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2695	dbpedia	2	48	https://www.visitbrighton.com/plan-your-visit/about-the-area/famous-people/blue-plaques	en	Blue Plaques in Brighton	https://eu-assets.simpleview-europe.com/brighton2021/imageresizer/?image=%2Fdbimgs%2FDickens%20Plaque.jpg&action=OpenGraph	https://eu-assets.simpleview-europe.com/brighton2021/imageresizer/?image=%2Fdbimgs%2FDickens%20Plaque.jpg&action=OpenGraph	[ "https://www.visitbrighton.com/images/logos/logo.svg", "https://www.visitbrighton.com/images/logos/logo_print.gif", "https://www.visitbrighton.com/images/Icons/icon_magnifyglass.svg", "https://www.visitbrighton.com/images/itinerary/button_addtoitinerary.gif", "https://www.visitbrighton.com/images/itinerary/...	[ "https://www.mapsinteractive.co.uk/brightonplaquesmap/" ]	[]	[ "Blue Plaques" ]	null	[]	null	There are hundreds of blue plaques across Brighton & Hove.	en	/favicon.ico	Visit Brighton	https://www.visitbrighton.com/plan-your-visit/about-the-area/famous-people/blue-plaques	Blue plaques are a familiar sight across the city of Brighton & Hove. Select 'Read More' for details about the Blue Plaque Scheme & use the map below to view the plaques already in the city. The map is interactive so simply click (or tap) & drag to see more plaques. What is a Blue Plaque? A blue plaque is a permanent sign installed in a public place to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event - serving as a kind of historical marker. Commemorative plaque schemes exist across much of England and indeed other countries around the world. The first formal scheme, however, was launched in England, with Brighton's scheme starting in 1923. Nominate a Commemorative Plaque If you would like to nominate a person or a specific site to be commemorated by a plaque then please email Roger Amerena, Chairman of the Commemorative Plaque Panel - roger.amerena@btinternet.com Download a Commemorative Plaque Nomination Form - for an individual (54 KB - PDF) Download a Commemorative Plaque Nomination Form - for an event or institution (55 KB - PDF) Download the Criteria for the nomination of a Commemorative Plaque (68 KB - PDF) As The Commemorative Plaque Panel consists of nominated and elected volunteers from national and local amenity groups, when submitting a nomination please include as much information as possible, such as research undertaken into the nominee and any correspondence with the freeholder of the property. Once a nomination has been received for approval the Panel will be able to guide you through the process from obtaining listed building consent, when necessary, to the wording on the plaque and the unveiling event. Please note that all plaques need to be funded and the approximate cost for the creation and installation of a commemorative plaque is £1500. Commemorative Plaques in the City of Brighton & Hove There are over 130 commemorative plaques across the city installed in recognition of a variety of people and events. Different mediums have been used over the years including the Portland Stone ones of the famous Eric Gill, to bronze, Westmorland Green slate and the present porcelain blue and white items. Alongside internationally renowned figures from history such as Charles Dickens, Sir Winston Churchill and Rudyard Kipling you will also discover less well-known innovators such as Doreen Valiente the Mother of Modern Witchcraft and William Friese-Green who pioneered cinematography.
2695	dbpedia	2	3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque	en	Blue plaque	https://upload.wikimedia…880_and_1881.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…880_and_1881.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alfred_Lord_Tennyson...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2003-09-03T10:48:12+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque	This article is about historical markers in the United Kingdom. For equivalent markers elsewhere, see Commemorative plaque. Commemorative plaque in the United Kingdom A blue plaque is a permanent sign installed in a public place in the United Kingdom, and certain other countries and territories, to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person, event, or former building on the site, serving as a historical marker. The term is used in the United Kingdom in two senses. It may be used narrowly and specifically to refer to the "official" scheme administered by English Heritage, and for much of its history restricted to sites within Greater London; or it may be used less formally to encompass a number of similar schemes administered by organisations throughout the UK. The plaques erected are made in a variety of designs, shapes, materials and colours: some are blue, others are not. However, the term "blue plaque" is often used informally to encompass all such schemes. History [edit] The "official" scheme traces its origins to that launched in 1866 in London, on the initiative of the politician William Ewart, to mark the homes and workplaces of famous people.[3][4] The first such scheme in the world, it has directly or indirectly provided the inspiration and model for many others. The scheme has been administered successively by the Society of Arts (1866–1901), the London County Council (1901–1965), the Greater London Council (1965–1986) and English Heritage (1986 to date). It was initially focused on Greater London, although between 1998 and 2005, under a trial programme since discontinued, 34 plaques were erected elsewhere in England. The Levelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023 extended the scheme to the whole of England.[5] Many other plaque schemes have been initiated in the United Kingdom. Some are restricted to a specific geographical area, others to a particular theme of historical commemoration. They are administered by a range of bodies including local authorities, civic societies, residents' associations and other organisations such as the Transport Trust, the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America and the British Comic Society. There are also commemorative plaque schemes throughout the world such as those in Paris, Rome, Oslo, and Dublin; and in other cities in Australia, Canada, the Philippines, Russia, and the United States. These take various forms, and they are more likely to be known as commemorative plaques or historical markers. English Heritage scheme [edit] The original blue plaque scheme was established by the Society of Arts in 1867, and since 1986 has been run by English Heritage. It is the oldest such scheme in the world.[3][4] After being conceived by politician William Ewart in 1863, the scheme was initiated in 1866 by Ewart, Henry Cole and the Society of Arts (now the Royal Society of Arts),[8] which erected plaques in a variety of shapes and colours. The first plaque was unveiled in 1867 to commemorate Lord Byron at his birthplace, 24 Holles Street, Cavendish Square. This house was demolished in 1889. The earliest blue plaque to survive, also put up in 1867, commemorates Napoleon III in King Street, St James's.[4] Byron's plaque was blue, but the colour was changed by the manufacturer Minton, Hollins & Co to chocolate brown to save money.[9] The first woman to be honoured with a plaque was the actor Sarah Siddons in 1876.[10] The plaque, placed on her house in Marylebone, London, was retrieved when the house was demolished in 1905 and is now held in the Victoria and Albert Museum.[11] In total, the Society of Arts put up 35 plaques, fewer than half of which survive today. The Society only erected one plaque within the square-mile of the City of London, that to Samuel Johnson on his house in Gough Square, in 1876. In 1879, it was agreed that the City of London Corporation would be responsible for erecting plaques within the City to recognise its jurisdictional independence. This demarcation has remained ever since.[4] In 1901, the Society of Arts scheme was taken over by the London County Council (LCC),[3] which gave much thought to the future design of the plaques. It was eventually decided to keep the basic shape and design of the Society's plaques, but to make them uniformly blue, with a laurel wreath and the LCC's title.[12] Though this design was used consistently from 1903 to 1938, some experimentation occurred in the 1920s, and plaques were made in bronze, stone and lead. Shape and colour also varied.[12] In 1921, the most common (blue) plaque design was revised, as it was discovered that glazed Royal Doulton stoneware was cheaper than the encaustic formerly used. In 1938, a new plaque design was prepared by an unnamed student at the LCC's Central School of Arts and Crafts and was approved by the committee. It omitted the decorative elements of earlier plaque designs, and allowed for lettering to be better spaced and enlarged. A white border was added to the design shortly after, and this has remained the standard ever since.[9] No plaques were erected between 1915 and 1919, or between 1940 and 1947, owing to the two world wars.[13] The LCC formalised the selection criteria for the scheme in 1954.[4] When the LCC was abolished in 1965, the scheme was taken over by the Greater London Council (GLC). The principles of the scheme changed little, but now applied to the entire, much larger, administrative county of Greater London. The GLC was also keen to broaden the range of people commemorated. The GLC erected 252 plaques, the subjects including Sylvia Pankhurst,[14] Samuel Coleridge-Taylor,[15] and Mary Seacole.[16] In 1986, the GLC was disbanded and the blue plaques scheme passed to English Heritage. English Heritage erected more than 300 plaques in London. In January 2013 English Heritage suspended proposals for plaques owing to funding cuts.[13][17] The National Trust's chairman stated that his organisation might step in to save the scheme.[18] In the event the scheme was relaunched by English Heritage in June 2014 with private funding (including support from a new donors' club, the Blue Plaques Club, and from property developer David Pearl).[19] Four members of the advisory panel resigned over this transmutation. Professor David Edgerton and author and critic Gillian Darley were concerned that the scheme had been "reduced to a marketing tool for English Heritage".[20] The vice chair Dr Celina Fox and Dr Margaret Pelling stated that the scheme was "being dismantled and its previous achievements discredited".[21] In April 2015, English Heritage was divided into two parts, Historic England (a statutory body), and the new English Heritage Trust (a charity, which took over the English Heritage operating name and logo). Responsibility for the blue plaque scheme passed to the English Heritage Trust. The 1,000th plaque, marking the offices of the Women's Freedom League, 1908–1915, was unveiled in 2023.[22] Society of Arts plaque on Samuel Johnson's house in Gough Square, London (erected 1876). Many of the early Society of Arts and LCC plaques were brown in colour. London County Council plaque at 48 Doughty Street, Holborn, commemorating Charles Dickens (erected 1903) One of seven LCC Royal Doulton plaques with coloured laurel relief border erected in 1925; 41 Beak Street, Soho London County Council plaque at 100 Lambeth Road, Lambeth, commemorating William Bligh (erected 1952) Greater London Council plaque at 29 Fitzroy Square, Fitzrovia, commemorating Virginia Woolf (erected 1974) English Heritage plaque, at 22b Ebury Street, Belgravia, London, commemorating Ian Fleming (erected 1996) Criteria [edit] To be eligible for an English Heritage blue plaque in London, the famous person concerned must:[23] Have been dead for 20 years or have passed the centenary of their birth. Fictional characters are not eligible; Be considered eminent by a majority of members of their own profession; have made an outstanding contribution to human welfare or happiness; Have lived or worked in that building in London (excluding the City of London and Whitehall) for a significant period, in time or importance, within their life and work; be recognisable to the well-informed passer-by, or deserve national recognition. In cases of foreigners and overseas visitors, candidates should be of international reputation or significant standing in their own country. With regards to the location of a plaque: Plaques can only be erected on the actual building inhabited by a figure, not the site where the building once stood, or on buildings that have been radically altered; Plaques are not placed onto boundary walls, gate piers, educational or ecclesiastic buildings, or the Inns of Court; Buildings marked with plaques should be visible from the public highway; A single person may not be commemorated with more than one blue plaque in London.[23] Other schemes have different criteria, which are often less restrictive: in particular, it is common under other schemes for plaques to be erected to mark the sites of demolished buildings. Selection process [edit] Almost all the proposals for English Heritage blue plaques are made by members of the public who write or email the organisation before submitting a formal proposal.[25] English Heritage's in-house historian researches the proposal, and the Blue Plaques Panel advises on which suggestions should be successful. This is composed of 12 people from various disciplines from across the country. The panel is chaired by Professor William Whyte. Other members (as at September 2023) include Richard J. Aldrich, Mihir Bose, Andrew Graham-Dixon, Claire Harman, Gus Casely-Hayford and Amy Lame.[26] The actor and broadcaster Stephen Fry was formerly a member of the panel, and wrote the foreword to the book Lived in London: Blue Plaques and the Stories Behind Them (2009).[27] Roughly a third of proposals are approved in principle, and are placed on a shortlist. Because the scheme is so popular, and because a lot of detailed research has to be carried out, it takes about three years for each case to reach the top of the shortlist. Proposals not taken forward can only be re-proposed once 10 years have elapsed.[23] Manufacture [edit] From 1923, soon after the standardisation of the design in 1921, the plaques were manufactured by Royal Doulton which continued their production until 1955.[28] From 1984 until 2015 they were made by Frank Ashworth at his studio in Cornwall, and were then inscribed by his wife.[29] From 1955 to 1985 the lettering for the plaques was designed in the Roman lettering style by Henry Hooper.[30][31] Since 2015, the plaques have been made by Ned Heywood, a potter, at his workshop in Chepstow, Wales.[22] Each plaque is made entirely by hand.[32][33] Event plaques [edit] A small minority of GLC and English Heritage plaques have been erected to commemorate events which took place at particular locations rather than the famous people who lived there. Outside London [edit] In 1998, English Heritage initiated a trial national plaques scheme, and over the following years erected 34 plaques in Birmingham, Merseyside, Southampton and Portsmouth. The scheme was discontinued in 2005, although English Heritage continued to provide advice and guidance to individuals and organisations outside of London wanting to develop local schemes.[35] In September 2023 the Department for Culture, Media and Sport announced the reintroduction of a national scheme, with Historic England as the lead developer.[36] From mid 2024, the public will be invited to submit nominations, with eligibility criteria including a minimum of 20 years having passed since the death of the nominee, who must have made a significant contribution to human welfare or happiness. At least one surviving building must be associated with the nominee in a form that they would have recognised and the building must be visible from the public highway.[37] The first plaque in the scheme was unveiled in Ilkley, West Yorkshire on 23 February 2024, commemorating Daphne Steele, first Black matron in the National Health Service in 1964.[38] On 24 May 2024, a blue plaque commemorating the childhood home of musician George Harrison in Liverpool was unveiled, and was referred to in the press as "Historic England's first official non-London blue plaque".[39] Other schemes [edit] The popularity of English Heritage's London blue plaques scheme has meant that a number of comparable schemes have been established elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Many of these schemes also use blue plaques, often manufactured in metal or plastic rather than the ceramic used in London, but some feature plaques of different colours and shapes. In 2012, English Heritage published a register of plaque schemes run by other organisations across England.[40] The criteria for selection varies greatly. Many schemes treat plaques primarily as memorials and place them on the sites of former buildings, in contrast to the strict English Heritage policy of only installing a plaque on the actual building in which a famous person lived or an event took place. London [edit] The Corporation of London continues to run its own plaque scheme for the City of London, where English Heritage does not erect plaques. City of London plaques are blue and ceramic, but are rectangular in shape and carry the City of London coat of arms.[4][41] Because of the rapidity of change in the built environment within the City, a high proportion of Corporation of London plaques mark the sites of former buildings. Many of the 32 London boroughs also now have their own schemes, running alongside the English Heritage scheme. Westminster City Council runs a green plaque scheme, each plaque being sponsored by a group with a particular interest in its subject.[42] The London Borough of Southwark started its own blue plaque scheme in 2003, under which the borough awards plaques through popular vote following public nomination: living people may be commemorated.[43] The London Borough of Islington has a similar green heritage plaque scheme, initiated in 2010.[44] Other plaques may be erected by smaller groups, such as residents' associations. In 2007 the Hampstead Garden Suburb Residents Association erected a blue plaque in memory of Prime Minister Harold Wilson at 12 Southway as part of the suburb's centenary celebrations. City of Westminster green plaque at 18 Cavendish Square, Marylebone, commemorating Josef Dallos, contact lens pioneer (erected 2010) Corporation of London plaque on the site of John Keats' birthplace City of Westminster green plaque commemorating Laura Ashley City of Westminster green plaque at the Savoy Theatre, the first public building in the world to be lit entirely by electricity when it was fitted with the incandescent light bulb developed by Sir Joseph Swan in 1881.[45] England [edit] Location Details Aldershot In 2017 in Aldershot in Hampshire the Aldershot Civic Society unveiled its first blue plaque to comedian and actor Arthur English at the house where he had been born. It is intended that this will be the first in a series dedicated to notable local people or historic buildings.[46][47][48] Berkhamsted The Hertfordshire town of Berkhamsted unveiled a set of 32 blue plaques in 2000 on some of the town's most significant buildings,[49] including Berkhamsted Castle, the birthplace of writer Graham Greene and buildings associated with the poet William Cowper, John Incent (a Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral) and Clementine Churchill. The plaques feature in a Heritage Trail promoted by the town's council.[50] Birmingham The Birmingham Civic Society provides a blue plaque scheme in and around Birmingham: there are over 90 plaques commemorating notable former Birmingham residents and historical places of interest.[51][52] Bournemouth Bournemouth Borough Council has unveiled more than 30 blue plaques.[53] Its first plaque was unveiled on 31 October 1937 to Lewis Tregonwell, who built the first house in what is now Bournemouth. Two further plaques followed in 1957 and 1975 to writer Robert Louis Stevenson and poet Rupert Brooke respectively. The first blue plaque was unveiled on 30 June 1985 dedicated to Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet.[54] Derbyshire In 2010, Derbyshire County Council allowed its residents to vote via the Internet on a shortlist of notable historical figures to be commemorated in a local blue plaque scheme.[55] The first six plaques commemorated industrialist Richard Arkwright junior (Bakewell), Olave Baden-Powell and the "Father of Railways" George Stephenson (Chesterfield), the mathematical prodigy Jedediah Buxton (Elmton), actor Arthur Lowe (Hayfield), and architect Joseph Paxton (Chatsworth House).[56] Gateshead A long-running blue plaque scheme is in operation in Gateshead. Run by the council, the scheme was registered with English Heritage in 1970[40] and 29 blue plaques were installed between the inception of the scheme in 1977 and the publication of a commemorative document in 2010.[57][58] The Gateshead scheme aims to highlight notable persons who lived in the borough, notable buildings within it and important historical events.[59] Some of those commemorated through the scheme include Geordie Ridley, author of the "Blaydon Races":[60] William Wailes, a 19th-century proponent of stained glass;[61][62] the industrialist and co-founder of Clarke Chapman, William Clarke[63] and Sir Joseph Swan, inventor of the incandescent light bulb.[63][64] More recent plaques (both erected in 2012) have commemorated Vincent Litchfield Raven, the chief mechanical engineer at the North Eastern Railway;[65] and the 19th-century Felling mining disasters.[66] Leeds Leeds Civic Trust started its blue plaque scheme in 1987 and by 2020 had 180 plaques.[67] Loughton The Essex town of Loughton inaugurated a scheme in 1997 following a programme allowing for three new plaques a year; 42 had been erected by 2019. The aim is to stimulate public interest in the town's heritage.[68] Among the Loughton blue plaques is that to Mary Anne Clarke, which is in fact a pair of identical plaques, one on the back, and one on the front, of her house, Loughton Lodge. Malvern In 2005, Malvern Civic Society and Malvern Hills District council announced that blue plaques would be placed on buildings in Malvern that were associated with famous people, including Franklin D. Roosevelt. Since then blue plaques have been erected to commemorate C. S. Lewis, Florence Nightingale, Charles Darwin and Haile Selassie.[69][70][71] Manchester A scheme in Manchester is co-ordinated by Manchester Art Gallery, to whom nominations can be submitted. Plaques must be funded by those who propose them.[72][73] From 1960 to 1984 all plaques were ceramic, and blue in colour. From 1985, they were made of cast aluminium, colour-coded to reflect the type of commemoration (blue for people; red for events in the city's social history; black for buildings of architectural or historic interest; green for other subjects). After a period of abeyance, the scheme has been revived and all plaques are now patinated bronze.[72] Oldham A blue plaque at Oldham's Tommyfield Market (Greater Manchester) marks the 1860s origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries. Oxfordshire The Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board places plaques in the city of Oxford and elsewhere in the county.[74] Ringwood The Ringwood Society installed the first blue plaque in the town in 1978, to commemorate the Monmouth Rebellion.[75] Southampton Starting in 2004, English Heritage installed several blue plaques "to commemorate famous or well-loved people who have contributed significantly to Britain and Southampton's history... Many other plaques have been put up by friends, family and fans of Southampton's most influential people and historic places".[76] Since 2022, The Spitfire Makers Charitable Trust has been installing blue plaques to commemorate sites of Spitfire production in Southampton and Hampshire.[77] Swindon Swindon Heritage installs blue plaques in Swindon to commemorate the famous people, places and events which are part of the town's history. These are financed through public donations from individuals and groups. The first plaque to be unveiled was to the suffragette Edith New in March 2016. Others commemorated include the writer and naturalist Richard Jefferies the actress Diana Dors.[78] Wolverhampton Wolverhampton has over 90 blue plaques erected by The Wolverhampton Society in a scheme which was started in 1983 by the then Wolverhampton Civic Society.[79] One of the more unusual plaques marks the location of the World Altitude Balloon Record on Friday 5 September 1862. In 2021, a Black Lives Matter plaque was erected at the Wolverhampton Heritage Centre (the former constituency office of Enoch Powell, where his Rivers of Blood speech was written) to commemorate immigrant rights activist Paulette Wilson, a member of the Windrush generation.[80][81][82] York York Civic Trust has operated a blue plaque scheme since the 1940s.[83] Plaques erected by the Trust use a variety of shapes and materials, including bronze, wood, slate, aluminium, and glass, and commemorate buildings and events as well as people.[83] All plaques bear the emblem of the Civic Trust, which is based on the York assay mark of 1423.[83] A Gateshead blue plaque commemorating William Clarke, co-founder of the engineering firm Clarke Chapman. Plaque in Oldham marking the origin of the fish and chip shop and the fast food industry. The first Swindon Heritage blue plaque, commemorating suffragette Edith New, who was one of the first two suffragettes to use vandalism as a tactic. Oxfordshire blue plaque commemorating the first sub-4-minute mile run by Roger Bannister on 6 May 1954 at the University of Oxford's Iffley Road track. Blue plaque in Shirley, Southampton which commemorates the contribution of Sun Engineering Ltd towards building the Spitfire. Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland [edit] In Northern Ireland, Belfast City Council and the Ulster History Circle are among a small number of groups administering blue plaques.[84] Established in 1983, the Ulster History Circle has erected around 260.[85][86] Its scope extends into the Republic of Ireland, covering all nine counties of Ulster, the northern province in Ireland.[87] Elsewhere in the Republic, schemes are operated through local authorities[88] and civic societies.[89] Scotland [edit] Historic Environment Scotland, the Scottish heritage agency, has previously operated a national commemorative plaques scheme but, as of 2023, this was inactive.[90] Regional schemes are run by local authorities.[91][92] Wales [edit] Wales does not operate a national blue plaque scheme, although in 2022 Andrew RT Davies, leader of the Welsh Conservative Group in the Senedd, called for the introduction of a country-wide approach.[93] Regional schemes are operated by local authorities[94][95] and civic societies.[96] The Purple Plaques scheme is a national scheme (across Wales) that aims to commemorate women whose lives have had a significant and long-lasting impact. Blue plaque in Belfast commemorating Isabella Tod, founder of the Irish Women's Suffrage Society Blue plaque in Jedburgh commemorating John Ainslie, surveyor and cartographer Thematic schemes [edit] There also exist several nationwide schemes sponsored by special-interest bodies, which erect plaques at sites or buildings with historical associations within their particular sphere of activity. The Transport Trust's Red Wheel scheme erects red plaques on sites of significance in the evolution of transport.[97] The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America erects blue plaques on sites associated with notable music hall and variety artistes, mainly in the London area. The British Comedy Society (previously known as the Dead Comics' Society) erects blue plaques on the former homes of well-known comedians, including those of Sid James and John Le Mesurier. The Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemical Landmark Scheme erects hexagonal blue plaques to mark sites where the chemical sciences are considered to have made a significant contribution to health, wealth, or quality of life.[98] The Institute of Physics installs circular blue plaques to celebrate physicists' lives or work at various locations in the Great Britain and Ireland. Plaques exist in Edinburgh for Thomas Henderson and Thomas David Anderson, at Glasgow for Alexander Wilson and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, at Eskdalemuir Observatory for Lewis Fry Richardson, at the birthplace of Charles Thomson Rees Wilson in the Pentland Hills, at Leeds for William Henry Bragg and at Aberdeen for George Paget Thomson.[99] In 2015, Peter Higgs unveiled his own plaque, installed on the building in which he had predicted the Higgs boson.[100] Rainbow plaques commemorate LGBT people, events or sites. They have been erected by different bodies, but are distinguished by having rainbow colours around the circumference.[101][102] Transport Trust plaque at Hythe Pier and Railway, Hythe, Hampshire, the oldest working pier railway in the world Comic Heritage plaque commemorating Harry Worth at the site of the former Teddington Studios, Greater London Royal Society of Chemistry plaque on the Chemistry Department of University College London, recording the work carried out there by Sir Christopher Ingold (erected 2008) Institute of Physics plaque on the Parkinson Building, University of Leeds, recording the work carried out there by Sir William Henry Bragg See also [edit] Commemorative plaque Historical markers of the Philippines References [edit] Further reading [edit]
2695	dbpedia	3	44	https://www.pacificsigncenter.com/orangecounty/signs-maker-westminster.html	en	Indoor and Outdoor Electrical/LED Channel Letters, Dimensional/3D			[ "https://www.pacificsigncenter.com/img/logo.webp", "https://www.pacificsigncenter.com/img/pacific-sign-center.webp", "https://www.pacificsigncenter.com/img/phone-number.png", "https://www.pacificsigncenter.com/img/facebook.png", "https://www.pacificsigncenter.com/img/instagram.png", "https://www.pacificsi...	[]	[]	[ "pacific sign", "westminster sign design", "westminster custom signs", "westminster business sign", "westminster sign printing", "sign supply", "office signs", "building sign", "commercial", "corporate sign", "vinyl signs", "electric", "neon signs", "illuminated letters", "dimensional le...	null	[]	null	Pacific Sign Center est 1986 - The premier sign company serving Westminster. 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2695	dbpedia	2	2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_Heritage_blue_plaques_in_London	en	List of English Heritage blue plaques in London	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BOBBY_MOORE_1941-199...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2013-06-11T19:27:39+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_Heritage_blue_plaques_in_London	This is a list of the 1003 blue plaques placed by English Heritage and its predecessors in the boroughs of London, the City of Westminster, and the City of London. The scheme includes a small number of plaques that were erected privately and subsequently absorbed. The scheme began in 1866.[1] It was originally administered by the Royal Society of Arts until 1901 when it was taken over the London County Council. The LCC ran the scheme until its abolition in 1965 when its successor body the Greater London Council (GLC) took charge. With the abolition of the GLC in 1986, the blue plaque scheme has been administered by English Heritage. By borough [edit] Barking and Dagenham [edit] There is a single blue plaque in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham.[2] Barnet [edit] There are 19 blue plaques in the London Borough of Barnet.[3] Bexley [edit] There are two blue plaques in the London Borough of Bexley.[4] Brent [edit] There are three blue plaques in the London Borough of Brent.[5] Subject Inscription Location Year installed Photo Open Plaques ref Notes Arthur Lucan (Arthur Trowle) 1887–1954 (see notes) "Entertainer and creator of Old Mother Riley" 11 Forty Lane Wembley HA9 9EA 1978 ( ) 421 The birth date listed on the plaque is incorrect, as Lucan was born in 1885.[6] Bromley [edit] There are seven blue plaques in the London Borough of Bromley.[7] Person Inscription Address Year issued Photo Ira Aldridge (1807–1867) "Shakespearian Actor 'The African Roscius' lived here" 5 Hamlet Road Upper Norwood SE19 2AP 2007 W. G. Grace (1848–1915) "Cricketer lived here" Fairmount, Mottingham Lane Mottingham SE9 9AG 1963 Prince Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921) "Theorist of Anarchism lived here" 6 Crescent Road Sundridge Park BR1 3PW 1989 Alexander Muirhead (1848–1920) "Electrical Engineer lived here" 20 Church Road Shortlands BR2 0HP 1981 Rachel McMillan (1859–1917) and Margaret McMillan (1860–1931) "Pioneers of Nursery Education lodged here" 51 Tweedy Road Bromley BR1 3NH 2009 Dadabhai Naoroji (1825-1917) "Indian nationalist and MP lived here" 72 Anerley Park Penge SE20 8NQ 2022 Marie Stopes (1880–1958) "Promoter of sex education and birth control lived here 1880–1892" 28 Cintra Park Upper Norwood SE19 2LH 2010 Camden [edit] There are 177 blue plaques in the London Borough of Camden.[8] Croydon [edit] There are twelve blue plaques in the London Borough of Croydon.[9] Person Inscription Address Year issued Photo Dame Peggy Ashcroft (1907-1991) "Actress was born here" 1A Tirlemont Road South Croydon CR2 6DS 2024 Raymond Chandler (1888-1959) "Writer Lived Here" 110 Auckland Road Upper Norwood SE19 2BY 2014 Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (1875–1912) "Composer of the 'Song of Hiawatha' lived here" 30 Dagnall Park South Norwood SE25 5PH 1975 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) "Creator of Sherlock Holmes lived here 1891–1894" 12 Tennison Road South Norwood SE25 5RT 1973 Frederick George Creed (1871–1957) "Electrical Engineer Inventor of the Teleprinter lived and died here" 20 Outram Road Addiscombe CR0 6XE 1973 Peter Cushing (1913-1994) "Actor lived here" 32 St James' Road Purley CR8 2DL 2018 C. B. Fry (1872–1956) "All-round Sportsman was born here" 144 St James's Road Croydon CR0 2UY 2005 Will Hay (1888–1949) "Comic Actor and Astronomer lived here 1927–1934" 45 The Chase Norbury SW16 3AE 2000 John Horniman (1803–1893) and Frederick John Horniman (1835–1906) "Tea Merchants, Collectors and Public Benefactors lived here" Coombe Cliff, Coombe Road Croydon CR0 5SP 1988 W. F. R. Stanley (1829–1909) "Inventor, Manufacturer and Philanthropist founded and designed these halls and technical school" Stanley Halls, 12 South Norwood Hill South Norwood SE25 6AB 1993 Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) "Naturalist lived here" 44 St Peter's Road South Croydon CR0 1RG 1979 Emile Zola (1840–1902) "French Novelist lived here 1898–1899" Queen's Hotel, 122 Church Road Upper Norwood SE19 2UG 1990 Ealing [edit] There are six blue plaques in the London Borough of Ealing.[10] Person Inscription Address Year issued Photo Sir Michael Balcon (1896–1977) "Film Producer worked here 1938–1956" Ealing Studios, Ealing Green Ealing W5 5EP 2005 Alan Dower Blumlein (1903–1942) "Electronics Engineer and Inventor lived here" 37 The Ridings, Hanger Hill Ealing W5 3BT 1977 Dorothea Lambert Chambers (1878–1960) "Lawn Tennis Champion lived here 1887–1907" 7 North Common Road Ealing W5 2QB 2005 John Conolly (1794–1866) Hanwell Asylum "The former Hanwell Asylum where Dr John Conolly 1794–1866 promoted the humane treatment of mental illness from 1839" C Block, St Bernard’s Hospital, Uxbridge Road, Southall, London, UB1 3EUJ 2022 John Lindley (1799–1865) "Botanist and Pioneer Orchidologist lived here from 1836 and died here" Bedford House, The Avenue Acton Green W4 2PJ 2005 Fred Perry (1909–1995) "Tennis Champion lived here 1919–1935" 223 Pitshanger Lane, Brentham Garden Estate Ealing W5 1RG 2012 Richard Titmuss (1907–1973) "Social Scientist lived here 1951–1973" 32 Twyford Avenue Acton W3 9QB 2011 Enfield [edit] There are four blue plaques in the London Borough of Enfield.[11] Greenwich [edit] There are 16 blue plaques in the Royal Borough of Greenwich.[12] Person or institution Inscription Address Year issued Photo William Henry Barlow (1812–1902) "Engineer lived and died here" 145 Charlton Road Charlton SE7 7EZ 1991 Cecil Day-Lewis (1904–1972) "Poet Laureate lived here 1957–1972" 6 Croom's Hill Greenwich SE10 8HL 1998 Sir Frank Dyson (1868–1939) "Astronomer Royal lived here 1894–1906" 6 Vanbrugh Hill Blackheath SE3 7UF 1990 Sir Arthur Eddington O. M. (1882–1944) "Mathematician and Astrophysicist lived here" 4 Bennett Park Blackheath SE3 9RB 1974 GPO Film Unit "GPO Film Unit later Crown Film Unit; pioneers of documentary film making had their studios here" 47 Bennett Park Blackheath SE3 9RA 2000 Charles Gounod (1813–1893) "Composer stayed here in 1870" 15 Morden Road Blackheath SE3 0AA 1961 Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864) "American author stayed here in 1856" 4 Pond Road Blackheath SE3 9JL 1953 Richard Jefferies (1848–1887) "Naturalist and Writer lived here" 59 Footscray Road Eltham SE9 2ST 1986 William Lindley 1808–1900 and Sir William Heerlein Lindley 1853–1917 "Civil Engineers lived here" 74 Shooters Hill Blackheath SE3 7BG 2015 Herbert Morrison, Baron Morrison of Lambeth (1888–1965) "Cabinet Minister and Leader of the London County Council lived here 1929–1960" 55 Archery Road Eltham SE9 1HF 1977 Donald McGill (1875–1962) "Postcard Cartoonist lived here" 5 Bennett Park Blackheath SE3 9RA 1977 Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773) "Statesman and author Lived here" Ranger's House, Chesterfield Walk Blackheath SE10 8QX 1937 Italo Svevo (1861–1928) "Ettore Schmitz alias Italo Svevo 1861–1928 Writer lived here 1903–1913" 67 Charlton Church Lane Charlton SE7 7AB 1999 Benjamin Waugh (1839–1908) "Founder of the NSPCC lived here" 26 Croom's Hill Greenwich SE10 8ER 1984 General James Wolfe (1727–1759) "Victor of Quebec lived here" Macartney House Greenwich Park SE10 8HJ 1909 Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (1833–1913) "Field-Marshal Lived here" Ranger's House, Chesterfield Walk Blackheath SE10 8QX 1937 Hackney [edit] There are eight blue plaques in the London Borough of Hackney.[13] Person or institution Inscription Address Year issued Photo The Ayahs' Home "The AYAHS' HOME for nannies and nursemaids from Asia was based here 1900–1921" 26 King Edward’s Road, Hackney, E9 7SF 2022 Daniel Defoe (1661–1731) "Lived in a house on this site" 95 Stoke Newington Church Street Stoke Newington N16 0AS 1932 Maria Dickin (1870–1951) "Promoter of animal welfare and founder of PDSA was born here" 41 Cassland Road Hackney E9 7AL 2015 Philip Henry Gosse (1810–1888) and Sir Edmund Gosse (1849–1928) "Here lived Philip Henry Gosse 1810–1888 Zoologist Sir Edmund Gosse 1849–1928 Writer and Critic born here" 56 Mortimer Road De Beauvoir Town N1 5AP 1983 Ebenezer Howard (1850–1928) "Pioneer of the Garden city movement lived here" 50 Durley Road Stamford Hill N16 6JS 1991 Marie Lloyd (1870–1922) "Music hall Artiste lived here" 55 Graham Road Hackney E8 1PB 1977 Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) "Scientist, Philosopher and Theologian was Minister to the Gravel Pit Meeting here in 1793–1794" 7–8 Ram Place Hackney E9 6LT 1985 Curtain Theatre "The site of this building forms part of what was once the precinct of the priory of St. John the Baptist, Holywell, within a few yards stood from 1577 to 1598, the first London building specially devoted to the performance of plays, and known as "The Theatre" 86–88 Curtain Road Shoreditch EC2A 3AA 1920 Hammersmith and Fulham [edit] There are 26 blue plaques in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.[14] Person or institution Inscription Address Year issued Photo Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950) "Indian Spiritual Leader lived here 1884–1887" 49 St Stephen's Avenue Shepherd's Bush W12 8JB 2007 Sir Frank Brangwyn (1867–1956) "Artist lived here" Temple Lodge, 51 Queen Caroline Street Hammersmith W6 9QL 1989 Christina Broom 1862–1939 "Photographer lived and worked here from 1913" 92 Munster Road, Fulham, SW6 5RD 2024 Thomas James Cobden-Sanderson (1840–1922) "Founded the Doves Bindery and Doves Press in this house and later lived and died here" 15 Upper Mall Chiswick W6 9TA 1974 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834) "Poet and philosopher lived here" 7 Addison Bridge Place West Kensington W14 8XP 1950 Ellen Craft (c.1829–c.1891) William Craft (c.1824-1900) "Refugees from slavery and campaigners for its abolition lived here" 26 Cambridge Grove Hammersmith W6 0LA 1950 Emily Wilding Davison (1872–1913) "Teacher and Suffragette lived here" 43 Fairholme Road, West Kensington W14 9JZ 2023 Sir Geoffrey De Havilland (1882–1965) "Aircraft designer lived here 1909–1910" 32 Baron's Court Road Barons Court W14 9DT 2001 Ouida (1839–1908) "Novelist lived here" 11 Ravenscourt Square Hammersmith W6 0TW 1952 George Devine (1910–1966) "Actor Artistic Director of the Royal Court Theatre 1956–1965 lived here" 9 Lower Mall Chiswick W6 9DJ 1992 Sir Edward Elgar (1857–1934) "Composer lived here 1890–1891" 51 Avonmore Road West Kensington W14 8RT 1962 Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) "Lived here as a law student" 20 Baron's Court Road Barons Court W14 9DT 1986 Marcus Garvey (1887–1940) "Pan-Africanist Leader lived and died here" 53 Talgarth Road Barons Court W14 9DD 2005 Sir Eugene Goossens (1893–1962) "This was the home of the Goossens family of musicians 1912–1927" 70 Edith Road West Kensington W14 9AR 1999 Sir Henry Rider Haggard (1856–1925) "Novelist lived here 1885–1888" 69 Gunterstone Road West Kensington W14 9BS 1977 Sir Alan Herbert (A. P .H.) (1890–1971) "Author, Humourist and reformist M.P. lived and died here" 12 Hammersmith Terrace Chiswick W6 9TS 1993 Gustav Holst (1874–1934) "Composer wrote The Planets and taught here" St Paul's Girls' School Brook Green W6 7BS 2004 Edward Johnston (1872–1944) "Master Calligrapher lived here 1905–1912" 3 Hammersmith Terrace Chiswick W6 9TS 1977 Harold Laski (1893–1950) "Teacher and political philosopher lived here 1926–1950" 5 Addison Bridge Place West Kensington W14 8XP 1974 Sir Joseph Lyons (1847–1917) "Pioneer of mass catering lived here" 11a Palace Mansions, Earsby Street West Kensington W14 8QN 2016 John Osborne (1929–1994) "Playwright lived here in a ground floor flat 1951–1955" 53 Caithness Road Hammersmith W14 0JD 2021 Eric Ravilious (1903–1942) "Artist lived here 1931–1935" 48 Upper Mall Chiswick W6 9TA 1991 Sir Frank Short (1857–1945) "Engraver and painter lived here" 56 Brook Green Brook Green W6 7BJ 1951 Silver Studio Arthur Silver (1853–1896) Harry Silver (1881–1971) Rex Silver (1879–1965) "The Silver Studio established here. Designers worked here." 84 Brook Green Road Brook Green W6 7BS 1981 Sir Emery Walker (1851–1933) "Typographer and antiquary lived here 1903–1933" Emery Walker house, 7 Hammersmith Terrace Chiswick W6 9TS 1959 Christopher Whitworth Whall (1849–1924) "Stained Glass Artist lived here" 19 Ravenscourt Road Hammersmith W6 0UH 1983 Haringey [edit] There are ten blue plaques in the London Borough of Haringey.[15] Person or institution Inscription Address Year issued Photo Laurie Cunningham (1956–1989) "England International Footballer lived here"[16] 73 Lancaster Road Stroud Green N4 4PL 2016 A. V. Hill (1886–1977) "Physiologist lived here 1923–1967"[17] 16 Bishopswood Road Highgate N6 4NY 2015 A. E. Housman (1859–1936) "Poet and scholar wrote "A Shropshire Lad" while living here" 17 North Road Highgate N6 4BD 1969 Luke Howard (1772–1864) "Namer of Clouds lived and died here" 7 Bruce Grove Tottenham N17 6RA 2002 BBC Television "The world's first regular high definition television service was inaugurated here by the BBC 2 November 1936" Alexandra Palace Wood Green N22 7AY 1977 Mary Kingsley (1862–1900) "Traveller and ethnologist lived here as a child" 22 Southwood Lane Highgate N6 5EE 1975 Frank Matcham (1854–1920) "Theatre Architect lived here 1895–1904" 10 Haslemere Road Crouch End N8 9QX 2007 V. K. Krishna Menon (1896–1974) "Campaigner for Indian Independence lived here" 30 Langdon Park Road Highgate N6 5QG 2013 Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1883–1966) "Indian Patriot and Philosopher lived here" 65 Cromwell Avenue Highgate N6 5HS 1985 Arthur Waley (1889–1966) "Poet, Translator and Orientalist lived and died here" 50 Southwood Lane Highgate N6 9TS 1995 Harrow [edit] There are four blue plaques in the London Borough of Harrow.[18] Hounslow [edit] There are ten blue plaques in the London Borough of Hounslow.[19] Subject Inscription Location Year installed Photo Open Plaques ref Notes Jack Beresford (1899–1977) "Olympic Rowing Champion lived here 1903–1940" 19 Grove Park Gardens Chiswick W4 3RY 2005 ( ) 358 Tommy Cooper (1921–1984) "Comedian lived here 1955–1984" 51 Barrowgate Road Chiswick W4 4QT 2016 ( ) 41326 E. M. Forster (1879–1970) "Novelist lived here" Arlington Park Mansions, Sutton Lane Turnham Green W4 4HE 1983 ( ) 495 The plaque was designed to fit into a narrow space, and is only twelve inches (30.5 cm) in diameter.[20] Joseph Michael Gandy (1771–1843) "Architectural Visionary lived here 1833–1838" 58 Grove Park Terrace Chiswick W4 3QE 2006 ( ) 219 Patrick Hamilton (1904–1962) "Novelist and Playwright lived here" 2 Burlington Gardens Chiswick W4 4LT 2011 ( ) 8222 Freddie Mercury (1946–1991) "(Fred Bulsara) Singer and Songwriter lived here" 22 Gladstone Avenue Feltham TW14 9LL 2016 ( ) 41802 Lucien Pissarro (1863–1944) "Painter, Printer Wood Engraver lived here" 27 Stamford Brook Road Chiswick W6 0XJ 1976 ( ) 654 Alexander Pope (1688–1744) "Poet lived in this row, Mawson's Buildings 1716–1719" 110 Chiswick Lane South Chiswick W4 2LR 1996 ( ) 99 Pope's house is now the Mawson Arms, a Grade II* listed public house. Johann Zoffany (1733–1810) "Painter lived here 1790–1810" 65 Strand-on-the-Green Chiswick W4 3PF 1973 ( ) 563 Islington [edit] There are 19 blue plaques in the London Borough of Islington.[21] Person or institution Inscription Address Year issued Photo William Caslon (1692–1766) "The Foundry established by William Caslon Typefounder 1692–1766 stood on this site 1737–1909" 21–23 Chiswell Street Moorgate EC1Y 4SD 1958 Joseph Chamberlain (1836–1914) "Lived here" 25 Highbury Place Highbury N5 1QP 1915 Caroline Chisholm (1808–1877) "Philanthropist 'The Emigrants' Friend' lived here" 32 Charlton Place Islington N1 8AJ 1983 Collins' Music Hall "Collins Music Hall was here from 1862 to 1958" 10–11 Islington Green Islington N1 2XH 1986 Amelia Edwards (1831–1892) "Egyptologist and writer lived here" 19 Wharton Street Islington WC1X 9PT 1926 Dame Gracie Fields (1898–1979) "Singer and Entertainer lived here" 72A Upper Street Islington N1 0NY 2011 David Gestetner (1854–1939) "Developer of Office Copying Machinery lived here 1898–1939" 124 Highbury New Park Highbury N5 2DR 2011 Joseph Grimaldi (1778–1837) "Clown lived here 1818–1828" 56 Exmouth Market Clerkenwell EC1R 4QE 1989 John Groom (1845–1919) "Philanthropist who founded workshops for disabled girls nearby lived here" 8 Sekforde Street Clerkenwell EC1R 0HD 1997 Edward Irving (1792–1834) "Founder of the Catholic Apostolic Church lived here" 4 Claremont Square Islington N1 9LY 1982 Charles Lamb (1775–1834) "Essayist Lived Here" 64 Duncan Terrace Islington N1 8AG 1907 George Leybourne (1842–1884) ""Champagne Charlie" 1842–1884 Music Hall Comedian lived and died here" 136 Englefield Road De Beauvoir Town N1 3LQ 2013 Louis Macneice (1907–1963) "Poet lived here 1947–1952" 52 Canonbury Park South Islington N1 2JG 1996 Enid Marx (1902–1998) "Pattern designer, illustrator and artist lived and worked here from 1965" 39 Thornhill Road, Barnsbury, London, N1 1JS 2022 Samuel Phelps (1804–1878) "Tragedian lived here" 8 Canonbury Square Islington N1 2AU 1911 Richard Price (1723–1791) "In this terrace of 1658 lived Dr RICHARD PRICE 1723–1791 Preacher, philosopher, statistician and radical" 54 Newington Green, Newington Green, Islington, N16 9PX 2023 Thomas Hosmer Shepherd (1793–1864) "Artist who portrayed London lived here" 26 Batchelor Street Islington N1 0EG 1976 Sir Basil Spence (1907–1976) "Architect lived and worked here" 1 Canonbury Place Canonbury N1 2NG 2011 John Wesley (1703–1791) "Lived here" 47 City Road Islington EC1Y 1AU 1926 Kensington and Chelsea [edit] There are 192 blue plaques in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.[22] Kingston upon Thames [edit] There are five blue plaques in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames.[23] Lambeth [edit] There are 30 blue plaques in the London Borough of Lambeth.[24] Person or institution Inscription Address Year issued Photo Sir Charles Barry (1795–1860) "Architect lived and died here" The Elms, 29 Clapham Common North Side Clapham SW4 9SP 1950 Sir Arnold Bax (1883–1953) "Composer was born here" 13 Pendennis Road Streatham SW16 2SS 1993 Lilian Baylis (1874–1937) "Manager of the Old Vic and Sadler's Wells Theatres lived and died here" 27 Stockwell Park Road Stockwell SW9 0AP 1974 John Francis Bentley (1839–1902) "Architect lived here" 43 Old Town Clapham SW4 0JL 1950 William Bligh (1754–1817) "Commander of the "Bounty" lived here" 100 Lambeth Road Lambeth SE1 7PT 1952 Angela Carter (1940–1992) "Writer lived here from 1976" 107 The Chase Clapham SW4 0NR 2019 Charlie Chaplin (1889–1977) "Actor and Film-maker lived here in Flat 15 1908–1910" 15 Glenshaw Mansions, Brixton Road, Kennington SW9 0DS 2017 Joan Clarke (1917–1996) "Code-breaker lived here" 193 Rosendale Road, West Dulwich,SE21 8LW 2024 London County Hall "The County Hall the home of London government from 1922 to 1986 LCC 1889–1965 GLC 1965–1986" London County Hall South Bank SE1 7PB 1986 David Cox (1783–1859) "Artist lived here" 34 Foxley Road Camberwell SW9 6ES 1951 Henry Havelock Ellis (1859–1939) "Pioneer in the scientific study of sex lived here" 14 Dover Mansions, Canterbury Crescent Brixton SW9 7QF 1981 Graham Greene (1904–1991) "Writer lived here 1935–1940" 14 Clapham Common Northside Clapham SW4 0RF 2011 Sir Phillip Ben Greet (1857–1936) "Actor-manager lived here" 160 Lambeth Road Lambeth SE1 7DF 1961 Edvard Grieg (1843–1907) "Norwegian Composer stayed here when performing in London" 47 Clapham Common Northside Clapham SW4 0AA 2004 Arthur Henderson (1863–1935) "Statesman lived here" 13 Rodenhurst Road Clapham SW4 8AE 1980 Sir Jack Hobbs (1882–1963) "Cricketer lived here" 17 Englewood Road Clapham SW12 9PA 1986 Inner London Education Authority "The home of inner London's education service from 1922 ILEA succeeding the London School Board 1870–1904 and the LCC 1904–1965" London County Hall South Bank SE1 7PB 1986 C. L. R. James (1901–1989) "West Indian Writer and Political Activist lived and died here" 165 Railton Road Brixton SE24 0JX 2004 Claudia Jones (1915-1964) "Anti-racist activist and a founding spirit of Notting Hill Carnival lived here" 6 Meadow Road Vauxhall SW8 1QB 2023 Dan Leno (1860–1904) "Music-hall comedian lived here 1898-1901" 56 Akerman Road Camberwell SW9 6SN 1962 Margaret Lockwood (1916-1990) "Actress lived here" 14 Highland Road, Upper Norwood SE19 1DP 2018 Zachary Macaulay (1768–1838) and Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay (1800–1859) "Zachary Macaulay philanthropist and his son Thomas Babington Macaulay afterwards Lord Macaulay lived here" 5 The Pavement Clapham SW4 0JD 1930 Arthur Mee (1875–1943) "Journalist, author and topographer lived here" 27 Lanercost Road Tulse Hill SW2 4DP 1991 Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (1887–1976) "Field Marshal...was born here" Oval House, 52–54 Kennington Kennington Oval SE11 5SW 1987 John Ruskin (1819–1900) "Lived in a house on this site" 26 Herne Hill Herne Hill SE24 9QS 1926 Natsume Sōseki (1867–1916) "Japanese Novelist lived here 1901–1902" 81 The Chase Clapham SW4 0NR 2002 Violette Szabo (1921–1945) "Secret Agent lived here she gave her life for the French Resistance" 18 Burnley Road Stockwell SW9 0SJ 1981 John Thomson (1837–1921) "Photographer, geographer and travel writer lived here" 15 Effra Road Brixton SW2 1BX 1981 Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) "Painter lived here 1873–1874" 87 Hackford Road South Lambeth SW9 0RE 1973 William Wilberforce (1759–1833) "William Wilberforce and 'The Clapham Sect' worshipped in this church. Their campaigning resulted in the abolition of slavery in British Dominions, 1833" Holy Trinity Church, Clapham Common Clapham SW4 0QZ 1984 Lewisham [edit] There are thirteen blue plaques in the London Borough of Lewisham.[25] Merton [edit] There are eleven blue plaques in the London Borough of Merton.[26] Newham [edit] There are two blue plaques in the London Borough of Newham.[27] Redbridge [edit] There are three blue plaques in the London Borough of Redbridge.[28] Richmond upon Thames [edit] There are twenty seven blue plaques in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.[29] Person or institution Inscription Address Year issued Photo John Beard (1717–1791) and William Ewart (1798–1869) "John Beard c.1717–1791 Singer and William Ewart 1798–1869 Promoter of public libraries lived here" Hampton Branch Library, Rose Hill Hampton TW12 2AB 1992 Lancelot 'Capability' Brown (1716–1783) "Landscape Architect lived here 1764–1783" Wilderness House, Moat Lane, Hampton Court Palace Hampton Court KT8 9AR 2011 Sir Edwin Chadwick (1801–1890) "Public Health Reformer lived here" 5 Montague Road Richmond TW3 1LB 1992 Sir Noël Coward (1899–1973) "Actor, Playwright and Songwriter born here" 131 Waldegrave Road Teddington TW11 8BB 1995 Walter de la Mare (1873–1956) "Poet lived here 1940–1956" South End House, Montpelier Row Twickenham TW1 2NQ 1995 Dame Ninette de Valois (1898–2001) "Founder of the Royal Ballet lived here 1962–1982" 14 The Terrace, Barnes SW13 0NP 2006 Richard Dimbleby (1913–1965) "Broadcaster lived here 1937–1939" Cedar Court, Sheen Lane East Sheen SW14 8LY 2013 Henry Fielding (1707–1754) "Novelist lived here" Milbourne House, Station Road, Barnes Green Barnes SW13 0LW 1978 David Garrick (1717–1779) "Actor lived here" Garrick's Villa, Hampton Court Road TW12 2EJ 1970 Kathleen Godfree (1896–1992) "Kathleen ('Kitty') Godfree née McKane 1896–1992 Lawn Tennis Champion lived here 1936–1992" 55 York Avenue East Sheen SW14 7LQ 2006 James Henry Greathead (1844–1896) "Railway and Tunnelling Engineer lived here 1885–1889" 3 St Mary's Grove Barnes SW13 0JA 2000 Sir William Hooker (1785–1865) and Sir Joseph Hooker (1817–1911) "Botanists Directors of Kew Gardens lived here" 49 Kew Green Kew TW9 3AA 2010 Herbert Howells (1892–1983) "Composer and teacher lived here 1946–1983" 3 Beverley Close Barnes SW13 0EH 2011 Arthur Hughes (1832–1915) "Pre-Raphaelite Painter lived and died here" Eastside House, 22 Kew Green Kew TW9 3BH 1993 Dame Celia Johnson (1908–1982) "Actress was born here" 46 Richmond Hill Richmond TW10 4QX 2008 Henry Labouchere (1831–1912) "Radical MP and Journalist lived here 1881–1903" St James independent school for Boys, Pope's Villa, 19 Cross Deep Twickenham TW1 4QG 2000 Cardinal Newman (1801–1890) "In this house John Henry Newman 1801–1890 later Cardinal Newman spent some of his early years" Grey Court, Ham Street Ham TW10 7HN 1981 Bernardo O'Higgins (1778–1842) "General, Statesman and Liberator of Chile lived and studied here" Clarence House, 2 The Vineyard Richmond TW10 6AQ 1994 Kurt Schwitters (1887–1948) "Artist lived here" 39 Westmoreland Road Barnes SW13 9RZ 1984 Princess Sophia Duleep Singh (1876–1948) "Suffragette lived here" 37 Hampton Court Road, Richmond KT8 9BW 2023 James Thomson (1700–1748) "Poet Author of "Rule, Britannia!" lived and died here" The Royal Hospital, Kew Foot Road Richmond TW9 2TE 2005 J.M.W. Turner R.A. (1775–1851) "Painter designed and lived in this house" Sandycombe Lodge, 40 Sandycoombe Road Twickenham TW1 2LR 1977 Ardaseer Cursetjee Wadia (1808-1877) "Civil Engineer lived here from 1868" 55 Sheen Road, TW9 1YH 2021 Sir Robert Watson-Watt (1892-1973) "Pioneer of Radar lived here" 287 Sheen Lane East Sheen SW14 8RN 2017 Edward Whymper (1840–1911) "Mountaineer lived here 1907–1911" 82 Waldegrave Road Teddington TW11 8NY 2011 Leonard Woolf (1880–1969) and Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) "In this house Leonard and Virginia Woolf lived 1915–1924 and founded the Hogarth Press 1917" Hogarth House, 34 Paradise Road Richmond TW9 1SE 1976 Sir Christopher Wren (1623–1732) "Architect lived here" The Old Court House, Hampton Court Green East Molesey KT8 9BS 1996 Southwark [edit] There are 20 blue plaques in the London Borough of Southwark.