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5709867b200fba1400368144 | what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for? | low-denomination coins | [
"Copper\n\nThe alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistan... |
5709867b200fba1400368145 | What is the metal composition of a US nickel? | 75% copper and 25% nickel | [
"Copper\n\nThe alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistan... |
5709867b200fba1400368146 | What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess? | resistance to corrosion | [
"Copper\n\nThe alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistan... |
5709867b200fba1400368147 | What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined? | golden | [
"Copper\n\nThe alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistan... |
5709880eed30961900e842a4 | What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group? | Polyols | [
"Copper\n\nPolyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II... |
5709880eed30961900e842a5 | What are copper salts used to test? | reducing sugars | [
"Copper\n\nPolyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II... |
5709880eed30961900e842a6 | How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution? | color change | [
"Copper\n\nPolyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II... |
5709880eed30961900e842a7 | What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present? | reddish | [
"Copper\n\nPolyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II... |
5709880eed30961900e842a8 | What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve? | cellulose | [
"Copper\n\nPolyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II... |
57098a0b200fba140036816b | What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered? | Alloying copper with tin to make bronze | [
"Copper\n\nAlloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after \"natural bronze\" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper... |
57098a0b200fba140036816c | What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture? | 4500 BC | [
"Copper\n\nAlloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after \"natural bronze\" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper... |
57098a0b200fba140036816d | When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe? | 3700–3300 BC | [
"Copper\n\nAlloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after \"natural bronze\" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper... |
57098a0b200fba140036816e | What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called? | Chalcolithic | [
"Copper\n\nAlloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after \"natural bronze\" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper... |
57098a0b200fba140036816f | What is an alloy of copper and zinc? | Brass | [
"Copper\n\nAlloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after \"natural bronze\" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper... |
57098b07200fba1400368175 | What is the level of copper in the human body? | 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass | [
"Copper\n\nCopper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in ... |
57098b07200fba1400368176 | How is copper absorbed in humans? | in the gut | [
"Copper\n\nCopper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in ... |
57098b07200fba1400368177 | What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver? | albumin | [
"Copper\n\nCopper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in ... |
57098b07200fba1400368178 | What protein carries the majority of copper in blood? | Ceruloplasmin | [
"Copper\n\nCopper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in ... |
57098b07200fba1400368179 | How can the body get rid of excess copper? | via bile | [
"Copper\n\nCopper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in ... |
57098d1bed30961900e842e0 | What is the average concentration of copper in ores? | 0.6% | [
"Copper\n\nThe concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this materia... |
57098d1bed30961900e842e1 | What are most commercial ores? | sulfides | [
"Copper\n\nThe concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this materia... |
57098d1bed30961900e842e2 | What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove? | iron | [
"Copper\n\nThe concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this materia... |
57098d1bed30961900e842e3 | What happens to the silicate slag during the flash smelting process? | floats on top | [
"Copper\n\nThe concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this materia... |
57098d1bed30961900e842e4 | What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted? | oxides | [
"Copper\n\nThe concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this materia... |
57098edded30961900e8430e | How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray? | four | [
"Copper\n\nTogether with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic trans... |
57098edded30961900e8430f | What color is pure copper? | orange-red | [
"Copper\n\nTogether with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic trans... |
57098edded30961900e84310 | What does copper aquire when exposed to air? | reddish tarnish | [
"Copper\n\nTogether with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic trans... |
57098edded30961900e84311 | The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light? | orange light | [
"Copper\n\nTogether with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic trans... |
57098edded30961900e84312 | What color is the metal caesium? | yellow | [
"Copper\n\nTogether with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic trans... |
570990baed30961900e84338 | What has copper been used for since ancient times? | architectural material | [
"Copper\n\nCopper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in ... |
570990baed30961900e84339 | In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include? | antimicrobial indoor products | [
"Copper\n\nCopper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in ... |
570990baed30961900e8433a | What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material? | low thermal movement | [
"Copper\n\nCopper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in ... |
570990baed30961900e8433b | How long has copper been used in building construction? | hundreds or thousands of years | [
"Copper\n\nCopper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in ... |
570990baed30961900e8433c | What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails? | antimicrobial | [
"Copper\n\nCopper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in ... |
5709547eefce8f15003a7e08 | Self-image, self-esteem, and individuality relate to what? | A psychological identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nA psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition \"A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expre... |
5709547eefce8f15003a7e09 | What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out? | ethnic identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nA psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition \"A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expre... |
5709547eefce8f15003a7e0a | What psychological concept does Weinreich state as between the past and future? | identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nA psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition \"A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expre... |
5709547eefce8f15003a7e0b | A person's identity is defined as the totality of what? | one's self-construal | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nA psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition \"A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expre... |
5709598aefce8f15003a7e1a | The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics? | individual and group identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where \"identity\" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which enco... |
5709598aefce8f15003a7e1b | ISA stands for what? | Identity Structure Analysis | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where \"identity\" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which enco... |
5709598aefce8f15003a7e1c | Who developed the ISA? | Weinreich | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where \"identity\" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which enco... |
57095ba39928a81400471546 | Identity diffusion, foreclosure, and crisis are categories of what? | Weinreich's identity variant | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nWeinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an ind... |
57095ba39928a81400471547 | Those with high levels of identity diffusion are classified as what? | diffused | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nWeinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an ind... |
