding. Jobs did not insert himself much into the creative process, respecting the artists at Pixar and instead managing the relationship with Disney.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe Pixar team came back with a new script three months later, with the character of Woody morphed from being a tyrannical boss of Andy's other toys to being their wise and caring leader. It also included a more adult-oriented staff meeting amongst the toys rather than a juvenile group discussion that had existed in earlier drafts. Buzz Lightyear's character was also changed slightly \\\"to make it more clear to the audience that he really doesn't realize he's a toy.\\\" Katzenberg and Schneider approved the new approach, and by February 1994 the film was back in production. The voice actors returned in March 1994 to record their new lines. When production was greenlit, the crew quickly grew from its original size of 24 to 110, including 27 animators, 22 technical directors, and 61 other artists and engineers. In comparison, The Lion King, released in 1994, required a budget of $45 million and a staff of 800. In the early budgeting process, Jobs was eager to produce the film as efficiently as possible, impressing Katzenberg with his focus on cost-cutting.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nDespite this, the $17 million production budget was proving inadequate, especially given the major revision that was necessary after Katzenberg had pushed them to make Woody too edgy. Jobs demanded more funds to complete the film right, and insisted that Disney was liable for the cost overruns. Katzenberg was not willing, and Ed Catmull, described as \\\"more diplomatic than Jobs,\\\" was able to reach a compromise.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nAnimation\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nRecruiting animators for Toy Story was brisk; the magnet for talent was not the pay, generally mediocre, but rather the allure of taking part in the first computer-animated feature. Lasseter said that on the challenges of the computer animation in the film \\\"We had to make things look more organic. Every leaf and blade of grass had to be created. We had to give the world a sense of history. So the doors are banged up, the floors have scuffs.\\\" The film began with animated storyboards to guide the animators in developing the characters. 27 animators worked on the film, using 400 computer models to animate the characters. Each character was either created out of clay or was first modeled off of a computer-drawn diagram before reaching the computer animated design. Once the animators had a model, articulation and motion controls were coded; this would allow each character to move in a variety of ways, such as talking, walking, or jumping. Out of all the characters, Woody was the most complex, as he required 723 motion controls, including 212 for his face and 58 for his mouth.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe first piece of animation, a 30-second test, was delivered to Disney in June 1992, when the company requested a sample of what the film would look like. Lasseter wanted to impress Disney with a number of things in the test that could not be done in traditional, hand-drawn animation, such as Woody's yellow plaid shirt with red stripes, the reflections in Buzz's helmet and the decals on his space suit, or venetian blind shadows falling across Andy's room.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nEvery shot in the film passed through the hands of eight different teams. The art department gave each shot its color scheme and general lighting. Under Craig Good, the layout department then placed the models in the shot, framed it by setting the location of the virtual camera, and programmed any camera movement. To make the medium feel as familiar as possible, they sought to stay within the limits of what might be done in a live-action film with real cameras, dollies, tripods, and cranes. Headed by directing animators Rich Quade and Ash Brannon, each shot went to the animation department from layout. Lasseter opted against Disney's approach of assigning an animator to work on a character throughout a film, but made certain exceptions in scenes where he thought acting was particularly critical. The animators used the Menv program to set each character in a desired pose. Once a sequence of hand-built poses (or \\\"keyframes\\\") was created, the software would build poses for the frames in-between. The animators studied videotapes of the actors for inspiration, and Lasseter rejected automatic lip-syncing.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nTo sync the characters' mouths and facial expressions to the actors' recorded voices, animators spent a week per 8 seconds of animation.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nAfterward, the animators would compile the scenes, and develop a new storyboard with the computer-animated characters. They then added shading, lighting, visual effects, and finally used 300 computer processors to render the film to its final design. Under Tom Porter, the shading team used RenderMan's shader language to create shader programs for each of a model's surfaces. A few surfaces in Toy Story came from real objects: a shader for the curtain fabric in Andy's room used a scan of actual cloth. Under Galyn Susman and Sharon Calahan, the lighting team orchestrated the final lighting of the shot after animation and shading. Each completed shot then went into rendering on a \\\"render farm\\\" of 117 Sun Microsystems computers that ran 24 hours a day. Finished animation emerged in a steady drip of around three minutes a week. Depending on its complexity, each frame took from 45 minutes up to 30 hours to render. The film required 800,000 machine hours and 114,240 frames of animation in total. There are over 77 minutes of animation spread across 1,561 shots. A camera team, aided by David DiFrancesco, recorded the frames onto film stock.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story was rendered at a mere 1,536 by 922 pixels, with each of them corresponding to roughly a quarter inch of screen area on a typical cinema screen. During post-production, the film was sent to Skywalker Sound, where the sound effects were mixed with the music score.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nMusic\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nDisney was concerned with Lasseter's position on the use of music. Unlike other Disney films of the time, Lasseter did not want the film to be a musical, saying it was a buddy film featuring \\\"real toys.\\\" Joss Whedon agreed saying, \\\"It would have been a really bad musical, because it's a buddy movie. It's about people who won't admit what they want, much less sing about it. ... Buddy movies are about sublimating, punching an arm, 'I hate you.' It's not about open emotion.\\\" However, Disney favored the musical format, claiming \\\"Musicals are our orientation. Characters breaking into song is a great shorthand. It takes some of the onus off what they're asking for.\\\" Disney and Pixar reached a compromise: the characters in Toy Story would not break into song, but the film would use songs over the action, as in The Graduate, to convey and amplify the emotions that Buzz and Woody were feeling. Disney and Lasseter tapped Randy Newman to compose the film. The edited Toy Story was due to Newman and Gary Rydstrom in late September 1995 for their final work on the score and sound design, respectively.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nLasseter claimed \\\"His songs are touching, witty, and satirical, and he would deliver the emotional underpinning for every scene.\\\" Newman developed the film's signature song \\\"You've Got a Friend in Me\\\" in one day.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nEditing and pre-release\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nIt was difficult for crew members to perceive the film's quality during much of the production process, when the finished footage was in scattered pieces and lacked elements like music and sound design. Some animators felt the film would be a significant disappointment commercially, but felt animators and animation fans would find it interesting. According to Lee Unkrich, one of the original editors of Toy Story, a scene was cut out of the original final edit. The scene features Sid, after Pizza Planet, torturing Buzz and Woody violently. Unkrich decided to cut right into the scene where Sid is interrogating the toys because the creators of the movie thought the audience would be loving Buzz and Woody at that point. Another scene, where Woody was trying to get Buzz's attention when he was stuck in the box crate, was shortened because the creators felt it would lose the energy of the movie. Peter Schneider had grown optimistic about the film as it neared completion, and announced a United States release date of November, coinciding with Thanksgiving weekend and the start of the winter holiday season.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nSources indicate that executive producer Steve Jobs lacked confidence in the film during its production, and he had been talking to various companies, ranging from Hallmark to Microsoft, about selling Pixar. However, as the film progressed, Jobs became ever more excited about it, feeling that he might be on the verge of transforming the movie industry. As scenes from the movie were finished, he watched them repeatedly and had friends come by his home to share his new passion. Jobs decided that the release of Toy Story that November would be the occasion to take Pixar public. A test audience near Anaheim in late July 1995 indicated the need for last-minute tweaks, which added further pressure to the already frenetic final weeks. Response cards from the audience were encouraging, but were not top of the scale, adding further question as to how audiences would respond. The film ended with a shot of Andy's house and the sound of a new puppy. Michael Eisner, who attended the screening, told Lasseter afterward that the film needed to end with a shot of Woody and Buzz together, reacting to the news of the puppy.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nSoundtrack\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe soundtrack for Toy Story was produced by Walt Disney Records and was released on November 22, 1995, the week of the film's release. Scored and written by Randy Newman, the soundtrack has received praise for its \\\"sprightly, stirring score\\\". Despite the album's critical success, the soundtrack only peaked at number 94 on the Billboard 200 album chart. A cassette and CD single release of \\\"You've Got a Friend in Me\\\" was released on April 12, 1996, to promote the soundtrack's release. The soundtrack was remastered in 2006. After it went out of print, the album was made available for purchase digitally in retailers such as iTunes. The soundtrack, along with Newman's complete unreleased score for the film was reissued on July 17, 2015 as part of the Walt Disney Records: The Legacy Collection series.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nTrack listing\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\n;Charts\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nRelease\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThere were two premieres of Toy Story in November 1995. Disney organized one at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, and built a fun house, Totally Toy Story, next door featuring the characters. Jobs did not attend and instead rented the Regency, a similar theater in San Francisco, and held his own premiere the next night. Instead of Tom Hanks and Tim Allen, the guests were Silicon Valley celebrities, such as Larry Ellison and Andy Grove. The dueling premieres highlighted a festering issue between the companies: whether Toy Story was a Disney or a Pixar film. \\\"The audience appeared to be captivated by the film,\\\" wrote David Price in his 2008 book The Pixar Touch. \\\"Adult-voiced sobs could be heard during the quiet moments after Buzz Lightyear fell and lay broken on the stairway landing.\\\" Toy Story opened on 2,281 screens in the United States on November 22, 1995 (before later expanding to 2,574 screens). It was paired alongside a reissue of a Roger Rabbit short called Rollercoaster Rabbit, while select prints contained The Adventures of André and Wally B..\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe film was also shown at the Berlin International Film Festival out of competition from February 15 to 26, 1996. Elsewhere, the film opened in March 1996.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nMarketing\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nMarketing for the film included $20 million spent by Disney for advertising as well as advertisers such as Burger King, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, and Payless ShoeSource paying $125 million in tied promotions for the film. A marketing consultant reflected on the promotion: \\\"This will be a killer deal. How can a kid, sitting through a one-and-a-half-hour movie with an army of recognizable toy characters, not want to own one?\\\" Despite this, Disney Consumer Products was slow to see the potential of Toy Story early on. When the Thanksgiving release date was announced in January 1995, many toy companies were accustomed to having eighteen months to two years of runway time, and passed on the project. In February 1995, Disney took the idea to Toy Fair, a toy industry trade show in New York. There, a Toronto-based company with a factory based in China, Thinkway Toys, became interested. Although Thinkway was a small player in the industry, mainly producing toy banks in the form of film characters, it was able to scoop up the worldwide master license for Toy Story toys simply because no one else wanted it.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nWalt Disney Home Video put a trailer for the film on seven million copies of the VHS re-release of Cinderella; the Disney Channel ran a television special on the making of Toy Story; Walt Disney World in Florida held a daily Toy Story parade at Disney-MGM Studios.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nIt was screenwriter Joss Whedon's idea to incorporate Barbie as a character who would rescue Woody and Buzz in the film's final act. The idea was dropped after Mattel objected and refused to license the toy. Producer Ralph Guggenheim claimed that Mattel did not allow the use of the toy as \\\"They [Mattel] philosophically felt girls who play with Barbie dolls are projecting their personalities onto the doll. If you give the doll a voice and animate it, you're creating a persona for it that might not be every little girl's dream and desire.\\\" Hasbro likewise refused to license G.I. Joe (mainly because Sid was going to blow one up), but they did license Mr. Potato Head. The only toy in the movie that was not in production was Slinky Dog, which was discontinued since the 1970s. When designs for Slinky were sent to Betty James (Richard James's wife) she said that Pixar had improved the toy and that it was \\\"cuter\\\" than the original.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\n3-D re-release\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nOn October 2, 2009, the film was re-released in Disney Digital 3-D. The film was also released with Toy Story 2 as a double feature for a two-week run which was extended due to its success. In addition, the film's second sequel, Toy Story 3, was also released in the 3-D format. Lasseter commented on the new 3-D re-release:\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe Toy Story films and characters will always hold a very special place in our hearts and we're so excited to be bringing this landmark film back for audiences to enjoy in a whole new way thanks to the latest in 3-D technology. With Toy Story 3 shaping up to be another great adventure for Buzz, Woody and the gang from Andy's room, we thought it would be great to let audiences experience the first two films all over again and in a brand new way.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nTranslating the film into 3-D involved revisiting the original computer data and virtually placing a second camera into each scene, creating left-eye and right-eye views needed to achieve the perception of depth. Unique to computer animation, Lasseter referred to this process as \\\"digital archaeology.\\\" The process took four months, as well as an additional six months for the two films to add the 3-D. The lead stereographer Bob Whitehill oversaw this process and sought to achieve an effect that affected the emotional storytelling of the film:\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nWhen I would look at the films as a whole, I would search for story reasons to use 3-D in different ways. In Toy Story, for instance, when the toys were alone in their world, I wanted it to feel consistent to a safer world. And when they went out to the human world, that's when I really blew out the 3-D to make it feel dangerous and deep and overwhelming.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nUnlike other countries, the United Kingdom received the films in 3-D as separate releases. Toy Story was released on October 2, 2009. Toy Story 2 was instead released January 22, 2010. The re-release performed well at the box office, opening with $12,500,000 in its opening weekend, placing at the third position after Zombieland and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. The double feature grossed $30,714,027 in its five-week release.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nHome media\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story was released by Walt Disney Home Video on VHS and LaserDisc on October 29, 1996 with no bonus material. In the first week of this release, VHS rentals totaled $5.1 million, debuting Toy Story as the week's 1 video. Over 21.5 million VHS copies were sold the first year. A deluxe edition widescreen LaserDisc 4-disc box set was released on December 18, 1996. On January 11, 2000, the film was re-released on VHS, but this time as the first video to be part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection with the bonus short film Tin Toy. This release sold two million copies. The film was released on DVD on October 17, 2000 in a two-pack with its first sequel Toy Story 2. The same day, a 3-disc \\\"Ultimate Toy Box\\\" set was released, featuring Toy Story, Toy Story 2, and a third disc of bonus materials. The twin-pack release was later released individually on March 20, 2001. The DVD two-pack, the Ultimate Toy Box set, the Gold Classic Collection VHS and DVD, and the original DVD were all put in the Disney Vault on May 1, 2003.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nOn September 6, 2005, a 2-disc \\\"10th Anniversary Edition\\\" was released featuring much of the bonus material from the \\\"Ultimate Toy Box\\\", including a retrospective special with John Lasseter, a home theater mix, as well as a new picture. This DVD went back in the Disney Vault on January 31, 2009 along with Toy Story 2. The 10th Anniversary release was the last version of Toy Story to be released before taken out of the Disney Vault lineup along with Toy Story 2. Also on September 6, 2005, a bare-bones UMD of Toy Story was released for the Sony PlayStation Portable.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe film was available for the first time on Blu-ray in a Special Edition Combo Pack that included two discs, the Blu-ray, and the DVD versions of the film. This combo-edition was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on March 23, 2010, along with its sequel. There was a DVD-only re-release on May 11, 2010. Another \\\"Ultimate Toy Box\\\", packaging the Combo Pack with those of both sequels, became available on November 2, 2010. On November 1, 2011, along with the DVD and Blu-ray release of Cars 2, Toy Story and the other two films were released on each DVD/Blu-ray/Blu-ray 3D/Digital Copy combo pack (four discs each for the first two films, and five for the third film). They were also released on Blu-ray 3D in a complete trilogy box set.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nReception\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nCritical response\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story received widespread critical acclaim. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval 100% rating based on 78 reviews, with an average score of 9/10. The website's consensus reads, \\\"Entertaining as it is innovative, Toy Story reinvigorated animation while heralding the arrival of Pixar as a family-friendly force to be reckoned with.\\\" At Metacritic, which uses a normalized rating system, the film earned a \\\"universal acclaim\\\" level rating of 92/100 based on 16 reviews by mainstream critics. Reviewers hailed the film for its creative computer animation, voice cast, and ability to appeal to numerous age groups.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nLeonard Klady of Variety commended the animation's \\\"... razzle-dazzle technique and unusual look\\\" and that \\\"the camera loops and zooms in a dizzying fashion that fairly takes one's breath away.\\\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times compared the film's innovative animation to Disney's Who Framed Roger Rabbit, saying that \\\"both movies take apart the universe of cinematic visuals and put it back together again, allowing us to see in a new way.\\\" Due to the film's creative animation, Richard Corliss of TIME claimed that it was \\\"... the year's most inventive comedy.\\\"\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe voice cast was also praised by various critics. Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today approved of the selection of Hanks and Allen for the lead roles. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated that \\\"Starting with Tom Hanks, who brings an invaluable heft and believability to Woody, Toy Story is one of the best voiced animated features in memory, with all the actors ... making their presences strongly felt.\\\" \\nSeveral critics also recognized the film's ability to appeal to various age groups, specifically children and adults. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote \\\"It has the purity, the ecstatic freedom of imagination, that's the hallmark of the greatest children's films. It also has the kind of spring-loaded allusive prankishness that, at times, will tickle adults even more than it does kids.\\\"\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nIn 1995, Toy Story was ranked eighth in TIME s list of the \\\"Best 10 films of 1995\\\". In 2011, TIME named it one of the \\\"25 All-TIME Best Animated Films\\\". \\nIt also ranks at number 99 in Empire magazine's list of the \\\"500 Greatest Films of All Time\\\" and as the \\\"highest-ranked animated movie\\\".\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nIn 2003, the Online Film Critics Society ranked the film as the greatest animated film of all time. In 2007, the Visual Effects Society named the film 22nd in its list of the \\\"Top 50 Most Influential Visual Effects Films of All Time\\\". In 2005 (10 years after its theatrical release), the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, one of five films to be selected in its first year of eligibility. The film is ranked 99th on the AFI's list of the \\\"100 greatest American Films of All-Time\\\". It was one of the only two animated films on that list, the other being Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). It was also the sixth best in the animation genre on AFI's 10 Top 10.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nDirector Terry Gilliam would praise the film as \\\"a work of genius. It got people to understand what toys are about. They're true to their own character. And that's just brilliant. It's got a shot that's always stuck with me, when Buzz Lightyear discovers he's a toy. He's sitting on this landing at the top of the staircase and the camera pulls back and he's this tiny little figure. He was this guy with a massive ego two seconds before... and it's stunning. I'd put that as one of my top ten films, period.\\\"\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nBox office performance\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nBefore the film's release, executive producer and Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs stated \\\"If Toy Story is a modest hit—say $75 million at the box office, we'll [Pixar and Disney] both break even. If it gets $100 million, we'll both make money. But if it's a real blockbuster and earns $200 million or so at the box office, we'll make good money, and Disney will make a lot of money.\\\" Upon its release on November 22, 1995, Toy Story managed to gross more than $350 million worldwide. Disney chairman Michael Eisner stated \\\"I don't think either side thought Toy Story would turn out as well as it has. The technology is brilliant, the casting is inspired, and I think the story will touch a nerve. Believe me, when we first agreed to work together, we never thought their first movie would be our 1995 holiday feature, or that they could go public on the strength of it.\\\" The film's first five days of domestic release (on Thanksgiving weekend) earned it $39,071,176. The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $29,140,617 and maintained the 1 position at the domestic box office for the next two weekends.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story became the highest-grossing domestic film of 1995, beating Batman Forever, Apollo 13 (also starring Tom Hanks), Pocahontas, Casper, Waterworld,and GoldenEye. At the time of its release, it was the third highest-grossing animated film of all time, after The Lion King (1994) and Aladdin (1992). When not considering inflation, Toy Story is 96 on the list of the highest-grossing domestic films of all time. The film had gross receipts of $191,796,233 in the U.S. and Canada and $170,162,503 in international markets for a total of $361,958,736 worldwide. At the time of its release, the film ranked as 17th highest-grossing film (unadjusted) domestically and it was the 21st highest-grossing film worldwide.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nAccolades\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe film won and was nominated for various other awards including a Kids' Choice Award, MTV Movie Award, and a British Academy Film Award, among others. John Lasseter received an Academy Special Achievement Award in 1996 \\\"for the development and inspired application of techniques that have made possible the first feature-length computer-animated film.\\\" Additionally, the film was nominated for three Academy Awards, two to Randy Newman for Best Music—Original Song, for \\\"You've Got a Friend in Me\\\", and Best Music—Original Musical or Comedy Score. It was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay for the work by Joel Cohen, Pete Docter, John Lasseter, Joe Ranft, Alec Sokolow, Andrew Stanton and Joss Whedon, making Toy Story the first animated film to be nominated for an Academy Award writing category.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story won eight Annie Awards, including \\\"Best Animated Feature\\\". Animator Pete Docter, director John Lasseter, musician Randy Newman, producers Bonnie Arnold and Ralph Guggenheim, production designer Ralph Eggleston, and writers Joel Cohen, Alec Sokolow, Andrew Stanton, and Joss Whedon all won awards for \\\"Best Individual Achievement\\\" in their respective fields for their work on the film. The film also won \\\"Best Individual Achievement\\\" in technical achievement.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards, one for Best Motion Picture—Comedy or Musical, and one for Best Original Song—Motion Picture for Newman's \\\"You've Got a Friend in Me\\\". At both the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards and the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards, the film won \\\"Best Animated Film\\\". Toy Story is also among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14, and the highest-placed (at 99) animated film in Empire magazines list of \\\"500 Greatest Movie of All Time\\\". \\nIn 2005, Toy Story, along with Toy Story 2 was voted the 4th greatest cartoon in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Cartoons poll, behind The Simpsons, Tom and Jerry and South Park.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nImpact and legacy\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story had a large impact on the film industry with its innovative computer animation. After the film's debut, various industries were interested in the technology used for the film. Graphics chip makers desired to compute imagery similar to the film's animation for personal computers; game developers wanted to learn how to replicate the animation for video games; and robotics researchers were interested in building artificial intelligence into their machines that compared to the film's lifelike characters. Various authors have also compared the film to an interpretation of Don Quixote as well as humanism. In addition, Toy Story left an impact with its catchphrase \\\"To Infinity and Beyond\\\", sequels, and software, among others.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\n\\\"To Infinity and Beyond\\\"\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nBuzz Lightyear's classic line \\\"To Infinity and Beyond\\\" has seen usage not only on themed merchandise, but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well. In 2008, during STS-124 astronauts took an action figure of Buzz Lightyear into space on the Discovery Space Shuttle as part of an educational experience for students while stressing the catchphrase. The action figure was used for experiments in zero-g. It was reported in 2008 that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean. The phrase occurs in the lyrics of Beyoncé's 2008 song \\\"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\\\", during the bridge.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nSequels, shows, and spin-offs\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story has spawned three sequels: Toy Story 2 (1999), Toy Story 3 (2010), and Toy Story 4, to be released in 2018. Initially, the first sequel to Toy Story was going to be a direct-to-video release, with development beginning in 1996. However, after the cast from Toy Story returned and the story was considered to be better than that of a direct-to-video release, it was announced in 1998 that the sequel would see a theatrical release. Toy Story's first sequel Toy Story 2 was released in theatres November 24, 1999 and saw the return of the majority of the voice cast from Toy Story, and the film focuses on Andy's toys going to rescue Woody after he is stolen at a yard sale by a greedy toy collector voiced by Wayne Knight. The film was equally well received by critics, many of whom thought it was even better than the first installment, earning a rare 100% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 163 reviews. At Metacritic, the film earned a favorable rating of 88/100 based on 34 reviews.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe film's widest release was 3,257 theaters and it grossed $485,015,179 worldwide, becoming the second-most successful animated film after The Lion King at the time of its release.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nThe second sequel Toy Story 3 was released in theatres June 18, 2010 and centers on Andy's toys being accidentally donated to a day-care center when Andy, now a teenager, is preparing to go to college. Again, the majority of the cast from the prior two films returned. It was the first film in the franchise to be released in 3-D for its first run, though the first two films, which were originally released in 2-D, were re-released in 3-D in 2009 as a double feature. Like its predecessors, Toy Story 3 received enormous critical acclaim, earning a 99% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes. It also grossed more than $1 billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing animated film until the release of 2013's Frozen.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nIn November 1996, the Disney on Ice: Toy Story ice show opened which featured the cast's voices as well as Randy Newman's music. In April 2008, the Disney Wonder cruise ship launched Toy Story: The Musical shows on its cruises.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story also led to a spin-off direct-to-video animated film, Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins, as well as the animated television series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command. The film and series followed Buzz Lightyear and his friends at Star Command as they uphold justice across the galaxy. Although the film was criticized for not using the same animation as in Toy Story and Toy Story 2, it sold three million VHS and DVDs in its first week of release. The television series brought further commercial and critical acclaim, winning a Daytime Emmy in 2001 for Outstanding Sound Editing. The series ran for a total of 65 episodes.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nFollowing the release of Toy Story 3, a series of Toy Story short films have been shown in theaters in front of other Disney features: Hawaiian Vacation (shown before Cars 2), centering on Barbie and Ken on vacation in Bonnie's room, Small Fry (shown before The Muppets), centering on Buzz being left in a fast-food restaurant, and Partysaurus Rex (shown before the 3D re-release of Finding Nemo), centering on Rex partying with Bonnie's bath toys.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nIn January 2013, a fan-made live-action version of the film was posted on YouTube that received more than 15 million views before being taken down by Disney for copyright of the audio. In February 2016, the video returned to YouTube.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nIn October 2013, ABC aired Toy Story of Terror!, promoting it as Pixar's first television special. In the special, Mr. Potato Head disappears and Woody, Buzz and Rex have to find him.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nOn December 2, 2014, ABC aired Toy Story That Time Forgot. In the story, Woody, Buzz, Rex and Trixie (one of the toy characters introduced in Toy Story 3) are trapped in room with a group of humanoid dinosaur warrior toys called Battlesaurs who do not know that they are toys and must escape.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nA third sequel, Toy Story 4, will be released on June 15, 2018. It will be directed by John Lasseter, and will focus on the romance between Woody and Bo Peep.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nSoftware and merchandise\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nDisney's Animated Storybook: Toy Story and Disney's Activity Center: Toy Story were released for Windows and Mac. Disney's Animated Storybook: Toy Story was the best selling software title of 1996, selling over 500,000 copies. Two console video games were released for the film: the Toy Story video game, for the Sega Genesis, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, and PC as well as Toy Story Racer, for the PlayStation (which contains elements from Toy Story 2). Pixar created original animations for all of the games, including fully animated sequences for the PC titles.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story had a large promotion before its release, leading to numerous tie-ins with the film including images on food packaging. A variety of merchandise was released during the film's theatrical run and its initial VHS release including toys, clothing, and shoes, among other things. When an action figure for Buzz Lightyear and Sheriff Woody was created it was initially ignored by retailers. However, after over 250,000 figures were sold for each character before the film's release, demand continued to expand, eventually reaching over 25 million units sold by 2007.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nTheme park attractions\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story and its sequels have inspired multiple attractions at the theme parks of Walt Disney World and Disneyland:\\n* Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin at the Magic Kingdom casts theme park guests as cadets in Buzz's Space Ranger Corps. Guests ride through various scenes featuring Emperor Zurg's henchmen, firing \\\"laser cannons\\\" at their Z symbols, scoring points for each hit. * Buzz Lightyear's Astro Blasters at Disneyland, is similar to Space Ranger Spin, except that the laser cannons are hand-held rather than mounted to the ride vehicle. * Buzz Lightyear's Astroblasters at Walt Disney World's DisneyQuest, despite the nearly identical name to the Disneyland attraction, is a bumper car style attraction in which guests compete against each other not only by ramming their ride vehicles into each other, but also by firing \\\"asteroids\\\" (playground balls) at each other. * Toy Story Mania at both Walt Disney World's Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disneyland's Disney California Adventure features a series of interactive carnival-type games hosted by the Toy Story characters. Guests ride in vehicles while wearing 3-D glasses, and using a pull-string cannon to launch virtual rings, darts, baseballs, etc.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nDisney announced an update to the attraction to add characters from Toy Story 3 several months before the film's release date. * World of Color at Disney California Adventure is a large night time water and light show. Some of the scenes projected on the water screens feature animation from the Toy Story films. * Toy Story Playland at Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland, opening in August 2010 and 2011 respectively. The area is designed to create the illusion of \\\"shrinking the guest\\\" down to the size of a toy, and to play in Andy's backyard in several themed rides. * Toy Story Character Greetings are located at almost all Disney Parks. Three of the main characters, Buzz Lightyear, Woody and Jessie are normally the characters you would meet. Sometimes you can even meet Bullseye, the Green Army Men and Mr. Potato Head.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nOther influences\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nToy Story's cast of characters forms the basis for the naming of the releases of the Debian computer operating system, from buzz in 1996 to stretch, the version currently (in 2015) being prepared for release.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nIn 2013 Pixar designed a \\\"Gromit Lightyear\\\" sculpture based on the Aardman Animations character Gromit for Gromit Unleashed which sold for £65,000.\",\n \"Toy Story\\n\\nNotes\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137893,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3739"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"The application of what rule, which, according to their tweets, even Major League Baseball doesn't understand, played a pivotal role in the 2012 National League Wild Card Playoff game?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Infield Fly Rule"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["infield fly","infield pop fly rule","in field fly rule","infield fly rule"],"string":"[\n \"infield fly\",\n \"infield pop fly rule\",\n \"in field fly rule\",\n \"infield fly rule\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["2012 National League Wild Card Game\n\nThe 2012 National League Wild Card Game was a play-in game during Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2012 postseason played between the National League's (NL) two wild card teams, the St. Louis Cardinals and the Atlanta Braves. It was held at Turner Field in Atlanta, on October 5, 2012, at 5:07 p.m. EDT. The Cardinals won by a 6–3 score and advanced to play the Washington Nationals in the NL Division Series. In addition to being the inaugural NL Wild Card Game, it is notable for being the final game of Chipper Jones's career, as well as for a controversial infield fly rule call made by umpire Sam Holbrook. The game was televised on TBS.","2012 National League Wild Card Game\n\nThe game","2012 National League Wild Card Game\n\nThe Braves started Kris Medlen, who had a 9–0 win–loss record and 0.97 earned run average (ERA) in 12 games started during the 2012 season. The Cardinals selected Kyle Lohse, who had a 16–3 win–loss record and 2.86 ERA during the season, as their starting pitcher.","2012 National League Wild Card Game\n\nLohse allowed a two-run home run to David Ross in the second inning. The Cardinals scored three runs in the fourth inning, in which Chipper Jones committed a throwing error, taking a 3–2 lead. Medlen allowed a home run to Matt Holliday in the sixth inning. After the Cardinals scored two more runs in the top of the seventh inning, the Braves scored one in the bottom of the seventh.","2012 National League Wild Card Game\n\nIn the bottom of the eighth inning, Andrelton Simmons hit a fly ball to left field that dropped in between Cardinals shortstop Pete Kozma and left fielder Holliday. Left field umpire Sam Holbrook called Simmons out, citing the infield fly rule. Had an infield fly not been called, Simmons would have been credited with a single and Atlanta would have had the bases loaded with one out, trailing 6–3. Fans littered the field with trash, delaying the game for 19 minutes before a message over the Turner Field public address system advised fans the game was subject to forfeiture by the umpires if the field continued to remain unplayable due to the thrown debris. Atlanta manager Fredi González announced that the Braves would play the rest of the game under protest. The protest was denied shortly after the game by Joe Torre, MLB executive vice president for baseball operations, saying it was a judgment call—which cannot be protested under MLB rules—and confirming the call's correctness.","2012 National League Wild Card Game\n\nThe questionable judgment call followed other questionable umpiring that went against the Atlanta Braves in the playoffs, including the Kent Hrbek–Ron Gant incident in the 1991 World Series and the Eric Gregg strike zone in the 1997 NLCS.","2012 National League Wild Card Game\n\nIn the bottom of the ninth inning, batting against Cardinals closer Jason Motte, Jones reached first base on an infield ground ball. Freddie Freeman hit a ground rule double, bringing Dan Uggla to bat as the potential tying run. Motte retired Uggla with a groundout to record the save, then both teams rushed off the field after fans resumed throwing debris.","2012 National League Wild Card Game\n\nNotes"],"string":"[\n \"2012 National League Wild Card Game\\n\\nThe 2012 National League Wild Card Game was a play-in game during Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2012 postseason played between the National League's (NL) two wild card teams, the St. Louis Cardinals and the Atlanta Braves. It was held at Turner Field in Atlanta, on October 5, 2012, at 5:07 p.m. EDT. The Cardinals won by a 6–3 score and advanced to play the Washington Nationals in the NL Division Series. In addition to being the inaugural NL Wild Card Game, it is notable for being the final game of Chipper Jones's career, as well as for a controversial infield fly rule call made by umpire Sam Holbrook. The game was televised on TBS.\",\n \"2012 National League Wild Card Game\\n\\nThe game\",\n \"2012 National League Wild Card Game\\n\\nThe Braves started Kris Medlen, who had a 9–0 win–loss record and 0.97 earned run average (ERA) in 12 games started during the 2012 season. The Cardinals selected Kyle Lohse, who had a 16–3 win–loss record and 2.86 ERA during the season, as their starting pitcher.\",\n \"2012 National League Wild Card Game\\n\\nLohse allowed a two-run home run to David Ross in the second inning. The Cardinals scored three runs in the fourth inning, in which Chipper Jones committed a throwing error, taking a 3–2 lead. Medlen allowed a home run to Matt Holliday in the sixth inning. After the Cardinals scored two more runs in the top of the seventh inning, the Braves scored one in the bottom of the seventh.