[30] Person or institution Inscription Address Year issued Photo John Logie Baird (1888–1946) "Television pioneer lived here" 3 Crescent Wood Road Sydenham SE26 6RT 1977 Annie Besant (1847–1933) "Social Reformer lived here in 1874" 39 Colby Road Gipsy Hill SE19 1HA 1963 Joseph Chamberlain (1836–1914) "Lived here" 188 Camberwell Grove Denmark Hill SE5 8RJ 1920 Sir Alan Cobham (1894–1973) "Aviator was born here" 78 Denman Road Peckham SE15 5NR 2003 Henry Cotton (1907-1987) "Champion Golfer lived here" 47 Crystal Palace Road East Dulwich SE22 9EX 2017 Dr. Charles Vickery Drysdale (1874–1961) "A founder of the Family Planning Association opened his first birth control clinic here in 1921" 153a East Street Walworth SE17 2SD 1988 Gerald Durrell (1925–1995) "Zoologist and writer lived here as a child" 43 Alleyn Park Dulwich SE21 8AT 1990 C. S. Forester (1899–1966) "Novelist lived here" 58 Underhill Road East Dulwich SE22 0QT 1990 Leslie Howard (1893–1943) "Actor and Film Director lived here" 45 Farquhar Road Upper Norwood SE19 1SS 2013 Derek Jarman (1942–1994) "Film-maker, artist and gay rights activist lived and worked here" Butler's Wharf Building, 36 Shad Thames, London, SE1 2YE 2019 Boris Karloff (1887–1969) "William Henry Pratt alias Boris Karloff 1887–1969 Actor was born here" 36 Forest Hill Road Peckham Rye SE22 0RR 1998 Dr. Harold Moody (1882–1947) "Campaigner for Racial Equality lived and worked here" 164 Queens Road Peckham SE15 2HP 1995 Scipio Africanus Mussabini (1867–1927) "Athletics Coach lived here" 84 Burbage Road Herne Hill SE24 9HE 2012 George Myers (1803–1875) "Master Builder lived here 1842–1853" 131 St George's Road Southwark SE1 6HY 1999 Percy Lane Oliver (1878–1944) "Founder of the First Voluntary Blood Donor Service lived and worked here" 5 Colyton Road Peckham Rye SE22 0NE 1979 Dr. Innes Pearse and Dr George Scott Williamson (1889–1978) (1884–1953) "founded the Pioneer Health Centre here in 1926" 142 Queen's Road Peckham SE15 2HP 2016 Sax Rohmer (1883–1959) "Sax Rohmer [Arthur Henry Ward] 1883–1959 Creator of Dr. Fu Manchu lived here" 51 Herne Hill Herne Hill SE24 9NE 1985 Ada Salter (1866–1942) "Ada Salter 1866-1942 Social reformer and first woman mayor of a London borough lived here" 149 Lower Road Rotherhithe SE16 2XL 2023 Sir Eyre Massey Shaw (1830–1908) "First Chief Officer of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade lived here 1878–1891" Winchester House, 94 Southwark Bridge Road Borough SE1 0EG 2000 Sir Francis Pettit Smith (1808–1874) "Pioneer of the Screw Propeller lived here 1864–1870" Fountain House, 17 Sydenham Hill Sydenham SE26 6SH 2007 Sutton [edit] There is a single blue plaque in the London Borough of Sutton.[31] Subject Inscription Location Year installed Photo Open Plaques ref Notes William Hale White (aka "Mark Rutherford") 1831–1913 "Novelist lived here" 19 Park Hill Carshalton SM5 3SA 1979 ( ) 616 Tower Hamlets [edit] There are 22 blue plaques in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.[32] Person or institution Inscription Address Year issued Photo Dr. Barnardo (1845–1905) "Began his work for children in a building on this site in 1866" 58 Solent House, Ben Jonson Road Stepney E1 3NN 1953 Thomas Barnardo (1845–1905) "Founder of Dr Barnardo's Homes for children lived here 1875–1879" 32 Bow Road Bow E3 4LN 2016 Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton (1786–1845) "Anti–Slavery Campaigner lived and worked here" The Directors' House, Old Truman Brewery, 91 Brick Lane Shoreditch E1 2007 Edith Cavell (1865–1915) "Pioneer of Modern Nursing in Belgium and Heroine of the Great War trained and worked here 1896–1901" London Hospital, Whitechapel Road Whitechapel E1 1BB 1988 Reverend P. T. B. 'Tubby' Clayton (1885–1972) "Founder of Toc H lived here" 43 Trinity Square Tower Hill EC3N 4DJ 1995 Sir Jack Cohen (1898–1979) "Entrepreneur Founder of Tesco Stores lived here as a child" 91 Ashfield Street Whitechapel E1 2HA 2009 Captain James Cook (1728–1779) "On this site stood a house occupied for some years by Captain James Cook 1728–1779 Circumnavigator and Explorer" 88 Mile End Road Mile End E1 4UN 1970 Bud Flanagan (1896–1968) "Comedian and Leader of the 'Crazy Gang' born here" 12 Hanbury Street Spitalfields E1 6QR 1996 Flying Bomb (13 June 1944) "The First Flying Bomb on London Fell Here 13 June 1944" Railway Bridge, Grove Road Bow E3 1988 Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) "Stayed here in 1931" Kingsley Hall, Powis Road Bromley by Bow E3 3HJ 1954 Anna Maria Garthwaite (1690–1763) "Designer of Spitalfields Silks lived and worked here" 2 Princelet Street Spitalfields E1 6QH 1998 Mark Gertler (1891–1939) "Painter lived here" 32 Elder Street Spitalfields E1 6BT 2000 SS Great Eastern (1847–1929) "THE GREAT EASTERN (launched 1858) largest steamship of the century was built here by I.K. Brunel and J.Scott Russell" Burrells Wharf, 262 Westferry Road, Isle of Dogs, London E14 3TP 1954 John Richard Green (1837–1883) "Historian of the English people Lived here 1866–1869" St Philip's Vicarage, 38 Newark Street Whitechapel E1 2AA 1910 The Reverend St. John Groser (1890–1966) "Priest and Social Reformer lived here" Royal Foundation of St Katherine, 2 Butcher Row Limehouse E14 8DS 1990 Mary Hughes (1860–1941) "Friend of All in Need lived and worked here 1926–1941" 71 Vallance Road Bethnal Green E2 5BS 1961 Dr. Jimmy Mallon C. H. (1874–1961) "Warden of Toynbee Hall Champion of Social Reform lived here" Toynbee Hall, Commercial Street Whitechapel E1 6LS 1984 The Match Girls’ Strike "took place here at the Bryant and May works in 1888" 3 Moreland Cottages, Bow Quarter, 60 Fairfield Road, Bow, London, E3 2QN 2022 Ratcliff Cross "This tablet is in memory of Sir Hugh Willoughby, Stephen Borough, William Borough, Sir Martin Frobisher and other navigators who, in the latter half of the sixteenth century, set sail from this reach of the River Thames near Ratcliff Cross to explore the northern seas" King Edward Memorial Park, The Highway, Shadwell, London E1 1922 Isaac Rosenberg (1890–1918) "Poet and Painter lived in the East End and studied here" Whitechapel Library, 77 High Street Whitechapel E1 7QX 1987 Lincoln Stanhope Wainwright (1847–1929) "Vicar of St Peter's, London Docks lived here 1884–1929" Clergy House, Wapping Lane Shadwell E1W 2RW 1961 Israel Zangwill (1864–1926) "Writer and Philanthropist lived here" 288 Old Ford Road Old Ford E3 5SP 1965 Waltham Forest [edit] There are four blue plaques in the London Borough of Waltham Forest.[33] Wandsworth [edit] There are thirty blue plaques in the London Borough of Wandsworth.[34] Person or institution Inscription Address Year issued Photo H. M. Bateman (1887–1970) "Cartoonist lived here 1910–1914" 40 Nightingale Lane Clapham SW12 8TF 1997 Edvard Beneš (1884–1948) "President of Czechoslovakia lived here" 26 Gwendolen Avenue Putney SW15 6EH 1978 John Burns (1858–1943) "Statesman lived here" 110 Clapham Common Northside Clapham SW4 0JL 1950 Norman Douglas (1868–1952) "Writer lived here" 63 Albany Mansions, Albert Bridge Road Battersea SW11 4QA 1980 Gus Elen (1862–1940) "Music Hall Comedian lived here" 3 Thurleigh Avenue Balham SW12 8AN 1979 George Eliot (1819–1880) "Novelist lived here" Holly Lodge, 31 Wimbledon Park Road Wimbledon SW18 5SJ 1905 Henri Gaudier-Brzeska (1891-1915) "Sculptor and Artist worked here 1913-1914" 25 Winthorpe Road Putney SW15 2LW 2017 Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) "Poet and novelist lived here 1878–1881" 172 Trinity Road Tooting SW17 7HT 1962 G. A. Henty (1832–1902) "Author lived here" 33 Lavender Gardens Clapham SW11 1DJ 1953 Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1889) "Poet lived and studied at Manresa House" Gatepost at Manresa House, Holybourne Avenue Roehampton SW15 4JD 1979 Sir Robert Hunter (1844-1913) Co-founder of the National Trust lived here 1869-1872 5 Louvaine Road, Battersea SW11 2AQ 2020 Charles Sargeant Jagger (1885–1934) "Sculptor lived and died here" 67 Albert Bridge Road Battersea SW11 4QE 2000 Fred Knee (1868–1914) "London Labour Party Pioneer and Housing Reformer lived here" 24 Sugden Road Clapham SW11 5EF 1986 Sir Harry Lauder (1870–1950) "Music Hall Artiste lived here 1903–1911" 46 Longley Road Tooting SW17 9LL 1969 Ted "Kid" Lewis (1893–1970) "World Champion Boxer lived and died here" Nightingale House, Nightingale Lane Balham SW12 8NB 2003 Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor (1929-1992) "Prime Minister lived here" 3 Routh Road Wandsworth Common, Wandsworth SW18 3SW 2004 Sir Kenneth MacMillan (1929-1992) "Choreographer lived here" 14 Lyford Road , Wandsworth SW18 3LG 2004 Seán O'Casey (1880–1964) "Playwright lived here at flat No 49" 49 Overstrand Mansions, Prince of Wales Drive Battersea SW11 4EZ 1993 Fred Russell (1862–1957) "Father of Modern Ventriloquism lived here in flat No.71 1914–1926" 71 Kenilworth Court, Lower Richmond Road Putney SW15 1EN 2009 Abdus Salam (1926–1996) "Physicist, Nobel Laureate and champion of science in developing countries lived here" 8 Campion Road Putney SW16 6NW 2020 Sir Edwin Saunders (1814–1901) "Dentist to Queen Victoria lived and died here" Fairlawn, 89 Wimbledon Parkside Wimbledon SW19 5LR 1997 Short Brothers Eustace Short (1875–1932) Horace Short (1872–1917) Oswald Short (1883–1969) "Aeronautical Engineers worked in arches 75 and 81" Arch 75, Queen's Circus Battersea Park SW8 4ND 2013 Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834–1892) "Preacher Lived Here" 99 Nightingale Lane Balham SW12 8LZ 1914 Marie Spartali Stillman (1844–1927) "Pre-Raphaelite artist and model lived here" The Shrubbery, 2 Lavender Gardens Battersea SW11 1DL 2023 Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909) and Theodore Watts-Dunton (1832–1914) "Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909) – Poet – and his friend Theodore Watts-Dunton (1832–1914) Poet-Novelist-Critic Lived and died here" The Pines, 11 Putney Hill Putney SW15 6BA 1926 Edward Thomas (1878–1917) "Essayist and poet lived here" 61 Shelgate Road Clapham SW11 1BA 1949 John Walter (1739–1812) "Founder of The Times lived here" 113 Clapham Common Northside Clapham SW4 9SN 1977 William Wilberforce (1759–1833) "On the site behind this house stood until 1904 Broomwood House (formerly Broomfield) where William Wilberforce resided during the campaign against slavery which he successfully conducted in Parliament" 111 Broomwood Road Battersea SW11 6JTJ 1906 Edward Adrian Wilson (1872–1912) "Antarctic explorer and naturalist lived here" Battersea Vicarage, 42 Vicarage Crescent Battersea SW11 3LD 1935 City of London [edit] There is a single blue plaque in the City of London.[35] Subject Inscription Location Year installed Photo Open Plaques ref Notes Samuel Johnson 1709–1784 "Author lived here" Dr Johnson's House, Gough Square Holborn EC4A 3DE 1876 ( ) 1364 This is one of the 15 surviving plaques erected by the Royal Society of Arts. City of Westminster [edit] There are 323 blue plaques in the City of Westminster.[36] See also [edit] List of blue plaques List of former English Heritage blue plaques References [edit]
2695	dbpedia	3	13	https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/Mapped-Londons-quirkiest-blue-plaques/	en	Mapped: London's quirkiest blue plaques	https://www.telegraph.co…mg-share-img.svg	https://www.telegraph.co…mg-share-img.svg	[ "https://www.telegraph.co.uk/etc.clientlibs/settings/wcm/designs/telegraph/core/clientlibs/ui/dist/static/resources/images/flags/UK-SVG.svg", "https://www.telegraph.co.uk/etc.clientlibs/settings/wcm/designs/telegraph/core/clientlibs/ui/dist/static/resources/images/flags/USA-SVG.svg", "https://www.telegraph.co.u...	[ "https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m0!3m2!1sen!2suk!4v1449508317877!6m8!1m7!1sJgMgHt-f46qYY__VxH1haA!2m2!1d51.59478994386546!2d-0.0706420154252604!3f226.88658548078485!4f-0.44912560978893623!5f2.0163651668285407", "https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m0!3m2!1sen!2suk!4v1449507559405!6m8!1m7!1sLWC_sEhPSRBY...	[]	[ "London", "Standard", "United Kingdom", "Europe", "Article", "News", "England", "Travel" ]	null	[ "Natalie Paris" ]	2015-12-08T00:00:00+00:00	Who would live in a house like this? The stories behind London's most unusual blue plaques	en	/etc.clientlibs/settings/wcm/designs/telegraph/core/clientlibs/core/resources/icons/favicon.ico	The Telegraph	https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/Mapped-Londons-quirkiest-blue-plaques/	Not all blue plaques are blue. In the early years of the London scheme, brown, terracotta, green, bronze and lead plaques were put up. Different shapes, including squares and rectangles, have also been used. Installation of the plaques was suspended from 1915-19 and 1940-7 due to wartime economies. A notable exception was made in 1942 for Vladimir Lenin – a gesture of solidarity with the Soviet Union, Britain’s wartime ally. The plaque was later lost to demolition. Below we catalogue some of London's more unusual blue plaques: 1. Luke Howard: Namer of Clouds Perhaps the most admired occupation described on a plaque is found on Tottenham High Road (at 7 Bruce Grove), for Luke Howard: ‘Namer of Clouds’. An amateur meteorologist, Howard proposed a nomenclature system for clouds in a 1802 presentation to the Askesian Society. 2. Tom Cribb: bare knuckle fighter Tom Cribb was publican of the Union Arms and Briton's bare-knuckle boxing champion between 1809 and 1822. The pub, which still stands on the site today, changed its name to Tom Cribb to honour the fighter's career, and the interior celebrates his successes. Tom Cribb: bare knuckle fighter 3. Thomas Cobden-Sanderson: founder of Dove Press A friend of William Morris, Cobden-Sanderson was involved with the Arts and Crafts movement, who became a bookbinder before starting the press, creating the Doves Type font. In a moment of pique over the rights of the press however, he threw the type into the river, destroying all remnants of the font. That was until this year, when a search of the riverbed revealed pieces of the type which was then meticulously recreated. 4. Alfred Hitchcock: director The film director and master of suspense, known for an inimitable run of classic cinema including Pyshco and Vertigo, lived in South Kensington from 1926-1939, during which he directed The 39 Steps and The Lady Vanishes. By 1940, he had moved out and upwards, making his first Hollywood production, Rebecca. 5. Anna Maria Garthwaite: silk designer Garthwaite's floral silks were hand-woven in Spitalfields. She developed more than 1,000 designs there at a time when silks from the market were widely exported to Northern Europe and Colonial America. 6. Joseph Grimaldi: clown Known for his physical comedy, Grimaldi as clown became the main character in the Harlequinades performed in the early 19th century. He was responsible for encouraging pantomime audiences to sing and would taunt them with popular catchphrases including the teasing, "Shall I?", to which the crowd would all shout "Yes!" Joseph Grimaldi: clown 7. George Bernard Shaw and Virginia Woolf: Playwright and author One of the few houses with two plaques in London, this pair lived here at seperate times. Bernard Shaw set up home from 1887 to 1898. His plaque reads, "From the coffers of his genius he enriched the world". Woolf, meanwhile, resided in this very literary spot from 1907-1911. 8. Jimi Hendrix and George Frideric Handel: rock musician and composer Jimi Hendrix is one half of what is probably the most famous Blue Plaque juxtaposition of all, alongside George Frideric Handel on Brook Street, Mayfair. "To tell you the God's honest truth, I haven't heard much of the fella's stuff," was Hendrix's reported comment regarding his neighbour. 9. Lord Byron: poet The first London blue plaque commemorated Lord Byron, the poet, in 1867. His house in Holles Street, Cavendish Square, was demolished in 1889; its site is now occupied by the John Lewis store, as the Google Street View shows. 10. Napoleon III: French Emperor The oldest official plaque still in existence in London is that to the French Emperor Napoleon III, in King Street, St James’s. 11. Agatha Christie: author There are a number of plaques to people with disabilities, including Agatha Christie, who had dyslexia and epilepsy. 12. Vincent Van Gogh: painter Van Gogh, who had bipolar disorder, lived in London from 1873-75, arriving to work for international art dealer Goupil & Cie in Covent Garden. The plaque commemorates his years in a humble room at 87 Hackford Road in Brixton, where he may have fallen in love with his landlady’s daughter. 13. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: composer Mozart had Tourette’s Syndrome. The composer lived, played and composed at 20 Frith Street, W1, and wrote his first symphony in this house in 1764. 14. W.B. Yeats: poet American poet Sylvia Plath moved into 23 Fitzroy Road, Primrose Hill, because it bore a plaque to Irish poet W.B. Yeats. Her own blue plaque was erected in 2000, in nearby Chalcot Square. 15. Wilkie Collins: author American poet Sylvia Plath moved into 23 Fitzroy Road, Primrose Hill, because it bore a plaque to Irish poet W.B. Yeats. Her own blue plaque was erected in 2000, in nearby Chalcot Square. 16. Harry Beck: Tube map designer Much thought is given to the design, lettering and inscriptions used on plaques. Earlier this year, the plaque to the tube map designer Harry Beck was lettered a similar font to that used by London Underground.
2695	dbpedia	1	9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque	en	Blue plaque	https://upload.wikimedia…880_and_1881.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…880_and_1881.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alfred_Lord_Tennyson...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2003-09-03T10:48:12+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque	This article is about historical markers in the United Kingdom. For equivalent markers elsewhere, see Commemorative plaque. Commemorative plaque in the United Kingdom A blue plaque is a permanent sign installed in a public place in the United Kingdom, and certain other countries and territories, to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person, event, or former building on the site, serving as a historical marker. The term is used in the United Kingdom in two senses. It may be used narrowly and specifically to refer to the "official" scheme administered by English Heritage, and for much of its history restricted to sites within Greater London; or it may be used less formally to encompass a number of similar schemes administered by organisations throughout the UK. The plaques erected are made in a variety of designs, shapes, materials and colours: some are blue, others are not. However, the term "blue plaque" is often used informally to encompass all such schemes. History [edit] The "official" scheme traces its origins to that launched in 1866 in London, on the initiative of the politician William Ewart, to mark the homes and workplaces of famous people.[3][4] The first such scheme in the world, it has directly or indirectly provided the inspiration and model for many others. The scheme has been administered successively by the Society of Arts (1866–1901), the London County Council (1901–1965), the Greater London Council (1965–1986) and English Heritage (1986 to date). It was initially focused on Greater London, although between 1998 and 2005, under a trial programme since discontinued, 34 plaques were erected elsewhere in England. The Levelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023 extended the scheme to the whole of England.[5] Many other plaque schemes have been initiated in the United Kingdom. Some are restricted to a specific geographical area, others to a particular theme of historical commemoration. They are administered by a range of bodies including local authorities, civic societies, residents' associations and other organisations such as the Transport Trust, the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America and the British Comic Society. There are also commemorative plaque schemes throughout the world such as those in Paris, Rome, Oslo, and Dublin; and in other cities in Australia, Canada, the Philippines, Russia, and the United States. These take various forms, and they are more likely to be known as commemorative plaques or historical markers. English Heritage scheme [edit] The original blue plaque scheme was established by the Society of Arts in 1867, and since 1986 has been run by English Heritage. It is the oldest such scheme in the world.[3][4] After being conceived by politician William Ewart in 1863, the scheme was initiated in 1866 by Ewart, Henry Cole and the Society of Arts (now the Royal Society of Arts),[8] which erected plaques in a variety of shapes and colours. The first plaque was unveiled in 1867 to commemorate Lord Byron at his birthplace, 24 Holles Street, Cavendish Square. This house was demolished in 1889. The earliest blue plaque to survive, also put up in 1867, commemorates Napoleon III in King Street, St James's.[4] Byron's plaque was blue, but the colour was changed by the manufacturer Minton, Hollins & Co to chocolate brown to save money.[9] The first woman to be honoured with a plaque was the actor Sarah Siddons in 1876.[10] The plaque, placed on her house in Marylebone, London, was retrieved when the house was demolished in 1905 and is now held in the Victoria and Albert Museum.[11] In total, the Society of Arts put up 35 plaques, fewer than half of which survive today. The Society only erected one plaque within the square-mile of the City of London, that to Samuel Johnson on his house in Gough Square, in 1876. In 1879, it was agreed that the City of London Corporation would be responsible for erecting plaques within the City to recognise its jurisdictional independence. This demarcation has remained ever since.[4] In 1901, the Society of Arts scheme was taken over by the London County Council (LCC),[3] which gave much thought to the future design of the plaques. It was eventually decided to keep the basic shape and design of the Society's plaques, but to make them uniformly blue, with a laurel wreath and the LCC's title.[12] Though this design was used consistently from 1903 to 1938, some experimentation occurred in the 1920s, and plaques were made in bronze, stone and lead. Shape and colour also varied.[12] In 1921, the most common (blue) plaque design was revised, as it was discovered that glazed Royal Doulton stoneware was cheaper than the encaustic formerly used. In 1938, a new plaque design was prepared by an unnamed student at the LCC's Central School of Arts and Crafts and was approved by the committee. It omitted the decorative elements of earlier plaque designs, and allowed for lettering to be better spaced and enlarged. A white border was added to the design shortly after, and this has remained the standard ever since.[9] No plaques were erected between 1915 and 1919, or between 1940 and 1947, owing to the two world wars.[13] The LCC formalised the selection criteria for the scheme in 1954.[4] When the LCC was abolished in 1965, the scheme was taken over by the Greater London Council (GLC). The principles of the scheme changed little, but now applied to the entire, much larger, administrative county of Greater London. The GLC was also keen to broaden the range of people commemorated. The GLC erected 252 plaques, the subjects including Sylvia Pankhurst,[14] Samuel Coleridge-Taylor,[15] and Mary Seacole.[16] In 1986, the GLC was disbanded and the blue plaques scheme passed to English Heritage. English Heritage erected more than 300 plaques in London. In January 2013 English Heritage suspended proposals for plaques owing to funding cuts.[13][17] The National Trust's chairman stated that his organisation might step in to save the scheme.[18] In the event the scheme was relaunched by English Heritage in June 2014 with private funding (including support from a new donors' club, the Blue Plaques Club, and from property developer David Pearl).[19] Four members of the advisory panel resigned over this transmutation. Professor David Edgerton and author and critic Gillian Darley were concerned that the scheme had been "reduced to a marketing tool for English Heritage".[20] The vice chair Dr Celina Fox and Dr Margaret Pelling stated that the scheme was "being dismantled and its previous achievements discredited".[21] In April 2015, English Heritage was divided into two parts, Historic England (a statutory body), and the new English Heritage Trust (a charity, which took over the English Heritage operating name and logo). Responsibility for the blue plaque scheme passed to the English Heritage Trust. The 1,000th plaque, marking the offices of the Women's Freedom League, 1908–1915, was unveiled in 2023.[22] Society of Arts plaque on Samuel Johnson's house in Gough Square, London (erected 1876). Many of the early Society of Arts and LCC plaques were brown in colour. London County Council plaque at 48 Doughty Street, Holborn, commemorating Charles Dickens (erected 1903) One of seven LCC Royal Doulton plaques with coloured laurel relief border erected in 1925; 41 Beak Street, Soho London County Council plaque at 100 Lambeth Road, Lambeth, commemorating William Bligh (erected 1952) Greater London Council plaque at 29 Fitzroy Square, Fitzrovia, commemorating Virginia Woolf (erected 1974) English Heritage plaque, at 22b Ebury Street, Belgravia, London, commemorating Ian Fleming (erected 1996) Criteria [edit] To be eligible for an English Heritage blue plaque in London, the famous person concerned must:[23] Have been dead for 20 years or have passed the centenary of their birth. Fictional characters are not eligible; Be considered eminent by a majority of members of their own profession; have made an outstanding contribution to human welfare or happiness; Have lived or worked in that building in London (excluding the City of London and Whitehall) for a significant period, in time or importance, within their life and work; be recognisable to the well-informed passer-by, or deserve national recognition. In cases of foreigners and overseas visitors, candidates should be of international reputation or significant standing in their own country. With regards to the location of a plaque: Plaques can only be erected on the actual building inhabited by a figure, not the site where the building once stood, or on buildings that have been radically altered; Plaques are not placed onto boundary walls, gate piers, educational or ecclesiastic buildings, or the Inns of Court; Buildings marked with plaques should be visible from the public highway; A single person may not be commemorated with more than one blue plaque in London.[23] Other schemes have different criteria, which are often less restrictive: in particular, it is common under other schemes for plaques to be erected to mark the sites of demolished buildings. Selection process [edit] Almost all the proposals for English Heritage blue plaques are made by members of the public who write or email the organisation before submitting a formal proposal.[25] English Heritage's in-house historian researches the proposal, and the Blue Plaques Panel advises on which suggestions should be successful. This is composed of 12 people from various disciplines from across the country. The panel is chaired by Professor William Whyte. Other members (as at September 2023) include Richard J. Aldrich, Mihir Bose, Andrew Graham-Dixon, Claire Harman, Gus Casely-Hayford and Amy Lame.[26] The actor and broadcaster Stephen Fry was formerly a member of the panel, and wrote the foreword to the book Lived in London: Blue Plaques and the Stories Behind Them (2009).[27] Roughly a third of proposals are approved in principle, and are placed on a shortlist. Because the scheme is so popular, and because a lot of detailed research has to be carried out, it takes about three years for each case to reach the top of the shortlist. Proposals not taken forward can only be re-proposed once 10 years have elapsed.[23] Manufacture [edit] From 1923, soon after the standardisation of the design in 1921, the plaques were manufactured by Royal Doulton which continued their production until 1955.[28] From 1984 until 2015 they were made by Frank Ashworth at his studio in Cornwall, and were then inscribed by his wife.[29] From 1955 to 1985 the lettering for the plaques was designed in the Roman lettering style by Henry Hooper.[30][31] Since 2015, the plaques have been made by Ned Heywood, a potter, at his workshop in Chepstow, Wales.[22] Each plaque is made entirely by hand.[32][33] Event plaques [edit] A small minority of GLC and English Heritage plaques have been erected to commemorate events which took place at particular locations rather than the famous people who lived there. Outside London [edit] In 1998, English Heritage initiated a trial national plaques scheme, and over the following years erected 34 plaques in Birmingham, Merseyside, Southampton and Portsmouth. The scheme was discontinued in 2005, although English Heritage continued to provide advice and guidance to individuals and organisations outside of London wanting to develop local schemes.[35] In September 2023 the Department for Culture, Media and Sport announced the reintroduction of a national scheme, with Historic England as the lead developer.[36] From mid 2024, the public will be invited to submit nominations, with eligibility criteria including a minimum of 20 years having passed since the death of the nominee, who must have made a significant contribution to human welfare or happiness. At least one surviving building must be associated with the nominee in a form that they would have recognised and the building must be visible from the public highway.[37] The first plaque in the scheme was unveiled in Ilkley, West Yorkshire on 23 February 2024, commemorating Daphne Steele, first Black matron in the National Health Service in 1964.[38] On 24 May 2024, a blue plaque commemorating the childhood home of musician George Harrison in Liverpool was unveiled, and was referred to in the press as "Historic England's first official non-London blue plaque".[39] Other schemes [edit] The popularity of English Heritage's London blue plaques scheme has meant that a number of comparable schemes have been established elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Many of these schemes also use blue plaques, often manufactured in metal or plastic rather than the ceramic used in London, but some feature plaques of different colours and shapes. In 2012, English Heritage published a register of plaque schemes run by other organisations across England.[40] The criteria for selection varies greatly. Many schemes treat plaques primarily as memorials and place them on the sites of former buildings, in contrast to the strict English Heritage policy of only installing a plaque on the actual building in which a famous person lived or an event took place. London [edit] The Corporation of London continues to run its own plaque scheme for the City of London, where English Heritage does not erect plaques. City of London plaques are blue and ceramic, but are rectangular in shape and carry the City of London coat of arms.[4][41] Because of the rapidity of change in the built environment within the City, a high proportion of Corporation of London plaques mark the sites of former buildings. Many of the 32 London boroughs also now have their own schemes, running alongside the English Heritage scheme. Westminster City Council runs a green plaque scheme, each plaque being sponsored by a group with a particular interest in its subject.[42] The London Borough of Southwark started its own blue plaque scheme in 2003, under which the borough awards plaques through popular vote following public nomination: living people may be commemorated.[43] The London Borough of Islington has a similar green heritage plaque scheme, initiated in 2010.[44] Other plaques may be erected by smaller groups, such as residents' associations. In 2007 the Hampstead Garden Suburb Residents Association erected a blue plaque in memory of Prime Minister Harold Wilson at 12 Southway as part of the suburb's centenary celebrations. City of Westminster green plaque at 18 Cavendish Square, Marylebone, commemorating Josef Dallos, contact lens pioneer (erected 2010) Corporation of London plaque on the site of John Keats' birthplace City of Westminster green plaque commemorating Laura Ashley City of Westminster green plaque at the Savoy Theatre, the first public building in the world to be lit entirely by electricity when it was fitted with the incandescent light bulb developed by Sir Joseph Swan in 1881.[45] England [edit] Location Details Aldershot In 2017 in Aldershot in Hampshire the Aldershot Civic Society unveiled its first blue plaque to comedian and actor Arthur English at the house where he had been born. It is intended that this will be the first in a series dedicated to notable local people or historic buildings.[46][47][48] Berkhamsted The Hertfordshire town of Berkhamsted unveiled a set of 32 blue plaques in 2000 on some of the town's most significant buildings,[49] including Berkhamsted Castle, the birthplace of writer Graham Greene and buildings associated with the poet William Cowper, John Incent (a Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral) and Clementine Churchill. The plaques feature in a Heritage Trail promoted by the town's council.[50] Birmingham The Birmingham Civic Society provides a blue plaque scheme in and around Birmingham: there are over 90 plaques commemorating notable former Birmingham residents and historical places of interest.[51][52] Bournemouth Bournemouth Borough Council has unveiled more than 30 blue plaques.[53] Its first plaque was unveiled on 31 October 1937 to Lewis Tregonwell, who built the first house in what is now Bournemouth. Two further plaques followed in 1957 and 1975 to writer Robert Louis Stevenson and poet Rupert Brooke respectively. The first blue plaque was unveiled on 30 June 1985 dedicated to Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet.[54] Derbyshire In 2010, Derbyshire County Council allowed its residents to vote via the Internet on a shortlist of notable historical figures to be commemorated in a local blue plaque scheme.[55] The first six plaques commemorated industrialist Richard Arkwright junior (Bakewell), Olave Baden-Powell and the "Father of Railways" George Stephenson (Chesterfield), the mathematical prodigy Jedediah Buxton (Elmton), actor Arthur Lowe (Hayfield), and architect Joseph Paxton (Chatsworth House).[56] Gateshead A long-running blue plaque scheme is in operation in Gateshead. Run by the council, the scheme was registered with English Heritage in 1970[40] and 29 blue plaques were installed between the inception of the scheme in 1977 and the publication of a commemorative document in 2010.[57][58] The Gateshead scheme aims to highlight notable persons who lived in the borough, notable buildings within it and important historical events.[59] Some of those commemorated through the scheme include Geordie Ridley, author of the "Blaydon Races":[60] William Wailes, a 19th-century proponent of stained glass;[61][62] the industrialist and co-founder of Clarke Chapman, William Clarke[63] and Sir Joseph Swan, inventor of the incandescent light bulb.[63][64] More recent plaques (both erected in 2012) have commemorated Vincent Litchfield Raven, the chief mechanical engineer at the North Eastern Railway;[65] and the 19th-century Felling mining disasters.[66] Leeds Leeds Civic Trust started its blue plaque scheme in 1987 and by 2020 had 180 plaques.[67] Loughton The Essex town of Loughton inaugurated a scheme in 1997 following a programme allowing for three new plaques a year; 42 had been erected by 2019. The aim is to stimulate public interest in the town's heritage.[68] Among the Loughton blue plaques is that to Mary Anne Clarke, which is in fact a pair of identical plaques, one on the back, and one on the front, of her house, Loughton Lodge. Malvern In 2005, Malvern Civic Society and Malvern Hills District council announced that blue plaques would be placed on buildings in Malvern that were associated with famous people, including Franklin D. Roosevelt. Since then blue plaques have been erected to commemorate C. S. Lewis, Florence Nightingale, Charles Darwin and Haile Selassie.[69][70][71] Manchester A scheme in Manchester is co-ordinated by Manchester Art Gallery, to whom nominations can be submitted. Plaques must be funded by those who propose them.[72][73] From 1960 to 1984 all plaques were ceramic, and blue in colour. From 1985, they were made of cast aluminium, colour-coded to reflect the type of commemoration (blue for people; red for events in the city's social history; black for buildings of architectural or historic interest; green for other subjects). After a period of abeyance, the scheme has been revived and all plaques are now patinated bronze.[72] Oldham A blue plaque at Oldham's Tommyfield Market (Greater Manchester) marks the 1860s origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries. Oxfordshire The Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board places plaques in the city of Oxford and elsewhere in the county.[74] Ringwood The Ringwood Society installed the first blue plaque in the town in 1978, to commemorate the Monmouth Rebellion.[75] Southampton Starting in 2004, English Heritage installed several blue plaques "to commemorate famous or well-loved people who have contributed significantly to Britain and Southampton's history... Many other plaques have been put up by friends, family and fans of Southampton's most influential people and historic places".[76] Since 2022, The Spitfire Makers Charitable Trust has been installing blue plaques to commemorate sites of Spitfire production in Southampton and Hampshire.[77] Swindon Swindon Heritage installs blue plaques in Swindon to commemorate the famous people, places and events which are part of the town's history. These are financed through public donations from individuals and groups. The first plaque to be unveiled was to the suffragette Edith New in March 2016. Others commemorated include the writer and naturalist Richard Jefferies the actress Diana Dors.[78] Wolverhampton Wolverhampton has over 90 blue plaques erected by The Wolverhampton Society in a scheme which was started in 1983 by the then Wolverhampton Civic Society.[79] One of the more unusual plaques marks the location of the World Altitude Balloon Record on Friday 5 September 1862. In 2021, a Black Lives Matter plaque was erected at the Wolverhampton Heritage Centre (the former constituency office of Enoch Powell, where his Rivers of Blood speech was written) to commemorate immigrant rights activist Paulette Wilson, a member of the Windrush generation.[80][81][82] York York Civic Trust has operated a blue plaque scheme since the 1940s.[83] Plaques erected by the Trust use a variety of shapes and materials, including bronze, wood, slate, aluminium, and glass, and commemorate buildings and events as well as people.[83] All plaques bear the emblem of the Civic Trust, which is based on the York assay mark of 1423.[83] A Gateshead blue plaque commemorating William Clarke, co-founder of the engineering firm Clarke Chapman. Plaque in Oldham marking the origin of the fish and chip shop and the fast food industry. The first Swindon Heritage blue plaque, commemorating suffragette Edith New, who was one of the first two suffragettes to use vandalism as a tactic. Oxfordshire blue plaque commemorating the first sub-4-minute mile run by Roger Bannister on 6 May 1954 at the University of Oxford's Iffley Road track. Blue plaque in Shirley, Southampton which commemorates the contribution of Sun Engineering Ltd towards building the Spitfire. Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland [edit] In Northern Ireland, Belfast City Council and the Ulster History Circle are among a small number of groups administering blue plaques.[84] Established in 1983, the Ulster History Circle has erected around 260.[85][86] Its scope extends into the Republic of Ireland, covering all nine counties of Ulster, the northern province in Ireland.[87] Elsewhere in the Republic, schemes are operated through local authorities[88] and civic societies.[89] Scotland [edit] Historic Environment Scotland, the Scottish heritage agency, has previously operated a national commemorative plaques scheme but, as of 2023, this was inactive.[90] Regional schemes are run by local authorities.[91][92] Wales [edit] Wales does not operate a national blue plaque scheme, although in 2022 Andrew RT Davies, leader of the Welsh Conservative Group in the Senedd, called for the introduction of a country-wide approach.[93] Regional schemes are operated by local authorities[94][95] and civic societies.[96] The Purple Plaques scheme is a national scheme (across Wales) that aims to commemorate women whose lives have had a significant and long-lasting impact. Blue plaque in Belfast commemorating Isabella Tod, founder of the Irish Women's Suffrage Society Blue plaque in Jedburgh commemorating John Ainslie, surveyor and cartographer Thematic schemes [edit] There also exist several nationwide schemes sponsored by special-interest bodies, which erect plaques at sites or buildings with historical associations within their particular sphere of activity. The Transport Trust's Red Wheel scheme erects red plaques on sites of significance in the evolution of transport.[97] The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America erects blue plaques on sites associated with notable music hall and variety artistes, mainly in the London area. The British Comedy Society (previously known as the Dead Comics' Society) erects blue plaques on the former homes of well-known comedians, including those of Sid James and John Le Mesurier. The Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemical Landmark Scheme erects hexagonal blue plaques to mark sites where the chemical sciences are considered to have made a significant contribution to health, wealth, or quality of life.[98] The Institute of Physics installs circular blue plaques to celebrate physicists' lives or work at various locations in the Great Britain and Ireland. Plaques exist in Edinburgh for Thomas Henderson and Thomas David Anderson, at Glasgow for Alexander Wilson and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, at Eskdalemuir Observatory for Lewis Fry Richardson, at the birthplace of Charles Thomson Rees Wilson in the Pentland Hills, at Leeds for William Henry Bragg and at Aberdeen for George Paget Thomson.[99] In 2015, Peter Higgs unveiled his own plaque, installed on the building in which he had predicted the Higgs boson.[100] Rainbow plaques commemorate LGBT people, events or sites. They have been erected by different bodies, but are distinguished by having rainbow colours around the circumference.[101][102] Transport Trust plaque at Hythe Pier and Railway, Hythe, Hampshire, the oldest working pier railway in the world Comic Heritage plaque commemorating Harry Worth at the site of the former Teddington Studios, Greater London Royal Society of Chemistry plaque on the Chemistry Department of University College London, recording the work carried out there by Sir Christopher Ingold (erected 2008) Institute of Physics plaque on the Parkinson Building, University of Leeds, recording the work carried out there by Sir William Henry Bragg See also [edit] Commemorative plaque Historical markers of the Philippines References [edit] Further reading [edit]
2695	dbpedia	0	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_Heritage_blue_plaques_in_the_City_of_Westminster	en	List of English Heritage blue plaques in the City of Westminster	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Adam%2C_Hood%2C_Gals...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2015-01-03T00:25:35+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_Heritage_blue_plaques_in_the_City_of_Westminster	Subject Inscription Location Year installed Photo Open Plaques ref Notes 1–3 Robert Street "ROBERT ADAM THOMAS HOOD JOHN GALSWORTHY SIR JAMES BARRIE AND OTHER EMINENT ARTISTS AND WRITERS LIVED HERE" 1–3 Robert Street, Adelphi Charing Cross WC2N 6BN 1950 ( ) 509 Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema O.M. (1836–1912) "Painter lived here 1886–1912" 44 Grove End Road St John's Wood NW8 9NE 1975 ( ) 569 Bert Ambrose (c.1896–1971) "Dance Band Leader lived and played here 1927–1940" May Fair Hotel, Stratton Street Mayfair W1J 8LT 2005 ( ) 597 Edward Ardizzone (1900–1979) "Artist and Illustrator lived here 1920–1972" 130 Elgin Avenue Maida Vale W9 2NS 2007 ( ) 104 Sir Richard Arkwright (1732–1792) "Industrialist and Inventor lived here" 8 Adam Street Charing Cross WC2N 6AA 1984 ( ) 241 Thomas Arne (1710–1778) "Composer lived here" 31 King Street Covent Garden WC2E 8JD 1988 ( ) 233 The left and right sides of the circular plaque have been removed to fit into a narrow space.[1] Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) "POET and CRITIC lived here" 2 Chester Square Belgravia SW1W 9HH 1954 ( ) 38 Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith (1852–1928) "STATESMAN lived here" 20 Cavendish Square Marylebone W1G 0RN 1951 ( ) 601 Hertha Ayrton (1854–1923) "Physicist lived here 1903–1923" 41 Norfolk Square Paddington W2 IRX 2007 ( ) 712 Walter Bagehot (1826–1877) "Writer, Banker and Economist lived here" 12 Upper Belgrave Street Belgravia SW1X 8BA 1967 ( ) 215 John Logie Baird (1888–1946) "IN 1926 IN THIS HOUSE JOHN LOGIE BAIRD 1888–1946 FIRST DEMONSTRATED TELEVISION" 22 Frith Street Soho W1D 4RP ( ) 444 Baird's home at 3 Crescent Wood Road in Sydenham in the London Borough of Southwark also has a blue plaque.[2] Bruce Bairnsfather (1888–1959) "Cartoonist lived here" 1 Sterling Street, off Montpelier Square Knightsbridge SW7 1HN 1981 ( ) 584 Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley (1867–1947) "PRIME MINISTER lived here" 93 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9AQ 1969 ( ) 40 Michael William Balfe (1808–1870) "Musical Composer Lived here" 12 Seymour Street Marylebone W1H 7HT 1912 ( ) 11 Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer (1841–1917) "Colonial administrator lived and died here" 36 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8GZ ( ) 440 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861) "ELIZABETH BARRETT BARRETT POETESS, AFTERWARDS WIFE OF ROBERT BROWNING, LIVED HERE 1838–1846" 50 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8SQ 1899 ( ) 368 The London County Council re-erected the plaque in 1936.[3] Sir James Barrie (1860–1937) "NOVELIST AND DRAMATIST lived here" 100 Bayswater Road Bayswater W2 3HJ 1961 ( ) 416 George Basevi (1794–1845) "ARCHITECT lived here" 17 Savile Row Mayfair W1S 3PN 1949 ( ) 291 Gilbert Bayes (1872–1953) Sculptor lived here 1931–1953 4 Greville Place St John's Wood NW6 5JN 2007 ( ) 10 Sir Joseph Bazalgette (1819–1891) "Civil Engineer lived here" 17 Hamilton Terrace St John's Wood NW8 9RE 1974 ( ) 385 Aubrey Beardsley (1872–1898) "ARTIST lived here" 114 Cambridge Street Pimlico SW1V 4QF 1948 ( ) 456 Sir Francis Beaufort (1774–1857) "Admiral and Hydrographer lived here" 52 Manchester Street Marylebone W1U 7LU 1959 ( ) 686 Sir Thomas Beecham C. H. (1879–1961) "Conductor and Impresario lived here" 31 Grove End Road St John's Wood NW8 9NG 1985 ( ) 443 Sir Julius Benedict (1804–1885) "MUSICAL COMPOSER Lived and died here" 2 Manchester Square Marylebone W1U 3PA 1934 ( ) 561 Sir William Sterndale Bennett (1816–1875) "Composer lived here" 38 Queensborough Terrace Bayswater W2 3SH 1996 ( ) 499 George Bentham (1800–1884) "Botanist lived here 1864–1884" 25 Wilton Place Belgravia SW1X 8RL 1978 ( ) 67 Hector Berlioz (1803–1869) "COMPOSER stayed here in 1851" 58 Queen Anne Street Marylebone W1M 9LA 1969 ( ) 542 George Frederick Bodley (1827–1907) "Architect lived here 1862–1873" 109 Harley Street Marylebone W1T 6AN 2003 ( ) 696 Elizabeth Bowen (1899–1973) "Writer lived here 1935–1952" 1–7 Clarence Terrace Regent's Park NW1 4RD 2012 ( ) 10672 Al Bowlly (1899–1941) "Singer lived here 1933–1934" Charing Cross Mansions, 26 Charing Cross Road Charing Cross WC2H 0DG 2013 ( ) 30419 Charles Bridgeman "Landscape Gardener lived here 1723–1738" 54 Broadwick Street Soho W1F 7AH 1984 ( ) 586 Richard Bright (1789–1858) "Physician lived here" 11 Savile Row Mayfair W1S 3PS 1979 ( ) 85 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861) POET LIVED HERE 99 Gloucester Place Marylebone W1U 6JQ 1924 ( ) 45 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861) Poet lived in a house on this site 1838–1846 50 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8SQ 1936 ( ) 368 Street level supplementary stone inscription added by the LCC to the facade of 50 Wimpole Street when the brown RSA plaque of 1899 was re-erected in 1936 Beau Brummell (1778–1840) "Leader of Fashion lived here" 4 Chesterfield Street Mayfair W1J 6JF 1984 ( ) 22 General John Burgoyne (1723–1792) "lived and died here" 10 Hertford Street Mayfair W1J 7RL 1954 ( ) 678 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates Richard Brinsley Sheridan.[4] Edmund Burke (1729–1797) AUTHOR AND STATESMAN LIVED HERE 37 Gerrard Street Leicester Square W1D 5QB 1876 ( ) 424 Frances Hodgson Burnett (1849–1924) "WRITER lived here" 63 Portland Place Marylebone W1B 1QP 1979 ( ) 242 Fanny Burney (1752–1840) "MADAME D'ARBLAY (FANNY BURNEY) AUTHORESS. LIVED HERE. BORN 1752. DIED 1840." 11 Bolton Street Mayfair W1J 8BB 1885 ( ) 74 Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1836–1908) "Prime Minister lived here" 6 Grosvenor Place Belgravia SW1X 7SH 1959 ( ) 481 Giovanni Antonio Canal (1697–1768) "Antonio Canal called Canaletto (1697–1768) Venetian Painter Lived here" 41 Beak Street Soho W1F 9SB 1925 ( ) 378 George Canning (1770–1827) "Statesman lived here" 50 Berkeley Square Mayfair W1J 5BA 1979 ( ) 477 Cato Street conspiracy "discovered here 23 February 1820" 1a Cato Street Marylebone W1H 5HG 1977 ( ) 84 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood (1864–1958) "Creator of the League of Nations lived here" 16 South Eaton Place Belgravia SW1W 9JA 1976 ( ) 304 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates Philip Noel-Baker.[5] Neville Chamberlain (1869–1940) "Prime Minister lived here" 37 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9DH 1962 ( ) 413 Lord Randolph Churchill (1849–1895) "STATESMAN lived here 1883–1892" 2 Connaught Place Marble Arch W2 2ET 1962 ( ) 269 In 1985 the plaque was resituated by the Greater London Council following alterations to the building.[6] Sir Kenneth Clark (1903–1983) "Art historian and broadcaster" 30 Portland Place Marylebone W1B 1LZ 2021 ( ) 55642 Willy Clarkson (1861–1934) "THEATRICAL WIGMAKER lived and died here" 41–43 Wardour Street Soho W1D 6PY 1966 ( ) 154 Lord Robert Clive (1725–1744) "SOLDIER AND ADMINISTRATOR lived here" 45 Berkeley Square Mayfair W1J 5AS 1953 ( ) 50 Eric Coates (1886–1957) "Composer lived here in Flat 176 1930–1939" Chiltern Court, Baker Street Marylebone NW1 5SG 2013 ( ) 33147 Richard Cobden (1804–1865) "Died Here" 23 Suffolk Street Leicester Square SW1Y 4HG 1905 ( ) 122 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834) "POET AND PHILOSOPHER lived in a house on this site 1812–1813" 71 Berners Street Soho W1T 3NL 1966 ( ) 272 The present plaque replaces a brown London County Council plaque erected in 1905.[7] William Wilkie Collins (1824–1889) "NOVELIST lived here" 65 Gloucester Place Marylebone W1U 8JL 1951 ( ) 107 Joseph Conrad (1857–1924) "Novelist lived here" 17 Gillingham Street Victoria SW1V 1HN 1984 ( ) 209 Sir Michael Costa (1808–1883) "Conductor and Orchestra Reformer lived here 1857–1883" Wilton Court, 59 Eccleston Square Pimlico SW1V 1PH 2007 ( ) 9175 Tom Cribb (1781–1848) "Bare Knuckle Boxing Champion lived here" 36 Panton Street Leicester Square SW1Y 4EA 2005 ( ) 6326 Thomas Cubitt (1788–1855) "Master Builder lived here" 3 Lyall Street Belgravia SW1X 8DW 1959 ( ) 5028 Richard Dadd (1817–1866) "Painter lived here" 15 Suffolk Street Leicester Square SW1Y 4HG 1977 ( ) 331 The plaque was originally incorrectly placed next door, at 15 Suffolk Street, in 1977. The address was found to be incorrect, and it was moved to its present location in 1980.[8] Emily Davies (1830–1921) "Founder of Girton College, Cambridge lived here" 17 Cunningham Place Lisson Grove NW8 8JT 1978 ( ) 53 Thomas de Quincey (1785–1859) "wrote Confessions of an English Opium Eater in this house" 36 Tavistock Street Covent Garden WC2E 7PB 1981 ( ) 9 De Quincey's surname is spelt incorrectly by the plaque.[9] Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881) "BENJAMIN DISRAELI Earl of Beaconsfield Statesman 1804–1881 Died Here" 19 Curzon Street Mayfair W1J 7TB 1908 ( ) 453 John Dryden (1631–1700) "POET. LIVED HERE" 43 Gerrard Street Soho W1D 5QG 1870 ( ) 526 Sir Stewart Duke-Elder (1898–1978) "Ophthalmologist lived and worked here 1934–1976" 63 Harley Street Marylebone W1G 9PW 2002 ( ) 322 Essex Street "ESSEX STREET was laid out in the grounds of Essex House by NICHOLAS BARBON in 1675 Among many famous lawyers who lived here were Sir ORLANDO BRIDGEMAN c.1606–1674 Lord Keeper HENRY FIELDING 1707–1754 Novelist and BRASS CROSBY 1725–1793 Lord Mayor of London JAMES SAVAGE 1779–1852 Architect had his office here. PRINCE CHARLES EDWARD STUART stayed at a house in the street in 1750. Rev. THEOPHILUS LINDSEY 1723–1808 Unitarian Minister founded Essex Street Chapel here in 1774. Dr. SAMUEL JOHNSON established an evening club at the Essex Head in 1783" Essex Hall, Essex Street Strand WC2R 3HU 1962 ( ) 625 The stone plaque was re-erected in 1964.[10] Dame Edith Evans (1888–1976) "Actress lived here" 109 Ebury Street Belgravia SW1W 9QU 1997 ( ) 220 William Ewart (1798–1869) "REFORMER lived here" 16 Eaton Place Belgravia SW1X 8LT 1963 ( ) 298 The plaque was originally located at 6 Cambridge Square and placed here in 1963 when that building was demolished.[11] Michael Faraday (1791–1867) "MAN OF SCIENCE. APPRENTICE HERE." 48 Blandford Street Marylebone W1U 7HU 1876 ( ) 19 Ethel Gordon Fenwick (1857–1947) "Nursing Reformer lived here 1887–1924" 20 Upper Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 6LZ 1999 ( ) 73 Ronald Firbank (1886–1926) "Novelist lived here" 33 Curzon Street Mayfair W1J 7TR 2023 ( ) 73 Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher (1841–1920) "Admiral of the Fleet LORD FISHER 1841–1920 lived here as First Sea Lord 1904–1910" 16 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AA 1975 ( ) 130 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates William Smith.[12] Ian Fleming (1908–1964) "Creator of James Bond lived here" 22 Ebury Street Belgravia SW1W 8LW 1996 ( ) 395 Sir Ambrose Fleming 1849–1945 "Scientist and Electrical Engineer lived here" 9 Clifton Gardens Maida Vale W9 1AL 1971 ( ) 506 Charles James Fox 1749–1806 Statesman Lived Here 46 Clarges Street Mayfair W1J 7ER 1912 ( ) 402 The plaque was placed here in the 1940s after its original location, 9 Arlington Street, was demolished.[13] George Frampton 1860–1928 "Sculptor lived and worked here 1894–1908" 32 Queen's Grove St John's Wood NW8 6HJ 1977 ( ) 647 Sir Edward Frankland 1825–1899 "Chemical Scientist lived here 1870–1880" 14 Lancaster Gate Bayswater W2 3LH 2019 ( ) 51829 Benjamin Franklin 1706–1790 "LIVED HERE" 36 Craven Street Charing Cross WC2N 5NF 1914 ( ) 348 W. P. Frith 1819–1909 "Painter lived and died here" 114 Clifton Hill St John's Wood NW8 0JS 1973 ( ) 46 Henry Fuseli (1741–1825) "Artist lived here 1788–1803" 37 Foley Street Fitzrovia W1W 7TN 1961 ( ) 308 Thomas Gainsborough (1727–1788) "ARTIST lived here" Schomberg House, 82 Pall Mall St James's SW1Y 5ES 1951 ( ) 2 This plaque replaces a Royal Society of Arts plaque from 1881.[14] Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911) "EXPLORER STATISTICIAN FOUNDER OF EUGENICS LIVED HERE FOR FIFTY YEARS" 42 Rutland Gate Knightsbridge SW7 1PD c.1931 ( ) 356 This plaque was privately erected, and became part of London County Council's blue plaque scheme in 1959.[15] Ava Gardner (1922–1990) "Film Star lived and died here" 34 Ennismore Gardens Knightsbridge SW7 1AE 2016 ( ) 41595 Edward Gibbon (1737–1792) "HISTORIAN lived in a house on this site 1773–1783" 7 Bentinck Street Marylebone W1U 2EH 1964 ( ) 107 The plaque replaces a Royal Society of Arts plaque from 1896.[16] Sir John Gielgud (1904–2000) "Actor and Director lived here 1945–1976" 16 Cowley Street Westminster SW1P 3LZ 2017 ( ) 42718 William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) "Statesman Lived here" 11 Carlton House Terrace St James's SW1Y 5AJ 1925 ( ) 118 Henry Gray (1827–1861) "ANATOMIST lived here" 8 Wilton Street Belgravia SW1X 7AF 1947 ( ) 4320 John Richard Green (1837–1883) "HISTORIAN lived in a house on this site 1869–1876" 4 Beaumont Street Marylebone W1G 6AA 1964 ( ) 3104 Though originally placed in 1909, the plaque was re-erected in 1924 and 1964; after the houses demolition and damage to the plaque respectively.[17] Viscount Grey of Fallodon Sir Edward Grey (1862–1933) "Foreign Secretary lived here" 3 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9BT 1981 ( ) 1291 George Grossmith (1847–1912) "ACTOR and AUTHOR lived here" 28 Dorset Square Marylebone NW1 6QG 1963 ( ) 2246 George Grossmith, Jr. (1874–1935) "ACTOR-MANAGER lived here" 3 Spanish Place Marylebone W1U 3HX 1963 ( ) 2128 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates Frederick Marryat.[18] George Grote (1794–1871) "Historian Died Here" 12 Savile Row Mayfair W1S 3PS 1905 ( ) 4270 Lord Haldane (1856–1928) "STATESMAN LAWYER AND PHILOSOPHER LIVED HERE" 28 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AB 1954 ( ) 87 Henry Hallam (1777–1859) "Historian Lived Here" 67 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8AP 1904 ( ) 388 George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) "Composer lived in this house from 1723 and died here" 25 Brook Street Mayfair W1K 4HB 2001 ( ) More images 337 This is the third plaque on this house, after a Society of Arts plaque from 1870 and a London County Council plaque from 1952.