57095ba39928a81400471548 | Those with low levels of identity diffusion are classified as what? | foreclosed or defensive | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nWeinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an ind... |
57095ba39928a81400471549 | An adolescent going through a family break up turning into an adult in a stable marriage is given as an example of change in what? | the identity variant | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nWeinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an ind... |
57095ba39928a8140047154a | What level of identity diffusion is interpreted as the norm? | an optimal level | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nWeinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an ind... |
57095eaaed30961900e8400e | What group has shifted the focus of research in identity? | Anthropologists | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAnthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstratin... |
57095eaaed30961900e8400f | What does a researcher have to identify to carry out empirical research? | an appropriate analytical tool | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAnthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstratin... |
57095eaaed30961900e84010 | What researcher advocated for focus on the boundaries of ethnic groups rather than the cultural aspects of ethnic groups? | Barth | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAnthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstratin... |
57095eaaed30961900e84011 | If identity is a virtual site, what do boundaries supply to the virtual site? | the framework | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAnthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstratin... |
57095eaaed30961900e84012 | Boundaries are frequently used by researchers to help define what? | identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAnthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstratin... |
570961b2ed30961900e84036 | What are gender identity, ethnic identity, and occupational identity aspects of? | one's total identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe inclusiveness of Weinreich's definition (above) directs attention to the totality of one's identity at a given phase in time, and assists in elucidating component aspects of one's total identity, such as one's gender identity, ethnic identity, occupational identity and so on. The d... |
570961b2ed30961900e84037 | How one construes oneself now and in the future differs considerably because of what 2 things? | age and accumulated experiences | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe inclusiveness of Weinreich's definition (above) directs attention to the totality of one's identity at a given phase in time, and assists in elucidating component aspects of one's total identity, such as one's gender identity, ethnic identity, occupational identity and so on. The d... |
570961b2ed30961900e84038 | The young child, the adolescent, the young adult and the older adult are phases of what? | the life cycle | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe inclusiveness of Weinreich's definition (above) directs attention to the totality of one's identity at a given phase in time, and assists in elucidating component aspects of one's total identity, such as one's gender identity, ethnic identity, occupational identity and so on. The d... |
570961b2ed30961900e84039 | The salient experiential markers one uses to define one's past self differ based on the age that one was at what? | the height of one's powers | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe inclusiveness of Weinreich's definition (above) directs attention to the totality of one's identity at a given phase in time, and assists in elucidating component aspects of one's total identity, such as one's gender identity, ethnic identity, occupational identity and so on. The d... |
5709633fed30961900e84062 | What is distinct from the self? | identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAlthough the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24). From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the \"I... |
5709633fed30961900e84063 | What can the literature of self-psychology offer insight into? | how identity is maintained | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAlthough the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24). From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the \"I... |
5709633fed30961900e84064 | What have theorists shown interest in relating to the self-concept? | self-esteem | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAlthough the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24). From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the \"I... |
5709633fed30961900e84065 | The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what? | self-psychology | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAlthough the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24). From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the \"I... |
570964d4ed30961900e8407c | Self-psychology is compelled to investigate how personal self relates to what? | the social environment | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAt a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of \"psychological\" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's ... |
570964d4ed30961900e8407d | What two factors are focused on when explaining an individual's actions within a group? | mental events and states | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAt a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of \"psychological\" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's ... |
570964d4ed30961900e8407e | What are individual cognition and collective behavior are levels of? | identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAt a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of \"psychological\" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's ... |
570966c3ed30961900e840aa | What term have Anthropologists employed to refer to the Eriksonian idea of selfhood? | identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAnthropologists have most frequently employed the term 'identity' to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely Eriksonian way (Erikson 1972) properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropolog... |
570966c3ed30961900e840ab | Modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970's led what group to be more interested in identity? | anthropologists | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAnthropologists have most frequently employed the term 'identity' to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely Eriksonian way (Erikson 1972) properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropolog... |
570966c3ed30961900e840ac | Until recently, what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others? | the Eriksonian approach | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nAnthropologists have most frequently employed the term 'identity' to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely Eriksonian way (Erikson 1972) properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropolog... |
5709690e200fba1400367f81 | What are the two types of group boundaries? | inclusive or exclusive | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nBoundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a ma... |
5709690e200fba1400367f82 | A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary? | exclusive | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nBoundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a ma... |
5709690e200fba1400367f83 | A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary? | inclusive | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nBoundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a ma... |
5709690e200fba1400367f84 | What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive? | language | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nBoundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a ma... |
57096d4bed30961900e840f2 | What identity status paradigm emerged due to the work of James Marcia? | Neo-Eriksonian | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe \"Neo-Eriksonian\" identity status paradigm emerged in later years[when?], driven largely by the work of James Marcia. This paradigm focuses upon the twin concepts of exploration and commitment. The central idea is that any individual's sense of identity is determined in large part... |
57096d4bed30961900e840f3 | The Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm focuses on what twin concepts? | exploration and commitment | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe \"Neo-Eriksonian\" identity status paradigm emerged in later years[when?], driven largely by the work of James Marcia. This paradigm focuses upon the twin concepts of exploration and commitment. The central idea is that any individual's sense of identity is determined in large part... |
57096d4bed30961900e840f4 | In the Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm, exploration and commitments determine what in large part? | any individual's sense of identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe \"Neo-Eriksonian\" identity status paradigm emerged in later years[when?], driven largely by the work of James Marcia. This paradigm focuses upon the twin concepts of exploration and commitment. The central idea is that any individual's sense of identity is determined in large part... |
57097006ed30961900e8412a | What do many people gain from their identity groups? | a sense of positive self-esteem | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nMany people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consi... |
57097006ed30961900e8412b | People favoring those in their group over outsiders, is an example of what? | discrimination | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nMany people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consi... |
57097006ed30961900e8412c | Belonging and discrimination are both important to researchers working in what tradition? | the social identity tradition | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nMany people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consi... |
57097006ed30961900e8412d | Distinction between in and out groups has been shown to affect people's evaluations of others in work related to what? | social identity theory | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nMany people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consi... |
57097200200fba140036800d | What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing? | a primordialist approach | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the vie... |
57097200200fba140036800e | The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory? | social constructionist theory | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the vie... |
57097200200fba1400368010 | Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts? | political and historical contexts | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the vie... |
57097697ed30961900e84192 | Various research traditions are using what lens to examine phenomena? | the lens of identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe implications are multiple as various research traditions are now[when?] heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena.[citation needed] One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging i... |
57097697ed30961900e84193 | What stigma do correctional officers have to deal with? | glorified maids | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe implications are multiple as various research traditions are now[when?] heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena.[citation needed] One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging i... |
57097697ed30961900e84194 | The implications of identity and identity construction are discussed in what settings? | occupational settings | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe implications are multiple as various research traditions are now[when?] heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena.[citation needed] One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging i... |
57097697ed30961900e84195 | What are people in stigmatized jobs forced to create? | an identity they can live with | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe implications are multiple as various research traditions are now[when?] heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena.[citation needed] One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging i... |
57097697ed30961900e84196 | What are the two examples give for justifications and values for occupational choices? | workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThe implications are multiple as various research traditions are now[when?] heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena.[citation needed] One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging i... |
5709783fed30961900e841a6 | The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom? | significant others | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nHowever, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with \"groups\" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires... |
5709783fed30961900e841a7 | What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others? | benign | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nHowever, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with \"groups\" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires... |
5709783fed30961900e841a8 | What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others? | malign | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nHowever, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with \"groups\" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires... |
5709783fed30961900e841a9 | Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what? | defensive contra-identification | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nHowever, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with \"groups\" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires... |
570979bfed30961900e841c0 | What may a person display in terms of both exploration and commitments? | relative weakness or relative strength | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nA person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a per... |
570979bfed30961900e841c1 | What is the permutation when a person lacks exploration and commitment? | identity diffusion | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nA person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a per... |
570979bfed30961900e841c2 | What is the permutation when a person has not chosen goals in the past but is willing to in the future? | identity foreclosure | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nA person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a per... |
570979bfed30961900e841c3 | What is the permutation when a person is ready to make commitments but unable to commit? | identity moratorium | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nA person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a per... |
570979bfed30961900e841c4 | What is the permutation when a person commits to identity choices? | identity achievement | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nA person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a per... |
57097c64200fba140036806b | What is it impossible to do with identity? | define it empirically | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThese different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidi... |
57097c64200fba140036806c | Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category? | category of analysis | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThese different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidi... |
57097c64200fba140036806d | What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards? | their own preconceptions of identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThese different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidi... |
57097c64200fba140036806e | Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what? | human social self-expression | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThese different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidi... |
57097c64200fba140036806f | The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea? | the idea of identification | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nThese different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidi... |
57097db3ed30961900e8420c | What is identified as determining how a person views him or herself to a significant degree? | Gender identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nGender identity forms an important part of identity in psychology, as it dictates to a significant degree how one views oneself both as a person and in relation to other people, ideas and nature. Other aspects of identity, such as racial, religious, ethnic, occupational… etc. may also ... |
57097db3ed30961900e8420d | What are racial, religious, ethnic, and occupational aspects aspects of? | identity | [
"Identity_(social_science)\n\nGender identity forms an important part of identity in psychology, as it dictates to a significant degree how one views oneself both as a person and in relation to other people, ideas and nature. Other aspects of identity, such as racial, religious, ethnic, occupational… etc. may also ... |
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