\",\n \"2012 National League Wild Card Game\\n\\nIn the bottom of the eighth inning, Andrelton Simmons hit a fly ball to left field that dropped in between Cardinals shortstop Pete Kozma and left fielder Holliday. Left field umpire Sam Holbrook called Simmons out, citing the infield fly rule. Had an infield fly not been called, Simmons would have been credited with a single and Atlanta would have had the bases loaded with one out, trailing 6–3. Fans littered the field with trash, delaying the game for 19 minutes before a message over the Turner Field public address system advised fans the game was subject to forfeiture by the umpires if the field continued to remain unplayable due to the thrown debris. Atlanta manager Fredi González announced that the Braves would play the rest of the game under protest. The protest was denied shortly after the game by Joe Torre, MLB executive vice president for baseball operations, saying it was a judgment call—which cannot be protested under MLB rules—and confirming the call's correctness.\",\n \"2012 National League Wild Card Game\\n\\nThe questionable judgment call followed other questionable umpiring that went against the Atlanta Braves in the playoffs, including the Kent Hrbek–Ron Gant incident in the 1991 World Series and the Eric Gregg strike zone in the 1997 NLCS.\",\n \"2012 National League Wild Card Game\\n\\nIn the bottom of the ninth inning, batting against Cardinals closer Jason Motte, Jones reached first base on an infield ground ball. Freddie Freeman hit a ground rule double, bringing Dan Uggla to bat as the potential tying run. Motte retired Uggla with a groundout to record the save, then both teams rushed off the field after fans resumed throwing debris.\",\n \"2012 National League Wild Card Game\\n\\nNotes\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137894,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3740"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"The Japanese art of growing meticulously groomed miniature trees in indoor containers is known as what?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Bonsai"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["australian alpine wattle","bonsi","bonsai","bonsai tree","盆栽","bonsis","bunjae","trichodeodema","bonzai tree","pre bonsai"],"string":"[\n \"australian alpine wattle\",\n \"bonsi\",\n \"bonsai\",\n \"bonsai tree\",\n \"盆栽\",\n \"bonsis\",\n \"bunjae\",\n \"trichodeodema\",\n \"bonzai tree\",\n \"pre bonsai\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Japanese art\n\nJapanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery, sculpture, ink painting and calligraphy on silk and paper, ukiyo-e paintings and woodblock prints, kiri-e, kirigami, origami, and more recently manga—modern Japanese cartooning and comics—along with a myriad of other types of works of art. It has a long history, ranging from the beginnings of human habitation in Japan, sometime in the 10th millennium BC, to the present.","Japanese art\n\nHistorically, Japan has been subject to sudden invasions of new and alien ideas followed by long periods of minimal contact with the outside world. Over time the Japanese developed the ability to absorb, imitate, and finally assimilate those elements of foreign culture that complemented their aesthetic preferences. The earliest complex art in Japan was produced in the 7th and 8th centuries in connection with Buddhism. In the 9th century, as the Japanese began to turn away from China and develop indigenous forms of expression, the secular arts became increasingly important; until the late 15th century, both religious and secular arts flourished. After the Ōnin War (1467–1477), Japan entered a period of political, social, and economic disruption that lasted for over a century. In the state that emerged under the leadership of the Tokugawa shogunate, organized religion played a \nmuch less important role in people's lives, and the arts that survived were primarily secular.","Japanese art\n\nPainting is the preferred artistic expression in Japan, practiced by amateurs and professionals alike. Until modern times, the Japanese wrote with a brush rather than a pen, and their familiarity with brush techniques has made them particularly sensitive to the values and aesthetics of painting. With the rise of popular culture in the Edo period, a style of woodblock prints became a major form and its techniques were fine tuned to produce colorful prints. The Japanese, in this period, found sculpture a much less sympathetic medium for artistic expression; most Japanese sculpture is associated with religion, and the medium's use declined with the lessening importance of traditional Buddhism.","Japanese art\n\nJapanese ceramics are among the finest in the world and include the earliest known artifacts of their culture. In architecture, Japanese preferences for natural materials and an interaction of interior and exterior space are clearly expressed.","Japanese art\n\nHistory of Japanese art","Japanese art\n\nJōmon art","Japanese art\n\nThe first settlers of Japan, the Jōmon people (c. 11000 – c. 300 BC), named for the cord markings that decorated the surfaces of their clay vessels, were nomadic hunter-gatherers who later practiced organized farming and built cities with populations of hundreds if not thousands. They built simple houses of wood and thatch set into shallow earthen pits to provide warmth from the soil. They crafted lavishly decorated pottery storage vessels, clay figurines called dogū, and crystal jewels.","Japanese art\n\nYayoi art","Japanese art\n\nThe next wave of immigrants was the Yayoi people, named for the district in Tokyo where remnants of their settlements first were found. These people, arriving in Japan about 350 BC, brought their knowledge of wetland rice cultivation, the manufacture of copper weapons and bronze bells (dōtaku), and wheel-thrown, kiln-fired ceramics.","Japanese art\n\nKofun art","Japanese art\n\nThe third stage in Japanese prehistory, the Kofun period (c. 250 – 552 AD), represents a modification of Yayoi culture, attributable either to internal development or external force. The period is named for the large number of kofun megalithic tombs created during this period. In this period, diverse groups of people formed political alliances and coalesced into a nation. Typical artifacts are bronze mirrors, symbols of political alliances, and clay sculptures called haniwa which were erected outside tombs.","Japanese art\n\nAsuka and Nara art","Japanese art\n\nDuring the Asuka and Nara periods, so named because the seat of Japanese government was located in the Asuka Valley from 552 to 710 and in the city of Nara until 784, the first significant influx of continental Asian culture took place in Japan.","Japanese art\n\nThe transmission of Buddhism provided the initial impetus for contacts between China, Korea and Japan. The Japanese recognized the facets of Chinese culture that could profitably be incorporated into their own: a system for converting ideas and sounds into writing; historiography; complex theories of government, such as an effective bureaucracy; and, most important for the arts, new technologies, new building techniques, more advanced methods of casting in bronze, and new techniques and media for painting.","Japanese art\n\nThroughout the 7th and 8th centuries, however, the major focus in contacts between Japan and the Asian continent was the development of Buddhism. Not all scholars agree on the significant dates and the appropriate names to apply to various time periods between 552, the official date of the introduction of Buddhism into Japan, and 784, when the Japanese capital was transferred from Nara. The most common designations are the Suiko period, 552–645; the Hakuhō period, 645–710, and the Tenpyō period, 710–784.","Japanese art\n\nThe earliest Japanese sculptures of the Buddha are dated to the 6th and 7th century. They ultimately derive from the 1st- to 3rd-century AD Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, characterized by flowing dress patterns and realistic rendering, on which Chinese and Korean artistic traits were superimposed. After the Chinese Northern Wei buddhist art had infiltrated a Korean peninsula, Buddhist icons were brought to Japan by Various immigrant groups. Particularly, the semi-seated Maitreya form was adapted into a highly developed Ancient Greek art style which was transmitted to Japan as evidenced by the Kōryū-ji Miroku Bosatsu and the Chūgū-ji Siddhartha statues.\n \"Archaic smile\", Britannica Online Encyclopedia,\n 2009, webpage:\n [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32637/Archaic-smile EB-Smile].\n Many historians portray Korea as a mere transmitter of Buddhism. The Three Kingdoms, and particularly Baekje, were instrumental as active agents in the introduction and formation of a Buddhist tradition in Japan in 538 or 552. \nThey illustrate the terminal point of the Silk Road transmission of art during the first few centuries of our era. Other examples can be found in the development of the iconography of the Japanese Fūjin Wind God, the Niō guardians, and the near-Classical floral patterns in temple decorations.","Japanese art\n\nThe earliest Buddhist structures still extant in Japan, and the oldest wooden buildings in the Far East are found at the Hōryū-ji to the southwest of Nara. First built in the early 7th century as the private temple of Crown Prince Shōtoku, it consists of 41 independent buildings. The most important ones, the main worship hall, or Kondō (Golden Hall), and Gojū-no-tō (Five-story Pagoda), stand in the center of an open area surrounded by a roofed cloister. The Kondō, in the style of Chinese worship halls, is a two-story structure of post-and-beam construction, capped by an irimoya, or hipped-gabled roof of ceramic tiles.","Japanese art\n\nInside the Kondō, on a large rectangular platform, are some of the most important sculptures of the period. The central image is a Shaka Trinity (623), the historical Buddha flanked by two bodhisattvas, sculpture cast in bronze by the sculptor Tori Busshi (flourished early 7th century) in homage to the recently deceased Prince Shōtoku. At the four corners of the platform are the Guardian Kings of the Four Directions, carved in wood around 650. Also housed at Hōryū-ji is the Tamamushi Shrine, a wooden replica of a Kondō, which is set on a high wooden base that is decorated with figural paintings executed in a medium of mineral pigments mixed with lacquer.","Japanese art\n\nTemple building in the 8th century was focused around the Tōdai-ji in Nara. Constructed as the headquarters for a network of temples in each of the provinces, the Tōdaiji is the most ambitious religious complex erected in the early centuries of Buddhist worship in Japan. Appropriately, the 16.2-m (53-ft) Buddha (completed 752) enshrined in the main Buddha hall, or Daibutsuden, is a Rushana Buddha, the figure that represents the essence of Buddhahood, just as the Tōdaiji represented the center for Imperially sponsored Buddhism and its dissemination throughout Japan. Only a few fragments of the original statue survive, and the present hall and central Buddha are reconstructions from the Edo period.","Japanese art\n\nClustered around the Daibutsuden on a gently sloping hillside are a number of secondary halls: the Hokke-dō (Lotus Sutra Hall), with its principal image, the Fukukenjaku Kannon (不空羂索観音立像, the most popular bodhisattva), crafted of dry lacquer (cloth dipped in lacquer and shaped over a wooden armature); the Kaidanin (戒壇院, Ordination Hall) with its magnificent clay statues of the Four Guardian Kings; and the storehouse, called the Shōsōin. This last structure is of great importance as an art-historical cache, because in it are stored the utensils that were used in the temple's dedication ceremony in 752, the eye-opening ritual for the Rushana image, as well as government documents and many secular objects owned by the Imperial family.","Japanese art\n\nChoukin (or chōkin), the art of metal engraving or sculpting, is thought to have started in the Nara period.","Japanese art\n\nHeian art","Japanese art\n\nIn 794 the capital of Japan was officially transferred to Heian-kyō (present-day Kyoto), where it remained until 1868. The term Heian period refers to the years between 794 and 1185, when the Kamakura shogunate was established at the end of the Genpei War. The period is further divided into the early Heian and the late Heian, or Fujiwara era, the pivotal date being 894, the year imperial embassies to China were officially discontinued.","Japanese art\n\nEarly Heian art: In reaction to the growing wealth and power of organized Buddhism in Nara, the priest Kūkai (best known by his posthumous title Kōbō Daishi, 774–835) journeyed to China to study Shingon, a form of Vajrayana Buddhism, which he introduced into Japan in 806. At the core of Shingon worship are mandalas, diagrams of the spiritual universe, which then began to influence temple design. Japanese Buddhist architecture also adopted the stupa, originally an Indian architectural form, in its Chinese-style pagoda.","Japanese art\n\nThe temples erected for this new sect were built in the mountains, far away from the Court and the laity in the capital. The irregular topography of these sites forced Japanese architects to rethink the problems of temple construction, and in so doing to choose more indigenous elements of design. Cypress-bark roofs replaced those of ceramic tile, wood planks were used instead of earthen floors, and a separate worship area for the laity was added in front of the main sanctuary.","Japanese art\n\nThe temple that best reflects the spirit of early Heian Shingon temples is the Murō-ji (early 9th century), set deep in a stand of cypress trees on a mountain southeast of Nara. The wooden image (also early 9th century) of Shakyamuni, the \"historic\" Buddha, enshrined in a secondary building at the Murō-ji, is typical of the early Heian sculpture, with its ponderous body, covered by thick drapery folds carved in the honpa-shiki (rolling-wave) style, and its austere, withdrawn facial expression.","Japanese art\n\nFujiwara art: In the Fujiwara period, Pure Land Buddhism, which offered easy salvation through belief in Amida (the Buddha of the Western Paradise), became popular. This period is named after the Fujiwara family, then the most powerful in the country, who ruled as regents for the Emperor, becoming, in effect, civil dictators. Concurrently, the Kyoto nobility developed a society devoted to elegant aesthetic pursuits. So secure and beautiful was their world that they could not conceive of Paradise as being much different. They created a new form of Buddha hall, the Amida hall, which blends the secular with the religious, and houses one or more Buddha images within a structure resembling the mansions of the nobility.","Japanese art\n\nThe Hō-ō-dō (Phoenix Hall, completed 1053) of the Byōdō-in, a temple in Uji to the southeast of Kyoto, is the exemplar of Fujiwara Amida halls. It consists of a main rectangular structure flanked by two L-shaped wing corridors and a tail corridor, set at the edge of a large artificial pond. Inside, a single golden image of Amida (c. 1053) is installed on a high platform. The Amida sculpture was executed by Jōchō, who used a new canon of proportions and a new technique (yosegi), in which multiple pieces of wood are carved out like shells and joined from the inside. Applied to the walls of the hall are small relief carvings of celestials, the host believed to have accompanied Amida when he descended from the Western Paradise to gather the souls of believers at the moment of death and transport them in lotus blossoms to Paradise. Raigō paintings on the wooden doors of the Hō-ō-dō, depicting the Descent of the Amida Buddha, are an early example of Yamato-e, Japanese-style painting, and contain representations of the scenery around Kyoto.","Japanese art\n\nE-maki: In the last century of the Heian period, the horizontal, illustrated narrative handscroll, known as e-maki (絵巻, lit. \"picture scroll\"), came to the fore. Dating from about 1130, the Genji Monogatari Emaki, a famous illustrated Tale of Genji represents the earliest surviving yamato-e handscroll, and one of the high points of Japanese painting. Written about the year 1000 by Murasaki Shikibu, a lady-in-waiting to the Empress Akiko, the novel deals with the life and loves of Genji and the world of the Heian court after his death. The 12th-century artists of the e-maki version devised a system of pictorial conventions that convey visually the emotional content of each scene. In the second half of the century, a different, livelier style of continuous narrative illustration became popular. The Ban Dainagon Ekotoba (late 12th century), a scroll that deals with an intrigue at court, emphasizes figures in active motion depicted in rapidly executed brush strokes and thin but vibrant colors.","Japanese art\n\nE-maki also serve as some of the earliest and greatest examples of the otoko-e (\"men's pictures\") and onna-e (\"women's pictures\") styles of painting. There are many fine differences in the two styles, appealing to the aesthetic preferences of the genders. But perhaps most easily noticeable are the differences in subject matter. Onna-e, epitomized by the Tale of Genji handscroll, typically deals with court life, particularly the court ladies, and with romantic themes. Otoko-e often recorded historical events, particularly battles. The Siege of the Sanjō Palace (1160), depicted in the \"Night Attack on the Sanjō Palace\" section of the Heiji Monogatari handscroll is a famous example of this style.","Japanese art\n\nKamakura art","Japanese art\n\nIn 1180 a war broke out between the two most powerful warrior clans, the Taira and the Minamoto; five years later the Minamoto emerged victorious and established a de facto seat of government at the seaside village of Kamakura, where it remained until 1333. With the shift of power from the nobility to the warrior class, the arts had to satisfy a new audience: men devoted to the skills of warfare, priests committed to making Buddhism available to illiterate commoners, and conservatives, the nobility and some members of the priesthood who regretted the declining power of the court. Thus, realism, a popularizing trend, and a classical revival characterize the art of the Kamakura period. In the Kamakura period, Kyoto and Nara remained the centres of artistic production and high culture.","Japanese art\n\nSculpture: The Kei school of sculptors, particularly Unkei, created a new, more realistic style of sculpture. The two Niō guardian images (1203) in the Great South Gate of the Tōdai-ji in Nara illustrate Unkei's dynamic supra-realistic style. The images, about 8 m (about 26 ft) tall, were carved of multiple blocks in a period of about three months, a feat indicative of a developed studio system of artisans working under the direction of a master sculptor. Unkei's polychromed wood sculptures (1208, Kōfuku-ji, Nara) of two Indian sages, Muchaku and Seshin, the legendary founders of the Hossō sect, are among the most accomplished realistic works of the period; as rendered by Unkei, they are remarkably individualized and believable images. One of the most famous works of this period is an Amitabha Triad (completed in 1195), in Jōdo-ji in Ono, created by Kaikei, Unkei's successor.","Japanese art\n\nCalligraphy and painting: The Kegon Engi Emaki, the illustrated history of the founding of the Kegon sect, is an excellent example of the popularizing trend in Kamakura painting. The Kegon sect, one of the most important in the Nara period, fell on hard times during the ascendancy of the Pure Land sects. After the Genpei War (1180–1185), Priest Myōe of Kōzan-ji sought to revive the sect and also to provide a refuge for women widowed by the war. The wives of samurai had been discouraged from learning more than a syllabary system for transcribing sounds and ideas (see kana), and most were incapable of reading texts that employed Chinese ideographs (kanji).","Japanese art\n\nThus, the Kegon Engi Emaki combines passages of text, written with a maximum of easily readable syllables, and illustrations that have the dialogue between characters written next to the speakers, a technique comparable to contemporary comic strips. The plot of the e-maki, the lives of the two Korean priests who founded the Kegon sect, is swiftly paced and filled with fantastic feats such as a journey to the palace of the Ocean King, and a poignant mom story.","Japanese art\n\nA work in a more conservative vein is the illustrated version of Murasaki Shikibu's diary. E-maki versions of her novel continued to be produced, but the nobility, attuned to the new interest in realism yet nostalgic for past days of wealth and power, revived and illustrated the diary in order to recapture the splendor of the author's times. One of the most beautiful passages illustrates the episode in which Murasaki Shikibu is playfully held prisoner in her room by two young courtiers, while, just outside, moonlight gleams on the mossy banks of a rivulet in the imperial garden.","Japanese art\n\nMuromachi art","Japanese art\n\nDuring the Muromachi period (1338–1573), also called the Ashikaga period, a profound change took place in Japanese culture. The Ashikaga clan took control of the shogunate and moved its headquarters back to Kyoto, to the Muromachi district of the city. With the return of government to the capital, the popularizing trends of the Kamakura period came to an end, and cultural expression took on a more aristocratic, elitist character. Zen Buddhism, the Ch'an sect traditionally thought to have been founded in China in the 6th century, was introduced for a second time into Japan and took root.","Japanese art\n\nPainting: Because of secular ventures and trading missions to China organized by Zen temples, many Chinese paintings and objects of art were imported into Japan and profoundly influenced Japanese artists working for Zen temples and the shogunate. Not only did these imports change the subject matter of painting, but they also modified the use of color; the bright colors of Yamato-e yielded to the monochromes of painting in the Chinese manner, where paintings generally only have black and white or different tones of a single color.","Japanese art\n\nTypical of early Muromachi painting is the depiction by the priest-painter Kao (active early 15th century) of the legendary monk Kensu (Hsien-tzu in Chinese) at the moment he achieved enlightenment. This type of painting was executed with quick brush strokes and a minimum of detail. Catching a Catfish with a Gourd (early 15th century, Taizō-in, Myōshin-ji, Kyoto), by the priest-painter Josetsu (active c. 1400), marks a turning point in Muromachi painting. Executed originally for a low-standing screen, it has been remounted as a hanging scroll with inscriptions by contemporary figures above, one of which refers to the painting as being in the \"new style\". In the foreground a man is depicted on the bank of a stream holding a small gourd and looking at a large slithery catfish. Mist fills the middle ground, and the background mountains appear to be far in the distance. It is generally assumed that the \"new style\" of the painting, executed about 1413, refers to a more Chinese sense of deep space within the picture plane.","Japanese art\n\nThe foremost artists of the Muromachi period are the priest-painters Shūbun and Sesshū. Shūbun, a monk at the Kyoto temple of Shōkoku-ji, created in the painting Reading in a Bamboo Grove (1446) a realistic landscape with deep recession into space. Sesshū, unlike most artists of the period, was able to journey to China and study Chinese painting at its source. Landscape of the Four Seasons (Sansui Chokan; c. 1486) is one of Sesshu's most accomplished works, depicting a continuing landscape through the four seasons.","Japanese art\n\nAzuchi-Momoyama art","Japanese art\n\nIn the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603), a succession of military leaders, such as Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, attempted to bring peace and political stability to Japan after an era of almost 100 years of warfare. Oda, a minor chieftain, acquired power sufficient to take de facto control of the government in 1568 and, five years later, to oust the last Ashikaga shogun. Hideyoshi took command after Oda's death, but his plans to establish hereditary rule were foiled by Ieyasu, who established the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603.","Japanese art\n\nPainting: The most important school of painting in the Momoyama period was that of the Kanō school, and the greatest innovation of the period was the formula, developed by Kanō Eitoku, for the creation of monumental landscapes on the sliding doors enclosing a room. The decoration of the main room facing the garden of the Jukō-in, a subtemple of Daitoku-ji (a Zen temple in Kyoto), is perhaps the best extant example of Eitoku's work. A massive ume tree and twin pines are depicted on pairs of sliding screens in diagonally opposite corners, their trunks repeating the verticals of the corner posts and their branches extending to left and right, unifying the adjoining panels. Eitoku's screen, 'Chinese Lions', also in Kyoto, reveals the bold, brightly colored style of painting preferred by the samurai.","Japanese art\n\nHasegawa Tōhaku, a contemporary of Eitoku, developed a somewhat different and more decorative style for large-scale screen paintings. In his Maple Screen (楓図), now in the temple of Chishaku-in (:ja:智積院), Kyoto, he placed the trunk of the tree in the center and extended the limbs nearly to the edge of the composition, creating a flatter, less architectonic work than Eitoku, but a visually gorgeous painting. His sixfold screen, Pine Wood (松林図), is a masterly rendering in monochrome ink of a grove of trees enveloped in mist.","Japanese art\n\nArt of the Edo period","Japanese art\n\nThe Tokugawa shogunate gained undisputed control of the government in 1603 with a commitment to bring peace and economic and political stability to the country; in large measure it was successful. The shogunate survived until 1867, when it was forced to capitulate because of its failure to deal with pressure from Western nations to open the country to foreign trade. One of the dominant themes in the Edo period was the repressive policies of the shogunate and the attempts of artists to escape these strictures. The foremost of these was the closing of the country to foreigners and the accoutrements of their cultures, and the imposition of strict codes of behavior affecting every aspect of life, the clothes one wore, the person one married, and the activities one could or should not pursue.","Japanese art\n\nIn the early years of the Edo period, however, the full impact of Tokugawa policies had not yet been felt, and some of Japan's finest expressions in architecture and painting were produced: Katsura Palace in Kyoto and the paintings of Tawaraya Sōtatsu, pioneer of the Rinpa school.","Japanese art\n\nArchitecture: Katsura Detached Palace, built in imitation of Genji's palace, contains a cluster of shoin buildings that combine elements of classic Japanese architecture with innovative restatements. The whole complex is surrounded by a beautiful garden with paths for walking.\nMany of powerful Daimyo (feudal lords) built a Circuit style Japanese garden in the territory country, and competed for the beauty.","Japanese art\n\nPainting: Sōtatsu evolved a superb decorative style by re-creating themes from classical literature, using brilliantly colored figures and motifs from the natural world set against gold-leaf backgrounds. One of his finest works is the pair of screens The Waves at Matsushima in the Freer Gallery in Washington, D.C. A century later, Kōrin reworked Sōtatsu's style and created visually gorgeous works uniquely his own. Perhaps his finest are the screen paintings of red and white plum blossoms.","Japanese art\n\nSculpture The Buddhist monk Enkū carved 120,000 Buddhist images in a rough, individual style.","Japanese art\n\nUkiyo-e and Bunjinga: The school of art best known in the West is that of the ukiyo-e paintings and woodblock prints of the demimonde, the world of the kabuki theater and the pleasure districts. Ukiyo-e prints began to be produced in the late 17th century; in 1765 Harunobu produced the first polychrome print. Print designers of the next generation, including Torii Kiyonaga and Utamaro, created elegant and sometimes insightful depictions of courtesans.","Japanese art\n\nIn the 19th century the dominant figures were Hokusai and Hiroshige, the latter a creator of romantic and somewhat sentimental landscape prints. The odd angles and shapes through which Hiroshige often viewed landscape, and the work of Kiyonaga and Utamaro, with its emphasis on flat planes and strong linear outlines, had a profound impact on such Western artists as Edgar Degas and Vincent van Gogh. Via artworks held in Western museums, these same printmakers would later exert a powerful influence on the imagery and aesthetic approaches used by early Modernist poets such as Ezra Pound, Richard Aldington and H.D.","Japanese art\n\nA school of painting contemporary with ukiyo-e was Nanga, or Bunjinga, a style based on paintings executed by Chinese scholar-painters. Just as ukiyo-e artists chose to depict figures from life outside the strictures of the Tokugawa shogunate, Bunjin artists turned to Chinese culture. The exemplars of this style are Ike no Taiga, Yosa Buson, Tanomura Chikuden, and Yamamoto Baiitsu (:ja:山本梅逸).","Japanese art\n\nArt of the Prewar period","Japanese art\n\nWhen Emperor of Japan regained ruling power in 1868, Japan was once again invaded by new and alien forms of culture. During the Prewar period, The introduction of Western cultural values led to a dichotomy in Japanese art, as well as in nearly every other aspect of culture, between traditional values and attempts to duplicate and assimilate a variety of clashing new ideas. This split remained evident in the late 20th century, although much synthesis had by then already occurred, and created an international cultural atmosphere and stimulated contemporary Japanese arts toward ever more innovative forms.","Japanese art\n\nBy the early 20th century, European art forms were well introduced and their marriage produced notable buildings like the Tokyo Train Station and the National Diet Building that still exist today.","Japanese art\n\nA lot of artistic new Japanese gardens were built with Jihei Ogawa.","Japanese art\n\nManga cartoons flourished the Meiji period, influenced greatly by English and French political cartoons. However, some art popular in the Meiji era, such as jōge-e (reversible images), is no longer popular in modern Japan.","Japanese art\n\nArchitecture: Tokyo Station, a building of Giyōfū architecture, full of bricks and pseudo-European style. This style of building was built in urban areas.","Japanese art\n\nPainting: The first response of the Japanese to Western art forms was open-hearted acceptance, and in 1876 the Technological Art School was opened, employing Italian instructors to teach Western methods. The second response was a pendulum swing in the opposite direction spearheaded by Okakura Kakuzō and the American Ernest Fenollosa, who encouraged Japanese artists to retain traditional themes and techniques while creating works more in keeping with contemporary taste. This was a strategy that eventually served to extend the influence of Japanese art as far as Calcutta, London, and Boston in the years leading up to World War I. Out of these two poles of artistic theory—derived from Europe and from East Asia respectively—developed yōga (\"Western-style painting\") and Nihonga (\"Japanese painting\"), categories that have maintained currency.","Japanese art\n\nArt of the Postwar period","Japanese art\n\nAfter the end of World War II in 1945, many artists began working art forms derived from the international scene, moving away from local artistic developments into the mainstream of world art. But traditional Japanese conceptions endured, particularly in the use of modular space in architecture, certain spacing intervals in music and dance, a propensity for certain color combinations and characteristic literary forms.","Japanese art\n\nArt from 1603 to 1945 (Edo period and Prewar period) were supported by merchants. Counter to Edo period and Prewar period, art of Postwar period was changed to the art which is supported by people as consumers. The wide variety of art forms available to the Japanese reflect the vigorous state of the arts, widely supported by the Japanese people and promoted by the government. In the 1950s and 1960s, Japan's artistic avant garde include the internationally influential Gutai group, which originated or anticipated various postwar genres such as performance art, installation art, conceptual art, and wearable art. In photography, Kansuke Yamamoto was prominent.","Japanese art\n\nAmerican art and architecture greatly influenced Japan. Though fear of earthquakes severely restricted the building of a skyscraper, technological advances let Japanese build larger and higher buildings with more artistic outlooks.","Japanese art\n\nAs Japan has always made little distinction between 'fine art' and 'decorative art', as the West has done since the Renaissance, it is important to note Japan's significant and unique contributions to the fields of art in entertainment, commercial uses, and graphic design. Cartoons imported from America led to anime that at first were derived exclusively from manga stories. Today, anime abounds, and many artists and studios have risen to great fame as artists; Hayao Miyazaki and the artists and animators of Studio Ghibli are generally regarded to be among the best the anime world has to offer. Japan also flourishes in the fields of graphic design, commercial art (e.g. billboards, magazine advertisements), and in video game graphics and concept art.","Japanese art\n\nContemporary art in Japan","Japanese art\n\nJapanese modern art takes as many forms and expresses as many different ideas as modern art in general, worldwide. It ranges from advertisements, anime, video games, and architecture as already mentioned, to sculpture, painting, and drawing in all their myriad forms.","Japanese art\n\nMany artists do continue to paint in the traditional manner, with black ink and color on paper or silk. Some of these depict traditional subject matter in the traditional styles, while others explore new and different motifs and styles, while using the traditional media. Still others eschew native media and styles, embracing Western oil paints or any number of other forms.","Japanese art\n\nIn sculpture, the same holds true; some artists stick to the traditional modes, some doing it with a modern flair, and some choose Western or brand new modes, styles, and media. Yo Akiyama is just one of many modern Japanese sculptors. He works primarily in clay pottery and ceramics, creating works that are very simple and straightforward, looking like they were created out of the earth itself. Another sculptor, using iron and other modern materials, built a large modern art sculpture in the Israeli port city of Haifa, called Hanabi (Fireworks). Nahoko Kojima is a contemporary Kirie artist who has pioneered the technique of Paper Cut Sculpture which hangs in 3d.","Japanese art\n\nTakashi Murakami is arguably one of the most well-known Japanese modern artists in the Western world. Murakami and the other artists in his studio create pieces in a style, inspired by anime, which he has dubbed \"superflat\". His pieces take a multitude of forms, from painting to sculpture, some truly massive in size. But most if not all show very clearly this anime influence, utilizing bright colors and simplified details.","Japanese art\n\nPerforming arts","Japanese art\n\nA remarkable number of the traditional forms of Japanese music, dance, and theater have survived in the contemporary world, enjoying some popularity through reidentification with Japanese cultural values. Traditional music and dance, which trace their origins to ancient religious use—Buddhist, Shintō, and folk—have been preserved in the dramatic performances of Noh, Kabuki, and bunraku theater. Ancient court music and dance forms deriving from continental sources were preserved through Imperial household musicians and temple and shrine troupes. Some of the oldest musical instruments in the world have been in continuous use in Japan from the Jōmon period, as shown by finds of stone and clay flutes and zithers having between two and four strings, to which Yayoi period metal bells and gongs were added to create early musical ensembles. By the early historical period (6th to 7th centuries), there were a variety of large and small drums, gongs, chimes, flutes, and stringed instruments, such as the imported mandolin-like biwa and the flat six-stringed zither, which evolved into the thirteen-stringed koto.","Japanese art\n\nThese instruments formed the orchestras for the 7th-century continentally derived ceremonial court music (gagaku), which, together with the accompanying bugaku (a type of court dance), are the most ancient of such forms still performed at the Imperial court, ancient temples, and shrines. Buddhism introduced the rhythmic chants, still used, that underpin Shigin, and that were joined with native ideas to underlay the development of vocal music, such as in Noh.","Japanese art\n\nAesthetic concepts","Japanese art\n\nJapanese art is characterized by unique polarities. In the ceramics of the prehistoric periods, for example, exuberance was followed by disciplined and refined artistry. Another instance is provided by two 16th-century structures that are poles apart: the Katsura Detached Palace is an exercise in simplicity, with an emphasis on natural materials, rough and untrimmed, and an affinity for beauty achieved by accident; Nikkō Tōshō-gū is a rigidly symmetrical structure replete with brightly colored relief carvings covering every visible surface. Japanese art, valued not only for its simplicity but also for its colorful exuberance, has considerably influenced 19th-century Western painting and 20th-century Western architecture.","Japanese art\n\nJapan's aesthetic conceptions, deriving from diverse cultural traditions, have been formative in the production of unique art forms. Over the centuries, a wide range of artistic motifs developed and were refined, becoming imbued with symbolic significance. Like a pearl, they acquired many layers of meaning and a high luster. Japanese aesthetics provide a key to understanding artistic works perceivably different from those coming from Western traditions.","Japanese art\n\nWithin the East Asian artistic tradition, China has been the acknowledged teacher and Japan the devoted student. Nevertheless, several Japanese arts developed their own style, which can be differentiated from various Chinese arts. The monumental, symmetrically balanced, rational approach of Chinese art forms became miniaturized, irregular, and subtly suggestive in Japanese hands. Miniature rock gardens, diminutive plants (bonsai), and ikebana (flower arrangements), in which the selected few represented a garden, were the favorite pursuits of refined aristocrats for a millennium, and they have remained a part of contemporary cultural life.","Japanese art\n\nThe diagonal, reflecting a natural flow, rather than the fixed triangle, became the favored structural device, whether in painting, architectural or garden design, dance steps, or musical notations. Odd numbers replace even numbers in the regularity of a Chinese master pattern, and a pull to one side allows a motif to turn the corner of a three-dimensional object, thus giving continuity and motion that is lacking in a static frontal design. Japanese painters used the devices of the cutoff, close-up, and fade-out by the 12th century in yamato-e, or Japanese-style, scroll painting, perhaps one reason why modern filmmaking has been such a natural and successful art form in Japan. Suggestion is used rather than direct statement; oblique poetic hints and allusive and inconclusive melodies and thoughts have proved frustrating to the Westerner trying to penetrate the meanings of literature, music, painting, and even everyday language.","Japanese art\n\nThe Japanese began defining such aesthetic ideas in a number of evocative phrases by at least the 10th or 11th century. The courtly refinements of the aristocratic Heian period evolved into the elegant simplicity seen as the essence of good taste in the understated art that is called shibui. Two terms originating from Zen Buddhist meditative practices describe degrees of tranquility: one, the repose found in humble melancholy (wabi), the other, the serenity accompanying the enjoyment of subdued beauty (sabi). Zen thought also contributed a penchant for combining the unexpected or startling, used to jolt one's consciousness toward the goal of enlightenment. In art, this approach was expressed in combinations of such unlikely materials as lead inlaid in lacquer and in clashing poetic imagery. Unexpectedly humorous and sometimes grotesque images and motifs also stem from the Zen kōan (conundrum). Although the arts have been mainly secular since the Edo period, traditional aesthetics and training methods, stemming generally from religious sources, continue to underlie artistic productions.","Japanese art\n\nArtists","Japanese art\n\nTraditionally, the artist was a vehicle for expression and was personally reticent, in keeping with the role of an artisan or entertainer of low social status. The calligrapher, a member of the Confucian literati class, or noble samurai class in Japan, had a higher status, while artists of great genius were often recognized in the Kamakura period by receiving a name from a feudal lord and thus rising socially. The performing arts, however, were generally held in less esteem, and the purported immorality of actresses of the early Kabuki theater caused the Tokugawa government to bar women from the stage; female roles in Kabuki and Noh thereafter were played by men.","Japanese art\n\nAfter World War II, artists typically gathered in arts associations, some of which were long-established professional societies while others reflected the latest arts movement. The Japan Artists League, for example, was responsible for the largest number of major exhibitions, including the prestigious annual Nitten (Japan Art Exhibition). The P.E.N. Club of Japan (P.E.N. stands for prose, essay, and narrative), a branch of an international writers' organization, was the largest of some thirty major authors' associations. Actors, dancers, musicians, and other performing artists boasted their own societies, including the Kabuki Society, organized in 1987 to maintain this art's traditional high standards, which were thought to be endangered by modern innovation. By the 1980s, however, avant-garde painters and sculptors had eschewed all groups and were \"unattached\" artists.","Japanese art\n\nArt schools","Japanese art\n\nThere are a number of specialized universities for the arts in Japan, led by the national universities. The most important is the Tokyo Arts University, one of the most difficult of all national universities to enter. Another seminal center is Tama Art University, which produced many of Japan's late 20th-century innovative young artists. Traditional training in the arts, derived from Chinese traditional methods, remains; experts teach from their homes or head schools working within a master-pupil relationship. A pupil does not experiment with a personal style until achieving the highest level of training, or graduating from an arts school, or becoming head of a school. Many young artists have criticized this system as stifling creativity and individuality. A new generation of the avant-garde has broken with this tradition, often receiving its training in the West. In the traditional arts, however, the master-pupil system preserves the secrets and skills of the past. Some master-pupil lineages can be traced to the Kamakura period, from which they continue to use a great master's style or theme.","Japanese art\n\nJapanese artists consider technical virtuosity as the sine qua non of their professions, a fact recognized by the rest of the world as one of the hallmarks of Japanese art.","Japanese art\n\nThe national government has actively supported the arts through the Agency for Cultural Affairs, set up in 1968 as a special body of the Ministry of Education. The agency's budget for FY 1989 rose to ￥37.8 billion after five years of budget cuts, but still represented much less than 1 percent of the general budget. The agency's Cultural Affairs Division disseminated information about the arts within Japan and internationally, and the Cultural Properties Protection Division (文化財保護部, now 文化財部) protected the nation's cultural heritage. The Cultural Affairs Division is concerned with such areas as art and culture promotion, arts copyrights, and improvements in the national language. It also supports both national and local arts and cultural festivals, and it funds traveling cultural events in music, theater, dance, art exhibitions, and filmmaking. Special prizes are offered to encourage young artists and established practitioners, and some grants are given each year to enable them to train abroad. The agency funds national museums of modern art in Kyoto and Tokyo and The National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo, which exhibit both Japanese and international shows.","Japanese art\n\nThe agency also supports the Japan Art Academy, which honors eminent persons of arts and letters, appointing them to membership and offering ￥3.5 million in prize money. Awards are made in the presence of the Emperor, who personally bestows the highest accolade, the Order of Culture. Tokyo University of the Arts also taking active roles on several art events in previous years. Their other campuses are also involving varied courses.","Japanese art\n\nPrivate sponsorship and foundations","Japanese art\n\nArts patronage and promotion by the government are broadened to include a new cooperative effort with corporate Japan to provide funding beyond the tight budget of the Agency for Cultural Affairs. Many other public and private institutions participate, especially in the burgeoning field of awarding arts prizes. A growing number of large corporations join major newspapers in sponsoring exhibitions and performances and in giving yearly prizes. The most important of the many literary awards given are the venerable Naoki Prize and the Akutagawa Prize, the latter being the equivalent of the Pulitzer Prize in the United States.","Japanese art\n\nIn 1989 an effort to promote cross-cultural exchange led to the establishment of a Japanese \"Nobel Prize\" for the arts, the Premium Imperiale, by the Japan Art Association. This prize of US$100,000 was funded largely by the mass media conglomerate Fujisankei Communications Group and was awarded on a worldwide selection basis.","Japanese art\n\nA number of foundations promoting the arts arose in the 1980s, including the Cultural Properties Foundation set up to preserve historic sites overseas, especially along the Silk Road in Inner Asia and at Dunhuang in China. Another international arrangement was made in 1988 with the United States Smithsonian Institution for cooperative exchange of high-technology studies of Asian artifacts. The government plays a major role by funding the Japan Foundation, which provides both institutional and individual grants, effects scholarly exchanges, awards annual prizes, supported publications and exhibitions, and sends traditional Japanese arts groups to perform abroad. The Arts Festival held for two months each fall for all the performing arts is sponsored by the Agency for Cultural Affairs. Major cities also provides substantial support for the arts; a growing number of cities in the 1980s had built large centers for the performing arts and, stimulated by government funding, were offering prizes such as the Lafcadio Hearn Prize initiated by the city of Matsue. A number of new municipal museums were also providing about one-third more facilities in the 1980s than were previously available.","Japanese art\n\nIn the late 1980s, Tokyo added more than twenty new cultural halls, notably, the large Bunkamura built by Tokyu Group and the reconstruction of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre. All these efforts reflect a rising popular enthusiasm for the arts. Japanese art buyers swept the Western art markets in the late 1980s, paying record highs for impressionist paintings and US$51.7 million alone for one blue period Picasso."],"string":"[\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nJapanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery, sculpture, ink painting and calligraphy on silk and paper, ukiyo-e paintings and woodblock prints, kiri-e, kirigami, origami, and more recently manga—modern Japanese cartooning and comics—along with a myriad of other types of works of art. It has a long history, ranging from the beginnings of human habitation in Japan, sometime in the 10th millennium BC, to the present.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nHistorically, Japan has been subject to sudden invasions of new and alien ideas followed by long periods of minimal contact with the outside world. Over time the Japanese developed the ability to absorb, imitate, and finally assimilate those elements of foreign culture that complemented their aesthetic preferences. The earliest complex art in Japan was produced in the 7th and 8th centuries in connection with Buddhism. In the 9th century, as the Japanese began to turn away from China and develop indigenous forms of expression, the secular arts became increasingly important; until the late 15th century, both religious and secular arts flourished. After the Ōnin War (1467–1477), Japan entered a period of political, social, and economic disruption that lasted for over a century. In the state that emerged under the leadership of the Tokugawa shogunate, organized religion played a \\nmuch less important role in people's lives, and the arts that survived were primarily secular.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nPainting is the preferred artistic expression in Japan, practiced by amateurs and professionals alike. Until modern times, the Japanese wrote with a brush rather than a pen, and their familiarity with brush techniques has made them particularly sensitive to the values and aesthetics of painting. With the rise of popular culture in the Edo period, a style of woodblock prints became a major form and its techniques were fine tuned to produce colorful prints. The Japanese, in this period, found sculpture a much less sympathetic medium for artistic expression; most Japanese sculpture is associated with religion, and the medium's use declined with the lessening importance of traditional Buddhism.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nJapanese ceramics are among the finest in the world and include the earliest known artifacts of their culture. In architecture, Japanese preferences for natural materials and an interaction of interior and exterior space are clearly expressed.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nHistory of Japanese art\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nJōmon art\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe first settlers of Japan, the Jōmon people (c. 11000 – c. 300 BC), named for the cord markings that decorated the surfaces of their clay vessels, were nomadic hunter-gatherers who later practiced organized farming and built cities with populations of hundreds if not thousands. They built simple houses of wood and thatch set into shallow earthen pits to provide warmth from the soil. They crafted lavishly decorated pottery storage vessels, clay figurines called dogū, and crystal jewels.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nYayoi art\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe next wave of immigrants was the Yayoi people, named for the district in Tokyo where remnants of their settlements first were found. These people, arriving in Japan about 350 BC, brought their knowledge of wetland rice cultivation, the manufacture of copper weapons and bronze bells (dōtaku), and wheel-thrown, kiln-fired ceramics.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nKofun art\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe third stage in Japanese prehistory, the Kofun period (c. 250 – 552 AD), represents a modification of Yayoi culture, attributable either to internal development or external force. The period is named for the large number of kofun megalithic tombs created during this period. In this period, diverse groups of people formed political alliances and coalesced into a nation. Typical artifacts are bronze mirrors, symbols of political alliances, and clay sculptures called haniwa which were erected outside tombs.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nAsuka and Nara art\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nDuring the Asuka and Nara periods, so named because the seat of Japanese government was located in the Asuka Valley from 552 to 710 and in the city of Nara until 784, the first significant influx of continental Asian culture took place in Japan.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe transmission of Buddhism provided the initial impetus for contacts between China, Korea and Japan. The Japanese recognized the facets of Chinese culture that could profitably be incorporated into their own: a system for converting ideas and sounds into writing; historiography; complex theories of government, such as an effective bureaucracy; and, most important for the arts, new technologies, new building techniques, more advanced methods of casting in bronze, and new techniques and media for painting.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThroughout the 7th and 8th centuries, however, the major focus in contacts between Japan and the Asian continent was the development of Buddhism. Not all scholars agree on the significant dates and the appropriate names to apply to various time periods between 552, the official date of the introduction of Buddhism into Japan, and 784, when the Japanese capital was transferred from Nara. The most common designations are the Suiko period, 552–645; the Hakuhō period, 645–710, and the Tenpyō period, 710–784.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe earliest Japanese sculptures of the Buddha are dated to the 6th and 7th century. They ultimately derive from the 1st- to 3rd-century AD Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, characterized by flowing dress patterns and realistic rendering, on which Chinese and Korean artistic traits were superimposed. After the Chinese Northern Wei buddhist art had infiltrated a Korean peninsula, Buddhist icons were brought to Japan by Various immigrant groups. Particularly, the semi-seated Maitreya form was adapted into a highly developed Ancient Greek art style which was transmitted to Japan as evidenced by the Kōryū-ji Miroku Bosatsu and the Chūgū-ji Siddhartha statues.\\n \\\"Archaic smile\\\", Britannica Online Encyclopedia,\\n 2009, webpage:\\n [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32637/Archaic-smile EB-Smile].\\n Many historians portray Korea as a mere transmitter of Buddhism. The Three Kingdoms, and particularly Baekje, were instrumental as active agents in the introduction and formation of a Buddhist tradition in Japan in 538 or 552. \\nThey illustrate the terminal point of the Silk Road transmission of art during the first few centuries of our era. Other examples can be found in the development of the iconography of the Japanese Fūjin Wind God, the Niō guardians, and the near-Classical floral patterns in temple decorations.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe earliest Buddhist structures still extant in Japan, and the oldest wooden buildings in the Far East are found at the Hōryū-ji to the southwest of Nara. First built in the early 7th century as the private temple of Crown Prince Shōtoku, it consists of 41 independent buildings. The most important ones, the main worship hall, or Kondō (Golden Hall), and Gojū-no-tō (Five-story Pagoda), stand in the center of an open area surrounded by a roofed cloister. The Kondō, in the style of Chinese worship halls, is a two-story structure of post-and-beam construction, capped by an irimoya, or hipped-gabled roof of ceramic tiles.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nInside the Kondō, on a large rectangular platform, are some of the most important sculptures of the period. The central image is a Shaka Trinity (623), the historical Buddha flanked by two bodhisattvas, sculpture cast in bronze by the sculptor Tori Busshi (flourished early 7th century) in homage to the recently deceased Prince Shōtoku. At the four corners of the platform are the Guardian Kings of the Four Directions, carved in wood around 650. Also housed at Hōryū-ji is the Tamamushi Shrine, a wooden replica of a Kondō, which is set on a high wooden base that is decorated with figural paintings executed in a medium of mineral pigments mixed with lacquer.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nTemple building in the 8th century was focused around the Tōdai-ji in Nara. Constructed as the headquarters for a network of temples in each of the provinces, the Tōdaiji is the most ambitious religious complex erected in the early centuries of Buddhist worship in Japan. Appropriately, the 16.2-m (53-ft) Buddha (completed 752) enshrined in the main Buddha hall, or Daibutsuden, is a Rushana Buddha, the figure that represents the essence of Buddhahood, just as the Tōdaiji represented the center for Imperially sponsored Buddhism and its dissemination throughout Japan. Only a few fragments of the original statue survive, and the present hall and central Buddha are reconstructions from the Edo period.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nClustered around the Daibutsuden on a gently sloping hillside are a number of secondary halls: the Hokke-dō (Lotus Sutra Hall), with its principal image, the Fukukenjaku Kannon (不空羂索観音立像, the most popular bodhisattva), crafted of dry lacquer (cloth dipped in lacquer and shaped over a wooden armature); the Kaidanin (戒壇院, Ordination Hall) with its magnificent clay statues of the Four Guardian Kings; and the storehouse, called the Shōsōin. This last structure is of great importance as an art-historical cache, because in it are stored the utensils that were used in the temple's dedication ceremony in 752, the eye-opening ritual for the Rushana image, as well as government documents and many secular objects owned by the Imperial family.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nChoukin (or chōkin), the art of metal engraving or sculpting, is thought to have started in the Nara period.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nHeian art\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nIn 794 the capital of Japan was officially transferred to Heian-kyō (present-day Kyoto), where it remained until 1868. The term Heian period refers to the years between 794 and 1185, when the Kamakura shogunate was established at the end of the Genpei War. The period is further divided into the early Heian and the late Heian, or Fujiwara era, the pivotal date being 894, the year imperial embassies to China were officially discontinued.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nEarly Heian art: In reaction to the growing wealth and power of organized Buddhism in Nara, the priest Kūkai (best known by his posthumous title Kōbō Daishi, 774–835) journeyed to China to study Shingon, a form of Vajrayana Buddhism, which he introduced into Japan in 806. At the core of Shingon worship are mandalas, diagrams of the spiritual universe, which then began to influence temple design. Japanese Buddhist architecture also adopted the stupa, originally an Indian architectural form, in its Chinese-style pagoda.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe temples erected for this new sect were built in the mountains, far away from the Court and the laity in the capital. The irregular topography of these sites forced Japanese architects to rethink the problems of temple construction, and in so doing to choose more indigenous elements of design. Cypress-bark roofs replaced those of ceramic tile, wood planks were used instead of earthen floors, and a separate worship area for the laity was added in front of the main sanctuary.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe temple that best reflects the spirit of early Heian Shingon temples is the Murō-ji (early 9th century), set deep in a stand of cypress trees on a mountain southeast of Nara. The wooden image (also early 9th century) of Shakyamuni, the \\\"historic\\\" Buddha, enshrined in a secondary building at the Murō-ji, is typical of the early Heian sculpture, with its ponderous body, covered by thick drapery folds carved in the honpa-shiki (rolling-wave) style, and its austere, withdrawn facial expression.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nFujiwara art: In the Fujiwara period, Pure Land Buddhism, which offered easy salvation through belief in Amida (the Buddha of the Western Paradise), became popular. This period is named after the Fujiwara family, then the most powerful in the country, who ruled as regents for the Emperor, becoming, in effect, civil dictators. Concurrently, the Kyoto nobility developed a society devoted to elegant aesthetic pursuits. So secure and beautiful was their world that they could not conceive of Paradise as being much different. They created a new form of Buddha hall, the Amida hall, which blends the secular with the religious, and houses one or more Buddha images within a structure resembling the mansions of the nobility.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe Hō-ō-dō (Phoenix Hall, completed 1053) of the Byōdō-in, a temple in Uji to the southeast of Kyoto, is the exemplar of Fujiwara Amida halls. It consists of a main rectangular structure flanked by two L-shaped wing corridors and a tail corridor, set at the edge of a large artificial pond. Inside, a single golden image of Amida (c. 1053) is installed on a high platform. The Amida sculpture was executed by Jōchō, who used a new canon of proportions and a new technique (yosegi), in which multiple pieces of wood are carved out like shells and joined from the inside. Applied to the walls of the hall are small relief carvings of celestials, the host believed to have accompanied Amida when he descended from the Western Paradise to gather the souls of believers at the moment of death and transport them in lotus blossoms to Paradise. Raigō paintings on the wooden doors of the Hō-ō-dō, depicting the Descent of the Amida Buddha, are an early example of Yamato-e, Japanese-style painting, and contain representations of the scenery around Kyoto.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nE-maki: In the last century of the Heian period, the horizontal, illustrated narrative handscroll, known as e-maki (絵巻, lit. \\\"picture scroll\\\"), came to the fore. Dating from about 1130, the Genji Monogatari Emaki, a famous illustrated Tale of Genji represents the earliest surviving yamato-e handscroll, and one of the high points of Japanese painting. Written about the year 1000 by Murasaki Shikibu, a lady-in-waiting to the Empress Akiko, the novel deals with the life and loves of Genji and the world of the Heian court after his death. The 12th-century artists of the e-maki version devised a system of pictorial conventions that convey visually the emotional content of each scene. In the second half of the century, a different, livelier style of continuous narrative illustration became popular. The Ban Dainagon Ekotoba (late 12th century), a scroll that deals with an intrigue at court, emphasizes figures in active motion depicted in rapidly executed brush strokes and thin but vibrant colors.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nE-maki also serve as some of the earliest and greatest examples of the otoko-e (\\\"men's pictures\\\") and onna-e (\\\"women's pictures\\\") styles of painting. There are many fine differences in the two styles, appealing to the aesthetic preferences of the genders. But perhaps most easily noticeable are the differences in subject matter. Onna-e, epitomized by the Tale of Genji handscroll, typically deals with court life, particularly the court ladies, and with romantic themes. Otoko-e often recorded historical events, particularly battles. The Siege of the Sanjō Palace (1160), depicted in the \\\"Night Attack on the Sanjō Palace\\\" section of the Heiji Monogatari handscroll is a famous example of this style.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nKamakura art\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nIn 1180 a war broke out between the two most powerful warrior clans, the Taira and the Minamoto; five years later the Minamoto emerged victorious and established a de facto seat of government at the seaside village of Kamakura, where it remained until 1333. With the shift of power from the nobility to the warrior class, the arts had to satisfy a new audience: men devoted to the skills of warfare, priests committed to making Buddhism available to illiterate commoners, and conservatives, the nobility and some members of the priesthood who regretted the declining power of the court. Thus, realism, a popularizing trend, and a classical revival characterize the art of the Kamakura period. In the Kamakura period, Kyoto and Nara remained the centres of artistic production and high culture.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nSculpture: The Kei school of sculptors, particularly Unkei, created a new, more realistic style of sculpture. The two Niō guardian images (1203) in the Great South Gate of the Tōdai-ji in Nara illustrate Unkei's dynamic supra-realistic style. The images, about 8 m (about 26 ft) tall, were carved of multiple blocks in a period of about three months, a feat indicative of a developed studio system of artisans working under the direction of a master sculptor. Unkei's polychromed wood sculptures (1208, Kōfuku-ji, Nara) of two Indian sages, Muchaku and Seshin, the legendary founders of the Hossō sect, are among the most accomplished realistic works of the period; as rendered by Unkei, they are remarkably individualized and believable images. One of the most famous works of this period is an Amitabha Triad (completed in 1195), in Jōdo-ji in Ono, created by Kaikei, Unkei's successor.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nCalligraphy and painting: The Kegon Engi Emaki, the illustrated history of the founding of the Kegon sect, is an excellent example of the popularizing trend in Kamakura painting. The Kegon sect, one of the most important in the Nara period, fell on hard times during the ascendancy of the Pure Land sects. After the Genpei War (1180–1185), Priest Myōe of Kōzan-ji sought to revive the sect and also to provide a refuge for women widowed by the war. The wives of samurai had been discouraged from learning more than a syllabary system for transcribing sounds and ideas (see kana), and most were incapable of reading texts that employed Chinese ideographs (kanji).\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThus, the Kegon Engi Emaki combines passages of text, written with a maximum of easily readable syllables, and illustrations that have the dialogue between characters written next to the speakers, a technique comparable to contemporary comic strips. The plot of the e-maki, the lives of the two Korean priests who founded the Kegon sect, is swiftly paced and filled with fantastic feats such as a journey to the palace of the Ocean King, and a poignant mom story.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nA work in a more conservative vein is the illustrated version of Murasaki Shikibu's diary. E-maki versions of her novel continued to be produced, but the nobility, attuned to the new interest in realism yet nostalgic for past days of wealth and power, revived and illustrated the diary in order to recapture the splendor of the author's times. One of the most beautiful passages illustrates the episode in which Murasaki Shikibu is playfully held prisoner in her room by two young courtiers, while, just outside, moonlight gleams on the mossy banks of a rivulet in the imperial garden.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nMuromachi art\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nDuring the Muromachi period (1338–1573), also called the Ashikaga period, a profound change took place in Japanese culture. The Ashikaga clan took control of the shogunate and moved its headquarters back to Kyoto, to the Muromachi district of the city. With the return of government to the capital, the popularizing trends of the Kamakura period came to an end, and cultural expression took on a more aristocratic, elitist character. Zen Buddhism, the Ch'an sect traditionally thought to have been founded in China in the 6th century, was introduced for a second time into Japan and took root.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nPainting: Because of secular ventures and trading missions to China organized by Zen temples, many Chinese paintings and objects of art were imported into Japan and profoundly influenced Japanese artists working for Zen temples and the shogunate. Not only did these imports change the subject matter of painting, but they also modified the use of color; the bright colors of Yamato-e yielded to the monochromes of painting in the Chinese manner, where paintings generally only have black and white or different tones of a single color.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nTypical of early Muromachi painting is the depiction by the priest-painter Kao (active early 15th century) of the legendary monk Kensu (Hsien-tzu in Chinese) at the moment he achieved enlightenment. This type of painting was executed with quick brush strokes and a minimum of detail. Catching a Catfish with a Gourd (early 15th century, Taizō-in, Myōshin-ji, Kyoto), by the priest-painter Josetsu (active c. 1400), marks a turning point in Muromachi painting. Executed originally for a low-standing screen, it has been remounted as a hanging scroll with inscriptions by contemporary figures above, one of which refers to the painting as being in the \\\"new style\\\". In the foreground a man is depicted on the bank of a stream holding a small gourd and looking at a large slithery catfish. Mist fills the middle ground, and the background mountains appear to be far in the distance. It is generally assumed that the \\\"new style\\\" of the painting, executed about 1413, refers to a more Chinese sense of deep space within the picture plane.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe foremost artists of the Muromachi period are the priest-painters Shūbun and Sesshū. Shūbun, a monk at the Kyoto temple of Shōkoku-ji, created in the painting Reading in a Bamboo Grove (1446) a realistic landscape with deep recession into space. Sesshū, unlike most artists of the period, was able to journey to China and study Chinese painting at its source. Landscape of the Four Seasons (Sansui Chokan; c. 1486) is one of Sesshu's most accomplished works, depicting a continuing landscape through the four seasons.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nAzuchi-Momoyama art\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nIn the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603), a succession of military leaders, such as Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, attempted to bring peace and political stability to Japan after an era of almost 100 years of warfare. Oda, a minor chieftain, acquired power sufficient to take de facto control of the government in 1568 and, five years later, to oust the last Ashikaga shogun. Hideyoshi took command after Oda's death, but his plans to establish hereditary rule were foiled by Ieyasu, who established the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nPainting: The most important school of painting in the Momoyama period was that of the Kanō school, and the greatest innovation of the period was the formula, developed by Kanō Eitoku, for the creation of monumental landscapes on the sliding doors enclosing a room. The decoration of the main room facing the garden of the Jukō-in, a subtemple of Daitoku-ji (a Zen temple in Kyoto), is perhaps the best extant example of Eitoku's work. A massive ume tree and twin pines are depicted on pairs of sliding screens in diagonally opposite corners, their trunks repeating the verticals of the corner posts and their branches extending to left and right, unifying the adjoining panels. Eitoku's screen, 'Chinese Lions', also in Kyoto, reveals the bold, brightly colored style of painting preferred by the samurai.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nHasegawa Tōhaku, a contemporary of Eitoku, developed a somewhat different and more decorative style for large-scale screen paintings. In his Maple Screen (楓図), now in the temple of Chishaku-in (:ja:智積院), Kyoto, he placed the trunk of the tree in the center and extended the limbs nearly to the edge of the composition, creating a flatter, less architectonic work than Eitoku, but a visually gorgeous painting. His sixfold screen, Pine Wood (松林図), is a masterly rendering in monochrome ink of a grove of trees enveloped in mist.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nArt of the Edo period\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe Tokugawa shogunate gained undisputed control of the government in 1603 with a commitment to bring peace and economic and political stability to the country; in large measure it was successful. The shogunate survived until 1867, when it was forced to capitulate because of its failure to deal with pressure from Western nations to open the country to foreign trade. One of the dominant themes in the Edo period was the repressive policies of the shogunate and the attempts of artists to escape these strictures. The foremost of these was the closing of the country to foreigners and the accoutrements of their cultures, and the imposition of strict codes of behavior affecting every aspect of life, the clothes one wore, the person one married, and the activities one could or should not pursue.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nIn the early years of the Edo period, however, the full impact of Tokugawa policies had not yet been felt, and some of Japan's finest expressions in architecture and painting were produced: Katsura Palace in Kyoto and the paintings of Tawaraya Sōtatsu, pioneer of the Rinpa school.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nArchitecture: Katsura Detached Palace, built in imitation of Genji's palace, contains a cluster of shoin buildings that combine elements of classic Japanese architecture with innovative restatements. The whole complex is surrounded by a beautiful garden with paths for walking.\\nMany of powerful Daimyo (feudal lords) built a Circuit style Japanese garden in the territory country, and competed for the beauty.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nPainting: Sōtatsu evolved a superb decorative style by re-creating themes from classical literature, using brilliantly colored figures and motifs from the natural world set against gold-leaf backgrounds. One of his finest works is the pair of screens The Waves at Matsushima in the Freer Gallery in Washington, D.C. A century later, Kōrin reworked Sōtatsu's style and created visually gorgeous works uniquely his own. Perhaps his finest are the screen paintings of red and white plum blossoms.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nSculpture The Buddhist monk Enkū carved 120,000 Buddhist images in a rough, individual style.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nUkiyo-e and Bunjinga: The school of art best known in the West is that of the ukiyo-e paintings and woodblock prints of the demimonde, the world of the kabuki theater and the pleasure districts. Ukiyo-e prints began to be produced in the late 17th century; in 1765 Harunobu produced the first polychrome print. Print designers of the next generation, including Torii Kiyonaga and Utamaro, created elegant and sometimes insightful depictions of courtesans.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nIn the 19th century the dominant figures were Hokusai and Hiroshige, the latter a creator of romantic and somewhat sentimental landscape prints. The odd angles and shapes through which Hiroshige often viewed landscape, and the work of Kiyonaga and Utamaro, with its emphasis on flat planes and strong linear outlines, had a profound impact on such Western artists as Edgar Degas and Vincent van Gogh. Via artworks held in Western museums, these same printmakers would later exert a powerful influence on the imagery and aesthetic approaches used by early Modernist poets such as Ezra Pound, Richard Aldington and H.D.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nA school of painting contemporary with ukiyo-e was Nanga, or Bunjinga, a style based on paintings executed by Chinese scholar-painters. Just as ukiyo-e artists chose to depict figures from life outside the strictures of the Tokugawa shogunate, Bunjin artists turned to Chinese culture. The exemplars of this style are Ike no Taiga, Yosa Buson, Tanomura Chikuden, and Yamamoto Baiitsu (:ja:山本梅逸).\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nArt of the Prewar period\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nWhen Emperor of Japan regained ruling power in 1868, Japan was once again invaded by new and alien forms of culture. During the Prewar period, The introduction of Western cultural values led to a dichotomy in Japanese art, as well as in nearly every other aspect of culture, between traditional values and attempts to duplicate and assimilate a variety of clashing new ideas. This split remained evident in the late 20th century, although much synthesis had by then already occurred, and created an international cultural atmosphere and stimulated contemporary Japanese arts toward ever more innovative forms.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nBy the early 20th century, European art forms were well introduced and their marriage produced notable buildings like the Tokyo Train Station and the National Diet Building that still exist today.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nA lot of artistic new Japanese gardens were built with Jihei Ogawa.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nManga cartoons flourished the Meiji period, influenced greatly by English and French political cartoons. However, some art popular in the Meiji era, such as jōge-e (reversible images), is no longer popular in modern Japan.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nArchitecture: Tokyo Station, a building of Giyōfū architecture, full of bricks and pseudo-European style. This style of building was built in urban areas.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nPainting: The first response of the Japanese to Western art forms was open-hearted acceptance, and in 1876 the Technological Art School was opened, employing Italian instructors to teach Western methods. The second response was a pendulum swing in the opposite direction spearheaded by Okakura Kakuzō and the American Ernest Fenollosa, who encouraged Japanese artists to retain traditional themes and techniques while creating works more in keeping with contemporary taste. This was a strategy that eventually served to extend the influence of Japanese art as far as Calcutta, London, and Boston in the years leading up to World War I. Out of these two poles of artistic theory—derived from Europe and from East Asia respectively—developed yōga (\\\"Western-style painting\\\") and Nihonga (\\\"Japanese painting\\\"), categories that have maintained currency.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nArt of the Postwar period\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nAfter the end of World War II in 1945, many artists began working art forms derived from the international scene, moving away from local artistic developments into the mainstream of world art. But traditional Japanese conceptions endured, particularly in the use of modular space in architecture, certain spacing intervals in music and dance, a propensity for certain color combinations and characteristic literary forms.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nArt from 1603 to 1945 (Edo period and Prewar period) were supported by merchants. Counter to Edo period and Prewar period, art of Postwar period was changed to the art which is supported by people as consumers. The wide variety of art forms available to the Japanese reflect the vigorous state of the arts, widely supported by the Japanese people and promoted by the government. In the 1950s and 1960s, Japan's artistic avant garde include the internationally influential Gutai group, which originated or anticipated various postwar genres such as performance art, installation art, conceptual art, and wearable art. In photography, Kansuke Yamamoto was prominent.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nAmerican art and architecture greatly influenced Japan. Though fear of earthquakes severely restricted the building of a skyscraper, technological advances let Japanese build larger and higher buildings with more artistic outlooks.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nAs Japan has always made little distinction between 'fine art' and 'decorative art', as the West has done since the Renaissance, it is important to note Japan's significant and unique contributions to the fields of art in entertainment, commercial uses, and graphic design. Cartoons imported from America led to anime that at first were derived exclusively from manga stories. Today, anime abounds, and many artists and studios have risen to great fame as artists; Hayao Miyazaki and the artists and animators of Studio Ghibli are generally regarded to be among the best the anime world has to offer. Japan also flourishes in the fields of graphic design, commercial art (e.g. billboards, magazine advertisements), and in video game graphics and concept art.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nContemporary art in Japan\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nJapanese modern art takes as many forms and expresses as many different ideas as modern art in general, worldwide. It ranges from advertisements, anime, video games, and architecture as already mentioned, to sculpture, painting, and drawing in all their myriad forms.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nMany artists do continue to paint in the traditional manner, with black ink and color on paper or silk. Some of these depict traditional subject matter in the traditional styles, while others explore new and different motifs and styles, while using the traditional media. Still others eschew native media and styles, embracing Western oil paints or any number of other forms.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nIn sculpture, the same holds true; some artists stick to the traditional modes, some doing it with a modern flair, and some choose Western or brand new modes, styles, and media. Yo Akiyama is just one of many modern Japanese sculptors. He works primarily in clay pottery and ceramics, creating works that are very simple and straightforward, looking like they were created out of the earth itself. Another sculptor, using iron and other modern materials, built a large modern art sculpture in the Israeli port city of Haifa, called Hanabi (Fireworks). Nahoko Kojima is a contemporary Kirie artist who has pioneered the technique of Paper Cut Sculpture which hangs in 3d.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nTakashi Murakami is arguably one of the most well-known Japanese modern artists in the Western world. Murakami and the other artists in his studio create pieces in a style, inspired by anime, which he has dubbed \\\"superflat\\\". His pieces take a multitude of forms, from painting to sculpture, some truly massive in size. But most if not all show very clearly this anime influence, utilizing bright colors and simplified details.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nPerforming arts\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nA remarkable number of the traditional forms of Japanese music, dance, and theater have survived in the contemporary world, enjoying some popularity through reidentification with Japanese cultural values. Traditional music and dance, which trace their origins to ancient religious use—Buddhist, Shintō, and folk—have been preserved in the dramatic performances of Noh, Kabuki, and bunraku theater. Ancient court music and dance forms deriving from continental sources were preserved through Imperial household musicians and temple and shrine troupes. Some of the oldest musical instruments in the world have been in continuous use in Japan from the Jōmon period, as shown by finds of stone and clay flutes and zithers having between two and four strings, to which Yayoi period metal bells and gongs were added to create early musical ensembles. By the early historical period (6th to 7th centuries), there were a variety of large and small drums, gongs, chimes, flutes, and stringed instruments, such as the imported mandolin-like biwa and the flat six-stringed zither, which evolved into the thirteen-stringed koto.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThese instruments formed the orchestras for the 7th-century continentally derived ceremonial court music (gagaku), which, together with the accompanying bugaku (a type of court dance), are the most ancient of such forms still performed at the Imperial court, ancient temples, and shrines. Buddhism introduced the rhythmic chants, still used, that underpin Shigin, and that were joined with native ideas to underlay the development of vocal music, such as in Noh.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nAesthetic concepts\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nJapanese art is characterized by unique polarities. In the ceramics of the prehistoric periods, for example, exuberance was followed by disciplined and refined artistry. Another instance is provided by two 16th-century structures that are poles apart: the Katsura Detached Palace is an exercise in simplicity, with an emphasis on natural materials, rough and untrimmed, and an affinity for beauty achieved by accident; Nikkō Tōshō-gū is a rigidly symmetrical structure replete with brightly colored relief carvings covering every visible surface. Japanese art, valued not only for its simplicity but also for its colorful exuberance, has considerably influenced 19th-century Western painting and 20th-century Western architecture.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nJapan's aesthetic conceptions, deriving from diverse cultural traditions, have been formative in the production of unique art forms. Over the centuries, a wide range of artistic motifs developed and were refined, becoming imbued with symbolic significance. Like a pearl, they acquired many layers of meaning and a high luster. Japanese aesthetics provide a key to understanding artistic works perceivably different from those coming from Western traditions.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nWithin the East Asian artistic tradition, China has been the acknowledged teacher and Japan the devoted student. Nevertheless, several Japanese arts developed their own style, which can be differentiated from various Chinese arts. The monumental, symmetrically balanced, rational approach of Chinese art forms became miniaturized, irregular, and subtly suggestive in Japanese hands. Miniature rock gardens, diminutive plants (bonsai), and ikebana (flower arrangements), in which the selected few represented a garden, were the favorite pursuits of refined aristocrats for a millennium, and they have remained a part of contemporary cultural life.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe diagonal, reflecting a natural flow, rather than the fixed triangle, became the favored structural device, whether in painting, architectural or garden design, dance steps, or musical notations. Odd numbers replace even numbers in the regularity of a Chinese master pattern, and a pull to one side allows a motif to turn the corner of a three-dimensional object, thus giving continuity and motion that is lacking in a static frontal design. Japanese painters used the devices of the cutoff, close-up, and fade-out by the 12th century in yamato-e, or Japanese-style, scroll painting, perhaps one reason why modern filmmaking has been such a natural and successful art form in Japan. Suggestion is used rather than direct statement; oblique poetic hints and allusive and inconclusive melodies and thoughts have proved frustrating to the Westerner trying to penetrate the meanings of literature, music, painting, and even everyday language.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe Japanese began defining such aesthetic ideas in a number of evocative phrases by at least the 10th or 11th century. The courtly refinements of the aristocratic Heian period evolved into the elegant simplicity seen as the essence of good taste in the understated art that is called shibui. Two terms originating from Zen Buddhist meditative practices describe degrees of tranquility: one, the repose found in humble melancholy (wabi), the other, the serenity accompanying the enjoyment of subdued beauty (sabi). Zen thought also contributed a penchant for combining the unexpected or startling, used to jolt one's consciousness toward the goal of enlightenment. In art, this approach was expressed in combinations of such unlikely materials as lead inlaid in lacquer and in clashing poetic imagery. Unexpectedly humorous and sometimes grotesque images and motifs also stem from the Zen kōan (conundrum). Although the arts have been mainly secular since the Edo period, traditional aesthetics and training methods, stemming generally from religious sources, continue to underlie artistic productions.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nArtists\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nTraditionally, the artist was a vehicle for expression and was personally reticent, in keeping with the role of an artisan or entertainer of low social status. The calligrapher, a member of the Confucian literati class, or noble samurai class in Japan, had a higher status, while artists of great genius were often recognized in the Kamakura period by receiving a name from a feudal lord and thus rising socially. The performing arts, however, were generally held in less esteem, and the purported immorality of actresses of the early Kabuki theater caused the Tokugawa government to bar women from the stage; female roles in Kabuki and Noh thereafter were played by men.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nAfter World War II, artists typically gathered in arts associations, some of which were long-established professional societies while others reflected the latest arts movement. The Japan Artists League, for example, was responsible for the largest number of major exhibitions, including the prestigious annual Nitten (Japan Art Exhibition). The P.E.N. Club of Japan (P.E.N. stands for prose, essay, and narrative), a branch of an international writers' organization, was the largest of some thirty major authors' associations. Actors, dancers, musicians, and other performing artists boasted their own societies, including the Kabuki Society, organized in 1987 to maintain this art's traditional high standards, which were thought to be endangered by modern innovation. By the 1980s, however, avant-garde painters and sculptors had eschewed all groups and were \\\"unattached\\\" artists.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nArt schools\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThere are a number of specialized universities for the arts in Japan, led by the national universities. The most important is the Tokyo Arts University, one of the most difficult of all national universities to enter. Another seminal center is Tama Art University, which produced many of Japan's late 20th-century innovative young artists. Traditional training in the arts, derived from Chinese traditional methods, remains; experts teach from their homes or head schools working within a master-pupil relationship. A pupil does not experiment with a personal style until achieving the highest level of training, or graduating from an arts school, or becoming head of a school. Many young artists have criticized this system as stifling creativity and individuality. A new generation of the avant-garde has broken with this tradition, often receiving its training in the West. In the traditional arts, however, the master-pupil system preserves the secrets and skills of the past. Some master-pupil lineages can be traced to the Kamakura period, from which they continue to use a great master's style or theme.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nJapanese artists consider technical virtuosity as the sine qua non of their professions, a fact recognized by the rest of the world as one of the hallmarks of Japanese art.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe national government has actively supported the arts through the Agency for Cultural Affairs, set up in 1968 as a special body of the Ministry of Education. The agency's budget for FY 1989 rose to ￥37.8 billion after five years of budget cuts, but still represented much less than 1 percent of the general budget. The agency's Cultural Affairs Division disseminated information about the arts within Japan and internationally, and the Cultural Properties Protection Division (文化財保護部, now 文化財部) protected the nation's cultural heritage. The Cultural Affairs Division is concerned with such areas as art and culture promotion, arts copyrights, and improvements in the national language. It also supports both national and local arts and cultural festivals, and it funds traveling cultural events in music, theater, dance, art exhibitions, and filmmaking. Special prizes are offered to encourage young artists and established practitioners, and some grants are given each year to enable them to train abroad. The agency funds national museums of modern art in Kyoto and Tokyo and The National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo, which exhibit both Japanese and international shows.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nThe agency also supports the Japan Art Academy, which honors eminent persons of arts and letters, appointing them to membership and offering ￥3.5 million in prize money. Awards are made in the presence of the Emperor, who personally bestows the highest accolade, the Order of Culture. Tokyo University of the Arts also taking active roles on several art events in previous years. Their other campuses are also involving varied courses.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nPrivate sponsorship and foundations\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nArts patronage and promotion by the government are broadened to include a new cooperative effort with corporate Japan to provide funding beyond the tight budget of the Agency for Cultural Affairs. Many other public and private institutions participate, especially in the burgeoning field of awarding arts prizes. A growing number of large corporations join major newspapers in sponsoring exhibitions and performances and in giving yearly prizes. The most important of the many literary awards given are the venerable Naoki Prize and the Akutagawa Prize, the latter being the equivalent of the Pulitzer Prize in the United States.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nIn 1989 an effort to promote cross-cultural exchange led to the establishment of a Japanese \\\"Nobel Prize\\\" for the arts, the Premium Imperiale, by the Japan Art Association. This prize of US$100,000 was funded largely by the mass media conglomerate Fujisankei Communications Group and was awarded on a worldwide selection basis.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nA number of foundations promoting the arts arose in the 1980s, including the Cultural Properties Foundation set up to preserve historic sites overseas, especially along the Silk Road in Inner Asia and at Dunhuang in China. Another international arrangement was made in 1988 with the United States Smithsonian Institution for cooperative exchange of high-technology studies of Asian artifacts. The government plays a major role by funding the Japan Foundation, which provides both institutional and individual grants, effects scholarly exchanges, awards annual prizes, supported publications and exhibitions, and sends traditional Japanese arts groups to perform abroad. The Arts Festival held for two months each fall for all the performing arts is sponsored by the Agency for Cultural Affairs. Major cities also provides substantial support for the arts; a growing number of cities in the 1980s had built large centers for the performing arts and, stimulated by government funding, were offering prizes such as the Lafcadio Hearn Prize initiated by the city of Matsue. A number of new municipal museums were also providing about one-third more facilities in the 1980s than were previously available.\",\n \"Japanese art\\n\\nIn the late 1980s, Tokyo added more than twenty new cultural halls, notably, the large Bunkamura built by Tokyu Group and the reconstruction of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre. All these efforts reflect a rising popular enthusiasm for the arts. Japanese art buyers swept the Western art markets in the late 1980s, paying record highs for impressionist paintings and US$51.7 million alone for one blue period Picasso.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137895,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3742"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What CNN news anchor was the “moderator” of yesterday’s presidential debate at Hofstra University in NY?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Candy Crowley"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["candy crowley","candy alt crowley"],"string":"[\n \"candy crowley\",\n \"candy alt crowley\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["CNN\n\nThe Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel; however, by April 2016, a CNN executive officially described the channel as \"no longer a TV news network\" and instead as \"a 24-hour global multiplatform network.\" Upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States.","CNN\n\nWhile the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S. to distinguish the American channel from its international sister network, CNN International. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U.S. households. Broadcast coverage of the U.S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories.","CNN\n\nAs of February 2015, CNN is available to approximately 96,289,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households (82.7% of households with at least one television set) in the United States.","CNN\n\nHistory","CNN\n\nEarly history","CNN\n\nThe Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channel's first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the executive vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees, including the network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw.","CNN\n\nSince its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television providers, several websites, and specialized closed-circuit channels (such as CNN Airport). The company has 36 bureaus (10 domestic, 26 international), more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the video newswire service CNN Newsource), and several regional and foreign-language networks around the world. The channel's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996.","CNN\n\nA companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1, 1982 and featured a continuous 24-hour cycle of 30-minute news broadcasts. The channel, which later became known as CNN Headline News and is now known as simply HLN, eventually focused on live news coverage supplemented by personality-based programs during the evening and primetime hours.","CNN\n\nMajor events","CNN\n\nChallenger disaster","CNN\n\nOn January 28, 1986, CNN carried the only live television coverage of the launch and subsequent break-up of Space Shuttle Challenger, which killed all seven crew members on board.","CNN\n\nBaby Jessica rescue","CNN\n\nOn October 14, 1987, Jessica McClure, an 18-month-old toddler, fell down a well in Midland, Texas. CNN quickly reported on the story, and the event helped make its name. The New York Times ran a retrospective article in 1995 on the impact of live video news:","CNN\n\nGulf War","CNN\n\nThe first Persian Gulf War in 1991 was a watershed event for CNN that catapulted the channel past the \"Big Three\" American networks for the first time in its history, largely due to an unprecedented, historical scoop: CNN was the only news outlet with the ability to communicate from inside Iraq during the initial hours of the Coalition bombing campaign, with live reports from the al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad by reporters Bernard Shaw, John Holliman, Peter Arnett and Charles Jaco.","CNN\n\nThe moment when bombing began was announced on CNN by Bernard Shaw on January 16, 1991, as follows:","CNN\n\nBecause it was unable to immediately broadcast live pictures from Baghdad, CNN's coverage of the initial hours of the Gulf War had the dramatic feel of a radio broadcast – and was compared to legendary CBS news anchor Edward R. Murrow's gripping live radio reports of the German bombing of London during World War II. Despite the lack of live pictures, CNN's coverage was carried by television stations and networks around the world, resulting in CNN being watched by over a billion viewers worldwide – a feat that led to the subsequent creation of CNN International.","CNN\n\nThe Gulf War experience brought CNN some much sought-after legitimacy and made household names of previously obscure reporters. Many of these reporters now comprise CNN's \"old guard.\" Bernard Shaw became CNN's chief anchor until his retirement in 2001. Others include then-Pentagon correspondent Wolf Blitzer (now host of The Situation Room) and international correspondent Christiane Amanpour. Amanpour's presence in Iraq was caricatured by actress Nora Dunn in the role of the ruthless reporter Adriana Cruz in the 1999 film Three Kings. Time Warner-owned sister network HBO later produced a television movie, Live from Baghdad, about CNN's coverage of the first Gulf War.","CNN\n\nCoverage of the first Gulf War and other crises of the early 1990s (particularly the infamous Battle of Mogadishu) led officials at the Pentagon to coin the term \"the CNN effect\" to describe the perceived impact of real time, 24-hour news coverage on the decision-making processes of the American government.","CNN\n\nSeptember 11 attacks","CNN\n\nCNN was the first cable news channel to break the news of the September 11 attacks. Anchor Carol Lin was on the air to deliver the first public report of the event. She broke into a commercial at 8:49 a.m. Eastern Time that morning and said:","CNN\n\nSean Murtagh, CNN vice president of finance and administration, was the first network employee on the air. He called into CNN Center from his office at CNN's New York City bureau and reported that a commercial jet had hit the Trade Center.","CNN\n\nDaryn Kagan and Leon Harris were live on the air just after 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time as the second plane hit the North Tower of the World Trade Center and through an interview with CNN correspondent David Ensor, reported the news that U.S. officials determined \"that this is a terrorist act.\" Later, Aaron Brown and Judy Woodruff anchored through the day and night as the attacks unfolded, winning an Edward R. Murrow award for the network. Brown had just joined CNN from ABC to serve as the breaking news anchor.","CNN\n\nPaula Zahn assisted in the September 11, 2001, coverage on her first day as a CNN reporter, a fact that she mentioned as a guest clue presenter on a 2005 episode of Jeopardy!.","CNN\n\nCNN has made archival files of much of the day's broadcast available in [http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2011/09/07/natpkg-911-aircheck-timeline.cnn?iref=allsearch five segments, plus an overview].","CNN\n\n2008 U.S. election","CNN\n\nLeading up to the 2008 U.S. presidential election, CNN devoted large amounts of its coverage to politics, including hosting candidate debates during the Democratic and Republican primary seasons. On June 3 and 5, CNN teamed up with Saint Anselm College to sponsor the New Hampshire Republican and Democratic Debates. Later in 2007, the channel hosted the first CNN-YouTube presidential debates, a non-traditional format where viewers were invited to pre-submit questions over the internet via the YouTube video-sharing service. In 2008, CNN partnered with the Los Angeles Times to host two primary debates leading up to its coverage of Super Tuesday. CNN's debate and election night coverage led to its highest ratings of the year, with January 2008 viewership averaging 1.1 million viewers, a 41% increase over the previous year.","CNN\n\n2012 U.S. election","CNN\n\nCNN again devoted large amounts of coverage to the 2012 U.S. Presidential campaign. Chief political correspondent Candy Crowley acted as moderator for one of the three debates between Mitt Romney and Barack Obama. Some conservatives viewed her as overly partisan/biased due to her attempts at correcting statements by both candidates on the 2012 Benghazi consulate attack.","CNN\n\nProgramming","CNN\n\nCNN's current weekday schedule consists mostly of rolling news programming during daytime hours, followed by in-depth news and factual programs during the evening and primetime hours.","CNN\n\nThe network's morning programming consists of Early Start, an early-morning news program hosted by John Berman and Christine Romans, which is followed by New Day, the network's morning show, hosted by Chris Cuomo and Alisyn Camerota. Most of CNN's late-morning and early afternoon programming consists of CNN Newsroom, a rolling news program hosted by Carol Costello in the morning and Brooke Baldwin in the afternoon. In 2013 the network began to rework its daytime programming to include more distinct shows, beginning with Ashleigh Banfield's hour-long block of Newsroom as Legal View with Ashleigh Banfield in August 2013 (with an emphasis on legal issues and court cases) and an hour of Newsroom as Wolf hosted by Wolf Blitzer at 1 p.m. Eastern and At This Hour with Berman and Bolduan at 11 a.m. Eastern.","CNN\n\nCNN's late afternoon and early evening lineup consists of The Lead with Jake Tapper, hosted by Jake Tapper at 4 p.m. Eastern and The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer with Wolf Blitzer at 5–7 p.m. Eastern. The network's evening and primetime lineup shifts towards more in-depth programming, including Erin Burnett OutFront at 7 p.m. Eastern, Anderson Cooper 360° at 8 p.m. Eastern, and CNN Tonight with Don Lemon, hosted by Don Lemon at Monday through Thursday at 10 p.m. Eastern, and Friday at 9 p.m. Eastern and Overnight programming is CNN Newsroom (simulcast on CNN International), weeknights at 12–4 a.m. Eastern, and weekend at 4–6 a.m. Eastern.","CNN\n\nSince the cancellation of Piers Morgan Tonight, the 9 p.m. Eastern time slot has been filled by factual programs and documentary series, introducing new series for the 2014-15 season such as John Walsh's The Hunt, This is Life with Lisa Ling, and Mike Rowe's Somebody's Gotta Do It. Jeff Zucker explained that this new lineup was intended to shift CNN away from a reliance on pundit-oriented programs, and attract younger demographics to the network. Despite this, Zucker emphasized a continuing commitment to news programming, especially during breaking news events (where the 9 p.m. hour can be pre-empted for special coverage). These changes coincided with the introduction of a new imaging campaign for the network, featuring the slogan \"Go there\". In May 2014, CNN premiered The Sixties, a documentary miniseries produced by Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman which chronicled the United States in the 1960s. Owing to its success, CNN would produce sequels focusing on the 1970s and 1980s for 2015 and 2016 respectively.","CNN\n\nWeekend primetime is dedicated mostly to factual programming, including the reality series Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown, along with topical documentaries and specials under banners such as CNN Presents, CNN Special Investigations Unit and CNN Films. The network's Sunday morning lineup consists primarily of political talk shows, including Inside Politics with John King, State of the Union, the international affairs program Fareed Zakaria GPS, and the media analysis program Reliable Sources with Brian Stelter.","CNN\n\nOn-air presentation","CNN\n\nCNN began broadcasting in the high definition 1080i resolution format in September 2007. This format is now standard for CNN and is available on all major cable and satellite providers.","CNN\n\nCNN's political coverage in HD was first given mobility by the introduction of the CNN Election Express bus in October 2007. The Election Express vehicle, capable of five simultaneous HD feeds, was used for the channel's CNN-YouTube presidential debates and for presidential candidate interviews.","CNN\n\nIn December 2008, CNN introduced a comprehensive redesign of its on-air appearance, which replaced an existing style that had been used since 2004. On-air graphics took a rounded, flat look in a predominantly black, white, and red color scheme, and the introduction of a new box next to the CNN logo for displaying show logos and segment-specific graphics, rather than as a large banner above the lower-third. The redesign also replaced the scrolling ticker with a static \"flipper\", which could either display a feed of news headlines (both manually inserted and taken from the RSS feeds of CNN.com), or \"topical\" details related to a story.","CNN\n\nCNN's next major redesign was introduced on January 10, 2011, replacing the dark, flat appearance of the 2008 look with a glossier, blue and white color scheme, and moving the secondary logo box to the opposite end of the screen. Additionally, the network began to solely produce its programming in the 16:9 aspect ratio, with standard definition feeds using a letterboxed version of the HD feed. On February 18, 2013, the \"flipper\" was dropped and reverted to a scrolling ticker; originally displayed as a blue background with white text, the ticker was reconfigured a day later with blue text on a white background to match the look of the 'flipper'.","CNN\n\nOn August 11, 2014, CNN introduced its most recent graphics package, dropping the glossy appearance for a flat, rectangular scheme incorporating red, white, and black colors, and the Gotham typeface. The ticker now alternates between general headlines and financial news from CNNMoney, and the secondary logo box was replaced with a smaller box below the CNN bug, which displays either the title, hashtag, or Twitter handle for the show being aired or its anchor. On April 21, 2016, the typeface in the same graphics package was changed to modified Helvetica, CNN Sans; created by Monotype Imaging as their corporate font used now in all network's platform and their affiliated network worldwide.","CNN\n\nFormer programs","CNN\n\nStaff","CNN\n\nOn July 27, 2012, CNN president Jim Walton announced that he was quitting, after a 30-year tenure at the network. Walton remained with CNN until the end of that year. In January 2013, former NBCUniversal president Jeff Zucker replaced Walton.","CNN\n\nOn January 29, 2013, longtime political analysts James Carville and Mary Matalin, and fellow political contributor Erick Erickson were let go by CNN.","CNN\n\nOther platforms","CNN\n\nOnline","CNN\n\nCNN launched its website, CNN.com (initially an experiment known as CNN Interactive), on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005.","CNN\n\nIn April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the U.S., according to Nielsen/NetRatings; with an increase of 11% over the previous year.","CNN\n\nCNN Pipeline was the name of a paid subscription service, its corresponding website, and a content delivery client that provided streams of live video from up to four sources (or \"pipes\"), on-demand access to CNN stories and reports, and optional pop-up \"news alerts\" to computer users. The installable client was available to users of PCs running Microsoft Windows. There was also a browser-based \"web client\" that did not require installation. The service was discontinued in July 2007, and was replaced with a free streaming service.","CNN\n\nThe topical news program Judy Woodruff's Inside Politics was the first CNN program to feature a round-up of blogs in 2005. Blog coverage was expanded when Inside Politics was folded into The Situation Room (Inside Politics later returned to CNN in 2014, this time hosted by the network's chief national correspondent John King. ). In 2006, CNN launched CNN Exchange and CNN iReport, initiatives designed to further introduce and centralize the impact of everything from blogging to citizen journalism within the CNN brand. CNN iReport which features user-submitted photos and video, has achieved considerable traction, with increasingly professional-looking reports filed by amateur journalists, many still in high school or college. The iReport gained more prominence when observers of the Virginia Tech shootings sent-in first hand photos of what was going on during the shootings.","CNN\n\nIn early 2008, CNN began maintaining a live streaming broadcast available to cable and satellite subscribers who receive CNN at home (a precursor to the TV Everywhere services that would become popularized by cable and satellite providers beginning with Time Warner's incorporation of the medium). CNN International is broadcast live, as part of the RealNetworks SuperPass subscription service outside the U.S. CNN also offers several RSS feeds and podcasts.","CNN\n\nOn April 18, 2008, CNN.com was targeted by Chinese hackers in retaliation for the channel's coverage on the 2008 Tibetan unrest. CNN reported that they took preventative measures after news broke of the impending attack.","CNN\n\nThe company was honored at the 2008 Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for development and implementation of an integrated and portable IP-based live, edit and store-and-forward digital news gathering (DNG) system. The first use of what would later win CNN this award was in April 2001 when CNN correspondent Lisa Rose Weaver covered, and was detained, for the release of the U.S. Navy crew of a damaged electronic surveillance plane after the Hainan Island incident. The technology consisted of a videophone produced by 7E Communications Ltd of London, UK. This DNG workflow is used today by the network to receive material worldwide using an Apple MacBook Pro, various prosumer and professional digital cameras, software from Streambox Inc., and BGAN terminals from Hughes Network Systems.","CNN\n\nOn October 24, 2009, CNN launched a new version of the CNN.com website; the revamped site included the addition of a new \"sign up\" option, in which users can create their own username and profile, and a new \"CNN Pulse\" (beta) feature, along with a new red color theme. However, most of the news stories archived on the website were deleted.","CNN\n\nCNN also has a channel in the popular video-sharing site YouTube, but its videos can only be viewed in the United States, a source of criticism among YouTube users worldwide. In 2014, CNN launched a radio version of their popular Television programming on TuneIn Radio.","CNN\n\nIn April 2010, CNN announced via Twitter that it would launch a food blog called \"Eatocracy,\" which will \"cover all news related to food – from recalls to health issues to culture.\" CNN had an internet relay chat (IRC) network at chat.cnn.com. CNN placed a live chat with Benjamin Netanyahu on the network in 1998.","CNN\n\nCNNHealth consists of expert doctors answering viewers' questions online at CNN's \"The Chart\" blog website. Contributors include Drs. Sanjay Gupta (Chief Medical Correspondent), Charles Raison (Mental Health Expert), Otis Brawley (Conditions Expert), Melina Jampolis (Diet and Fitness Expert), Jennifer Shu (Living Well Expert), and Elizabeth Cohen (Senior Medical Correspondent).","CNN\n\nFilms","CNN\n\nIn October 2012, CNN formed a film division called CNN Films to distribute and produce made-for-TV and feature documentaries. Its first acquisition was a documentary entitled Girl Rising, a documentary narrated by Meryl Streep that focused on the struggles of girls' education.","CNN\n\nRadio","CNN\n\nIn July 2014, Cumulus Media announced that it would end its partnership with ABC News Radio, and enter into a new partnership with CNN to syndicate national and international news content for its stations through Westwood One beginning in 2015, including access to a wire service, and digital content for its station websites. This service is unbranded, allowing individual stations to integrate the content with their own news brands.","CNN\n\nSpecialized channels","CNN\n\nOver the years, CNN has launched spin-off networks in the United States and other countries. Channels that currently operate include:\n* CNN Airport\n* CNN Chile – a Chilean news channel that launched on December 4, 2008.\n* CNN en Español\n* CNN International\n* CNN TÜRK – a Turkish media outlet.\n* CNN-IBN – an Indian news channel.\n* CNN Indonesia – an Indonesian news channel that launched on August 17, 2015. (co-owned with Trans Corp)\n* CNNj – a Japanese news outlet.\n* CNN Philippines – a Filipino news channel launched on March 16, 2015.\n* HLN","CNN\n\nFormer channels","CNN\n\nCNN has also launched television and online ventures that are no longer in operation, including:\n* CNN Checkout Channel (out-of-home place-based custom channel for grocery stores that started in 1991 and shuttered in 1993)\n* CNN Italia (an Italian news website launched in partnership with the publishing company Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso, and after with the financial newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore, it launched on November 15, 1999 and closed on September 12, 2003)\n* CNN Pipeline (24-hour multi-channel broadband online news service, replaced with CNN.com Live)\n* CNN Sports Illustrated (also known as CNNSI; U.S. sports news channel, closed in 2002)\n* CNN+ (a partner channel in Spain, launched in 1999 with Sogecable)\n* CNN.com Live\n* CNNfn (financial channel, closed in December 2004)","CNN\n\nExperiments","CNN\n\nCNN launched two specialty news channels for the American market which would later close amid competitive pressure: the sports news channel CNNSI shut down in 2002, while business news channel CNNfn shut down after nine years on the air in December 2004. CNN had a partnership with Sports Illustrated through the sports website CNNSI.com, but sold the domain name in May 2015. CNNfn's former website now redirects to money.cnn.com, a product of CNN's strategic partnership with Money magazine. Money and Sports Illustrated were both Time Warner properties until 2014, when the company's magazine division was spun off into the separate Time Inc.","CNN\n\nBureaus","CNN\n\nNote: Boldface indicates that the city is home to one of CNN's original bureaus, meaning it has been in operation since the network's founding.","CNN\n\nUnited States","CNN\n\nWorldwide","CNN\n\nMany of the following bureaus have been closed or – due to the financial crisis – had their budget cut:","CNN\n\n* Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Middle East regional headquarters)\n* Buenos Aires, Argentina\n* Baghdad, Iraq\n* Bangkok, Thailand\n* Beijing, China\n* Beirut, Lebanon\n* Berlin, Germany\n* Bogotá, Colombia\n* Cairo, Egypt\n* Dubai, United Arab Emirates\n* Havana, Cuba\n* Hong Kong (Asia-Pacific regional headquarters)\n* Islamabad, Pakistan\n* Istanbul, Turkey\n* Jakarta, Indonesia\n* Jerusalem, Israel\n* Johannesburg, South Africa\n* Lagos, Nigeria\n* London, United Kingdom (European regional headquarters)\n* Madrid, Spain\n* Manila, Philippines \n* Mexico City, Mexico\n* Moscow, Russia\n* Nairobi, Kenya\n* New Delhi, India\n* Paris, France\n* Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\n* Rome, Italy\n* Santiago, Chile\n* São Paulo, Brazil\n* Seoul, South Korea\n* Sydney, Australia\n* Tehran, Iran (until the 2009 election, when foreign media were expelled from the country)\n* Tokyo, Japan","CNN\n\nIn parts of the world without a CNN bureau, reports from local affiliate station the network will be used to file a story.","CNN\n\nControversies","CNN\n\nIn a joint study by the Joan Shorenstein Center on Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University and the Project for Excellence in Journalism, the authors found disparate treatment by the three major cable channels of Republican and Democratic candidates during the earliest five months of presidential primaries in 2007:","CNN\n\nCNN is one of the world's largest news organizations, and its international channel, CNN International is the leading international news channel in terms of viewer reach. CNN International makes extensive use of affiliated reporters that are local to, and often directly affected by, the events they are reporting. The effect is a more immediate, less detached style of on-the-ground coverage. This has done little to stem criticism, largely from Middle Eastern nations, that CNN International reports news from a pro-American perspective. This is a marked contrast to domestic criticisms that often portray CNN as having a \"liberal\" or \"anti-American\" bias.","CNN\n\nCNN President Walter Isaacson met with Republican Party leaders in Washington, DC in 2001 saying afterwards \"I was trying to reach out to a lot of Republicans who feel that CNN has not been as open covering Republicans, and I wanted to hear their concerns,\" \nAs said by CNN founder Ted Turner, \"There really isn't much of a point getting some Tom, Dick or Harry off the streets to report on when we can snag a big name whom everyone identifies with. After all, it's all part of the business.\" However, in April 2008, Turner criticized the direction that CNN has taken. Others have echoed that criticism, especially in light of CNN's ratings declines since the late 2000s.","CNN\n\nOn April 24, 2008, beautician Liang Shubing and teacher Li Lilan sued commentator Jack Cafferty and CNN for $1.3 billion damages ($1 per person in China), in New York, for \"violating the dignity and reputation of the Chinese people\". This was in response to an incident during CNN's \"The Situation Room\" on April 9, where Cafferty stated his opinion that \"[the USA] continue to import their junk with the lead paint on them and the poisoned pet food\" despite his view that \"[the Chinese leaders were] basically the same bunch of goons and thugs they've been for the last 50 years\". Further, amid China's Foreign Ministry demand for an apology, 14 lawyers filed a similar suit in Beijing.","CNN\n\nIn June 2009, musician M.I.A. stated she did an hour-long interview with CNN condemning the mass bombing and Tamil civilian fatalities at the hands of Government forces in Sri Lanka in 16 weeks the same year, \"and they cut it down to one minute and made it about my single Paper Planes. When I went to the Grammys, I saw the same reporter from CNN, and I was like, 'Why did you do that?' And she said, 'Because you used the G-word.'\" \"Genocide. I guess you're not allowed to say that on CNN,\" raising questions concerning CNN's coverage and commitment to free speech.","CNN\n\nOn November 11, 2009, longtime CNN anchor Lou Dobbs resigned on-air after discussions with network President Jonathan Klein, who had agreed to release Dobbs from his contract \"that will enable me to pursue new opportunities.\" He had previously expressed to Klein that he wished to go \"the opinion route\". Dobbs' advocacy journalism-style coverage of immigration, Obama birthers, and free trade topics has attracted controversy both to him and to CNN.","CNN\n\nOn July 7, 2010, Octavia Nasr, senior Middle East editor and a CNN journalist for 20 years, was fired after she expressed on her Twitter account admiration for liberal-minded Muslim cleric Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah who had recently died, casting doubts on the company's commitment to freedom of speech.","CNN\n\nOn October 1, 2010, CNN anchor Rick Sanchez was fired after remarks he made during an interview with comedian Pete Dominick on a radio show the previous day about prejudices he faced during his television career, at CNN and jokes about him by comedian Jon Stewart. Calling him a \"bigot\" before retracting this and describing him instead as \"prejudiced\" and \"uninformed\", the interviewer invoked Stewart's faith as an example of how Stewart was \"a minority as much as you are\". Sanchez stated his view that Jewish people were not an oppressed minority in America, and his view that \"everybody that runs CNN is a lot like Stewart\" before stating \"And a lot of people who run all the other networks are a lot like Stewart.\"","CNN\n\nIn October 2011, Amber Lyon told a European news service that she had been directed by CNN to report selectively, repetitively, and falsely in order to sway public opinion in favor of direct American aggression against Iran and Syria, and that this was common practice under CNN. She subsequently reconfirmed this in detail, addressing the degraded state of journalistic ethics in an interview with American radio host Alex Jones, during which she also discussed the Bahraini episode, suggesting paid-for content was also taken from Georgia, Kazakhstan and other states, that the War on Terrorism had also been employed as a pretext to pre-empt substantive investigative journalism within the U.S., and that following the Bahrain reporting, her investigative department had been terminated and \"reorganized\", and her severance and employee benefits used as a threat to intimidate and attempt to purchase her subsequent silence.","CNN\n\nLyon had met with Tony Maddox, president of CNN International, twice about this issue in 2011 and had claimed that during the second meeting she was threatened and intimated to stop speaking on the matter. Lyon spoke heavily on RT about this, claiming that CNN reporters, headed by Maddox, have been instructed to over-cover Iran as a form of propaganda and that CNN International has been paid by the Bahraini government to produce and air news segments intentionally painting them in a positive light.","CNN\n\nIn October 2015, CNN and Facebook hosted the first 2016 Democratic Party presidential debate in Las Vegas, Nevada. CNN conducted an online poll asking viewers to select which of the participants they believed won the debate. Despite the fact that the poll ended with Bernie Sanders holding 75% of the vote, and Hillary Clinton holding 18% of the vote, and the fact that Senator Sanders took the lead in CNN's focus group, CNN published several articles declaring Secretary Clinton as the winner of the debate. After the poll appeared on television after the debate, it was never shown again and was removed from CNN's website. Following these events, supporters of Senator Sanders have claimed that CNN attempted to bury Bernie Sanders's victory in an effort to support Hillary Clinton because of the fact that Time Warner (CNN's parent company) is Hillary Clinton's seventh largest financial backer.","CNN\n\nOn April 3, 2016, hundreds of supporters of Bernie Sanders protested outside of CNN's Headquarters in Los Angeles. Sanders supporters were protesting the network's coverage of the 2016 United States presidential elections, specifically in regards to the amount of airtime Sanders has received. Known as Occupy CNN, protestors are claiming that major media networks have intentionally blacked out Sanders' presidential campaign in favor of giving much more airtime to candidates such as Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump.","CNN\n\nAwards and honors","CNN\n\nIn 1998, CNN received the Four Freedom Award for the Freedom of Speech."],"string":"[\n \"CNN\\n\\nThe Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel; however, by April 2016, a CNN executive officially described the channel as \\\"no longer a TV news network\\\" and instead as \\\"a 24-hour global multiplatform network.\\\" Upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nWhile the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S. to distinguish the American channel from its international sister network, CNN International. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U.S. households. Broadcast coverage of the U.S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nAs of February 2015, CNN is available to approximately 96,289,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households (82.7% of households with at least one television set) in the United States.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nEarly history\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nThe Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channel's first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the executive vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees, including the network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nSince its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television providers, several websites, and specialized closed-circuit channels (such as CNN Airport). The company has 36 bureaus (10 domestic, 26 international), more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the video newswire service CNN Newsource), and several regional and foreign-language networks around the world. The channel's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nA companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1, 1982 and featured a continuous 24-hour cycle of 30-minute news broadcasts. The channel, which later became known as CNN Headline News and is now known as simply HLN, eventually focused on live news coverage supplemented by personality-based programs during the evening and primetime hours.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nMajor events\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nChallenger disaster\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn January 28, 1986, CNN carried the only live television coverage of the launch and subsequent break-up of Space Shuttle Challenger, which killed all seven crew members on board.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nBaby Jessica rescue\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn October 14, 1987, Jessica McClure, an 18-month-old toddler, fell down a well in Midland, Texas. CNN quickly reported on the story, and the event helped make its name. The New York Times ran a retrospective article in 1995 on the impact of live video news:\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nGulf War\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nThe first Persian Gulf War in 1991 was a watershed event for CNN that catapulted the channel past the \\\"Big Three\\\" American networks for the first time in its history, largely due to an unprecedented, historical scoop: CNN was the only news outlet with the ability to communicate from inside Iraq during the initial hours of the Coalition bombing campaign, with live reports from the al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad by reporters Bernard Shaw, John Holliman, Peter Arnett and Charles Jaco.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nThe moment when bombing began was announced on CNN by Bernard Shaw on January 16, 1991, as follows:\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nBecause it was unable to immediately broadcast live pictures from Baghdad, CNN's coverage of the initial hours of the Gulf War had the dramatic feel of a radio broadcast – and was compared to legendary CBS news anchor Edward R. Murrow's gripping live radio reports of the German bombing of London during World War II. Despite the lack of live pictures, CNN's coverage was carried by television stations and networks around the world, resulting in CNN being watched by over a billion viewers worldwide – a feat that led to the subsequent creation of CNN International.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nThe Gulf War experience brought CNN some much sought-after legitimacy and made household names of previously obscure reporters. Many of these reporters now comprise CNN's \\\"old guard.\\\" Bernard Shaw became CNN's chief anchor until his retirement in 2001. Others include then-Pentagon correspondent Wolf Blitzer (now host of The Situation Room) and international correspondent Christiane Amanpour. Amanpour's presence in Iraq was caricatured by actress Nora Dunn in the role of the ruthless reporter Adriana Cruz in the 1999 film Three Kings. Time Warner-owned sister network HBO later produced a television movie, Live from Baghdad, about CNN's coverage of the first Gulf War.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCoverage of the first Gulf War and other crises of the early 1990s (particularly the infamous Battle of Mogadishu) led officials at the Pentagon to coin the term \\\"the CNN effect\\\" to describe the perceived impact of real time, 24-hour news coverage on the decision-making processes of the American government.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nSeptember 11 attacks\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN was the first cable news channel to break the news of the September 11 attacks. Anchor Carol Lin was on the air to deliver the first public report of the event. She broke into a commercial at 8:49 a.m. Eastern Time that morning and said:\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nSean Murtagh, CNN vice president of finance and administration, was the first network employee on the air. He called into CNN Center from his office at CNN's New York City bureau and reported that a commercial jet had hit the Trade Center.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nDaryn Kagan and Leon Harris were live on the air just after 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time as the second plane hit the North Tower of the World Trade Center and through an interview with CNN correspondent David Ensor, reported the news that U.S. officials determined \\\"that this is a terrorist act.\\\" Later, Aaron Brown and Judy Woodruff anchored through the day and night as the attacks unfolded, winning an Edward R. Murrow award for the network. Brown had just joined CNN from ABC to serve as the breaking news anchor.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nPaula Zahn assisted in the September 11, 2001, coverage on her first day as a CNN reporter, a fact that she mentioned as a guest clue presenter on a 2005 episode of Jeopardy!.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN has made archival files of much of the day's broadcast available in [http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2011/09/07/natpkg-911-aircheck-timeline.cnn?iref=allsearch five segments, plus an overview].\",\n \"CNN\\n\\n2008 U.S. election\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nLeading up to the 2008 U.S. presidential election, CNN devoted large amounts of its coverage to politics, including hosting candidate debates during the Democratic and Republican primary seasons. On June 3 and 5, CNN teamed up with Saint Anselm College to sponsor the New Hampshire Republican and Democratic Debates. Later in 2007, the channel hosted the first CNN-YouTube presidential debates, a non-traditional format where viewers were invited to pre-submit questions over the internet via the YouTube video-sharing service. In 2008, CNN partnered with the Los Angeles Times to host two primary debates leading up to its coverage of Super Tuesday. CNN's debate and election night coverage led to its highest ratings of the year, with January 2008 viewership averaging 1.1 million viewers, a 41% increase over the previous year.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\n2012 U.S. election\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN again devoted large amounts of coverage to the 2012 U.S. Presidential campaign. Chief political correspondent Candy Crowley acted as moderator for one of the three debates between Mitt Romney and Barack Obama. Some conservatives viewed her as overly partisan/biased due to her attempts at correcting statements by both candidates on the 2012 Benghazi consulate attack.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nProgramming\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN's current weekday schedule consists mostly of rolling news programming during daytime hours, followed by in-depth news and factual programs during the evening and primetime hours.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nThe network's morning programming consists of Early Start, an early-morning news program hosted by John Berman and Christine Romans, which is followed by New Day, the network's morning show, hosted by Chris Cuomo and Alisyn Camerota. Most of CNN's late-morning and early afternoon programming consists of CNN Newsroom, a rolling news program hosted by Carol Costello in the morning and Brooke Baldwin in the afternoon. In 2013 the network began to rework its daytime programming to include more distinct shows, beginning with Ashleigh Banfield's hour-long block of Newsroom as Legal View with Ashleigh Banfield in August 2013 (with an emphasis on legal issues and court cases) and an hour of Newsroom as Wolf hosted by Wolf Blitzer at 1 p.m. Eastern and At This Hour with Berman and Bolduan at 11 a.m. Eastern.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN's late afternoon and early evening lineup consists of The Lead with Jake Tapper, hosted by Jake Tapper at 4 p.m. Eastern and The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer with Wolf Blitzer at 5–7 p.m. Eastern. The network's evening and primetime lineup shifts towards more in-depth programming, including Erin Burnett OutFront at 7 p.m. Eastern, Anderson Cooper 360° at 8 p.m. Eastern, and CNN Tonight with Don Lemon, hosted by Don Lemon at Monday through Thursday at 10 p.m. Eastern, and Friday at 9 p.m. Eastern and Overnight programming is CNN Newsroom (simulcast on CNN International), weeknights at 12–4 a.m. Eastern, and weekend at 4–6 a.m. Eastern.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nSince the cancellation of Piers Morgan Tonight, the 9 p.m. Eastern time slot has been filled by factual programs and documentary series, introducing new series for the 2014-15 season such as John Walsh's The Hunt, This is Life with Lisa Ling, and Mike Rowe's Somebody's Gotta Do It. Jeff Zucker explained that this new lineup was intended to shift CNN away from a reliance on pundit-oriented programs, and attract younger demographics to the network. Despite this, Zucker emphasized a continuing commitment to news programming, especially during breaking news events (where the 9 p.m. hour can be pre-empted for special coverage). These changes coincided with the introduction of a new imaging campaign for the network, featuring the slogan \\\"Go there\\\". In May 2014, CNN premiered The Sixties, a documentary miniseries produced by Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman which chronicled the United States in the 1960s. Owing to its success, CNN would produce sequels focusing on the 1970s and 1980s for 2015 and 2016 respectively.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nWeekend primetime is dedicated mostly to factual programming, including the reality series Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown, along with topical documentaries and specials under banners such as CNN Presents, CNN Special Investigations Unit and CNN Films. The network's Sunday morning lineup consists primarily of political talk shows, including Inside Politics with John King, State of the Union, the international affairs program Fareed Zakaria GPS, and the media analysis program Reliable Sources with Brian Stelter.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn-air presentation\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN began broadcasting in the high definition 1080i resolution format in September 2007. This format is now standard for CNN and is available on all major cable and satellite providers.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN's political coverage in HD was first given mobility by the introduction of the CNN Election Express bus in October 2007. The Election Express vehicle, capable of five simultaneous HD feeds, was used for the channel's CNN-YouTube presidential debates and for presidential candidate interviews.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn December 2008, CNN introduced a comprehensive redesign of its on-air appearance, which replaced an existing style that had been used since 2004. On-air graphics took a rounded, flat look in a predominantly black, white, and red color scheme, and the introduction of a new box next to the CNN logo for displaying show logos and segment-specific graphics, rather than as a large banner above the lower-third. The redesign also replaced the scrolling ticker with a static \\\"flipper\\\", which could either display a feed of news headlines (both manually inserted and taken from the RSS feeds of CNN.com), or \\\"topical\\\" details related to a story.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN's next major redesign was introduced on January 10, 2011, replacing the dark, flat appearance of the 2008 look with a glossier, blue and white color scheme, and moving the secondary logo box to the opposite end of the screen. Additionally, the network began to solely produce its programming in the 16:9 aspect ratio, with standard definition feeds using a letterboxed version of the HD feed. On February 18, 2013, the \\\"flipper\\\" was dropped and reverted to a scrolling ticker; originally displayed as a blue background with white text, the ticker was reconfigured a day later with blue text on a white background to match the look of the 'flipper'.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn August 11, 2014, CNN introduced its most recent graphics package, dropping the glossy appearance for a flat, rectangular scheme incorporating red, white, and black colors, and the Gotham typeface. The ticker now alternates between general headlines and financial news from CNNMoney, and the secondary logo box was replaced with a smaller box below the CNN bug, which displays either the title, hashtag, or Twitter handle for the show being aired or its anchor. On April 21, 2016, the typeface in the same graphics package was changed to modified Helvetica, CNN Sans; created by Monotype Imaging as their corporate font used now in all network's platform and their affiliated network worldwide.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nFormer programs\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nStaff\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn July 27, 2012, CNN president Jim Walton announced that he was quitting, after a 30-year tenure at the network. Walton remained with CNN until the end of that year. In January 2013, former NBCUniversal president Jeff Zucker replaced Walton.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn January 29, 2013, longtime political analysts James Carville and Mary Matalin, and fellow political contributor Erick Erickson were let go by CNN.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOther platforms\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOnline\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN launched its website, CNN.com (initially an experiment known as CNN Interactive), on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the U.S., according to Nielsen/NetRatings; with an increase of 11% over the previous year.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN Pipeline was the name of a paid subscription service, its corresponding website, and a content delivery client that provided streams of live video from up to four sources (or \\\"pipes\\\"), on-demand access to CNN stories and reports, and optional pop-up \\\"news alerts\\\" to computer users. The installable client was available to users of PCs running Microsoft Windows. There was also a browser-based \\\"web client\\\" that did not require installation. The service was discontinued in July 2007, and was replaced with a free streaming service.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nThe topical news program Judy Woodruff's Inside Politics was the first CNN program to feature a round-up of blogs in 2005. Blog coverage was expanded when Inside Politics was folded into The Situation Room (Inside Politics later returned to CNN in 2014, this time hosted by the network's chief national correspondent John King. ). In 2006, CNN launched CNN Exchange and CNN iReport, initiatives designed to further introduce and centralize the impact of everything from blogging to citizen journalism within the CNN brand. CNN iReport which features user-submitted photos and video, has achieved considerable traction, with increasingly professional-looking reports filed by amateur journalists, many still in high school or college. The iReport gained more prominence when observers of the Virginia Tech shootings sent-in first hand photos of what was going on during the shootings.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn early 2008, CNN began maintaining a live streaming broadcast available to cable and satellite subscribers who receive CNN at home (a precursor to the TV Everywhere services that would become popularized by cable and satellite providers beginning with Time Warner's incorporation of the medium). CNN International is broadcast live, as part of the RealNetworks SuperPass subscription service outside the U.S. CNN also offers several RSS feeds and podcasts.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn April 18, 2008, CNN.com was targeted by Chinese hackers in retaliation for the channel's coverage on the 2008 Tibetan unrest. CNN reported that they took preventative measures after news broke of the impending attack.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nThe company was honored at the 2008 Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for development and implementation of an integrated and portable IP-based live, edit and store-and-forward digital news gathering (DNG) system. The first use of what would later win CNN this award was in April 2001 when CNN correspondent Lisa Rose Weaver covered, and was detained, for the release of the U.S. Navy crew of a damaged electronic surveillance plane after the Hainan Island incident. The technology consisted of a videophone produced by 7E Communications Ltd of London, UK. This DNG workflow is used today by the network to receive material worldwide using an Apple MacBook Pro, various prosumer and professional digital cameras, software from Streambox Inc., and BGAN terminals from Hughes Network Systems.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn October 24, 2009, CNN launched a new version of the CNN.com website; the revamped site included the addition of a new \\\"sign up\\\" option, in which users can create their own username and profile, and a new \\\"CNN Pulse\\\" (beta) feature, along with a new red color theme. However, most of the news stories archived on the website were deleted.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN also has a channel in the popular video-sharing site YouTube, but its videos can only be viewed in the United States, a source of criticism among YouTube users worldwide. In 2014, CNN launched a radio version of their popular Television programming on TuneIn Radio.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn April 2010, CNN announced via Twitter that it would launch a food blog called \\\"Eatocracy,\\\" which will \\\"cover all news related to food – from recalls to health issues to culture.\\\" CNN had an internet relay chat (IRC) network at chat.cnn.com. CNN placed a live chat with Benjamin Netanyahu on the network in 1998.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNNHealth consists of expert doctors answering viewers' questions online at CNN's \\\"The Chart\\\" blog website. Contributors include Drs. Sanjay Gupta (Chief Medical Correspondent), Charles Raison (Mental Health Expert), Otis Brawley (Conditions Expert), Melina Jampolis (Diet and Fitness Expert), Jennifer Shu (Living Well Expert), and Elizabeth Cohen (Senior Medical Correspondent).\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nFilms\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn October 2012, CNN formed a film division called CNN Films to distribute and produce made-for-TV and feature documentaries. Its first acquisition was a documentary entitled Girl Rising, a documentary narrated by Meryl Streep that focused on the struggles of girls' education.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nRadio\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn July 2014, Cumulus Media announced that it would end its partnership with ABC News Radio, and enter into a new partnership with CNN to syndicate national and international news content for its stations through Westwood One beginning in 2015, including access to a wire service, and digital content for its station websites. This service is unbranded, allowing individual stations to integrate the content with their own news brands.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nSpecialized channels\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOver the years, CNN has launched spin-off networks in the United States and other countries. Channels that currently operate include:\\n* CNN Airport\\n* CNN Chile – a Chilean news channel that launched on December 4, 2008.\\n* CNN en Español\\n* CNN International\\n* CNN TÜRK – a Turkish media outlet.\\n* CNN-IBN – an Indian news channel.\\n* CNN Indonesia – an Indonesian news channel that launched on August 17, 2015. (co-owned with Trans Corp)\\n* CNNj – a Japanese news outlet.\\n* CNN Philippines – a Filipino news channel launched on March 16, 2015.\\n* HLN\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nFormer channels\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN has also launched television and online ventures that are no longer in operation, including:\\n* CNN Checkout Channel (out-of-home place-based custom channel for grocery stores that started in 1991 and shuttered in 1993)\\n* CNN Italia (an Italian news website launched in partnership with the publishing company Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso, and after with the financial newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore, it launched on November 15, 1999 and closed on September 12, 2003)\\n* CNN Pipeline (24-hour multi-channel broadband online news service, replaced with CNN.com Live)\\n* CNN Sports Illustrated (also known as CNNSI; U.S. sports news channel, closed in 2002)\\n* CNN+ (a partner channel in Spain, launched in 1999 with Sogecable)\\n* CNN.com Live\\n* CNNfn (financial channel, closed in December 2004)\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nExperiments\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN launched two specialty news channels for the American market which would later close amid competitive pressure: the sports news channel CNNSI shut down in 2002, while business news channel CNNfn shut down after nine years on the air in December 2004. CNN had a partnership with Sports Illustrated through the sports website CNNSI.com, but sold the domain name in May 2015. CNNfn's former website now redirects to money.cnn.com, a product of CNN's strategic partnership with Money magazine. Money and Sports Illustrated were both Time Warner properties until 2014, when the company's magazine division was spun off into the separate Time Inc.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nBureaus\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nNote: Boldface indicates that the city is home to one of CNN's original bureaus, meaning it has been in operation since the network's founding.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nUnited States\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nWorldwide\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nMany of the following bureaus have been closed or – due to the financial crisis – had their budget cut:\",\n \"CNN\\n\\n* Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Middle East regional headquarters)\\n* Buenos Aires, Argentina\\n* Baghdad, Iraq\\n* Bangkok, Thailand\\n* Beijing, China\\n* Beirut, Lebanon\\n* Berlin, Germany\\n* Bogotá, Colombia\\n* Cairo, Egypt\\n* Dubai, United Arab Emirates\\n* Havana, Cuba\\n* Hong Kong (Asia-Pacific regional headquarters)\\n* Islamabad, Pakistan\\n* Istanbul, Turkey\\n* Jakarta, Indonesia\\n* Jerusalem, Israel\\n* Johannesburg, South Africa\\n* Lagos, Nigeria\\n* London, United Kingdom (European regional headquarters)\\n* Madrid, Spain\\n* Manila, Philippines \\n* Mexico City, Mexico\\n* Moscow, Russia\\n* Nairobi, Kenya\\n* New Delhi, India\\n* Paris, France\\n* Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\\n* Rome, Italy\\n* Santiago, Chile\\n* São Paulo, Brazil\\n* Seoul, South Korea\\n* Sydney, Australia\\n* Tehran, Iran (until the 2009 election, when foreign media were expelled from the country)\\n* Tokyo, Japan\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn parts of the world without a CNN bureau, reports from local affiliate station the network will be used to file a story.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nControversies\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn a joint study by the Joan Shorenstein Center on Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University and the Project for Excellence in Journalism, the authors found disparate treatment by the three major cable channels of Republican and Democratic candidates during the earliest five months of presidential primaries in 2007:\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN is one of the world's largest news organizations, and its international channel, CNN International is the leading international news channel in terms of viewer reach. CNN International makes extensive use of affiliated reporters that are local to, and often directly affected by, the events they are reporting. The effect is a more immediate, less detached style of on-the-ground coverage. This has done little to stem criticism, largely from Middle Eastern nations, that CNN International reports news from a pro-American perspective. This is a marked contrast to domestic criticisms that often portray CNN as having a \\\"liberal\\\" or \\\"anti-American\\\" bias.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nCNN President Walter Isaacson met with Republican Party leaders in Washington, DC in 2001 saying afterwards \\\"I was trying to reach out to a lot of Republicans who feel that CNN has not been as open covering Republicans, and I wanted to hear their concerns,\\\" \\nAs said by CNN founder Ted Turner, \\\"There really isn't much of a point getting some Tom, Dick or Harry off the streets to report on when we can snag a big name whom everyone identifies with. After all, it's all part of the business.\\\" However, in April 2008, Turner criticized the direction that CNN has taken. Others have echoed that criticism, especially in light of CNN's ratings declines since the late 2000s.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn April 24, 2008, beautician Liang Shubing and teacher Li Lilan sued commentator Jack Cafferty and CNN for $1.3 billion damages ($1 per person in China), in New York, for \\\"violating the dignity and reputation of the Chinese people\\\". This was in response to an incident during CNN's \\\"The Situation Room\\\" on April 9, where Cafferty stated his opinion that \\\"[the USA] continue to import their junk with the lead paint on them and the poisoned pet food\\\" despite his view that \\\"[the Chinese leaders were] basically the same bunch of goons and thugs they've been for the last 50 years\\\". Further, amid China's Foreign Ministry demand for an apology, 14 lawyers filed a similar suit in Beijing.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn June 2009, musician M.I.A. stated she did an hour-long interview with CNN condemning the mass bombing and Tamil civilian fatalities at the hands of Government forces in Sri Lanka in 16 weeks the same year, \\\"and they cut it down to one minute and made it about my single Paper Planes. When I went to the Grammys, I saw the same reporter from CNN, and I was like, 'Why did you do that?' And she said, 'Because you used the G-word.'\\\" \\\"Genocide. I guess you're not allowed to say that on CNN,\\\" raising questions concerning CNN's coverage and commitment to free speech.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn November 11, 2009, longtime CNN anchor Lou Dobbs resigned on-air after discussions with network President Jonathan Klein, who had agreed to release Dobbs from his contract \\\"that will enable me to pursue new opportunities.\\\" He had previously expressed to Klein that he wished to go \\\"the opinion route\\\". Dobbs' advocacy journalism-style coverage of immigration, Obama birthers, and free trade topics has attracted controversy both to him and to CNN.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn July 7, 2010, Octavia Nasr, senior Middle East editor and a CNN journalist for 20 years, was fired after she expressed on her Twitter account admiration for liberal-minded Muslim cleric Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah who had recently died, casting doubts on the company's commitment to freedom of speech.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn October 1, 2010, CNN anchor Rick Sanchez was fired after remarks he made during an interview with comedian Pete Dominick on a radio show the previous day about prejudices he faced during his television career, at CNN and jokes about him by comedian Jon Stewart. Calling him a \\\"bigot\\\" before retracting this and describing him instead as \\\"prejudiced\\\" and \\\"uninformed\\\", the interviewer invoked Stewart's faith as an example of how Stewart was \\\"a minority as much as you are\\\". Sanchez stated his view that Jewish people were not an oppressed minority in America, and his view that \\\"everybody that runs CNN is a lot like Stewart\\\" before stating \\\"And a lot of people who run all the other networks are a lot like Stewart.\\\"\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn October 2011, Amber Lyon told a European news service that she had been directed by CNN to report selectively, repetitively, and falsely in order to sway public opinion in favor of direct American aggression against Iran and Syria, and that this was common practice under CNN. She subsequently reconfirmed this in detail, addressing the degraded state of journalistic ethics in an interview with American radio host Alex Jones, during which she also discussed the Bahraini episode, suggesting paid-for content was also taken from Georgia, Kazakhstan and other states, that the War on Terrorism had also been employed as a pretext to pre-empt substantive investigative journalism within the U.S., and that following the Bahrain reporting, her investigative department had been terminated and \\\"reorganized\\\", and her severance and employee benefits used as a threat to intimidate and attempt to purchase her subsequent silence.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nLyon had met with Tony Maddox, president of CNN International, twice about this issue in 2011 and had claimed that during the second meeting she was threatened and intimated to stop speaking on the matter. Lyon spoke heavily on RT about this, claiming that CNN reporters, headed by Maddox, have been instructed to over-cover Iran as a form of propaganda and that CNN International has been paid by the Bahraini government to produce and air news segments intentionally painting them in a positive light.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn October 2015, CNN and Facebook hosted the first 2016 Democratic Party presidential debate in Las Vegas, Nevada. CNN conducted an online poll asking viewers to select which of the participants they believed won the debate. Despite the fact that the poll ended with Bernie Sanders holding 75% of the vote, and Hillary Clinton holding 18% of the vote, and the fact that Senator Sanders took the lead in CNN's focus group, CNN published several articles declaring Secretary Clinton as the winner of the debate. After the poll appeared on television after the debate, it was never shown again and was removed from CNN's website. Following these events, supporters of Senator Sanders have claimed that CNN attempted to bury Bernie Sanders's victory in an effort to support Hillary Clinton because of the fact that Time Warner (CNN's parent company) is Hillary Clinton's seventh largest financial backer.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nOn April 3, 2016, hundreds of supporters of Bernie Sanders protested outside of CNN's Headquarters in Los Angeles. Sanders supporters were protesting the network's coverage of the 2016 United States presidential elections, specifically in regards to the amount of airtime Sanders has received. Known as Occupy CNN, protestors are claiming that major media networks have intentionally blacked out Sanders' presidential campaign in favor of giving much more airtime to candidates such as Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump.\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nAwards and honors\",\n \"CNN\\n\\nIn 1998, CNN received the Four Freedom Award for the Freedom of Speech.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137896,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3745"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What lifted the capsule that Felix Baumgartner rode some 24 miles into the stratosphere before his historic jump this week?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Helium Balloon"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["helium baloons","gas balloons","gas balloon","helium balloon"],"string":"[\n \"helium baloons\",\n \"gas balloons\",\n \"gas balloon\",\n \"helium balloon\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Felix Baumgartner\n\nFelix Baumgartner (;) is an Austrian skydiver, daredevil and BASE jumper. He is best known for his participation in the Red Bull Stratos project, in which he jumped to Earth from a helium balloon in the stratosphere on October 14, 2012. Doing so, he set world records for skydiving an estimated 39 km, reaching an estimated top speed of , or Mach 1.25,\n\"[http://www.fai.org/records/news-of-records/37017-baumgartners-records-ratified-by-fai Baumgartner's Records Ratified by FAI !]\" [http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId\n16669 Record] Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, October 14, 2012. Accessed: 18 November 2013. \n .\nHe became the first person to break the sound barrier without vehicular power relative to the surface on his descent. He broke skydiving records for exit altitude, vertical freefall distance without drogue, and vertical speed without drogue. Though he still holds the latter records, the first was broken two years later, when on 24 October 2014, Alan Eustace jumped from 135,890 feet - or, with a drogue.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nBaumgartner is also renowned for the particularly dangerous nature of the stunts he has performed during his career. Baumgartner spent time in the Austrian military where he practiced parachute jumping, including training to land on small target zones.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nBiography","Felix Baumgartner\n\nFelix Baumgartner was born first of two boys on 20 April 1969 (with baby brother Gerard), in Salzburg, Austria. As a child, he dreamed about flying and skydiving. In 1999 he claimed the world record for the highest parachute jump from a building when he jumped from the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. On 20 July 2003, Baumgartner became the first person to skydive across the English Channel using a specially made carbon fiber wing. Alban Geissler, who developed the SKYRAY carbon fiber wing with Christoph Aarns, suggested after Baumgartner's jump that the wing he used was a copy of two prototype SKYRAY wings sold to Red Bull (Baumgartner's sponsor) two years earlier.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nBaumgartner also set the world record for the lowest BASE jump ever, when he jumped 29 m from the hand of the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro.\n This jump also stirred controversy among BASE jumpers who pointed out that Baumgartner cited the height of the statue as the height of the jump even though he landed on a slope below the statue's feet, and that other BASE jumpers had previously jumped from the statue but avoided publicity.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nHe became the first person to BASE jump from the completed Millau Viaduct in France on 27 June 2004 and the first person to skydive onto, then BASE jump from, the Turning Torso building in Malmö, Sweden, on 18 August 2006. On 12 December 2007 he became the first person to jump from the 91st floor observation deck of the then-tallest completed building in the world, Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nRed Bull Stratos","Felix Baumgartner\n\nIn January 2010, it was reported that Baumgartner was working with a team of scientists and sponsor Red Bull to attempt the highest sky-dive on record.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nTest jumps","Felix Baumgartner\n\nOn 15 March 2012, Baumgartner completed the first of 2 \ntest jumps from 21818 m. During the jump, he spent approximately 3 minutes and 43 seconds in free fall, reaching speeds of more than 580 km/h, before opening his parachute. In total, the jump lasted approximately eight minutes and eight seconds and Baumgartner became the third person to safely parachute from a height of over .","Felix Baumgartner\n\nOn 25 July 2012, Baumgartner completed the second of two planned test jumps from 96640 ft. It took Baumgartner about 90 minutes to reach the target altitude and his free fall was estimated to have lasted three minutes and 48 seconds before his parachutes were deployed.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nMain jump","Felix Baumgartner\n\nThe launch was originally scheduled for 9 October 2012 but was aborted due to adverse weather conditions. Launch was rescheduled and the mission instead took place on 14 October 2012 when Baumgartner landed in eastern New Mexico after jumping from a world-record (that record was broken by Alan Eustace in 2014), 38,969.3 meters (127,852 feet)\"[http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId16670 Record ID 16670, Parachuting - Exit altitude] Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 14 October 2012. Accessed: 15 December 2013. and falling a record distance of 36,402.6 meters.\"[http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId16671 Record ID 16671, Parachuting - Freefall distance] Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 14 October 2012. Accessed: 15 December 2013. Baumgartner also set the record for fastest speed of free fall at 1,357.64 km/h (843.6 mph), making him the first human to break the sound barrier outside a vehicle. Baumgartner was in free fall for 4 minutes and 19 seconds, 17 seconds short of mentor Joseph Kittinger's 1960 jump.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nTraining for the jump","Felix Baumgartner\n\nBaumgartner initially struggled with claustrophobia after spending time in the pressurized suit required for the jump, but overcame it with help from a sports psychologist and other specialists. [http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/14/us/skydiver-record-attempt/index.html?hpt\nhp_t1 (CNN)] Report. Retrieved 14 October 2012.[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/felix-baumgartner-feel-broke-sound-barrier-article-1.1183735 NYDaily News:Red Bull Stratos] Retrieved 15 October 2012.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nAudi Motorsport","Felix Baumgartner\n\nIn 2014, Baumgartner decided to join Audi Motorsport to drive an Audi R8 LMS for the 2014 24 Hours of Nurburgring after racing Volkswagen Polos in 2013. He underwent another intense physical and driver training session to prepare him for the race. He helped the team to a 9th place overall finish.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nControversial","Felix Baumgartner\n\nFacebook deleted his Fan page of 1.5 million fans on July 13th 2016. Baumgartner subsequently claimed that he must have become \"too uncomfortable\" for unspecified \"political elites\".","Felix Baumgartner\n\nPersonal life","Felix Baumgartner\n\nIn October 2012, when Baumgartner was asked in an interview with the Austrian newspaper Kleine Zeitung whether a political career was an option for his future life, he stated that the \"example of Arnold Schwarzenegger\" showed, that \"you can't move anything in a democracy\" and that he would opt for a \"moderate dictatorship [...] led by experienced personalities coming from the private (sector of the) economy\". He finally stated he \"didn't want to get involved in politics.\"","Felix Baumgartner\n\nOn 6 November 2012 Baumgartner was convicted of battery and was fined €1500 after punching a Greek truck driver in the face.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nIn January 2016 Baumgartner provoked a stir of critical news coverage in his home country after posting several critical remarks against refugees and recommending the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán for the Nobel Peace Prize. Later on, Baumgartner endorsed the presidential candidate of the right-wing populist Freedom Party of Austria, Norbert Hofer.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nAfter Austrian authorities refused to grant sports tax breaks to Baumgartner, he moved to Arbon, Switzerland, whereupon his house in Salzburg and his helicopter were seized.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nBaumgartner dated Playboy German playmate of the century Gitta Saxx. Later he was engaged to Nicole Öttl, a model and former beauty queen (Miss Lower Austria 2006). They broke up in 2013.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nHis mother is named Eva, and he has one brother, Gerald Baumgartner. Baumgartner's mother's name has also been reported as Ava.","Felix Baumgartner\n\nAwards and accolades","Felix Baumgartner\n\n* In 2012 he won the Bambi award in the category of \"Millennium\". \n*In December 2012, Felix was named one of \"The Men of the Year 2012\" by Top Gear magazine. \n*He was named Laureus World Action Sportsperson of the Year (12 March 2013).\n*He received the Mankind Award at The 2013 Spike Guys' Choice Awards.\n*Flying magazine ranked him number 46 on their 2013 list of the \"51 Heroes of Aviation\"; he is the youngest-ranked living person on the list."],"string":"[\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nFelix Baumgartner (;) is an Austrian skydiver, daredevil and BASE jumper. He is best known for his participation in the Red Bull Stratos project, in which he jumped to Earth from a helium balloon in the stratosphere on October 14, 2012. Doing so, he set world records for skydiving an estimated 39 km, reaching an estimated top speed of , or Mach 1.25,\\n\\\"[http://www.fai.org/records/news-of-records/37017-baumgartners-records-ratified-by-fai Baumgartner's Records Ratified by FAI !]\\\" [http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId\\n16669 Record] Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, October 14, 2012. Accessed: 18 November 2013. \\n .\\nHe became the first person to break the sound barrier without vehicular power relative to the surface on his descent. He broke skydiving records for exit altitude, vertical freefall distance without drogue, and vertical speed without drogue. Though he still holds the latter records, the first was broken two years later, when on 24 October 2014, Alan Eustace jumped from 135,890 feet - or, with a drogue.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nBaumgartner is also renowned for the particularly dangerous nature of the stunts he has performed during his career. Baumgartner spent time in the Austrian military where he practiced parachute jumping, including training to land on small target zones.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nBiography\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nFelix Baumgartner was born first of two boys on 20 April 1969 (with baby brother Gerard), in Salzburg, Austria. As a child, he dreamed about flying and skydiving. In 1999 he claimed the world record for the highest parachute jump from a building when he jumped from the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. On 20 July 2003, Baumgartner became the first person to skydive across the English Channel using a specially made carbon fiber wing. Alban Geissler, who developed the SKYRAY carbon fiber wing with Christoph Aarns, suggested after Baumgartner's jump that the wing he used was a copy of two prototype SKYRAY wings sold to Red Bull (Baumgartner's sponsor) two years earlier.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nBaumgartner also set the world record for the lowest BASE jump ever, when he jumped 29 m from the hand of the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro.\\n This jump also stirred controversy among BASE jumpers who pointed out that Baumgartner cited the height of the statue as the height of the jump even though he landed on a slope below the statue's feet, and that other BASE jumpers had previously jumped from the statue but avoided publicity.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nHe became the first person to BASE jump from the completed Millau Viaduct in France on 27 June 2004 and the first person to skydive onto, then BASE jump from, the Turning Torso building in Malmö, Sweden, on 18 August 2006. On 12 December 2007 he became the first person to jump from the 91st floor observation deck of the then-tallest completed building in the world, Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nRed Bull Stratos\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nIn January 2010, it was reported that Baumgartner was working with a team of scientists and sponsor Red Bull to attempt the highest sky-dive on record.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nTest jumps\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nOn 15 March 2012, Baumgartner completed the first of 2 \\ntest jumps from 21818 m. During the jump, he spent approximately 3 minutes and 43 seconds in free fall, reaching speeds of more than 580 km/h, before opening his parachute. In total, the jump lasted approximately eight minutes and eight seconds and Baumgartner became the third person to safely parachute from a height of over .\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nOn 25 July 2012, Baumgartner completed the second of two planned test jumps from 96640 ft. It took Baumgartner about 90 minutes to reach the target altitude and his free fall was estimated to have lasted three minutes and 48 seconds before his parachutes were deployed.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nMain jump\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nThe launch was originally scheduled for 9 October 2012 but was aborted due to adverse weather conditions. Launch was rescheduled and the mission instead took place on 14 October 2012 when Baumgartner landed in eastern New Mexico after jumping from a world-record (that record was broken by Alan Eustace in 2014), 38,969.3 meters (127,852 feet)\\\"[http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId16670 Record ID 16670, Parachuting - Exit altitude] Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 14 October 2012. Accessed: 15 December 2013. and falling a record distance of 36,402.6 meters.\\\"[http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId16671 Record ID 16671, Parachuting - Freefall distance] Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 14 October 2012. Accessed: 15 December 2013. Baumgartner also set the record for fastest speed of free fall at 1,357.64 km/h (843.6 mph), making him the first human to break the sound barrier outside a vehicle. Baumgartner was in free fall for 4 minutes and 19 seconds, 17 seconds short of mentor Joseph Kittinger's 1960 jump.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nTraining for the jump\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nBaumgartner initially struggled with claustrophobia after spending time in the pressurized suit required for the jump, but overcame it with help from a sports psychologist and other specialists. [http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/14/us/skydiver-record-attempt/index.html?hpt\\nhp_t1 (CNN)] Report. Retrieved 14 October 2012.[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/felix-baumgartner-feel-broke-sound-barrier-article-1.1183735 NYDaily News:Red Bull Stratos] Retrieved 15 October 2012.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nAudi Motorsport\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nIn 2014, Baumgartner decided to join Audi Motorsport to drive an Audi R8 LMS for the 2014 24 Hours of Nurburgring after racing Volkswagen Polos in 2013. He underwent another intense physical and driver training session to prepare him for the race. He helped the team to a 9th place overall finish.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nControversial\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nFacebook deleted his Fan page of 1.5 million fans on July 13th 2016. Baumgartner subsequently claimed that he must have become \\\"too uncomfortable\\\" for unspecified \\\"political elites\\\".\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nPersonal life\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nIn October 2012, when Baumgartner was asked in an interview with the Austrian newspaper Kleine Zeitung whether a political career was an option for his future life, he stated that the \\\"example of Arnold Schwarzenegger\\\" showed, that \\\"you can't move anything in a democracy\\\" and that he would opt for a \\\"moderate dictatorship [...] led by experienced personalities coming from the private (sector of the) economy\\\". He finally stated he \\\"didn't want to get involved in politics.\\\"\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nOn 6 November 2012 Baumgartner was convicted of battery and was fined €1500 after punching a Greek truck driver in the face.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nIn January 2016 Baumgartner provoked a stir of critical news coverage in his home country after posting several critical remarks against refugees and recommending the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán for the Nobel Peace Prize. Later on, Baumgartner endorsed the presidential candidate of the right-wing populist Freedom Party of Austria, Norbert Hofer.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nAfter Austrian authorities refused to grant sports tax breaks to Baumgartner, he moved to Arbon, Switzerland, whereupon his house in Salzburg and his helicopter were seized.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nBaumgartner dated Playboy German playmate of the century Gitta Saxx. Later he was engaged to Nicole Öttl, a model and former beauty queen (Miss Lower Austria 2006). They broke up in 2013.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nHis mother is named Eva, and he has one brother, Gerald Baumgartner. Baumgartner's mother's name has also been reported as Ava.\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\nAwards and accolades\",\n \"Felix Baumgartner\\n\\n* In 2012 he won the Bambi award in the category of \\\"Millennium\\\". \\n*In December 2012, Felix was named one of \\\"The Men of the Year 2012\\\" by Top Gear magazine. \\n*He was named Laureus World Action Sportsperson of the Year (12 March 2013).\\n*He received the Mankind Award at The 2013 Spike Guys' Choice Awards.\\n*Flying magazine ranked him number 46 on their 2013 list of the \\\"51 Heroes of Aviation\\\"; he is the youngest-ranked living person on the list.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137897,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3747"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Snidely Whiplash was the arch-enemy of Dudley Do-Right, while Simon Bar Sinister faced off against Underdog. Who is the arch-enemy of Mighty Mouse?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Oil Can Harry"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["terrytoons","oil can harry","terrytoons show","terry toons","john doormat","cbs cartoon theatre","terrytoons studio"],"string":"[\n \"terrytoons\",\n \"oil can harry\",\n \"terrytoons show\",\n \"terry toons\",\n \"john doormat\",\n \"cbs cartoon theatre\",\n \"terrytoons studio\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse is an American animated anthropomorphic, superhero mouse character created by the Terrytoons studio for 20th Century Fox. The character first appeared in 1942 (originally named Super Mouse) and subsequently in 80 theatrical films between 1942 and 1961. These films appeared on American television from 1955 through 1967 Saturday mornings on the CBS television network. The character was twice revived by Filmation Studios in 1979, and in 1987 by animation director Ralph Bakshi, who had worked at the Terrytoons studio during his early career.","Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse has also appeared in comics and other media.","Mighty Mouse\n\nHistory","Mighty Mouse\n\nThe character was conceived originally by Paul Terry. Created as a parody of Superman, he first appeared in 1942 in a theatrical animated short titled The Mouse of Tomorrow. Originally named Super Mouse, after seven films 1942-1943, he was renamed Mighty Mouse The Wreck of the Hesperus (1944), after Paul Terry learned that another character named \"Super Mouse\" was to be published by Marvel Comics.","Mighty Mouse\n\nBeginning in 1945, some Mighty Mouse episodes had operatic dialogue, and he was drawn slightly differently. Both changes attempted to take advantage of the growing popularity of singer and actor Mario Lanza, beginning with Mighty Mouse and The Pirates. Others included Gypsy Life and The Crackpot King. Mighty Mouse's adventures later focused on Pearl Pureheart and Oilcan Harry; the dialogue in these episodes were always sung by the characters.","Mighty Mouse\n\n;His appearance\nMighty Mouse was first drawn wearing a blue costume with red trunks and cape, similar to Superman. Later, this outfit was changed to a yellow costume with red trunks and cape; in various theatrical shorts, those colors were reversed. Roy Halee, Sr. was the first actor to provide the voice of Mighty Mouse, a role later filled by voice actors Tom Morrison and Allen Swift. In The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle and Jeckle, Alan Oppenheimer provided the voice, and during the run of Mighty Mouse, the New Adventures, Mighty Mouse was voiced by Patrick Pinney.","Mighty Mouse\n\n;His powers\nMighty Mouse's superpowers included flight, super strength, and invulnerability. In some films he used X-ray vision and psychokinesis. He was also able to turn back time in The Johnstown Flood and Krakatoa. Other cartoons showed him leaving a red contrail during flight that he manipulated like a band of solid, flexible matter.","Mighty Mouse\n\n;Recurring characters\nMighty Mouse featured two recurring female leads. In the cartoon shorts, she was a mouse named Pearl Pureheart. In the comics in the 1950s and 1960s, the female lead was named Mitzi. His recurring arch-enemy is a villain cat named Oil Can Harry, who originated as a human in earlier Terrytoons as the enemy of Fanny Zilch.","Mighty Mouse\n\n;Show formulas\nThe early formula of each story consisted of a crisis needing extraordinary help to resolve. At the decisive moment, Mighty Mouse came to the rescue. In the early films Mighty Mouse would not appear until nearly three quarters through the cartoon. Beginning with A Fight to the Finish (1947), the story line usually begins with Mighty Mouse and Pearl Pureheart already in a desperate situation as though in the next chapter of a serial.","Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse cartoons spoofed the cliffhanger serials of silent films as well as the classic operettas of stage still popular at the time.","Mighty Mouse\n\nThe characters often sing mock opera arias (e.g., Pearl: \"Oil Can Harry, you're a villain!\"; Oil Can Harry: \"I know it, but it's a lot of fun...\"). Mighty Mouse sings tenor, Pearl soprano, Oil Can Harry bass-baritone. Mighty Mouse is also famous for singing \"Here I come to save the day!\" when flying into action.","Mighty Mouse\n\nIn several Mighty Mouse cartoons, whenever he achieves the most impossible physical tasks, the narrator exclaims, first softly, \"what a mouse!!!\", then loudly, \"WHAT A MOUSE!!!\".","Mighty Mouse\n\nThe early Mighty Mouse cartoons often portray Mighty Mouse as a ruthless fighter. One of his most frequent tactics is to fly under an enemy's chin and let loose a volley of blows, subduing the opponent through sheer physical punishment.","Mighty Mouse\n\n;Villains\nWhile his typical opponents are nondescript cats, Mighty Mouse occasionally battles specific villains, though most appear in only one or two films. Several of the earliest \"Super Mouse\" films (having been made during World War II), feature the cats as thinly veiled caricatures of the Nazis, hunting down mice and marching them into concentration camp-like traps to what would otherwise be their doom. The Bat-cats, alien cats with bat wings and wheels for feet, appeared in two cartoons; in two others between 1949 and 1950 he faces a huge, dim-witted, but super-strong cat named Julius \"Pinhead\" Schlabotka (voiced by Dayton Allen) whose strength rivals Mighty Mouse's. In rare moments, he confronts non-feline adversaries such as human bad guy Bad Bill Bunion and his horse, or the Automatic Mouse Trap, a brontosaur-shaped robotic monster. In The Green Line (1944), the cats and the mice live on either side of a green dividing line down the middle of their town's main street. They agree to keep the peace as long as no one crosses it. An evil entity, a Satan cat, starts the cats and mice fighting. At the end, Mighty Mouse is cheered by mice and cats alike.","Mighty Mouse\n\nAt least one episode, Wolf! Wolf! has fallen into Public Domain and is available at the Internet Archive.","Mighty Mouse\n\nGypsy Life (1945) was nominated for an Oscar in the category of Short Subject (Cartoon).","Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse Playhouse","Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse had little theatrical impact, but became Terrytoons' most popular character and a cultural icon on television.","Mighty Mouse\n\nCBS purchased the Terrytoons studio from Paul Terry in 1955. The Mighty Mouse Playhouse aired Saturday mornings December 10, 1955 until Sep. 2, 1967, using the existing film library. Only three new cartoons were produced after the sale. The final season included a new feature: The Mighty Heroes.","Mighty Mouse\n\nThe show's theme song was credited on some early vinyls to \"The Terrytooners, Mitch Miller and Orchestra\". However, writer Mark Evanier credits a group called The Sandpipers (not the 1960s easy listening group of the same name).","Mighty Mouse\n\nThe New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle","Mighty Mouse\n\nIn the late 1970s and early 1980s, Filmation made television cartoons starring Mighty Mouse and fellow Terrytoon characters Heckle and Jeckle (both voiced by Frank Welker) in a show called The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle. The show introduced two new characters: a vampire duck named Quacula (not to be confused with Count Duckula), and Oil Can Harry's bumbling, large, but swift-running, henchman Swifty. The show premiered in 1979 and lasted two seasons. It spawned a limited theatrical release matinee movie, Mighty Mouse in the Great Space Chase, released December 10, 1982. In the Filmation series and movie, Mighty Mouse and Oil Can Harry were voiced by veteran voice artist Alan Oppenheimer, Pearl Pureheart by Diane Pershing.","Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse: The New Adventures","Mighty Mouse\n\nIn 1987 and 1988, animation producer Ralph Bakshi (who began his career at Terrytoons in the late 1950s and worked on the last Mighty Mouse shorts filmed by that company) created a new series of Mighty Mouse cartoons entitled Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures for the CBS Saturday morning children's lineup. In this series, Mighty Mouse has a real identity, Mike Mouse (both identities voiced by Patrick Pinney), and a sidekick, Scrappy Mouse (voiced by actress Dana Hill), the little orphan. Though a children's cartoon, its heavy satirical tone, risque humor, and adult jokes made the Bakshi Mighty Mouse series a collector's item for collectors of older television series.","Mighty Mouse\n\nThe best-remembered episode of this series featured a crossover with Mighty Mouse and another Baskshi creation, the Mighty Heroes. In this 1988 episode, the Mighty Heroes were middle-aged men (except for Diaper Man, who was in his twenties) and were all lawyers.","Mighty Mouse\n\nLater years","Mighty Mouse\n\nMarvel Comics produced a 10-issue comic book series (set in the New Adventures continuity) in 1990 and 1991. Nothing new has been produced using the Mighty Mouse character except for an arcade game by Atari and a 2001 \"The power of cheese\" television commercial. That commercial shows Mighty Mouse dining calmly on cheese in a restaurant, utterly unconcerned with a scene of chaos and terror visibly unfolding in the street outside. The commercial was hastily withdrawn in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.","Mighty Mouse\n\nThe rights to Mighty Mouse are now divided as a result of the 2006 corporate split of Viacom (the former owner of the Terrytoons franchise) into two separate companies. CBS Operations (a unit of the current CBS Corporation) owns the ancillary rights and trademarks to the character, while Paramount Home Entertainment/CBS Home Entertainment holds home video rights. The first official release of Mighty Mouse material has been announced and what is now CBS Television Distribution has television syndication rights (the shorts are currently out of circulation).","Mighty Mouse\n\nFeature film adaptation","Mighty Mouse\n\nAs early as 2004, Paramount Pictures, Omation Animation Studios and Nickelodeon Movies announced their intention to bring Mighty Mouse back to the motion picture screen with a CGI Mighty Mouse feature film that was tentatively scheduled to be released some time in 2013. However, this has yet to happen as the film is still under development.","Mighty Mouse\n\nCriticism","Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse: The New Adventures was the subject of media controversy when one scene was interpreted as a depiction of cocaine use. In the episode \"The Littlest Tramp\" a poor mouse girl attempts to sell flowers, and is repeatedly harassed by a rich man who crushes her flowers. She runs out of flowers and makes new ones from sundry items she finds, such as tomato slices, but the man crushes these too. Mighty Mouse attempts to purchase the flowers with his chunk of cheese, and to avenge the girl, but she gives Mighty Mouse the crushed flowers and insists that others need help more than she does. After successfully saving several different characters, he is reminded of the girl, and attempts to smell the flowers she gave him (now a pink powder), inhaling them in the process. He then finds the man that has been harassing the girl, and spanks him. The girl is sympathetic to the man, and he is so moved that the two are married.","Mighty Mouse\n\nA family in Kentucky saw the episode and reportedly interpreted the scene as Mighty Mouse snorting cocaine. The family called the American Family Association in Tupelo, Mississippi. The group demanded Bakshi be removed from production of the series. Bakshi and CBS denied the allegations, Bakshi stating the whole incident \"smacks of McCarthyism. I'm not going to get into who sniffs what. This is lunacy.\" To defuse the controversy, Bakshi agreed to cut the 3.5 seconds from the episode. Rev. Donald Wildmon claimed that the editing was a \"de facto admission\" of cocaine use, though Bakshi maintained that the episode was \"totally innocent\".","Mighty Mouse\n\nCultural influences","Mighty Mouse\n\nIn the book Astro Boy Essays, author Frederik L. Schodt quotes Japanese animator Osamu Tezuka as saying that Mighty Mouse was the influence that inspired him to name his well-known character Mighty Atom (also known as Astro Boy). He also chose to imitate Mighty Mouse's signature flying pose with one arm stretched ahead with a clenched fist.","Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse was featured on famed guitarist Tom Scholz's Les Paul guitar.","Mighty Mouse\n\nThe song Astro Man by Jimi Hendrix, a part of the Black Gold (Jimi Hendrix recordings) session, includes a version of the 'Here I come to save the day!' fanfare.","Mighty Mouse\n\nApple trademark dispute","Mighty Mouse\n\nOn August 2, 2005, Apple released the company's first multi-control USB computer mouse. The product was designed by Mitsumi Electric and premiered under the name Apple Mighty Mouse. Apple continued to use the name when the product was redesigned as a Bluetooth device in 2006. Prior to its release, CBS licensed the right to use the Mighty Mouse name to Apple. In 2008, Man and Machine, Inc., a company that produces medical grade, chemical-resistant, mice and keyboards, sued both Apple and CBS for trademark infringement. Man and Machine claimed that it had used the name since 2004 and that CBS did not have the right to license the name for computer peripherals. In 2009, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ruled in favor of Man and Machine and Apple changed the name of its product to the \"Apple Mouse\".","Mighty Mouse\n\nCartoons","Mighty Mouse\n\nTerrytoons theatrical shorts","Mighty Mouse\n\nThe first seven films starred the character named Super Mouse. In these early films, the character's costume is much closer in design to that of Superman (blue tunic and tights with red trunks and cape).","Mighty Mouse\n\nThe next 73 films changed the character's name to Mighty Mouse.","Mighty Mouse\n\nComics","Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse's first comic book appearance was in Terry-Toons Comics #38 (November 1945), published by Timely Comics. Mighty Mouse was featured in:","Mighty Mouse\n\n* Terry-Toons Comics #38-85 (1945-1951)\n* Paul Terry's Comics #86-125 (1951-1955)","Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse was also featured in two main titles by several different publishers: Mighty Mouse and The Adventures of Mighty Mouse.","Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse\n*Timely Comics #1-4 (1946)\n*St. John Publications #5-67 (1947–1955)\n*Pines Comics #68-83 (1956–1959)","Mighty Mouse\n\nThe Adventures of Mighty Mouse (renaming of Paul Terry's Comics, where Mighty Mouse appeared)\n*St. John Publications #126-128 (1955)\n*Pines Comics #129-144 (1956–1959)\n*Dell Comics #145-155 (1959–1961)\n*Gold Key Comics #156-160 (1962–1963)\n*Dell Comics #161-172 (1964–1968)","Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse, Marvel Comics, #1-10 (1990), based on the Ralph Bakshi version (Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures)","Mighty Mouse\n\nOther appearances","Mighty Mouse\n\n* The Movie Orgy (1968): Some brief clips, as well as a commercial featuring Mighty Mouse.\n* Homicide: Life on the Street (1996): In the Episode, \"Bad Medicine\", Tim and Brodie are watching a black and white 'Mighty Mouse' cartoon episode in Tim's living room after Brodie moves in as a temporary roommate.\n* South Park's Imaginationland (2007): Mighty Mouse appears in Imagination Land.\n* Confessions of a Superhero (2007): Mighty Mouse Toy Seen\n* Robot Chicken (2009): In the Episode, \"We Are a Humble Factory\", Mighty Mouse tricks another mouse into a mousetrap.\n* NCIS: Los Ángeles: Callen, G (2010): Mighty Mouse is on the TV as Sam and Kensi enter the house.\n* MAD (2011)","Mighty Mouse\n\nDVD releases","Mighty Mouse\n\n*Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the first official release of Mighty Mouse material, was released on January 5, 2010. \n*The animated short \"Wolf Wolf\", the only Mighty Mouse cartoon in the public domain, has been released on low-budget DVDs and VHS tapes numerous times.","Mighty Mouse\n\nVideo games","Mighty Mouse\n\n* In October 2008, a series of two pachinko games was released in Japan by Fuji Shogi.\n* In February 22, 2012, a video game titled MIGHTY MOUSE my Hero was released for iOS, as well as an exclusive version MIGHTY MOUSE My Hero HD for the iPad.'."],"string":"[\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse is an American animated anthropomorphic, superhero mouse character created by the Terrytoons studio for 20th Century Fox. The character first appeared in 1942 (originally named Super Mouse) and subsequently in 80 theatrical films between 1942 and 1961. These films appeared on American television from 1955 through 1967 Saturday mornings on the CBS television network. The character was twice revived by Filmation Studios in 1979, and in 1987 by animation director Ralph Bakshi, who had worked at the Terrytoons studio during his early career.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse has also appeared in comics and other media.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nThe character was conceived originally by Paul Terry. Created as a parody of Superman, he first appeared in 1942 in a theatrical animated short titled The Mouse of Tomorrow. Originally named Super Mouse, after seven films 1942-1943, he was renamed Mighty Mouse The Wreck of the Hesperus (1944), after Paul Terry learned that another character named \\\"Super Mouse\\\" was to be published by Marvel Comics.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nBeginning in 1945, some Mighty Mouse episodes had operatic dialogue, and he was drawn slightly differently. Both changes attempted to take advantage of the growing popularity of singer and actor Mario Lanza, beginning with Mighty Mouse and The Pirates. Others included Gypsy Life and The Crackpot King. Mighty Mouse's adventures later focused on Pearl Pureheart and Oilcan Harry; the dialogue in these episodes were always sung by the characters.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\n;His appearance\\nMighty Mouse was first drawn wearing a blue costume with red trunks and cape, similar to Superman. Later, this outfit was changed to a yellow costume with red trunks and cape; in various theatrical shorts, those colors were reversed. Roy Halee, Sr. was the first actor to provide the voice of Mighty Mouse, a role later filled by voice actors Tom Morrison and Allen Swift. In The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle and Jeckle, Alan Oppenheimer provided the voice, and during the run of Mighty Mouse, the New Adventures, Mighty Mouse was voiced by Patrick Pinney.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\n;His powers\\nMighty Mouse's superpowers included flight, super strength, and invulnerability. In some films he used X-ray vision and psychokinesis. He was also able to turn back time in The Johnstown Flood and Krakatoa. Other cartoons showed him leaving a red contrail during flight that he manipulated like a band of solid, flexible matter.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\n;Recurring characters\\nMighty Mouse featured two recurring female leads. In the cartoon shorts, she was a mouse named Pearl Pureheart. In the comics in the 1950s and 1960s, the female lead was named Mitzi. His recurring arch-enemy is a villain cat named Oil Can Harry, who originated as a human in earlier Terrytoons as the enemy of Fanny Zilch.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\n;Show formulas\\nThe early formula of each story consisted of a crisis needing extraordinary help to resolve. At the decisive moment, Mighty Mouse came to the rescue. In the early films Mighty Mouse would not appear until nearly three quarters through the cartoon. Beginning with A Fight to the Finish (1947), the story line usually begins with Mighty Mouse and Pearl Pureheart already in a desperate situation as though in the next chapter of a serial.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse cartoons spoofed the cliffhanger serials of silent films as well as the classic operettas of stage still popular at the time.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nThe characters often sing mock opera arias (e.g., Pearl: \\\"Oil Can Harry, you're a villain!\\\"; Oil Can Harry: \\\"I know it, but it's a lot of fun...\\\"). Mighty Mouse sings tenor, Pearl soprano, Oil Can Harry bass-baritone. Mighty Mouse is also famous for singing \\\"Here I come to save the day!\\\" when flying into action.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nIn several Mighty Mouse cartoons, whenever he achieves the most impossible physical tasks, the narrator exclaims, first softly, \\\"what a mouse!!!\\\", then loudly, \\\"WHAT A MOUSE!!!\\\".\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nThe early Mighty Mouse cartoons often portray Mighty Mouse as a ruthless fighter. One of his most frequent tactics is to fly under an enemy's chin and let loose a volley of blows, subduing the opponent through sheer physical punishment.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\n;Villains\\nWhile his typical opponents are nondescript cats, Mighty Mouse occasionally battles specific villains, though most appear in only one or two films. Several of the earliest \\\"Super Mouse\\\" films (having been made during World War II), feature the cats as thinly veiled caricatures of the Nazis, hunting down mice and marching them into concentration camp-like traps to what would otherwise be their doom. The Bat-cats, alien cats with bat wings and wheels for feet, appeared in two cartoons; in two others between 1949 and 1950 he faces a huge, dim-witted, but super-strong cat named Julius \\\"Pinhead\\\" Schlabotka (voiced by Dayton Allen) whose strength rivals Mighty Mouse's. In rare moments, he confronts non-feline adversaries such as human bad guy Bad Bill Bunion and his horse, or the Automatic Mouse Trap, a brontosaur-shaped robotic monster. In The Green Line (1944), the cats and the mice live on either side of a green dividing line down the middle of their town's main street. They agree to keep the peace as long as no one crosses it. An evil entity, a Satan cat, starts the cats and mice fighting. At the end, Mighty Mouse is cheered by mice and cats alike.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nAt least one episode, Wolf! Wolf! has fallen into Public Domain and is available at the Internet Archive.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nGypsy Life (1945) was nominated for an Oscar in the category of Short Subject (Cartoon).\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse Playhouse\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse had little theatrical impact, but became Terrytoons' most popular character and a cultural icon on television.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nCBS purchased the Terrytoons studio from Paul Terry in 1955. The Mighty Mouse Playhouse aired Saturday mornings December 10, 1955 until Sep. 2, 1967, using the existing film library. Only three new cartoons were produced after the sale. The final season included a new feature: The Mighty Heroes.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nThe show's theme song was credited on some early vinyls to \\\"The Terrytooners, Mitch Miller and Orchestra\\\". However, writer Mark Evanier credits a group called The Sandpipers (not the 1960s easy listening group of the same name).\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nThe New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nIn the late 1970s and early 1980s, Filmation made television cartoons starring Mighty Mouse and fellow Terrytoon characters Heckle and Jeckle (both voiced by Frank Welker) in a show called The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle. The show introduced two new characters: a vampire duck named Quacula (not to be confused with Count Duckula), and Oil Can Harry's bumbling, large, but swift-running, henchman Swifty. The show premiered in 1979 and lasted two seasons. It spawned a limited theatrical release matinee movie, Mighty Mouse in the Great Space Chase, released December 10, 1982. In the Filmation series and movie, Mighty Mouse and Oil Can Harry were voiced by veteran voice artist Alan Oppenheimer, Pearl Pureheart by Diane Pershing.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse: The New Adventures\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nIn 1987 and 1988, animation producer Ralph Bakshi (who began his career at Terrytoons in the late 1950s and worked on the last Mighty Mouse shorts filmed by that company) created a new series of Mighty Mouse cartoons entitled Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures for the CBS Saturday morning children's lineup. In this series, Mighty Mouse has a real identity, Mike Mouse (both identities voiced by Patrick Pinney), and a sidekick, Scrappy Mouse (voiced by actress Dana Hill), the little orphan. Though a children's cartoon, its heavy satirical tone, risque humor, and adult jokes made the Bakshi Mighty Mouse series a collector's item for collectors of older television series.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nThe best-remembered episode of this series featured a crossover with Mighty Mouse and another Baskshi creation, the Mighty Heroes. In this 1988 episode, the Mighty Heroes were middle-aged men (except for Diaper Man, who was in his twenties) and were all lawyers.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nLater years\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMarvel Comics produced a 10-issue comic book series (set in the New Adventures continuity) in 1990 and 1991. Nothing new has been produced using the Mighty Mouse character except for an arcade game by Atari and a 2001 \\\"The power of cheese\\\" television commercial. That commercial shows Mighty Mouse dining calmly on cheese in a restaurant, utterly unconcerned with a scene of chaos and terror visibly unfolding in the street outside. The commercial was hastily withdrawn in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nThe rights to Mighty Mouse are now divided as a result of the 2006 corporate split of Viacom (the former owner of the Terrytoons franchise) into two separate companies. CBS Operations (a unit of the current CBS Corporation) owns the ancillary rights and trademarks to the character, while Paramount Home Entertainment/CBS Home Entertainment holds home video rights. The first official release of Mighty Mouse material has been announced and what is now CBS Television Distribution has television syndication rights (the shorts are currently out of circulation).\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nFeature film adaptation\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nAs early as 2004, Paramount Pictures, Omation Animation Studios and Nickelodeon Movies announced their intention to bring Mighty Mouse back to the motion picture screen with a CGI Mighty Mouse feature film that was tentatively scheduled to be released some time in 2013. However, this has yet to happen as the film is still under development.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nCriticism\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse: The New Adventures was the subject of media controversy when one scene was interpreted as a depiction of cocaine use. In the episode \\\"The Littlest Tramp\\\" a poor mouse girl attempts to sell flowers, and is repeatedly harassed by a rich man who crushes her flowers. She runs out of flowers and makes new ones from sundry items she finds, such as tomato slices, but the man crushes these too. Mighty Mouse attempts to purchase the flowers with his chunk of cheese, and to avenge the girl, but she gives Mighty Mouse the crushed flowers and insists that others need help more than she does. After successfully saving several different characters, he is reminded of the girl, and attempts to smell the flowers she gave him (now a pink powder), inhaling them in the process. He then finds the man that has been harassing the girl, and spanks him. The girl is sympathetic to the man, and he is so moved that the two are married.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nA family in Kentucky saw the episode and reportedly interpreted the scene as Mighty Mouse snorting cocaine. The family called the American Family Association in Tupelo, Mississippi. The group demanded Bakshi be removed from production of the series. Bakshi and CBS denied the allegations, Bakshi stating the whole incident \\\"smacks of McCarthyism. I'm not going to get into who sniffs what. This is lunacy.\\\" To defuse the controversy, Bakshi agreed to cut the 3.5 seconds from the episode. Rev. Donald Wildmon claimed that the editing was a \\\"de facto admission\\\" of cocaine use, though Bakshi maintained that the episode was \\\"totally innocent\\\".\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nCultural influences\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nIn the book Astro Boy Essays, author Frederik L. Schodt quotes Japanese animator Osamu Tezuka as saying that Mighty Mouse was the influence that inspired him to name his well-known character Mighty Atom (also known as Astro Boy). He also chose to imitate Mighty Mouse's signature flying pose with one arm stretched ahead with a clenched fist.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse was featured on famed guitarist Tom Scholz's Les Paul guitar.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nThe song Astro Man by Jimi Hendrix, a part of the Black Gold (Jimi Hendrix recordings) session, includes a version of the 'Here I come to save the day!' fanfare.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nApple trademark dispute\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nOn August 2, 2005, Apple released the company's first multi-control USB computer mouse. The product was designed by Mitsumi Electric and premiered under the name Apple Mighty Mouse. Apple continued to use the name when the product was redesigned as a Bluetooth device in 2006. Prior to its release, CBS licensed the right to use the Mighty Mouse name to Apple. In 2008, Man and Machine, Inc., a company that produces medical grade, chemical-resistant, mice and keyboards, sued both Apple and CBS for trademark infringement. Man and Machine claimed that it had used the name since 2004 and that CBS did not have the right to license the name for computer peripherals. In 2009, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ruled in favor of Man and Machine and Apple changed the name of its product to the \\\"Apple Mouse\\\".\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nCartoons\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nTerrytoons theatrical shorts\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nThe first seven films starred the character named Super Mouse. In these early films, the character's costume is much closer in design to that of Superman (blue tunic and tights with red trunks and cape).\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nThe next 73 films changed the character's name to Mighty Mouse.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nComics\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse's first comic book appearance was in Terry-Toons Comics #38 (November 1945), published by Timely Comics. Mighty Mouse was featured in:\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\n* Terry-Toons Comics #38-85 (1945-1951)\\n* Paul Terry's Comics #86-125 (1951-1955)\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse was also featured in two main titles by several different publishers: Mighty Mouse and The Adventures of Mighty Mouse.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse\\n*Timely Comics #1-4 (1946)\\n*St. John Publications #5-67 (1947–1955)\\n*Pines Comics #68-83 (1956–1959)\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nThe Adventures of Mighty Mouse (renaming of Paul Terry's Comics, where Mighty Mouse appeared)\\n*St. John Publications #126-128 (1955)\\n*Pines Comics #129-144 (1956–1959)\\n*Dell Comics #145-155 (1959–1961)\\n*Gold Key Comics #156-160 (1962–1963)\\n*Dell Comics #161-172 (1964–1968)\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nMighty Mouse, Marvel Comics, #1-10 (1990), based on the Ralph Bakshi version (Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures)\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nOther appearances\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\n* The Movie Orgy (1968): Some brief clips, as well as a commercial featuring Mighty Mouse.\\n* Homicide: Life on the Street (1996): In the Episode, \\\"Bad Medicine\\\", Tim and Brodie are watching a black and white 'Mighty Mouse' cartoon episode in Tim's living room after Brodie moves in as a temporary roommate.\\n* South Park's Imaginationland (2007): Mighty Mouse appears in Imagination Land.\\n* Confessions of a Superhero (2007): Mighty Mouse Toy Seen\\n* Robot Chicken (2009): In the Episode, \\\"We Are a Humble Factory\\\", Mighty Mouse tricks another mouse into a mousetrap.\\n* NCIS: Los Ángeles: Callen, G (2010): Mighty Mouse is on the TV as Sam and Kensi enter the house.\\n* MAD (2011)\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nDVD releases\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\n*Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the first official release of Mighty Mouse material, was released on January 5, 2010. \\n*The animated short \\\"Wolf Wolf\\\", the only Mighty Mouse cartoon in the public domain, has been released on low-budget DVDs and VHS tapes numerous times.\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\nVideo games\",\n \"Mighty Mouse\\n\\n* In October 2008, a series of two pachinko games was released in Japan by Fuji Shogi.\\n* In February 22, 2012, a video game titled MIGHTY MOUSE my Hero was released for iOS, as well as an exclusive version MIGHTY MOUSE My Hero HD for the iPad.'.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137898,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3748"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"With 6 local locations, what is the name of the clearance store operated by local upscale retailer Nordstroms?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Nordstrom Rack"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["nordstrom inc","nordstroms","nordstrom rack","place two","nordstrom bank","nordstrom incorporated","nordstrom place two","nordstrom","nordstrom s"],"string":"[\n \"nordstrom inc\",\n \"nordstroms\",\n \"nordstrom rack\",\n \"place two\",\n \"nordstrom bank\",\n \"nordstrom incorporated\",\n \"nordstrom place two\",\n \"nordstrom\",\n \"nordstrom s\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Nordstrom\n\nNordstrom, Inc. is an American upscale fashion retailer, founded by John W. Nordstrom and Carl F. Wallin and headquartered in Seattle. The company began as a shoe retailer and has since expanded its inventory to include clothing, accessories, handbags, jewelry, cosmetics, and fragrances. Select Nordstrom stores also have wedding and home furnishing departments. There are 329 stores operating in 39 states and Canada, which includes 121 full-line stores and 200 Nordstrom Racks, five Trunk Club clubhouses, two Jeffrey boutiques and one clearance store. Nordstrom also serves customers through nordstrom.com and nordstromrack.com, and its online private sale site, HauteLook. In addition, Nordstrom operates one clearance store, along with two Jeffrey boutiques. Nordstrom, Inc.'s common stock is publicly traded on the NYSE under the symbol JWN. The company announced plans to open six stores in Canada beginning in 2014, as well as its first namesake in New York City in 2018. Nationally, Nordstrom competes with luxury retailers Bloomingdale's, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, and Saks Fifth Avenue. Of its retail competitors, Nordstrom has both the largest number of store locations and the largest geographic footprint, and its stores anchor many upscale malls throughout the United States.","Nordstrom\n\nHistory","Nordstrom\n\nEarly history","Nordstrom\n\nIn 1887, at the age of 16, like many other Swedes in the late 19th century, John W. Nordstrom immigrated to the United States in search of opportunity. He was born in the village of Alvik Nedar Luleå in Northern Sweden. His name at birth was \"Johan Nordström\" which he later anglicized to John Nordstrom. After landing in New York, he first began working in Michigan. As he moved across the country, he worked a series of menial jobs. He was able to save enough money to purchase a 20 acre potato farm in Arlington, Washington, near Seattle. In 1897, he joined the Klondike Gold Rush in Canada's Yukon Territory, leaving Seattle. After two years of prospecting, he finally struck gold, but sold his disputed claim for $13,000. Returning to Seattle with his newfound wealth, he married Hilda Carlson and looked for a business venture, finally settling on a shoe store that opened in 1901, called Wallin & Nordstrom. Carl F. Wallin, the co-founder of the store, was the owner of the adjacent shoe repair shop. John and Hilda had five children, three of whom would follow him into the family business, Everett W.(1903), Elmer J. (1904) and Lloyd N. Nordstrom.","Nordstrom\n\nBy the time Wallin & Nordstrom opened their second store in Seattle in 1923, Elmer, a recent graduate of the University of Washington, had enough experience to be placed in charge of its opening.","Nordstrom\n\nIn 1928, John W. Nordstrom retired and sold his shares to two of his sons, Everett and Elmer. In 1929, Wallin also retired and sold his shares to them. The 1930 grand opening of the remodeled Second Avenue store marked the change of name to Nordstrom. Lloyd Nordstrom subsequently joined the company in 1933, and the three brothers ran the business together for almost forty years.","Nordstrom\n\nBy 1958, Nordstrom had expanded to eight stores in two states but still only sold shoes. Their expansion was based on customer service, deep product offerings and full size ranges. Apparel came with its purchase of Best Apparel of Seattle in 1963. The company's name was changed to Nordstrom Absolute Best in 1969.","Nordstrom\n\nBy 1968, the second generation debated selling the company as Everett neared retirement. Instead, they were convinced by the third generation Nordstroms—Bruce A. (Everett's son), James F. and John N. (Elmer's two sons), together with John A. (Jack) MacMillan (married to Lloyd's daughter) -- to take the company public instead, and allow the cousins to take over the business. In 1971, the company was taken public on NASDAQ under the ticker NOBE (Nordstrom Best). In 1973, \"Best\" was dropped from the company's name, and the store assumed its current name of Nordstrom. It was moved to the New York Stock Exchange in 1999 under the ticker symbol JWN after John W. Nordstrom, its founder.","Nordstrom\n\n1970s–90s","Nordstrom\n\nBy 1975, Nordstrom expanded into Alaska (the only time by acquisition) by purchasing Northern Commercial Company and opened its first Nordstrom Rack clearance store in Seattle. A strong northwest regional retailer with sales already approaching $250 million (making it the third-largest specialty retailer in the U.S.), it opened its first Southern California store at South Coast Plaza in Costa Mesa in 1978. By the early 1990s, it had opened 26 stores plus Racks in California. Subsequent expansion relied on creating a strongly decentralized regional structure, beginning with the Northeast (Tysons Corner Center, 1988), Midwest (Oakbrook Center, 1991), Southeast (Atlanta, 1998), and Southwest (Dallas, 1996) to which the California stores were added. In a new region, the initial store was used as a base for training and recruitment for subsequent expansion, and was usually backed by its own distribution center. From 1978 to 1995, Nordstrom opened a total of 46 full-line department stores.","Nordstrom\n\nIn 1976, Nordstrom opened a series of stores called Place Two to sell a more limited selection of apparel in smaller markets. By 1983, there were ten Place Two stores, but the cost of upgrading the smaller stores, especially from a systems perspective, outweighed the benefit, and the division was discontinued. The company also expanded into direct sales in 1993, beginning with a catalog division led by John N.'s son Dan that was followed by an e-commerce business. Nordstrom.com's fulfillment and contact centers are located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Seattle, Washington. Currently, it has distribution centers in Ontario, California; Newark, California; Portland, Oregon; Dubuque, Iowa; Upper Marlboro, Maryland; and Gainesville, Florida.","Nordstrom\n\nNordstrom FSB, a wholly owned subsidiary of Nordstrom, Inc., is a federally chartered savings bank doing business as Nordstrom Bank. It was formed in 1991 in Scottsdale, Arizona, with its customer contact center in Centennial, Colorado. Nordstrom FSB was formerly known as Nordstrom National Credit Bank and changed its name to Nordstrom FSB in March 2000. The bank offers various banking and credit products, such as Nordstrom Signature VISA, Nordstrom retail credit and debit cards, interest-bearing checking accounts, check cards, and certificates of deposits. It offers Nordstrom customers cards under Nordstrom Rewards – its customer loyalty program – where customers earn points when making purchases with the card at Nordstrom and other retailers. Other rewards include Nordstrom Notes which are redeemed or used like cash in stores for new purchases and the Nordstrom Signature VISA card also has an optional travel/leisure rewards feature. The Nordstrom Rewards program features 4 levels of status depending on annual spending and offers various promotional times throughout the year to earn double, triple and even ten-times points.","Nordstrom\n\nBeginning in 1995, the fourth generation of brothers and cousins served as co-presidents for a time. After John Whitacre served as the first non-Nordstrom CEO in 1997, in 2001 the family reasserted its control, with the sons of Bruce A. (Blake, Erik and Peter) assuming senior roles in the company which they continue to hold.","Nordstrom\n\nIn 1998, Nordstrom replaced its downtown Seattle store with a new flagship location in the former Frederick & Nelson building across the street. At 383000 sqft, the downtown Seattle location is the chain's largest store. By contrast, the smallest Nordstrom store (as of September 2008) opened in 1980 in Salem, Oregon and has a total area of just under 72000 sqft.","Nordstrom\n\n2000–present","Nordstrom\n\nNordstrom sold its stand-alone boutique chain Façonnable in 2007, though it still offers that label in its lineup.","Nordstrom\n\nIn February 2011, Nordstrom announced the acquisition of HauteLook, an LA-based online retailer that offers flash sales on designer goods. The deal included Nordstrom paying $180 million in stock and a three-year \"earn-out\" payment based on HauteLook's financial performance.","Nordstrom\n\nOn May 26, 2011, Nordstrom announced that they would be closing the downtown Indianapolis, Indiana Circle Center Mall location due to declining business at the site. The remaining location on the north side of the city at the Fashion Mall at Keystone as well as the future Nordstrom Rack store in the Rivers Edge Shopping Center, also on the north side, remained as the only two locations in the state. Erik Nordstrom, president of stores at Nordstrom stated, \"We've enjoyed serving our customers in downtown Indianapolis, but unfortunately our business has declined over the long term for some time and despite our efforts to turn things around we don't see the outlook significantly changing.\"","Nordstrom\n\nIn August 2011, Nordstrom opened the store Treasure & Bond in SoHo, New York. Intended to test the waters of the tumultuous high-end department store scene in New York, all profits of Treasure & Bond are donated to charity. The customer base of the smaller store is thought to be the younger, more free-willed sister of the typical Nordstrom customer.","Nordstrom\n\nDuring this same time, Nordstrom also announced plans to open a Nordstrom Rack in Milwaukee in 2014. In late November 2012, Nordstrom announced that they would also be opening a full line Nordstrom Department Store in 2015 in Milwaukee at Mayfair Mall, a half-mile away from the Nordstrom Rack location. Milwaukee was the largest metropolitan area in the country that did not have a Nordstrom until 2015. Such unmet demand was highlighted in Nordstrom's decision to open in the Milwaukee area.","Nordstrom\n\nOn January 4, 2013, Nordstrom confirmed a new location in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan region. To be located at the Ridgedale Center, it would be the second in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area. Following the success of its Mall of America opening in 1991, Nordstrom has sought to expand in the Twin Cities market. Plans were originally made in 2007 to open at Ridgedale Center in 2011, only to be canceled in 2009. It opened in September 2015.","Nordstrom\n\nNordstrom opened its first Rack location in Philadelphia in the fall of 2014. In the fall of 2015, Nordstrom opened their first Nordstrom Rack store in Delaware.","Nordstrom\n\nExpansion into Canada","Nordstrom\n\nThe Calgary store opened in Chinook Centre on September 19, 2014, the Ottawa store opened in Rideau Centre on March 6, 2015, and the Vancouver Pacific Centre store opened on September 18, 2015.","Nordstrom\n\nOther Canada stores are scheduled to open fall 2016 (Yorkdale Shopping Centre and Eaton Centre in Toronto), spring 2017 (Sherway Gardens in Toronto). The first \"Nordstrom Rack\" is to open in Toronto in 2018.","Nordstrom\n\nPuerto Rico","Nordstrom\n\nNordstrom opened a 138,000 square feet, two-level, full-line store March 2015 in The Mall of San Juan in San Juan, Puerto Rico.","Nordstrom\n\nSales","Nordstrom\n\nNordstrom traditionally only holds five designated sale events each year. Four of these are Half-Yearly sales, which take place semi-annually and are split up by department. For women and kids, the Half-Yearly sales take place in May and November. The Men's Half-Yearly sales occur in mid-June and late December.","Nordstrom\n\nNordstrom's largest sale event is the Nordstrom Anniversary Sale, which is held each July. Limited amounts of merchandise set to be released for the following fall is sent to Nordstrom stores early, where it is sold at a large discount. For ten days prior to Anniversary Sale, Nordstrom rewards members are able to make appointments with sales associates to shop the sale early through the store's Early Access event.","Nordstrom\n\nRecognition","Nordstrom\n\nNordstrom was listed at No. 72 in Fortune magazine's 100 Best Companies to Work For 2009. (Nordstrom is a Hall of Fame member of Fortune magazine's \"100 Best Companies to Work For\" list. ) Nordstrom was No. 36 on the same list in 2008, No. 24 in 2007, No. 46 in 2006 and No. 88 in 2005. In 2010, it ranked number 53, and dropped to 61 in 2012.","Nordstrom\n\nNordstrom was ranked No. 286 (previously 293) on the Fortune 500 for 2007. In 2011 it ranked 254, and as of 2012 it sits at 242. It moved to 224 as of the 2015 [http://fortune.com/fortune500/2015/nordstrom-224/ survey.]","Nordstrom\n\nAs of December 2013, WWD reports that Nordstrom is the top fashion retailer."],"string":"[\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nNordstrom, Inc. is an American upscale fashion retailer, founded by John W. Nordstrom and Carl F. Wallin and headquartered in Seattle. The company began as a shoe retailer and has since expanded its inventory to include clothing, accessories, handbags, jewelry, cosmetics, and fragrances. Select Nordstrom stores also have wedding and home furnishing departments. There are 329 stores operating in 39 states and Canada, which includes 121 full-line stores and 200 Nordstrom Racks, five Trunk Club clubhouses, two Jeffrey boutiques and one clearance store. Nordstrom also serves customers through nordstrom.com and nordstromrack.com, and its online private sale site, HauteLook. In addition, Nordstrom operates one clearance store, along with two Jeffrey boutiques. Nordstrom, Inc.'s common stock is publicly traded on the NYSE under the symbol JWN. The company announced plans to open six stores in Canada beginning in 2014, as well as its first namesake in New York City in 2018. Nationally, Nordstrom competes with luxury retailers Bloomingdale's, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, and Saks Fifth Avenue. Of its retail competitors, Nordstrom has both the largest number of store locations and the largest geographic footprint, and its stores anchor many upscale malls throughout the United States.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nEarly history\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nIn 1887, at the age of 16, like many other Swedes in the late 19th century, John W. Nordstrom immigrated to the United States in search of opportunity. He was born in the village of Alvik Nedar Luleå in Northern Sweden. His name at birth was \\\"Johan Nordström\\\" which he later anglicized to John Nordstrom. After landing in New York, he first began working in Michigan. As he moved across the country, he worked a series of menial jobs. He was able to save enough money to purchase a 20 acre potato farm in Arlington, Washington, near Seattle. In 1897, he joined the Klondike Gold Rush in Canada's Yukon Territory, leaving Seattle. After two years of prospecting, he finally struck gold, but sold his disputed claim for $13,000. Returning to Seattle with his newfound wealth, he married Hilda Carlson and looked for a business venture, finally settling on a shoe store that opened in 1901, called Wallin & Nordstrom. Carl F. Wallin, the co-founder of the store, was the owner of the adjacent shoe repair shop. John and Hilda had five children, three of whom would follow him into the family business, Everett W.(1903), Elmer J. (1904) and Lloyd N. Nordstrom.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nBy the time Wallin & Nordstrom opened their second store in Seattle in 1923, Elmer, a recent graduate of the University of Washington, had enough experience to be placed in charge of its opening.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nIn 1928, John W. Nordstrom retired and sold his shares to two of his sons, Everett and Elmer. In 1929, Wallin also retired and sold his shares to them. The 1930 grand opening of the remodeled Second Avenue store marked the change of name to Nordstrom. Lloyd Nordstrom subsequently joined the company in 1933, and the three brothers ran the business together for almost forty years.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nBy 1958, Nordstrom had expanded to eight stores in two states but still only sold shoes. Their expansion was based on customer service, deep product offerings and full size ranges. Apparel came with its purchase of Best Apparel of Seattle in 1963. The company's name was changed to Nordstrom Absolute Best in 1969.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nBy 1968, the second generation debated selling the company as Everett neared retirement. Instead, they were convinced by the third generation Nordstroms—Bruce A. (Everett's son), James F. and John N. (Elmer's two sons), together with John A. (Jack) MacMillan (married to Lloyd's daughter) -- to take the company public instead, and allow the cousins to take over the business. In 1971, the company was taken public on NASDAQ under the ticker NOBE (Nordstrom Best). In 1973, \\\"Best\\\" was dropped from the company's name, and the store assumed its current name of Nordstrom. It was moved to the New York Stock Exchange in 1999 under the ticker symbol JWN after John W. Nordstrom, its founder.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\n1970s–90s\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nBy 1975, Nordstrom expanded into Alaska (the only time by acquisition) by purchasing Northern Commercial Company and opened its first Nordstrom Rack clearance store in Seattle. A strong northwest regional retailer with sales already approaching $250 million (making it the third-largest specialty retailer in the U.S.), it opened its first Southern California store at South Coast Plaza in Costa Mesa in 1978. By the early 1990s, it had opened 26 stores plus Racks in California. Subsequent expansion relied on creating a strongly decentralized regional structure, beginning with the Northeast (Tysons Corner Center, 1988), Midwest (Oakbrook Center, 1991), Southeast (Atlanta, 1998), and Southwest (Dallas, 1996) to which the California stores were added. In a new region, the initial store was used as a base for training and recruitment for subsequent expansion, and was usually backed by its own distribution center. From 1978 to 1995, Nordstrom opened a total of 46 full-line department stores.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nIn 1976, Nordstrom opened a series of stores called Place Two to sell a more limited selection of apparel in smaller markets. By 1983, there were ten Place Two stores, but the cost of upgrading the smaller stores, especially from a systems perspective, outweighed the benefit, and the division was discontinued. The company also expanded into direct sales in 1993, beginning with a catalog division led by John N.'s son Dan that was followed by an e-commerce business. Nordstrom.com's fulfillment and contact centers are located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Seattle, Washington. Currently, it has distribution centers in Ontario, California; Newark, California; Portland, Oregon; Dubuque, Iowa; Upper Marlboro, Maryland; and Gainesville, Florida.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nNordstrom FSB, a wholly owned subsidiary of Nordstrom, Inc., is a federally chartered savings bank doing business as Nordstrom Bank. It was formed in 1991 in Scottsdale, Arizona, with its customer contact center in Centennial, Colorado. Nordstrom FSB was formerly known as Nordstrom National Credit Bank and changed its name to Nordstrom FSB in March 2000. The bank offers various banking and credit products, such as Nordstrom Signature VISA, Nordstrom retail credit and debit cards, interest-bearing checking accounts, check cards, and certificates of deposits. It offers Nordstrom customers cards under Nordstrom Rewards – its customer loyalty program – where customers earn points when making purchases with the card at Nordstrom and other retailers. Other rewards include Nordstrom Notes which are redeemed or used like cash in stores for new purchases and the Nordstrom Signature VISA card also has an optional travel/leisure rewards feature. The Nordstrom Rewards program features 4 levels of status depending on annual spending and offers various promotional times throughout the year to earn double, triple and even ten-times points.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nBeginning in 1995, the fourth generation of brothers and cousins served as co-presidents for a time. After John Whitacre served as the first non-Nordstrom CEO in 1997, in 2001 the family reasserted its control, with the sons of Bruce A. (Blake, Erik and Peter) assuming senior roles in the company which they continue to hold.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nIn 1998, Nordstrom replaced its downtown Seattle store with a new flagship location in the former Frederick & Nelson building across the street. At 383000 sqft, the downtown Seattle location is the chain's largest store. By contrast, the smallest Nordstrom store (as of September 2008) opened in 1980 in Salem, Oregon and has a total area of just under 72000 sqft.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\n2000–present\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nNordstrom sold its stand-alone boutique chain Façonnable in 2007, though it still offers that label in its lineup.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nIn February 2011, Nordstrom announced the acquisition of HauteLook, an LA-based online retailer that offers flash sales on designer goods. The deal included Nordstrom paying $180 million in stock and a three-year \\\"earn-out\\\" payment based on HauteLook's financial performance.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nOn May 26, 2011, Nordstrom announced that they would be closing the downtown Indianapolis, Indiana Circle Center Mall location due to declining business at the site. The remaining location on the north side of the city at the Fashion Mall at Keystone as well as the future Nordstrom Rack store in the Rivers Edge Shopping Center, also on the north side, remained as the only two locations in the state. Erik Nordstrom, president of stores at Nordstrom stated, \\\"We've enjoyed serving our customers in downtown Indianapolis, but unfortunately our business has declined over the long term for some time and despite our efforts to turn things around we don't see the outlook significantly changing.\\\"\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nIn August 2011, Nordstrom opened the store Treasure & Bond in SoHo, New York. Intended to test the waters of the tumultuous high-end department store scene in New York, all profits of Treasure & Bond are donated to charity. The customer base of the smaller store is thought to be the younger, more free-willed sister of the typical Nordstrom customer.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nDuring this same time, Nordstrom also announced plans to open a Nordstrom Rack in Milwaukee in 2014. In late November 2012, Nordstrom announced that they would also be opening a full line Nordstrom Department Store in 2015 in Milwaukee at Mayfair Mall, a half-mile away from the Nordstrom Rack location. Milwaukee was the largest metropolitan area in the country that did not have a Nordstrom until 2015. Such unmet demand was highlighted in Nordstrom's decision to open in the Milwaukee area.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nOn January 4, 2013, Nordstrom confirmed a new location in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan region. To be located at the Ridgedale Center, it would be the second in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area. Following the success of its Mall of America opening in 1991, Nordstrom has sought to expand in the Twin Cities market. Plans were originally made in 2007 to open at Ridgedale Center in 2011, only to be canceled in 2009. It opened in September 2015.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nNordstrom opened its first Rack location in Philadelphia in the fall of 2014. In the fall of 2015, Nordstrom opened their first Nordstrom Rack store in Delaware.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nExpansion into Canada\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nThe Calgary store opened in Chinook Centre on September 19, 2014, the Ottawa store opened in Rideau Centre on March 6, 2015, and the Vancouver Pacific Centre store opened on September 18, 2015.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nOther Canada stores are scheduled to open fall 2016 (Yorkdale Shopping Centre and Eaton Centre in Toronto), spring 2017 (Sherway Gardens in Toronto). The first \\\"Nordstrom Rack\\\" is to open in Toronto in 2018.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nPuerto Rico\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nNordstrom opened a 138,000 square feet, two-level, full-line store March 2015 in The Mall of San Juan in San Juan, Puerto Rico.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nSales\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nNordstrom traditionally only holds five designated sale events each year. Four of these are Half-Yearly sales, which take place semi-annually and are split up by department. For women and kids, the Half-Yearly sales take place in May and November. The Men's Half-Yearly sales occur in mid-June and late December.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nNordstrom's largest sale event is the Nordstrom Anniversary Sale, which is held each July. Limited amounts of merchandise set to be released for the following fall is sent to Nordstrom stores early, where it is sold at a large discount. For ten days prior to Anniversary Sale, Nordstrom rewards members are able to make appointments with sales associates to shop the sale early through the store's Early Access event.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nRecognition\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nNordstrom was listed at No. 72 in Fortune magazine's 100 Best Companies to Work For 2009. (Nordstrom is a Hall of Fame member of Fortune magazine's \\\"100 Best Companies to Work For\\\" list. ) Nordstrom was No. 36 on the same list in 2008, No. 24 in 2007, No. 46 in 2006 and No. 88 in 2005. In 2010, it ranked number 53, and dropped to 61 in 2012.\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nNordstrom was ranked No. 286 (previously 293) on the Fortune 500 for 2007. In 2011 it ranked 254, and as of 2012 it sits at 242. It moved to 224 as of the 2015 [http://fortune.com/fortune500/2015/nordstrom-224/ survey.]\",\n \"Nordstrom\\n\\nAs of December 2013, WWD reports that Nordstrom is the top fashion retailer.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":137899,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_3750"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"“Sometimes you feel like a nut / Sometimes you don’t /Almond Joy’s got nuts,” who don’t?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Mounds"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["mound disambiguation","mounds"],"string":"[\n \"mound disambiguation\",\n \"mounds\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mounds (candy)\n\nMounds is a candy bar made by Hershey's. It consists of a filling made of shredded coconut, which is enrobed in dark chocolate. The Mounds bar's sibling is Almond Joy, which is made the same way but with milk chocolate and a whole almond crowning the coconut.","Mounds (candy)\n\nMounds' original slogan, \"Indescribably Delicious\", was created when Mounds ran a contest to come up with the best two words to sell a candy. Leon Weiss, the person who came up with the slogan, won $10, while Mounds went on to use the slogan in advertising and on the wrappers, still continuing today.","Mounds (candy)\n\nMounds uses a packaging and logo design similar to its sister product, with Almond Joy's blue replaced by red, and the two candies are often advertised together. The candy's famous 1970s ad campaign used a jingle, \"Sometimes you feel like a nut, sometimes you don't / Almond Joy's got nuts / Mounds don't\", written by Leon Carr.","Mounds (candy)\n\nA limited-edition Mounds Island Orange candy bar was introduced in 2006 with orange-colored and -flavored coconut.","Mounds (candy)\n\nA similar coconut-filled chocolate bar by the name of Bounty is manufactured by Mars, Incorporated and sold in markets other than the United States. The bars are sold in light or dark chocolate and are recognized by their blue (light chocolate) or red (dark chocolate) wrappers. Neither bar contains almonds.","Mounds (candy)\n\nHistory","Mounds (candy)\n\nMounds was created in 1920 as a single piece for 5 cents. In 1929, the Peter Paul Company purchased the line and had begun production. The format changed to two pieces that still sold for 5 cents, with the price rising to 10 cents after World War II.[http://snacks.cyberpunks.org/peterpaul.html Nearly everything you wanted to know about Peter Paul] Mounds was made in milk chocolate, as well. \nDuring World War II, Peter Paul was faced with severe shortages of sugar and coconut which had been shipped from the Philippines before war broke out. Rather than sacrifice quality, the company discontinued some of its lesser selling brands and concentrated production on the Mounds candy bar. Over the years, Peter Paul added several products to its line, including the Almond Joy candy bar and York Peppermint Patties.\nCadbury and Peter Paul merged in 1978, and Hershey Foods purchased the company's U.S. operations in 1988.","Mounds (candy)\n\nIn popular culture","Mounds (candy)\n\nIn Family Guy, Joe Swanson's favorite candy bar is the Mounds bar. In the episode \"Finders Keepers\", Joe states that he's eaten them \"two or three times a day for the past 25 years\".","Mounds (candy)\n\nMounds is mentioned in Philip Roth's debut novel, Goodbye, Columbus. The main character's aunt and uncle are described as \"sharing a Mounds Bar in the cindery darkness of their alley\".","Mounds (candy)\n\nIn an opening monologue on NBC's television show Saturday Night Live, comedian Louis C.K. compared his love for Mounds bars with a child molester's love for molesting children."],"string":"[\n \"Mounds (candy)\\n\\nMounds is a candy bar made by Hershey's. It consists of a filling made of shredded coconut, which is enrobed in dark chocolate. The Mounds bar's sibling is Almond Joy, which is made the same way but with milk chocolate and a whole almond crowning the coconut.\",\n \"Mounds (candy)\\n\\nMounds' original slogan, \\\"Indescribably Delicious\\\", was created when Mounds ran a contest to come up with the best two words to sell a candy. Leon Weiss, the person who came up with the slogan, won $10, while Mounds went on to use the slogan in advertising and on the wrappers, still continuing today.\",\n \"Mounds (candy)\\n\\nMounds uses a packaging and logo design similar to its sister product, with Almond Joy's blue replaced by red, and the two candies are often advertised together. The candy's famous 1970s ad campaign used a jingle, \\\"Sometimes you feel like a nut, sometimes you don't / Almond Joy's got nuts / Mounds don't\\\", written by Leon Carr.\",\n \"Mounds (candy)\\n\\nA limited-edition Mounds Island Orange candy bar was introduced in 2006 with orange-colored and -flavored coconut.\",\n \"Mounds (candy)\\n\\nA similar coconut-filled chocolate bar by the name of Bounty is manufactured by Mars, Incorporated and sold in markets other than the United States. The bars are sold in light or dark chocolate and are recognized by their blue (light chocolate) or red (dark chocolate) wrappers. Neither bar contains almonds.\",\n \"Mounds (candy)\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Mounds (candy)\\n\\nMounds was created in 1920 as a single piece for 5 cents. In 1929, the Peter Paul Company purchased the line and had begun production. The format changed to two pieces that still sold for 5 cents, with the price rising to 10 cents after World War II.[http://snacks.cyberpunks.org/peterpaul.html Nearly everything you wanted to know about Peter Paul] Mounds was made in milk chocolate, as well. \\nDuring World War II, Peter Paul was faced with severe shortages of sugar and coconut which had been shipped from the Philippines before war broke out. Rather than sacrifice quality, the company discontinued some of its lesser selling brands and concentrated production on the Mounds candy bar. Over the years, Peter Paul added several products to its line, including the Almond Joy candy bar and York Peppermint Patties.\\nCadbury and Peter Paul merged in 1978, and Hershey Foods purchased the company's U.S. operations in 1988.\",\n \"Mounds (candy)\\n\\nIn popular culture\",\n \"Mounds (candy)\\n\\nIn Family Guy, Joe Swanson's favorite candy bar is the Mounds bar. In the episode \\\"Finders Keepers\\\", Joe states that he's eaten them \\\"two or three times a day for the past 25 years\\\".\",\n \"Mounds (candy)\\n\\nMounds is mentioned in Philip Roth's debut novel, Goodbye, Columbus. The main character's aunt and uncle are described as \\\"sharing a Mounds Bar in the cindery darkness of their alley\\\".\",\n \"Mounds (candy)\\n\\nIn an opening monologue on NBC's television show Saturday Night Live, comedian Louis C.K. compared his love for Mounds bars with a child molester's love for molesting children.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":1378,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":138384,"offset":137800,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSIsImtpZCI6IjVHZDBvd0g5MTM2eDZjc1FvbE1zcktNWUZoRVFoUm5PVVVybEpjOUhaUEEifQ.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc4OTgyNjkzMCwianRpIjoiOGQxNjcwZWMtMWEzNS00OGJjLWFkYjQtZmUxOTk4YTM1MWQzIiwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL01lbW9yeUFzTW9kYWxpdHkvVHJpdmlhUUEiLCJleHAiOjE3ODk4MzA1MzAsImlzcyI6Imh0dHBzOi8vaHVnZ2luZ2ZhY2UuY28ifQ.8Xtdf2Y5-B7lIUMXpzsWvTFYJyApVqlfOpXei7dG-pr7sTY55U4iLpKKIX8KuHDJvb8jnP2E0uG4z3gSXvuLAQ","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":138384,"numBytesParquet":4149441207},{"config":"default","split":"validation","numRows":17944,"numBytesParquet":531588839},{"config":"default","split":"test","numRows":17210,"numBytesParquet":506953567}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
id stringlengths 4 10 | question stringlengths 18 1.2k | answer stringlengths 1 179 | answer_aliases listlengths 0 358 | documents listlengths 1 1.63k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qg_3589 | What is the planet that Superman came from? | Krypton | [
"krypton",
"krypton gas",
"kripton",
"element 36",
"krypton element"
] | [
"Superman\n\nSuperman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, high school students living in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1933. They sold Superman to Detective Comics, the future DC Comics, in 1938. Superman d... |
qg_3594 | What is the most common eye color in human beings? | Brown | [
"orangeishblack",
"orangeish black",
"brownest",
"blackish oranges",
"brownly",
"orangish blacks",
"orangish black",
"brown",
"black orange",
"blackishoranges",
"brown color",
"orangeblack",
"dark brown",
"brownness",
"orangishblacks",
"blackishorange",
"black oranges",
"orange bla... | [
"Human\n\nModern humans (Homo sapiens, primarily ssp. Homo sapiens sapiens) are the only extant members of Hominina clade (or human clade), a branch of the taxonomical tribe Hominini belonging to the family of great apes. They are characterized by erect posture and bipedal locomotion; manual dexterity and increased... |
qg_3595 | Oct 7, 2001 saw the start of the war in Afghanistan, which is known as what? | Operation Enduring Freedom | [
"operation infinite justice",
"operation ultimate justice",
"enduring freedom",
"operation enduring freedom – caribbean and central america",
"oef cca",
"operation enduring freedom caribbean and central america",
"operation enduring freedom",
"operation enduring freedom vi",
"operation enduring free... | [
"War in Afghanistan (2001–14)\n\nThe war in Afghanistan (or the American war in Afghanistan)\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n is the period in which the United States invaded Afghanistan after the September 11 attacks. Supported initially by close allies, they were later joined by NATO beginning in 2003. It followed the... |
qg_3597 | What is the name of former Beatle Paul McCartney's fashion designing daughter? | Stella | [
"stella tv series",
"stella disambiguation",
"stella film",
"stella"
] | [
"Paul McCartney\n\nSir James Paul McCartney, (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained worldwide fame with the rock band the Beatles, one of the most popular and influential groups in the history of pop mu... |
qg_3598 | Serving since 1993, who is the senior Senator from the great State of Washington? | Patty Murray | [
"mom in tennis shoes",
"patricia murray",
"sen patty murray",
"senator patty murray",
"patty murray"
] | [
"Washington (state)\n\nWashington is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States located north of Oregon, west of Idaho, and south of the Canadian province of British Columbia on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Named after George Washington, the first President of the United States, the state was m... |
qg_3600 | What type of food is Nori, which is often seen around sushi? | Seaweed | [
"marine algae",
"sea weeds",
"seaweed",
"seaweeds",
"macroalgae",
"macroalgal",
"sea weed"
] | [
"Nori\n\nis the Japanese name for edible seaweed species of the red algae genus Pyropia, including P. yezoensis and P. tenera. Nori is familiar in the United States and other countries as an ingredient of sushi, being referred to as \"nori\" (as the Japanese do) or simply as seaweed. Finished products are made by ... |
qg_3601 | Tomorrow marks the 38th anniversary of the start of what long running TV staple, created by Lorne Michaels with the incomparable Don Pardo as the narrator? | Saturday Night Live | [
"tom brolley",
"deandre cole",
"history of saturday night live",
"chris farley show",
"mango saturday night live skit",
"caveman lawyer",
"hans franz",
"william robert 22bill 22 brasky",
"nbc s saturday night",
"pump you up",
"shit on deborah s desk",
"s n l",
"snl",
"bill brasky",
"satu... | [
"Lorne Michaels\n\nLorne Michaels (born Lorne Lipowitz; November 17, 1944) is a Canadian-American television producer, writer, comedian, and actor, best known for creating and producing Saturday Night Live, and producing the Late Night series (since 1993), and The Tonight Show (since 2014).",
"Lorne Michaels\n\... |
qg_3602 | Daimler, Siemens, and chemical company BASF are all based in what country? | Germany | [
"tyskland",
"vokietija",
"germny",
"land der dichter und denker",
"united states of germany",
"etymology of germany",
"němska",
"germany",
"federal republic of germany",
"jermany",
"alemanha",
"bundesrepublik deutschland",
"fr germany",
"teutonica",
"germeny",
"nemska",
"geramny",
... | [
"Daimler AG\n\nis a German multinational automotive corporation. Daimler AG is headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2014, Daimler owns or has shares in a number of car, bus, truck and motorcycle brands including Mercedes-Benz, Mercedes-AMG, Smart Automobile, Freightliner, Western Star, Thom... |
qg_3603 | The Proboscis Monkey is known for its very long what? | Nose | [
"nose",
"noses",
"schnoz",
"smeller",
"schnozzle",
"schnozz"
] | [
"Proboscis monkey\n\nThe proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) or long-nosed monkey, known as the bekantan in Indonesia, is a reddish-brown arboreal Old World monkey that is endemic to the southeast Asian island of Borneo.",
"Proboscis monkey\n\nThis species co-exists with the Bornean orangutan. It belongs in the ... |
qg_3604 | What is the name of the anti-slavery novel written by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852? | Uncle Tom's Cabin | [
"life among lowly",
"uncle toms cabin",
"uncle tom s little cabin",
"simon legree",
"little eva character",
"eliza uncle tom s cabin",
"legree",
"emily shelby",
"eliza harris",
"uncle tom s cabin",
"uncle tom s cabin or life among lowly"
] | [
"Harriet Beecher Stowe\n\nHarriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe (; June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and author. She came from a famous religious family and is best known for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). It depicts the harsh life for African Americans under slavery. It reached millions as... |
qg_3605 | Disc, drum, and air are all types of what? | Brakes | [
"vehicle brake",
"friction braking",
"brakes",
"friction brake",
"brake lines",
"four wheel brakes",
"braking",
"braking system",
"friction brakes",
"brake alarm",
"brake",
"brake line",
"automotive brake",
"automotive brakes",
"brake technology"
] | [
"Drum kit\n\nA drum set (primarily American), drum kit (primarily British/Australian), trap set, or just drums is a collection of drums and other percussion instruments, typically cymbals, which are set up on stands to be played by a single player with drumsticks held in both hands and the feet operating pedals ... |
qg_3606 | What is the trademarked name for the distinctive logo used Nike? | Swoosh | [
"swoosh logo",
"millennium orbital crescent swish",
"nike tick",
"swooshstika",
"nike logo",
"crescent swish",
"nike swoosh",
"swoosh"
] | [
"Nike, Inc.\n\nNike, Inc. (official, ; also, non-US) is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design, development, manufacturing and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories and services. The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, in the Portland me... |
qg_3608 | Made from red clay, what is the name of the talking horse companion of Gumby? | Pokey | [
"pokies",
"pokeys",
"poky",
"pokie disambiguation",
"pokey disambiguation",
"poky character",
"pokie",
"pokey"
] | [
"Gumby\n\nGumby is an American clay animation franchise, centered on a green clay humanoid character created and modeled by Art Clokey. The character has been the subject of two television series as well as a feature-length film and other media. Since the original series' run, he has become well known as an example... |
qg_3610 | Played by Gary Cooper in the 1941 movie, what Tennessee born Medal of Honor winner killed 28 and captured 132 soldiers during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and was the most decorated US soldier of WWI? | Alvin York | [
"alvin cullum york",
"sgt york",
"sergent york",
"seargent york",
"york alvin cullum",
"sergeant york",
"alvin collum york",
"alvin c york",
"alvin york",
"sgt alvin york"
] | [
"Gary Cooper\n\nGary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American film actor known for his natural, authentic, and understated acting style and screen performances. His career spanned thirty-five years, from 1925 to 1960, and included leading roles in eighty-four feature films. He wa... |
qg_3611 | Played by Denver Pyle during the 6 year run of the show, who was the patriarch of the Duke clan on The Dukes of Hazzard? | Uncle Jesse Duke | [
"jesse duke",
"dukes of hazzard series",
"deputy cletus",
"dukes of hazzard dvd releases",
"cooter davenport",
"vance duke",
"flash fictional dog",
"dukes of hazzard video game",
"deputy cletus hogg",
"jesse duke tv",
"hughie hogg",
"dukes of hazzard",
"cnh320",
"dukes of hazzard tv series... | [
"Denver Pyle\n\nDenver Dell Pyle (May 11, 1920 – December 25, 1997) was an American film and television actor. He was known for portraying Briscoe Darling, Jr. in several episodes of The Andy Griffith Show, and playing Jesse Duke in The Dukes of Hazzard from 1979 to 1985.",
"Denver Pyle\n\nEarly life",
"Denv... |
qg_3612 | What is the name of the horse ridden by The Lone Ranger? | Silver | [
"edible silver",
"atcvet code qd08al30",
"timcanpi",
"silver element",
"silver",
"argentical",
"argentically",
"silverness",
"element xlvii",
"atc code d08al30",
"native silver",
"e174",
"silver metallurgy",
"silver mounted",
"silvern",
"silverily",
"7440 22 4",
"element 47",
"ar... | [
"Lone Ranger\n\nThe Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend, Tonto. The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture.",
"Lone Ranger\n\nHe first appeared in 1933 in a radio show conceived either by WXYZ (De... |
qg_3614 | October 12, 1901 saw the old moniker of Executive Mansion replaced with the more familiar White House, when what total badass declared it so? | Teddy Roosevelt | [
"t ros",
"cowboy president",
"theodore roosavelt",
"trust buster",
"president theodore roosevelt",
"teddy roosvelt",
"teddy rosevelt",
"t roosevelt",
"roosevelt theodore",
"feddy roosevelt",
"cowboy of dakotas",
"teddy rose",
"26th president of united states",
"teddy roosevelt foreign poli... | [
"White House\n\nThe White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term White House is often used to refer to actions of t... |
qg_3618 | For a point each, name the 6 countries that share a physical border with the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. | Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China | [
"pakistan iran turkmenistan uzbekistan tajikistan and china"
] | [
"Afghanistan\n\nAfghanistan (Pashto/Dari: , Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south... |
qg_3619 | Slaughterhouse-Five, the 1969 novel by Kurt Vonnegut, is set against the backdrop of the Allied bombing of which German city during World War II? | Dresden | [
"drezdzany",
"un locode dedrs",
"dresden",
"elbflorenz",
"drezden",
"johannstadt",
"altmarkt",
"dresden germany"
] | [
"Slaughterhouse-Five\n\nSlaughterhouse-Five, or The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death (1969) is a satirical novel by Kurt Vonnegut about World War II experiences and journeys through time of Billy Pilgrim, from his time as an American soldier and chaplain's assistant, to postwar and early years. It is gen... |
qg_3620 | According to Greek mythology, the great weaver Arachne was turned into what by the goddess Athena, as punishment for her hubris? | Spider | [
"egg sac",
"kumo spider",
"spider s",
"arachnea",
"araneidan",
"spider animal",
"spiders",
"araneae",
"🕷",
"spider",
"egg sack",
"spider venoms",
"araneids",
"araneid"
] | [
"Arachne\n\nIn Greco-Roman mythology, Arachne (; from , cognate with Latin araneus) is a talented mortal weaver who challenged Athena, goddess of wisdom and crafts, into a weaving contest; this hubris resulted in her being transformed into a spider.",
"Arachne\n\nThere are many versions of the story's weaving co... |
qg_3621 | What can be a piniped, a means of royal authentication, and a British soul singer? | Seal | [
"seal album",
"seal disambiguation",
"sealed",
"seal"
] | [
"Seal\n\nSeal commonly refers to:\n* Pinniped, a diverse group of semi-aquatic marine mammals, many of which are commonly called seals.\n* Seal (emblem), an emblem used as a means of authentication; both an impression in paper, wax, clay or other medium, and the device used\n* Seal (mechanical), a device which help... |
qg_3625 | If bovine describes a cow, canine a dog, and feline a cat, what does vulpine define? | A fox | [
"fox broadcast network",
"fox brodcasting company",
"fox tv",
"fox com",
"fox broadcasting comapny",
"fox vod",
"hollywood today live",
"fox hd",
"fox on demand",
"fox network",
"fox",
"fox broadcast",
"fox argentina",
"f o x",
"fox broadcasting corporation",
"fox tv channel",
"fox t... | [
"Canidae\n\nThe biological family Canidae\n is a lineage of carnivorans that includes domestic dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals, dingoes, and many other extant and extinct dog-like mammals. A member of this family is called a canid (,).",
"Canidae\n\nThe cat-like feliforms and dog-like caniforms emerged within the C... |
qg_3628 | Now considered one of the top legal minds on the court, the confirmation hearing for what current associate Supreme Court justice was marred by accusations of sexual harassment from attorney Anita Hill? | Clarence Thomas | [
"clarance thomas",
"clarence tomas",
"ginny lamp",
"justice clarence thomas",
"kate ambush",
"clarence thomas",
"high tech lynching"
] | [
"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States\n\nAssociate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. The number of Associate Justices is determined by the United States Congress and i... |
qg_3629 | Today marks the 90th anniversary of the birth of Art Clokey, a pioneer in the field of stop motion clay animation, who is best remembered for what green shapeshifter? | Gumby | [
"gumbie",
"block heads gumby",
"gumby adventures",
"prickle gumby",
"pokey gumby character",
"gumby s winter fun special",
"gumby s summer fun special",
"goo character",
"blockheads gumby",
"gumby show",
"gumby",
"goo gumby",
"minga gumby character",
"goo gumby character",
"prickle gumby... | [
"Art Clokey\n\nArthur \"Art\" Clokey (October 12, 1921 – January 8, 2010) was an American pioneer in the popularization of stop motion clay animation, best known as the creator of the character Gumby. Clokey's career began in 1955 with a film experiment called Gumbasia, which was influenced by his professor, Slavko... |
qg_3630 | What is the name for the helical grooves in the barrel of a gun designed to impart spin on the projectile to improve its aerodynamic stability and accuracy? | Rifling | [
"rifled gun",
"rifled",
"rifled barrels",
"barrel twist",
"rifling",
"rate of twist",
"rifled barrel",
"twist rate"
] | [
"Rifling\n\nRifling consists of helical grooves in the barrel of a gun or firearm, which imparts a spin to a projectile around its long axis. This spin serves to gyroscopically stabilize the projectile, improving its aerodynamic stability and accuracy.",
"Rifling\n\nRifling is often described by its twist rate, w... |
qg_3631 | Walmart is selling bags of Cheesy Poofs to promote the latest season of what popular TV show? | South Park | [
"south park digital studios",
"hell s pass hospital",
"tynacorp",
"lord of underworld",
"south park opening sequence",
"southparkstudios com",
"little danny pocket",
"south park studios",
"cheesy poofs",
"south park opening credits",
"year of fan",
"south pakr",
"tardicaca shark",
"i m not... | [
"South Park\n\nSouth Park is an American adult animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for the Comedy Central television network. The show revolves around four boys—Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick—and their bizarre adventures in and around the titular Colorado town. Much... |
qg_3632 | Originally known as the Executive Mansion (until the greatest man ever, Teddy Roosevelt, made its nickname official), the cornerstone of what building was laid on Oct 13, 1792? | The White House | [
"united states white house",
"202 456 1414",
"whiskey hotel",
"white house solar panels",
"1 202 456 1111",
"white house",
"us white house",
"1600 pennsylvania",
"white house complex",
"white home",
"white house district of columbia",
"whitehouse",
"1600 pennsylvania avenue",
"202 456 1111... | [
"White House\n\nThe White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term White House is often used to refer to actions of t... |
qg_3633 | Cinder Cone, composite, and shield are all types of what? | Volcanoes | [
"volcanicity",
"volcanoes",
"volcanoe",
"most active volcano",
"volcanoe facts",
"extinct volcanoes",
"active volcano",
"volcanic",
"🌋",
"potentially active volcano",
"extinct volcano",
"volcanos",
"rift volcano",
"valcanos",
"erupting volcano",
"dormant volcanoes",
"dormant volcano... | [
"Cinder cone\n\nA cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, cinders, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. They consist of loose pyroclastic debris formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single... |
qg_3634 | October 11, 1975 saw the debug of SNL with what famed comedian as the host? | George Carlin | [
"george denis patrick carlin",
"frisbyterianism",
"george carlin",
"taskforce for better pancakes",
"pussification",
"george carlin discography",
"george carlin s",
"george dennis carlin",
"brenda carlin",
"frissbeetarianism"
] | [
"Saturday Night Live\n\nSaturday Night Live (abbreviated as SNL) is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11, 1975, under the original title NBC's Saturday Night. The show's comedy sketches,... |
qg_3635 | According to the pangram, what jumps over the lazy dog? | The Quick Brown Fox | [
"thequickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog",
"quick brown fox",
"tqbfjotld",
"quick brown fox jumps over lazy dog",
"quick brown fox jumps over lazy dogs",
"quick brown fox jumped over lazy dog",
"rand",
"jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz 1234567890"
] | [
"Pangram\n\nA Pangram (, pan gramma, \"every letter\") or holoalphabetic sentence for a given alphabet is a sentence using every letter of the alphabet at least once. Pangrams have been used to display typefaces, test equipment, and develop skills in handwriting, calligraphy, and keyboarding.",
"Pangram\n\nThe be... |
qg_3636 | Known as The Centennial State, what was the 38th state to join the Union on August 1, 1876? | Colorado | [
"climate of colorado",
"colarado",
"colorado state",
"state of colorado",
"colorado",
"colorada",
"us co",
"38th state",
"colorado protected areas",
"demographics of colorado",
"protected areas of colorado",
"list of professional sports teams in colorado",
"kolorado",
"coloradans",
"insi... | [
"Colorado\n\nColorado (, or ) (Spanish for \"ruddy\") is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States... |
qg_3638 | October 9th, 1967, saw the execution of major asshat Ernesto “Che” Guevara by soldiers from which South American Country? | Bolivia | [
"boliva",
"plurinational state of bolivia",
"bolivia",
"bolívia",
"name of bolivia",
"estado plurinacional de bolivia",
"bolivia plurinational state of",
"plan de todos",
"volivia",
"bolivian republic",
"república de bolivia",
"republic of bolivia",
"volívia",
"iso 3166 1 bo",
"etymology... | [
"Che Guevara\n\nErnesto \"Che\" Guevara (; June 14,The date of birth recorded on his birth certificate was June 14, 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted by Jon Lee Anderson), asserts that he was actually born on May 14 of that year. Constenla alleges that she was told by Che's mother, Celia... |
qg_3639 | What is the name of the race car driven by Speed Racer in the late 1960s series of the same name? | Mach 5 | [
"mach six",
"mach 5",
"mach five",
"mach go",
"mach v"
] | [
"Speed Racer\n\nSpeed Racer, also known as , is a Japanese animated franchise about automobile racing. Mach GoGoGo was originally serialized in print in Shueisha's 1966 Shōnen Book. It was released in tankōbon book form by Sun Wide Comics, and later re-released in Japan by Fusosha. Adapted into anime by Tatsunoko ... |
qg_3641 | From the French for bottom of the bag, what is the name for a dead end street, usually circular at the end? | Cul-de-sac | [
"close street",
"coldesac",
"culdesac",
"cul de sacs",
"dead end road",
"culs de sac",
"cul de sac",
"no outlet",
"cultisac",
"no through road",
"dead end street"
] | [
"Cul-de-sac\n\nA cul-de-sac, dead end (British, Hong Kong, Canadian, American, South African English, and Australian English, Hiberno-English), closed, no through road, a close (British, Canadian, and Australian English), no exit (New Zealand English) or court (American, Australian English) is a street with only on... |
qg_3643 | Kimchi, a fermented dish usually based on cabbage, radishes, green onions, or cucumber, is a staple of what country's food? | Korea | [
"korean civilization",
"daehan",
"korea s",
"hankuk",
"kumsu kangsan",
"coreanist",
"languages of corea",
"etymology of korea",
"iso 3166 2 kr kp",
"han guk",
"coreanic",
"koreas",
"hanguk",
"languages of korea",
"geumsu gangsan",
"hangook",
"korean population",
"corée",
"greater... | [
"Kimchi\n\nKimchi (,;), also spelled kimchee or gimchi, is a traditional fermented Korean side dish made of vegetables with a variety of seasonings. In traditional preparations, kimchi was stored underground in jars to keep cool during the summer months and unfrozen during the winter months. There are hundreds o... |
qg_3645 | A block and tackle is an apparatus that utilizes what simple machine? | Pulley | [
"movable pulley",
"crowned pulley",
"compound pulley",
"second class pulley",
"fixed pulley",
"first class pulley",
"pulley",
"line and pulley",
"pulleys",
"pulley system",
"cranes pulleys"
] | [
"Block and tackle\n\nA block and tackle is a system of two or more pulleys with a rope or cable threaded between them, usually used to lift or pull heavy loads.",
"Block and tackle\n\nThe pulleys are assembled together to form blocks and then blocks are paired so that one is fixed and one moves with the load. ... |
qg_3646 | “We Report. You Decide.”, “The Most Powerful Name in News” , and “Fair & Balanced” are among the slogans used by what cable TV news channel? | Fox News | [
"fox news network llc",
"fox news extra",
"strategy room",
"fox news channel",
"fox news go",
"fox news latino",
"fair balanced",
"rich edson",
"fair and balanced",
"fox news international",
"fox war channel",
"fox news network",
"fox news insider",
"we report you decide",
"all american ... | [
"Fox News Channel\n\nFox News Channel (FNC), also known as Fox News, is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. As of February 2015, approximately 94,700,000 American households (81.4% of cable, satellite & telco cust... |
qg_3648 | From the Norwegian for Heavy Stone, what element, with an atomic number of 74, uses the symbol W? | Tungsten | [
"tungsten",
"tungstenic",
"wolframium",
"tungston",
"tungsten processing",
"tungsten alloy",
"w element",
"tungsten carbonate",
"element 74",
"tungsten mining",
"tungsten compounds",
"tungstem",
"wolfram element"
] | [
"Chemical element\n\nA chemical element or element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (i.e. the same atomic number, Z). There are 118 elements that have been identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There ... |
qg_3650 | October 10, 1973 saw the resignation of which Maryland politician, Nixon's first vice president, following charges of tax evasion? | Spiro T. Agnew | [
"t spiro agnew",
"spiro anagnostopoulos",
"spiro theodore agnew",
"spiros anagnostopoulos",
"spiro t agnew",
"nattering nabob of negativism",
"nattering nabobs",
"nattering nabob",
"vice president agnew",
"nattering nabobs of negativism",
"agnew spirou",
"agnew spiro t",
"ted agnew",
"spir... | [
"Maryland\n\nMaryland is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic and/or Southern regions of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C. to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. The state's largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among i... |
qg_3651 | What was the name of the gypsy girl that Quasimodo fell in love with in Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame? | Esmeralda | [
"esmeralda",
"esmeralda disambiguation",
"esmerelda",
"esméralda"
] | [
"Romani people\n\nThe Romani (also spelled Romany;,), or Roma, are a traditionally nomadic ethnic group, living mostly in Europe and the Americas and originating from the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, presumably from where the states Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab exist today. The Romani are widel... |
qg_3652 | Encouraged to commit suicide for his part in the attempt to assassinate head asshat Adolph Hitler, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel earned what nickname for his prowess on the WWII battlefields of North Africa? | The Desert Fox | [
"desert fox",
"desert fox disambiguation"
] | [
"Erwin Rommel\n\nErwin Johannes Eugen Rommel (15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944), popularly known as the Desert Fox, was a senior German Army officer during World War II.",
"Erwin Rommel\n\nRommel was a highly decorated officer in World War I and was awarded the Pour le Mérite for his actions on the Italian Fron... |
qg_3653 | Oct 14, 1926 saw the introduction of what favorite A. A. Milne character, known for his love of hunny? | Winnie-the-Pooh | [
"whinnie pooh",
"vinnie pux",
"winnie pooh",
"winnie poo",
"pooh bear",
"winnie pooh tv series",
"pooh",
"poohbear",
"winnie pooh character",
"list of winnie pooh television series",
"poo bear",
"hunny",
"vinni pux",
"bear of very little brain",
"winnie sanders",
"winney pooh",
"vinn... | [
"A. A. Milne\n\nAlan Alexander \"A. A.\" Milne (; 18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956) was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work. Mi... |
qg_3654 | What can be garden tools, a card game, or a type of drill bit? | Spade | [
"spade",
"spading"
] | [
"Drill bit\n\nDrill bits are cutting tools used to remove material to create holes, almost always of circular cross-section. Drill bits come in many sizes and shape and can create different kinds of holes in many different materials. In order to create holes drill bits are attached to a drill, which powers them to ... |
qg_3655 | The Vitruvian Man, a famous drawing of a nude man in two superimposed positions with arms and legs apart, inscribed in a circle within a square, was drawn by whom? | Leonardo DaVinci | [
"caterina buti del vacca",
"great leonardo",
"vinci leonardo di ser piero da",
"leonardo di vinci",
"leanardo da vinci",
"leonardo da vinci",
"leonardo da vinchi",
"leonardo da vinci s workshop",
"leonardo davinchi",
"leonardo da vinci notebooks",
"ldv",
"davinci",
"da vincian",
"leo da vi... | [
"Vitruvian Man\n\nThe Vitruvian Man, (which is translated to, \"The proportions of the human body according to Vitruvius\") or simply L'Uomo Vitruviano, is a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci around 1490. It is accompanied by notes based on the work of the architect Vitruvius. The drawing, which is in pen and ink on p... |
qg_3656 | October 12, 1997 saw the death of what famed singer, born Henry Deutschendorf, when he lost control of his aircraft and crashed into the ocean near Pacific Grove, CA? | John Denver | [
"john deutschendorf",
"henry john deutschendorf",
"henry deutschendorf junior",
"annie denver",
"henry john deutschendorf jr",
"for baby for bobbie",
"henry deutschendorf jr",
"henry john deutschendorf junior",
"john denver",
"henry deutschendorf"
] | [
"Pacific Grove, California\n\nPacific Grove is a coastal city in Monterey County, California in the United States. The United States Census Bureau estimated its 2013 population at 15,504. Pacific Grove is located between Point Pinos and Monterey.",
"Pacific Grove, California\n\nPacific Grove is known for its Vic... |
qg_3657 | Originally starring Jack Lord, and recently remade, what TV show popularized the phrase “Book ’em, Danno”? | Hawaii Five O | [
"chin ho kelly",
"steve mcgarrett",
"hawaii five o song",
"hawaiian 5 0",
"h5o",
"hawaii 5 o",
"hawaii five o original series",
"book em danno",
"hawaii five o",
"hawaii five o theme music"
] | [
"Jack Lord\n\nJohn Joseph Patrick Ryan (December 30, 1920 – January 21, 1998), best known by his stage name, Jack Lord, was an American television, film and Broadway actor and director and producer. He was known for his starring role as Steve McGarrett in the American television program Hawaii Five-O from 1968 to 1... |
qg_3658 | Oct 11, 1975 saw the introduction of what TV staple, hosted by George Carlin, with Andy Kaufman, Janis Ian and Billy Preston as guests? | Saturday Night Live | [
"tom brolley",
"deandre cole",
"history of saturday night live",
"chris farley show",
"mango saturday night live skit",
"caveman lawyer",
"hans franz",
"william robert 22bill 22 brasky",
"nbc s saturday night",
"pump you up",
"shit on deborah s desk",
"s n l",
"snl",
"bill brasky",
"satu... | [
"George Carlin\n\nGeorge Denis Patrick Carlin (May 12, 1937 – June 22, 2008) was an American stand-up comedian, actor, social critic and author. Carlin was noted for his black comedy and his thoughts on politics, the English language, psychology, religion, and various taboo subjects. Carlin and his \"Seven dirty wo... |
qg_3661 | Rescued earlier today, in what country were 33 gold/copper miners trapped below surface, since August 5th, setting a world record for the long time trapped in a mine? | Chile | [
"cxilio",
"etymology of chile",
"republic of chile",
"chilean republic",
"chile",
"name of chile",
"chilé",
"iso 3166 1 cl",
"república de chile",
"state of chile",
"cile"
] | [
"Copper\n\nCopper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building mat... |
qg_3662 | "You are Now Free to Move About the Country" is the advertising slogan for what transportation company? | Southwest Airlines | [
"southwest airlines cargo",
"southwestair",
"southwest airlines vacations",
"southwestvacations com",
"southwest airlines flight 519",
"wnco com",
"southwest airtran merger",
"southwestvacaciones com",
"southwest airlines – airtran airways merger",
"southwest com",
"southwest airlines home gate"... | [
"Southwest Airlines\n\nSouthwest Airlines Co. () is a major U.S. airline, the world's largest low-cost carrier, headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The airline was established in 1967 by Herb Kelleher and adopted its current name (Southwest Airlines) in 1971. The airline has nearly 46,000 employees and operates more t... |
qg_3663 | October 14, 1912 saw certified asshat John Schrank take a shot at what former president, and all around bad-ass, who was currently campaigning for another trip to the White House at the head of the Bull Moose party? | Theodore Roosevelt | [
"t ros",
"cowboy president",
"theodore roosavelt",
"trust buster",
"president theodore roosevelt",
"teddy roosvelt",
"teddy rosevelt",
"t roosevelt",
"roosevelt theodore",
"feddy roosevelt",
"cowboy of dakotas",
"teddy rose",
"26th president of united states",
"teddy roosevelt foreign poli... | [
"John Flammang Schrank\n\nJohn Flammang Schrank (March 5, 1876 – September 15, 1943) was a resident of New York, best known for his attempt to assassinate former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt on October 14, 1912 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.",
"John Flammang Schrank\n\nBiography",
"John Flammang Schrank\n\nSchra... |
qg_3665 | October 11, 1950 saw the birth of what US politician, known as "a mom in tennis shoes", who is currently facing off against Dino Rossi? | Patty Murray | [
"mom in tennis shoes",
"patricia murray",
"sen patty murray",
"senator patty murray",
"patty murray"
] | [
"Dino Rossi\n\nDino Rossi (born October 15, 1959) is a former member of the Washington State Senate. He is an American commercial real estate executive, two-time Republican candidate for Governor of Washington, and former Republican candidate for United States Senate. His first run for the Governor's mansion in th... |
qg_3666 | What semi-aquatic, fish eating mammal, related to the weasel, is prized for its fur and enjoyed for its playful nature? | Otter | [
"lutrinae",
"otters",
"otter",
"lutrine",
"otters in popular culture"
] | [
"Mammal\n\nMammals (class Mammalia from Latin mamma \"breast\") are a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones and mammary glands.",
"Mammal\n\nMammals include the largest animals on the planet, the g... |
qg_3667 | What English comedian, who celebrates a birthday today, is known for characters such as Ali G, Borat, and Bruno, and will be starring as Freddie Mercury in an upcoming Queen movie? | Sacha Baron Cohen | [
"sascha cohen",
"sacha baron",
"sacha noam baron cohen",
"sasha baren cohen",
"sacha baron cohen",
"sasha baron cohen",
"sacha cohen",
"sascha baron cohen"
] | [
"Ali G\n\nAlistair Leslie Graham better known as Ali G is a satirical fictional character created and performed by British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen. Originally appearing on Channel 4's The 11 O'Clock Show, and subsequently as the title character of Channel 4's Da Ali G Show in 2000 and on HBO in 2003–2004, he is ... |
qg_3671 | What legendary singer, dubbed the Prince of Motown, had his life cut a little short when he was gunned down by his father in 1984 following an argument? | Marvin Gaye | [
"marvin pentz gay jr",
"janis gaye",
"janis hunter",
"marvin gaye",
"marvin gay",
"marvin pentz gaye jr",
"marvin pentz gay"
] | [
"Motown\n\nMotown is both a style of music and an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12, 1959, and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation on April 14, 1960, in Detroit, Michigan. The name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nic... |
qg_3672 | According to the National Park Service, which National Park is the most visited in the United States, with about 10 million visitors per year? | Great Smoky Mountains | [
"smoky mountains tennessee",
"great smoky mountains",
"great smokey mountains",
"smokies",
"smoky mountains",
"smokey mountains",
"smokys"
] | [
"National Park Service\n\nThe National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all U.S. national parks, many American national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. It was created on August 25, 1916, by Congress thr... |
qg_3674 | What artist, along with his wife, is best known for wrapping large structures in cloth, such as wrapping the Reichstag, islands in Biscayne Bay, and a bridge in Paris? | Christo | [
"jeanne claude",
"christo and jeanne claude",
"hristo yavashev",
"jean claude and christo",
"christo s wrapped reichstag",
"wolfgang volz",
"christo jeanne claude",
"wrapped reichstag",
"jeanne claude denat de guillebon",
"jeanne claude and christo",
"surrounded islands",
"christo vladimirov j... | [
"Paris\n\nParis (French:) is the capital and most populous city of France. Situated on the river Seine in northern metropolitan France, it is in the centre of the Île-de-France region, also known as the région parisienne, \"Paris Region\". The commune of Paris largely retains its one and a half century old administ... |
qg_3676 | With a vote of 52-48, which US Supreme Court justice was confirmed on Oct 14, 1991, in spite of the allegations of sexual harassment by attorney Anita Hill? | Clarence Thomas | [
"clarance thomas",
"clarence tomas",
"ginny lamp",
"justice clarence thomas",
"kate ambush",
"clarence thomas",
"high tech lynching"
] | [
"Supreme Court of the United States\n\nThe Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially known as \"SCOTUS\" ) is the highest federal court of the United States. Established pursuant to Article III of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdic... |
qg_3677 | Who was the Secretary of State under both Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, best remembered for negotiating the purchase of Alaska from the Russians in 1867? | William H Seward | [
"william seward sr",
"22higher law 22 seward",
"assassination attempt on william h seward",
"william henry seward sr",
"william h seward",
"william h seward sr",
"william henry seward",
"higher law seward"
] | [
"Abraham Lincoln\n\nAbraham Lincoln (; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. ... |
qg_3680 | On Oct 12, 1901 which great US president gave the Executive Mansion its current name, The White House? | Teddy Roosevelt | [
"t ros",
"cowboy president",
"theodore roosavelt",
"trust buster",
"president theodore roosevelt",
"teddy roosvelt",
"teddy rosevelt",
"t roosevelt",
"roosevelt theodore",
"feddy roosevelt",
"cowboy of dakotas",
"teddy rose",
"26th president of united states",
"teddy roosevelt foreign poli... | [
"President of the United States\n\nThe President of the United States of America (POTUS) is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.",
"President of th... |
qg_3681 | Cimex lectularius, a small, parasitic insect, is better known as what? | A bedbug | [
"cimex",
"cimex lectularius",
"bed bugs",
"bedbug",
"bedbugs",
"bed bug",
"louse detection",
"cimex lectularis"
] | [
"Bed bug\n\nBed bugs, bed-bugs, or bedbugs are parasitic insects of the cimicid family that feed exclusively on blood. Cimex lectularius, the common bed bug, is the best known as it prefers to feed on human blood. Other Cimex species specialize in other animals, e.g., bat bugs, such as Cimex pipistrelli (Europe), ... |
qg_3684 | October 12, 1492 saw Christopher Columbus make landfall in the New World. In what current country did he touch shore? | The Bahamas | [
"tourism in bahamas",
"largest cities in bahamas",
"bahamian archipelago",
"bahama",
"iso 3166 1 bs",
"commonwealth of bahamas",
"etymology of bahamas",
"greater bahamas",
"languages of bahamas",
"bahamas colony",
"bahama islands",
"bahama s",
"sport in bahamas",
"crown colony of bahamas",... | [
"Christopher Columbus\n\nChristopher Columbus (; ; ; ; ; between 31 October 1450 and 30 October 1451 in Genoa – 20 May 1506 in Valladolid) was an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer, and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the A... |
qg_3685 | According to the comic strip Peanuts, whom does Linus await each year, only to be disappointed when he never seems to visit the pumpkin patch? | The Great Pumpkin | [
"grand pumpkin",
"great pumpkin"
] | [
"Peanuts\n\nPeanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz, which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000, continuing in reruns afterward. The strip is the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in ... |
qg_3686 | Immortalized in the movie Eight Men Out, the 1919 World Series was tainted by 8 members of what team throwing games to the World Series winning Cincinnati Reds? | Chicago White Sox | [
"st paul saints 1895–1899",
"white socks",
"chicago whitesox",
"white sox history",
"chisox",
"chicago white sucks",
"chicago white sock",
"whitesox",
"white sox roster",
"south siders",
"chicago white sox roster",
"chicago white sox",
"sioux city cornhuskers",
"chicago white socks",
"gr... | [
"Eight Men Out\n\nEight Men Out is a 1988 sports drama film based on Eliot Asinof's 1963 book Eight Men Out: The Black Sox and the 1919 World Series. It was written and directed by John Sayles. The film is a dramatization of Major League Baseball's Black Sox scandal, in which six members of the Chicago White Sox co... |
qg_3687 | What Cuban favorite consists of white rum, sugar (traditionally sugar cane juice), lime, sparkling water and mint? | Mojito | [
"mojito",
"mint mojito",
"mojito royal",
"mojitos",
"mohito",
"nojito",
"virgin mojito"
] | [
"Cuban cuisine\n\nCuban cuisine is a blend of Native American Taino food, Spanish, African, and Caribbean cuisines. Some Cuban recipes share spices and techniques with Spanish and African cooking, with some Caribbean influence in spice and flavor. This results in a unique, interesting and flavorful blend of the sev... |
qg_3688 | What's missing: The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, Life, The Universe, and Everything, So Long, And Thanks For All The Fish, and Mostly Harmless? | The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy | [
"hhgtg",
"complete hitchhiker s guide to galaxy",
"hitchhikers guide to guide",
"arcturan mega donkey",
"hitchiker s guide to galaxy",
"trilogy in four parts",
"hg2tg",
"hhg2tg",
"resistance is useless",
"hg2g",
"frood",
"100 more things to do in zero gravity",
"hitch hikers guide to galaxy"... | [
"The Restaurant at the End of the Universe\n\nThe Restaurant at the End of the Universe (1980, ISBN 0-345-39181-0) is the second book in the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy comedy science fiction \"trilogy\" by Douglas Adams, and is a sequel. It was originally published by Pan Books as a paperback. The book was in... |
qg_3692 | What unit of length is defined as the mean distance between the earth and the sun (approximately 149,597,871 km)? | Astronomical Unit | [
"㍳",
"solar unit",
"astronomical unit",
"au astronomy",
"distance to sun",
"astronomical units",
"distance from earth to sun"
] | [
"Unit of length\n\nA Unit of length refers to any discrete, pre-established length or distance having a constant magnitude which is used as a reference or convention to express linear dimension. The most common units in modern use are U.S. customary units in the United States and metric units elsewhere. British Imp... |
qg_3693 | Wings sang behind what singing legend, which Guinness calls the most successful songwriter in the history of popular music? | Paul McCartney | [
"mccartney paul",
"paul mccartney s solo career",
"apollo c vermouth",
"james paul mccartney",
"bernard webb",
"paul mcartney",
"wings lead singer",
"paul mc cartney",
"sir james paul mccartney",
"beatle paul",
"gladys jenkins",
"ballets to music of paul mccartney",
"sir james paul mccartney... | [
"Michael Jackson\n\nMichael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actor. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance and fashion along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for o... |
qg_3695 | What percent of the world's ice does Antarctica contain? | 90% | [
"ninety",
"90"
] | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica (US English, UK English or or) is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14000000 km2, it is the fift... |
qg_3697 | Which actress, who played Julie Horvath on the TV sitcom One Day at a Time, recently revealed she had a 10+ year consensual relationship with her father? | Mackenzie Phillips | [
"mackenize philips",
"mckenzie phillips",
"laura mackenzie phillips",
"mackenzie phillips",
"mckenzie philips"
] | [
"One Day at a Time\n\nOne Day at a Time is an American sitcom television series that aired on the CBS network from December 16, 1975, until May 28, 1984. It starred Bonnie Franklin as a divorced mother raising two teenage daughters, played by Mackenzie Phillips and Valerie Bertinelli, in Indianapolis.",
"One Day ... |
qg_3698 | Who is the archenemy of Flash Gordon? | Ming the Merciless | [
"ming flash gorden series 2007",
"ming merciless",
"ming cruel",
"ming flash gordon 2007",
"emperor ming merciless"
] | [
"Flash Gordon\n\nFlash Gordon is the hero of a space opera adventure comic strip created by and originally drawn by Alex Raymond. First published January 7, 1934, the strip was inspired by and created to compete with the already established Buck Rogers adventure strip.",
"Flash Gordon\n\nThe Flash Gordon comic s... |
qg_3700 | What former Los Angeles Lakers cheerleader gained stardom as a singer with her debut album Forever Your Girl, and has subsequently managed to milk her 15 minutes for the last 9+ years? | Paula Abdul | [
"paula abdul",
"paulaabdul",
"abdul paula",
"paula adbul"
] | [
"Forever Your Girl\n\nForever Your Girl is the 1988 debut album by American singer Paula Abdul.",
"Forever Your Girl\n\nHistory and reception",
"Forever Your Girl\n\nReleased on June 13, 1988, 64 weeks later it hit number one on the Billboard 200 album sales chart, the longest an album has been on the market be... |
qg_3701 | Traditionally, the concertmaster of a symphonic orchestra plays what instrument? | Violin | [
"violon",
"violino",
"violin instrument",
"viollon",
"carnatic violin",
"violina",
"🎻",
"violinist",
"violins",
"geige",
"fiddleandviolin",
"fiddle and violin",
"violin",
"violinist disambiguation",
"violin tuning",
"violin player"
] | [
"Concertmaster\n\nThe Concertmaster (from the German Konzertmeister) is the second-most significant person in an orchestra, symphonic band or other musical ensemble after the conductor or director. Another common term in the U.S. is \"First Chair.\" In the U.K., the term commonly used is \"leader.\"",
"Concertma... |
qg_3702 | What is the name for the New Orleans submarine sandwich usually consisting of fried seafood served on a baguette-like Louisiana French bread? | Po boy | [
"poboys",
"po boy",
"poboy sandwich",
"po boys",
"poboy",
"poor boy sandwich"
] | [
"New Orleans\n\nNew Orleans (, ,, or; ) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The New Orleans metropolitan area (New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area) had a popula... |
qg_3706 | What type of screw and screwdriver, designed to aid in automated manufacturing lines, features a small cross on the head of the screw? | Phillips | [
"phillipses",
"phillips",
"phillips disambiguation",
"phillip s",
"phillips crater"
] | [
"Screwdriver\n\nA screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, for turning (driving or removing) screws. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, and a tip that the user inserts into the screw head to turn it. The shaft is usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The tip may be hardene... |
qg_3707 | The Nobel Peace Prize is the only Nobel prize not awarded in Stockholm, Sweden. In what city does the ceremony actually take place? | Oslo, Norway | [
"list of books about oslo",
"municipality of oslo",
"un locode noosl",
"christiana norway",
"oslo",
"history of oslo",
"oslo county",
"city of oslo",
"christiania norway",
"oslo norway",
"olso",
"weather in oslo",
"noosl",
"kristiania norway",
"kristiania",
"tigerstaden"
] | [
"Nobel Peace Prize\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian, Danish and Swedish: ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since December 1901, it has bee... |
qg_3708 | What mountain range separates the continents of Europe and Asia? | Ural Mountains | [
"uralskiye gory",
"uralian",
"ural soviet",
"ural mountain range",
"ural mountains region russia",
"trans urals",
"uralsky khrebet",
"ural skiy khrebet",
"ural mountains",
"middle urals",
"urals",
"ural mountain",
"uralskiy khrebet",
"ural mountains russia",
"ural mountains region russia... | [
"Europe\n\nEurope is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of t... |
qg_3711 | In 1998, what name did Frito Lay add to its line of snack products that used the artificial fat substitute Olestra (anal leakage not withstanding)? | Wow! | [
"wow song",
"w0w",
"w o w",
"wow disambiguation",
"wow",
"wow album"
] | [
"Olestra\n\nOlestra (also known by its brand name Olean) is a fat substitute that adds no fat, calories, or cholesterol to products. It has been used in the preparation of otherwise high-fat foods such as potato chips, thereby lowering or eliminating their fat content. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) origina... |
qg_3716 | In what year was the first Nobel Peace Prize actually awarded, ostensibly to someone who earned it? | 1901 | [
"one thousand nine hundred and one"
] | [
"Nobel Peace Prize\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian, Danish and Swedish: ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since December 1901, it has bee... |
qg_3717 | How old must you be to serve on a jury in the city of Seattle? | 18 | [
"eighteen"
] | [
"Carole King\n\nCarole King (born February 9, 1942) is an American composer and singer-songwriter.",
"Carole King\n\nKing's career began in the 1960s when she, along with her then husband Gerry Goffin, wrote more than two dozen chart hits for numerous artists, many of which have become standards. She has continue... |
qg_3719 | Located in North Africa, Libya is the only country with a one color flag. What color is it? | Green | [
"greenishness",
"color green",
"0 255 0",
"green color",
"green",
"rgb 0 255 0",
"avacado color",
"greenest",
"list of terms associated with color green",
"greenness",
"greenishly",
"colour green",
"pastel green",
"green colour"
] | [
"Libya\n\nLibya ( '; Tamazight: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ Libia; officially the State of Libya ( '; Tamazight: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ Addad n Libia; is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunis... |
qg_3720 | On Oct 17, 1976, the Seattle Seahawks won their first ever game by beating which other expansion team? | Tampa Bay Buccaneers | [
"tampa bay bucaneers",
"logos and uniforms of tampa bay buccaneers",
"one buc place",
"tampa bay buccaneers",
"tampa bay buccanneers",
"tampa bay bucs",
"tb buccaneers",
"one buccaneer place",
"tampa buccaneers",
"new one buc place",
"bucco bruce"
] | [
"Seattle Seahawks\n\nThe Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle, Washington. The Seahawks compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Seahawks joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion te... |
qg_3722 | That staple of kids daytime tv (and probably really great when you're drunk), the Teletubbies consist of Tinky Winky, LaLa, Dipsy, and who? | Po | [
"p o",
"po disambiguation",
"po"
] | [
"Teletubbies\n\nTeletubbies is a British pre-school children's television series created by Ragdoll Productions' Anne Wood CBE and Andrew Davenport. The programme focuses on four multi-coloured toddlers of a mythological species known as \"Teletubbies,\" named for the television screens implanted in their abdomens.... |
qg_3724 | A dry goods shop specializes in selling what product? | Textiles | [
"fabrics",
"textiling",
"fabricality",
"textile fibre",
"textiled",
"textilers",
"rag cloth",
"textiles",
"cloths",
"textiler",
"fabrical",
"interlock cloth",
"cloth",
"fabrically",
"textile",
"yard goods",
"fabric",
"fabricalities",
"tray cloth",
"list of textile related topic... | [
"Dry goods\n\nDry goods, in Commonwealth countries, is a term used to refer to dry food, with reference to pre-refrigeration days of the early 20th century. Such foods could be transported and stored without immediate danger of spoiling. Dried beans, flours, whole grains and rolled oats are examples.",
"Dry good... |
qg_3726 | Hammering Man, that iconic working stiff in front of the Seattle Arm Museum, is on a break through the end of the year. How many times per minute does he swing that hammer, when he's actually swinging that hammer? | 4 | [
"four"
] | [
"Seattle\n\nSeattle is a West Coast seaport city and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and... |
qg_3727 | According to KFC, Colonel Sanders' original recipe contained how many herbs and spices? | 11 | [
"eleven"
] | [
"KFC\n\nKentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is a fast food restaurant chain that specializes in fried chicken and is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It is the world's second largest restaurant chain (as measured by sales) after McDonald's, with almost 20,000 locations globally in 123 countries and te... |
qg_3729 | The taxing of what item caused rioting and attacks in Western Pennsylvania in 1794, enough that militia troops were dispatched to squelch it? | Whiskey | [
"wiskey",
"whiskey",
"tarantula juice",
"uisge beatha",
"whisky",
"craythur",
"whisk e y",
"hot whiskey",
"usquebeathe",
"whiskies",
"usquebaugh"
] | [
"Western Pennsylvania\n\nWestern Pennsylvania refers to the western third of the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. Pittsburgh is the region's principal city, with a metropolitan area population of about 2.4 million people, and serves as its economic and cultural center. Erie, Altoona, and Johnstown are it... |
qg_3730 | Judged by Nigel Lythgoe and Mary Murphy, what Fox show features a panel of finalists who dance with and against each other for fan votes? | So You Think You Can Dance | [
"so you think you can dance 3f",
"sytycd",
"list of so you think you can dance episodes",
"so you think you can dance disambiguation",
"so you think you can dance"
] | [
"Nigel Lythgoe\n\nNigel Lythgoe (born 9 July 1949) is an English television and film director and producer, television dance competition judge, former dancer in the Young Generation and choreographer. He is noted for being the producer of the shows Pop Idol and American Idol and creator and executive producer of, ... |
qg_3731 | What is the name of the tough fibrous structural protein found in fingernails and toenails? | Keratin | [
"keratins",
"cornification",
"keratin",
"hornification",
"cornified",
"neurokeratin",
"keratinisation",
"keratinized",
"kerotin",
"keretin",
"keratinopathy",
"keratinization",
"keratine",
"kereton",
"keratinous tissue",
"ceratin",
"keratin wax",
"keratinous"
] | [
"Protein\n\nProteins ( or) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one locat... |
qg_3732 | Which insect, native to central Africa, is notorious for causing the sleeping sickness? | Tsetse fly | [
"tsetse fly",
"nagana tsetse fly",
"tsi tsi fly",
"tzetze fly",
"tsetse flies",
"glossina",
"tse tse fly",
"glossinidae",
"tse tse",
"tzetze",
"tse tse flies",
"tsetze",
"zimb",
"tsetse"
] | [
"African trypanosomiasis\n\nAfrican trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. There are two types that infect humans, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.... |
qg_3733 | Citizen (of watch fame), JVC, and Olympus are all companies based in what country? | Japan | [
"nihon koku",
"nihon",
"japoa",
"japang",
"japan",
"日本國",
"etymology of japan",
"iso 3166 1 jp",
"jpan",
"japan country",
"riben",
"rìběn",
"🗾",
"japanese financial sector",
"japian",
"nippon koku",
"state of japan",
"nippon",
"modern–era japan",
"republic of japan",
"日本国",
... | [
"Citizen Holdings\n\nis the core company of a Japanese global corporate group based in Tokyo, Japan. The company was originally founded as Shokosha Watch Research Institute in 1918 and is currently known as the manufacturer of Cincom precision lathe machine tools as well as Citizen watches. The trade name originate... |
qg_3734 | Knitting uses needles. What tool does crocheting use? | Hooks | [
"hooks disambiguation",
"hooks"
] | [
"Knitting\n\nKnitting is a method by which yarn is manipulated to create a textile or fabric.",
"Knitting\n\nKnitting creates multiple loops of yarn, called stitches, in a line or tube. Knitting has multiple active stitches on the needle at one time. Knitted fabric consists of a number of consecutive rows of inte... |
qg_3735 | With a truck body on a car chassis, what Chevrolet product, produced from 1959-60, and 64-87, was a competitor to the Ford Ranchero? | El Camino | [
"el camino",
"el camino disambiguation",
"el camino album"
] | [
"Ford Ranchero\n\nThe Ford Ranchero is a coupe utility that was produced by Ford between 1957 and 1979. Unlike a pickup truck, the Ranchero was adapted from a two-door station wagon platform that integrated the cab and cargo bed into the body. A total of 508,355 units were produced during the model's production run... |
qg_3738 | The catchphrase of what Toy Story character was “To Infinity and Beyond”? | Buzz Lightyear | [
"buzz lightyear toy story",
"buz lightyear",
"buzz light year",
"to infinity and beyond",
"mrs nesbit",
"buzz toy story",
"javier fernandez peña",
"buzz lightyear"
] | [
"Toy Story\n\nToy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated adventure buddy comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by John Lasseter at his directorial debut, Toy Story was the first feature-length computer-animated film and the first theatrical film produced... |
qg_3739 | The application of what rule, which, according to their tweets, even Major League Baseball doesn't understand, played a pivotal role in the 2012 National League Wild Card Playoff game? | Infield Fly Rule | [
"infield fly",
"infield pop fly rule",
"in field fly rule",
"infield fly rule"
] | [
"2012 National League Wild Card Game\n\nThe 2012 National League Wild Card Game was a play-in game during Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2012 postseason played between the National League's (NL) two wild card teams, the St. Louis Cardinals and the Atlanta Braves. It was held at Turner Field in Atlanta, on October 5,... |
qg_3740 | The Japanese art of growing meticulously groomed miniature trees in indoor containers is known as what? | Bonsai | [
"australian alpine wattle",
"bonsi",
"bonsai",
"bonsai tree",
"盆栽",
"bonsis",
"bunjae",
"trichodeodema",
"bonzai tree",
"pre bonsai"
] | [
"Japanese art\n\nJapanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery, sculpture, ink painting and calligraphy on silk and paper, ukiyo-e paintings and woodblock prints, kiri-e, kirigami, origami, and more recently manga—modern Japanese cartooning and comics—along with a myriad of oth... |
qg_3742 | What CNN news anchor was the “moderator” of yesterday’s presidential debate at Hofstra University in NY? | Candy Crowley | [
"candy crowley",
"candy alt crowley"
] | [
"CNN\n\nThe Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel; however, by April 2016, a CNN executive officia... |
qg_3745 | What lifted the capsule that Felix Baumgartner rode some 24 miles into the stratosphere before his historic jump this week? | Helium Balloon | [
"helium baloons",
"gas balloons",
"gas balloon",
"helium balloon"
] | [
"Felix Baumgartner\n\nFelix Baumgartner (;) is an Austrian skydiver, daredevil and BASE jumper. He is best known for his participation in the Red Bull Stratos project, in which he jumped to Earth from a helium balloon in the stratosphere on October 14, 2012. Doing so, he set world records for skydiving an estimat... |
qg_3747 | Snidely Whiplash was the arch-enemy of Dudley Do-Right, while Simon Bar Sinister faced off against Underdog. Who is the arch-enemy of Mighty Mouse? | Oil Can Harry | [
"terrytoons",
"oil can harry",
"terrytoons show",
"terry toons",
"john doormat",
"cbs cartoon theatre",
"terrytoons studio"
] | [
"Mighty Mouse\n\nMighty Mouse is an American animated anthropomorphic, superhero mouse character created by the Terrytoons studio for 20th Century Fox. The character first appeared in 1942 (originally named Super Mouse) and subsequently in 80 theatrical films between 1942 and 1961. These films appeared on American ... |
qg_3748 | With 6 local locations, what is the name of the clearance store operated by local upscale retailer Nordstroms? | Nordstrom Rack | [
"nordstrom inc",
"nordstroms",
"nordstrom rack",
"place two",
"nordstrom bank",
"nordstrom incorporated",
"nordstrom place two",
"nordstrom",
"nordstrom s"
] | [
"Nordstrom\n\nNordstrom, Inc. is an American upscale fashion retailer, founded by John W. Nordstrom and Carl F. Wallin and headquartered in Seattle. The company began as a shoe retailer and has since expanded its inventory to include clothing, accessories, handbags, jewelry, cosmetics, and fragrances. Select Nordst... |
qg_3750 | “Sometimes you feel like a nut / Sometimes you don’t /Almond Joy’s got nuts,” who don’t? | Mounds | [
"mound disambiguation",
"mounds"
] | [
"Mounds (candy)\n\nMounds is a candy bar made by Hershey's. It consists of a filling made of shredded coconut, which is enrobed in dark chocolate. The Mounds bar's sibling is Almond Joy, which is made the same way but with milk chocolate and a whole almond crowning the coconut.",
"Mounds (candy)\n\nMounds' origin... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.