[19] Tommy Handley (1892–1949) "Radio Comedian lived here" 34 Craven Road Paddington W2 3QA 1980 ( ) 374 Francis Bret Harte (1836–1902) "American Writer lived and died here" 74 Lancaster Gate Paddington W2 3NH 1977 ( ) 263 Sir Norman Hartnell (1901–1979) "Court Dressmaker lived and worked here 1935–1979" 26 Bruton Street Mayfair W1J 6QL 2005 ( ) 694 Benjamin Haydon (1786–1846) and Charles Rossi (1762–1839) "BENJAMIN HAYDON 1786–1846 Painter and CHARLES ROSSI 1762–1839 Sculptor lived here" 116 Lisson Grove Lisson Grove NW1 6UL 1959 ( ) 299 William Hazlitt (1778–1830) "Essayist Died Here" 6 Frith Street Soho W1D 3JA 1905 ( ) 665 The plaque was originally coloured green, but has faded to blue. It was re-erected in 1909 after the front portion of the building was rebuilt.[20] Heinrich Heine (1799–1856) "German Poet and Essayist (1799–1856) Lived Here 1827" 32 Craven Street Charing Cross, WC2N 5NP 1912 ( ) 101 Jimi Hendrix (1942–1970) "Guitarist and Songwriter lived here 1968–1969" 23 Brook Street Mayfair W1K 4HA 1997 ( ) 595 Alexander Herzen (1812–1870) "RUSSIAN POLITICAL THINKER lived here 1860–1863" 1 Orsett Terrace Bayswater W2 6AH 1970 ( ) 405 Sir Rowland Hill KCB (1795–1879) "Postal Reformer Lived Here" 1 Orme Square Bayswater W2 4RS 1907 ( ) 80 Thomas Hood (1799–1845) "Poet lived and died here" 28 Finchley Road St John's Wood NW8 6ES 2001 ( ) 468 The original plaque had become illegible by 1960 and was replaced by the present one.[21] Lord Hore-Belisha (1893–1957) "Statesman lived here" 16 Stafford Place Victoria SW1E 6NE 1980 ( ) 293 John Hunter (1728–1793) "Surgeon Lived Here" 30 Golden Square Soho W1F 9LD 1907 ( ) 281 The plaque has been re-erected in 1931, and 2000 after successive buildings were rebuilt.[22] William Huskisson (1770–1830) "STATESMAN lived here" 28 St James's Place St James's SW1A 1NR 1962 ( ) 234 Sir Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913) "Surgeon, Scientist, and Teacher lived here" 15 Cavendish Square Marylebone W1G 9DB 1981 ( ) 562 Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895) "Biologist Lived Here" 38 Marlborough Place St John's Wood NW8 0PJ 1910 ( ) 560 Sir Henry Irving (1838–1905) "ACTOR lived here 1872–1899" 15a Grafton Street Mayfair W1S 4ET 1950 ( ) 261 Washington Irving (1783–1859) "American Writer lived here" 8 Argyll Street Soho W1F 7TF 1983 ( ) 425 John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911) "PHYSICIAN lived here" 3 Manchester Square Marylebone W1U 3PB 1932 ( ) 201 Ernest Jones (1879–1958) "Pioneer Psychoanalyst lived here" 19 York Terrace East Regent's Park NW1 4PT 1985 ( ) 2509 Andreas Kalvos (1792–1869) "Greek Poet and Patriot lived here" 182 Sutherland Avenue Maida Vale W9 1HR 1998 ( ) 289 Sir Gerald Kelly (1879–1972) "Portrait Painter lived here 1916–1972" 117 Gloucester Place Marylebone W1H 3PJ 1993 ( ) 436 Charles Eamer Kempe (1837–1907) "Stained glass artist lived and worked here" 37 Nottingham Place Marylebone W1U 5LT 1994 ( ) 512 Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815–1852) "Pioneer of Computing lived here" 12 St James's Square St James's SW1Y 4RB 1992 ( ) 599 Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) "poet and story writer lived here 1889–1891" 43 Villiers Street Charing Cross WC2N 6NE 1957 ( ) 286 The plaque replaces a London County Council plaque from 1940.[23] Field-Marshal Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, K.G. (1850–1916) "Lived here 1914–15" 2 Carlton Gardens St James's SW1Y 5AA 1924 ( ) 590 Dame Laura Knight and Harold Knight (1877–1970) and (1874–1961) "Painters lived here" 16 Langford Place St John's Wood NW8 1983 ( ) 567 Oskar Kokoschka (1886–1980) "Painter lived here" Eyre Court, Finchley Road St John's Wood NW8 9TX 1986 ( ) 697 Sir Alexander Korda (1832–1906) "Film Producer worked here 1932–1936" 21/22 Grosvenor Street Mayfair W1K 4QJ 2002 ( ) 248 Susan Lawrence (1871–1947) "Social Reformer lived here" 44 Westbourne Terrace Paddington W2 3UH 1987 ( ) 404 T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935) "Lawrence of Arabia" lived here 14 Barton Street Westminster SW1P 3NE 1966 ( ) 543 Vivien Leigh (1913–1967) "Actress lived here" 54 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9BE 1996 ( ) 412 Lord Lister (1827–1912) "SURGEON LIVED HERE" 12 Park Crescent Regent's Park W1B 1PH 1915 ( ) 2501 The plaque was removed following serious damage to Park Crescent during the Second World War. The plaque was illicitly sold for scrap, but was located thanks to an article in The Lancet and re-erected in 1966 following the rebuilding of the crescent.[24][25] As of 2019 the plaque is again missing. John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury (1834–1913) "Born here" 29 Eaton Place Belgravia SW1X 8BP 1935 ( ) 535 Lord Lugard (1858–1945) "Colonial Administrator lived here 1912–1919" 51 Rutland Gate Knightsbridge SW7 1PL 1972 ( ) 151 Rose Macaulay (1881–1958) "Writer lived and died here" Hinde House, 11–14 Hinde Street Marylebone W1U 3BG 1996 ( ) 661 Douglas Macmillan (1884–1969) "Founder of Macmillan Cancer Relief lived here" 15 Ranelagh Road Pimlico SW1V 3EX 1997 ( ) 102 Edmond Malone (1741–1812) "SHAKESPEARIAN SCHOLAR lived here 1779–1812" 40 Langham Street Fitzrovia W1W 7AS 1962 ( ) 128 Charles Manby (1804–1884) "CIVIL ENGINEER lived here" 60 Westbourne Terrace Paddington W2 3UJ 1961 ( ) 34 Cardinal Manning (1808–1892) "Lived here" 22 Carlisle Place Victoria SW1P 1JA 1914 ( ) 150 Sir Patrick Manson (1844–1922) "Father of Modern Tropical Medicine lived here" 50 Welbeck Street Marylebone W1G 9XW 1985 ( ) 197 Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) "THE PIONEER OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION lived here in 1896–1897" 71 Hereford Road Bayswater W2 5BB 1952 ( ) 7 The original plaque turned out to be defective and was replaced in 1954.[26] Captain Frederick Marryat (1792–1848) "NOVELIST lived here" 3 Spanish Place Marylebone W1U 3HX 1953 ( ) 252 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates George Grossmith, Jr.[18] Karl Marx (1818–1883) "lived here 1851–56" 28 Dean Street Soho W1D 3RY 1967 ( ) 1105 John Masefield O. M. (1878–1967) "Poet Laureate lived here 1907–1912" 30 Maida Avenue Maida Vale W2 5BB 2002 ( ) 6502 William Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) "Novelist and playwright lived here 1911–1919" 6 Chesterfield Street Mayfair W1J 5JQ 1975 ( ) 1320 Frederick Denison Maurice (1805–1872) "Christian Philosopher and Educationalist lived here 1862–1866" 2 Brunswick Place Marylebone NW1 4PN 1977 ( ) 2505 Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847) "Composer stayed here" 4 Hobart Place Belgravia SW1W 0HU 2013 ( ) 12090 Yehudi Menuhin (1916–1999) "Violinist, conductor and teacher lived here" 65 Chester Square Westminster SW1W 9DU 2023 ( ) 58910 Prince Metternich (1773–1859) "Austrian Statesman lived here in 1848" 44 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9BD 1970 ( ) 1127 Alice Meynell (1847–1922) "POET and ESSAYIST lived here" 47 Palace Court Bayswater W2 4LS 1948 ( ) 9149 James Mill (1773–1836) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) "Philosophers lived here 1814–1831" 40 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AP ( ) 39390 Alfred, Lord Milner (1854–1925) "STATESMAN lived here" 14 Manchester Square Marylebone W1U 3PP 1967 ( ) 9150 Nancy Mitford (1904–1973) "Writer worked here 1942–1945" 10 Curzon Street Mayfair W1J 5HH 1999 ( ) 1241 George Moore (1852–1933) "AUTHOR Lived and died here" 121 Ebury Street Belgravia SW1W 9QU 1937 ( ) 1128 The original plaque from 1936 gave an incorrect year of birth and was replaced by the present one.[27] Tom Moore (1779–1852) "POET lived here" 85 George Street Marylebone W1U 8NH 1953 ( ) 9151 Blue plaque originally erected in 1953 at 28 Bury Street, St James's, demolished in 1962. Plaque re-erected at 85 (formerly 44) George Street, Marylebone, London, W1U 8NH, City of Westminster in 1963.[28] Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) "composed his first symphony here in 1764" 180 Ebury Street Belgravia SW1W 8UP 1939 ( ) 4316 Following damage in the Second World War the plaque was re-erected in 1951.[29] Jean Muir (1928–1995) "Dressmaker and Fashion Designer worked here 1966-1995" 22 Bruton Street Mayfair W1J 6QE 55456 ( ) 2893 Hector Hugh Munro alias Saki (1870–1916) "Short Story Writer lived here" 97 Mortimer Street Fitzrovia W1W 7SU 2003 ( ) 2893 Napoleon III (1808–1873) "LIVED HERE 1848" 1c King Street St James's SW1Y 6QG 1867 ( ) 489 This was the second plaque placed by the scheme started by the Royal Society of the Arts and is the oldest survivor.[30] Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (1758–1805) "lived here in 1798" 103 New Bond Street Mayfair W1S 1ST 1958 ( ) 519 Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) "Lived here" 87 Jermyn Street St James's SW1Y 6JP 1908 ( ) 651 The plaque was re-erected in 1915 after the building was rebuilt.[31] Harold Nicolson and Vita Sackville-West (1886–1968) and (1892–1962) "Writers and Gardeners lived here" 182 Ebury Street Belgravia SW1W 8UP 1993 ( ) 648 Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) "in a house on this site FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE 1820–1910 lived and died" 10 South Street Mayfair W1K 1DE 1955 ( ) 6 This plaque replaces a plaque erected by the Duke of Westminster in 1912 that was lost when the original house was demolished in 1929.[32] Philip Noel-Baker (1889–1982) "Olympic Sportsman Campaigner for Peace and Disarmament lived here" 16 South Eaton Place Belgravia SW1W 9JA 1992 ( ) 557 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood.[5] Caroline Norton (1808–1877) "Champion of women's legal rights lived here 1845–1877" 3 Chesterfield Street Mayfair W1J 5JF 2021 ( ) 55017 Francis Turner Palgrave (1824–1897) "Compiler of the "Golden Treasury" lived here 1862–1875" 5 York Gate Regent's Park NW1 4QG 1976 ( ) 650 Lord Palmerston (1784–1865) "Statesman lived here" 4 Carlton Gardens St James's SW1Y 5AB 1907 ( ) 706 The plaque was placed in 1907, and reattached in 1936 after the buildings 1933 demolition.[34] Lord Palmerston (1784–1865) "PRIME MINISTER born here" 20 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AA 1927 ( ) 575 Lord Palmerston (1784–1865) "IN THIS HOUSE FORMERLY A ROYAL RESIDENCE LIVED LORD PALMERSTON (1784–1865) Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary" Cambridge House, 94 Piccadilly Mayfair, W1J 7BP 1961 ( ) 278 Sardar Vallabhbhai Javerbhai Patel (1875–1950) "Indian Statesman lived here" 23 Aldridge Road Villas Ladbroke Grove W11 1BN 1991 ( ) 28 The plaque is a replica placed by English Heritage to replace the original Greater London Council plaque of 1986 that was damaged in building work.[35] George Peabody (1795–1869) "Philanthropist died here" 80 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9AP 1976 ( ) 646 Sir Arthur Pearson (1866–1921) "Founder of St Dunstan’s (Blind Veterans UK) lived and worked here" 21 Portland Place Marylebone W1B 1PY 2019 ( ) 51838 John Loughborough Pearson and Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens (1817–1897) and (1869–1944) "Here lived and died JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH PEARSON 1817–1897 and later SIR EDWIN LANDSEER LUTYENS 1869–1944 Architects" 13 Mansfield Street Marylebone W1G 9NZ 1962 ( ) 357 Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet and Robert Peel (1750–1830) and (1788–1850) "SIR ROBERT PEEL 1750–1830 Manufacturer and reformer and his son SIR ROBERT PEEL 1788–1850 Prime Minister Founder of the Metropolitan Police lived here" 16 Upper Grosvenor Street Mayfair W1K 7EH 1988 ( ) 434 Henry Pelham (c.1695–1754) "Prime Minister lived here" Wimbourne House 22 Arlington Street St James's SW1A 1RW 1995 ( ) 251 The plaque is on the rear of the house, facing into Green Park Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) "DIARIST AND SECRETARY OF THE ADMIRALTY lived here 1679–1688" 12 Buckingham Street Covent Garden WC2N 6DF 1947 ( ) 606 William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne and 1st Marquess of Lansdowne (1737–1805) "Prime Minister Supporter of American Independence lived here" Lansdowne Club, 9 Fitzmaurice Place Mayfair W1J 5JD 2003 ( ) 367 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates Harry Gordon Selfridge.[36] Sir Arthur Pinero (1855–1934) "PLAYWRIGHT lived here 1909–1934" 115a Harley Street Marylebone W1G 6AP 1970 ( ) 175 William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, and William Gladstone (1809–1898), (1809–1898) and (1809–1898) "Here lived Three Prime Ministers WILLIAM PITT Earl of Chatham 1708–1778 Edward Geoffrey Stanley EARL OF DERBY 1799–1869 William Ewart GLADSTONE 1809–1898" 10 St James's Square St James's SW1Y 4LE 1910 ( ) 258 William Pitt the Younger (1759–1806) "lived here 1803 to 1804" 120 Baker Street Marylebone W1U 6TU 1949 ( ) 465 The plaque dates from 1949, replacing a London County Council plaque from 1904.[37] Augustus Pitt Rivers (1827–1900) "Lieutenant General Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers 1827–1900 Anthropologist and Archaeologist lived here" 4 Grosvenor Gardens Belgravia SW1W 0DH 1983 ( ) 149 Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal "THESE TWO HOUSES WERE THE PORTUGUESE EMBASSY 1724–1747 THE MARQUESS OF POMBAL Portuguese Statesman Ambassador 1739–1744 lived here" 23–24 Golden Square Soho W1F 9JP 1980 ( ) 537 Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger (1905–1990) & (1902–1988) "Film-Makers worked here in Flat 120" Dorset House, Gloucester Place Marylebone NW1 5AG 2014 ( ) 30544 Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (1847–1929) "PRIME MINISTER and first Chairman of the London County Council was born here" 20 Charles Street Mayfair W1J 5DT 1962 ( ) 148 J. Arthur Rank (1888–1972) "Industrialist and Film Producer worked here" 38 South Street Mayfair W1K 1DJ 2012 ( ) 32950 Eleanor Rathbone (1872–1946) "Pioneer of Family Allowances lived here" Tufton Court, Tufton Street Westminster SW1P 3QH 1986 ( ) 351 Sir William Reid Dick (1878–1961) "Sculptor worked here in Studio 3 1910–1914" Clifton Hill Studios, 95a Clifton Hill St John's Wood NW8 0JP 2001 ( ) 581 John Reith, 1st Baron Reith (1889–1971) "First Director-General of the BBC lived here 1924–1930" 6 Barton Street Westminster SW1P 3NG 1995 ( ) 277 This plaque replaces that of 1994 and is situated on the building's Cowley Street elevation.[38] Mustapha Reschid Pasha (1800–1858) "Turkish Statesman and Reformer lived here as Ambassador in 1839" 1 Bryanston Square Marylebone W1H 8DH 1972 ( ) 170 Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792) "PORTRAIT PAINTER lived and died in a house on this site" Fanum House (site of 47), Leicester Square, WC2H 7FG 1960 ( ) 703 The plaque was placed in 1960 having originally been erected in 1947, that plaque replacing a Royal Society of Arts plaque from 1869, placed on a building now demolished.[39] George Richmond (1809–1896) "Painter lived here 1843–1896" 20 York Street Marylebone W1U 6PU 1961 ( ) 553 Dame Lucie Rie (1902–1995) "Potter lived and worked here from 1939 until her death" 18 Albion Mews Paddington W2 2BA 2008 ( ) 328 Dr J.S. Risien Russell (1863–1939) "Neurologist lived and worked here from 1902" 44 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8SA 2021 ( ) 328 Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts (1832–1914) "LIVED HERE" 47 Portland Place Marylebone W1B 1JH 1922 ( ) 37 Dr. Joseph Rogers (1821–1889) "Health Care Reformer lived here" 33 Dean Street Soho W1D 4PW 1996 ( ) 174 Charles Rolls (1877–1910) "Pioneer of Motoring and Aviation worked here 1905–1910" 14/15 Conduit Street Mayfair W1S 2XJ 2010 ( ) 4866 Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) "Nobel Laureate Discoverer of the mosquito transmission of malaria lived here" 18 Cavendish Square Marylebone W1G 0PJ 1985 ( ) 222 Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828–1882) "Poet & Painter Born Here" 110 Hallam Street Fitzrovia W1W 5HD 1906 ( ) 27 A plaque marks the buildings demolition in 1928 and the plaques re-erection.[40] Thomas Rowlandson (1757–1828) "ARTIST AND CARICATURIST lived in a house on this site" 16 John Adam Street Charing Cross WC2N 6HE 1950 ( ) 504 Major-General William Roy (1726–1790) "Founder of the Ordnance Survey lived here" 10 Argyll Street Soho W1F 7TQ 1979 ( ) 173 John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (1792–1878) "Twice Prime Minister Lived Here" 37 Chesham Place Belgravia SW1X 6HB 1911 ( ) 60 Anthony Salvin (1799–1881) "Architect lived here" 11 Hanover Terrace Regent's Park NW1 4RJ 1990 ( ) 624 José de San Martín (1778–1850) "ARGENTINE SOLDIER AND STATESMAN stayed here" 23 Park Road Marylebone NW1 6XN 1953 ( ) 681 Sir Charles Santley (1834–1922) "SINGER Lived and died here" 13 Blenheim Road St John's Wood NW8 0LU 1935 ( ) 645 Olive Schreiner (1855–1920) "Author lived here" 16 Portsea Place Paddington W2 2BL 1959 ( ) 534 Scotland Yard (1829–1890) "SITE OF SCOTLAND YARD FIRST HEADQUARTERS OF THE METROPOLITAN POLICE 1829–1890" 4 Whitehall Place, Whitehall Lane Westminster SW1A 2HH 1979 ( ) 172 Giles Gilbert Scott (1880–1960) "Architect designed this house and lived here 1926–1960" Chester House, Clarendon Place Paddington W2 2NP 1990 ( ) 240 Ronnie Scott (1927–1996) "Jazz musician and raconteur ran his club in the basement 1959–1965" 39 Gerrard Street Soho W1D 5QD 2019 ( ) 23694 [41] Mary Seacole (1805–1881) "Jamaican Nurse HEROINE OF THE CRIMEAN WAR lived here" 14 Soho Square Soho W1D 3QG 2007 ( ) 604 George Seferis (1900–1971) "Greek Ambassador Poet and Nobel laureate lived here 1957–1962" 51 Upper Brook Street Mayfair W1K 2BT 2000 ( ) 1 Sir Henry Segrave (1896–1930) "World Speed Record Holder lived here in flat No.6 1917–1920" St Andrew's Mansions, Dorset Street Marylebone W1U 4EQ 2009 ( ) 4756 Harry Gordon Selfridge (1858–1974) "Department Store Magnate lived here 1921–1929" Lansdowne Club, 9 Fitzmaurice Place Mayfair W1J 5JD 2003 ( ) 181 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne.[36] Mary Shelley (1797–1851) "Author of Frankenstein lived here 1846–1851" 24 Chester Square Belgravia SW1W 9HS 2003 ( ) 431 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) "Poet lived here in 1811" 15 Poland Street Soho W1F 8QE 2000 ( ) 580 The plaque was erected by English Heritage in 2000 to replace a Greater London Council plaque originally erected in 1979 that was lost during refurbishment work in 1996.[42] E. H. Shepard (1879–1976) "Painter and Illustrator lived here" 10 Kent Terrace Regent's Park NW1 4RP 1993 ( ) 264 Thomas Sheraton (1751–1806) "furniture designer lived here" 163 Wardour Street Soho W1F 8WL 1954 ( ) 391 Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1816) "DRAMATIST. LIVED HERE." 14 Savile Row Mayfair W1S 3JN 1881 ( ) 644 Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1816) "dramatist and statesman lived here 1795–1802" 10 Hertford Street Mayfair W1J 7RL 1955 ( ) 300 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates General John Burgoyne.[4] F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead (1872–1930) "Lawyer and Statesman lived here" 32 Grosvenor Gardens Belgravia SW1W 0DH 1959 ( ) 26 William Henry Smith (1825–1891) "BOOKSELLER and STATESMAN lived here" 12 Hyde Park Street Paddington W2 2JN 1961 ( ) 315 This plaque had first been sited at 3 Grosvenor Place, and was moved here in 1964 after that buildings redevelopment.[43] William Smith M.P. (1756–1835) "Pioneer of religious liberty lived here" 16 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AA 1975 ( ) 610 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher.[12] Mansfield Smith-Cumming (1859–1923) "First Chief of the Secret Service lived and worked here 1911–1922" 2 Whitehall Court Westminster SW1A 2EJ 2014 ( ) 39301 Unveiled 30 March 2015[44] James Smithson (1764–1829) "Scientist Founder of the Smithsonian Institution lived here" 9 Bentinck Street Marylebone W1U 2EJ 2008 ( ) 109 Lord FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan (1788–1855) "Commander during the Crimean War Lived Here" 5 Stanhope Gate Mayfair W1K 1LQ 1911 ( ) 162 Sir Thomas Sopwith (1888–1989) "Aviator and aircraft manufacturer lived here 1934–1940" 46 Green Street Mayfair W1K 7FY 1998 ( ) 366 Sir Bernard Spilsbury (1877–1947) "Forensic Pathologist lived here 1912–1940" 31 Marlborough Hill St John's Wood NW8 0NG 2004 ( ) 667 Constance Spry (1886–1960) "Designer in Flowers worked here 1934–1960" 64 South Audley Street Mayfair W1K 3JP 2012 ( ) 31295 Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope (1753–1816) "REFORMER AND INVENTOR lived here" 20 Mansfield Street Marylebone W1G 6NP 1951 ( ) 525 Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield (1874–1948) "First Chairman of London Transport lived here" 43 South Street Mayfair W1K 2XQ 1984 ( ) 360 Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904) "Explorer and Writer lived and died here" 2 Richmond Terrace Whitehall SW1A 2NJ 1987 ( ) 546 Though made by the Greater London Council, the plaque was erected by English Heritage.[45] George Stephenson (1803–1859) "Engineer Died Here" 35 Gloucester Square Paddington W2 2DT 1905 ( ) 643 The plaque had originally been located next door, at 34 Gloucester Square, and was moved to its present location after the original building was demolished in 1937.[46] Sir George Frederic Still (1868–1941) "Pædiatrician lived here" 28 Queen Anne Street Marylebone W1G 8HY 1993 ( ) 82 Thomas Stothard (1755–1834) "Painter and Illustrator Lived Here" 28 Newman Street Fitzrovia W1T 1PR 1911 ( ) 88 The plaque was re-sited on the building when it was given a new facade in 1924.[47] William Strang (1859–1921) "Painter and etcher lived here 1900–1921" 20 Hamilton Terrace St John's Wood NW8 9UG 1962 ( ) 52 George Edmund Street (1824–1881) "Architect lived here" 14 Cavendish Place Marylebone W1G 9DJ 1980 ( ) 455 Marie Taglioni (1809–1884) "Ballet Dancer lived here in 1875–1876" 14 Connaught Square Paddington W2 2HG 1960 ( ) 642 Prince Talleyrand (1754–1838) "French Statesman and Diplomatist lived here" 21 Hanover Square Mayfair W1S 1JW 1978 ( ) 15 Richard Tauber (1891–1948) "Lyric Tenor lived here in flat 297 1947–1948" Park West, Edgware Road Paddington W2 1QN 1998 ( ) 98 Dame Marie Tempest (1864–1942) "Actress lived here 1899–1902" 24 Park Crescent Regent's Park W1B 1AL 1972 ( ) 691 Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1882) "Poet lived here in 1880 and 1881" 9 Upper Belgrave Street Belgravia SW1X 8BD 1994 ( ) 97 Lord Kelvin (1824–1907) "Physicist and Inventor lived here" 15 Eaton Place Belgravia SW1X 8BN 1996 ( ) 411 Lokamanya Tilak (1856–1920) "Indian Patriot and Philosopher lived here 1918–1919" 10 Howley Place Paddington W2 1XA 1988 ( ) 314 A plaque bearing the name of the London County Council commemorating Giovanni Antonio Canal is at the same house. It was not authorized by the LCC.[48][49] Charles Townley (1737–1805) "Antiquary and Collector lived here" 14 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AA 1985 ( ) 76 Sir Frederick Treves (1853–1923) "Surgeon lived here 1886–1907" 6 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8AL 2000 ( ) 245 Anthony Trollope (1815–1882) "Novelist lived here" 39 Montagu Square Marylebone W1H 2LL 1914 ( ) 573 This plaque was moved after its unveiling to its present prominent position.[50] Alan Turing (1912–1954) "Code-breaker and Pioneer of Computer Science was born here" 2 Warrington Crescent Maida Vale W9 1ER 1998 ( ) 381 Unveiled on 23 June 1998 by Turing biographer and mathematician Andrew Hodges.[51] Marie Tussaud (1761–1850) "Artist in Wax lived here 1838–1839" 24 Wellington Road St John's Wood NW8 9SP 2001 ( ) 408 Tyburn Tree "THE SITE OF TYBURN TREE" A traffic island at the junction of Edgware Road and Bayswater Road Marble Arch W2 1964 ( ) 1644 A triangular shaped London County Council plaque from 1909 originally marked the location of the tree.[52] United States Embassy and Henry Brooks Adams (1838–1918) "UNITED STATES EMBASSY 1863–1866 HENRY BROOKS ADAMS 1838–1918 U.S. Historian lived here" 98 Portland Place Marylebone W1B 1ET 1978 ( ) 448 Martin van Buren (1782–1862) "Eighth U.S. President lived here" 7 Stratford Place Marylebone W1C 1AY 1977 ( ) 544 Ralph Vaughan Williams O. M. (1872–1958) "Composer lived here from 1953 until his death" 10 Hanover Terrace Regent's Park NW1 4RJ 1972 ( ) 618 Field Marshal Viscount Gort V.C. (1886–1946) "Commander-in-Chief at Dunkirk lived here 1920–1926" 34 Belgrave Square Belgravia SW1X 8QB 2005 ( ) 4358 Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902) "Hindu philosopher lived here in 1896" 63 St George's Drive Pimlico SW1V 4DD 2004 ( ) 615 C.F.A. Voysey (1857–1941) "Architect and Designer lived here" 6 Carlton Hill St John's Wood NW8 0JY 1995 ( ) 179 Sir Robert Walpole (1676–1745) and Horace Walpole (1717–1797) "SIR ROBERT WALPOLE 1676–1745 Prime Minister and his son HORACE WALPOLE 1717–1797 Connoisseur and Man of Letters lived here" 5 Arlington Street St James's SW1A 1RA 1976 ( ) 204 The joint GLC plaque replaced the single Royal Society of Arts plaque from 1881 placed to honour Robert Walpole which had become badly weathered.[53] Sir William Walton (1902–1983) "Composer lived here" Lowndes Cottage, 8 Lowndes Place Belgravia SW1X 8DD 2009 ( ) 39651 Sir Fabian Ware (1869–1919) "Founder of the Imperial War Graves Commission lived here 1911-1919" 14 Wyndham Place Marylebone W1H 2PZ 2014 ( ) 33148 Alfred Waterhouse (1830–1905) "Architect lived here" 61 New Cavendish Street Marylebone W1G 7AR 1988 ( ) 160 John William Waterhouse (1849–1917) "Painter lived here 1900–1917" 10 Hall Road St John's Wood NW8 9PD 2002 ( ) 221 Victor 'Vicky' Weisz (1913–1966) "Cartoonist lived and died in a flat in this building" Welbeck Mansions, 35 Welbeck Street Marylebone W1 1996 ( ) 659 H. G. Wells (1866–1946) "WRITER lived and died here" 13 Hanover Terrace Regent's Park NW1 4JR 1966 ( ) 25 Charles Wesley (1707–1788), Charles Wesley (1757–1834), and Samuel Wesley (1766–1837) "CHARLES WESLEY 1707–1788 DIVINE AND HYMN WRITER LIVED AND DIED IN A HOUSE ON THIS SITE AND HIS SONS CHARLES 1757–1834 & SAMUEL 1766–1837 MUSICIANS ALSO LIVED HERE" 1 Wheatley Street Marylebone W1G 8PS 1953 ( ) 690 Sir Richard Westmacott (1775–1856) "Sculptor lived and died here" 14 South Audley Street Mayfair W1K 1HN 1955 ( ) 656 Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875) "Scientist and Inventor lived here" 19 Park Crescent Regent's Park W1B 1AL 1981 ( ) 591 Sir Mortimer Wheeler (1890–1976) "Archæologist lived here" 27 Whitcomb Street Leicester Square WC2H 7EP 1993 ( ) 159 Kenneth Williams (1926–1988) "Comic Actor lived here in Flat 62 1963–1970" Farley Court, Allsop Place Marylebone NW1 5LG 2014 ( ) 30556 John Gilbert Winant (1889–1947) "United States Ambassador 1941–1946 lived here" 7 Aldford Street Mayfair W1K 2AQ 1982 ( ) 687 Major Walter Clopton Wingfield (1833–1912) "Father of Lawn Tennis lived here" 33 St George's Square Pimlico SW1V 2HX 1987 ( ) 244 Though made by the Greater London Council, the plaque was erected by English Heritage.[54] The Women’s Freedom League "campaigned for women’s equality from here 1908–1915" 1 Robert Street Adelphi WC2N 6RL 2023 ( ) 59353 This plaque marked the first occasion that the London scheme reached 1000 plaques. P. G. Wodehouse (1881–1975) "Writer lived here" 17 Dunraven Street Mayfair W1K 7EG 1988 ( ) 603 E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax (1881–1959) "Statesman, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary lived here" 86 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9AG 1994 ( ) 202 Sir Jeffry Wyatville (1766–1840) "Architect lived and died here" 39 Brook Street Mayfair W1K 4JE 1984 ( ) 349 Sir Charles Wyndham (1837–1919) "Actor-Manager lived and died here" 20 York Terrace East Regent's Park NW1 4PT 1962 ( ) 447 The plaque was repositioned in 1985.[55]
2695	dbpedia	3	91	https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/stuff-about-london-blog/scientists-corner-westminster-abbey/	en	Scientists' Corner, Westminster Abbey.	https://stuffaboutlondon…0/03/abbey-1.jpg	https://stuffaboutlondon…0/03/abbey-1.jpg	[ "https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-cropped-cropped-journal-23.jpg", "https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/abbey-1.jpg", "https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/abbey-2-1024x522.jpg", "https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "donbrown" ]	2020-03-08T17:33:54+00:00	Newton, Hawking, Darwin and Dirac - some of the famous scientists commemorated in Westminster Abbey.	en		Stuff About London \| A blog on London history - and other stuff	https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/stuff-about-london-blog/scientists-corner-westminster-abbey/	You’ve almost certainly heard of Poets’ Corner, the spot within Westminster Abbey given over to the commemoration of the nation’s authors, poets and playwrights. Amongst dozens of others you’ll find Chaucer’s tomb, plaques to Edward Lear, Wordsworth, D H Lawrence and the Bronte sisters, the graves of Dickens and Browning, a statue of Shakespeare and the bust of Longfellow, windows to the memory of Marlowe, Oscar Wilde and Mrs Gaskell. But it’s not the only such grouping within the Abbey. There’s ‘musicians’ aisle’, the ‘statesmen’s aisle’ and, in front of the choir screen that divides the nave, ‘scientists’ corner’. This is the group of graves and memorials centred on the grave and commemorative statue to Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727), the eminent scientist of the period. Responsible for advances in mathematics, optics, physics, astronomy; deviser of calculus, laws of motion and gravitational theory, he is one of the towering figures of science. “Hic depositum est, quod mortale fuit Isaaci Newtoni” says the epitaph on the grey marble slab that covers him: “here lies what was mortal of Isaac Newton”. The English translation is repeated on the nearby memorial stone to Stephen Hawking, a successor to Newton as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. Hawking’s ashes were interred in the Abbey in 2018. Close by is the grave of Charles Darwin, author of “On the Origin of Species”. His theory of evolution reordered humankind’s position in the natural world, a scientific principle that blew away the notion of a divine creator of humanity and met considerable opposition from the church (the Church of England formally apologised for its initial hostile stance in 2008, 200 years after Darwin’s birth.) Darwin was denied a knighthood in part because of the church’s antipathy, but his work was recognised as so important that he became one of only five non-royal individuals to be buried in the Abbey in the 19th century. And just by Darwin’s grave is a memorial stone to Howard Florey. It is Alexander Fleming who gets the credit for discovering penicillin, but Florey (and his colleague Ernst Chain) came up with the way of turning this random discovery into a usable drug. As such his work is responsible for saving the lives of countless millions. (All three shared the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1945.) Around Newton are a collection of memorials to physicists – James Clerk-Maxwell, Michael Faraday, Ernest Rutherford and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin – but my personal favourite has to be that to Paul Dirac. He is relatively unknown, but regarded by many as the second most important physicist of the 20th century after Einstein (and who was, Like Newton and Hawking, also Lucasian Professor). Dirac shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for physics, predicted the existence of antimatter, and explored quantum theory. But it’s the stories about Dirac that are so wonderful – that he turned down a knighthood as he didn’t want to be addressed by his students by his first name (he later became a member of the Order of Merit). Or that he was so legendarily taciturn that his colleagues at Cambridge coined a unit of measure called “the dirac” – which meant one word per hour. Hawking’s memorial and the interment of his ashes shows that the process of commemorating our most important scientists is still ongoing, so we shall see who will be the next to be recognised (and who might be the first woman to be given the honour).
2695	dbpedia	2	32	https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a36014112/princess-diana-apartment-english-heritage-blue-plaque/	en	Princess Diana's Apartment Will Receive an English Heritage Blue Plaque	https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/lady-diana-spencer-1961-1997-fiancee-to-the-prince-of-wales-news-photo-1617379795.?crop=1.00xw:0.744xh;0,0.0435xh&resize=1200:*	https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/lady-diana-spencer-1961-1997-fiancee-to-the-prince-of-wales-news-photo-1617379795.?crop=1.00xw:0.744xh;0,0.0435xh&resize=1200:*	[ "https://www.townandcountrymag.com/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/search.f1c199c.svg", "https://www.townandcountrymag.com/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/close.38e3324.svg", "https://www.townandcountrymag.com/_assets/design-tokens/townandcountrymag/static/images/logos/logo.43a5649.svg?primary=%25...	[]	[]	[ "Blue Plaque", "English Heritage", "Princess Diana" ]	null	[ "Olivia Hosken" ]	2021-04-03T13:00:32.046664-04:00	Princess Diana lived in the London flat before her engagement to Prince Charles.	en	/_assets/design-tokens/townandcountrymag/static/images/favicon.80ace0d.ico	Town & Country	https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a36014112/princess-diana-apartment-english-heritage-blue-plaque/	The London apartment where Princess Diana lived with her girlfriends before getting engaged to Prince Charles will be receiving an English Heritage blue plaque this year. Diana's plaque will be at her Coleherne Court flat, which she shared with three of her girlfriends, Carolyn Bartholomew, Virginia Pitman, Ann Bolton. “We are expecting our plaque to Diana, Princess of Wales to be very popular. She was an inspiration and cultural icon to many, raising awareness of issues including landmines and homelessness, and helping to destigmatize illnesses such as HIV, leprosy and depression. It seems fitting that we should erect a plaque commemorating her work and influence in what would have been her 60th year,"Anna Eavis, English Heritage’s curatorial director, said in a statement. Fans of The Crown will recognize the building as the setting for one of the happiest scenes in season four, when Diana announces her engagement to her friends. Prior to moving to Clarence House the night before the public announcement, Diana was frequently photographed by paparazzi outside the Earls Court (the neighborhood between Chelsea and South Kensington) complex. "How very lovely that this blue plaque will be going up outside Coleherne Court - thank you, ⁦@EnglishHeritage, for commemorating such a very happy place for Diana in this way." Charles Spencer, Diana's brother tweeted.
2695	dbpedia	3	87	https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/06/29/rainbow-plaques-london-pride-lgbtq-history/	en	Five rainbow plaques to be installed across London to mark Pride Month	https://www.thepinknews.…q-and-Plaque.jpg	https://www.thepinknews.…q-and-Plaque.jpg	[ "https://trc.taboola.com/1095299/log/3/unip?en=page_view", "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=18667741&cv=3.6.0&cj=1", "https://www.thepinknews.com/wp-content/themes/pinknews/.src/svg/pn-logo.svg", "https://www.thepinknews.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sadiq-and-Plaque.jpg?w=792&h=416&crop=1", "ht...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Sophie Perry" ]	2023-06-29T00:00:00	Five new rainbow plaques are set to be unveiled in London to mark Pride Month, ahead of the Pride in London celebrations this weekend.	en	https://www.thepinknews.…h-icon-57x57.png	PinkNews \| Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news \| LGBTQ+ news	https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/06/29/rainbow-plaques-london-pride-lgbtq-history/	Five new rainbow plaques are set to be unveiled in London to mark Pride Month, ahead of the Pride in London celebrations this weekend. The new plaques will be placed at locations in Greenwich, Peckham, Westminster, Ladbroke Grove and Haringey to commemorate key people, places and moments in LGBTQ+ history. Since 2018, the Rainbow Plaques scheme has sought to identify and make visible LGBTQ+ history in local communities up and down the country. There are currently two Rainbow Plaques already installed in London. One is dedicated to Oscar Wilde at Clapham Junction Station and another to the film My Beautiful Laundrette on Wilcox Road, which were installed in 2019 and 2021 respectively. London’s newest plaques will be: Beautiful Thing, Greenwich: A 1996 come-of-age film which focused on working class communities in south east London. The plaque will be placed at The Greenwich Tavern, marking a key scene which was filmed in the venue. Black Lesbian and Gay Centre, Peckham: The centre was a first-of-its-kind in Europe and offered advice, counselling, a helpline and library. Jackie Forster, Westminster: Journalist, writer and lesbian rights activist Jackie Forster set up the long-running magazine and social group, Sappho. London Lighthouse, Ladbroke Grove: Founded in 1986, the London Lighthouse was a pioneering centre and hospice for people with HIV and AIDS, offering residential and daycare for adults and children. Princess Diana first visited in 1989 and often went unannounced to talk with patients. Section 28, Haringey: In 1986, the council set up the Lesbian and Gay Unit, among the first of its kind in the UK. The civic centre became a site of the battle for LGBTQ+ equality. The decision of where to place the new plaques arose following consultation workshops and discussions featuring more than 100 people, alongside an advisory panel. The panel includes academic Dr Justin Bengry, performer and artist Fisch, director of Forum + Tessa Havers-Strong, writer and filmmaker Juliet Jacques, chair of Southwark LGBT Network Nathan Lewis, broadcaster DJ Ritu and activist Marc Thompson. Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, said that whilst London is a “beacon of inclusion and diversity” there is still work to do to “ensure that our public spaces fully reflect the many different communities that make up our great city”. He said: “As we look ahead to our capital’s Pride celebrations this weekend, I’m delighted to announce that five new rainbow plaques will be installed across our capital in honour of significant people, places and moments in LGBTQIA+ history. “These plaques are a symbol of the enormous contribution that our LGBTQIA+ communities make to all our lives and I hope to see many more installed in the future as we build a fairer, more equal city for everyone.” Jonathan Harvey, who wrote Beautiful Thing, said: “I am so touched that the film is being commemorated in this way. “As filmed in that pub on a blazing hot day nearly 30 years ago, little did we know that the film would still be touching people (appropriately) today.” Dr Helen Deane, the former chair of the Black Lesbian and Gay Centre and Veronica Mckenzie, the director of Under Your Nose – a film about setting up the centre – said: “We are delighted that the Black Lesbian and Gay Centre will receive this recognition. “Dr Helen Deane was the last Chair and Management Committee member of the BLGC at a time when the centre faced severe funding cuts. “With the closure of the premises, she moved the helpline to her home to ensure this critical resource continued to serve the community. “Veronica Mckenzie attended the Friday group, and was involved in early discussions about the need for a dedicated space for the Black community. “She later documented the journey to establish the first Black Lesbian and Gay Centre in her film Under Your Nose.”
2695	dbpedia	2	24	https://www.the-emigre.com/column/blue-is-the-new-plaque	en	Blue Is The New Plaque — The Emigre	http://static1.squarespace.com/static/612d2868ca7bea68392a6450/t/65a892f1abfe3208c6495560/1705546481359/English_Heritage_Blue_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2088773.jpg?format=1500w	http://static1.squarespace.com/static/612d2868ca7bea68392a6450/t/65a892f1abfe3208c6495560/1705546481359/English_Heritage_Blue_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2088773.jpg?format=1500w	[ "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/612d2868ca7bea68392a6450/3b497ed3-1768-4c0d-9fe8-2abe8abe10be/FFtbEtHWUAECHPh.jpg?format=1500w", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/612d2868ca7bea68392a6450/d30212ee-9297-40f3-8f29-316ffc125833/FFtbEtHWUAECHPh.jpg?format=1500w", "https://images.squaresp...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Becky Clark" ]	2024-01-18T10:01:33-05:00	On the sanctity of Britain’s blue plaque scheme—and the delightful hoaxes it inspires.	en	https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/612d2868ca7bea68392a6450/0d9ed35c-b7c3-4444-a441-5a63238be119/favicon.ico	The Emigre	https://www.the-emigre.com/column/blue-is-the-new-plaque	I recently noticed a news release published by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, which, as the name doesn’t suggest, is responsible for England’s fine and varied heritage. The announcement, which garnered little notice at the time it was made, concerned the extension of the capital’s blue plaque scheme to the whole of England. The new version of the 150-year-old programme will, according to the DCMS, “recognise that every place has a unique story to tell, and help to showcase the importance of heritage everywhere.” Mighty generous of them, non-Londoners rejoice. The Blue Plaque team at English Heritage, which at the time I worked there fell into the broad arms of Properties & Curatorial, was always the most ferociously academic branch of the organisation. PhDs lay liberally amongst the august staff, who worked in the most historically intact part of the Waterhouse Square headquarters (which they had to move out of a few years after I had left). After the regulatory side of EH split off into Historic England in 2013, the scheme was threatened with extinction, but saved from becoming history itself by what are described demurely on the current English Heritage website as “generous private donations”. This unabashed leap into the world of potentially grubby and certainly uncertain philanthropic funding led to two resignations from the Blue Plaques Panel, but ten years later it seems the goods were worth the price. The scheme remains well-respected and its expansion via an equivalent scheme to the more blighted parts of England speaks for itself. The only way to get an official blue plaque, of which there are somewhere in the order of 1000, is to meet a range of criteria, including having been dead for at least 20 years, which rather puts the kibosh on the self-nomination idea, and (prior to September 2023 at least) to have occupied a street address in Greater London on which said plaque could be affixed. Personally I am not sure how many people previously realised the existing blue plaque scheme did not extend beyond Greater London. This lamentable lack of awareness is one explanation for the plethora of hoax, fake and facetious plaques, of all colours but invariably of proper circular plaque shape, that continue to spring up across England. In a previous role at EH I was often tasked with tracking down these pranks through media reports, then handing over whatever damning evidence I could to gimlet-eyed members of the our in-house legal team, who I assume would assess them for copyright infringement and/or actionable breaches of good taste, and respond accordingly. Let us merely say that I never saw the same hoax perpetuated twice. The Historic England website acknowledges that the original and best scheme, established in 1866, has “inspired many similar schemes in the UK and around the world” and this is undoubtedly true. But we do not concern ourselves here with these often worthy and engaging programmes run by councils, civic societies and other interested groups, which tend to unearth exactly the sort of people you wish that you had learned about in history class. No, my quarry was those sneaky blighters who failed to recognise the sanctity of a serious and dedicated scheme. Search the internet for “blue plaques” and you will immediately be offered your very own personalised version, for everything from graduation to retirement. Ladies and gentlemen, accept no substitutes. A gold watch/flat rental guarantee will be far more authentic and appreciated by both ends of this spectrum than these false prophets. Some hoax plaques are truly a delight. The very-official-looking version dedicated to Jacob von Hogflume, originally sited in Golden Square, London, reads: ENGLISH HERITAGE JACOB VON HOGFLUME 1864-1909 INVENTOR OF TIME TRAVEL LIVED HERE IN 2189 Others appear to channel the spirit of writers who may not yet have their own plaques (Douglas Adams, can you hear us?), such as one in Whitworth Park, Manchester: METEOR FALL HERE IN THIS PARK ON THE NIGHT OF FRIDAY 13 FEBRUARY 2015 A METEORITE LANDED AND WAS LOST This effort, disappointingly, seems to have been linked to an exhibition at the nearby Whitworth Art Gallery, but one rather hopes urban legend forgets this prosaic fact. A really quite impressively-solid-looking plaque was affixed to a house in Crofton Park, dedicated to the mother of Ambassador Spock, Amanda Grayson, who lived here 2210-2258, erected by the Vulcan High Council. So far it has survived several years, although whether its once and future inhabitant will see it in person seems doubtful given the state of the brickwork around it. No harm, no foul, right? Let us move, then, to the more risqué end of the spectrum, those that may threaten the persistence of memory. In May of 2023 protestors fixed a fake plaque to Suella Braverman’s office with the title WRONG SIDE OF HISTORY, gently suggesting that criminalising the processes by which desperate people could safely seek asylum was not the best way to reduce their numbers, but was an incredibly effective way to demonstrate one’s position on the human decency scale. No word yet on whether it has been granted retrospective planning permission, although in this case one assumes there would be no legal route to that. In 2022 the campaign group Led By Donkeys put up multiple blue plaques on the houses of Russian oligarchs, including Roman Abramovich, who apparently is well-known for some reason. The plaque suggested his Kensington home is “worth £150m but the government won’t seize it”. Which is a shame, because the London housing market needs more affordable housing up for sale. Sunderland MPs were criticised by fake plaques that stated they had gone “against the wishes of the good people of Sunderland” on the matter of Brexit. The owners of the shop to which it was fixed back in 2019 claim they have no idea who put it there, or why a clothing-repair shop was chosen. A stitch in time, perhaps? Ysenda Maxtone Graham wrote a piece for Spectator Australia about imitation blue plaques, eventually landing on the fact that in most cases imitation may be the sincerest form of flattery. Unlike this author she did some actual research rather than relying on hearsay, and got a quote from the current head of the official scheme where he explains there is no copyright on the colour of the London plaques: “but we do say to others, “Try to make your style of plaque a bit different from ours”.” Wouldn’t it be nice if everyone were nice? YMG’s conclusion on the matter of fakes and imitations is this: “Other people do copy the style, however, just as people copy Prada handbags. It takes a discerning eye to tell a genuine English Heritage plaque from a copycat one.” Well, quite. And now me and my genuinely genuine Birkin are popping off down the shops, to see who used to live next door to Poundland.
2695	dbpedia	2	53	https://www.visitrichmond.co.uk/explore/blue-plaques	en	VisitRichmond	https://eu-assets.simpleview-europe.com/visitrichmond/imageresizer/?image=%2Fdbimgs%2FDSC05603.JPG&action=FeaturedItemsGalleryEssentials3x2		[ "https://www.visitrichmond.co.uk/images/HideCookieBanner.png", "https://www.visitrichmond.co.uk/images/Icons/germanFlag.png", "https://www.visitrichmond.co.uk/images/Icons/dutchFlag.png", "https://www.visitrichmond.co.uk/images/Icons/frenchFlag.png", "https://www.visitrichmond.co.uk/images/Icons/italianFlag...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	What are Blue Plaques? Blue Plaques are a permanent sign installed in public place to honour a link between the location and a famous person or event. All of the blue plaques in Richmond upon Thames…	en	/favicon.ico		null	What are Blue Plaques? Blue Plaques are a permanent sign installed in public place to honour a link between the location and a famous person or event. All of the blue plaques in Richmond upon Thames are erected by the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission on buildings in Greater London associated with famous people. Unofficial plaques exist to Gustav Holst (Barnes), Alfred Lord Tennyson (Montpelier Row) and John Templeton (Hampton Hill). There are also Comedy Plaques inserted in the wall of Teddington Studios. For more information contact Mrs Ann Sutton, 36 Gothic Road, Twickenham TW2 5EH. The Historic Building and Monuments Commission plaques are listed below chronologically in order of their unveiling. Blue Plaques in Richmond Upon Thames: David Garrick (1970) Garrick's Villa, Hampton Court Road, Hampton, TW12 2EJ. "David Garrick, 1717-1779. Actor, lived here" David Garrick (19 February 1717 – 20 January 1779) was an English actor, playwright, theatre manager and producer who influenced nearly all aspects of European theatrical practice throughout the 18th century, and was a pupil and friend of Samuel Johnson. Leonard and Virginia Woolf (1976) Hogarth House, Paradise Road, Richmond, TW9 1SE. "Leonard and Virgina Woolf lived in this house 1915-1924 and founded the Hogarth Press in 1917" Adeline Virginia Woolf Stephen (25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English writer. She is considered one of the most important modernist 20th-century authors and a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device. Leonard Sidney Woolf was a British political theorist, author, publisher, and civil servant. He was married to author Virginia Woolf. J.M.W. Turner (1977) Turner's House, 40 Sandycoombe Road, Twickenham, TW1 2LR. "J.M.W. Turner, R.A., 1775-1851. Painter, designed and lived in this house" Joseph Mallord William Turner RA (23 April 1775 – 19 December 1851), known in his time as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist. He is known for his expressive colouring, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, often violent marine paintings. Henry Fielding (1978) Milbourne House, Barnes Green, SW13. "Henry Fielding, 1707-1754. Novelist, lived here" Please note this plaque is inaccessible Henry Fielding (22 April 1707 – 8 October 1754) was an English writer and magistrate known for the use of humour and satire in his works. Cardinal Newman (1981) Grey Court Cottage, Ham Street, Ham, TW10 7HN. "In this house John Henry Newman 1801-1890, later Cardinal Newman, spent some of his early years" Please note this plaque is inaccessible John Henry Newman (21 February 1801 – 11 August 1890) was an English theologian, academic, intellectual, philosopher, polymath, historian, writer, scholar and poet, first as an Anglican priest and later as a Catholic priest and cardinal, who was an important and controversial figure in the religious history of England in the 19th century. Kurt Schwitters (1984) 39 Westmorland Road, Barnes, SW13 9RZ. "Kurt Schwitters, 1887-1947, Artist lived here" Kurt Hermann Eduard Karl Julius Schwitters (20 June 1887 – 8 January 1948) was a German artist who was born in Hanover, Germany. John Beard and William Ewart (October 1992) Hampton Branch Library, Rose Hill, Hampton, TW12 2AB. "John Beard c1717-1791, singer and William Ewart 1798-1869, promoter of public libraries lived here" Humanitarian reformer MP William Ewart spent his early years in this house (where John Beard passed his retirement). His achievements include a parliamentary act reducing the number of offences punishable by hanging and a bill leading to free public libraries. He also came up with the idea for blue plaques. Sir Edwin Chadwick (October 1992) 5 Montague Road, Richmond, TW10 6QW. "Sir Edwin Chadwick, 1801-1890, Public Health Reformer lived here" Sir Edwin was knighted for his lifelong campaigning for public health measures. His admirable effort investigating poverty and deprivation, and work as a Poor Law reformer, presaged the passing of a series of public health acts in the late 1840s. Arthur Hughes (November 1993) Eastside House, 22 Kew Green, Richmond, TW9 3BH. "Arthur Hughes, 1832-1915, Pre-Raphaelite Painter lived and died here" A fan of Pre-Raphaelite artists Millais, Rosetti and Holman Hunt, this young artist spearheaded a resurgence of Pre-Raphaelite ideals, working with contemporaries William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones. Throughout his life, Hughes continued to work in the Pre-Raphaelite tradition, and the picture above shows one of the many enchanting scenes that he painted. Bernardo O'Higgins (July 1994) Clarence House, 2 The Vineyard, Richmond, TW10 6AQ. "Bernardo O'Higgins, 1778-1842, General, Statesman and Liberator of Chile, lived and studied here" The liberator of Chile, O'Higgins lived and studied here in his early life, then returned to his native Chile, where he joined the nationalist movement. In 1818, as dictator of the country, he ejected Spanish forces, and organised the government. Walter De La Mare (May 1995) South End House, Montpelier Row, Twickenham, TW1 2NQ. "Walter De La Mare 1873-1956, poet, lived here" Walter John de la Mare (25 April 1873 – 22 June 1956) was an English poet, short story writer and novelist. He is probably best remembered for his works for children, for his poem "The Listeners", and for his psychological horror short fiction, including "Seaton's Aunt" and "All Hallows". Sir Noel Coward (December 1995) 131 Waldegrave Road, Teddington, TW11 8LL. "Sir Noel Coward 1899-1973, actor, playwright and songwriter born here" Noel Coward (born December 16, 1899 - died March 26, 1973), English playwright, actor, and composer best known for highly polished comedies of manners. Sir Christopher Wren (June 1996) The Old Court House, Hampton Court Green, KT8 9BS. "Sir Christopher Wren, 1632-1723, architect, lived here" The architect of St Paul's Cathedral and 50 other London churches was also a mathematician, scientist and astronomer, Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, London, then at Oxford University. After the Great Fire of London, this brilliant designer spent 40 years rebuilding the ravaged areas. Henry Du Pre Labouchere (1999) Pope's Villa (Randor House School), Cross Deep, Twickenham, TW1 4QG. "Liberal MP and journalist (1831-1912)" Henry Du Pré Labouchère was an English politician, writer, publisher and theatre owner in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. He is now most remembered for the Labouchère Amendment, which for the first time criminalised all male homosexual activity in the United Kingdom. James Henry Greathead (1999) St Mary's Grove, Barnes, SW13 0HZ. "Railway Engineer and Pioneer of Tunnelling (1844-1896)" James Henry Greathead (6 August 1844 – 21 October 1896) was a mechanical and civil engineer renowned for his work on the London Underground railways, Winchester Cathedral, and Liverpool overhead railway, as well as being one of the earliest proponents of the English Channel, Irish Sea and Bristol Channel tunnels. James Thomson (2005) Richmond Royal Hospital, Kew Foot Road, Richmond, TW9 2TE. "John Thomson (1700-1748), Poet, Author of Rule Britannia, lived and died here" Described as the 'cult figure who occupies the gap between Milton and Wordsworth', this influential Scottish poet and playwright wrote the lyrics for Rule Brittania in 1740, a year after he moved to this house, which is now part of the former Royal Richmond hospital. Alan Turing 78 High Street, Hampton, TW12 2SW "Alan Turing, 1912-1954, code breaker, lived here from 1945-1947" British mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, philosophy, and mathematical biology and also to the new areas later named computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life. Dame Celia Johnson (2008) 46 Richmond Hill, Richmond, TW10 6QX. "Dame Celia Johnson (1908-1982), Actress, was born here" Dame Celia Elizabeth Johnson (18 December 1908 – 26 April 1982) was an English actress, whose career included stage, television and film. She is especially known for her roles in the films In Which We Serve (1942), This Happy Breed (1944), Brief Encounter (1945) and The Captain's Paradise (1953). For Brief Encounter, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Lancelot 'Capability' Brown (2011) Wilderness House, Hampton Court Palace, KT8 9AR. Lancelot 'Capability' Brown, an architect and designer responsible for the creation of nearly 300 of England's finest Georgian landscaped parks and gardens. Lived at the Wilderness House, Hampton Court Palace from 1764 until his death 1783. *Please note admission to Hampton Court Palace is required to visit this plaque.
2695	dbpedia	1	5	https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/photos/item/DP050137	en	Blue plaque to Ada, Countess of Lovelace (DP050137) Archive Item - English Heritage(EH):Archive Collection	https://historicengland.…2872517832070000	https://historicengland.…2872517832070000	[ "https://historicengland.org.uk/public/src/images/HE_Logo_RGB.svg", "https://historicengland.org.uk/public/src/images/browser-logos/chrome.svg", "https://historicengland.org.uk/public/src/images/browser-logos/safari.svg", "https://historicengland.org.uk/public/src/images/browser-logos/firefox.svg", "https:/...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/public/src/favicons/favicon.ico		https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/photos/item/DP050137	Our website works best with the latest version of the browsers below, unfortunately your browser is not supported. Using an old browser means that some parts of our website might not work correctly.
2695	dbpedia	2	45	https://www.visitheritage.co.uk/discover/womens-history/blue-plaques-dedicated-to-women	en	Blue plaques dedicated to women	https://eu-assets.simpleview-europe.com/heritage/imageresizer/?image=%2Fdbimgs%2FBlue%20plaques%20for%20women%20long%20rectangle.jpg&action=MediaGallery		[ "https://www.visitheritage.co.uk/dbimgs/facebook.png", "https://www.visitheritage.co.uk/dbimgs/twitter(1).png", "https://www.visitheritage.co.uk/images/logos/logo_NEW.png", "https://www.visitheritage.co.uk/images/logos/logo_print_NEW.gif", "https://www.visitheritage.co.uk/images/itinerary/button_addtoitiner...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Welcome to Visit Heritage, your one stop shop for heritage attractions across the UK and home of the Hudson’s Guide.	en	/favicon.ico		null	Research has shown that only 14% of the Blue Plaques erected and maintained by English Heritage are dedicated to women. There is a campaign allowing members of the public to nominate women who deserve a plaque to honour their contribution to British Heritage, to find out more click here. The Plaques and where to find them: Ada Lovelace \| Pioneer of Computing 12 St James’ Square, St James’ London SW1Y 4LB Agnes Arber\| Botanist 9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London NW3 3DR Alice Meynell \| Suffragette 47 Palace Court, Bayswater, London W2 4LS Amelia Edwards \| Egyptologist 19 Wharton Street, Islington, WC1X 9PT Amy Johnson \| Aviator Vernon Court, Hendon Way, Cricklewood NW2 2PE Ann Oldfield \| Actress 60 Grosvenor Street, Mayfair, W1K 3HZ Anna Freud \| Pioneer psychoanalyst The Freud Museum, 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead NW3 5SD Anna Maria Garthwaite \| Textile designer who designed Spitalfields Silks 2 Princelet Street, Spitalfields E1 6QH Annie Besant \| Social reformer 39 Colby Road, Gipsy Hill, London SE19 1HA Ava Gardener \| Entertainer 34 Ennismore Gardens, Knightsbridge SW7 1AE Barbara Hammond (shares the plaque with her husband) \| Historian Hollycot, Vale of Health, Hampstead NW3 1BB Barbara Hepworth (shares the plaque with John Skeaping) \| Sculptor 24 St Ann’s Terrace, London NW8 6PJ Beatrice Webb (shares the plaque with her husband) \| Founder of LSE The Cottage, 1 Netherhall Gardens, Hampstead NW3 5RN Caroline Chisholm \| Philantropist 32 Charlton Place, Islington, N1 8AQ Christina Rossetti \| Poet 30 Torrington Square, Bloomsbury WC1E 7JL Christine Granville \| Spy 1 Lexham Gardens, London W8 5JD Constance Spry \| Florist 64 Audley Street, Mayfair W1K 2QU Dame Agatha Christie \| Writer 58 Sheffield Terrace, Holland Park, London W8 7NA Dame Celia Johnson \| Actress 46 Richmond Hill, Richmond, London TW10 4QX Dame Clara Butt \| Singer 7 Harley Road, Swiss Cottage, London NW3 3BX Dame Ellen Terry \| Shakespearean actress 22 Barkston Gardens, Earls Court SW5 0ER Dame Edith Evans \| Actress 109 Ebury Street, Belgravia, SW1W 9QU Dame Edwina Mountbatten (shares plaque with her husband, Earl Louis Mountbatten) \| The last Vicereine of India 2 Wilton Crescent Belgravia SW1X 8RN Dame Gracie Fields \| Entertainer 72A Upper Street Islington, London N1 0NY Dame Ida Mann \| Ophthalmologist 13 Minster Road, West Hampstead NW2 3SE Dame Ivy Compton-Burnett \| Novelist 5 Braemar Mansions, Cornwall Gardens, Kensington SW7 4AF Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan \| Botanist Flat 93 Bedford Court Mansions, Fitzrovia WC1B 3AE Dame Henrietta Barnett (shares plaque with husband) \| Founder of Hampstead Garden Suburb Heath End House, Spaniards Road, Hampstead NW3 7JE Dame Laura Knight (shares plaque with husband) \| Artist 16 Langford Place, St John’s Wood, London, NW8 Dame Lucie Rie \| Potter 18 Albion Mews, Paddington W2 2BA Dame Marie Rambert \| Founder of Ballet Rambert dance company 19 Campden Hill Gardens, Holland Park, London W8 7AX Dame Margaret Rutherford \| Actor 4 Berkeley Place, Wimbledon SW19 4NN Dame Marie Tempest \| Entertainer 24 Park Crescent, Regent’s Park W1B 1AL Dame Margot Fonteyn \| Prima Ballerina 118 Long Acre, Covent Garden WC2E 9PA Dame Myra Hess \| Pianist 48 Wildwood Road, Hampstead Garden Suburb, London NW11 6UP Dame Nellie Melba \| Opera Singer Combe House, Devey Close, Coombe KT2 7DT Dame Ninette de Valois \| Founder of the Royal Ballet The Terrace, Barnes, London SW13 0NP Dame Sybil Thorndike \| Shakespearean actress 6 Carlyle Square, Chelsea, SW3 6EX Dorothea Lambert Chambers \| Tennis champion 7 North Common Road, Ealing W5 2QA Dorothy L Sayers \| Crime Writer 24 Great James Street, Holburn, London WC1N 3ES Dorothy Bland \| Actress 30 Cadogan Place, Chelsea SW1 Edith Cavell \| Pioneer in modern nursing London Hospital, Whitechapel Road, Whitechapel E1 1BZ Edith Sitwell \| Poet 64 Greenhill, Hampstead High Street, Hampstead NW3 5TZ Eleanor Marx \| Socialist campaigner 7 Jews Walk, Sydenham, London SE26 6PL Eleanor Rathbone \| MP 47 Tufton Court, Tufton Street, Westminster SW1P 3QL Elisabeth Welch \| Singer 201 Brompton Road, London SW3 1LA Elizabeth Barrett Browning \| Poet 50 Wimpole Street, Marylebone W1G 8SQ Elizabeth Bowen \| Novelist 30 Clarence Terrace, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RD Elizabeth David \| Cookery writer 4 Halsey Street Chelsea SW3 2PT Elizabeth Garret Anderson \| First female doctor 20 Upper Berkeley Street, Marlybone W1H 7PF Emily Davis \| Founder of Girton College, Cambridge 17 Cunningham Place, Lisson Grove, London NW8 Emmeline Pankhurst and Dame Christabel Pankhurst \| Campaigners for Women’s Rights 50 Clarendon Road, Notting Hill, London W11 3AD Emma Cons \| Founder of the Old Vic Theatre 136 Seymour Place, Marylebone, London W1H 1NT Enid Bagnold \| Writer 29 Hyde Park Gate, South Kensington, SW17 5DJ Enid Blyton \| Author 207 Hook Road, Chessington KT9 1EA Ethel Gordon Fenwick \| Nurse 20 Upper Wimpole Street, Marylebone, London W1G 6LZ Evelyn de Morgan (shares the plaque with her husband) \| Artist 127 Old Church Street, Chelsea SW3 6EB Fanny Burney (aka Madame D’Arblay) \| Novelist 11 Bolton Street, Mayfair, W1J 8BB Florence Nightingale \| Founder of modern nursing 10 South Street, Mayfair, W1K 1DF Frances Hodgson Burnett \| Author 63 Portland Place, Marylebone, London W1B 1QR Frances Mary Buss \| Pioneer of education for women Camden School for Girls, Sandall Road, Kentish Town, London NW5 2DB George Eliot \| Novelist 4 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea SW3 5QZ Georgette Heyer \| Novelist 103 Woodside Wimbledon, London SW19 7BA Hertha Ayrton \| Engineer 3 Norfolk Square, Paddington, W2 1RU Jane Francesca \| Poet 87 Oakley Street, Chelsea SW3 5NP Jane Loudon (shares plaque with her husband) \| Writer 3 Porchester Terrace, Bayswater, London W2 3TH Jean Rhys \| Writer Paultons House, Paultons Square, Chelsea SW3 5EW Jennie Lee (shares the plaque with Aneurin Bevan, her husband) \| Labour MP, Founded the Open University as Minister for the Arts 23 Clivedon Place, Belgravia, London SW1W 8HD Jenny Lind \| Singer 1 The Boltons, London SW5 OLP Joanna Braille \| Poet Bolton House, Windmill Hill, Hampstead, London NW3 6SJ Josephine Butler \| Champion of women’s suffrage 8 North View, Wimbledon SW19 4UJ Joyce Grenfell \| Entertainer 34 Elm Park Gardens, Chelsea SW10 9NZ Kate Greenaway \| Writer 39 Frognal, Hampstead, London NW3 6YD Kathleen Ferrier \| Singer 97 Frognal, Hampstead, London NW3 6YD Kathleen Godfree \| Most decorated female Olympian and tennis champion 55 York Avenue, East Sheen, London SW14 7LQ Katherine Mansfield (shares the plaque with her husband) \| Writer 17 East Heath Road, Hampstead London NW3 1AL Lilian Baylis \| Theatre manager 27 Stockwell Park Road, Stockwell, London SW9 0AP Lilian Lindsay \| First female dentist 23 Russell Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0XG Lillie Langtry \| Actress Cadogan Hotel, 21 Pont Street, Chelsea SW1X 9SG Lady Ottoline Morrell \| Patron of the Arts 10 Gower Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 6DP Maria Dickin \| Founder of the PDSA 41 Cassland Road, Hackney, London E9 7AL Marie Lloyd \| Entertainer 55 Graham Road Hackney, London E8 1PB Marie Stopes \| Promotor of sex education and birth control 28 Cintra Park, Upper Norwood, London SW19 2LH Marie Taglioni \| Ballet dancer 14 Connaught Square, Paddington W2 2HG Marie Tussaud \| Wax Artist 24 Wellington Road, St John’s Wood NW8 9SP Marion Dorn \| Textile designer Swan Court, Chelsea Manor Street, Chelsea SW3 5RY Margaret Lockwood \| Actor 14 Highland Road, Upper Norwood, London SE19 1DP Martina Bergman-Österberg \| Pioneer of PE for women 1 Broadhurst Gardens, Hampstead NW6 3QX Mary Hughes \| Charity worker 71 Vallance Road, Bethnal Green, London E2 5BS Mary Macarthur \| Trade Unionist 42 Woodstock Road, Golders Green, London NW11 8ER Mary Seacole \| Nurse and war heroine 14 Soho Square, Soho London W1D 3QG Mary Shelley \| Author 24 Chester Square Belgravia, London SW1W 9HS Melanie Klein \| Psychoanalyst 42 Clifton Hill, St John’s Wood, London NW8 0QG Millicent Fawcett \| Pioneer of women’s suffrage 2 Gower Street, Bloomsbury WC1E 6DP Mrs Gaskell (Elizabeth Gaskell) \| Novelist 93 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea SW10 0DQ Nancy Astor \| First female MP 4 St James’ Square, Westminster SW1Y 6JU Nancy Mitford \| Author 10 Curzon Street, Mayfair W1J 5HH Noor Inayat Khan \| First Muslim war hero and first female radio operator sent to the front lines 4 Taviton Street, London WC1H 0BT Octavia Hill \| Co-founder of the National Trust 2 Garbutt Place, Marylebone, London W1U 4DS Ouida (pseudonym of Maria Louise Rame) \| Novelist 11 Ravenscourt Square, Hammersmith W6 0TW Rachel McMillan and Margaret McMillan \| Pioneers of Nursery Education 51 Tweedy Road, Bromley, London BR1 3NH Rosalind Franklin \| Chemist Drayton Gardens, Chelsea SW10 9QS Rose Macaulay \| Writer 11-14 Hinde Street, Marylebone W1U 3BG Ruth First (shares the plaque with Joe Slovo) \| Freedom Fighter 13 Lyme Street, Camden Town NW1 0EH Sister Nivedita (aka Margaret Noble) \| Teacher and campaigner for Indian independence 21A High Street, Wimbledon SW19 5DX Stella Lady Reading \| Founder of the Women’s Voluntary Services 41 Tothill Street, Westminster SW1H 9LQ Stevie Smith \| Poet 1 Avondale Road, Palmers Green, London N13 4DX Susan Lawrence \| Labour MP Wesbourne Terrace, Paddington W2 3UH Sylvia Pankhurst \| Campaigner for Women’s Rights 120 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea SW10 0ES Sylvia Plath \| Poet 3 Chalcot Square, Primrose Hill, London NW1 8YB Tamara Karsavina \| Ballerina 108 Frognal, Hampstead, London NW3 6XU Vera Brittain and Winifred Holtby \| Writers 58 Doughty Street, Holborn, London WC1N 2LS Violet Bonham Carter \| Politican 43 Gloucester Square, Paddington W2 2TQ Violette Szabo \| Spy 18 Burnley Road, Stockwell, London SW9 0SJ Virginia Woolf \| Novelist 29 Fitzroy Square, Fitzrovia, London WIT 5LP (also shares a plaque with her husband at Hogarth House, 34 Paradise Road, Richmond TW9 1SE) Vita Sackville West (shares a plaque with her husband) \| Writer and gardener 182 Ebury Street, Belgravia, London SW1W 8UP
2695	dbpedia	1	10	https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/heritage-trail/	en	Plaques	https://ichef.bbci.co.uk…080/p08krnkm.jpg	https://ichef.bbci.co.uk…080/p08krnkm.jpg	[ "https://a1.api.bbc.co.uk/hit.xiti?&col=1&from=p&ptag=js&s=598253&p=.historyofthebbc..static.historyofthebbc.research.heritage-trail.&x2=[responsive]&x3=[bbc_website]&x4=[en]&x7=[article]&x8=[reverb-3.9.2-nojs]&x11=[BBC_CORPORATE_PS]&x12=[]", "https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400xn/p08krnkm.jpg", "https://ich...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	100 Years of Our BBC	en			https://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/research/heritage-trail/	Welcome to our online tour of commemorative plaques celebrating the people and places associated with the BBC and its programmes. In our interactive map we mark the history Britainâs black community, showing the plaques installed as part of David Olusogaâs 2016 landmark BBC TV series Black and British - A Forgotten History. Broadcasting heritage plaques include some of the UKâs first ever radio stations, such as Glasgowâs BBC â5 SCâ, Cardiffâs â5 WAâ, and Belfastâs â2 BEâ stations, and there are new BBC blue plaques installed at former studios including: Bush House (BBC World Service), Maida Vale (BBC orchestras and BBC Radiophonic Workshop), and BBC Elstree Centre (Eastenders). Further south at Asnelles in Calvados, weâve featured the Radio Londres plaque, located at the CimetiÃ¨re d'Asnelles. The plaque commemorates the solidarity of the BBC with the Free French, both in its broadcasts from London, and from 1944 its wartime broadcasting centre at ChÃ¢teau de Creully near Bayeux. And, from each BBC English region we feature a BBC Music Day plaque. These were awarded in 2017 by BBC Local Radio stations to venues that hosted a landmark musical moment in their area. The range of musical talent featured is vast, from Led Zeppelinâs first appearance at Newcastleâs former Mayflower Ballroom, to The Bamboo Club which was the home of ska, reggae and bluebeat in Bristol. Find out more about how the BBC has commemorated cultural, musical and broadcasting history moments by clicking on the interactive map below. 1 Portland Place - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âHome of BBC School Radio, 1952-1993. Pioneer of Education for Children through radio broadcasting.â A City of Westminster plaque. 1 Windrush Square - Brixton, London Plaque inscription: "From 1947-1962 279,060 Caribbean men, women & children made their homes in Britain 'The Windrush Generations' who helped shape our nation." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 1a West Bell Street - Maryfield, Dundee Plaque inscription: "African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass spoke here 30 Jan 1846." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 3 Crescent Wood Road - Sydenham, London Plaque inscription: âJohn Logie Baird 1888-1946 television pioneer lived here.â A London County Council plaque. 6 Barton Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âLord John Reith 1889-1971 first Director-General of the BBC lived here 1924-1930.â An English Heritage plaque. 6 Stratford Place - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: "In 1895, chiefs Khama III Sebele I & Bathoen I toured Britain to protect their homelands from colonisation. Their action led to the modern state of Botswana." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 8 Randolph Mews - Paddington, London Plaque inscription: âHenry Hall 1898-1989 Dance band director and impresario. Pioneer of BBC popular music (1924-1964) lived here 1959-1981.â A City of Westminster plaque. 16 Bury Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: "Grenadian cabaret star Leslie 'Hutch' Hutchinson Performed here 1930s-1960s." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 16c Brunswick Park - Camberwell, London Plaque inscription: âUna Marson 1905 to 1965. Poet, playwright, campaigner for equality, first black woman programme maker at the BBC.â A London Borough of Southwark plaque. Rue de Montbrillant - City Center, Geneva Plaque inscription: "Rue Una-MARSON 1905-1965, Journaliste et poÃ©tesse." A L'Escouade - 100 Elles plaque. 17 Gough Square - City, London Plaque inscription: "Once a slave in Jamaica, Francis Barber, Samuel Johnsonâs servant, friend and heir, lived here 1752-1756." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 19 Lisle Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âWilfred Ernest Lytton Day F.R.P.S., F.R.S.A. 1873-1936. Cinema historian, founder of the Will Day Cinematography Collection & of the Anima Masonic Lodge, had his cine & radio shop here 1913-1969 where he manufactured all of John Logie Bairdâs experimental TV apparatus.â A London County Council plaque. University of Exeter 22 Frith Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âFirst demonstration of television by John Logie Baird.â A London County Council plaque. John Logie Baird (1888-1946) gave the world's first demonstration of true television from his home in Soho on 26 January 1926. 50 scientists gathered in his attic to see the breakthrough. A year later his television experiments were demonstrated over 704 kilometres by telephone line between London and Glasgow. In 1928 he achieved the first transatlantic television transmission between London and New York and the first transmission to a ship in mid-Atlantic. 34 Craven Road - Paddington, London Plaque inscription: âTommy Handley 1892-1949 radio comedian lived here.â A Greater London Council plaque. 36 Panton Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: "Bill Richmond Freed Slave, Boxer, Entrepreneur. Spent the last evening of his life here with his friend Tom Cribb 27 Dec 1829." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 54 Wellfield Road - Streatham, London Plaque inscription: âTommy Trinder comedian star of film, stage & radio was born in this house 24th March 1909.â Plaque origin unknown. 133 Long Acre - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âFrom this site John Logie Baird broadcast the first television programme by mechanical means in Great Britain on the 30th September 1929.â A Royal Television Society plaque. By March 1930 a regular low-definition 30 line mechanical television service was launched using BBC radio wavelengths, using the crude mechanical system developed by Scottish inventor John Logie Baird. From the Baird company headquarters in Long Acre, Covent Garden, full scale programmes were devised, including Europe's first television play â The Man with the Flower in his Mouth, broadcast live on 14 July 1930. 200 Oxford Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âFrom June 1942 for fifteen years this building was the headquarters of the B.B.C. Overseas Services.During the war direct broadcasts were made to America from the roof while air-raids were in progress. The B.B.C. vacated the premises in November 1957.â A BBC plaque. Following the bombing of Broadcasting House in 1940, the East Block of this building was requisitioned, and the installation of a basic radio operation began for the BBC Overseas Service. Output from here went to transmitters directed beyond Europe. European services transferred to Bush House in The Strand. Large numbers of staff moved in from temporary studios and offices based at Aldenham in Hertfordshire. BBC Radio Newsreel and the former BBC Indian Section were also based here. Alexandra Palace - Haringey, London Plaque inscription: âThe world's first regular high definition television service was inaugurated here by the BBC.â A Greater London Council plaque. Scottish inventor John Logie Baird turned existing mechanical television technologies into a workable system sufficiently robust enough to convince the BBC to set up an experimental television service in the early 1930s from a basement studio in Broadcasting House. By 1936 a regular schedule of programmes from Alexandra Palace using the Baird mechanical system had started. This was rapidly superseded by the superior all-electronic service created by EMI that had been running in parallel. St. Bartholomewâs Hospital - City, London Plaque inscription: "Enslaved youth Jonathan Strong was treated at St Bartholomewâs after being savagely beaten. His ordeal inspired Granville Sharp to campaign against slavery 1765." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British BBC East - The Pettiward Hall, Great Finborough Plaque inscription: "John Peel (John Robert Parker Ravenscroft OBE) 1939-2004. Pioneering and influential BBC broadcaster who helped the careers of many artists. Lived in this village 1971-2004. Awarded by BBC Suffolk." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Suffolk plaque. Elstree Centre - Eldon Avenue, Borehamwood Plaque inscription: "BBC Elstree Centre. Strictly Come Dancing, Eastenders and Top of the Pops made here 1983â. A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. Situated in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, the studios were opened in 1914, originally as Neptune Studios, quickly becoming a cornerstone of the British film industry. Over the years many films were made there before ITV contractor ATV bought them in 1961. The BBC took over the site in 1983, and began producing top-hit shows such as Grange Hill, Top of The Pops and Kilroy. Elstree is best known today as the home of the BBC's most popular drama programmes such as East Enders, and Strictly Come Dancing. BBC North - 146a Woodhouse Lane, Leeds Plaque inscription: "BBC Radio in Leeds. In 1924 Lord Reith opened the Leeds-Bradford radio station. It broadcast national programmes and local talks on history, farming and humour, celebrity interviews, Childrenâs Corner and religious services. The station closed in 1931 but local radio returned on 24th June 1968 with the launch of BBC Radio Leeds." A Civic Trust plaque BBC North East - Newgate Street, Newcastle Plaque inscription: "The Mayflower Ballroom stood on this site 1961-1999. The band that became Led Zeppelin made their UK debut here on 4 October 1968. Awarded by BBC Newcastle." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Newcastle plaque. BBC North West - 86 Palatine Road, West Didsbury Plaque inscription: "Factory Records. Was founded here in 1978. Awarded by BBC Manchester." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Manchester plaque. BBC Northern Ireland - Linenhall Street, Central, Belfast Plaque inscription: "Sir Tyrone Guthrie 1900â1971 broadcaster and theatre director. The first voice heard on 2 BE - BBC Northern Ireland from here 15 September 1924." An Ulster History Circle plaque. BBC Midlands - Pebble Mill, Edgbaston Plaque inscription: "The home of BBC Production from the Midlands 1971-2004." A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. HRH Princess Anne opened BBC Pebble Mill in 1971. She was the first in a long line of celebrities to pass through the doors of the BBCâs second biggest production centre. At its peak, Pebble Mill produced 500 hours a year of network television programmes, several thousand hours of network radio, plus regional and local output. Major drama production saw Julie Walters starring in Boys From The Blackstuff, and recording The Archers was a main feature of activity in the centre for many years. The BBC Multi-Cultural Unit and Midlands Today, plus local radio in the form of BBC WM were also housed at Pebble Mill. BBC Scotland - 202 Bath Street, City, Glasgow Plaque inscription: "On the 6th March 1923 the first studios of the BBC in Scotland were inaugurated in this building." Plaque origin unknown. BBC Solent - 6BM, 72 Holdenhurst Road, Bournemouth Plaque inscription: "6BM Science, gardening, dance music and children's programmes broadcast from here 1923-1939." A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. BBC South - Harbour Lights, Portsmouth Plaque inscription: "Jimmy Kennedy songwriter 1902-1984. The idea for the song Harbour Lights came to him here in 1937. The song has been recorded by Elvis Presley, Bing Crosby, The Platters and over 100 other artists. Awarded by BBC Solent." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Solent plaque. BBC South East - Brighton Dome, Brighton Plaque inscription: "ABBA launched their career after winning the 19th Eurovision Song Contest for Sweden at Brighton Dome on 6 April 1974. Awarded by BBC Sussex." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Sussex plaque. BBC South West - Connaught Gardens, Sidmouth Plaque inscription: "The internationally-renowned Sidmouth Folk Week Festival. An annual celebration of folk music, dance and song held in the first week of August. Founded in the town in 1955. Awarded by BBC Devon." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Devon plaque. BBC Wales - 19 Castle Street, Cathays, Cardiff Plaque inscription: "Broadcasting in Wales began here February 13 1923." Engraving origin unknown. BBC West - 11 St. Paul St, Bristol Plaque inscription: "The Bamboo Club 1966-1977. The home of ska, reggae and blue beat. Created by Tony and Lalel Bullimore. Bob Marley, Ben E King, Desmond Dekker, Percy Sledge and Jimmy Cliff played here. Awarded by BBC Radio Bristol." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Bristol plaque. Television Centre - Wood Lane, London Plaque inscription: âOne of the first purpose-built TV production complexes in the world.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. Designed by Graham Dawbarn and opened in 1960, this was the third purpose-built centre for television production in the world to open, after ABC in Australia and Granada Television in Manchester. It lies four miles outside central London at Shepherds Bush. The distinctive building, in the shape of a question mark has been re-developed as offices, a hotel and housing, with three TV studios. It also houses the headquarters of the BBCâs commercial operation BBC Studios. Broadcasting House - Portland Place, London Plaque inscription: âFirst purpose-built broadcast centre in the UK.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque, which appears at intervals on an information screen on the Peel Wing of New Broadcasting House. Designed by G Val Myer and built in 1932, Broadcasting House was the UKâs first purpose-built home for radio broadcasting, and the second only in Europe. It is situated in central London between Oxford Street and Regents Park, adjacent to Nash's All Souls' church, and is Grade II* listed. The Architectural Review of 1932 described it as the 'new Tower of London', but it had a mixed reception amongst architects generally, being criticised as a conservative mix of functional elements with a nod toward Art Deco. Bush House - Strand, London Plaque inscription: âHome of the BBCâs international radio, TV and online services.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. For more than 70 years the BBC's international voice was heard from the neo-classically styled Bush House, originally constructed in the 1920s as a trade centre. Having been bombed out of Broadcasting House in the early stages of the Second World War, BBC European Services, needed a new home. Bush House was massive in comparison to its former offices, and the BBC increased rapidly its number of foreign language services. The BBC left Bush House in 2012. Camden Palace Theatre - Camden, London Plaque inscription: âThe Last Goon Show of All starring Peter Sellers, Spike Milligan & Harry Secombe was recorded by the BBC in this Theatre on 30th April 1972.â A Comic Heritage plaque. Some of the nationâs favourite radio programmes including The Goon Show, were recorded here for the BBC Light Programme. It was the home of BBC Radio light music and comedy between 1945 and 1972, but was also used for special one off BBC recordings, including a celebratory vinyl LP of Monty Pythonâs Flying Circus. The BBC had to completely renovate the building when it moved in, as it had been converted from a theatre to a cinema. Catley Lane Head - Rochdale, Greater Manchester Plaque inscription: "In memory of the Rochdale millworkers who supported the struggle against slavery during the American Civil War 1861-65." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British Television Film Studios - Ealing Green, London Plaque inscription: âSir Michael Balcon, 1896-1977 Film Producer, worked here 1938-1956.â An English Heritage plaque. The BBC transformed the former feature film studios at Ealing into its Television Film Studios (TFS) operation starting in 1955. In its heyday more than 50 film crews used Ealing as their HQ for filming drama and documentaries on location. The famous filmed sequences of Cathy Come Home, and Z-Cars were edited here. Quatermass and the Pit, and Colditz were completed here. The BBC subsequently sold the studios to the National Film and Television School, (NFTS). 33 Fairlop Road - Waltham Forest, London Plaque inscription: âOn this site until 1930 stood a house called Apthorp, birthplace of the famous TV cookery expert Fanny Craddock; born Phyllis Pechey.â A Waltham Forest Heritage plaque. Hippodrome Theatre - North End Road, London Plaque inscription: âHippodrome Theatre, Golders Green Home of the BBC Concert Orchestra 1969 â 2003.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. Initially the BBC took over this 3000 seat former music hall for colour television production in the 1960s, but soon found that it suited radio production much better. Radio 2âs Friday Night is Music Night was a regular fixture at the theatre, as well as series and one-offs from the BBC Concert Orchestra, the BBC Big Band and the BBC Radio Orchestra. By the mid-1970s this middle of the road fair was contrasting with concerts by the likes of AC/DC for BBC Radio 1. The BBC left in 2003. Lime Grove - Shepherd's Bush, London Plaque inscription: âHome of iconic TV news, Childrenâs and Drama programmes.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. These studios were originally built for the British film industry in 1915. Gaumont, Gainsborough Pictures and Rank Films occupied the site, and some of the greatest names of British cinema worked there, including Alfred Hitchcock. The studios were acquired by the BBC in 1949 as a 'temporary measure' until its new Television Centre was built. In 1992 the studios were closed, and were later demolished to make way for housing. Maida Vale - Delaware Road, London Plaque inscription: âHome of BBC Symphony Orchestra and the Radiophonic Workshop.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. Maida Vale was acquired in response to the rapidly increasing requirements of broadcasting in the early 1930s. Built in 1909, Maida Vale Studios were originally the home of the Maida Vale Roller Skating Palace and Club. Since 1934 Maida Vale has housed some of the UKâs leading orchestras, and played host to thousands of popular musicians and artists. Right from the beginning Studio 1 has been home of the BBC Symphony Orchestra and BBC Singers. Other BBC orchestras and popular dance bands have occupied Studios 2 and 3. The BBC used it as a standby radio news service during the Second World War. From the 1960s, jazz and pop music became a major feature of recordings and transmissions from Maida Vale. Many now famous artists launched their careers from the studios. Big names include: Glen Miller, Bing Crosby, Ronnie Scott, Lonnie Donegan, Cliff Richard and the Shadows, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Elton John, Queen, George Michael, Adele, and many more. Another plaque with the inscription: âBing Crosby made his last recording in this studio 11th October 1977â, can be found inside the studios commemorating the recording. Plaque origin unknown. Marconi House - Strand, London Plaque inscription: âMarconi House Within this building Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Limited operated their famous broadcasting station 2.L.O. from May 11th to November 14th 1922 when it became the first station of the British Broadcasting Company. The first pre-announced broadcast of public entertainment took place two years earlier when Dame Nellie Melba sang from Marconi's Chelmsford Works on June 15th, 1920.â Plaque origin unknown. Palm Cottage Social Club & Institute - Canterbury Street, Gillingham Plaque inscription: "Enslaved in Africa as a child Sarah Forbes Bonetta was taken under the protection of Queen Victoria Lived here with the Schoen family 1955-1861." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British Radio Londres - Rue de Southampton, Asnelles Plaque inscription: "As a testament to the historic role played by Radio London from the great voices of our own Pierre Bourdan, Jacques Duchesne, Jean Oberle, Jean Marin and Maurice Schumman and to the BBC programme The French speak to the French, 1940-1945. "Throughout the land, France fervently listened to Radio London". Charles de Gaulle." Plaque origin unknown. The Rectory - Burgh by Sands, Carlisle Queens Hall & St. Georgeâs Hall - Langham Place, London Queens Dock - Liverpool Plaque inscription: "Victim of the Liverpool Race Riots, Charles Wotten Born Bermuda 1895. Died in these waters 5 June 1919." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British Savoy Hill - Savoy Place, London Plaque inscription: âFrom 1923 to 1932 the studios and offices of The British Broadcasting Company and its successor The British Broadcasting Corporation were in this building.â Engraving origin unknown. Savoy Hill, was designed by Stephen Salter and opened for medical use in 1889. At first it was the home of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, which then offered the West Wing to the BBC in 1923. In 1925 the BBC moved to the building behind, calling it Savoy Hill. Early radio contributors included HG Wells and George Bernard Shaw, who broadcast in an atmosphere akin to that of a gentlemenâs club, being offered whisky and soda between programmes. The BBC left the site in May 1932. Shepherds Bush Empire - Shepherdâs Bush Green, London Plaque inscription: âFrank Matcham (1854-1920) Theatre Architect, designed this theatre.â A Frank Matcham Society plaque. People of a certain age will recall programmes such as, The Old Grey Whistle Test, That's Life!, Juke Box Jury, and Crackerjack. They were all made in front of large audiences in what the BBC called The BBC Television Theatre - the present day O2 Shepherdâs Bush Empire. Built in 1903 and designed by Frank Matcham, the BBC occupied the building for nearly 40 years. The venue was a mecca for the stars of the 1960s, and the BBC featured Lulu, Shirley Bassey and Cilla Black in a variety of sparkling shows. Flat 86, St Mary Abbot's Court â Kensington, London Plaque inscription: "English Heritage Grace Wyndham Goldie 1900-1986 BBC executive and pioneer of political coverage on television lived in Flat 86 from 1935". An English Heritage Plaque. Trinity Methodist Chapel - Abersychan, Pontypool Plaque inscription: "In memory of the African American soldiers stationed in the Pontypool area during WWII." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British BBC History Project plaques Commemorating black lives in the UK, these plaques were featured in David Olusoga's landmark BBC TV series Black and British in 2016. BBC Heritage Trail plaques Full descriptions of former and present BBC buildings are given where significant content was produced by the BBC, or where major early broadcasting breakthroughs were achieved. Other broadcast heritage plaques The origins of these plaques are unknown. Photographers acknowledged. With thanks to Jez Nicholson of Open Plaques. BBC Music Day Plaques These plaques marked significant musical acts that performed in every BBC Local Radio area. One plaque from each BBC English Region is featured here. With thanks to the British Plaque Trust.
2695	dbpedia	2	12	https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/residentmario/blue-plaques	en	Blue Plaques	https://storage.googleap…7-11-06-16-24-30	https://storage.googleap…7-11-06-16-24-30	[]	[]	[]	[ "history", "europe", "culture and humanities" ]	null	[]	null	Almost 40000 blue plaque historical markers worldwide	en	/static/images/favicon.ico		https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/residentmario/blue-plaques
2695	dbpedia	2	86	https://kids.kiddle.co/List_of_blue_plaques	en	List of blue plaques facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…lenAvenue_01.jpg	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…lenAvenue_01.jpg	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/4/4f/EdvardBenesBluePlaqueGwendolenAvenue_01.jpg/300px-EdvardBenesBluePlaqueGwendolenAvenue_01.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/c/c6/Damon_Albarn%27s_blu...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn List of blue plaques facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/List_of_blue_plaques	Person Notability Address Year erected Erected by Photo Jessie Ace and Margaret Wright Heroines of Mumbles Lifeboat disaster Mumbles Pier, Swansea, Wales 2016 City and County of Swansea Damon Albarn Musician 19 Fillebrook Rd, Leytonstone 2017 Richard Arkwright junior (1755–1843) Inventor of machinery for large scale cotton spinning Lumford House Bakewell, Derbyshire 2011 Derbyshire County Council Francis William Aston (1877–1945) Scientist, Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry 1922 Tennal House Tennal Road, Birmingham 2007 Charles Babbage (1791–1871) Mathematician, astronomer and computer pioneer 1a Dorset Street, W1 Westminster City Council Charles Babbage (1791–1871) Mathematician, astronomer and computer pioneer Corner of Larcom Street and Walworth Road, SE17 Southwark Council Olave Baden-Powell (1889–1977) Chief Guide of the Girl Guides Shentall Memorial Gardens Chesterfield, Derbyshire 2011 Derbyshire County Council Henry Baines (1793–1878) Botanist and Curator of York Museum Gardens Manor Cottage, York Museum Gardens, York. 2018 Yorkshire Philosophical Society York Civic Trust York Museums Trust William Barron (1805–1891) Designer of Elvaston Castle Gardens 2012 Derbyshire County Council John Logie Baird (1888–1946) 132-5 Long Acre, WC2 The Royal Television Society Mary Barbour (1875–1953) Scottish social reformer, Rent Strike Leader, Women's Peace Crusader and pioneering woman councillor in Glasgow 10 Hutton Drive, Linthouse, Glasgow 2015 Linthouse Housing Association Harry Beck (1903–1974) Creator of the schematic Tube map Finchley Central tube station, N3 London Regional Transport (grey) Elizabeth Bell (1862–1934) Physician, Suffragist Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry, Northern Ireland 2016 Ulster Historical Society (blue) A. C. Benson (1862–1925) Author of Land of Hope & Glory Godolphin House, Common Lane, Eton College Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Jack Kid Berg (1909–1991) Boxer Noble Court, Cable Street, E1 Stepney Historical Society (blue) Hannah Billig (1901–1987) Physician 198 Cable Street, E1 London Borough of Tower Hamlets Sir William Bragg (1862–1942) Scientist, Joint Nobel Prize Winner, 1915, with his son, Sir Lawrence, for Physics Parkinson Building, University of Leeds Sir William Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971) Scientist, Joint Nobel Prize Winner, 1915, with his father, Sir William (q.v.), for Physics; the only current instance of both father and son Nobel Prize winners Parkinson Building, University of Leeds Enid Blyton (1897–1968) Writer 83 Shortlands Road, Shortlands, BR2 London Borough of Bromley (blue) Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby Private secretary to Winston Churchill 1 Eaton Square, SW1 Private Harold Bride (1890–1956) Wireless operator aboard the RMS Titanic 58 Ravensbourne Avenue, Shortlands, Bromley London Borough of Bromley (blue) Anne Brontë (1820–1849) Writer Grand Hotel, Scarborough, North Yorkshire Scarborough and District Civic Society Frances Bush (1845–1909) Lace Manufacturer 99 Nottingham Rd, Long Eaton, Derbyshire 2013 Derbyshire County Council Jedediah Buxton (1707–1772) Mental calculator Elmton, Derbyshire 2011 Derbyshire County Council Hetty King (1883–1972) Music Hall Male Impersonator 17 Palmerston Road Wimbledon, London 2010 Everard Calthrop (1857–1927) Railway engineer "Goldings", Clays Lane, Loughton, Essex 2008 Loughton Town Council Malcolm Campbell (1885–1948) Racing motorist, Journalist Bonchester, Bonchester Close, Off Camden Park Road, Chislehurst London Borough of Bromley (blue) Richard Carr-Gomm (1922–2008) Humanitarian, founder of the Abbeyfield and Carr-Gomm Societies 36 Gomm Road, Bermondsey Southwark Council Charlie Chaplin (1889–1977) Actor, film maker 39 Methley Street, Kennington, London 287 Kennington Road, London, SE 11 The Dead Comics Society (blue) J. A. Chatwin (1830–1907) Architect Lloyds Bank, Queen Square, Wolverhampton Wolverhampton Civic Society/Lloyds Bank Clementine Churchill (1885–1977) Wife of Winston Churchill 107 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire Berkhamsted Town Council, 1979 Alvin Langdon Coburn Pioneering photographer Ffordd Isaf, Harlech, Gwynedd, Wales Royal Photographic Society/Olympus Corporation (blue/octagonal) Sir Henry Cooper OBE KSG (1934–2011) Professional Boxer. British, Commonwealth & European Heavyweight Champion. 4 Ealing Road Wembley HA0 4TL 2018 The Heritage Foundation Arthur C. Clarke Writer Blenheim Road, Minehead, Somerset 2001 Minehead Town Council (blue) William Sands Cox Surgeon House of Fraser store, Temple Row, Birmingham City of Birmingham (blue) Thomas Crapper (1837–1910) Plumber and engineer 12 Thornsett Road, Bromley London Borough of Bromley (blue) Richmal Crompton (1890–1969) Author 'The Glebe', Oakley Road, Bromley Common, BR2 London Borough of Bromley (green) Dr.James Deeny (1906–1994) Public Health Pioneer 21, Church Place, Lurgan 2012 Ulster History Circle Sebastian de Ferranti (1864–1930) Electrical Engineer Havelock Building, 130 Bold Street, Liverpool L1 4JA (birthplace) 2016 Liverpool Council Walter de la Mare (1873–1956) Writer 14 Thornsett Road, Anerley, SE20 London Borough of Bromley (blue) Bernard Delfont (as Baron Delfont) Impresario Prince of Wales Theatre, Coventry Street, SW1 Comic Heritage Grantly Dick-Read (1890–1959) Obstetrician 25 Harley Street, W1 Westminster City Council/National Childbirth Trust (green) Robert William Dale (1829–1895) Nonconformist church leader Carrs Lane Church, Birmingham Birmingham Civic Society (blue) Air Commodore Edward Mortlock Donaldson CB CBE DSO AFC* LoM (USA) (1912–1992) Flight airspeed record holder Park Lane, Selsey, West Sussex 86, Grafton Road, Selsey, West Sussex West Sussex County Council (Blue) Diana Dors (1931-1984) Actress and singer 61 & 62 Kent Road, Swindon, SN1 2016 Swindon Heritage Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) Writer 2 Upper Wimpole Street, W1 Westminster City Council/The Arthur Conan Doyle Society (green) George Elkington (1801–1865) Promoter of electro-plating Museum of Science and Industry, Newhall Street, Birmingham B3 Arthur English (1919–1995) Actor and comedian 22 Lysons Road Aldershot, Hampshire 2017 Aldershot Civic Society (blue) Geraint Evans (1922–1992) Opera singer 34 Birchwood Road, Petts Wood, BR5 London Borough of Bromley (blue) Humphrey Gainsborough Non-conformist minister, engineer and inventor Christ Church United Reformed Church, Reading Road, Henley-on-Thames Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board/Oxford Civic Society (blue) Sampson Gamgee Surgeon Repertory Theatre, Centenary Square, Broad Street, Birmingham Birmingham Civic Society (blue) Robert Graves English Poet Vale House, Manor Vale Road, Galmpton, Brixham Torbay Civic Society (blue) Graham Greene Writer St John's Boarding House, Chesham Road, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire Berkhamsted Town Council Nigel Gresley (1876–1941) Railway engineer Old Rectory, Ashby Road, Netherseal 2013 Derbyshire County Council Pete Ham Rock musician, member of The Iveys and Badfinger Swansea Railway Station, High Street, Swansea, SA1 1NU 2013 City and County of Swansea Tony Hancock Actor and comedian 10 Grey Close, NW11 The Dead Comics Society (blue) James Harrington (1611–1677) Author of The Commonwealth of Oceana Manor House, Rectory Lane, Milton Malsor Northamptonshire, NN7 3AQ Milton Malsor Historical Society Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (1807–1889) Sculptor and artist 'Fossil Villa', 22 Belvedere Road, Anerley London Borough of Bromley (black) Ethel Haythornthwaite (1894–1986) Environmental campaigner and pioneer Endcliffe Student Village (formerly Endcliffe Vale House), University of Sheffield 2022 CPRE PDSY and University of Sheffield Mary Frances Heaton (1801–1878) Music teacher, unjustly incarcerated as mentally ill 2020 Wakefield Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925) Electrical engineer and mathematician Homefield, Lower Warberry Road, TQ1 The Institution of Electrical Engineers (blue) Edward Heron-Allen(1861–1943) Lawyer, Writer, Scholar, Scientist 122 High Street Selsey West Sussex, PO20 0QE West Sussex County Council (Blue) Allen Hill Chemist Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry (Blue hexagon) Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1889) Poet Manresa House, Roehampton Greater London Council (blue) Frank Hornby (1863–1836) Toy manufacturer (Meccano Ltd) and MP. The Hollies, Station road, Maghull, Liverpool L31 3DB English Heritage (blue) William Hutton Historian Waterstones, High Street, Birmingham Birmingham Civic Society (blue) Barry Jackson (director) English theatre director, entrepreneur and the founder of the Birmingham Repertory Theatre Old Rep, Station Street, Birmingham, B5 4DY Birmingham Civic Society Sid James Actor Gunnersbury Avenue, London The Dead Comics Society Derek Jarman Film-maker, artist and gay rights activist Butler's Wharf Building, 36 Shad Thames, SE1 2YE 2019 Griffith John Christian missionary and translator Ebenezer Chapel, Ebenezer Street, Swansea, SA1 5BJ 2013 City and County of Swansea Samuel Johnson & Joshua Reynolds Founders of The Club 9 Gerrard Street, W1 Westminster City Council/Honsway C&E Foundation (green) Charles Keeping (1924–1988) Illustrator 16 Church Road, Shortlands, BR2 London Borough of Bromley (blue) Marie Kendall (1873–1964) Music Hall Artiste Okeover Manor Clapham Common Northside, London 2011 John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) Politician and US President 14 Princes Gate, London SW7 Unknown (blue) Albert Ketèlbey (1875–1959) Composer and musician Birmingham and Midland Institute, Cornwall Street, Birmingham 2002 Birmingham Civic Society (blue) Hetty King (1883–1972) Music Hall artistes and male impersonator 17 Palmerston Road, Wimbledon Erected by The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America. Frederick W. Lanchester Scientist, inventor and engineer Oxford Road, Moseley, Birmingham Unknown (green) [George Herbert Lawrence (1888–1940) Industrialist Main Street, Hathersage, Derbyshire 2013 Derbyshire County Council Jessie Matthews Actress, dancer and singer Blue Posts Pub, 22 Berwick Street, W1 Westminster City Council John Le Mesurier Actor Baron's Court, London The Dead Comics Society Edward Lear (1812–1888) Painter, poet and humorist 30 Seymour Street, Westminster, W1 Westminster City Council (blue) Plaque removed in 2012. Edward Lear (1812–1888) Painter, poet and humorist 15 Stratford Place, Westminster, W1 Westminster City Council (green) Edward Lear (1812–1888) Painter, poet and humorist Bowman's Mews, N7 London Borough of Islington Lloyds Bank (Sampson Lloyd) Origin of bank Dale End, Birmingham City of Birmingham (blue) Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge FRS Discoverer of wireless telegraphy and inventor of the spark plug Wolstanton, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire 2007 Newcastle-under-Lyme Civic Society Arthur Lowe (1915–1982) Actor Kinder Road Hayfield, Derbyshire 2011 Derbyshire County Council John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury (1834–1913) Banker, politician, naturalist and archaeologist High Elms Estate, Shire Lane, Farnborough, BR6 London Borough of Bromley (blue) Ewan MacColl (1915–1989) Singer, songwriter and political activist 35 Stanley Avenue, Beckenham, BR3 London Borough of Bromley (blue) James Joseph Magennis Submariner and Victoria Cross recipient Royal Naval Association building, Great Victoria Street, Belfast Ulster History Circle (blue) (Lord) Mayors of Birmingham of the Martineau family Birmingham Council House foyer 1 Victoria Square B1 2008 Birmingham Civic Society Karl Marx (1818–1883) Philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary 101-8 Maitland Park Road, NW3 Camden London Borough Council (claret) James McBey (1883–1959) Artist 1 Holland Park Avenue, London W11 Unknown (grey) Joe Meek (1929–1967) Record producer and pioneer of sound recording technology was born here 1 Market Square Newent, Gloucestershire Unknown (black) as shown, replaced with The Heritage Foundation (blue) in 2011 Joe Meek (1929–1967) Record producer – The Telstar man, pioneer of sound recording technology, lived, worked and died here. 304 Holloway Road, N19 Unknown (black) Sir John Everett Millais (1829–1896) Painter The Octagon Budleigh Salterton, Devon Unknown (blue) Spike Milligan Comedian Camden Palace, Camden High Street, NW1 Comic Heritage (blue) Keith Moon (1946–1978) Drummer with The Who 90 Wardour Street, Soho, London W1 Site of the Marquee Club 2009 Gladys Moss (1919-1941) First Woman Police Officer in West Sussex Worthing Police Station Chatsworth Road Worthing BN11 1LY 2015 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) Composer 20 Frith Street, W1 Royal Music Association (blue) James Murray Lexicographer 78 Banbury Road, Oxford Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board/Oxford Civic Society (blue) Heddle Nash (1895–1961) Opera singer 49 Towncourt Crescent, Petts Wood, Bromley London Borough of Bromley (black) Edith New Suffragette Kent Road, Swindon SN1 2016 Swindon Heritage J. A. R. Newlands (1837–1898) Chemist West Square, London, SE11 Royal Society of Chemistry Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) Social reformer 2014 Derbyshire County Council Seán O'Casey (1880–1964) Dramatist Ashburton Road, Totnes, Devon Unknown (stone) Joe Orton (1933–1967) Playwright 25 Noel Road, London, N1 London Borough of Islington (green) Alexander Parkes Metallurgist and inventor Museum of Science and Industry, Birmingham Birmingham Civic Society (blue) Sir Joseph Paxton (1803–1865) Gardener, architect of The Crystal Palace, MP Chatsworth Estate, Derbyshire 2011 Derbyshire County Council Sir William Perkin Chemist Cable Street, E1 Stepney Historical Trust (blue) Dr Stephen Perse Educator Free School Lane, Cambridge Cambridge Blue Plaque Scheme (blue) John Phillips Geologist and first Keeper of the Yorkshire Museum St. Mary's Lodge, York Museum Gardens, York 2016 Yorkshire Philosophical Society, York Civic Trust, and York Museums Trust Joseph Priestley Scholar, scientist, theologian and discoverer of oxygen Church of St Michael and St Joseph, New Meeting House Lane, Birmingham Birmingham Civic Society (blue) Anthony E. Pratt (1903 – 1994) Inventor of Cluedo 9 Stanley Road, Kings Heath, Birmingham 2013 Gwen Raverat Artist Darwin College, Silver Street, Cambridge Cambridge Blue Plaque Scheme (blue) Elizabeth Jesser Reid Slavery abolitionist and founder of Bedford College for Women 48 Bedford Square, WC1 Unknown (green) George Arthur Roberts (1890–1970) First World War soldier, Second World War fireman, West Indian Community Leader Lewis Trust Dwellings, Warner Road, Camberwell 2016 London Borough of Southwark Joan Robinson Economist Kensington Park Gardens, London 2024 English Heritage (blue) W. Heath Robinson (1872–1944) Cartoonist and Illustrator 75 Moss Lane Pinner, Harrow 1976 unknown(blue) Sir Henry Royce (1863–1933) Co-founder of Rolls-Royce Quarndon House, Derby 2012 Derbyshire County Council Willie Rushton Satirist Mornington Crescent tube station, NW1 Comic Heritage (blue) Rex C. Russell Historian, author and lecturer Priestgate, Barton-upon-Humber 2015 Barton Civic Society Bertha Ryland Suffragette Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery 2018 Birmingham Civic Society Terry Scott (1927–1994) Actor and comedian 32 Tucker Street, Watford Comic Heritage (blue) Peter Sellers (1925-1980) Actor and comedian 10 Muswell Hill Road, N6 The Dead Comics Society (blue) Samuel Slater (1768–1835) Father of the American Industrial Revolution Sunnymount Cottage, Chevin Road, Belper 2012 Derbyshire County Council Small Faces and Don Arden 1960s mod group and manager 52–55 Carnaby Street, London Westminster City Council (green) John Smedley (1803–1874) Father of the American Industrial Revolution County Hall, Smedley Street, Matlock, Derbyshire 2012 Derbyshire County Council William Thomas Stead Journalist 5 Smith Square, London Westminster City Council George Stephenson (1781–1848) Civil engineer Chesterfield railway station, Derbyshire 2011 Derbyshire County Council George Herbert Strutt (1854–1928) Mill owner, Philanthropist Makeney Hall, Belper, Derbyshire 2013 Derbyshire County Council Joseph Sturge (1793–1859) Quaker, campaigner for peace, extension of the vote and abolition of slavery Eden Croft, Wheeleys Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham Birmingham Civic Society William Terriss (1847–1897) Actor Beside the stage door of the Adelphi Theatre in London 1971 Westminster City Council (green) Dylan Thomas Writer 5 Cwmdonkin Drive, Uplands, Swansea, SA2 0RA Harry Relph – "Little Tich" (1867–1928) Music hall comedian The Blacksmith Arms, Cudham, Bromley London Borough of Bromley (blue) J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) Writer Sarehole Mill Hall Green, Birmingham Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society (blue) J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) Writer 1 Duchess Place Edgbaston, Birmingham Birmingham Civic Society (blue) J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) Writer 4 Highfield Road Edgbaston, Birmingham Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society (blue) J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) Writer Plough and Harrow, Hagley Road Edgbaston, Birmingham The Tolkien Society (blue) J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) Writer 20 Northmoor Road Oxford Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board (blue) P. L. Travers (1899–1996) Author of Mary Poppins 50 Smith Street, London SW3 Edward Turner (1901–1973) Motorcycle designer 8, Philip Walk, Peckham SE15 Southwark Council William Turner (1789–1862) Artist 16 St John Street, Oxford Oxford Civic Society Alison Uttley (1884–1976) Author Castle Top Farm, Cromford, Derbyshire 2012 Derbyshire County Council Barnes Wallis (1887–1979) Pioneer of aircraft design and inventor of the Bouncing Bomb 241 New Cross Road, New Cross, London, SE14 Lewisham Council (scarlet) Sam Wanamaker (1919–1993) Visionary who recreated Shakespeare's Globe Bankside, SE1 Southwark Council Baron Dickinson Webster (1818–1860) Wire manufacturer Penns Hall, Birmingham Sutton Coldfield Civic Society (blue) H. G. Wells (1866–1946) Writer Chiltern Court, Baker Street, NW1 The H. G. Wells Society (scarlet) H. G. Wells (1866–1946) Writer Primark Store, Market Place, Bromley, BR1 Unknown (blue) William Willett (1856–1915) Campaigner for daylight saving time The Cedars, Camden Park Road, Chislehurst London Borough of Bromley (blue) Kenneth Williams Comedy actor 57 Marchmont Street, WC1 The Heritage Foundation Henry Williamson (1895–1977) Author Crowberry Cottage, Georgeham, Devon, and Skirr Cottage in Georgeham The Henry Williamson Society (blue) Ted Willis, Baron Willis (1918–1992) Playwright 5 Shepherds Green, Chislehurst, BR7 London Borough of Bromley (blue) Sir Joseph Whitworth (1803–1887) Engineer, Inventor Amber Mill, Oakerthorpe, Derbyshire 2012 Derbyshire County Council Major General James Wolfe (1727–1759) Victor of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec 1759 5 Trim Street, Bath unknown - bronze rectangle
2695	dbpedia	3	7	https://ourworldforyou.com/the-round-blue-plaques-of-london/	en	The Round Blue Plaques of London	https://ourworldforyou.c…ndon-England.jpg	https://ourworldforyou.c…ndon-England.jpg	[ "https://ourworldforyou.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Canaletto-lived-in-London-Blue-Plaques-London-England.jpg", "https://www.ourworldforyou.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/We-all-know-Rudyard-dont-we-Blue-Plaques-London-England.jpg", "https://www.ourworldforyou.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Who-knew-Blue-Pla...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Janis" ]	2018-02-09T12:00:30+00:00	Have you ever been curious about the history behind the Blue Plaques in London? Firstly, they are not all blue, and they are not all round.	en	https://ourworldforyou.c…icon-100x100.png	Our World for You	https://ourworldforyou.com/the-round-blue-plaques-of-london/	Ok; so they’re not always round, and they’re not always blue. On many occasions, Gary and I have stopped and read various blue plaques that are dotted around London, perched high on the front of a notable house or building. Often, we were intrigued to dig a little deeper into the stories behind these significant men and women. Unable to locate Global Block : 30494 Synonymous with London During our most recent visit to London, we thought it was time to find out the historical significance of these eye-catching blue commemorations and search out some of our favourites. Now, just as a piece of knowledge, there are quite a few blue plaques that are not classed as ‘official’. Not that they don’t provide interesting facts, but they have not been awarded by English Heritage or one of its three predecessors. Over 150 years London’s blue plaque scheme has been in existence since 1866 and was the initiative of William Ewart MP. The original scheme was run by The (Royal) Society of Arts from 1866 to 1901, during which time 35 were erected. Unfortunately, less than half of these now remain, which has often been due to the demolition of the building. Tempted to find? Your heroes & heroines? Download the English Heritage Blue Plaque app Then it was blue Then came the London County Council and they ran the scheme from 1901 to 1965. During this time, various colours and designs were used, however, it wasn’t until 1921 that the ceramic blue plaque was settled upon. Throughout LCC’s time, they approved around 250 plaques, although none were awarded during the two World Wars. Outer Boroughs In 1965, the London County Council disbanded and transitioned into Greater London Council, who then became the schemes successor. The GLC ran it from 1965 to 1985 and broadened the project out into Greater London towns. They presented a total of 262 plaques during this period and extended the scheme to include significant events and not just people. Dare to find all 900+! Since 1986 the blue plaque governorship is in the safe hands of English Heritage. They have currently awarded over 360 which brings a total throughout London to be over 900. Further Afield In 1998, English Heritage decided to create a pilot programme across other parts of England. During 2000 to 2005, 34 plaques were awarded. In 2007, after review, it was decided that local councils and organisations would manage their own schemes. However, it has inspired many similar initiatives in the UK and around the world. We came across a blue plaque in Ronda, Spain. Discover more For a little bit more information on this unique element of London, take a look English Heritage website. ‘Square Mile’ Although the scheme is now only run in Greater London, the City of London is an exception and runs its own arrangement. In 1879, the Royal Society of Arts handed this role over to the Corporation of the City of London, who have their own blue tablet design. Prior to the handover one RSA plaque still remains within the ‘City’, and this is to Dr. Samuel Johnson, which was erected in 1876 and is brown. As of April 2013, there are around 160 commemorative plaques within the historical ‘square mile’. Who knew? My favourite plaque is for Antonio Canal AKA. Canaletto, I didn’t realise that the fantastic Venetian Painter lived in Soho for nine years. A little trivia 1st plaque ever was awarded to the poet Lord Byron in 1867, but the house of his birth in Cavendish Square was demolished in 1889. This makes the plaque to Napoleon III on King Street, Westminster, also erected in 1867, the earliest to survive. Eighteen houses have two plaques. The modern, simplified London plaque, was designed by an unnamed student of the Central School of Arts and Crafts in 1938 who was paid just four guineas. Blue & Round??? As I mentioned the plaques are not always blue and not always round, here are a couple we discovered. Other Plaques Many other bodies, such as local councils and societies also put up their own commemorative plaques in London, using different criteria to English Heritage. Here are a few we found. Proposal If you’d like to nominate someone for an official Blue Plaque, here is the strict criteria you need to adhere to; At least 20 years must have passed since a candidate’s death. At least one building associated with the figure must survive within Greater London (but outside the City of London, which has its own scheme). The building must survive in a form that the commemorated person would have recognised, and be visible from a public highway. Buildings with many personal associations, such as churches, schools and theatres, are not normally considered for plaques. No more than two plaques are allowed on one building. Nominations to commemorate buildings that have historical significance for an event, or a group of individuals, will be considered as resources allow. You can have your own A quick search of Google revealed you can create your very own Blue Plaque. Oh dear, in the words of Carly Simon - "you're so vain" 😉 Have You? Spotted these on your travels? Found your favourite? Or are you going to keep an eye out for them on your travels through London? Inspired to seek out the Blue Plaques? (Why not Pin It for Later?) Unable to locate Global Block : 59232
2695	dbpedia	2	28	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/bow-street/	en	Bow Street \| Blue Plaques			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Blue Plaque commemorating notable men such as novelist Henry Fielding and actor Charles Macklin Bow Street at 19-20 Bow Street, Covent Garden, London.			English Heritage	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/bow-street/	Inscription BOW STREET WAS FORMED ABOUT 1637. IT HAS BEEN THE RESIDENCE OF MANY NOTABLE MEN AMONG WHOM WERE HENRY FIELDING (NOVELIST). SIR JOHN FIELDING (MAGISTRATE). GRINLING GIBBONS (WOODCARVER). CHARLES MACKLIN (ACTOR). JOHN RADCLIFFE (PHYSICIAN). CHARLES SACKVILLE EARL OF DORSET (POET). WILLIAM WYCHERLEY (DRAMATIST).
2695	dbpedia	2	90	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/london-blue-plaques.html	en	res stock photography and images	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	[ "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/mastercard.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/visa.svg"...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Alamy Limited" ]	null	Find the perfect london blue plaques stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.	en	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	Alamy	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/london-blue-plaques.html	Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 19/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
2695	dbpedia	3	33	https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/great-plague/	en	The National Archives	https://www.nationalarch…em-of-london.jpg	https://www.nationalarch…em-of-london.jpg	[ "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/logo-white.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/tna-square-white-logo.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/social/twitter.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-conten...	[]	[]	[ "Great fire of London", "Plague" ]	null	[ "The National Archives" ]	2014-03-09T11:57:22+00:00	This lesson considers the measures taken by King Charles II in response to the plague.	en	/wp-content/themes/tna/images/favicon.png	The National Archives	https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/great-plague/	Tasks Background Teachers' notes External links Connections to curriculum This was the worst outbreak of plague in England since the black death of 1348. London lost roughly 15% of its population. While 68,596 deaths were recorded in the city, the true number was probably over 100,000. Other parts of the country also suffered. The earliest cases of disease occurred in the spring of 1665 in a parish outside the city walls called St Giles-in-the-Fields. The death rate began to rise during the hot summer months and peaked in September when 7,165 Londoners died in one week. Rats carried the fleas that caused the plague. They were attracted by city streets filled with rubbish and waste, especially in the poorest areas. Those who could, including most doctors, lawyers and merchants, fled the city. Charles II and his courtiers left in July for Hampton Court and then Oxford. Parliament was postponed and had to sit in October at Oxford, the increase of the plague being so dreadful. Court cases were also moved from Westminster to Oxford. The Lord Mayor and aldermen (town councillors) remained to enforce the King’s orders to try and stop the spread of the disease. The poorest people remained in London with the rats and those people who had the plague. Watchmen locked and kept guard over infected houses. Parish officials provided food. Searchers looked for dead bodies and took them at night to plague pits for burial. All trade with London and other plague towns was stopped. The Council of Scotland declared that the border with England would be closed. There were to be no fairs or trade with other countries. This meant many people lost their jobs – from servants to shoemakers to those who worked on the River Thames. How did Londoners react to this plague that devastated their lives? Use this lesson to work with original documents which tell the story of the Great Plague 1665-1666. Tasks Background There are three types of plague. Most of the sick in 1665-1666 had bubonic plague. This created swellings (buboes) in the lymph nodes found in the armpits, groin and neck. Plague sufferers experienced headaches, vomiting and fever. They had a 30% chance of dying within two weeks. This type of plague spread from a bite caused by a black rat flea that carried the Yersinia pestis bacteria. Worse still was pneumonic plague, which attacked the lungs and spread to other people through coughing and sneezing, and septicaemic plague, which occurred when the bacteria entered the blood. In these cases, there was little hope of survival. Treatments and prevention at the time did not help. Sometimes, patients were bled with leeches. People thought impure air caused the disease and could be cleansed by smoke and heat. Children were encouraged to smoke to ward off bad air. Sniffing a sponge soaked in vinegar was also an option. As the colder weather set in, the number of plague victims started to fall. This was not due to any remedies used. Nor was it due to the fire of London that had destroyed many of the houses within the walls of the city and by the River Thames. (Many plague deaths had occurred in the poorest parishes outside the city walls.) Some scientists suggest that the black rat had started to develop a greater resistance to the disease. If the rats did not die, their fleas would not need to find a human host and fewer people would be infected. Probably, people started to develop a stronger immunity to the disease. Also, in plague scares after 1666, more effective quarantine methods were used for ships coming into the country. There was never an outbreak of plague in Britain on this scale again. Teachers' notes The lesson considers the measures taken by King Charles II in response to the plague and the reactions of some of the people to these restrictions, as well as providing contemporary comment on the situation. The questions encourage pupils to investigate the sources and make their own judgements on the evidence where possible. It is suggested that teachers/helpers read through the documents together with the class. Have a go at reading the original document first to spot familiar words, but all documents are transcribed and have simplified transcripts. Here are some suggestions for further activities: Students write a diary entry about the plague. They could use evidence from the lesson, plus the following extract and others from the Diary of Samuel Pepys to support them. Be sure to define: melancholy; apothecary, physician, decrease; Westminster. “6th October 1665: But Lord, how empty the streets are, and melancholy, so many poor sick people in the streets, full of sores, and so many sad stories overheard as I walk, everybody talking of this dead, and that man sick, and so many in this place, and so many in that. And they tell me that in Westminster there is never a physician, and but one apothecary left, all being dead – but that there are great hopes of a great decrease this week. God send it.” Students can create their own role play or drama set at the time using the sources. Students could read extracts from Daniel Defoe’s ‘A Journal of the Plague Year’, 1722, which is available online. Sources Source 1 provides some figures on plague deaths and evidence on the role of the searchers (SP 29/132 f28). Source 2 shows evidence of how contemporaries tried to prevent the spread of the disease (SP 29/155 f102). It might also encourage pupils to think about law and order in a wider historical context. For example, after the experience of English Civil War, people were probably more accepting of authority. Sources 3a and 3b reveal some contemporary attitudes to the restrictions (SP 29/134 f31 and PC 2/58). External links Why is Eyam Significant? The plague did not only affect London. This tells the famous story of the village of Eyam in Derbyshire that deliberately isolated itself to stop the spread of the disease to nearby villages. A journal of the plague years Read the online version of Daniel Defoe’s thoroughly researched reconstruction of 1665. Connections to curriculum Key stage 1 An event beyond living memory that is significant nationally. Key stage 2 A programme of study concerning an aspect of social history from the Anglo-Saxons to the present. Key stage 3 The Restoration, ‘Glorious Revolution’ and power of Parliament, covering the reign of Charles II. Back to top
2695	dbpedia	2	23	https://www.rolandmillward.com/p/the-blue-plaque-scheme	en	The Blue Plaque Scheme	https://substackcdn.com/…a4_1097x922.jpeg	https://substackcdn.com/…a4_1097x922.jpeg	[ "https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_96,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2822688f-c292-421d-8691-c229af0bb546_1000x1000.png", "https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/e_trim:10:white/e_trim:10:transparent/h_72,c_limit,f_auto,q_aut...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Roland Millward" ]	2022-02-20T09:00:46+00:00	Identifying historical buildings	en	https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F645d989e-7b72-4f31-920e-5c94bf171920%2Ffavicon.ico		https://www.rolandmillward.com/p/the-blue-plaque-scheme	You may have seen many Blue Plaques where you live, or out and about on your travels. Wikipedia explains what they are: A blue plaque is a permanent sign installed in a public place in the United Kingdom and elsewhere to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person, event, or former building on the site, serving as a historical marker. The term is used in the United Kingdom in two different senses. It may be used narrowly and specifically to refer to the "official" scheme administered by English Heritage, and currently restricted to sites within Greater London; or it may be used less formally to encompass a number of similar schemes administered by organisations throughout the UK. There are many in my home town, and in towns close by, that I will be showing you and telling you more about in future videos. Please do make sure you have subscribed to my YouTube Channel. The plaques are a really good way to quickly learn about a person who lived in the building or about the building itself. The official Blue Plaque scheme was launched in London in 1866 to mark the homes and workplaces of famous people. The official scheme is for London, however, many towns have copied the scheme and placed Blue Plaques on interesting buildings so that a passerby can learn more and appreciate the history. Do you have any favourite Blue Plaques? Please leave a comment and let me know. Roland
2695	dbpedia	3	96	https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-11538397/King-Charles-unveils-plaque-Westminster-Hall-mark-mothers-lying-state.html	en	King Charles unveils a plaque in Westminster Hall to mark his mother's lying-in-state	https://i.dailymail.co.u…671040230214.jpg	https://i.dailymail.co.u…671040230214.jpg	[ "https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/sitelogos/logo_mol.gif", "https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/furniture/facebook/DailyMail/DailyMail.png", "https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/19/17/88683833-0-image-m-10_1724086796624.jpg", "https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/19/16/88688737-0-Mike_Lynch_on_his_Suffolk_farm_in_2021_wh...	[]	[]	[ "dailymail", "femail", "The Queen", "London" ]	null	[ "Rebecca English", "Rebecca English for MailOnline", "www.facebook.com" ]	2022-12-14T18:15:43+00:00	King Charles made a moving return to Westminster Hall today, where he and his family publicly marked the return of his mother's coffin to London.		/favicon.ico?v=2	Mail Online	https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-11538397/King-Charles-unveils-plaque-Westminster-Hall-mark-mothers-lying-state.html	King Charles made a moving return to Westminster Hall today, where he and his family publicly marked the return of his mother’s coffin to London. His Majesty unveiled a plaque on the floor of the 1,000-year-old building marking where Queen Elizabeth II lay in state, in order for thousands of subjects to pay their respects. It now sits alongside similar memorials to successive British monarchs since King Edward VII, including the late Queen’s father and grandfather. It is, however, the first time, that a reigning monarch has has unveiled a tribute to their predecessor. On a bitterly cold day, the King arrived in the State Bentley, accompanied by his private secretary, Sir Clive Alderton, and the late Queen’s former right-hand man, Sir Edward Young. He was met with warm cheers as he was greeted by Black Rod, Sarah Clarke, the first woman to hold the position, as well as the Speakers of the House of Commons and House of Lords, Sir Lindsay Hoyle and Lord McFall of Alcluith. The King immediately made a beeline for parliamentary staff of the Palace of Westminster who worked during the historic Lying-in-State period including its finance director, cleaning manager, executive chef and a security officer. ‘Did you have to usher them [the queuing public] away in the end?’ he asked. ‘There were more than 200,000 in the end. Remarkable.’ He also sympathised with those that had come to meet him, saying: ‘You must be frozen stiff.’ At one point there was a ripple of laughter as an elderly peer dropped their walking stick and the king gallantly picked it up and handed it back to her. He then approached the plaque, was was hidden underneath a princely purple silk covering, and nodded to the four men standing at each corner - Warrant Officer 1 Ben Townley and Colour Sergeant Lee Blackstock, parliamentary workers manager David Eyre and head of maintenance Mike McCann - to solemnly unveil it. The king stood for a few moment in quiet reflection before applause rang out and he thanked the men, along with briefly greeting Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and Leader of the Opposition Sir Keir Starmer. The Lord Speaker, Lord Alcluith, said afterwards that it had been the biggest ‘privilege of my life’ to take part in the parliamentary operation to ensure that members of the public could pay their respects. ‘I was hear the whole time. Lindsay [Hoyle] and I are the key holders to Westminster hall and were here from beginning to end. What an honour. It was one of the most complex organisational tasks and the staff were absolutely fantastic. 'Having the hall ready for the Queen’s coffin just a day after addressing the king was a Herculean task. The people the king has meet today truly did a heroic job. From the chef who produced 2,000 meals a day for 10 days for the staff and volunteers, to the security teams. Everyone was amazing. ‘There was a lot of gaiety and laughter in the queues as people waited but once they were here there was such solemnity about it. A cathedral element to it. And that affected everybody here. Remember it was a global event with billions of people watching. ‘I don’t think I’ve ever been so privileged in my life.’ Afterwards the King continue to New Palace Yard to unveil a private gift from Parliamentarians to The late Queen to mark Her Majesty’s Platinum Jubilee. The pair of unique bronze sculptured lamps feature the heraldic beasts of the United Kingdom: the Lion of England, the Unicorn of Scotland, the Dragon of Wales and the Irish Elk of Northern Ireland. The sculptures also include crowned lanterns – symbolising the guiding light The Queen was to the country throughout her reign - designed by Tim Crawley, a Cambridgeshire-based artist and sculptor. The king watched as the Speaker and Lord Speaker each unveiled the plinths at the bottom of the lamp which feature the magnificent beasts. He was then handed a box with a large button on the top which he was invited to press - much to his bemusement - which lit up the base of the lamps. He laughed as the crowd cheered and turned and said to the designer: ‘You’ve done a brilliant job’. Mr Crawley said afterwards: ‘The king seemed to like them and said what a brilliant job I had done on them, which was nice.’ The lamps were a year in the making, ‘not a long time for a project of this magnitude’, and took inspiration from the gothic ornamental design of Parliament. He added: ‘Obviously I started the project thinking the Queen would be unveiling it, which was obviously very sad. But apparently she did see the designs and a photographs of the almost finish work [before she died] and liked them very much. ‘ Five lamps erected around the United Kingdom to celebrate Queen Victoria’s Diamond and Golden Jubilees can still be seen and are now listed structures.
2695	dbpedia	2	19	https://theviewfromchelsea.com/2017/09/03/londons-blue-plaques-chelsea-walk/	en	London Blue Plaque Chelsea Walk	https://theviewfromchels…017/09/cover.jpg	https://theviewfromchels…017/09/cover.jpg	[ "https://theviewfromchelsea.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2019/09/The-view-from-chelsea-logo-black-2.png", "https://theviewfromchelsea.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/09/cover.jpg", "https://www.awin1.com/cshow.php?s=2101203&v=5928&q=223581&r=574823", "https://theviewfromchelsea.com/wp-content/uploads/...	[ "https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/embed?mid=1l3Vn3IztwW1fl8NdFuPnO5OOoeY" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Ferne Arfin" ]	2017-09-03T00:00:00	London's Blue Plaques guide visitors and locals alike on a fascinating Chelsea walk through quiet back streets and centuries of history and celebrity.	en		The View From Chelsea	https://theviewfromchelsea.com/2017/09/03/londons-blue-plaques-chelsea-walk/	It’s a kind of massive “George Washington slept here” scheme, except you won’t find George Washington anywhere; though you might find Benjamin Franklin. Hundreds of others – writers, artists, performers, musicians, composers, teachers, politicians, inventors, explorers, philosophers, engineers, heroes and heroines are commemorated all over the city. The oldest Blue Plaques in Britain London has the oldest blue plaque scheme in Britain. The plaques surprise and educate passersby who come upon the discreet reminders of people from all over the world who lived and worked in London. I was inspired to find out more about the blue plaques by a plaque dedicated to an unknown (to me anyway) poet on a house across the street from my flat. Today there are about 930 blue plaques in the London scheme administered by English Heritage. The first was put up in 1866 honoring Lord Byron. The oldest still existing commemorates a short stay by an exiled French king, Charles X. Up to 20 plaques a year can be added. In 2017, six went up to honor Francis Bacon, Charlie Chaplin, Sir John Gielgud, Rudolph Nureyev, early 20th century working women’s champion Mary Macarthur and volunteering pioneer Stella Lady Reading. New in 2018 So far, in 2018, new Blue Plaques have gone up, including three to leading figures in the Bauhaus movement who fled to London in the 1930s to escape the rise of Nazism – Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer and Lazlo Moholy-Nagy. Also honored with a new plaque – British actor Peter Cushing, who rose to fame in Frankenstein and Dracula films but is probably best known to younger audiences these days as the Grand Moff Tarkin in the Star Wars films. And fans of Mary Poppins can check out the newest Blue Plaque in Chelsea, at 50 Smith Street, home of author PL Travers. She wrote her fourth book and negotiated film rights with Disney while living there. About this London Blue Plaque Chelsea Walk This walk will take you through Chelsea, north and south of the King’s Road. About two miles long, beginning and ending near King’s Road bus stops, the walk is flat and should take you less than two hours walking at a snail’s pace. To start, take the 11, 19 or 22 bus from Sloane Square Underground Station, up the King’s Road to Carlyle Square. It’s then a five minute stroll to Mallord Street where the walk begins. From Winnie the Pooh to Count Dracula 1. 13 Mallord Street in Chelsea is the house where both Christopher Robin and Winnie the Pooh were born. A.A. Milne moved there with his wife in 1919. His son, named Christopher Robin though called “Billy”, was born here and while living in the house, Milne wrote When We Were Very Young, Winnie the Pooh, Now We Are Six, and The House at Pooh Corner. Christopher Robin’s toys became Pooh, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo, and Tigger. Few people realize that Winnie the Pooh himself was inspired by a real bear named Winnie after the city of Winnipeg in Canada. Canadian Army vet, Harry Colebourn brought the bear to London. Eventually, when he could no longer keep it on military expeditions, it ended up in the London Zoo. There, the bear was a favorite of the real Christopher Robin who changed the name of his toy bear from Edward to Winnie. Colebourn’s great-granddaughter, Lindsay Mattick has written a children’s book about it, Finding Winnie. The film Goodbye Christopher Robin is based on the life of Milne’s family and son while the author lived in this house. Watch it on Amazon Prime. To see the houses featured in this blog, click on the matching numbers on the map below. 2. Cross Mallord Street and turn left. At number 28 you’ll find the home and studio built for Welsh Painter Augustus John, brother of artist Gwen John. The house was finished in 1914 and he lived there with his second (common law) wife and their children. John painted some of the most recognizable portraits of literary and artistic celebrities between the wars – notably Lawrence of Arabia, Dylan Thomas and several portraits of W.B. Yeats. He was also a notorious libertine with parties at the house said to end in orgies. He had at least 10 children by five different women. Eventually John tired of this house, calling it a “damned Dutch shanty”, and sold it to British entertainer Gracie Fields. Continue left down Mallord Street, turning left onto The Vale and left again onto The King’s Road. Across the street, you’ll find Paulton’s Square. Turn right into the square. 3.Irish playwright Samuel Beckett, usually associated with Dublin or Paris, underwent several months of psychoanalysis in London in 1934. A friend found him lodgings with a married couple at 48 Paulton’s Square. He was a regular at two local pubs, the Six Bells and The World’s End. While here, he published a collection of short stories, More Pricks than Kicks. Just in case you think you might like to drink where Beckett drank, you are probably about 40 years too late. The Six Bells, at 197 Kings Road, went through several incarnations before becoming The Ivy Chelsea Garden – which bears no resemblance to any pub Beckett might have frequented – though you might pick up his vibe in the beer garden if you can get in to this very popular, Made in Chelsea kind of place. The World’s End Pub, which was a real traditional boozer from the days of Charles II to about 10 years ago, is now an upmarket restaurant with a pretend 1930s ambiance. It’s now called the World’s End Market. Continue to the end of Paultons Square, walking toward the Thames. At the bottom of the square, turn right, then left into Danvers Street. 4. Sir Alexander Fleming was living at 20a Danvers Street, a modest basement flat in a large house, when he made his breakthrough and changed the whole direction of modern medicine with the discovery of penicillin. From his first discovery in 1922, through refinements and clinical trials to his Nobel Prize in 1945 and until his death in 1955, he lived in this flat. In later years, he also had a country house in Suffolk. Now, continue to the end of Danvers Street to Cheyne Walk, beside the Thames. Turn right and continue in that direction. Cross at the set of lights at Beaufort Street – Battersea Bridge is on your left. Just past this intersection, you’ll see large cast iron gates, with a garden and a big yellow house beyond. 5. and 6. You’ll need X-ray vision to see the plaque that is alleged to be at 98 Cheyne Walk. It’s behind a high brick wall. But just so you know, this was the home of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel who built the first tunnel under the Thames, the world’s first underwater tunnel through soft ground. He started it in 1825 and it wasn’t finished until 1843. While living here, he also worked on the education of his young son, who became the much more illustrious 19th century engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel – designer of the Great Western Railway, the Clifton Suspension Bridge over the Avon Gorge at Bristol and the giant screw propeller, sail-assisted steamship, the SS Great Britain which you can still visit in Bristol. The lovely yellow house next door at 96 Cheyne Walk belonged to James Abbott McNeill Whistler and his mother – you’ve no doubt seen her in his painting, Arrangement in Grey and Black No.1, usually known as Whistler’s Mother. Bring along a pair of binoculars if you really want to see this plaque. It’s not blue and it’s at least 50 feet from the street, set back behind gates. Judging from the yellow house, you might think Whistler was probably pretty affluent when he lived there. But actually the house is just one quarter of a larger house built in 1674 by the Earl of Lindsey on land that was once Sir Thomas More’s garden. It was divided into four units about 100 years later and among the other rental tenants of this large villa were the Brunels mentioned above. Now turn and retrace your steps past Danvers Street. Continue along Cheyne Walk, looking out for the statue of Sir Thomas More, at the site of his house, in a small park beside Chelsea Old Church on your left. At Oakley Street, opposite the Albert Bridge, turn left. 7. 87 Oakley Street was the home of Jane Francesca Agnes Lady Wilde, Oscar Wilde’s mother. A larger than life character in her own right, she came to London from Dublin after the death of her husband, Sir William Wilde. As a poet and essayist in Dublin, she wrote under the pseudonym “Speranza” and supported the cause of an armed Irish rebellion against Britain – which got her in no end of trouble. In London, she continued writing for fashionable magazines and eked out a slim livelihood. But she died penniless in 1896 while her son Oscar was imprisoned in Reading Gaol. Oscar paid for her funeral but there was no money for a headstone until the Oscar Wilde Society erected one more than 100 years later. Cross the street and head back toward the river to number 42 8. Reggae pioneer Bob Marley, lived at number 42 Oakley Street in 1977. The nearly legendary singer, songwriter, musician and cult figure moved to London from his native Jamaica after an attempt on his life there. While at this address, just a few hundred yards from the Albert Bridge, he completed his critically acclaimed and commercially successful album, Exodus. It was also while living in London that he was diagnosed with the cancer that would kill him four years later. Continue South on Oakley Street to number 56. 9. Doomed antarctic explorer, Robert Falcon Scott left for his last polar expedition from 56 Oakley Street and never returned. Scott identified the polar plateau, on which the South Pole is located, on a previous expedition, the Discovery expedition. But it was the second expedition, The Terra Nova Expedition, between 1910 and 1913, when all were lost. He moved to this house in 1905, on the return from his first expedition, and he wrote his famous account of that journey, The Voyage of the Discovery, while living here. In the late 20th century, his reputation took something of a blow with some historians saying his incompetence and lack of preparation led to his death and that of his entire team. But recent discoveries about the weather have restored his reputation as a doomed hero. Continue down to the river and turn left on Cheyne Walk. 10. 16 Cheyne Walk was the home of Dante Gabriel Rosetti, painter, poet and one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Movement. He moved here after the death of his young wife and model in 1862. Some of his finest paintings, including Beata Beatrix, were done here and he published his collected works of poetry while living in this house. The decadent poet and sometime hysteric Algernon Charles Swinburne rented a room from him for about a year. Rossetti and Swinburne shared this house as landlord and tenant. 11. The entire facade, including the blue plaque at 4 Cheyne Walk was covered with scaffolding for refurbishments when we visited. But we’ve been reliably told that this was the brief last home of novelist George Eliot. She moved in with her new husband (20 years her junior – good for her) on December 3, 1880. Shortly after, she caught a sore throat and by December 22, she was dead. Now, bear slightly left into Royal Hospital Road, turning right at the corner of Tite Street. 12. 34 Tite Street was the home of Oscar Wilde, his wife Constance and their two sons. He lived here for 10 years, writing The Picture of Dorian Gray, Lady Windermere’s Fan and The Importance of Being Earnest. Now retrace your steps, cross Royal Hospital Road and continue along Tite Street to the corner of Tedworth Square. 13. Samuel Clemens, who wrote as Mark Twain, took his lecture tour on the road in Europe between 1891 and 1900. During that time, his base was 23 Tedworth Square. After the death of his daughter Susy in 1896, the creator of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Prince and the Pauper, The Innocents Abroad, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court and many more classic works, maintained virtual seclusion, with the rest of his family, in this house. Next, continue right, past Mark Twain’s house, to Ralston Street. Turn left on Ralston Street, then right on St Leonard’s Terrace. 14. How fitting that number 13 on this Chelsea Blue Plaque walk was the birthplace of one of the most terrifying creatures in literature. Dublin writer Bram Stoker was living in a pretty Chelsea cottage at 18 St Leonard’s Terrace when he wrote his classic gothic horror novel Dracula. Stoker had come to London to manage the Lyceum Theater for actor manager Henry Irving. Just beyond Stoker’s house, turn left on Royal Avenue and continue to the King’s Road. Turn left onto the King’s Road to Smith Street and look for the Blue Plaque near the corner. 15.Mary Travers, author of the Mary Poppins books, lived and worked at this smart Chelsea town house, 50 Smith Street, while she was writing the fourth book in the series. It’s also where she was living while negotiating the film rights for the musical film of her story with Walt Disney. Now that you’ve completed the walk, it’s time for some refreshment and what would be more fitting than to have lunch or a snack at another listed building with a blue plaque. Cross the King’s Road and turn left again. Look for an arched entryway, protected by two bronze birds of prey. 16.152 Kings Road, The Pheasantry, was the studio of ballet dancer and teacher Princess Seraphine Astafieva. The Russian princess, daughter of Prince Alexander Astafiev, came to England as a dancer with Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe in 1910. She retired from the stage to teach and in 1916 established her school, the Anglo-Russian Ballet, here. Most of the leading lights of early 20th century ballet visited her or took classes here, among them Margot Fonteyne; Alicia Markova, one of the founders of the Festival Ballet which became the English National Ballet; Anna Pavlova and Marie Rambert, founder of the Ballet Rambert. And in case you are wondering about the lunch or snack I mentioned earlier, these days The Pheasantry is also a Pizza Express. Two more additions to the walk 17.If you are up for a somewhat longer walk, start this stroll about three quarters of a mile west, at 1 Guther Grove, just south of the Fulham Road. There you’ll find one of the newest Blue Plaques on an early home of author, Arthur Ransome, whose Swallows and Amazons series of children’s novels are classics. Ransome, normally associated with England’s Lake District, moved to London when he was 17 to pursue a bohemian, literary lifestyle in Chelsea. He rented a bedsit in the front room of this mid 19th century end-of-terrace house. While there, he published his first serious book, a collection of essays, The Souls of the Streets. Today, traffic swirls past as part of the Earls Court One-Way system connecting two major, east-west arteries across London. But when Ransome lived here it was a quiet, if shabby, bohemian district. He considered it a step up from his former digs above a grocer because it included breakfast in the rent. Head south on Gunther Grove and turn left on Edith Terrace, then left again on Fernshaw Road to number 25. the charmingly anachronistic street sign on the corner building. 18. Not all of London’s heritage markers were put up by English Heritage. Occasionally, an organisation honours someone otherwise overlooked. The green marker at 25 Fernshaw Road, honouring Scottish American film director Alexander Mackendrick, was installed by the Directors Guild of Great Britain. Almost unknown today except by film buffs, Mackendrick was responsible for one of the great American film noirs of the late 1950s, The Sweet Smell of Success, with Tony Curtis and Burt Lancaster. Mackendrick, who was born in Boston of Scottish parents, was later raised in Glasgow and attended the famous Glasgow School of Art. He also directed two classic Ealing comedies – Whisky Galore and The Ladykillers with Alec Guinness and Peter Sellers. Click to enlarge map for a clearer view of the walk.
2695	dbpedia	3	14	https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/heritage-trail/	en	Plaques	https://ichef.bbci.co.uk…080/p08krnkm.jpg	https://ichef.bbci.co.uk…080/p08krnkm.jpg	[ "https://a1.api.bbc.co.uk/hit.xiti?&col=1&from=p&ptag=js&s=598253&p=.historyofthebbc..static.historyofthebbc.research.heritage-trail.&x2=[responsive]&x3=[bbc_website]&x4=[en]&x7=[article]&x8=[reverb-3.9.2-nojs]&x11=[BBC_CORPORATE_PS]&x12=[]", "https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400xn/p08krnkm.jpg", "https://ich...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	100 Years of Our BBC	en			https://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/research/heritage-trail/	Welcome to our online tour of commemorative plaques celebrating the people and places associated with the BBC and its programmes. In our interactive map we mark the history Britainâs black community, showing the plaques installed as part of David Olusogaâs 2016 landmark BBC TV series Black and British - A Forgotten History. Broadcasting heritage plaques include some of the UKâs first ever radio stations, such as Glasgowâs BBC â5 SCâ, Cardiffâs â5 WAâ, and Belfastâs â2 BEâ stations, and there are new BBC blue plaques installed at former studios including: Bush House (BBC World Service), Maida Vale (BBC orchestras and BBC Radiophonic Workshop), and BBC Elstree Centre (Eastenders). Further south at Asnelles in Calvados, weâve featured the Radio Londres plaque, located at the CimetiÃ¨re d'Asnelles. The plaque commemorates the solidarity of the BBC with the Free French, both in its broadcasts from London, and from 1944 its wartime broadcasting centre at ChÃ¢teau de Creully near Bayeux. And, from each BBC English region we feature a BBC Music Day plaque. These were awarded in 2017 by BBC Local Radio stations to venues that hosted a landmark musical moment in their area. The range of musical talent featured is vast, from Led Zeppelinâs first appearance at Newcastleâs former Mayflower Ballroom, to The Bamboo Club which was the home of ska, reggae and bluebeat in Bristol. Find out more about how the BBC has commemorated cultural, musical and broadcasting history moments by clicking on the interactive map below. 1 Portland Place - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âHome of BBC School Radio, 1952-1993. Pioneer of Education for Children through radio broadcasting.â A City of Westminster plaque. 1 Windrush Square - Brixton, London Plaque inscription: "From 1947-1962 279,060 Caribbean men, women & children made their homes in Britain 'The Windrush Generations' who helped shape our nation." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 1a West Bell Street - Maryfield, Dundee Plaque inscription: "African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass spoke here 30 Jan 1846." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 3 Crescent Wood Road - Sydenham, London Plaque inscription: âJohn Logie Baird 1888-1946 television pioneer lived here.â A London County Council plaque. 6 Barton Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âLord John Reith 1889-1971 first Director-General of the BBC lived here 1924-1930.â An English Heritage plaque. 6 Stratford Place - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: "In 1895, chiefs Khama III Sebele I & Bathoen I toured Britain to protect their homelands from colonisation. Their action led to the modern state of Botswana." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 8 Randolph Mews - Paddington, London Plaque inscription: âHenry Hall 1898-1989 Dance band director and impresario. Pioneer of BBC popular music (1924-1964) lived here 1959-1981.â A City of Westminster plaque. 16 Bury Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: "Grenadian cabaret star Leslie 'Hutch' Hutchinson Performed here 1930s-1960s." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 16c Brunswick Park - Camberwell, London Plaque inscription: âUna Marson 1905 to 1965. Poet, playwright, campaigner for equality, first black woman programme maker at the BBC.â A London Borough of Southwark plaque. Rue de Montbrillant - City Center, Geneva Plaque inscription: "Rue Una-MARSON 1905-1965, Journaliste et poÃ©tesse." A L'Escouade - 100 Elles plaque. 17 Gough Square - City, London Plaque inscription: "Once a slave in Jamaica, Francis Barber, Samuel Johnsonâs servant, friend and heir, lived here 1752-1756." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 19 Lisle Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âWilfred Ernest Lytton Day F.R.P.S., F.R.S.A. 1873-1936. Cinema historian, founder of the Will Day Cinematography Collection & of the Anima Masonic Lodge, had his cine & radio shop here 1913-1969 where he manufactured all of John Logie Bairdâs experimental TV apparatus.â A London County Council plaque. University of Exeter 22 Frith Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âFirst demonstration of television by John Logie Baird.â A London County Council plaque. John Logie Baird (1888-1946) gave the world's first demonstration of true television from his home in Soho on 26 January 1926. 50 scientists gathered in his attic to see the breakthrough. A year later his television experiments were demonstrated over 704 kilometres by telephone line between London and Glasgow. In 1928 he achieved the first transatlantic television transmission between London and New York and the first transmission to a ship in mid-Atlantic. 34 Craven Road - Paddington, London Plaque inscription: âTommy Handley 1892-1949 radio comedian lived here.â A Greater London Council plaque. 36 Panton Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: "Bill Richmond Freed Slave, Boxer, Entrepreneur. Spent the last evening of his life here with his friend Tom Cribb 27 Dec 1829." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British 54 Wellfield Road - Streatham, London Plaque inscription: âTommy Trinder comedian star of film, stage & radio was born in this house 24th March 1909.â Plaque origin unknown. 133 Long Acre - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âFrom this site John Logie Baird broadcast the first television programme by mechanical means in Great Britain on the 30th September 1929.â A Royal Television Society plaque. By March 1930 a regular low-definition 30 line mechanical television service was launched using BBC radio wavelengths, using the crude mechanical system developed by Scottish inventor John Logie Baird. From the Baird company headquarters in Long Acre, Covent Garden, full scale programmes were devised, including Europe's first television play â The Man with the Flower in his Mouth, broadcast live on 14 July 1930. 200 Oxford Street - Westminster, London Plaque inscription: âFrom June 1942 for fifteen years this building was the headquarters of the B.B.C. Overseas Services.During the war direct broadcasts were made to America from the roof while air-raids were in progress. The B.B.C. vacated the premises in November 1957.â A BBC plaque. Following the bombing of Broadcasting House in 1940, the East Block of this building was requisitioned, and the installation of a basic radio operation began for the BBC Overseas Service. Output from here went to transmitters directed beyond Europe. European services transferred to Bush House in The Strand. Large numbers of staff moved in from temporary studios and offices based at Aldenham in Hertfordshire. BBC Radio Newsreel and the former BBC Indian Section were also based here. Alexandra Palace - Haringey, London Plaque inscription: âThe world's first regular high definition television service was inaugurated here by the BBC.â A Greater London Council plaque. Scottish inventor John Logie Baird turned existing mechanical television technologies into a workable system sufficiently robust enough to convince the BBC to set up an experimental television service in the early 1930s from a basement studio in Broadcasting House. By 1936 a regular schedule of programmes from Alexandra Palace using the Baird mechanical system had started. This was rapidly superseded by the superior all-electronic service created by EMI that had been running in parallel. St. Bartholomewâs Hospital - City, London Plaque inscription: "Enslaved youth Jonathan Strong was treated at St Bartholomewâs after being savagely beaten. His ordeal inspired Granville Sharp to campaign against slavery 1765." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British BBC East - The Pettiward Hall, Great Finborough Plaque inscription: "John Peel (John Robert Parker Ravenscroft OBE) 1939-2004. Pioneering and influential BBC broadcaster who helped the careers of many artists. Lived in this village 1971-2004. Awarded by BBC Suffolk." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Suffolk plaque. Elstree Centre - Eldon Avenue, Borehamwood Plaque inscription: "BBC Elstree Centre. Strictly Come Dancing, Eastenders and Top of the Pops made here 1983â. A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. Situated in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, the studios were opened in 1914, originally as Neptune Studios, quickly becoming a cornerstone of the British film industry. Over the years many films were made there before ITV contractor ATV bought them in 1961. The BBC took over the site in 1983, and began producing top-hit shows such as Grange Hill, Top of The Pops and Kilroy. Elstree is best known today as the home of the BBC's most popular drama programmes such as East Enders, and Strictly Come Dancing. BBC North - 146a Woodhouse Lane, Leeds Plaque inscription: "BBC Radio in Leeds. In 1924 Lord Reith opened the Leeds-Bradford radio station. It broadcast national programmes and local talks on history, farming and humour, celebrity interviews, Childrenâs Corner and religious services. The station closed in 1931 but local radio returned on 24th June 1968 with the launch of BBC Radio Leeds." A Civic Trust plaque BBC North East - Newgate Street, Newcastle Plaque inscription: "The Mayflower Ballroom stood on this site 1961-1999. The band that became Led Zeppelin made their UK debut here on 4 October 1968. Awarded by BBC Newcastle." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Newcastle plaque. BBC North West - 86 Palatine Road, West Didsbury Plaque inscription: "Factory Records. Was founded here in 1978. Awarded by BBC Manchester." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Manchester plaque. BBC Northern Ireland - Linenhall Street, Central, Belfast Plaque inscription: "Sir Tyrone Guthrie 1900â1971 broadcaster and theatre director. The first voice heard on 2 BE - BBC Northern Ireland from here 15 September 1924." An Ulster History Circle plaque. BBC Midlands - Pebble Mill, Edgbaston Plaque inscription: "The home of BBC Production from the Midlands 1971-2004." A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. HRH Princess Anne opened BBC Pebble Mill in 1971. She was the first in a long line of celebrities to pass through the doors of the BBCâs second biggest production centre. At its peak, Pebble Mill produced 500 hours a year of network television programmes, several thousand hours of network radio, plus regional and local output. Major drama production saw Julie Walters starring in Boys From The Blackstuff, and recording The Archers was a main feature of activity in the centre for many years. The BBC Multi-Cultural Unit and Midlands Today, plus local radio in the form of BBC WM were also housed at Pebble Mill. BBC Scotland - 202 Bath Street, City, Glasgow Plaque inscription: "On the 6th March 1923 the first studios of the BBC in Scotland were inaugurated in this building." Plaque origin unknown. BBC Solent - 6BM, 72 Holdenhurst Road, Bournemouth Plaque inscription: "6BM Science, gardening, dance music and children's programmes broadcast from here 1923-1939." A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. BBC South - Harbour Lights, Portsmouth Plaque inscription: "Jimmy Kennedy songwriter 1902-1984. The idea for the song Harbour Lights came to him here in 1937. The song has been recorded by Elvis Presley, Bing Crosby, The Platters and over 100 other artists. Awarded by BBC Solent." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Solent plaque. BBC South East - Brighton Dome, Brighton Plaque inscription: "ABBA launched their career after winning the 19th Eurovision Song Contest for Sweden at Brighton Dome on 6 April 1974. Awarded by BBC Sussex." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Sussex plaque. BBC South West - Connaught Gardens, Sidmouth Plaque inscription: "The internationally-renowned Sidmouth Folk Week Festival. An annual celebration of folk music, dance and song held in the first week of August. Founded in the town in 1955. Awarded by BBC Devon." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Devon plaque. BBC Wales - 19 Castle Street, Cathays, Cardiff Plaque inscription: "Broadcasting in Wales began here February 13 1923." Engraving origin unknown. BBC West - 11 St. Paul St, Bristol Plaque inscription: "The Bamboo Club 1966-1977. The home of ska, reggae and blue beat. Created by Tony and Lalel Bullimore. Bob Marley, Ben E King, Desmond Dekker, Percy Sledge and Jimmy Cliff played here. Awarded by BBC Radio Bristol." A British Plaque Trust and BBC Bristol plaque. Television Centre - Wood Lane, London Plaque inscription: âOne of the first purpose-built TV production complexes in the world.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. Designed by Graham Dawbarn and opened in 1960, this was the third purpose-built centre for television production in the world to open, after ABC in Australia and Granada Television in Manchester. It lies four miles outside central London at Shepherds Bush. The distinctive building, in the shape of a question mark has been re-developed as offices, a hotel and housing, with three TV studios. It also houses the headquarters of the BBCâs commercial operation BBC Studios. Broadcasting House - Portland Place, London Plaque inscription: âFirst purpose-built broadcast centre in the UK.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque, which appears at intervals on an information screen on the Peel Wing of New Broadcasting House. Designed by G Val Myer and built in 1932, Broadcasting House was the UKâs first purpose-built home for radio broadcasting, and the second only in Europe. It is situated in central London between Oxford Street and Regents Park, adjacent to Nash's All Souls' church, and is Grade II* listed. The Architectural Review of 1932 described it as the 'new Tower of London', but it had a mixed reception amongst architects generally, being criticised as a conservative mix of functional elements with a nod toward Art Deco. Bush House - Strand, London Plaque inscription: âHome of the BBCâs international radio, TV and online services.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. For more than 70 years the BBC's international voice was heard from the neo-classically styled Bush House, originally constructed in the 1920s as a trade centre. Having been bombed out of Broadcasting House in the early stages of the Second World War, BBC European Services, needed a new home. Bush House was massive in comparison to its former offices, and the BBC increased rapidly its number of foreign language services. The BBC left Bush House in 2012. Camden Palace Theatre - Camden, London Plaque inscription: âThe Last Goon Show of All starring Peter Sellers, Spike Milligan & Harry Secombe was recorded by the BBC in this Theatre on 30th April 1972.â A Comic Heritage plaque. Some of the nationâs favourite radio programmes including The Goon Show, were recorded here for the BBC Light Programme. It was the home of BBC Radio light music and comedy between 1945 and 1972, but was also used for special one off BBC recordings, including a celebratory vinyl LP of Monty Pythonâs Flying Circus. The BBC had to completely renovate the building when it moved in, as it had been converted from a theatre to a cinema. Catley Lane Head - Rochdale, Greater Manchester Plaque inscription: "In memory of the Rochdale millworkers who supported the struggle against slavery during the American Civil War 1861-65." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British Television Film Studios - Ealing Green, London Plaque inscription: âSir Michael Balcon, 1896-1977 Film Producer, worked here 1938-1956.â An English Heritage plaque. The BBC transformed the former feature film studios at Ealing into its Television Film Studios (TFS) operation starting in 1955. In its heyday more than 50 film crews used Ealing as their HQ for filming drama and documentaries on location. The famous filmed sequences of Cathy Come Home, and Z-Cars were edited here. Quatermass and the Pit, and Colditz were completed here. The BBC subsequently sold the studios to the National Film and Television School, (NFTS). 33 Fairlop Road - Waltham Forest, London Plaque inscription: âOn this site until 1930 stood a house called Apthorp, birthplace of the famous TV cookery expert Fanny Craddock; born Phyllis Pechey.â A Waltham Forest Heritage plaque. Hippodrome Theatre - North End Road, London Plaque inscription: âHippodrome Theatre, Golders Green Home of the BBC Concert Orchestra 1969 â 2003.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. Initially the BBC took over this 3000 seat former music hall for colour television production in the 1960s, but soon found that it suited radio production much better. Radio 2âs Friday Night is Music Night was a regular fixture at the theatre, as well as series and one-offs from the BBC Concert Orchestra, the BBC Big Band and the BBC Radio Orchestra. By the mid-1970s this middle of the road fair was contrasting with concerts by the likes of AC/DC for BBC Radio 1. The BBC left in 2003. Lime Grove - Shepherd's Bush, London Plaque inscription: âHome of iconic TV news, Childrenâs and Drama programmes.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. These studios were originally built for the British film industry in 1915. Gaumont, Gainsborough Pictures and Rank Films occupied the site, and some of the greatest names of British cinema worked there, including Alfred Hitchcock. The studios were acquired by the BBC in 1949 as a 'temporary measure' until its new Television Centre was built. In 1992 the studios were closed, and were later demolished to make way for housing. Maida Vale - Delaware Road, London Plaque inscription: âHome of BBC Symphony Orchestra and the Radiophonic Workshop.â A BBC Heritage Trail plaque. Maida Vale was acquired in response to the rapidly increasing requirements of broadcasting in the early 1930s. Built in 1909, Maida Vale Studios were originally the home of the Maida Vale Roller Skating Palace and Club. Since 1934 Maida Vale has housed some of the UKâs leading orchestras, and played host to thousands of popular musicians and artists. Right from the beginning Studio 1 has been home of the BBC Symphony Orchestra and BBC Singers. Other BBC orchestras and popular dance bands have occupied Studios 2 and 3. The BBC used it as a standby radio news service during the Second World War. From the 1960s, jazz and pop music became a major feature of recordings and transmissions from Maida Vale. Many now famous artists launched their careers from the studios. Big names include: Glen Miller, Bing Crosby, Ronnie Scott, Lonnie Donegan, Cliff Richard and the Shadows, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Elton John, Queen, George Michael, Adele, and many more. Another plaque with the inscription: âBing Crosby made his last recording in this studio 11th October 1977â, can be found inside the studios commemorating the recording. Plaque origin unknown. Marconi House - Strand, London Plaque inscription: âMarconi House Within this building Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Limited operated their famous broadcasting station 2.L.O. from May 11th to November 14th 1922 when it became the first station of the British Broadcasting Company. The first pre-announced broadcast of public entertainment took place two years earlier when Dame Nellie Melba sang from Marconi's Chelmsford Works on June 15th, 1920.â Plaque origin unknown. Palm Cottage Social Club & Institute - Canterbury Street, Gillingham Plaque inscription: "Enslaved in Africa as a child Sarah Forbes Bonetta was taken under the protection of Queen Victoria Lived here with the Schoen family 1955-1861." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British Radio Londres - Rue de Southampton, Asnelles Plaque inscription: "As a testament to the historic role played by Radio London from the great voices of our own Pierre Bourdan, Jacques Duchesne, Jean Oberle, Jean Marin and Maurice Schumman and to the BBC programme The French speak to the French, 1940-1945. "Throughout the land, France fervently listened to Radio London". Charles de Gaulle." Plaque origin unknown. The Rectory - Burgh by Sands, Carlisle Queens Hall & St. Georgeâs Hall - Langham Place, London Queens Dock - Liverpool Plaque inscription: "Victim of the Liverpool Race Riots, Charles Wotten Born Bermuda 1895. Died in these waters 5 June 1919." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British Savoy Hill - Savoy Place, London Plaque inscription: âFrom 1923 to 1932 the studios and offices of The British Broadcasting Company and its successor The British Broadcasting Corporation were in this building.â Engraving origin unknown. Savoy Hill, was designed by Stephen Salter and opened for medical use in 1889. At first it was the home of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, which then offered the West Wing to the BBC in 1923. In 1925 the BBC moved to the building behind, calling it Savoy Hill. Early radio contributors included HG Wells and George Bernard Shaw, who broadcast in an atmosphere akin to that of a gentlemenâs club, being offered whisky and soda between programmes. The BBC left the site in May 1932. Shepherds Bush Empire - Shepherdâs Bush Green, London Plaque inscription: âFrank Matcham (1854-1920) Theatre Architect, designed this theatre.â A Frank Matcham Society plaque. People of a certain age will recall programmes such as, The Old Grey Whistle Test, That's Life!, Juke Box Jury, and Crackerjack. They were all made in front of large audiences in what the BBC called The BBC Television Theatre - the present day O2 Shepherdâs Bush Empire. Built in 1903 and designed by Frank Matcham, the BBC occupied the building for nearly 40 years. The venue was a mecca for the stars of the 1960s, and the BBC featured Lulu, Shirley Bassey and Cilla Black in a variety of sparkling shows. Flat 86, St Mary Abbot's Court â Kensington, London Plaque inscription: "English Heritage Grace Wyndham Goldie 1900-1986 BBC executive and pioneer of political coverage on television lived in Flat 86 from 1935". An English Heritage Plaque. Trinity Methodist Chapel - Abersychan, Pontypool Plaque inscription: "In memory of the African American soldiers stationed in the Pontypool area during WWII." A BBC History Project plaque BBC Black and British BBC History Project plaques Commemorating black lives in the UK, these plaques were featured in David Olusoga's landmark BBC TV series Black and British in 2016. BBC Heritage Trail plaques Full descriptions of former and present BBC buildings are given where significant content was produced by the BBC, or where major early broadcasting breakthroughs were achieved. Other broadcast heritage plaques The origins of these plaques are unknown. Photographers acknowledged. With thanks to Jez Nicholson of Open Plaques. BBC Music Day Plaques These plaques marked significant musical acts that performed in every BBC Local Radio area. One plaque from each BBC English Region is featured here. With thanks to the British Plaque Trust.
2695	dbpedia	2	5	https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-66721057	en	Blue plaques: Official English Heritage scheme could expand across England	https://ichef.bbci.co.uk…1235588313-1.jpg	https://ichef.bbci.co.uk…1235588313-1.jpg	[ "https://www.bbc.com/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png", "https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/718D/production/_130996092_gettyimages-1235588313-1.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/718D/production/_130996092_gettyimages-1235588313-1.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Francesca Gillett" ]	2023-09-06T04:18:00+00:00	Ministers want a nationwide system for all the plaques on buildings honouring famous figures.	en	/bbcx/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-66721057	The official blue plaque scheme celebrating notable historical figures could be expanded beyond London to cover all of England. The government is suggesting a single nationwide system for blue plaques, which are put up on buildings linked to famous people, should be put in place. The London scheme run by English Heritage began more than 150 years ago. But the idea has since been copied all over the UK, and councils and heritage groups now run local programmes. The government's arts and heritage minister Lord Parkinson said London's blue plaques were "world-renowned". "People everywhere should be able to celebrate the figures who have shaped their community - which is why we are seeking to extend this opportunity across the country, to allow people and buildings from anywhere in England to be nominated," he said. An amendment has been tabled to the government's Levelling Up and Regeneration Bill - which will be debated in the House of Lords - to change the way the current London blue plaque system works. There are more than 1,000 blue plaques in London, with English Heritage in charge of strict rules over who gets one. Recipients must have been dead for at least 20 years and must have lived at the location they are being connected with for either a long time or during an important period, such as when writing a seminal work or creating a key invention. English Heritage did trial a national scheme in the early 2000s, but said it found that much of the ground had already been covered, so it decided to keep to just London. But blue plaques organised by other groups are regularly put up on buildings all over the UK. In the summer, plaques were put up to honour former England footballer Richard Pym in Topsham, Devon as well as one of the UK's most distinguished stained-glass artists, Margaret Rope, in Woodbridge, Suffolk. The plates are sometimes altered, such as the one at a Cambridge pub that last week changed its blue plaque to also recognise the work of a lesser-known female scientist who had helped discover the structure of DNA. But, with no national body governing the plaques, the criteria used to determine who and where gets a plaque vary widely from place to place. Some areas have given plaques for more fleeting visits from famous people, for example a plaque in Norwich that marks the day in 1971 when Muhammad Ali visited a supermarket as part of a promotional tour by Ovaltine. The Department for Culture, Media and Sport is suggesting Historic England - the public body funded by the government - should run the scheme across England, while English Heritage will continue to deliver it in London. "In developing a national blue plaques scheme that will celebrate heritage across England, we want to help people feel a stronger connection to the history all around us and shine a light on the people and places of the past which have made us who we are," said the boss of Historic England, Duncan Wilson.
2695	dbpedia	3	34	https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/500004/events_and_tourism/1436/the_commemorative_plaques_scheme/2	en	The Commemorative Plaques scheme			[ "https://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/images/footer-icons/footer-icon-email.svg", "https://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/images/footer-icons/footer-icon-twitter.svg", "https://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/images/footer-icons/footer-icon-facebook.svg", "https://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/images/footer-icons/footer-ic...	[]	[]	[ "documents", "consultations", "policies", "information", "plans", "performance", "objectives", "facts and figures", "strategy", "Manchester", "UK", "England", "local authority", "council", "local government", "services", "citizen", "councillor", "community", "leisure", "touri...	null	[ "Manchester City Council" ]	null	The city council has sponsored a programme of commemorative plaques celebrating buildings and sites associated with famous people and more recently events of importance	en	//www.manchester.gov.uk/site/images/iphone-icon.png		https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/500004/events_and_tourism/1436/the_commemorative_plaques_scheme/2	Parks, leisure and the arts The Commemorative Plaques scheme Blue commemorative plaques The following blue commemorative plaques have been erected in Manchester: Richard Cobden, County Court, Quay Street York Hotel, National Westminster Bank, King Street William Harrison Ainsworth, National Westminster Bank, King Street Gaiety Theatre, Peter Street Salford Hundred Court, Crown Square Peterloo, Free Trade Hall, Peter Street James Sadler, Corporation Street and Balloon Street Frances Hodgson Burnett, 38 Cheetham Hill Road Prince Rupert, Didsbury Library Portico Library, Mosley Street Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, 84 Plymouth Grove Charlotte Bronte, Boundary Lane Frederick Henry Royce, Charles Barry Crescent, Hulme Sir Charles Halle, Duxbury Square, Moss Side Major General Charles Worsley, Platt Hall, Rusholme Richard Lane, Grosvenor Street, All Saints Captain Sir John Alcock, 6 Kingswood Road, Fallowfield Lieut. Sir Arthur Whitten Brown, 6 Oswald Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy Manchester Poor House, Spinningfields, Deansgate Revd John Wesley, Central Hall, Oldham Street Sir William Brereton, Didsbury Library Site of Alport Lodge, Deansgate and St. John Street Charles Edward Stuart, Byrom Street and Artillery Street Charles Robert Cockerell, King Street Early Methodist Preaching Room, Blackfriars Street and Deansgate Robert Bradshaw, John Rosworm, Victoria Bridge Street Louis Paulhan, 25 - 27 Paulhan Road, Didsbury Friedrich Engels, Aberdeen House, University Manchester Ship Canal Meeting 1882, Shirley Institute, Wilmslow Road, Didsbury Daniel Adamson, 'The Towers' (Shirley Institute) Edgar Wood, Daisy Bank Road, Victoria Park Sir Harry Smith, Daisy Bank Road, Victoria Park Ford Madox Brown and Charles Halle, Addison Terrace, Daisy Bank Road, Victoria Park John Hay Beith, Wilmslow Road, Rusholme Alliot Verdon Roe, Brownfield Mill, Ancoats Ellen Wilkinson, Balsam Close, Brunswick Edwin Chadwick, 5 Kingfisher Close, Stockport Road, Longsight John Dalton, 36 George Street, City Ernest Jones, Bow Chambers, Bow Lane Barton Arcade and the Catenian Association, Barton Square Walter Carroll, 117 Lapwing Lane, Didsbury Frank Kingdon-Ward, Former 14 Heaton Road, Withington Elizabeth Raffald, Marks and Spencer, Exchange Square Howard Spring, 26 Hesketh Avenue, West Didsbury Sir William Fairbairn, Arndale Centre, High Street Ernest Lord Rutherford, Museum Building, Oxford Road Sam Wild, 57 Birch Hall Lane, Rusholme Adolphe Valette, Polytechnic, Grosvenor Street, All Saints Lord and Lady Simon, Wythenshawe Hall Dr. Chaim Weizmann, Jewish Museum, 190 Cheetham Hill Road Sir Nigel Gresley, Railway Hotel, Dean Lane, Newton Heath Emmeline Pankhurst, 62 Nelson Street Thomas de la Warre, Cathedral Street John Bradford and Edward Barlow, Cathedral Street James Prince Lee, Cathedral Street Peter Green, Cathedral Street William Temple, Cathedral Street Thomas Wright, Sidney Street, All Saints Robert Owen, Royal Exchange, St. Ann's Square Aircrew Cadets, Heaton Hall, Heaton Park Hannah Mitchell, 18 Ingham Street, Newton Heath Frederick Henry Royce (no longer in place) Doris Speed, Sibson Road, Chorlton Robert Donat, Everett Road, Withington
2695	dbpedia	2	97	https://www.tameside.gov.uk/blueplaque	en	Tameside Blue Plaques	https://www.tameside.gov…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.tameside.gov…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.tameside.gov.uk/img/header/logo.png", "https://www.tameside.gov.uk/img/header/logo-print.png", "https://www.tameside.gov.uk/img//icons/webchat.png", "https://www.tameside.gov.uk/tmbc_images/leisure/new/bp_booth1.jpg", "https://www.tameside.gov.uk/tmbc_images/include/brownplaque/duckinfield.jpg"...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Throughout Tameside Blue Plaques commemorate local people and places of historical importance. Artists, poets, botanists and war heroes are amongst those celebrated	en	/img/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png		null	Brown Heritage Plaques In May 2010 Tameside introduced a new Brown Plaque scheme, Blue Plaques are already common throughout the borough and there is also one Green plaque. Blue Plaques are usually placed on buildings or sites of former buildings where some one who has made a significant historical contribution has lived. The Brown plaque scheme marks interesting buildings or structures. These may be architectural or historically important places or both, or where an historic event has taken place. These places are not covered by other plaques. Following the tragic death of George Floyd and in light of our support for the ‘Black Lives Matter’ campaign, we have reviewed the borough’s collection of public sculptures and Blue Plaques. Currently there are none that we would propose removing. However our collection is always under review and we are attentive to the public’s views on historical figures who have been celebrated and commemorated. Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council has also pledged our commitment to further reflection and action to address race inequality issues. For further information see https://www.greatermanchester-ca.gov.uk/news/greater-manchester-statement-on-george-floyd-and-black-lives-matter/ If you have any concerns about the statues or blue and brown plaques in Tameside, please contact events@tameside.gov.uk Ashton-under-Lyne Ashton Union Workhouse and Ashton Parish Workhouse Ashton under Lyne Mechanics Institute Dukinfield Dukinfield St Mary’s Former burial ground Astley Street
2695	dbpedia	1	95	https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/stuff-about-london-blog/putney-sw15/	en	The Blue Plaques and famous names of Putney, SW15	https://stuffaboutlondon…utney_Bridge.jpg	https://stuffaboutlondon…utney_Bridge.jpg	[ "https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-cropped-cropped-journal-23.jpg", "https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Putney_Bridge.jpg", "https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/attlee-paque-1.jpg", "https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "donbrown" ]	2020-02-05T17:56:41+00:00	A short piece I did for Essential Surrey on Putney's history, and some of the famous people associated with the area. Now a thriving, popular and leafy suburb of London, Putney is recorded - as ‘Putenhie’ or ‘Putelei’ - in the Domesday Book as a ferry and a fishery, and for much of its history	en		Stuff About London \| A blog on London history - and other stuff	https://stuffaboutlondon.co.uk/stuff-about-london-blog/putney-sw15/	A short piece I did for Essential Surrey on Putney’s history, and some of the famous people associated with the area. Now a thriving, popular and leafy suburb of London, Putney is recorded – as ‘Putenhie’ or ‘Putelei’ – in the Domesday Book as a ferry and a fishery, and for much of its history was a small village well outside the orbit of the capital. Despite this, it has produced or been the home of a number of people who had a significant impact on the country. This includes Thomas Cromwell, the ‘enforcer’ to Henry VIII who rose from being the son of a Putney blacksmith to the King’s Chief Minister. It was Cromwell who pushed through the break with the Catholic Church and the dissolution of the monasteries, and Cromwell who was the moving force behind the executions of Anne Boleyn and Sir Thomas More. He met the same fate himself in 1540, when Henry had him beheaded on Tower Hill, after Cromwell had arranged Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves, and Anne proved to be less attractive than her portrait (Henry is said to have called her ‘The Flanders Mare’.) Cromwell is the anti-hero of Hilary Mantel’s Booker Prize-winning novels ‘Wolf Hall’ and ‘Bring up the Bodies’ (the third in the trilogy is due out this year), and Mantel unveiled the Putney Society’s plaque to Cromwell at Brewhouse Lane in 2013. However, all the historical evidence indicates that the home of his father was almost a mile away, on the fringes of Putney Heath, possibly on the present site of the Green Man pub, so why the Society chose the spot it did is something of a mystery. Cromwell isn’t the only politician associated with Putney. William Pitt (“the Younger”), Britain’s youngest-ever prime minister when he was elected to the office in 1783, lived and died at (the now long gone) Bowling Green House to the north of the Heath. The politicians of the time seem to have had a more robust way of settling arguments than our present leaders: in 1798 Pitt fought a duel on the Heath against fellow MP George Tierney (neither man was injured), and another duel took place close to that spot in 1809 between Viscount Castlereagh, the war minister, and George Canning the Foreign Secretary. Canning took a bullet to the thigh, but recovered to become Prime Minister in 1827. Altogether less dramatically, Putney is the birthplace of Clement Attlee, leader of the Labour Party from 1935-55, Deputy Prime Minister in WW2 under Churchill, and PM in the radical 1945 Labour Government that brought in the NHS. The house where he was born and grew up in Portinscale Road no longer stands, but its site is marked by a Wandsworth Society Green Plaque. But perhaps the politician that Putney has most reason to be grateful for is Sir Robert Walpole, Prime Minister from 1721 to 1742, as it was his government that built the first permanent bridge at Putney. At that time there was a ferry across the river, and the story is that one evening as Walpole was riding back from a meeting with King George I in Kingston, he came to the crossing to find that the boatman was in the Swan Inn over the river and couldn’t, or wouldn’t, come out to take the PM to the north bank. Annoyed, Walpole vowed to have a bridge built so that he wouldn’t be inconvenienced again. Whatever the truth of the story, a wooden bridge was built by 1729, putting the ferrymen out of business. In 1795 the bridge was the scene of the attempted suicide of Mary Wollstonecraft, the proto-feminist author of ‘The Vindication of the Rights of Women’. In despair after the breakdown of a relationship, she jumped into the Thames, but was rescued and resuscitated by a boatman. The following year she married the philosopher William Godwin and gave birth to a daughter, also called Mary, who went on to marry the poet Percy Shelley and wrote ‘Frankenstein’. The bridge – the present one dates from 1886 when the wooden original was replaced by the Victorian engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette – is unique in England in that it has a church at either end. At the Fulham side is All Saints, and Putney has St Mary’s, which has been there since at least the 12th century. In 1647, at the end of the English Civil War, St Mary’s was the scene of the ‘Putney Debates’, when a group of radical soldiers pushed for democracy – one man, one vote (it was only for men), freedom of conscience, freedom from conscription and equality under the law. Inscribed in the church is a quote from one of the self-styled ‘agitators’ Thomas Rainsborough, “For really I think that the poorest he that is in England hath a life to live, as the greatest he.” The church also has a grey, granite memorial to the soldiers, and an interesting exhibition about the Debates and their aftermath. So despite being a small village for most of its history, Putney can claim to have played a role in the Dissolution of the Monasteries, in the foundation of the Health Service, the clamour for better human rights and even the existence of one of the classic horror novels. Not a bad record for just one postcode. ( St Mary’s also has this example of perpendicular gothic that I didn’t know existed – the chantry chapel for Nicholas West, Bishop of Ely (1461-1533), chaplain to Henry VII and Catherine of Aragon, in St Mary’s church, Putney. Built around 1530, it was moved to its current spot in the church during 19thC restoration. West was born (and probably baptised) in St Mary’s. Perpendicular gothic is an architectural style unique to 16th century England – you can see exceptional examples in the Henry VII chapel at Westminster Abbey, at St George’s in Windsor, and at Canterbury Cathedral amongst other places.)
2695	dbpedia	3	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_Heritage_blue_plaques_in_the_City_of_Westminster	en	List of English Heritage blue plaques in the City of Westminster	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Adam%2C_Hood%2C_Gals...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2015-01-03T00:25:35+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_Heritage_blue_plaques_in_the_City_of_Westminster	Subject Inscription Location Year installed Photo Open Plaques ref Notes 1–3 Robert Street "ROBERT ADAM THOMAS HOOD JOHN GALSWORTHY SIR JAMES BARRIE AND OTHER EMINENT ARTISTS AND WRITERS LIVED HERE" 1–3 Robert Street, Adelphi Charing Cross WC2N 6BN 1950 ( ) 509 Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema O.M. (1836–1912) "Painter lived here 1886–1912" 44 Grove End Road St John's Wood NW8 9NE 1975 ( ) 569 Bert Ambrose (c.1896–1971) "Dance Band Leader lived and played here 1927–1940" May Fair Hotel, Stratton Street Mayfair W1J 8LT 2005 ( ) 597 Edward Ardizzone (1900–1979) "Artist and Illustrator lived here 1920–1972" 130 Elgin Avenue Maida Vale W9 2NS 2007 ( ) 104 Sir Richard Arkwright (1732–1792) "Industrialist and Inventor lived here" 8 Adam Street Charing Cross WC2N 6AA 1984 ( ) 241 Thomas Arne (1710–1778) "Composer lived here" 31 King Street Covent Garden WC2E 8JD 1988 ( ) 233 The left and right sides of the circular plaque have been removed to fit into a narrow space.[1] Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) "POET and CRITIC lived here" 2 Chester Square Belgravia SW1W 9HH 1954 ( ) 38 Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith (1852–1928) "STATESMAN lived here" 20 Cavendish Square Marylebone W1G 0RN 1951 ( ) 601 Hertha Ayrton (1854–1923) "Physicist lived here 1903–1923" 41 Norfolk Square Paddington W2 IRX 2007 ( ) 712 Walter Bagehot (1826–1877) "Writer, Banker and Economist lived here" 12 Upper Belgrave Street Belgravia SW1X 8BA 1967 ( ) 215 John Logie Baird (1888–1946) "IN 1926 IN THIS HOUSE JOHN LOGIE BAIRD 1888–1946 FIRST DEMONSTRATED TELEVISION" 22 Frith Street Soho W1D 4RP ( ) 444 Baird's home at 3 Crescent Wood Road in Sydenham in the London Borough of Southwark also has a blue plaque.[2] Bruce Bairnsfather (1888–1959) "Cartoonist lived here" 1 Sterling Street, off Montpelier Square Knightsbridge SW7 1HN 1981 ( ) 584 Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley (1867–1947) "PRIME MINISTER lived here" 93 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9AQ 1969 ( ) 40 Michael William Balfe (1808–1870) "Musical Composer Lived here" 12 Seymour Street Marylebone W1H 7HT 1912 ( ) 11 Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer (1841–1917) "Colonial administrator lived and died here" 36 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8GZ ( ) 440 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861) "ELIZABETH BARRETT BARRETT POETESS, AFTERWARDS WIFE OF ROBERT BROWNING, LIVED HERE 1838–1846" 50 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8SQ 1899 ( ) 368 The London County Council re-erected the plaque in 1936.[3] Sir James Barrie (1860–1937) "NOVELIST AND DRAMATIST lived here" 100 Bayswater Road Bayswater W2 3HJ 1961 ( ) 416 George Basevi (1794–1845) "ARCHITECT lived here" 17 Savile Row Mayfair W1S 3PN 1949 ( ) 291 Gilbert Bayes (1872–1953) Sculptor lived here 1931–1953 4 Greville Place St John's Wood NW6 5JN 2007 ( ) 10 Sir Joseph Bazalgette (1819–1891) "Civil Engineer lived here" 17 Hamilton Terrace St John's Wood NW8 9RE 1974 ( ) 385 Aubrey Beardsley (1872–1898) "ARTIST lived here" 114 Cambridge Street Pimlico SW1V 4QF 1948 ( ) 456 Sir Francis Beaufort (1774–1857) "Admiral and Hydrographer lived here" 52 Manchester Street Marylebone W1U 7LU 1959 ( ) 686 Sir Thomas Beecham C. H. (1879–1961) "Conductor and Impresario lived here" 31 Grove End Road St John's Wood NW8 9NG 1985 ( ) 443 Sir Julius Benedict (1804–1885) "MUSICAL COMPOSER Lived and died here" 2 Manchester Square Marylebone W1U 3PA 1934 ( ) 561 Sir William Sterndale Bennett (1816–1875) "Composer lived here" 38 Queensborough Terrace Bayswater W2 3SH 1996 ( ) 499 George Bentham (1800–1884) "Botanist lived here 1864–1884" 25 Wilton Place Belgravia SW1X 8RL 1978 ( ) 67 Hector Berlioz (1803–1869) "COMPOSER stayed here in 1851" 58 Queen Anne Street Marylebone W1M 9LA 1969 ( ) 542 George Frederick Bodley (1827–1907) "Architect lived here 1862–1873" 109 Harley Street Marylebone W1T 6AN 2003 ( ) 696 Elizabeth Bowen (1899–1973) "Writer lived here 1935–1952" 1–7 Clarence Terrace Regent's Park NW1 4RD 2012 ( ) 10672 Al Bowlly (1899–1941) "Singer lived here 1933–1934" Charing Cross Mansions, 26 Charing Cross Road Charing Cross WC2H 0DG 2013 ( ) 30419 Charles Bridgeman "Landscape Gardener lived here 1723–1738" 54 Broadwick Street Soho W1F 7AH 1984 ( ) 586 Richard Bright (1789–1858) "Physician lived here" 11 Savile Row Mayfair W1S 3PS 1979 ( ) 85 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861) POET LIVED HERE 99 Gloucester Place Marylebone W1U 6JQ 1924 ( ) 45 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861) Poet lived in a house on this site 1838–1846 50 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8SQ 1936 ( ) 368 Street level supplementary stone inscription added by the LCC to the facade of 50 Wimpole Street when the brown RSA plaque of 1899 was re-erected in 1936 Beau Brummell (1778–1840) "Leader of Fashion lived here" 4 Chesterfield Street Mayfair W1J 6JF 1984 ( ) 22 General John Burgoyne (1723–1792) "lived and died here" 10 Hertford Street Mayfair W1J 7RL 1954 ( ) 678 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates Richard Brinsley Sheridan.[4] Edmund Burke (1729–1797) AUTHOR AND STATESMAN LIVED HERE 37 Gerrard Street Leicester Square W1D 5QB 1876 ( ) 424 Frances Hodgson Burnett (1849–1924) "WRITER lived here" 63 Portland Place Marylebone W1B 1QP 1979 ( ) 242 Fanny Burney (1752–1840) "MADAME D'ARBLAY (FANNY BURNEY) AUTHORESS. LIVED HERE. BORN 1752. DIED 1840." 11 Bolton Street Mayfair W1J 8BB 1885 ( ) 74 Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1836–1908) "Prime Minister lived here" 6 Grosvenor Place Belgravia SW1X 7SH 1959 ( ) 481 Giovanni Antonio Canal (1697–1768) "Antonio Canal called Canaletto (1697–1768) Venetian Painter Lived here" 41 Beak Street Soho W1F 9SB 1925 ( ) 378 George Canning (1770–1827) "Statesman lived here" 50 Berkeley Square Mayfair W1J 5BA 1979 ( ) 477 Cato Street conspiracy "discovered here 23 February 1820" 1a Cato Street Marylebone W1H 5HG 1977 ( ) 84 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood (1864–1958) "Creator of the League of Nations lived here" 16 South Eaton Place Belgravia SW1W 9JA 1976 ( ) 304 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates Philip Noel-Baker.[5] Neville Chamberlain (1869–1940) "Prime Minister lived here" 37 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9DH 1962 ( ) 413 Lord Randolph Churchill (1849–1895) "STATESMAN lived here 1883–1892" 2 Connaught Place Marble Arch W2 2ET 1962 ( ) 269 In 1985 the plaque was resituated by the Greater London Council following alterations to the building.[6] Sir Kenneth Clark (1903–1983) "Art historian and broadcaster" 30 Portland Place Marylebone W1B 1LZ 2021 ( ) 55642 Willy Clarkson (1861–1934) "THEATRICAL WIGMAKER lived and died here" 41–43 Wardour Street Soho W1D 6PY 1966 ( ) 154 Lord Robert Clive (1725–1744) "SOLDIER AND ADMINISTRATOR lived here" 45 Berkeley Square Mayfair W1J 5AS 1953 ( ) 50 Eric Coates (1886–1957) "Composer lived here in Flat 176 1930–1939" Chiltern Court, Baker Street Marylebone NW1 5SG 2013 ( ) 33147 Richard Cobden (1804–1865) "Died Here" 23 Suffolk Street Leicester Square SW1Y 4HG 1905 ( ) 122 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834) "POET AND PHILOSOPHER lived in a house on this site 1812–1813" 71 Berners Street Soho W1T 3NL 1966 ( ) 272 The present plaque replaces a brown London County Council plaque erected in 1905.[7] William Wilkie Collins (1824–1889) "NOVELIST lived here" 65 Gloucester Place Marylebone W1U 8JL 1951 ( ) 107 Joseph Conrad (1857–1924) "Novelist lived here" 17 Gillingham Street Victoria SW1V 1HN 1984 ( ) 209 Sir Michael Costa (1808–1883) "Conductor and Orchestra Reformer lived here 1857–1883" Wilton Court, 59 Eccleston Square Pimlico SW1V 1PH 2007 ( ) 9175 Tom Cribb (1781–1848) "Bare Knuckle Boxing Champion lived here" 36 Panton Street Leicester Square SW1Y 4EA 2005 ( ) 6326 Thomas Cubitt (1788–1855) "Master Builder lived here" 3 Lyall Street Belgravia SW1X 8DW 1959 ( ) 5028 Richard Dadd (1817–1866) "Painter lived here" 15 Suffolk Street Leicester Square SW1Y 4HG 1977 ( ) 331 The plaque was originally incorrectly placed next door, at 15 Suffolk Street, in 1977. The address was found to be incorrect, and it was moved to its present location in 1980.[8] Emily Davies (1830–1921) "Founder of Girton College, Cambridge lived here" 17 Cunningham Place Lisson Grove NW8 8JT 1978 ( ) 53 Thomas de Quincey (1785–1859) "wrote Confessions of an English Opium Eater in this house" 36 Tavistock Street Covent Garden WC2E 7PB 1981 ( ) 9 De Quincey's surname is spelt incorrectly by the plaque.[9] Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881) "BENJAMIN DISRAELI Earl of Beaconsfield Statesman 1804–1881 Died Here" 19 Curzon Street Mayfair W1J 7TB 1908 ( ) 453 John Dryden (1631–1700) "POET. LIVED HERE" 43 Gerrard Street Soho W1D 5QG 1870 ( ) 526 Sir Stewart Duke-Elder (1898–1978) "Ophthalmologist lived and worked here 1934–1976" 63 Harley Street Marylebone W1G 9PW 2002 ( ) 322 Essex Street "ESSEX STREET was laid out in the grounds of Essex House by NICHOLAS BARBON in 1675 Among many famous lawyers who lived here were Sir ORLANDO BRIDGEMAN c.1606–1674 Lord Keeper HENRY FIELDING 1707–1754 Novelist and BRASS CROSBY 1725–1793 Lord Mayor of London JAMES SAVAGE 1779–1852 Architect had his office here. PRINCE CHARLES EDWARD STUART stayed at a house in the street in 1750. Rev. THEOPHILUS LINDSEY 1723–1808 Unitarian Minister founded Essex Street Chapel here in 1774. Dr. SAMUEL JOHNSON established an evening club at the Essex Head in 1783" Essex Hall, Essex Street Strand WC2R 3HU 1962 ( ) 625 The stone plaque was re-erected in 1964.[10] Dame Edith Evans (1888–1976) "Actress lived here" 109 Ebury Street Belgravia SW1W 9QU 1997 ( ) 220 William Ewart (1798–1869) "REFORMER lived here" 16 Eaton Place Belgravia SW1X 8LT 1963 ( ) 298 The plaque was originally located at 6 Cambridge Square and placed here in 1963 when that building was demolished.[11] Michael Faraday (1791–1867) "MAN OF SCIENCE. APPRENTICE HERE." 48 Blandford Street Marylebone W1U 7HU 1876 ( ) 19 Ethel Gordon Fenwick (1857–1947) "Nursing Reformer lived here 1887–1924" 20 Upper Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 6LZ 1999 ( ) 73 Ronald Firbank (1886–1926) "Novelist lived here" 33 Curzon Street Mayfair W1J 7TR 2023 ( ) 73 Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher (1841–1920) "Admiral of the Fleet LORD FISHER 1841–1920 lived here as First Sea Lord 1904–1910" 16 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AA 1975 ( ) 130 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates William Smith.[12] Ian Fleming (1908–1964) "Creator of James Bond lived here" 22 Ebury Street Belgravia SW1W 8LW 1996 ( ) 395 Sir Ambrose Fleming 1849–1945 "Scientist and Electrical Engineer lived here" 9 Clifton Gardens Maida Vale W9 1AL 1971 ( ) 506 Charles James Fox 1749–1806 Statesman Lived Here 46 Clarges Street Mayfair W1J 7ER 1912 ( ) 402 The plaque was placed here in the 1940s after its original location, 9 Arlington Street, was demolished.[13] George Frampton 1860–1928 "Sculptor lived and worked here 1894–1908" 32 Queen's Grove St John's Wood NW8 6HJ 1977 ( ) 647 Sir Edward Frankland 1825–1899 "Chemical Scientist lived here 1870–1880" 14 Lancaster Gate Bayswater W2 3LH 2019 ( ) 51829 Benjamin Franklin 1706–1790 "LIVED HERE" 36 Craven Street Charing Cross WC2N 5NF 1914 ( ) 348 W. P. Frith 1819–1909 "Painter lived and died here" 114 Clifton Hill St John's Wood NW8 0JS 1973 ( ) 46 Henry Fuseli (1741–1825) "Artist lived here 1788–1803" 37 Foley Street Fitzrovia W1W 7TN 1961 ( ) 308 Thomas Gainsborough (1727–1788) "ARTIST lived here" Schomberg House, 82 Pall Mall St James's SW1Y 5ES 1951 ( ) 2 This plaque replaces a Royal Society of Arts plaque from 1881.[14] Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911) "EXPLORER STATISTICIAN FOUNDER OF EUGENICS LIVED HERE FOR FIFTY YEARS" 42 Rutland Gate Knightsbridge SW7 1PD c.1931 ( ) 356 This plaque was privately erected, and became part of London County Council's blue plaque scheme in 1959.[15] Ava Gardner (1922–1990) "Film Star lived and died here" 34 Ennismore Gardens Knightsbridge SW7 1AE 2016 ( ) 41595 Edward Gibbon (1737–1792) "HISTORIAN lived in a house on this site 1773–1783" 7 Bentinck Street Marylebone W1U 2EH 1964 ( ) 107 The plaque replaces a Royal Society of Arts plaque from 1896.[16] Sir John Gielgud (1904–2000) "Actor and Director lived here 1945–1976" 16 Cowley Street Westminster SW1P 3LZ 2017 ( ) 42718 William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) "Statesman Lived here" 11 Carlton House Terrace St James's SW1Y 5AJ 1925 ( ) 118 Henry Gray (1827–1861) "ANATOMIST lived here" 8 Wilton Street Belgravia SW1X 7AF 1947 ( ) 4320 John Richard Green (1837–1883) "HISTORIAN lived in a house on this site 1869–1876" 4 Beaumont Street Marylebone W1G 6AA 1964 ( ) 3104 Though originally placed in 1909, the plaque was re-erected in 1924 and 1964; after the houses demolition and damage to the plaque respectively.[17] Viscount Grey of Fallodon Sir Edward Grey (1862–1933) "Foreign Secretary lived here" 3 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9BT 1981 ( ) 1291 George Grossmith (1847–1912) "ACTOR and AUTHOR lived here" 28 Dorset Square Marylebone NW1 6QG 1963 ( ) 2246 George Grossmith, Jr. (1874–1935) "ACTOR-MANAGER lived here" 3 Spanish Place Marylebone W1U 3HX 1963 ( ) 2128 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates Frederick Marryat.[18] George Grote (1794–1871) "Historian Died Here" 12 Savile Row Mayfair W1S 3PS 1905 ( ) 4270 Lord Haldane (1856–1928) "STATESMAN LAWYER AND PHILOSOPHER LIVED HERE" 28 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AB 1954 ( ) 87 Henry Hallam (1777–1859) "Historian Lived Here" 67 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8AP 1904 ( ) 388 George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) "Composer lived in this house from 1723 and died here" 25 Brook Street Mayfair W1K 4HB 2001 ( ) More images 337 This is the third plaque on this house, after a Society of Arts plaque from 1870 and a London County Council plaque from 1952.[19] Tommy Handley (1892–1949) "Radio Comedian lived here" 34 Craven Road Paddington W2 3QA 1980 ( ) 374 Francis Bret Harte (1836–1902) "American Writer lived and died here" 74 Lancaster Gate Paddington W2 3NH 1977 ( ) 263 Sir Norman Hartnell (1901–1979) "Court Dressmaker lived and worked here 1935–1979" 26 Bruton Street Mayfair W1J 6QL 2005 ( ) 694 Benjamin Haydon (1786–1846) and Charles Rossi (1762–1839) "BENJAMIN HAYDON 1786–1846 Painter and CHARLES ROSSI 1762–1839 Sculptor lived here" 116 Lisson Grove Lisson Grove NW1 6UL 1959 ( ) 299 William Hazlitt (1778–1830) "Essayist Died Here" 6 Frith Street Soho W1D 3JA 1905 ( ) 665 The plaque was originally coloured green, but has faded to blue. It was re-erected in 1909 after the front portion of the building was rebuilt.[20] Heinrich Heine (1799–1856) "German Poet and Essayist (1799–1856) Lived Here 1827" 32 Craven Street Charing Cross, WC2N 5NP 1912 ( ) 101 Jimi Hendrix (1942–1970) "Guitarist and Songwriter lived here 1968–1969" 23 Brook Street Mayfair W1K 4HA 1997 ( ) 595 Alexander Herzen (1812–1870) "RUSSIAN POLITICAL THINKER lived here 1860–1863" 1 Orsett Terrace Bayswater W2 6AH 1970 ( ) 405 Sir Rowland Hill KCB (1795–1879) "Postal Reformer Lived Here" 1 Orme Square Bayswater W2 4RS 1907 ( ) 80 Thomas Hood (1799–1845) "Poet lived and died here" 28 Finchley Road St John's Wood NW8 6ES 2001 ( ) 468 The original plaque had become illegible by 1960 and was replaced by the present one.[21] Lord Hore-Belisha (1893–1957) "Statesman lived here" 16 Stafford Place Victoria SW1E 6NE 1980 ( ) 293 John Hunter (1728–1793) "Surgeon Lived Here" 30 Golden Square Soho W1F 9LD 1907 ( ) 281 The plaque has been re-erected in 1931, and 2000 after successive buildings were rebuilt.[22] William Huskisson (1770–1830) "STATESMAN lived here" 28 St James's Place St James's SW1A 1NR 1962 ( ) 234 Sir Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913) "Surgeon, Scientist, and Teacher lived here" 15 Cavendish Square Marylebone W1G 9DB 1981 ( ) 562 Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895) "Biologist Lived Here" 38 Marlborough Place St John's Wood NW8 0PJ 1910 ( ) 560 Sir Henry Irving (1838–1905) "ACTOR lived here 1872–1899" 15a Grafton Street Mayfair W1S 4ET 1950 ( ) 261 Washington Irving (1783–1859) "American Writer lived here" 8 Argyll Street Soho W1F 7TF 1983 ( ) 425 John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911) "PHYSICIAN lived here" 3 Manchester Square Marylebone W1U 3PB 1932 ( ) 201 Ernest Jones (1879–1958) "Pioneer Psychoanalyst lived here" 19 York Terrace East Regent's Park NW1 4PT 1985 ( ) 2509 Andreas Kalvos (1792–1869) "Greek Poet and Patriot lived here" 182 Sutherland Avenue Maida Vale W9 1HR 1998 ( ) 289 Sir Gerald Kelly (1879–1972) "Portrait Painter lived here 1916–1972" 117 Gloucester Place Marylebone W1H 3PJ 1993 ( ) 436 Charles Eamer Kempe (1837–1907) "Stained glass artist lived and worked here" 37 Nottingham Place Marylebone W1U 5LT 1994 ( ) 512 Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815–1852) "Pioneer of Computing lived here" 12 St James's Square St James's SW1Y 4RB 1992 ( ) 599 Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) "poet and story writer lived here 1889–1891" 43 Villiers Street Charing Cross WC2N 6NE 1957 ( ) 286 The plaque replaces a London County Council plaque from 1940.[23] Field-Marshal Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, K.G. (1850–1916) "Lived here 1914–15" 2 Carlton Gardens St James's SW1Y 5AA 1924 ( ) 590 Dame Laura Knight and Harold Knight (1877–1970) and (1874–1961) "Painters lived here" 16 Langford Place St John's Wood NW8 1983 ( ) 567 Oskar Kokoschka (1886–1980) "Painter lived here" Eyre Court, Finchley Road St John's Wood NW8 9TX 1986 ( ) 697 Sir Alexander Korda (1832–1906) "Film Producer worked here 1932–1936" 21/22 Grosvenor Street Mayfair W1K 4QJ 2002 ( ) 248 Susan Lawrence (1871–1947) "Social Reformer lived here" 44 Westbourne Terrace Paddington W2 3UH 1987 ( ) 404 T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935) "Lawrence of Arabia" lived here 14 Barton Street Westminster SW1P 3NE 1966 ( ) 543 Vivien Leigh (1913–1967) "Actress lived here" 54 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9BE 1996 ( ) 412 Lord Lister (1827–1912) "SURGEON LIVED HERE" 12 Park Crescent Regent's Park W1B 1PH 1915 ( ) 2501 The plaque was removed following serious damage to Park Crescent during the Second World War. The plaque was illicitly sold for scrap, but was located thanks to an article in The Lancet and re-erected in 1966 following the rebuilding of the crescent.[24][25] As of 2019 the plaque is again missing. John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury (1834–1913) "Born here" 29 Eaton Place Belgravia SW1X 8BP 1935 ( ) 535 Lord Lugard (1858–1945) "Colonial Administrator lived here 1912–1919" 51 Rutland Gate Knightsbridge SW7 1PL 1972 ( ) 151 Rose Macaulay (1881–1958) "Writer lived and died here" Hinde House, 11–14 Hinde Street Marylebone W1U 3BG 1996 ( ) 661 Douglas Macmillan (1884–1969) "Founder of Macmillan Cancer Relief lived here" 15 Ranelagh Road Pimlico SW1V 3EX 1997 ( ) 102 Edmond Malone (1741–1812) "SHAKESPEARIAN SCHOLAR lived here 1779–1812" 40 Langham Street Fitzrovia W1W 7AS 1962 ( ) 128 Charles Manby (1804–1884) "CIVIL ENGINEER lived here" 60 Westbourne Terrace Paddington W2 3UJ 1961 ( ) 34 Cardinal Manning (1808–1892) "Lived here" 22 Carlisle Place Victoria SW1P 1JA 1914 ( ) 150 Sir Patrick Manson (1844–1922) "Father of Modern Tropical Medicine lived here" 50 Welbeck Street Marylebone W1G 9XW 1985 ( ) 197 Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) "THE PIONEER OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION lived here in 1896–1897" 71 Hereford Road Bayswater W2 5BB 1952 ( ) 7 The original plaque turned out to be defective and was replaced in 1954.[26] Captain Frederick Marryat (1792–1848) "NOVELIST lived here" 3 Spanish Place Marylebone W1U 3HX 1953 ( ) 252 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates George Grossmith, Jr.[18] Karl Marx (1818–1883) "lived here 1851–56" 28 Dean Street Soho W1D 3RY 1967 ( ) 1105 John Masefield O. M. (1878–1967) "Poet Laureate lived here 1907–1912" 30 Maida Avenue Maida Vale W2 5BB 2002 ( ) 6502 William Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) "Novelist and playwright lived here 1911–1919" 6 Chesterfield Street Mayfair W1J 5JQ 1975 ( ) 1320 Frederick Denison Maurice (1805–1872) "Christian Philosopher and Educationalist lived here 1862–1866" 2 Brunswick Place Marylebone NW1 4PN 1977 ( ) 2505 Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847) "Composer stayed here" 4 Hobart Place Belgravia SW1W 0HU 2013 ( ) 12090 Yehudi Menuhin (1916–1999) "Violinist, conductor and teacher lived here" 65 Chester Square Westminster SW1W 9DU 2023 ( ) 58910 Prince Metternich (1773–1859) "Austrian Statesman lived here in 1848" 44 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9BD 1970 ( ) 1127 Alice Meynell (1847–1922) "POET and ESSAYIST lived here" 47 Palace Court Bayswater W2 4LS 1948 ( ) 9149 James Mill (1773–1836) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) "Philosophers lived here 1814–1831" 40 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AP ( ) 39390 Alfred, Lord Milner (1854–1925) "STATESMAN lived here" 14 Manchester Square Marylebone W1U 3PP 1967 ( ) 9150 Nancy Mitford (1904–1973) "Writer worked here 1942–1945" 10 Curzon Street Mayfair W1J 5HH 1999 ( ) 1241 George Moore (1852–1933) "AUTHOR Lived and died here" 121 Ebury Street Belgravia SW1W 9QU 1937 ( ) 1128 The original plaque from 1936 gave an incorrect year of birth and was replaced by the present one.[27] Tom Moore (1779–1852) "POET lived here" 85 George Street Marylebone W1U 8NH 1953 ( ) 9151 Blue plaque originally erected in 1953 at 28 Bury Street, St James's, demolished in 1962. Plaque re-erected at 85 (formerly 44) George Street, Marylebone, London, W1U 8NH, City of Westminster in 1963.[28] Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) "composed his first symphony here in 1764" 180 Ebury Street Belgravia SW1W 8UP 1939 ( ) 4316 Following damage in the Second World War the plaque was re-erected in 1951.[29] Jean Muir (1928–1995) "Dressmaker and Fashion Designer worked here 1966-1995" 22 Bruton Street Mayfair W1J 6QE 55456 ( ) 2893 Hector Hugh Munro alias Saki (1870–1916) "Short Story Writer lived here" 97 Mortimer Street Fitzrovia W1W 7SU 2003 ( ) 2893 Napoleon III (1808–1873) "LIVED HERE 1848" 1c King Street St James's SW1Y 6QG 1867 ( ) 489 This was the second plaque placed by the scheme started by the Royal Society of the Arts and is the oldest survivor.[30] Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (1758–1805) "lived here in 1798" 103 New Bond Street Mayfair W1S 1ST 1958 ( ) 519 Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) "Lived here" 87 Jermyn Street St James's SW1Y 6JP 1908 ( ) 651 The plaque was re-erected in 1915 after the building was rebuilt.[31] Harold Nicolson and Vita Sackville-West (1886–1968) and (1892–1962) "Writers and Gardeners lived here" 182 Ebury Street Belgravia SW1W 8UP 1993 ( ) 648 Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) "in a house on this site FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE 1820–1910 lived and died" 10 South Street Mayfair W1K 1DE 1955 ( ) 6 This plaque replaces a plaque erected by the Duke of Westminster in 1912 that was lost when the original house was demolished in 1929.[32] Philip Noel-Baker (1889–1982) "Olympic Sportsman Campaigner for Peace and Disarmament lived here" 16 South Eaton Place Belgravia SW1W 9JA 1992 ( ) 557 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood.[5] Caroline Norton (1808–1877) "Champion of women's legal rights lived here 1845–1877" 3 Chesterfield Street Mayfair W1J 5JF 2021 ( ) 55017 Francis Turner Palgrave (1824–1897) "Compiler of the "Golden Treasury" lived here 1862–1875" 5 York Gate Regent's Park NW1 4QG 1976 ( ) 650 Lord Palmerston (1784–1865) "Statesman lived here" 4 Carlton Gardens St James's SW1Y 5AB 1907 ( ) 706 The plaque was placed in 1907, and reattached in 1936 after the buildings 1933 demolition.[34] Lord Palmerston (1784–1865) "PRIME MINISTER born here" 20 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AA 1927 ( ) 575 Lord Palmerston (1784–1865) "IN THIS HOUSE FORMERLY A ROYAL RESIDENCE LIVED LORD PALMERSTON (1784–1865) Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary" Cambridge House, 94 Piccadilly Mayfair, W1J 7BP 1961 ( ) 278 Sardar Vallabhbhai Javerbhai Patel (1875–1950) "Indian Statesman lived here" 23 Aldridge Road Villas Ladbroke Grove W11 1BN 1991 ( ) 28 The plaque is a replica placed by English Heritage to replace the original Greater London Council plaque of 1986 that was damaged in building work.[35] George Peabody (1795–1869) "Philanthropist died here" 80 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9AP 1976 ( ) 646 Sir Arthur Pearson (1866–1921) "Founder of St Dunstan’s (Blind Veterans UK) lived and worked here" 21 Portland Place Marylebone W1B 1PY 2019 ( ) 51838 John Loughborough Pearson and Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens (1817–1897) and (1869–1944) "Here lived and died JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH PEARSON 1817–1897 and later SIR EDWIN LANDSEER LUTYENS 1869–1944 Architects" 13 Mansfield Street Marylebone W1G 9NZ 1962 ( ) 357 Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet and Robert Peel (1750–1830) and (1788–1850) "SIR ROBERT PEEL 1750–1830 Manufacturer and reformer and his son SIR ROBERT PEEL 1788–1850 Prime Minister Founder of the Metropolitan Police lived here" 16 Upper Grosvenor Street Mayfair W1K 7EH 1988 ( ) 434 Henry Pelham (c.1695–1754) "Prime Minister lived here" Wimbourne House 22 Arlington Street St James's SW1A 1RW 1995 ( ) 251 The plaque is on the rear of the house, facing into Green Park Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) "DIARIST AND SECRETARY OF THE ADMIRALTY lived here 1679–1688" 12 Buckingham Street Covent Garden WC2N 6DF 1947 ( ) 606 William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne and 1st Marquess of Lansdowne (1737–1805) "Prime Minister Supporter of American Independence lived here" Lansdowne Club, 9 Fitzmaurice Place Mayfair W1J 5JD 2003 ( ) 367 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates Harry Gordon Selfridge.[36] Sir Arthur Pinero (1855–1934) "PLAYWRIGHT lived here 1909–1934" 115a Harley Street Marylebone W1G 6AP 1970 ( ) 175 William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, and William Gladstone (1809–1898), (1809–1898) and (1809–1898) "Here lived Three Prime Ministers WILLIAM PITT Earl of Chatham 1708–1778 Edward Geoffrey Stanley EARL OF DERBY 1799–1869 William Ewart GLADSTONE 1809–1898" 10 St James's Square St James's SW1Y 4LE 1910 ( ) 258 William Pitt the Younger (1759–1806) "lived here 1803 to 1804" 120 Baker Street Marylebone W1U 6TU 1949 ( ) 465 The plaque dates from 1949, replacing a London County Council plaque from 1904.[37] Augustus Pitt Rivers (1827–1900) "Lieutenant General Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers 1827–1900 Anthropologist and Archaeologist lived here" 4 Grosvenor Gardens Belgravia SW1W 0DH 1983 ( ) 149 Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal "THESE TWO HOUSES WERE THE PORTUGUESE EMBASSY 1724–1747 THE MARQUESS OF POMBAL Portuguese Statesman Ambassador 1739–1744 lived here" 23–24 Golden Square Soho W1F 9JP 1980 ( ) 537 Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger (1905–1990) & (1902–1988) "Film-Makers worked here in Flat 120" Dorset House, Gloucester Place Marylebone NW1 5AG 2014 ( ) 30544 Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (1847–1929) "PRIME MINISTER and first Chairman of the London County Council was born here" 20 Charles Street Mayfair W1J 5DT 1962 ( ) 148 J. Arthur Rank (1888–1972) "Industrialist and Film Producer worked here" 38 South Street Mayfair W1K 1DJ 2012 ( ) 32950 Eleanor Rathbone (1872–1946) "Pioneer of Family Allowances lived here" Tufton Court, Tufton Street Westminster SW1P 3QH 1986 ( ) 351 Sir William Reid Dick (1878–1961) "Sculptor worked here in Studio 3 1910–1914" Clifton Hill Studios, 95a Clifton Hill St John's Wood NW8 0JP 2001 ( ) 581 John Reith, 1st Baron Reith (1889–1971) "First Director-General of the BBC lived here 1924–1930" 6 Barton Street Westminster SW1P 3NG 1995 ( ) 277 This plaque replaces that of 1994 and is situated on the building's Cowley Street elevation.[38] Mustapha Reschid Pasha (1800–1858) "Turkish Statesman and Reformer lived here as Ambassador in 1839" 1 Bryanston Square Marylebone W1H 8DH 1972 ( ) 170 Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792) "PORTRAIT PAINTER lived and died in a house on this site" Fanum House (site of 47), Leicester Square, WC2H 7FG 1960 ( ) 703 The plaque was placed in 1960 having originally been erected in 1947, that plaque replacing a Royal Society of Arts plaque from 1869, placed on a building now demolished.[39] George Richmond (1809–1896) "Painter lived here 1843–1896" 20 York Street Marylebone W1U 6PU 1961 ( ) 553 Dame Lucie Rie (1902–1995) "Potter lived and worked here from 1939 until her death" 18 Albion Mews Paddington W2 2BA 2008 ( ) 328 Dr J.S. Risien Russell (1863–1939) "Neurologist lived and worked here from 1902" 44 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8SA 2021 ( ) 328 Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts (1832–1914) "LIVED HERE" 47 Portland Place Marylebone W1B 1JH 1922 ( ) 37 Dr. Joseph Rogers (1821–1889) "Health Care Reformer lived here" 33 Dean Street Soho W1D 4PW 1996 ( ) 174 Charles Rolls (1877–1910) "Pioneer of Motoring and Aviation worked here 1905–1910" 14/15 Conduit Street Mayfair W1S 2XJ 2010 ( ) 4866 Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) "Nobel Laureate Discoverer of the mosquito transmission of malaria lived here" 18 Cavendish Square Marylebone W1G 0PJ 1985 ( ) 222 Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828–1882) "Poet & Painter Born Here" 110 Hallam Street Fitzrovia W1W 5HD 1906 ( ) 27 A plaque marks the buildings demolition in 1928 and the plaques re-erection.[40] Thomas Rowlandson (1757–1828) "ARTIST AND CARICATURIST lived in a house on this site" 16 John Adam Street Charing Cross WC2N 6HE 1950 ( ) 504 Major-General William Roy (1726–1790) "Founder of the Ordnance Survey lived here" 10 Argyll Street Soho W1F 7TQ 1979 ( ) 173 John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (1792–1878) "Twice Prime Minister Lived Here" 37 Chesham Place Belgravia SW1X 6HB 1911 ( ) 60 Anthony Salvin (1799–1881) "Architect lived here" 11 Hanover Terrace Regent's Park NW1 4RJ 1990 ( ) 624 José de San Martín (1778–1850) "ARGENTINE SOLDIER AND STATESMAN stayed here" 23 Park Road Marylebone NW1 6XN 1953 ( ) 681 Sir Charles Santley (1834–1922) "SINGER Lived and died here" 13 Blenheim Road St John's Wood NW8 0LU 1935 ( ) 645 Olive Schreiner (1855–1920) "Author lived here" 16 Portsea Place Paddington W2 2BL 1959 ( ) 534 Scotland Yard (1829–1890) "SITE OF SCOTLAND YARD FIRST HEADQUARTERS OF THE METROPOLITAN POLICE 1829–1890" 4 Whitehall Place, Whitehall Lane Westminster SW1A 2HH 1979 ( ) 172 Giles Gilbert Scott (1880–1960) "Architect designed this house and lived here 1926–1960" Chester House, Clarendon Place Paddington W2 2NP 1990 ( ) 240 Ronnie Scott (1927–1996) "Jazz musician and raconteur ran his club in the basement 1959–1965" 39 Gerrard Street Soho W1D 5QD 2019 ( ) 23694 [41] Mary Seacole (1805–1881) "Jamaican Nurse HEROINE OF THE CRIMEAN WAR lived here" 14 Soho Square Soho W1D 3QG 2007 ( ) 604 George Seferis (1900–1971) "Greek Ambassador Poet and Nobel laureate lived here 1957–1962" 51 Upper Brook Street Mayfair W1K 2BT 2000 ( ) 1 Sir Henry Segrave (1896–1930) "World Speed Record Holder lived here in flat No.6 1917–1920" St Andrew's Mansions, Dorset Street Marylebone W1U 4EQ 2009 ( ) 4756 Harry Gordon Selfridge (1858–1974) "Department Store Magnate lived here 1921–1929" Lansdowne Club, 9 Fitzmaurice Place Mayfair W1J 5JD 2003 ( ) 181 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne.[36] Mary Shelley (1797–1851) "Author of Frankenstein lived here 1846–1851" 24 Chester Square Belgravia SW1W 9HS 2003 ( ) 431 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) "Poet lived here in 1811" 15 Poland Street Soho W1F 8QE 2000 ( ) 580 The plaque was erected by English Heritage in 2000 to replace a Greater London Council plaque originally erected in 1979 that was lost during refurbishment work in 1996.[42] E. H. Shepard (1879–1976) "Painter and Illustrator lived here" 10 Kent Terrace Regent's Park NW1 4RP 1993 ( ) 264 Thomas Sheraton (1751–1806) "furniture designer lived here" 163 Wardour Street Soho W1F 8WL 1954 ( ) 391 Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1816) "DRAMATIST. LIVED HERE." 14 Savile Row Mayfair W1S 3JN 1881 ( ) 644 Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1816) "dramatist and statesman lived here 1795–1802" 10 Hertford Street Mayfair W1J 7RL 1955 ( ) 300 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates General John Burgoyne.[4] F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead (1872–1930) "Lawyer and Statesman lived here" 32 Grosvenor Gardens Belgravia SW1W 0DH 1959 ( ) 26 William Henry Smith (1825–1891) "BOOKSELLER and STATESMAN lived here" 12 Hyde Park Street Paddington W2 2JN 1961 ( ) 315 This plaque had first been sited at 3 Grosvenor Place, and was moved here in 1964 after that buildings redevelopment.[43] William Smith M.P. (1756–1835) "Pioneer of religious liberty lived here" 16 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AA 1975 ( ) 610 A second blue plaque on the building commemorates John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher.[12] Mansfield Smith-Cumming (1859–1923) "First Chief of the Secret Service lived and worked here 1911–1922" 2 Whitehall Court Westminster SW1A 2EJ 2014 ( ) 39301 Unveiled 30 March 2015[44] James Smithson (1764–1829) "Scientist Founder of the Smithsonian Institution lived here" 9 Bentinck Street Marylebone W1U 2EJ 2008 ( ) 109 Lord FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan (1788–1855) "Commander during the Crimean War Lived Here" 5 Stanhope Gate Mayfair W1K 1LQ 1911 ( ) 162 Sir Thomas Sopwith (1888–1989) "Aviator and aircraft manufacturer lived here 1934–1940" 46 Green Street Mayfair W1K 7FY 1998 ( ) 366 Sir Bernard Spilsbury (1877–1947) "Forensic Pathologist lived here 1912–1940" 31 Marlborough Hill St John's Wood NW8 0NG 2004 ( ) 667 Constance Spry (1886–1960) "Designer in Flowers worked here 1934–1960" 64 South Audley Street Mayfair W1K 3JP 2012 ( ) 31295 Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope (1753–1816) "REFORMER AND INVENTOR lived here" 20 Mansfield Street Marylebone W1G 6NP 1951 ( ) 525 Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield (1874–1948) "First Chairman of London Transport lived here" 43 South Street Mayfair W1K 2XQ 1984 ( ) 360 Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904) "Explorer and Writer lived and died here" 2 Richmond Terrace Whitehall SW1A 2NJ 1987 ( ) 546 Though made by the Greater London Council, the plaque was erected by English Heritage.[45] George Stephenson (1803–1859) "Engineer Died Here" 35 Gloucester Square Paddington W2 2DT 1905 ( ) 643 The plaque had originally been located next door, at 34 Gloucester Square, and was moved to its present location after the original building was demolished in 1937.[46] Sir George Frederic Still (1868–1941) "Pædiatrician lived here" 28 Queen Anne Street Marylebone W1G 8HY 1993 ( ) 82 Thomas Stothard (1755–1834) "Painter and Illustrator Lived Here" 28 Newman Street Fitzrovia W1T 1PR 1911 ( ) 88 The plaque was re-sited on the building when it was given a new facade in 1924.[47] William Strang (1859–1921) "Painter and etcher lived here 1900–1921" 20 Hamilton Terrace St John's Wood NW8 9UG 1962 ( ) 52 George Edmund Street (1824–1881) "Architect lived here" 14 Cavendish Place Marylebone W1G 9DJ 1980 ( ) 455 Marie Taglioni (1809–1884) "Ballet Dancer lived here in 1875–1876" 14 Connaught Square Paddington W2 2HG 1960 ( ) 642 Prince Talleyrand (1754–1838) "French Statesman and Diplomatist lived here" 21 Hanover Square Mayfair W1S 1JW 1978 ( ) 15 Richard Tauber (1891–1948) "Lyric Tenor lived here in flat 297 1947–1948" Park West, Edgware Road Paddington W2 1QN 1998 ( ) 98 Dame Marie Tempest (1864–1942) "Actress lived here 1899–1902" 24 Park Crescent Regent's Park W1B 1AL 1972 ( ) 691 Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1882) "Poet lived here in 1880 and 1881" 9 Upper Belgrave Street Belgravia SW1X 8BD 1994 ( ) 97 Lord Kelvin (1824–1907) "Physicist and Inventor lived here" 15 Eaton Place Belgravia SW1X 8BN 1996 ( ) 411 Lokamanya Tilak (1856–1920) "Indian Patriot and Philosopher lived here 1918–1919" 10 Howley Place Paddington W2 1XA 1988 ( ) 314 A plaque bearing the name of the London County Council commemorating Giovanni Antonio Canal is at the same house. It was not authorized by the LCC.[48][49] Charles Townley (1737–1805) "Antiquary and Collector lived here" 14 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster SW1H 9AA 1985 ( ) 76 Sir Frederick Treves (1853–1923) "Surgeon lived here 1886–1907" 6 Wimpole Street Marylebone W1G 8AL 2000 ( ) 245 Anthony Trollope (1815–1882) "Novelist lived here" 39 Montagu Square Marylebone W1H 2LL 1914 ( ) 573 This plaque was moved after its unveiling to its present prominent position.[50] Alan Turing (1912–1954) "Code-breaker and Pioneer of Computer Science was born here" 2 Warrington Crescent Maida Vale W9 1ER 1998 ( ) 381 Unveiled on 23 June 1998 by Turing biographer and mathematician Andrew Hodges.[51] Marie Tussaud (1761–1850) "Artist in Wax lived here 1838–1839" 24 Wellington Road St John's Wood NW8 9SP 2001 ( ) 408 Tyburn Tree "THE SITE OF TYBURN TREE" A traffic island at the junction of Edgware Road and Bayswater Road Marble Arch W2 1964 ( ) 1644 A triangular shaped London County Council plaque from 1909 originally marked the location of the tree.[52] United States Embassy and Henry Brooks Adams (1838–1918) "UNITED STATES EMBASSY 1863–1866 HENRY BROOKS ADAMS 1838–1918 U.S. Historian lived here" 98 Portland Place Marylebone W1B 1ET 1978 ( ) 448 Martin van Buren (1782–1862) "Eighth U.S. President lived here" 7 Stratford Place Marylebone W1C 1AY 1977 ( ) 544 Ralph Vaughan Williams O. M. (1872–1958) "Composer lived here from 1953 until his death" 10 Hanover Terrace Regent's Park NW1 4RJ 1972 ( ) 618 Field Marshal Viscount Gort V.C. (1886–1946) "Commander-in-Chief at Dunkirk lived here 1920–1926" 34 Belgrave Square Belgravia SW1X 8QB 2005 ( ) 4358 Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902) "Hindu philosopher lived here in 1896" 63 St George's Drive Pimlico SW1V 4DD 2004 ( ) 615 C.F.A. Voysey (1857–1941) "Architect and Designer lived here" 6 Carlton Hill St John's Wood NW8 0JY 1995 ( ) 179 Sir Robert Walpole (1676–1745) and Horace Walpole (1717–1797) "SIR ROBERT WALPOLE 1676–1745 Prime Minister and his son HORACE WALPOLE 1717–1797 Connoisseur and Man of Letters lived here" 5 Arlington Street St James's SW1A 1RA 1976 ( ) 204 The joint GLC plaque replaced the single Royal Society of Arts plaque from 1881 placed to honour Robert Walpole which had become badly weathered.[53] Sir William Walton (1902–1983) "Composer lived here" Lowndes Cottage, 8 Lowndes Place Belgravia SW1X 8DD 2009 ( ) 39651 Sir Fabian Ware (1869–1919) "Founder of the Imperial War Graves Commission lived here 1911-1919" 14 Wyndham Place Marylebone W1H 2PZ 2014 ( ) 33148 Alfred Waterhouse (1830–1905) "Architect lived here" 61 New Cavendish Street Marylebone W1G 7AR 1988 ( ) 160 John William Waterhouse (1849–1917) "Painter lived here 1900–1917" 10 Hall Road St John's Wood NW8 9PD 2002 ( ) 221 Victor 'Vicky' Weisz (1913–1966) "Cartoonist lived and died in a flat in this building" Welbeck Mansions, 35 Welbeck Street Marylebone W1 1996 ( ) 659 H. G. Wells (1866–1946) "WRITER lived and died here" 13 Hanover Terrace Regent's Park NW1 4JR 1966 ( ) 25 Charles Wesley (1707–1788), Charles Wesley (1757–1834), and Samuel Wesley (1766–1837) "CHARLES WESLEY 1707–1788 DIVINE AND HYMN WRITER LIVED AND DIED IN A HOUSE ON THIS SITE AND HIS SONS CHARLES 1757–1834 & SAMUEL 1766–1837 MUSICIANS ALSO LIVED HERE" 1 Wheatley Street Marylebone W1G 8PS 1953 ( ) 690 Sir Richard Westmacott (1775–1856) "Sculptor lived and died here" 14 South Audley Street Mayfair W1K 1HN 1955 ( ) 656 Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875) "Scientist and Inventor lived here" 19 Park Crescent Regent's Park W1B 1AL 1981 ( ) 591 Sir Mortimer Wheeler (1890–1976) "Archæologist lived here" 27 Whitcomb Street Leicester Square WC2H 7EP 1993 ( ) 159 Kenneth Williams (1926–1988) "Comic Actor lived here in Flat 62 1963–1970" Farley Court, Allsop Place Marylebone NW1 5LG 2014 ( ) 30556 John Gilbert Winant (1889–1947) "United States Ambassador 1941–1946 lived here" 7 Aldford Street Mayfair W1K 2AQ 1982 ( ) 687 Major Walter Clopton Wingfield (1833–1912) "Father of Lawn Tennis lived here" 33 St George's Square Pimlico SW1V 2HX 1987 ( ) 244 Though made by the Greater London Council, the plaque was erected by English Heritage.[54] The Women’s Freedom League "campaigned for women’s equality from here 1908–1915" 1 Robert Street Adelphi WC2N 6RL 2023 ( ) 59353 This plaque marked the first occasion that the London scheme reached 1000 plaques. P. G. Wodehouse (1881–1975) "Writer lived here" 17 Dunraven Street Mayfair W1K 7EG 1988 ( ) 603 E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax (1881–1959) "Statesman, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary lived here" 86 Eaton Square Belgravia SW1W 9AG 1994 ( ) 202 Sir Jeffry Wyatville (1766–1840) "Architect lived and died here" 39 Brook Street Mayfair W1K 4JE 1984 ( ) 349 Sir Charles Wyndham (1837–1919) "Actor-Manager lived and died here" 20 York Terrace East Regent's Park NW1 4PT 1962 ( ) 447 The plaque was repositioned in 1985.[55]
2695	dbpedia	2	39	https://www.thersa.org/reports/seven-themes-from-the-heritage-index/interactive	en	What can data reveal about Britain’s heritage?	http://uploads.webflow.com/55f5b5b5d6d4e5f47b2bc947/56007c7ec86a73b07a309598_screen-grab---maps-1-cropped.jpg	http://uploads.webflow.com/55f5b5b5d6d4e5f47b2bc947/56007c7ec86a73b07a309598_screen-grab---maps-1-cropped.jpg	[ "http://uploads.webflow.com/55f5b5b5d6d4e5f47b2bc947/56007c7ec86a73b07a309598_screen-grab---maps-1-cropped.jpg", "http://uploads.webflow.com/55f5b5b5d6d4e5f47b2bc947/55f7ea6c3695b60d5515c6f4_right127%20(1).png", "http://uploads.webflow.com/55f5b5b5d6d4e5f47b2bc947/55f7ea6c3695b60d5515c6f4_right127%20(1).png", ...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	You may be aware of the castle in your town or the lake down the road or the old works in your city centre - but do you know how the past shapes the identity of where you live today?		https://daks2k3a4ib2z.cloudfront.net/55f5b5b5d6d4e5f47b2bc947/5601511420f01c4436f9a023_favicon.ico		null	About me Introduction You may be aware of the castle in your town or the lake down the road or the old works in your city centre - but do you know how the past shapes the identity of where you live today? Do you realise that by taking a walk in a National Park, or going to a fete, or even eating a pork pie you are also engaging with history? For the first time, we reveal how these ‘assets’ and activities both separately and together improve life for the people living there and which places are making the best use of this local heritage. Local communities and cultural leaders may express heart-felt enthusiasm for a region’s history and identity but may not always see the potential that this heritage has in developing an area economically, culturally or socially. Rather than follow a generic formula, we believe that heritage can provide the USP in shaping a place. Local and civic leaders need to look deeper and wider in using heritage to strengthen the local identity that our research proves is linked to well-being. The Heritage Index, launched by the RSA in collaboration with the Heritage Lottery Fund, ranks for the first time which areas are making best use of their heritage assets through activities such as volunteering, the number of people visiting museums and the number of nights people spend on holiday in a local area. The Heritage Index is designed to stimulate debate about what is valued from the past and how that influences the identity of current residents in a place. It brings together over 100 indicators and these include: Listed buildings, historic battlefields and conservation areas Land designated for protection of wildlife such as nature reserves Parks, National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty Local food and drink products which have received special protected status from the European Commission, such as Melton Mowbray pork pies and Kentish Ale Blue Plaques on buildings which mark a famous or important individual associated with the building (The Blue Plaque scheme was first proposed in 1863 by William Ewart MP and by 1866 the RSA had founded what we would recognise as the Blue Plaques scheme today.) Heritage Open Days Number of young people who are active in heritage, e.g. with archaeological clubs, at wildlife reserves, in school participation outside of the classroom Heritage is about people and activities, not just physical assets Often we associate heritage with historic structures which have stood the test of time: castles and palaces, museums and country houses, the legacy of industrial Britain. But where history comes alive is where people are part of their local history. In the Heritage Index we’ve reflected this by looking at both the fixed assets such as the buildings, the nature reserves and so on but also the activities that people are doing. Bringing these two together reveals new insights about which areas in England, Scotland and Wales are making best use of their heritage. In England it’s probably predictable that the City of London, the London borough of Kensington & Chelsea and the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge all appear among the top six districts on the Assets Index. But, when heritage activity is included the top performers then include Scarborough, Cumbria’s Lake District and Norwich. Key insights from the Heritage Index… In England: 1. City of London. 2. Kensington & Chelsea. 3. Scarborough. 4. Cambridge. 5. Hastings. 6. Oxford. The well understood assets of world-class museums, University archives, Royal Parks and dense collections of historic buildings put the City of London, Kensington & Chelsea, Oxford and Cambridge amongst the highest rankings – along with high levels of participation in local heritage by local residents and tourists. Scarborough’s natural heritage helps move it up the rankings: local residents’ keen interest in nature and wildlife volunteering, the care of Blue Flag beaches and protected sites for nature, its location on the edge of the North York Moors National Park - all of which attract high numbers of visitors. Hastings is particularly strong in social history and industrial heritage, as well as parks and green space. The town has some of the country’s largest number of Heritage Open Days and Blue Plaques. Portsmouth (12th), Southend (18th) and Blackpool (28th) score among the top 10% of England’s 325 local authorities on the Heritage Index, despite having areas of high deprivation. Many other coastal areas score particularly highly: including Dorset’s Jurassic Coast, Torbay in Devon, and the Cumbria coast. In Scotland: 1. Dundee. 2. Orkney Islands. 3. Edinburgh. 4. Eiliean Siar (Outer Hebrides – Western Isles) 5. Glasgow. 6. Stirling. In Dundee, volunteering and events are high and there has been heavy investment in the city’s heritage by the local authority. The Orkney Islands are home to a globally-recognised World Heritage Site which includes Skara Brae, a well-preserved Neolithic village older than Stonehenge or Egypt’s Pyramids. In Wales: 1. Gwynedd. 2. Isle of Anglesey, 3. Ceridigion. 4. Pembrokeshire, 5. Torfaen. 6. Denbighshire. Unlike England and Scotland, the top spot in Wales is taken by a rural area. Gwynedd is home to Snowdonia National Park and is a hugely popular area for tourism. But this is also the local authority with the second largest number of listed buildings in Wales, and more museums and archives than any other except Powys. About me Liverpool is our city of heritage, as well as city of culture Outside of London, Liverpool is amongst the top large cities in England - and at 59th in the top 20% overall. Liverpool ranks particularly highly for museums and objects and for cultures and memories. The city has 23 businesses in the culture sector which have their own long history, having existed for over 75 years. This includes football clubs, music venues, cinemas and theatres. Liverpool also has significant natural heritage assets including the Mersey estuary. Liverpool is closely followed by Bristol. Bristol – 72nd overall – has strong levels of activity around its historic built environment as well as extensive coverage through conservation areas. The city is surrounded by a Green Belt with many landscape assets, and in heritage activity has pioneered innovations such as mapping all of its public sculptures as part of the Know Your Place initiative. Leeds and Birmingham, however, score in the bottom 30% of English local authorities in the Heritage Index, despite Leeds having more listed buildings than any city outside London, and Birmingham having more Blue Plaques. Leeds scores in the top half of the heritage activities table but much lower on heritage assets. This could be because the councils are the two most populous in the country and cover a large amount of suburban development which is considered to have low heritage value. Cardiff comes 9th among 22 council areas in Wales with Swansea coming 8th. Cardiff has particular strengths in parks and open space, while Swansea has strengths in industrial heritage and the natural heritage of Swansea Bay. Dundee comes 1st among Scotland’s 32 council areas whilst Edinburgh at 3rd pips Glasgow (5th). Dundee was a Victorian centre of industry with extensive shipbuilding and in 1911 had over 40% of the workforce in jute production at more than 100 mills. Recently it has seen high levels of investment in advance of the arrival of the Victoria and Albert Museum on the waterfront. About me The coast: from seaside holidays to seaside heritage Over the last 50 years many seaside towns and coastal communities have struggled, perhaps due to the decline of domestic tourism along with the challenges of serving an ageing resident population. Some coastal areas, however, have seen the potential in their heritage to help adapt to these pressures. Successes include Cornwall, North Devon, Scarborough and the Lincolnshire coast, where heritage assets have been capitalised upon to generate high levels of activity. In Cornwall, a strong sense of pride and identity has underpinned efforts to help mainstays of the local diet: oysters, sardines, pasties and clotted cream have achieved European Union protected status. On the Lincolnshire coast, the Mablethorpe Marathon was initiated in 2006 in an effort to extend the end of the tourist season and build a distinct identity for the town. Scarborough has pioneered the use of data analysis since the 1990s, allowing the town to understand trends in the economic impact generated by tourism. In Whitby (part of the Scarborough district) heritage events extend beyond the summer tourist season, building on the asset of the Gothic Abbey to host a horror film festival, for example. The Heritage Index suggests future growth areas for heritage activity, as well as tourism, could include Hastings and West Somerset. The Index points to significant opportunities to capitalise upon different forms of local heritage, in particular landscape and natural heritage attractions - including wildlife reserves in north Kent (Gravesend, Medway and Isle of Sheppey) and south Essex (Southend and neighbouring Rochford and Castle Point). In Southend, as well as its unique pier the town is part of the story of the Thames ecological renaissance: it has natural assets as important as those present in National Parks yet low levels of participation. It is also part of the Thames Gateway – one of the fastest developing parts of the country with new housing and a growing population. So there is potential for growth. To capitalise on the opportunity for Southend, councils and communities should work together across district boundaries and promote and support access to heritage – including targeting new residents and visitors arriving through the growing airport at Southend. About me The UK government has recently started surveying the population to understand how levels of well-being vary between places. We compared this data to scores from our Heritage Index. We found that in areas which scored highly on the Heritage Index, residents also tended to report higher levels of well-being. Most interestingly, it is heritage activities rather than heritage assets which make the difference. This holds true in Scotland, Wales and England. Several factors might explain this link. Having extensive and accessible heritage activities available locally allow people more opportunities to have experiences which drive satisfaction with life. Alternatively, it could also be relevant that people with high well-being are more pro-active in choosing to (or being more able to) live in districts with high levels of local amenities including heritage. Also, people with high levels of well-being are more commonly active participants and volunteers in their community. Taken together, this finding suggests that heritage assets alone do not contribute to well-being, but higher levels of heritage activity could be a driver of well-being. This is promising for the heritage sector since activities are more open to influence than assets. About me The Index suggests that many of the UK’s heritage assets remain untapped by local authorities and could play a much greater role in helping their area thrive. There are a number of ‘opportunity areas’ - where levels of heritage activity could be higher given the assets that the areas enjoy. These include many inner city districts such as Newham and Islington in London, Bury in Lancashire, and Dudley in the Black Country. In these places there are a rich set of assets but levels of activity are low. For example: Tower Hamlets has six accredited museums locally and has yielded more archaeological finds than any other London borough (except the City of London). However, just 43% of residents regularly go to a museum – less than the national average of 52%. Dudley is home to a high concentration of industrial history assets including canals, railways and the Black Country Living Museum but overall heritage activity levels are in the bottom half of local authorities when compared across England. In Wales, Cardiff, Flintshire and Newport have the largest gap when comparing heritage activities to assets. In Scotland, Moray, Fife and East Lothian have the largest gap. In both cases, these are potential growth areas for heritage activity. At the other end of the spectrum, analysis of the Index reveals that Cornwall, Lincolnshire, Stirling and Ayrshire in Scotland, and the West Wales coast, are doing particularly well already in making the most of their heritage assets. Some of England’s most renowned historic towns, such as Harrogate, Stratford-upon-Avon, Chester, Winchester, York and Bath are all assessed to be performing well, using assets to drive high levels of heritage activity. However, there are many surprises too. Among less famous places, Arun district (containing Littlehampton and Bognor Regis), Milton Keynes and Bedford are all home to relatively high levels of heritage activity, despite being in the bottom half of local authorities in density of heritage assets. In Arun, this has included making greater progress on ‘Neighbourhood Plans’ than anywhere else in England – these plans give local people the chance to set policies on how the historic environment is protected in law. In Milton Keynes, although the majority of buildings were built in the last 50 years as the new town was expanded by the government, the number of Heritage Open Days locally is well above average. About me The Heritage Index is designed to be a resource which helps to forge a stronger link between local heritage and the identity of residents in a place. This can help a place achieve its aspirations to grow and prosper, socially and economically. It allows anyone interested in heritage to understand and interpret a range of data from dozens of different sources through a single access point. Those with a passion for numbers are able to customise results for themselves by changing the calculations within the Index. Engaging with the data can, itself, stimulate a richer conversation which relates heritage assets to heritage activities across a broad spectrum of what we consider as heritage. In Bristol, Oldham and Dundee, the RSA will organise a public debate in autumn 2015 to understand better the aspects of heritage which matter most to local people, how they relate to other priorities (like housing, parks or education) and what a range of organisations should do with this collective intelligence. Strategies which shape the development of local areas are more successful when people can identify with what makes where they live special. Heritage provides a USP, differentiating one place from another and is fundamental to the global brand and local identity associated with that place. We recommend that: Local leaders – including leaders of government, public services, major institutions and major corporations – should use the Heritage Index as evidence to inform local strategies. The Index shows relative strengths and weaknesses across a broad definition of heritage and brings attention to where strengths could be consolidated and capitalised upon, or areas where under-performance might be addressed. This will be particularly important for areas adopting new powers as part of Devolution and Decentralisation. People designing projects and preparing funding applications will be able to better understand how their work would measure against the scale of existing heritage assets and activities locally. This could inspire better designed projects. The indicators themselves point to different ways in which projects could understand that they have been successful. Those looking to develop local heritage to boost tourism, employment or leisure and learning opportunities for local citizens can capture, through a simplified measure, the ways in which a local area is special or unique, thereby helping to identify and set priorities.
2695	dbpedia	2	81	https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/news/20164152.blue-plaques/	en	Reading and Newbury's blue plaques and where to find them	https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/resources/images/13815879/?type=og-image	https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/resources/images/13815879/?type=og-image	[ "https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/resources/images/small_site_logo/", "https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/resources/images/small_site_logo/", "https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/resources/images/11606524?type=thumb", "https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/resources/images/13815879.jpg?type=mds-article-575 575w...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Isabella Perrin" ]	2022-05-29T07:00:00+00:00	IF you stroll around any town in Berkshire you’ll be sure to find several blue plaques dotted around the villages.	en	/resources/images/17399491/	Reading Chronicle	https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/news/20164152.blue-plaques/	The nameplates link people of the past with buildings they lived or worked in during their lifetime. Berkshire's blue plaque scheme is run by English Heritage - and celebrates the links between notable figures of the past and the buildings which they lived and worked. The scheme was founded in 1866 and sees a permanent blue plaque sign installed with details on. Last month, a blue plaque was unveiled for journalist and campaigner for the disabled, Doris Page. Doris “Ann Armstrong” Page was born in Walthamstow on November 17, 1925, the daughter of a dray horse keeper, and attended primary and secondary schools in West Berkshire until the outbreak of the Second World War caused her school to be evacuated to Luton. We've trawled through the archives to discover the significant people who made changes around the world. Dominic Barbieri The Italian theologian prominent in spreading Catholicism and died in Reading. Dominic was travelling by train with another Passionist to the recently founded Passionist Retreat at Woodchester when he had a heart attack. Put onto the station platform at Pangbourne, he lay there until a train going in the other direction brought him back to Reading where he was given a bed at the Railway Tavern. Albert Alexander The Abingdon Policeman who had served in Newbury, was the first person to be treated with Penicillin. He was born in 1897 in Woodley, Reading, the fourth child of Edward Alexander, a farm labourer, and his wife Emma. He joined up at World War I, and served in the Army Service Corps, 101st Company ASC, 14th Divisional Train, providing horse transport to the front line in France or Belgium. Francis Baily This man was an eminent astronomer, the son of Richard and Sarah Baily. The Bailys are a Thatcham family, and their family vault lies at St Mary’s Church, Thatcham. However, Richard Baily had moved to Newbury to engage in business as a banker, coal merchant, and barge master, and served as Mayor of Newbury 1773-74. Francis was born at his house at 62 Northbrook Street (since rebuilt). Charlotte (Lottie) Dod Lottie was an outstanding female British sportswoman of the pre-First World War era, and one of the most versatile of all time. She was born in Cheshire, the daughter of a wealthy Liverpool cotton broker. She initially excelled at tennis, winning the Wimbledon ladies championship in 1887, 1888, 1891, 1892, and 1893. In 1905 she and her brothers moved to Edgecombe, Andover Road, Newbury (now the site of Woodridge House) and lived there until 1913, when they moved to Devon. Elsie Kimber This plaque commemorates Elsie Kimber, who in 1932 was elected as the first female Mayor of Newbury since the Borough was created in 1596. The plaque is located at 64 Bartholomew Street, now Hillier & Wilson Estate Agents, but formerly Kimber’s Grocery and Provision Merchants, informally called “Kimber’s Corner”, which she ran from 1939 until her retirement in 1953. Esther Jane Luker, Generally using the name Jane, was the first Headmistress of Newbury Girls’ School from its foundation in 1904 until her retirement in 1933, and a pioneer of secondary education for girls in Newbury and the surrounding area. She believed in a broad-based education that, although rigorous, would not be narrowly academic but would embrace a love of art and music. Stewart Rome Stewart Rome was a British film actor who achieved national fame during the silent film era and successfully made the transition to talkies. He was born and brought up in Newbury and eventually retired here. His versatile and prolific career is credited with over 160 films. The building to which this plaque is attached functioned as a silent film cinema, the Newbury Picture Palace, from 1910 to 1934. There are also two red plaques in Reading. A plaque for brothers Alfred and George William Palmer is on the building next to the entrance of the London Road campus, at the corner of London Road and Redlands Road. Alfred and George W, who both worked for the biscuit company, are celebrated for generously giving buildings, including the one the plaque rests on and land to the university.
2695	dbpedia	2	15	https://lookup.london/weird-london-blue-plaques/	en	Weird London Blue Plaques (And Where To Find Them)	https://lookup.london/wp…547499626561.jpg	https://lookup.london/wp…547499626561.jpg	[ "https://lookup.london/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/lulhighresPSD-White_Out_Drop-Shadow.png", "https://lookup.london/wp-content/themes/bodega/img/logo.png", "https://lookup.london/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/lulhighresPSD-White_Out_Drop-Shadow.png", "https://lookup.london/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/lulhighresPSD...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Katie Wignall" ]	2019-01-11T19:43:32+00:00	There's over 900 saphire spheres across London, but here we're only interested in the quirky, funny and downright weird London Blue Plaques,,,	en		Look Up London Tours	https://lookup.london/weird-london-blue-plaques/	If you stop and think about it, blue plaques are amazing. For free, all over London (and the rest of the country) those that look up are treated to interesting tidbits from former residents and extraordinary citizens. But what I’m really interested in is the weird London blue plaques… Blue plaques have graced London’s streets for over 150 years, the first being awarded to Lord Byron in 1867. Sadly that plaque disappeared, along with the building on Holles Street, in 1889. But it’s not that simple (and not all of them are blue). After the RSA, London County Council assumed blue plaque authority. Then it passed to their successor the Greater London Council in 1965. When the GLC was abolished in 1986, ‘Heritage’ (today’s English Heritage) took over the job. It seems sensible to start with the oldest surviving blue plaque, awarded to Napoleon III. As Napoleon I’s nephew he was exiled from France after the Battle of Waterloo and – after a return to France and daring escape from prison – he moved smoothly into London’s high society, given membership of some of the famous St James’s gentlemen clubs nearby. Installed in 1867, it’s the only plaque to be installed in the namesake’s lifetime. It also has the quirk of showing the imperial eagle; the symbol used by both Napoleon I and this one. Installed in 1867, it’s the only plaque to be installed in the namesake’s lifetime. It also has the quirk of showing the imperial eagle; the symbol used by both Napoleon I and this one. On the face of it, nothing seems that unusual about this plaque for dictionary-writing Dr Samuel Johnson who lived at 17 Gough Square (now a museum). That is however until you consider its location. The City of London only has one blue plaque. And it’s not even blue! Erected by the Society of Arts in 1876, 3 years later the City of London decided it would take responsibility for it’s own blue plaque scheme. Henceforth they produced their own glazed square blue plaques within the square mile. Not an official blue plaque, but I thought this deserved a mention nevertheless. Born in Tooting in 1903, Sidney George Lewis appeared in the Daily Mail on 18 September 1916 under the headline; ‘JOINED AT TWELVE’. Private S Lewis fought for six weeks at the Somme front after running away to join the East Sussex regiment in August 1915. He was sent home in August 1916 after his Mother sent a copy of his birth certificate to the War Office and demanded his return. Not to be kept away, Lewis was back in the ranks of the army, still under age, in 1918. He joined theGuards Machine Gun Regiment and continued to serve in the Army Occupation of Austria after the war. He joined the police force in Kingston and then signed up for WWII, this time in bomb disposal. Finally he took a well deserved rest and ran a pub in East Sussex. He died in 1969 aged 66. Dedicated London Underground geek might recognise this name. It was Edward Johnston who crafted the ‘Johnston font’ in 1916. It’s still used across all TFL’s branding and signage and if you look closely, you’ll notice that this plaque uses it too! There are only four English Heritage plaques which follow this pattern, all of whom are connected with London Underground; Frank Pick (Pioneering designer of the Underground), Harry Beck (designer of the iconic tube map) and Lord Albert Stanley Ashfield (first chairman of London Transport). This is the only plaque I’ve seen which includes a little picture. It’s also one of only a small number dedicated to animals* (and the only one in London). Before this address became The Calvary and Guards Club it was home to Herbert Barraud, Francis’ brother. When Hebert died in 1896 Francis presumably moved in and it was here that he painted the famous portrait of his dog ‘Nipper’, the painting titled ‘His Master’s Voice’. That image and name was bought by the Gramophone Company in 1899 and from that morphed the high street store HMV. If you search for any list of unusual blue plaques, Luke Howard also pops up. A successful manufacturing chemist, Howard was also a founding member of the philosophical group; the Askesian Society. It was to the group that he presented his paper ‘On the Modification of Clouds’ in 1803. Setting out the height and nature of clouds, it also suggested classification names – cirrus, stratus, cumulus and nimbus – that are still used today. You can probably guess from the colour that this isn’t an official blue plaque, but I couldn’t not include it! A girl after my own heart (she, too was only 4ft 11″!) Edith Garraud was hired by the WSPU (Women’s Social and Political Union) as their Jui-jitsu instructor. Though it seems almost cartoonish today, this was serious for the Suffragettes. After the events of ‘Black Friday’ 1910, when the 300-strong suffragette protest were met with a wall of police and violence outside Parliament, they decided to meet further clashes with at least a bit of self-defence preparation. “It was an ideal way for them to handle being grabbed while in a crowd situation” says Martin Dixon, chairman of the British Jiu-Jitsu Association interview by the BBC in 2015. Now above a restaurant on the edge of Chinatown, this handsome frontage used to be the wig and costume shop of Willy Clarkson who, at the height of his success, was hiring 10,000 wigs each Christmas! He sounds like quite a character; small but with a wild beard and who spoke in an accent that was ‘Cockney, Jewish and guttural French’ rolled into one. By the time he died in 1934, a profile written about him said this spot was ‘crammed with the junk of a make believe life time’. The original, who became the ‘unchallenged King of’ Clowns, lived at 8 Braynes Row, later known as Exmouth Market from 1818-1829. Grimaldi shaped that most bizarre of theatrical experiences – the pantomime – and held his final performance in 1828 in a pub theatre near Sadler’s Wells. Each year on the first Sunday of February (close to Grimaldi’s Birthday) Clowns gather for a special service in Dalston. You can read more about this strange tradition here. He’d been fighting since 1805, but Tom Cribb’s big break came in 1811 when he beat Tom Molineaux in Leicestershire in front of crowd of 20,000. The pub connection is because from 1819-1839 he ran the Union Arms pub on this site, colloquially known as ‘Cribb’s Parlour’. Another plaque can be seen on the pub too, part of the series celebrating Black history across the UK. Bill Richmond has fought Tom Cribb in October 1805 and lost after a gruelling 25 rounds. It seems the pair stayed friends though as the plaque below suggests. It’s good to see these additions to London’s plaques, especially as English Heritage admits that black and ethnic minority figures are only mentioned in less than 5%. You can read about another London black history plaque here. There’s also a lack of plaques celebrating contributions from women (they account for around 13% of blue plaques) so I thought I’d share a couple of my favourites, the first can be found in Spitalfields; Anna, her sister Mary and their niece (also Mary) moved into this corner house on Princelet Street in the 1720s, when Anna was in her 40s. It was from here that she established herself as a brilliant fabric designer and formidable businesswoman. At her peak she was designing 80 intricate brocaded silks a year, some of which can be found in the V&A. It doesn’t seem an easy task; to convert a notorious pub into the teetotal ‘Dewdrop Inn: For Education and Joy’. But that’s what Mary Hughes did in 1926, making the move from affluent Mayfair in order to serve the poor of the East End. After her death, the Dewdrop was renamed Mary Hughes House. There are a few examples of ‘double plaques’, houses two blue plaques, but it’s rare you see such a greedy example as this one below. Not content with hosting one Prime Minister, Chatham House on St James’s Square can boast three! Two extraordinary musicians, separated by a wall and 200 years! This was where Handel wrote ‘Messiah’ and ‘Zadok the Priest’ (used at every coronation since 1727). It’s also where Hendrix had his most successful years, enjoying the afterglow of his tour and album ‘Are You Experienced?’ He stayed here for a few months in 1968 before leaving to tour the USA in March 1969. Oh how I wish this one were true. Sadly – as you can probably guess – it’s a fake. Not only did Carswell Prentice not invented the supermarket trolley (it was American businessman Sylvan Goldman) but ‘The Society for the Promotion of Historic Buildings’ is also phoney, it’s listed business address being this house. Got someone you’d like to see recognised? As long as they’ve been dead 20 years (to ensure an enduring reputation) and have made ‘a positive contribution to human welfare and happiness’* you can nominate them here.
2695	dbpedia	1	17	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_English_Heritage_blue_plaques_in_London	en	List of English Heritage blue plaques in London	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	This is a list of the 1003 blue plaques placed by English Heritage and its predecessors in the boroughs of London, the City of Westminster, and the City of London. The scheme includes a small number of plaques that were erected privately and subsequently absorbed.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_English_Heritage_blue_plaques_in_London	This is a list of the 1003 blue plaques placed by English Heritage and its predecessors in the boroughs of London, the City of Westminster, and the City of London. The scheme includes a small number of plaques that were erected privately and subsequently absorbed. The scheme began in 1866.[1] It was originally administered by the Royal Society of Arts until 1901 when it was taken over the London County Council. The LCC ran the scheme until its abolition in 1965 when its successor body the Greater London Council (GLC) took charge. With the abolition of the GLC in 1986, the blue plaque scheme has been administered by English Heritage.
2695	dbpedia	3	18	https://a3traveller.com/2017/04/12/whats-in-a-plaque/	en	What’s in a plaque?	https://a3traveller.com/…echam.jpg?w=1200	https://a3traveller.com/…echam.jpg?w=1200	[ "https://a3traveller.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/white-a3-traveller-logo_final4.png", "https://a3traveller.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/7765840476_b3dd4c6584_k.jpg?w=1000&h=664", "https://a3traveller.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/6953065671_a4523d8c9c_k-1.jpg?w=1000&h=664", "https://a3traveller.com/wp-c...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2017-04-12T00:00:00	I do love to read a good plaque as I wander around the streets of London, camera in hand. It's like having a mini-history lesson laid out for you as you take a path, walked by thousands of people before you. They help us connect our present to the past. They also help us enjoy the living…	en	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/43235e1e779228768d34fa207a743d31f3ada77a79519c5506399faaddab46dd?s=32		https://a3traveller.com/2017/04/12/whats-in-a-plaque/	I do love to read a good plaque as I wander around the streets of London, camera in hand. It’s like having a mini-history lesson laid out for you as you take a path, walked by thousands of people before you. They help us connect our present to the past. They also help us enjoy the living fiction of a fabled London Victorian consulting detective at 221b Baker Street! The most prolific plaques however are those erected under the current stewardship of English Heritage. When did they start? Well, it all started back in 1866 when the first plaque was unveiled linking the people of the past with the buildings of the present. The scheme was originally administered by the Royal Society of Arts from 1876 to 1901 and was subsequently taken over by the London County Council (LCC) from 1965, The Greater London Council (GLC) from 1965 to 1986 when that body was abolished and finally English Heritage who hold that role today. It’s thought that the Blue Plaque scheme, honouring London’s notables, is the oldest programme of its kind in the world. Across the capital over 900 plaques, on buildings humble and grand, honour the notable men and women who have lived or worked in them. Are they always round & blue? Apparently not but you can spot them by looking for the name of the organisation that erected them. Many other bodies, such as local councils, also put up commemorative plaques in London, using different criteria. What was the first plaque? It was installed in 1867 to honour the last French Emperor, Napoleon III. Today, the rule is that to be awarded a plaque, a recipient must have been dead for 20 years, but Napoleon was still ruling France when his went up. The French imperial eagle is part of the plaque’s design. Apparently Louis Napoleon left his London home in King Street, off St James’s Square, in a great hurry – his bed unmade and his bath still full of water – to return to France when he heard of the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in 1848. What was the first blue plaque? The first blue plaque was awarded to the poet Lord Byron in 1867, but his house in Holles Street, near Cavendish Square, was demolished in 1889. A John Lewis department store occupies the site today, and bears a Westminster City Council plaque to the poet. This replaced an earlier, non-standard, plaque in 2012, which in turn succeeded a plaque lost when John Lewis was bombed in the Second World War. Recent research has revealed that there is no clear evidence to show which house in Holles Street Byron actually lived in – raising the intriguing possibility that none of Byron’s plaques, past and present, has actually marked the correct spot. Why do some houses have two plaques? It’s unusual for houses in London to bear two official plaques, but there are currently 18 cases of double commemorations. Examples include 20 Maresfield Gardens (Sigmund Freud and Anna Freud) and 29 Fitzroy Square (George Bernard Shaw and Virginia Woolf). Famously, Jimi Hendrix and George Frideric Handel have plaques on neighbouring houses in Brook Street, Mayfair. When asked about living next to Handel’s old home, Hendrix is reported to have said, ‘To tell you the God’s honest truth, I haven’t heard much of the fella’s stuff.’ There are also some people who have more than one plaque. Mahatma Gandhi has two: one on Baron’s Court Road, West Kensington, where he lived as a law student, and the other in Powis Road, Bow. The Prime Ministers Lord Palmerston and William Gladstone each have three surviving plaques, as does the author William Makepeace Thackeray. In recent years the rule has been only one plaque per person. Who designed the famous blue roundel design? The design we know today evolved over the decades and was designed by an unnamed student of the Central School of Arts and Crafts in 1938 for a fee of just four guineas. With the addition of English Heritage’s name and portcullis logo, the same design is still in use today. Each plaque is 19 inches in diameter and is hand-crafted by the artisan ceramicists, Frank and Sue Ashworth, who are based in Cornwall. How are people nominated for a plaque? The scheme is mainly driven by us, the public, who nominate prominent individuals who have died over 20 years ago and the building that they are associated with is still standing. The current owners of said building also have to agree to hosting the plaque on their exterior walls which is, apparently, not always as straightforward as one might think. Are all of these plaques shown here official? I believe not but it does underline the importance of maintaining the blue plaque legacy in London and shows their influence. Imitation, as they say, is the sincerest form of flattery! Want to go onto a plaque hunt? I certainly want to and there’s either a book or an app to help us in our quest, the latter downloadable free from Google Play Store for Androids and the Apple App store for iPhones/iPads.
2695	dbpedia	1	2	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/about-blue-plaques/top-ten-blue-plaque-facts/	en	Top Ten Blue Plaque Facts	https://www.english-heri…ts/0.-header.jpg	https://www.english-heri…ts/0.-header.jpg	[ "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/visit/blue-plaques/top-ten-facts/0.-header.jpg?w=1440&h=612&mode=crop&scale=both&quality=100&anchor=NoFocus&WebsiteVersion=20200219", "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/visit/blue-plaques/blue-plaques-stories/find-a-plaque-hub-item-image.jpg?w...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Start your exploration of London’s past with these facts about blue plaques.			English Heritage	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/about-blue-plaques/top-ten-blue-plaque-facts/	1. There are over 900 ‘official’ plaques Over 900 official plaques have been put up by in London by English Heritage and its predecessors since the scheme began in 1866. They are not always round and blue, but you can spot them by looking for the name of the organisation that erected them. The London blue plaques scheme has been run by four bodies in turn – the Society of Arts, the London County Council, the Greater London Council and now English Heritage. If you see any of these names on a plaque, then you know it’s part of the scheme. Many other bodies, such as local councils, also put up commemorative plaques in London, using different criteria. Find out more about other schemes 2. The Oldest Surviving Plaque Goes To... ...the last French Emperor, Napoleon III, whose plaque was installed in 1867. Today, the rule is that to be awarded a plaque, a recipient must have been dead for 20 years, but Napoleon was still ruling France when his went up. The French imperial eagle is part of the plaque’s design. Apparently Louis Napoleon left his London home in King Street, off St James’s Square, in a great hurry – his bed unmade and his bath still full of water – to return to France when he heard of the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in 1848. Read More about Napoleon iii 3. The First Plaque Was Lost to Demolition The first blue plaque was awarded to the poet Lord Byron in 1867, but his house in Holles Street, near Cavendish Square, was demolished in 1889. A John Lewis department store occupies the site today, and bears a Westminster City Council plaque to the poet. This replaced an earlier, non-standard, plaque in 2012, which in turn succeeded a plaque lost when John Lewis was bombed in the Second World War. Recent research has revealed that there is no clear evidence to show which house in Holles Street Byron actually lived in – raising the intriguing possibility that none of Byron’s plaques, past and present, have actually marked the correct spot. Image © National Portrait Gallery, London Read more about the scheme’s history 4. Eighteen Houses Have Two Plaques It’s unusual for houses in London to bear two official plaques, but there are currently 18 cases of double commemorations. Examples include 20 Maresfield Gardens (Sigmund Freud and Anna Freud) and 29 Fitzroy Square (George Bernard Shaw and Virginia Woolf). Famously, Jimi Hendrix and George Frideric Handel have plaques on neighbouring houses in Brook Street, Mayfair. When asked about living next to Handel's old home, Hendrix is reported to have said, ‘To tell you the God's honest truth, I haven’t heard much of the fella's stuff.’ There are also some people who have more than one plaque. Mahatma Gandhi has two: one on Baron’s Court Road, West Kensington, where he lived as a law student, and the other in Powis Road, Bow. The Prime Ministers Lord Palmerston and William Gladstone each have three surviving plaques, as does the author William Makepeace Thackeray. In recent years the rule has been only one plaque per person. 5. Plaques can help protect buildings Because blue plaques celebrate the relationship between people and place, English Heritage only awards them if there is a close link between a person and a surviving building. In the past, some plaques marked the site of a house which had been demolished, but we now believe that if the building no longer survives, then the most meaningful connection between person and place has been lost. Although blue plaques don’t offer legal protection to buildings, they do raise awareness of their historical significance and so can help preserve them. The homes of Oscar Wilde in Chelsea and Van Gogh in Stockwell, for instance, were preserved because of the historic associations celebrated by their blue plaques. DH Lawrence’s house, beside Hampstead Heath, is one example of a building being listed and so protected from redevelopment because of links highlighted by its plaque. 7. The Plaque Design Cost Four Guineas The famous blue roundel design that we recognise today evolved over several decades – and the official plaques haven’t always been blue. The modern, simplified London plaque, however, was designed by an unnamed student of the Central School of Arts and Crafts in 1938 who was paid just four guineas. With the addition of English Heritage’s name and portcullis logo, the same design is still in use today. Each plaque is 19 inches in diameter and is hand crafted by the artisan ceramicists, Frank and Sue Ashworth, who are based in Cornwall. Read more about plaque designs 8. The City of London has only one ‘blue plaque’ …and it isn’t blue. The terracotta plaque, commemorating Dr Samuel Johnson, was put up in 1876 by the Society of Arts, which started the scheme. It can be seen in Gough Square, just north of Fleet Street, on the outskirts of the financial district of the City of London. Three years after it was erected it was agreed that the Corporation of the City of London would take responsibility for commemorating historic sites within its ‘square mile’, and this agreement has stood ever since. More about the city of London scheme 10. NOT ALL PLAQUES HAVE BEEN WELCOME The plaque put up in 1937 to Karl Marx, at his final address in Chalk Farm, was taken down after it was repeatedly vandalised. Its replacement suffered the same fate and the owner of the house declined a third. The house was later demolished. A plaque marking one of Marx’s earlier lodgings in Dean Street, Soho, was unveiled in 1967. Even then, the plaque wasn’t welcomed by some who regarded Marx as too controversial a figure to be honoured in this way. The then owner of the Quo Vadis restaurant on the ground floor of the building observed: My clientele is the very best … rich people … nobility and royalty – and Marx was the person who wanted to get rid of them all!
2695	dbpedia	2	9	https://www.guidelondon.org.uk/blog/london-blue-plaques	en	London Blue Plaques Commemorating Historical & Famous Residents	https://www.guidelondon.…l-Henderson.jpeg	https://www.guidelondon.…l-Henderson.jpeg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=303082673850747&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://www.guidelondon.org.uk/wp-content/themes/gl-theme/images/logo.png", "https://www.guidelondon.org.uk/wp-content/themes/gl-theme/images/nav-icon.png", "https://www.guidelondon.org.uk/wp-content/themes/gl-theme/images/down.png", ...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Edwin Lerner" ]	2021-10-12T21:14:12+00:00	There are nearly a thousand blue plaques commemorating famous people who have lived in London. The modern plaque was designed by an unnamed student of the Central School of Arts and Crafts in 1938 who was paid just four guineas (£4.20) for it. Each blue plaque is nineteen inches in diameter and is crafted by ceramicists Frank and Sue Ashworth, who are based in the county of Cornwall rather than the capital.	en		Guide London	https://www.guidelondon.org.uk/blog/london-blue-plaques	There are nearly a thousand blue plaques commemorating historical and famous people who have lived in London. The modern blue plaque was designed by an unnamed student of the Central School of Arts and Crafts in 1938 who was paid just four guineas (£4.20) for it. Each London blue plaque is nineteen inches in diameter and is crafted by ceramicists Frank and Sue Ashworth, who are based in the county of Cornwall rather than the capital. The blue plaque scheme was begun 155 years ago in 1866 and was taken over by English Heritage in 1986. All plaques carry the portcullis symbol of the organisation and anyone can propose a subject for the honour by going to the English Heritage website. All except two of the thirty-seven boroughs of Greater London boast a blue plaque erected to a former resident. The Borough of Westminster has the most (309) followed by Kensington and Chelsea (175) and Camden (166). The first person to be given a London blue plaque was the poet Lord Byron, who was honoured with one on a house (since demolished) in Holles Street, on the site of the John Lewis department store near Oxford Circus. The oldest surviving plaque in London is for the then Emperor of France Napoleon III in King Street, Saint James’s. London blue plaque at King Street, Saint James’s commemorating France Napoleon III. Photo Credit: © English Heritage. English Heritage now says that everyone who is given a London blue plaque has to have been dead for at least twenty years before it can be put up for him or, less often, her. The organisation is well aware that, for historical reasons, only fourteen per cent of those honoured with a blue plaque are women and are keen to redress this balance, with over half of all new plaques commemorating famous females. Even Diana, Princess of Wales could not jump the queue. A plaque honouring her was unveiled in Coleherne Court, Earls Court by one of her former flatmates who lived there with her in a flat given to Diana by her mother as a twenty-first birthday present. Diana later moved up the road to the nearby Kensington Palace after her marriage to Prince Charles before her tragic death in a car crash in Paris in 1997. Because of the twenty-year rule, there are some omissions from those honoured with a blue plaque in London. Only two of the Beatles have been given one – John Lennon and George Harrison. They are remembered on the wall of the former Apple Corps headquarters in Baker Street, which is now a real estate agency. Lennon also has his own plaque at 34 Montagu Square, Marylebone, which was unveiled by Yoko Ono who lived with him there. John Lennon blue plaque at 34 Montagu Square, London. Photo Credit: © English Heritage. Neither David Bowie nor Amy Winehouse have yet been honoured with a blue plaque in London, although both singers have many admirers. A mural of Bowie in Brixton and a statue of Winehouse in Camden will have to serve until they are given their own plaques, which they surely will be, Bowie after 2036, Winehouse after 2031. In attempting to redress the gender imbalance, English Heritage has recently honoured women like Noor Inayat Khan, who served behind enemy lines in wartime but was executed at Dachau in 1944. She was later awarded the George Cross for gallantry and her plaque can be seen at 4 Taviton Street in Bloomsbury. Those who campaigned for women’s rights and are commemorated with London blue plaques include mother and daughter Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst (50 Clarendon Road, Notting Hill) and Christabel’s sister Sylvia Pankhurst (120 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea). The formidable Pankhurst family were suffragettes, prepared to endure imprisonment as they campaigned for the right for women to have the vote. Sylvia Pankhurst blue plaque at 121 Cheyne Walk, London. Photo Credit: © English Heritage. The more moderate suffragist Millicent Fawcett has a plaque at 2 Gower Street, Bloomsbury and a statue opposite Big Ben. The statue was unveiled by then Prime Minister Theresa May and was the first of a woman to be erected in Westminster. Fawcett’s sister Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain and she has a plaque at 20 Upper Berkeley Street, Marylebone. Women have, since the time of Florence Nightingale (10 South Street, Mayfair) also been prominent in nursing. Nightingale worked tirelessly for better conditions in military hospitals in the Crimea and, returning to Britain after the Crimean War, did a great deal to establish it as a career. Another famous nurse, much loved by the soldiers she tended to, was Mary Seacole who is remembered at 14 Soho Square. Other prominent women honoured with London blue plaques include the scientists Rosalind Franklin, who helped Crick and Watson uncover the secrets of DNA (107 Drayton Gardens, Chelsea) and Ada Lovelace (St James’s Square, Westminster). She was the daughter of Byron and was a pioneer of computing in the nineteenth century when most women were not expected to have careers or to be independent. Florence Nightingale blue plaque at 10 South Street, Mayfair, London. Photo Credit: © English Heritage. You do not have to be British to be given a blue plaque, just to have lived in London. The German composer George Frederick Handel is honoured with a plaque in Brook Street, Mayfair on the site of his home, which is now a museum, as is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who lived in London as a boy and composed his first symphony at the age of eight in Ebury Street, Belgravia where he is remembered with a brown plaque, unveiled when the scheme was run by the London County Council. Next door to Handel lived the American guitarist Jimi Hendrix, whose plaque was unveiled by bandmate Noel Redding in 1997. Hendrix died in 1970, a casualty of the rock and roll lifestyle. Other modern musicians honoured have been Bob Marley (42 Oakley Street, Chelsea) and Freddie Mercury (22 Gladstone Avenue, Feltham). Mercury’s plaque was unveiled at his childhood home in West London in 2016 by his bandmate Brian May and his sister on what would have been his seventieth birthday. Britain’s famous wartime leader Winston Churchill is remembered with a blue plaque at the house where he died in 1965 (28 Hyde Park Gate, Kensington). Churchill had a difficult, often tetchy relationship with Charles de Gaulle whose plaque can be seen at 4 Carlton Gardens, Saint James’s where he had set up the headquarters of the Free French during the Second World War. Churchill was portrayed by Blue Badge Tourist Guide and actor Tim Hudson in a recent film about de Gaulle’s flight to London. Many of London’s Blue Badge Tourist Guides conduct walking tours around the capital and the blue plaques they pass are often an important feature of these tours. They remind visitors of the many famous – and sometimes obscure – people who have lived in the capital and whose homes can be seen as you walk along the streets of London. Winston Churchill blue plaque at 28 Hyde Park Gate, London. Photo Credit: © English Heritage.
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[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Staff" ]	2018-11-02T16:48:00+00:00	Wandering the streets London, especially the more artistic boroughs, you’ve probably seen the blue plaques on the walls of some…	en		CityMonitor	https://www.citymonitor.ai/analysis/which-london-boroughs-have-best-gender-balance-their-blue-plaques-4322/	Wandering the streets London, especially the more artistic boroughs, you’ve probably seen the blue plaques on the walls of some buildings. These honour the notable men and women who have lived or worked in them. But mostly the men. This week, English Heritage asked the public for help on improving the percentage dedicated to women. At present, this stands at a woeful 14 per cent, even after a two year push to improve it. I asked for a list of the women already commemorated – but the response was to suggest using their app to find specific women. So I turned to Wikipedia. As that lists the plaques by borough, and I know Citymetric readers love a list with some stats in it, here is a summary of what I found there. If you want to improve the chances of your suggestion making it to a wall, this may help you target your efforts. Good effort, needs work First up, the boroughs that seem to be trying. Kingston-upon-Thames – 40 per cent of plaques dedicated to women There are only five plaques in total, though, so it’s an area worth punting a suggestion in on. The two women were Enid Blyton and Dame Nellie Melba, but sadly their residencies did not overlap, so there were no lashings of peach desserts. Enfield – 37 per cent, Merton – 37 per cent Only four plaques in total in Enfield, so the result here is down to Mary Lamb having to share her plaque with her brother Charles. This seems a little unfair, given he has his own solo plaque over in Islington. Bromley – 33.3 per cent, Hackney – 28 per cent, Islington – 24 per cent One of the plaques in Bromley is for two women who lived together, but as we were only counting plaques, that only counted as one. This is not the only time cohabiting ladies appear. Barnet – 19 per cent, Ealing – 17 per cent, Tower Hamlets – 14 per cent There are 21 plaques in total for Tower Hamlets, but only three are for women. The site where the first flying bomb landed does get its own plaque, which seems to be stretching the selection criteria quite a long way. Richmond-upon-Thames – 14 per cent This borough should look to its neighbour to up its game. More overall, but a lower percentage for women. Virginia Woolf gets half a plaque, sharing with her husband. In fairness, she does have her own plaque over in Camden. Kensington & Chelsea – 14 per cent With the early focus of the plaques being on artists, it’s not surprising that K&C has the second highest number with 176 in total. Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst have to share, whist Sylvia gets to go alone. George Eliot makes her first appearance here – one of two women to appear twice in the list without having to share with someone. City of Westminster – 12 per cent And here’s Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Eliot’s contemporary, who also gets two solo plaques. This time they are both in the same borough, so the poet makes up 5 per cent of the 38 women listed. With 309 plaques, the most of any part of London, this a borough that is dripping in blue. Camden – 12 per cent Here’s Virginia Woolf with a plaque of her own, out of the 169 in the borough. Six women get to share plaques with their husbands. It may be worth a punt, if you can find a building Dante Gabriel Rossetti hasn’t already been in. Must Try Harder After the bulge or the arts crowds, we’re back into the boroughs where the number of plaques is in the tens, if that. Any of the following would be a good place to suggest someone. Haringey – 10 per cent, Lewisham – 9per cent Haringey has just one woman. But it did pop one on Alexandra Palace for being where the BBC started television in the UK. Lambeth – 8 per cent Two of Lambeth’s are for organisations, and two are for women. One of the women was Violette Szabo, the Special Operations Executive agent commemorated in the film ‘Carve Her Name’ and whose bust features on the SOE memorial close to Lambeth Palace. Southwark 6 per cent, Hammersmith & Fulham 5 per cent, Wandsworth 4 per cent Wandsworth has 27 plaques, only one of which is for a woman. And it’s that George Eliot again. Not Even Trying The following boroughs have no women featured on their blue plaques at all. None. Nada. In some cases, they have very few plaques, so a good pitch here could send them to the top of the leader board. Barking & Dagenham Given the role the Dagenham machinists – and their sisters up in Liverpool – had in the push for the Equal Pay Act of 1974, it’s startling to see the lone plaque is to Bobby Moore. The plant the women worked in is being demolished so it may be too late to mark it in the way other places have marked a historic moment. Greenwich Despite the borough’s history as a locus of power and scientific thinking, not a single woman of note has been born, died or lived in Greenwich. Not one. The GPO film unit gets a plaque though. Newham Two plaques, but none for women. An obvious choice would be Joan Littlewood, who lived and worked in the Theatre Royal Stratford East. Due to the rule about waiting 20 years after someone’s death to nominate them, this will have to wait until 2022 to be considered. Havering Contains one blue plaque. To an anti-tank weapon. Bexley, Brent, Croydon, Harrow, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Redbridge, Sutton, Waltham Forest. I. Can’t. Even. If you’d like to nominate a woman for a blue plaque, there are some criteria. Which things like bombs and Ally Pally did not meet, but whatever. Just 6 per cent of the plaques dedicated to scientists are for women at present, so that could be an area to focus on. Click here to get started.
2695	dbpedia	2	8	https://www.motorhomeprotect.co.uk/news/what-are-english-heritage-blue-plaques-discover-the-fascinating-history-of-londons-iconic-landmarks/	en	What are English Heritage blue plaques? Discover the fascinating history of London's iconic landmarks			[ "https://www.motorhomeprotect.co.uk/media/1713/mhp-logo-copy-small.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&format=webp&rnd=132996908920000000", "https://www.motorhomeprotect.co.uk/media/1640/gettyimages-1016251626.jpg?width=750&height=501", "https://www.motorhomeprotect.co.uk/media/1641/gettyimages-530426264.jpg?width=749&...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Explore the significance and stories behind the bright blue plaques adorning London's buildings. Uncover the secrets of English heritage.	en			https://www.motorhomeprotect.co.uk/news/what-are-english-heritage-blue-plaques-discover-the-fascinating-history-of-londons-iconic-landmarks/	Anyone visiting London in their campervan can’t fail to notice the hundreds of distinctive bright blue, round plaques dotted around on the front of buildings across the capital. Commemorating the lives of famous residents from tortured geniuses to trail blazing suffragettes and from rock stars to revolutionaries, these simple, small signs add much to the wonder of London. After all, you never know who you’ll discover when you’re next parking up your trusty camper on a London street! Intrigued? Then read on as we delve deep into the history of London’s English Heritage Blue Plaques scheme. We’ll look at how properties are awarded one and some of the best to visit as part of your next campervan trip to the Big Smoke. Whether it’s for a short and sweet weekend break or a summer long expedition, don’t leave home without checking your campervan insurance is up to date. From bumps and scrapes to break downs and break ins, the team at Motorhome Protect can get you covered in super- quick time! What are English Heritage blue plaques? Run by English Heritage since 1986, the Blue Plaque scheme has in fact been celebrating our unique heritage for over 150 years. Its purpose is to highlight the incredible connection between notable people of the past and the London buildings in which they lived, worked and even died. There are now over 950 blue plaques scattered all over London honouring an increasingly diverse range of people and their talents. So, if you’re ever asked what connects Mary Seacole, Alfred Hitchcock, Jimi Hendrix and Juan Pujol Garcia (secret agent codename ‘Garbo’) you’ll now know! A brief history of the Blue Plaque scheme First suggested in 1863 by William Ewart MP in the House of Commons, the scheme was initially led by the Society of Arts which agreed to erect plaques in a variety of shapes and colours across London. The first plaque was unveiled in 1867 to commemorate the romantic poet Lord Byron at his birthplace, 24 Holles Street, Cavendish Square. Unfortunately, this house was later demolished and the plaque lost. So, the earliest blue plaque to survive, also unveiled in 1867, commemorates France’s last emperor Napoleon III in King Street, St James's. In 1901, the Society of Arts scheme was taken over by the London County Council (LCC) and in 1938, the current plaque design was created by an unnamed student at the LCC's Central School of Arts and Crafts. In time the Greater London Council (GLC) took over from the LCC in 1965 and ran the scheme until 1986. The Blue Plaque scheme was then passed to English Heritage which has run it until this day. Such has been the success of the scheme that it’s led to many imitators around the country. Some are restricted to a specific geographical area, others to a particular theme of historical or social importance. They are controlled by a whole range of diverse organisations including local authorities, civic societies, and residents' associations. But there’s nothing quite like the original Blue Plaques scheme! How are properties awarded an English Heritage blue plaque? As the longest running and perhaps most prestigious scheme of its type the competition for a blue plaque can be quite intense. It’s based almost entirely on nominations from the public who write or email English Heritage before submitting a formal proposal. English Heritage's in-house historian then researches the proposal before submitting them to the 12 experts on the Blue Plaques panel. This panel then meets three times a year to create a shortlist and advise on which suggestions should be awarded a coveted Blue Plaque. Because the scheme is so popular, and such a lot of detailed research has to be carried out, it can take around three years for a proposal to reach the top of the shortlist. If a proposal is not taken forward then another 10 years must pass before a re-proposal can be made. So, if you’re thinking of making a proposal then it’s worth getting in touch with English Heritage beforehand to see what its chances of success are. Who knows, there could be a luminary of the campervan world who needs wider public attention! To be eligible for commemoration by a blue plaque the famous person must: Have been dead for over 20 years. Be a real person, not a fictional character or animal. Be considered eminent or distinguished by a majority of members of their own profession or calling. Be of significant public standing in a London-wide, national or international context. Have made a positive contribution to human welfare or happiness. Have lived or worked in that building for a significant period, in length of time or importance, within their life and work. A plaque can be erected for more than one person but they must both be of significance in their own right. There are also specific criteria for the location of the plaque itself: Plaques can only be erected on the actual building inhabited by the famous person. Not on the site of a former building, or on buildings that have since been radically altered. Plaques are not placed onto educational or ecclesiastic buildings, military establishments, hospitals, hotels, private clubs, Inns of Court or royal palaces. Or any other building associated with so many well-known figures that to commemorate just one would be inappropriate. Buildings marked with plaques must be clearly visible from the public highway and not normally erected on a boundary wall or gate pier. Perfect for spotting from your camper! A single person cannot be commemorated by more than one blue plaque. Other schemes elsewhere in the UK have different criteria, which are often less restrictive. For example, under other schemes plaques can often be erected to mark the sites of demolished buildings. The full English Heritage Blue Plaques criteria can be viewed on their website. English Heritage has compiled a register of other schemes across England. If there’s someone you think deserves a plaque in your local area then your local council may also be able to help. Some of the best plaques to visit in the UK in your campervan Visiting the English Heritage blue plaque for someone who has special significance to you can be an interesting stop-off in any campervan road trip. With London having over 950 plaques you’ll be spoilt for choice. If you’re looking for inspiration then here’s a few to get you started. Dr Samuel Johnson – Erected all the way back in 1876 to the legendary wordsmith who lived at 17 Gough Square near Fleet Street. This remains the only blue plaque in the City of London financial district. Soon after its unveiling, the City big wigs decided they would take charge of who they would and would not commemorate within the Square Mile. Oh, and it isn’t blue, it’s brown. Karl Marx – The political theorist can undoubtedly lay claim to one of the most controversial blue plaques. Put up in 1937 at his final address in Chalk Farm the plaque had to be removed after it was repeatedly vandalised. A subsequent plaque was unveiled in 1967 in Dean Street, Soho. Vincent Van Gogh – One of history’s most famous artists, Van Gogh is usually associated with the artistic melting pot of Paris or the few short earth-shattering years he spent in the South of France. However, a significant part of his life was actually spent in England. From working at a Kent school, to living with his sister in Vauxhall, he spent a lot of time around London. However, it’s a Georgian terraced house at 87 Hackford Road in Stockwell, which has the privilege of displaying Van Gogh’s blue plaque. Joseph Grimaldi – From 1818 to 1829, the legendary ‘King of Clowns’, lived at what is now called Exmouth Market in Clerkenwell. Grimaldi was one of the most influential figures in the development of that most bizarre of theatrical experiences – the British pantomime! Mary Seacole – There are few people who have blazed a trail quite like nurse and businesswoman Mary Seacole. Until recently far less well known than her contemporary Florence Nightingale, Seacole fought prejudice and huge challenges to provide care to soldiers during the Crimean War. Her plaque can be found at 14 Soho Square where she lived during a very difficult financial period in her long eventful life. Noor Inayat Khan – Britain’s first Muslim war heroine is remembered for her courage working in the Special Operations Executive during World War II. She was the first female radio operator sent into Nazi-occupied France but was murdered by the Gestapo in 1944. Posthumously awarded the George Cross in 1949, Khan only received the plaque in 2020. With just 14% of London’s blue plaques celebrating women, English Heritage recently launched a ‘plaques for women’ campaign to spark more nominations. Other women to celebrated in 2020 included sculptor Dame Barbara Hepworth, botanist Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan and former secret agent Christine Granville. Luke Howard – The ‘Namer of Clouds’ plaque can be found at 7 Bruce Grove in Tottenham. After all, it’s not just politicians, artists and writers who deserve these accolades. Indeed, many blue plaques celebrate quirkier occupations. Our favourites include: Willy Clarkson, theatrical wigmaker, near Chinatown; Prince Peter Kropotkin, Theorist of Anarchism, in Bromley; Tom Cribb, bare knuckle boxing champion, in Leicester Square; and Sir Edwin Saunders, Queen Victoria’s dentist, who is honoured on the wall of a grand, Grade II-listed building in Wimbledon. If you want to find out whether your favourite actor, writer or other historical figure has already been commemorated then take a look on English Heritage’s Find a Plaque search page. Remember though, London driving can get pretty hectic. If you’re tootling around the city spotting these blue plaques from your cherished camper then make sure you have campervan insurance in case of any bumps and scrapes. Interestingly, not all official plaques are found in London. In the early 2000s English Heritage trialled a national plaques scheme, erecting 34 plaques in Birmingham, Merseyside, Southampton and Portsmouth. While the scheme was discontinued in 2005 the Blue Plaques can still be visited in your campervan. Brothers Richard and George Cadbury are commemorated at two separate buildings in Birmingham. The well-known chocolate manufacturers and philanthropists both lived in Edgbaston in the late 19th Century. Richard’s plaque is at 17 Wheeleys Road while George’s is at 32 George Road. With the largest number of Blue Plaques outside of London, Merseyside has some great places for fans to visit. Tenacious campaigner and Labour MP Bessie Braddock lived at 2 Zig Zag Road, West Derby for 25 years. Legendary toy inventor Frank Hornby lived at The Hollies, Station Road in Maghull. While arguably Merseyside’s most famous son John Lennon grew up at 251 Menlove Avenue in Woolton. Seven famous residents received the blue plaque treatment in Southampton including the designer of the Lancaster and Vulcan bombers Roy Chadwick, campaigner for women’s education Emily Davies, and Sir Edward Penley Abraham, the developer of antibiotics. Portsmouth has a similar number of blue plaques commemorating, among others, writer Rudyard Kipling, actor and comedian Peter Sellers and two remarkable World War I heroes! Lieutenant Norman Holbrooke VC and Commander Edwin Unwin VC, both heroes of the ill-fated Gallipoli campaign. Don’t leave home without campervan insurance When setting off on an exciting tour of the UK’s heritage, you must never forget to arrange campervan insurance. Finding the right cover for you, your vehicle, and its contents means you can get on with your adventure safe in the knowledge you're protected. Speak to the experienced team at Motorhome Protect to help you find a range of quotes on specialist campervan insurance with the following benefits: Cover for up to 365 days a year which can include foreign use Unlimited EU cover Up to £3,500 of cover for your camping personal effects Up to six months cover to complete a self-build conversion Quotes available for customers with claims and convictions Get a quick quote for campervan insurance today. Policy benefits and features offered may very between insurance schemes or cover selected and are subject to underwriting criteria. Information contained within this article is accurate at the time of publishing but may be subject to change.
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Cronin plaque.jpg 4,000 × 3,000; 4.61 MB Admiral of the Fleet LORD FISHER 1841-1920 lived here as First Sea Lord 1904-1910.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.18 MB Alan Jay Lerner 1918 - 1986 Playwright & Lyricist Including My Fair Lady Which Played Here.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 3.39 MB Alan Jay Lerner plaque Theatre Royal Drury Lane Catherine Street, London WC2B 5JF.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 785 KB Albert Henry Stanley Lord Ashfield - 43 South Street Mayfair W1K 2XQ.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.22 MB Anthony Eden - 4 Chesterfield Street Mayfair London W1J 5J.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 871 KB Anthony Eden Lord Avon 1897-1977 Prime Minister of Great Britain lived here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.04 MB Archibald Philip Primrose - 20 Charles Street Mayfair London W1J 5DT.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 892 KB Arthur Henry Ward Sax Rohmer 1883-1959 creator of Dr Fu Manchu lived here.jpg 3,917 × 2,938; 2.78 MB Balfe blue plaque.jpg 2,448 × 3,264; 1.83 MB Benny Green (5026551942).jpg 2,592 × 1,944; 2.18 MB Benny Green - Howard House 161 Cleveland Street Fitzrovia London W1T 6QP.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 828 KB Billy Fury - 1 Cavendish Avenue St John's Wood London NW8 9JE.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.18 MB Billy Fury 1940-1983 Singer lived here (Musical Heritage).jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 571 KB Blue Plaque 'Sir Robert Peel lived here' - geograph.org.uk - 2843417.jpg 4,000 × 3,000; 3.98 MB Blue plaque in Berkeley Square - geograph.org.uk - 3028554.jpg 480 × 640; 46 KB Blue Plaque in Eaton Place - geograph.org.uk - 2122437.jpg 640 × 480; 46 KB Blue plaque in Whitehall - geograph.org.uk - 2179942.jpg 640 × 480; 84 KB Blue Plaque regarding Sir Robert Mayer, London W1 - geograph.org.uk - 1999365.jpg 1,024 × 681; 338 KB Borough of Paddington 1900 - geograph.org.uk - 2790718.jpg 4,288 × 3,216; 3.76 MB Borough of Paddington coat-of-arms (1900).jpg 2,272 × 1,704; 885 KB Brian Epstein 1934-1967 (Heritage Foundation).jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 764 KB Bridgeman - 54 Broadwick Street, Soho, W1F 7AH.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 870 KB BRUCE BAIRNSFATHER 1888-1959 Cartoonist lived here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 797 KB Bush House 30 Aldwych, London WC2B 4BG (2).jpg 4,000 × 3,000; 2.27 MB Bush House 30 Aldwych, London WC2B 4BG (3).jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 2.41 MB Bush House 30 Aldwych, London WC2B 4BG.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 2.59 MB Bush House International radio, television and online content made here 1941-2012.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 3.5 MB Carl Maria Von Weber.jpg 2,000 × 1,500; 1.61 MB Catherine Walters (Skittles) the last Victorian courtesan lived here from 1872 until 1920.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 934 KB Charles De Gaulle - 4 Carlton Gardens St James's London SW1Y 5AA.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 729 KB Charles Dickens (3984502725).jpg 559 × 481; 153 KB Charles Dickens - Blue Plaque.JPG 1,782 × 2,376; 947 KB Charles Dickens Coffee House - geograph.org.uk - 1098907.jpg 640 × 480; 109 KB COLEN CAMPBELL 1676-1729 Architect and Author of Vitruvius Britannicus lived and died here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.07 MB David Edward Hughes blue plaque in London.JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 1.2 MB DR. JOSEPH ROGERS - 33 Dean Street Soho London W1D 4PW.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 2.87 MB DR. JOSEPH ROGERS 1821-1889 Health Care Reformer lived here.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 3.99 MB Dr. Samuel Johnson Blue Plaque.JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 1.32 MB Edmond Malone - 40 Langham Street Fitzrovia W1W 7AS.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.06 MB Edmond Malone 1741-1812 Shakespearian scholar lived here 1779-1812.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 948 KB Edward Grey blue plaque.jpg 2,448 × 3,264; 1.47 MB Edward R. Murrow - Weymouth House 84-94 Hallam Street Fitzrovia W1W 5HF.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 974 KB Edward R. Murrow 1908-1965 American broadcaster lived here in flat No.5 1938-1946.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 867 KB Ehrenplakette für Keith Moon.jpg 1,125 × 927; 691 KB Entrance to Chiltern Court Baker Street London NW1 5SR.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 3.03 MB Ernest Bevin - Stratford Mansions 34 South Molton Street Mayfair W1Y 1HA.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 951 KB Evelyn Baring - 36 Wimpole Street Marylebone London W1G 8GZ.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1 MB EVELYN BARING 1st Earl of Cromer 1841-1917 Colonial administrator lived and died here.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 2.93 MB F. E. SMITH Earl of Birkenhead 1872-1930 Lawyer and Statesman lived here.JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 889 KB FELIX MENDELSSOHN - 4 Hobart Place Belgravia SW1W 0HU.jpg 2,000 × 1,500; 793 KB FELIX MENDELSSOHN 1809 - 1847 Composer stayed here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 836 KB FELIX MENDELSSOHN 1809-1847 Composer stayed here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 890 KB Site of The Flamingo Club 33-37 Wardour Street London W1D 6PU.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 777 KB The Flamingo Club 1957-1967 (Westminster).jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 837 KB Former Gerald Road Police Station - 1-5 Gerald Road London SW1W 9EH.jpg 4,000 × 3,000; 2.44 MB Francis Barraud (British Plaques Trust).jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.31 MB Francis Barraud plaque in London 1.jpg 1,024 × 575; 77 KB Billy Fury Blue Plaque (5821152718).jpg 1,088 × 1,052; 727 KB FuseliPlaque.jpg 2,448 × 3,264; 1.21 MB Geffrye meets his Waterloo (32) - geograph.org.uk - 4891506.jpg 640 × 480; 96 KB Geffrye meets his Waterloo (38) - geograph.org.uk - 4891541.jpg 640 × 480; 72 KB George Alexander Macfarren (5026626510).jpg 2,075 × 1,556; 1.45 MB George Alexander Macfarren Knt Lived in this house and died here 1887.jpg 2,000 × 1,500; 1.1 MB GEORGE CANNING 1770-1827 Statesman lived here.JPG 2,903 × 3,870; 2.53 MB GEORGE NATHANIEL CURZON - 1 Carlton House Terrace St James's, London SW1Y 5AF.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 728 KB GEORGE NATHANIEL CURZON MARQUESS CURZON OF KEDLESTON 1859-1925 Statesman Viceroy of India lived and died here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.04 MB George Richmond - 20 York Street, Marylebone, London, W1U 6PU, City of Westminster.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 943 KB George Richmond 1809-1896 Painter lived here 1843-1896.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.11 MB Germaine Necker (3985407672).jpg 2,592 × 1,944; 2.35 MB Gertrude Fogg - 58 St Martin's Lane London WC2N 4EA.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 970 KB Gertrude Fogg 1800-1885 actress, adventurer and bon viveur.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 717 KB Lord Grade of Elstree 1906 - 1998 Impresario and Pioneer of Commercial Television.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 859 KB Viscount Grey of Falloden SIR EDWARD GREY 1862-1933 Foreign Secretary lived here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.08 MB GUGLIELMO MARCONI 1874-1937 THE PIONEER OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION lived here in 1896-1897.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 547 KB Guglielmo Marconi plaque at 71 Hereford Road, Bayswater.jpg 4,032 × 3,024; 2.11 MB Hard Rock Hotel London, Great Cumberland Place, London (2).jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 2.7 MB Hard Rock Hotel London, Great Cumberland Place, London.jpg 4,000 × 3,000; 3.06 MB Harry Mallin - Peel House, 105 Regency Street Pimlico London SW1P 4EF (2).jpg 2,000 × 1,500; 925 KB Harry Mallin 1892-1969 Policeman and Olympic Boxing Champion in 1920 and 1924 lived and worked here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1,004 KB Hendrix-plaque (15545918457).jpg 3,599 × 4,798; 8.33 MB Henry Austen lived here - 24 Upper Berkeley Street London W1H 7QH.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 3.32 MB Henry Fuseli - 37 Foley Street Fitzrovia London W1W 7TN.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1,016 KB Henry Fuseli 1741-1825 artist lived here 1788-1803.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.2 MB Henry Herbert Asquith - 20 Cavendish Square, Marylebone, W1G 0RN.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 846 KB Henry Pelham (c.1695-1754) Prime Minister lived here - Blue Plaque.JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 983 KB HERBERT HENRY ASQUITH 1st EARL OF OXFORD AND ASQUITH 1852-1928 STATESMAN lived here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 831 KB Octavia Hill (4372878174).jpg 2,592 × 1,944; 2.17 MB Ho Chi Minh plaque - New Zealand House, 80 Haymarket, St. James's, London SW1Y 4TE.jpg 4,000 × 3,000; 2.75 MB Get Him to the Greek Cavendish Square.jpg 1,600 × 1,200; 763 KB House on Duke Street - geograph.org.uk - 1299305.jpg 480 × 640; 97 KB Jack Buchanan plaque London.jpg 576 × 768; 54 KB JAMES MILL 1773 - 1836 JOHN STUART MILL 1806 - 1873 Philosophers lived here 1814 - 1831.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 865 KB John Christopher Smith Handel's friend and secretary 1712-1763 lived and died here - Blue Plaque.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1,021 KB John F. Sartorius - 155 Old Church Street SW3.jpg 2,000 × 1,500; 1 MB John F. Sartorius c.1775-c.1830 Sporting Painter lived here 1807-1812.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 972 KB Joseph Haydn 1732 - 1809 Composer lived in a house on this site 1791.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 2.41 MB Joshua Reynolds blue plaque - 5 Great Newport Street London WC2.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 3.19 MB Josiah Wedgewood (3985375448).jpg 1,818 × 1,313; 1.13 MB Karl Ghattas Harley Street blue plaque.jpg 1,161 × 1,120; 1.03 MB Keith moon at marquee.JPG 1,326 × 995; 970 KB Leopold Anthony Stokowski (7592602246).jpg 2,680 × 2,683; 2.48 MB LOKAMANYA TILAK - 10 Howley Place Paddington London W2 1XA.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.05 MB LOKAMANYA TILAK 1856-1920 Indian Patriot and Philosopher lived here 1918-1919.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 532 KB London0506.JPG 3,872 × 2,592; 5.44 MB Lord Fisher blue plaque.jpg 2,448 × 3,264; 1.31 MB LORD JOHN RUSSELL 1st Earl Russell 1792-1878 Twice Prime Minister Lived Here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.08 MB LORD KELVIN 1824-1907 Physicist and Inventor lived here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 774 KB Arthur Lowe (5026596002).jpg 2,592 × 1,944; 2.34 MB MARIE TAGLIONI - 14 Connaught Square, Paddington, W2 2HG.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 845 KB MARIE TAGLIONI 1809-1884 Ballet Dancer lived here in 1875-1876.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 737 KB MARY SHELLEY 1797-1851 Author of Frankenstein lived here 1846-1851.JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 718 KB May Fair (4372113667).jpg 2,448 × 1,752; 2.15 MB RobertMayerPlaque.jpg 2,448 × 3,264; 981 KB Spike Milligan (4644573452).jpg 2,081 × 1,559; 1.29 MB Milos Crnjanski - Queens Court Queensway Bayswater London W2 4QW.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 2.79 MB Miloš Crnjanski 1893–1977 Serbian author lived and wrote here.jpg 3,000 × 3,999; 3.67 MB Musician Writer Broadcaster Benny Green 1927-1998 lived here 1932-1962.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.06 MB MUSTAPHA RESCHID PASHA - 1 Bryanston Square, Marylebone, London, W1H 8DH, City of Westminster.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 2.41 MB MUSTAPHA RESCHID PASHA 1800-1858 Turkish Statesman and Reformer lived here as Ambassador in 1839.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 3.3 MB Olaudah Equiano plaque 37 Tottenham Street London W1T 4RU.jpg 3,672 × 4,896; 4.63 MB Olaudah Equiano The African 1745-1797 Abolitionist lived at this address in 1788.jpg 3,000 × 4,000; 1.44 MB Pair of blue plaques - 16 South Eaton Place Belgravia SW1W 9JA.JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 750 KB Pair of plaques at 16 South Eaton Place Belgravia SW1W 9JA.JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 761 KB Francis Turner Palgrave (4372877206).jpg 2,592 × 1,944; 2.55 MB PalgravePlaque.jpg 2,448 × 3,264; 790 KB 1 Bryanston Square, Marylebone, W1H 8DH.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 812 KB Blue Plaque on corner of Bryanston Square, London W1.jpg 681 × 1,024; 484 KB GEORGE PEABODY 1795-1869 Philanthropist died here.JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 956 KB Stephen Pearce (4117874326).jpg 1,600 × 1,200; 913 KB Charles Edmund Peczenik 1877-1967 Architect lived here.JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 1.05 MB PHILIP NOEL-BAKER 1889-1982 Olympic Sportsman Campaigner for Peace and Disarmament lived here.JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 921 KB Plaque to George Moore - geograph.org.uk - 3112523.jpg 640 × 480; 42 KB Plaques on the Farm House.jpg 4,032 × 3,024; 3.36 MB PRINCE TALLEYRAND - 21 Hanover Square Mayfair London W1S 1JW.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 738 KB PRINCE TALLEYRAND 1754-1838 French Statesman and Diplomatist lived here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1.07 MB Queen Anne's Gate 14.JPG 3,000 × 4,000; 3.9 MB Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands had Her Secretariat in this house 1940-1945 (2).JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 820 KB Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands had Her Secretariat in this house 1940-1945.JPG 1,500 × 2,000; 931 KB Richard Savage Fourth Earl Rivers Governer of The Tower Of London 1660-1712 lived here.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 989 KB Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust plaque Greenwell Street, London (cropped).JPG 1,190 × 720; 193 KB Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust plaque Greenwell Street, London.JPG 3,000 × 4,000; 3.96 MB SakiPlaque.jpg 2,448 × 3,264; 1.16 MB 9 Old Queen Street Westminster London SW1H 9HP.jpg 1,500 × 2,000; 1 MB (previous page) (next page)
2695	dbpedia	3	19	https://wcclibraries.wordpress.com/tag/green-plaques/	en	Green Plaques	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	[ "https://wcclibraries.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/cropped-100560139_4096599423691426_5649226263169073152_o3-1-1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Pedestal-nelson-column-trafalgar-london-uk.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Cleopatras.needle.from.tha...	[ "https://www.youtube.com/embed/9VUJY688nd8?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2016-10-13T12:01:03+01:00	Posts about Green Plaques written by wcclibraries	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico		https://wcclibraries.wordpress.com/tag/green-plaques/	All of us who live or work in Westminster have walked through Trafalgar Square dozens of times, but how many of us have actually looked at Nelson’s Column properly? Certainly not me until recently when I happened to look at the bas-reliefs at the base of the pillar and wondered what they actually represented. Coincidentally on the bus home I heard a trailer for an excellent-sounding radio programme, Britain’s Black Past which mentioned the reliefs and revealed that at least one of the sailors pictured was black. A bit of research revealed that a third of the crew of the Victory, Nelson’s ship, were born outside Britain (including, somewhat surprisingly, three Frenchmen) and that one of the men pictured, George Ryan, was black. As we celebrate Black History Month, what other memorials of interest can we find in Westminster? Well, for a start there’s the oldest monument in London – Cleopatra’s Needle. Nothing to do with Cleopatra, it actually predates her by 1500 years, being made for Pharoah Thotmes III. One slightly odd feature of the Needle is that the four sphinxes, ostensibly there to guard it, actually face inwards so you’d think they’d be fairly easy to surprise… Moving forward to the eighteenth century brings us to Ignatius Sancho (1724-1780) who, despite pretty much the worst possible start in life (he was born on slave ship and both his parents died soon after) became butler to the Duke of Montagu and, after securing his freedom, was the only eighteenth-century Afro-Briton known to have voted in a general election (in Westminster). He wrote many letters to the literary figures of the time such as the actor David Garrick and the writer Laurence Sterne, was painted by Thomas Gainsborough and was also a prolific composer. You can read more about Sancho in several books available to view at Westminster City Archives, and listen to some of his compositions. And if you happen to be passing the Foreign and Commonweath Office, see if you can spot the memorial to him. A more famous near-contemporary of Sancho, was Olaudah Equiano (1747-1797), another former slave and author of one of the earliest autobiographies by a black Briton. Like George Ryan, Equiano (or Gustavus Vassa as he was known in his lifetime) was a sailor who travelled to the Caribbean, South America and the Arctic, having been kidnapped from Africa as a child. While still a slave, Equiano converted to Christianity and was baptised in St Margaret’s Westminster. His autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano was one of the first slave narratives and was reprinted several times in Equiano’s lifetime. He became a leading member of the abolitionist movement, as one of the Sons of Africa, a group of former slaves in London who campaigned against slavery. You can see a plaque to him at 73 Riding House Street, Paddington and see him portrayed by Youssoo N’Dour in the film Amazing Grace. One black Briton who needs almost no introduction is Mary Seacole (1805-1881), who fought racial prejudice to nurse and feed soldiers in the Crimea and who was so popular with her former patients that the Times reported on 26th April 1856 that, at a public banquet at the Royal Surrey Gardens: “Among the illustrious visitors was Mrs Seacole whose appearance awakened the most raputurous enthusiasm. The soldiers not only cheered her but chaired her around the gardens and she really might have suffocated from the oppressive attentions of her admirers were it not that two sergeants of extraordinary stature gallantly undertook to protect her from the pressures of the crowd.” You can follow the famous war correspondent WH Russell in the Times Digital Archive (log in with your library card number) – he was a great admirer of Mrs Seacole. And if you haven’t already, do read her extraordinary autobiography The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands. There are two plaques in her honour in Westminster – one at 147 George Street and one at 14 Soho Square. Less well-known than Mary Seacole is Henry Sylvester Williams (1869-1911), a Trinidadian teacher who came to London in the 1890s, studied Latin at King’s College and qualified as a barrister in 1897 (though he earned his living as a lecturer for the Temperance Association). He was a founder-member of the Pan-African Association, whose aims were “to secure civil and political rights for Africans and their descendants throughout the world; to encourage African peoples everywhere in educational, industrial and commercial enterprise; to ameliorate the condition of the oppressed Negro in Africa, America, the British Empire, and other parts of the world” In 1906, Williams was elected as a Progressive for Marylebone Council and, along with John Archer in Battersea, was one of the first black people elected to public office in Britain. You can read more about Williams (and the other people listed here) in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and see a plaque erected by Westminster Council in his honour at 38 Church Street. Bringing us nearer the present day are two former residents of Westminster who everyone knows. Guitarist Jimi Hendrix, discussed before in this blog, lived for a short time in 1968 at 23 Brook Street, Mayfair, and you can see a blue plaque to him there. And we finish on perhaps the most famous memorial of recent years – in 2007 a bronze statue of Nelson Mandela was erected in Parliament Square in the presence of Mr Mandela himself. You can find out more about the people in this blog by checking out our library catalogue and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as well as our Newspaper Archives. Plus if you want to know who the first Black British woman to write an autobiography was, don’t miss the event at Paddington Library on 27 October! [Nicky] Spurred on by spotting Charles Babbage’s (1791–1871) Green Plaque on a building at 1a Dorset Street, Marylebone, I began to investigate the life of this computing pioneer, who began working on the idea of inventing automatic calculating machines at this address from the 1830s. This work followed his invention of a ‘difference engine’, a fixed-function calculator which used existing mathematical formulae to calculate an answer. In contrast, the analytical engine was designed to calculate virtually any mathematical function using programmable numerical data, in any sequence, to find the answer. It would have been programmed by using punched cards, a technique used by loom operators at that time to control the patterns of the woven thread. Punched holes on cards remained as the means for programming computers in many of the IBM and other early 20th century computers. In fact, immediately before the rise of the personal computer, I remember using hole punched cards denoting chosen subject terms as a means of searching for article references. Babbage’s use of punched cards is important as it would enabled the operator to repeat the same sequence of operations and also choose alternative actions depending on the value of a result. A landmark in Babbage’s continuous development of his design came with a significant change of the machine’s internal organisation. He separated the stored numbers (data) from the section which processed it, thus laying the foundation for modern computers’ storing data together with a processor to manipulate this data. Unfortunately Babbage never persuaded the British government or private investors to finance the construction of his machines. Luckily his notes and plans together with his correspondence with Westminster’s next computer pioneer have meant that physical reconstructions are possible. You can see examples of reconstructions at London’s Science Museum. Babbage’s great supporter and an important contributor to his work was Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace (1815–1852), the daughter of Lord Byron. Her residence, 12 St James’s Square SW1, displays an English Heritage Blue Plaque celebrating this contribution to computing history. Lovelace is credited with understanding Babbage’s machine perhaps even better than he did himself, and with devising the first complex computer programme. In a letter to Babbage dated 10 July 1843, she suggests “I want to put in something about Bernoulli’s Number, in one of my notes, as an example of how an explicit function may be worked out by the engine, without having been worked out by human head and hands first”. She is posthumously celebrated for this achievement with a modern programming language named after her: Ada. Without the contribution of both parties the design of the analytical machine would not evolved as one of the first programmable computers. In this partnership Babbage was the engineer and Lovelace the programmer and visionary who saw its potential. The final pioneer, Alan Turing had a much more tenuous link with the borough, being born in Westminster at Warrington Lodge, 2 Warrington Avenue, Maida Vale before being ‘shipped out’ aged one to the to the care of relations when his parents left for several years in India. However fleeting this connection he is also recognised with an English Heritage Blue Plaque on this house. Posthumously famous for his WW2 code breaking efforts at Bletchley Park, about which we have written before, Alan Turing is also widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computing with his design of the Turing machine in the 1930s and his postwar research. Alan Turing’s work and life is also the subject of the recent feature film ‘The Imitation Game‘. With pleasing symmetry there is a link between Turing and Lovelace. In the 1930s, whilst working on artificial intelligence and computing, Alan Turing rediscovered her notes on programming and this had a significant influence on his research. Further biographical details for all three pioneers can also be found using the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (log in to all of these subscription sites for free with your library membership card). It’s worth looking to the newspaper archives for further insight too – I found several further references to Charles Babbage in The Times Digital Archive as the newspaper published several of his letters relating to various scientific topics. He also wrote to the Illustrated London News describing, with illustrations, a devise which is similar to an early example of a periscope. This was designed for artillery troops to safely line up guns from beneath a parapet. (ILN Saturday, August 18, 1855; pg. 210; Issue 757). More information about these pioneers and the wider history of computing can be obtained from two further 24/7 reference resources. Credo Reference and Oxford Digital Reference Shelf are both searchable resources which use a number of dictionaries, textbooks and encyclopedias as source material. Just type in the relevant search term, eg: Ada Lovelace, to display a number of links to original text relating to this search. Returning to print, on the shelves of Marylebone Information Service is an useful guide to computing history: A Brief History of Computing by Gerard O’Regan. The book begins with early civilizations such as the Babylonians and Egyptians, who developed mathematics, geometry and astronomy using methods such as a counting board (an early form of abacus) and algebra to make theoretical calculations, and leads right through to modern computer programming and the internet revolution. And the computer revolution goes on. Will the next pioneer come from one of our Code Clubs for kids? There are currently regular clubs meeting at Charing Cross, Church Street, Maida Vale and St John’s Wood libraries, but more are planned – ask in your library for details. [Francis]
2695	dbpedia	2	43	https://londonlovesbusiness.com/research-reveals-which-borough-of-london-has-the-most-blue-plaques/	en	Research reveals which borough of London has the most Blue Plaques - London Business News	https://mloyoq1wv9pf.i.o…-blue-plaque.jpg	https://mloyoq1wv9pf.i.o…-blue-plaque.jpg	[ "https://mloyoq1wv9pf.i.optimole.com/w:auto/h:auto/q:mauto/f:best/ig:avif/https://londonlovesbusiness.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/LLB-2.png", "https://mloyoq1wv9pf.i.optimole.com/w:951/h:80/q:mauto/f:best/ig:avif/https://londonlovesbusiness.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/LLB.png", "https://mloyoq1wv9pf.i.opt...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Sarah Dunsby" ]	2023-07-06T17:42:31+00:00	What are blue plaques? A blue plaque is a permanent sign that is installed in a public space and commemorates the link between a location and a famous person, event,…	en	https://mloyoq1wv9pf.i.o…/LLB-favicon.jpg	London Business News \| Londonlovesbusiness.com	https://londonlovesbusiness.com/research-reveals-which-borough-of-london-has-the-most-blue-plaques/	What are blue plaques? A blue plaque is a permanent sign that is installed in a public space and commemorates the link between a location and a famous person, event, or building. Great for the local community as well as tourists visiting the area. Did you know that London has almost one thousand memorial plaques throughout the city according to English Heritage? Here, we take a look to see which borough came out with the most plaques! Wandsworth has the most plaques outside Central London Whilst looking at the data, it was revealed that Wandsworth is the borough outside of Central London with the most official blue plaques at 188. Central London boasted the most unsurprisingly with just over three-quarters of the blue plaques within the city being located centrally. The City of Westminster emerged as the ‘winner’ with 320 blue plaques in total followed by Kensington/Chelsea and Camden. This will mean visitors to these boroughs will be exposed to the history of the location as they discover the plaques. Which boroughs have the least amount of blue plaques? In terms of the boroughs with the least blue plaques, City of London, Barking and Dagenham and Sutton each have only 1 plaque, whilst Havering and Hillingdon both have none. The trend shows a lot of blue plaques concentrated centrally with a lot of areas towards outer London having few or in some cases no recognition of their historical figures. Not only will noteworthy figures be missed in these areas, but the lack of blue plaques will lead to locals not knowing their borough’s past. These interesting results ask a crucial question, should more be done to find and uncover noteworthy figures of the past in these areas? This would also help to raise awareness surrounding blue plaques and how they can celebrate local areas. A more even plaque distribution across all boroughs in London will help to learn more about the history associated with those areas, from events to famous people. More plaques in particular should be added in Havering and Hillingdon, who currently have none. Some potential plaques for the borough of Hillingdon could include: Stuart Olof Agrell (who has been involved in the Apollo program, and was born in Hillingdon. Alexander Flemming (who is the biologist and Nobel prize winner for the discovery of penicillin). Some potential plaques for the borough of Havering could include: Franklin Roy Bruno (who is a British former professional boxer) James I of England and VI of Scotland (who was the King of Scotland and England at different times, and used Havering Palace as a hunting lodge) How can blue plaques be submitted? Blue plaques are growing by the year but the ones managed by English Heritage must fill certain criteria. The most important criteria include one plaque being erected per person, and at least 20 years passed since a candidate’s death. Some of the other criteria can include: At least one building associated with the figure must survive within Greater London (but outside the City of London, which has its own scheme). Buildings with many personal associations, such as churches, schools and theatres, are not normally considered for plaques. No more than two plaques are allowed on one building. Nominations to commemorate buildings that have historical significance for an event, or a group of individuals, will be considered as resources allow. Brunel Engraving now offers blue plaques!
2695	dbpedia	1	16	https://womenshistorymonth.wordpress.com/places-to-visit/london-blue-plaques/	en	London Blue Plaques	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fa0bc7626b05396f38e0cab86b314c48a3d9280c77289704dbf995b7670b537e?s=200&ts=1724092608	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fa0bc7626b05396f38e0cab86b314c48a3d9280c77289704dbf995b7670b537e?s=200&ts=1724092608	[ "https://womenshistorymonth.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/cropped-header.jpg", "https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fa0bc7626b05396f38e0cab86b314c48a3d9280c77289704dbf995b7670b537e?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png", "https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fa0bc7626b0539...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2011-07-20T17:15:39+00:00	Approximately 13% of all English Heritage blue plaques in London are dedicated to women. Of those, approximately half commemorate female writers, poets and actors, and are situated mainly in the boroughs of City of Westminster, Camden and Kensington & Chelsea. To see the full list of historical women with blue plaques in London click here.…	en	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fa0bc7626b05396f38e0cab86b314c48a3d9280c77289704dbf995b7670b537e?s=32	Women's History Month	https://womenshistorymonth.wordpress.com/places-to-visit/london-blue-plaques/	Approximately 13% of all English Heritage blue plaques in London are dedicated to women. Of those, approximately half commemorate female writers, poets and actors, and are situated mainly in the boroughs of City of Westminster, Camden and Kensington & Chelsea. To see the full list of historical women with blue plaques in London click here.
2695	dbpedia	2	14	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/record-number-of-women-celebrated-with-english-heritage-blue-plaques-in-2024-1/	en	Record number of women celebrated with English Heritage blue plaques in 2024	https://www.english-heri…ques/beck-v3.jpg	https://www.english-heri…ques/beck-v3.jpg	[ "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/about-us/search-news/2024-blue-plaques/irene_barclay_blueplaque_design_1440_612.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	For the first time in the history of the London Blue Plaques Scheme more plaques will be unveiled to individual women in 2024 than in any previous year.			English Heritage	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/record-number-of-women-celebrated-with-english-heritage-blue-plaques-in-2024-1/	NEW BLUE PLAQUES FOR 2024 The pioneering women who will be celebrated with blue plaques in 2024 include Christina Broom, believed to have been Britain's first female press photographer Diana Beck, celebrated as the UK's first female neurosurgeon Jazz singer, Adelaide Hall, one of the first Black women to secure a long-term contract at the BBC and Irene Barclay, the first woman to qualify as a chartered surveyor. There will be further blue plaque recipients throughout the year. Dr Susan Skedd, Blue Plaques Historian at English Heritage, said: 'Every year, English Heritage's blue plaques celebrate the very best of human endeavour. 'This year we are particularly pleased to be able to honour so many pioneering women who not only became female 'firsts' but who were also at the very pinnacle of achievement in their chosen fields. 'These are people who had a positive and lasting impact on our society. Their successes and the example they set helped to open doors for women of the future and we are delighted that English Heritage can play a part in ensuring that their contributions are remembered. 'English Heritage would like to thank everyone who answered our call to nominate more remarkable women for plaques. We hope that the stories behind these new plaques will inspire passers-by for generations to come. NEW BLUE PLAQUES FOR 2024 In 2024 English Heritage blue plaques will be unveiled to, among others: * Irene Barclay (1894–1989): Following the Sex Disqualification Removal Act of 1919, Irene Barclay immediately began attending evening classes to study for the Surveyors’ Institution exams. In just two years she became the first woman to qualify as a chartered surveyor in Britain. Her work on slum clearance and her conviction that 'providing people with a healthy environment includes surrounding them with things of beauty' separated her from the crowd. She carried out a number of slum surveys throughout London; her work in the London district of Somers Town had the widest impact, contributing to the movement which led to the Housing Act 1930 and the ensuing anti-slum campaign. Barclay will be commemorated at her former office, not far from Euston Station, in Somers Town. Diana Beck (1900–1956): Diana Beck is believed to have been the first female neurosurgeon in the UK. With her appointment as a consultant at the Middlesex Hospital in 1947, she became the first woman to join the hospital's faculty and also the first woman to be appointed to a senior clinical position at any of the major London teaching hospitals, which at that time admitted only male students. She was also the Middlesex Hospital's very first neurosurgeon and she created and ran the neurosurgical department there. Beck will be commemorated at the impressive four-storey terraced house where she lived during the majority of her time at Middlesex Hostpital. Christina Broom (1862–1939): Despite only making her first experiments in photography at the age of 40, with a borrowed quarter-plate box camera, Christina Broom went on to become 'the most prolific female publisher of picture postcards in Britain' and is widely considered to be the first female press photographer. She was a prominent suffrage photographer; the only woman photographer allowed into London barracks; and the only photographer permitted regularly into the Royal Mews. From 1916 onwards her pictures of the armed forces and royalty were published regularly, with the credit 'Mrs Albert Broom'. Her plaque will be the very first blue plaque in Fulham where she lived and worked for 26 years. Adelaide Hall (1901–1993): The American-born Adelaide Hall is believed to have had the longest recording career of any 20th-century artist; in 2003 she was recognised by Guinness World Records as having released material over eight consecutive decades. She was a pioneer of 'scat' singing, renowned for using her voice as a pure jazz instrument, and her 1943 radio series Wrapped in Velvet made her one of first black artists to regularly broadcast with the BBC. During the Second World War, she worked for the Entertainments National Service Association (ENSA) and was one of the first artists into Germany after the liberation. The plaque will mark her Kensington home of 27 years, her longest standing address anywhere. Overall, she spent 55 years in London, and told an interviewer in June 1980 – by which time her accent had more of Kensington in it than Brooklyn – 'I do like London very much. I like it because it's quiet – and I like the quiet life'. Joan Robinson (1903–1983): Joan Robinson was one of the first women to achieve academic prominence in the discipline of economics. She was concerned with the social relevance of economics, rather than treating it as an intellectual game and is widely considered to be one of the most influential economic theorists of her time. The blue plaque will mark the family home in Kensington where Robinson lived during the depression that immediately followed the First World War. The social work she undertook among the unemployed while living there was pivotal in her decision to study economics, and she continued to correspond with the people she met for many years. * We are currently working with the property owners and all blue plaques are subject to full owner approval.
2695	dbpedia	3	58	https://www.signsbytomorrow.com/westminster/signs-by-industry/government	en	Government Signs & Municipal Signs	https://www.signsbytomor…aphics-01141.jpg	https://www.signsbytomor…aphics-01141.jpg	[ "https://www.signsbytomorrow.com/App_Themes/v4/images/sbt-logo.png", "https://www.signsbytomorrow.com/assets/live/0/1398/7232/sbt-floor-graphic.jpg?format=webp&autorotate=true&height=486&mode=crop", "https://www.signsbytomorrow.com/assets/live/0/1398/7232/mc-sc-flooring-panthers-gym-floor-text_-website.jpg?form...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Signs By Tomorrow Westminster develops government signs and municipal signs in Westminster, Arvada, Broomfeild, Thornton, Lakewood, Superior, Lafayette, Boulder, Golden, designed for maximum impact for any budget.	en	/App_Themes/v4/images/sbt_fav_red.ico		https://www.signsbytomorrow.com/westminster/signs-by-industry/government	The following sign goals pertain to any governmental signage system, which is intended to: Improve communications through clear, readily understood messages Achieve visual consistency and compatibility throughout the property Properly convey a variety of information-based objectives, including recognition, regulation, information and direction Act as public relations in informing the community of its tax money being well spent In summary, the signage system is intended to meet the operational requirements of governmental departments, to help implement or enforce government policy and, most importantly, to assist the public sector. At Signs By Tomorrow, we create all types of custom public-sector signage solutions for Government Departments Public Buildings and Facilities Transportation Facilities (airports, bus and train stations, roadways, etc.) and so on. In working with our government-related clients, we offer a variety of signs and visual messaging products, including:
2695	dbpedia	2	80	https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/national-blue-plaque-scheme/make-a-nomination/eligibility/	en	National Blue Plaque Scheme	https://historicengland.…3601733042470000	https://historicengland.…3601733042470000	[ "https://historicengland.org.uk/public/src/images/HE_Logo_RGB.svg", "https://historicengland.org.uk/media/3tvbcxhq/bp_cliff_26424_12_wo.jpg?center=0.4238746175453314,0.48502554788626229&mode=crop&quality=90&width=1940&height=445&upscale=true&rnd=133601733042470000", "https://historicengland.org.uk/public/src/im...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-05-24T00:00:00	Essential guidance notes for those seeking to make a nomination for a national blue plaque.	en	/public/src/favicons/favicon.ico		https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/national-blue-plaque-scheme/make-a-nomination/eligibility/	To be awarded a national blue plaque, the person being nominated must have died at least 20 years ago. This is to ensure that the decision-making process is considered and supported by a sufficient period of reflection on a person's life and achievements. The national blue plaque scheme is designed to highlight the stories of inspirational people, from all walks of life, who have made a significant contribution to human welfare or happiness. This can cover many areas, as seen in the range of people to first receive a national blue plaque: Daphne Steele, who made history by becoming the first Black matron in the National Health Service in 1964 Clarice Cliff, a working-class factory worker from Stoke-on-Trent who became one of the best-known pottery designers of the 20th century George Harrison, music icon, songwriter and humanitarian who first rose to international fame as a member of The Beatles We are looking for nominations for people who have made an exceptional impact in their field, community, or society. This impact could be in fields such as the arts, economics, education, law, literature, medicine, politics, or sport. The online nomination form has a fuller list of fields, and there is an option to select 'other'. The national blue plaque scheme is a way to share a wide range of people’s stories. It can help us highlight the stories of people and communities whose history and lived experiences have sometimes been hidden from view or excluded from historic narratives and records. We welcome nominations celebrating the achievements of currently underrepresented people or those whose stories have long been overlooked. The selection process will consider the need to have a spread of plaques across England so that they are not all clustered in one place or region. The national blue plaques panel will be looking to share stories of people from all walks of life, making sure there is a diverse and varied group of individuals receiving blue plaques. The national blue plaques panel will also make sure achievements are celebrated from different fields. National blue plaques celebrate the relationship between people and the places they were associated with (for example, where they were born, worked, lived or died). Because of this unique link between a person and place, plaques need to be on surviving buildings where there is evidence that they spent time. Nominators need to identify a surviving building associated with their candidate. If they cannot find an exact building, an approximate location will be acceptable. If there are several addresses associated with a candidate, the nominator should give the address with the strongest connection. The national blue plaques historian will look for evidence connecting a candidate with a specific location if they are selected. Each national blue plaque is a tangible, physical link marking a recipient's connection to a specific place through a building that was part of their story and is still standing today. It creates a focus for exploring their life and achievements. Because national blue plaques celebrate this connection, enough of the building needs to remain for it to be recognisable to the candidate if they were alive today. We know that there are not always extensive records documenting where people lived or worked throughout their lives. Buildings associated with the candidate can include where they lived or worked when their important achievement took place. However, if information about the associated location is not available, often there are records of where someone was born, died, or stayed for a number of years. Such places are eligible for a national blue plaque so we can share stories of a broad range of people who deserve to be better known. We want people to be able to see each national blue plaque and learn about the person it commemorates. Since boundary walls or gate piers are more likely to be demolished, a national blue plaque must be installed on a building and visible from the street. Each national blue plaque is designed to celebrate a particular person so that people can learn more about their impact. Each location is carefully chosen to celebrate the unique connection between that person and the place. National blue plaques cannot be installed on: Educational buildings, such as schools or universities Ecclesiastical buildings, such as churches, temples and places of worship Military establishments Hospitals Hotels Private clubs These sites are likely to have been associated with many people, making it hard to celebrate a single story and risking overwhelming the building with multiple plaques. We want people to be able to learn more about incredible stories through the national blue plaque scheme. When researching a candidate, we will find out whether there are any existing plaques on the building put forward. A national blue plaque will not be eligible if there are already 2 plaques on 1 building because additional plaques could lead to overcrowding, preventing people from fully engaging with the stories being commemorated. The national blue plaque scheme complements locally run plaque schemes, and we recognise that there are many ways to commemorate a person. If there is already a commemorative plaque from a locally-run scheme in the same place as a national blue plaque is proposed, the blue plaque will typically not be eligible. If a plaque exists elsewhere in the country but not in the proposed location, then a national blue plaque is eligible. If there are other forms of local memorialisation (such as statues, private plaques and street names), the blue plaque panel will take this into account when assessing the proposed candidate on a case-by-case basis.
2695	dbpedia	3	23	https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/pink-floyd-plaque	en	Pink Floyd Plaque	https://img.atlasobscura…ICgyKS5q/cGc.jpg	https://img.atlasobscura…ICgyKS5q/cGc.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1494388927542275&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/hermes/aoa_logo_aon-fb53a8d4415047286c25915bdbbdf3721acc39fd90bd71bf7712345c0096a45b.svg", "https://img.atlasobscura.com/9pV3MWxKlyRT3RSEvi78iDeJZMtdindMztFMX54ftOQ/rs:fill:256:192/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/sc...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "ugc" ]	2019-10-02T15:00:00-04:00	Discover Pink Floyd Plaque in London, England: This London marker celebrates the spot where the world-famous English band was founded.	en	https://img.atlasobscura.com/arq81MTohFEUbDPogElM6DD8zKK9nOeDi38TE22FmFs/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Fw/cGxlLXRvdWNoLWlj/b24ucG5n	Atlas Obscura	https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/pink-floyd-plaque	Not just another brick in the wall, this Regent Street plaque marks the spot where architecture students Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Richard Wright first met and played music together. With the later addition of original frontman Syd Barrett, this awesome foursome would evolve into the iconic Pink Floyd, one of the most successful British rock bands of all time. Surviving founding members Mason and Waters unveiled this black heritage plate on May 28, 2015, to celebrate the band’s 50th anniversary. Permanently affixed to the wall of London’s University of Westminster (formerly Regent Street Polytechnic), it marks the place where the pair, together with the late Wright, formed the group. Mason, Waters and Wright, playing drums, bass guitar and keyboards respectively, first performed together in 1963 as Sigma 6. The group also performed under the name the Meggadeaths. The band rehearsed in the basement common room at the polytechnic and performed at student parties. In September 1963, they were joined by Barrett, an art student/singer/song-writer/guitarist. After several further name changes, the band finally settled on the name the Tea Set. However, during 1965, having discovered a second band shared the same name, they became known as Pink Floyd Sound, which was abbreviated down to Pink Floyd in early 1966. It is commonly believed that Barrett named the band after Pink Anderson and Floyd Council, two of his favorite Carolina Blues musicians. Guitarist and vocalist David Gilmour joined the band in 1967, with Barrett departing in 1968 due to his deteriorating mental health. During a 2015 interview, Waters said he and Mason were “enormously privileged” to have this plaque erected in their honor. When asked about their student days, Mason reminisced about spending his student grant on curry while Waters remarked he spent his on bass guitars.
2695	dbpedia	2	38	https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/every-blue-plaque-building-merseyside-18614103	en	Stories and locations behind every blue plaque building in Merseyside	https://i2-prod.liverpoo…ndrew-Teebay.jpg	https://i2-prod.liverpoo…ndrew-Teebay.jpg	[ "https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/masthead-liverpoolecho-default.svg", "https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/unregistered.svg", "https://i2-prod.liverpoolecho.co.uk/article18614806.ece/ALTERNATES/s508/1_Blue-plaque-houses-on-MerseysidePic-Andrew-Teebay.jpg 508w, https://i2-prod.liverpoolecho.co.uk/article18614806.ece...	[ "https://www.inyourarea.co.uk/widgets/established/general?fixedheight&webreachnews" ]	[]	[ "History" ]	null	[ "Max Clements", "www.liverpoolecho.co.uk", "max-clements" ]	2020-07-19T04:00:00+00:00	Liverpool has the largest number of blue plaques outside of London	en	/nav-web-static/release-v18-273f1e0f597396085b422386eb04b95b26caefb0/public/assets/liverpoolecho/favicon.ico	Liverpool Echo	https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/every-blue-plaque-building-merseyside-18614103	Liverpool has the largest number of blue plaques outside of London This year we've had more chance than ever to go on long walks or discover history in our local area. During lockdown we may have walked past buildings with historical significance and not even known it, or we may have discovered buildings with blue plaques while out exploring. ‌ Merseyside has historic blue plaque buildings all over our region, with plenty to be found. Famous musicians, political figures and influential architects once called Merseyside home and their old dwelling still stands today. As lockdown rules relax from stay at home, to stay local, we take a look back at a piece we published with all the different locations so you can find them. ‌ Liverpool Echo Icon Sign up to FREE email alerts from ECHO Daily News We use your sign-up to provide content in ways you’ve consented to and improve our understanding of you. This may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. More info Across Merseyside you can find the plaques marking the places where some of most famous residents lived and worked. ‌ Those honoured with blue plaques include a music icon, a war hero, politicians and a Nobel prize winner. From the homes of influential poets to architects, if you keep your eyes peeled you can spot those iconic blue plaques in plenty of places. The blue plaque scheme began in London in 1866 and is believed to be the oldest of its kind in the world. ‌ Liverpool was the the second city after the capital to adopt the scheme, and as a result it has the largest number of them outside of London. Blue plaques later expanded to the whole country and the scheme has been run by English Heritage since 1986. Fourteen blue plaques were erected and to celebrate those who have played a part in the region's history we took a tour of their locations and discovered the stories behind the area’s famous residents. ‌ 2 Zig Zag Road, West Derby Tucked away on the side of an otherwise normal West Derby house there is a blue plaque dedicated to former MP Bessie Braddock. The Labour MP lived at 2 Zig Zag Road, West Derby, between 1945 and 1975 during her time as MP for the Liverpool Exchange division. ‌ Braddock was a tenacious campaigner for improvements to housing, public health and other social issues. During the war, she worked in Liverpool's ambulance service before winning the seat in the 1945 general election. 171 Chatham Street, Georgian Quarter ‌ 171 Chatham Street in the Georgian Quarter was home to famous Liverpool based architect Sir Charles Herbert Reilly who lived between 1874 and 1948. Largely responsible for establishing university training of architects and headed the Liverpool School of Architecture, which became world-famous under his leadership. Reilly spent three years at 171, Chatham Street, from 1922 to 1925. The Hollies, Station Road, Maghull ‌ Another spot where you'll find a blue plaque is on Station Road in Maghull at the former home of Frank Hornby. Hornby is best known as the inventor of Meccano, Horby Hobbies and Dinky Toys and he lived between 1863 and 1936. He was also elected as a Conservative MP in Everton in 1931. ‌ He lived at The Hollies, Station Road, Maghull for almost his entire life. 42 Hamilton Street, Birkenhead Wirral also had several of its own blue plaques, one of which is located on Hamilton Street in Birkenhead. ‌ The house is the former home of Sir Henry Tate, a sugar merchant and philanthropist. Starting life as a grocer's apprentice, Tate went on to found the Tate Gallery in London and for 10 years the gallery traded from his address in Birkenhead. Keep up to date with local news in your area by adding your postcode below: ‌ 28 Ullet Road, Toxteth The house on Ullet Road in Toxteth was the former home of successful engineer John Alexander Brodie. ‌ He is credited with indenting the net for football goals and for building the Mersey Tunnel in 1934. At the time it was the world's longest underwater road tunnel. 251 Menlove Avenue, Woolton ‌ John Lennon, of the most iconic figures in the history of music, grew up at 251 Menlove Avenue in Woolton. The Beatles co-founder spent almost 20 years living at the home, from 1945 to 1963. Pennant House, Bebington ‌ Pennant House in Bebington, Wirral, has a blue plaque marking it out as the former home of Joseph Mayer, an antiquary and collector. Known for collecting gold, antiques he lived at Pennant House between 1860 and 1886. Mayer amassed a large collection of artefacts before he opened his own museum in Colquitt Street in 1852. ‌ READ MORE: Liverpool's lost Pleasure Island theme park with the 'Jam River and the Death Slide' 19 Abercromby Square Noel Chavasse, a medical doctor, athlete and army officer, was the only man to be awarded the Victoria Cross twice during the First World War. He also represented Britain at the 1908 Olympics. ‌ He spent his life at 19 Abercromby Square between 1884 and 1917. He died from wounds he sustained in the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917. 40 Falkner Square, Toxteth ‌ Falkner Square in Toxteth was home to nineteenth century architect Peter Ellis. Ellis is credited with designing Oriel Chambers on Water Street and is celebrated with a plaque at his home at 40 Falkner Square. He lived there for 80 years between 1804 and 1884. ‌ READ MORE: 18 Liverpool bars and clubs that remind us of 00s nights out 18 Village Road, Oxton Village Road in Oxton was home to town planner Sir Patrick Abercrombie between 1915 and 1935. ‌ Abercrombie is noted for serving as professor of civic design at the University of Liverpool. He came to prominence in the 1930s and 40s for his urban planning of the cities of Plymouth, Hull, Bath, Edinburgh, