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570a5b9a4103511400d59650	What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?	Feelings	[ "Emotion\n\nTheories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emph...
570a5b9a4103511400d59651	What is Laird's job title?	psychologist	[ "Emotion\n\nTheories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emph...
570a5b9a4103511400d59652	What is Jesse Prinz's profession?	philosopher	[ "Emotion\n\nTheories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emph...
570a5c404103511400d59662	What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?	sociology	[ "Emotion\n\nSocial sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to under...
570a5c404103511400d59663	What discipline makes use of ethnography?	anthropology	[ "Emotion\n\nSocial sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to under...
570a5c404103511400d59664	What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?	communication sciences	[ "Emotion\n\nSocial sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to under...
570a5c404103511400d59665	Who developed the concept of emotional labor?	Arlie Russell Hochschild	[ "Emotion\n\nSocial sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to under...
570a5c404103511400d59666	Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?	700	[ "Emotion\n\nSocial sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to under...
570a60076d058f1900182de2	Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?	fear	[ "Emotion\n\nA common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movemen...
570a60076d058f1900182de3	Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?	changes in pulse rate	[ "Emotion\n\nA common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movemen...
570a60076d058f1900182de4	Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?	baring teeth	[ "Emotion\n\nA common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movemen...
570a60076d058f1900182de5	Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?	Jonathan Turner	[ "Emotion\n\nA common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movemen...
570a60076d058f1900182de6	How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?	four	[ "Emotion\n\nA common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movemen...
570a604f6d058f1900182dec	Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?	Carl Lange	[ "Emotion\n\nIn the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danis...
570a604f6d058f1900182ded	What was William James' nationality?	American	[ "Emotion\n\nIn the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danis...
570a604f6d058f1900182dee	What was the nationality of Carl Lange?	Danish	[ "Emotion\n\nIn the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danis...
570a604f6d058f1900182def	What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?	the James–Lange theory	[ "Emotion\n\nIn the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danis...
570a604f6d058f1900182df0	In what year did Lange die?	1900	[ "Emotion\n\nIn the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danis...
570a61844103511400d5969c	Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?	computer science	[ "Emotion\n\nResearch on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and func...
570a61844103511400d5969d	Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?	GABA	[ "Emotion\n\nResearch on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and func...
570a61844103511400d5969e	Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?	neurobiology	[ "Emotion\n\nResearch on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and func...
570a61f14103511400d596a2	What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?	emotional dispositions	[ "Emotion\n\nA distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation mo...
570a61f14103511400d596a3	What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?	character traits	[ "Emotion\n\nA distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation mo...
570a61f14103511400d596a4	What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?	affective states	[ "Emotion\n\nA distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation mo...
570a628a4103511400d596a8	What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?	psychological construction	[ "Emotion\n\nThe idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instan...
570a628a4103511400d596a9	At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?	at the moment of its occurrence	[ "Emotion\n\nThe idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instan...
570a628a4103511400d596aa	What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?	fear	[ "Emotion\n\nThe idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instan...
570a631b6d058f1900182df6	Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?	Walter Bradford Cannon	[ "Emotion\n\nWalter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for...
570a631b6d058f1900182df7	Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?	a conscious experience of an emotion	[ "Emotion\n\nWalter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for...
570a631b6d058f1900182df8	Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?	too slow and often imperceptible	[ "Emotion\n\nWalter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for...
570a638e4103511400d596ae	Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?	Paul E. Griffiths	[ "Emotion\n\nA situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-J...
570a638e4103511400d596af	What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?	external	[ "Emotion\n\nA situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-J...
570a638e4103511400d596b0	The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought?	situationism	[ "Emotion\n\nA situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-J...
570a638e4103511400d596b1	Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain?	phobias	[ "Emotion\n\nA situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-J...
570a64106d058f1900182dfc	When did Broca publish his pioneering work?	1878	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of struct...
570a64106d058f1900182dfd	Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system?	Papez	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of struct...
570a64106d058f1900182dfe	Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is a notable part of the limbic system?	hypothalamus	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of struct...
570a64c64103511400d596c0	Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?	ethics	[ "Emotion\n\nIn philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and an...
570a64c64103511400d596c1	Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?	romance	[ "Emotion\n\nIn philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and an...
570a64c64103511400d596c2	Of what discipline is ethology a branch?	zoology	[ "Emotion\n\nIn philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and an...
570a64c64103511400d596c3	Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?	field science	[ "Emotion\n\nIn philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and an...
570a64c64103511400d596c4	Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?	ecology	[ "Emotion\n\nIn philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and an...
570a65b56d058f1900182e02	Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence?	Emilé Durkheim	[ "Emotion\n\nSociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emilé Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during to...
570a65b56d058f1900182e03	What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence?	Australian aborigine society	[ "Emotion\n\nSociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emilé Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during to...
570a65b56d058f1900182e04	Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian aboriginal activity?	totemic rituals	[ "Emotion\n\nSociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emilé Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during to...
570a65b56d058f1900182e05	What is another term for collective effervescence?	emotional energy	[ "Emotion\n\nSociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emilé Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during to...
570a661f6d058f1900182e0a	What theory was developed by Arnold?	the appraisal theory of emotions	[ "Emotion\n\nSome of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and st...
570a661f6d058f1900182e0b	When did Richard Lazarus die?	2002	[ "Emotion\n\nSome of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and st...
570a661f6d058f1900182e0c	Who wrote 'What Is An Emotion?'?	Robert C. Solomon	[ "Emotion\n\nSome of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and st...
570a661f6d058f1900182e0d	Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?	Oxford	[ "Emotion\n\nSome of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and st...
570a661f6d058f1900182e0e	What is Nico Frijda's nationality?	Dutch	[ "Emotion\n\nSome of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and st...
570a66fd4103511400d596d2	When did the word emotion enter the English language?	1579	[ "Emotion\n\nThe word \"emotion\" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means \"to stir up\". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion. According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of l...
570a66fd4103511400d596d3	From what French word is emotion derived?	émouvoir	[ "Emotion\n\nThe word \"emotion\" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means \"to stir up\". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion. According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of l...
570a66fd4103511400d596d4	What does émouvoir mean in English?	to stir up	[ "Emotion\n\nThe word \"emotion\" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means \"to stir up\". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion. According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of l...
570a66fd4103511400d596d5	Prior to the introduction of the word emotion, what word was used in its place?	passion	[ "Emotion\n\nThe word \"emotion\" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means \"to stir up\". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion. According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of l...
570a66fd4103511400d596d6	Along with anxiety, what is an example of directionless emotion?	depression	[ "Emotion\n\nThe word \"emotion\" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means \"to stir up\". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion. According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of l...
570a68426d058f1900182e1e	What is the thalamus a part of?	the diencephalon	[ "Emotion\n\nPhillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomicall...
570a68426d058f1900182e1f	Who argued that an emotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?	Cannon	[ "Emotion\n\nPhillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomicall...
570a68426d058f1900182e20	What creatures did Bard experiment on?	animals	[ "Emotion\n\nPhillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomicall...
570a68426d058f1900182e21	Along with sensory and motor information, what information had to pass through the diencephalon before being processed?	physiological	[ "Emotion\n\nPhillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomicall...
570a68cf6d058f1900182e26	Who wrote The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?	Robert C. Solomon	[ "Emotion\n\nThere are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon clai...
570a68cf6d058f1900182e27	In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life published?	1993	[ "Emotion\n\nThere are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon clai...
570a68cf6d058f1900182e28	What does Solomon believe emotions to be?	judgments	[ "Emotion\n\nThere are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon clai...
570a68cf6d058f1900182e29	Whose theory discussed action tendencies?	Nico Frijda	[ "Emotion\n\nThere are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon clai...
570a68cf6d058f1900182e2a	The idea that judgment can't be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?	cognitivism	[ "Emotion\n\nThere are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon clai...
570a6c176d058f1900182e4c	Who researched the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness?	Kurt Kortschal	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic physiology, particularly with the stress systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. ...
570a6c176d058f1900182e4d	From where do zygotes derive their genetic information?	their parental germ cells	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic physiology, particularly with the stress systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. ...
570a6c176d058f1900182e4e	What percentage of difference is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees?	1.2%	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic physiology, particularly with the stress systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. ...
570a6c176d058f1900182e4f	How many million years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge?	five	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic physiology, particularly with the stress systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. ...
570a6c176d058f1900182e50	About how long ago did modern human beings first come into existence?	200,000 years	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic physiology, particularly with the stress systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. ...
570a6db44103511400d596f0	Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion often tied to?	personality	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperame...
570a6db44103511400d596f1	What do some theories see as an important part of emotion?	cognition	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperame...
570a6db44103511400d596f2	Along with sweating and muscle tension, what might be a physiological response to danger?	rapid heartbeat and breathing	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperame...
570a6db44103511400d596f3	Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system?	nervous	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperame...
570a6e2f4103511400d596f8	Who described the concept of a continuum of intensity?	Michael C. Graham	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, an...
570a6e2f4103511400d596f9	What is Michael Graham's profession?	Psychotherapist	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, an...
570a6e2f4103511400d596fa	What is an example of an extreme form of fear?	terror	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, an...
570a6e2f4103511400d596fb	What would be an example of mild shame?	embarrassment	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, an...
570a6e2f4103511400d596fc	What are non-intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called?	Moods	[ "Emotion\n\nEmotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, an...
570a6f236d058f1900182e56	Who has argued that emotions are discrete?	Paul Ekman	[ "Emotion\n\nFor more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have...
570a6f236d058f1900182e57	How many basic emotions did Ekman recognize?	six	[ "Emotion\n\nFor more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have...
570a6f236d058f1900182e58	Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what is one of Ekman's basic emotions?	surprise	[ "Emotion\n\nFor more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have...
570a6f996d058f1900182e5c	What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?	stoic	[ "Emotion\n\nWestern philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or ca...
570a6f996d058f1900182e5d	What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?	Aristotle	[ "Emotion\n\nWestern philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or ca...
570a6f996d058f1900182e5e	What did the Aristotelians call emotions?	passions	[ "Emotion\n\nWestern philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or ca...
570a6f996d058f1900182e5f	Who was a notable scholastic thinker?	Thomas Aquinas	[ "Emotion\n\nWestern philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or ca...
570a6f996d058f1900182e60	Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?	Baruch Spinoza	[ "Emotion\n\nWestern philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or ca...
570a70116d058f1900182e66	Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?	William James	[ "Emotion\n\nIn his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an \"exciting fact\" directly led to a physiological response, known as \"emotion.\" To account for different types of emotio...
570a70116d058f1900182e67	What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?	the autonomic nervous system	[ "Emotion\n\nIn his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an \"exciting fact\" directly led to a physiological response, known as \"emotion.\" To account for different types of emotio...
570a70116d058f1900182e68	What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?	the perception of bodily changes	[ "Emotion\n\nIn his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an \"exciting fact\" directly led to a physiological response, known as \"emotion.\" To account for different types of emotio...
570a70116d058f1900182e69	Who developed a theory similar to that of James?	Carl Lange	[ "Emotion\n\nIn his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an \"exciting fact\" directly led to a physiological response, known as \"emotion.\" To account for different types of emotio...
570a70116d058f1900182e6a	What was the profession of Lange?	psychologist	[ "Emotion\n\nIn his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an \"exciting fact\" directly led to a physiological response, known as \"emotion.\" To account for different types of emotio...
570a70f04103511400d5970a	What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?	constructivist	[ "Emotion\n\nThe history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different...
570a70f04103511400d5970b	According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?	Schadenfreude	[ "Emotion\n\nThe history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different...
570a70f04103511400d5970c	Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?	Sweden	[ "Emotion\n\nThe history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different...
570a70f04103511400d5970d	Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?	gender	[ "Emotion\n\nThe history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different...
570a71734103511400d59712	Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?	Gregorio Marañón	[ "Emotion\n\nStanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking ...
570a71734103511400d59713	What did Gregorio Marañón inject his patients with?	epinephrine	[ "Emotion\n\nStanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking ...
570a71734103511400d59714	What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?	Spanish	[ "Emotion\n\nStanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking ...
570a71734103511400d59715	Who was a notable student of Stanley Schachter?	Jerome Singer	[ "Emotion\n\nStanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking ...

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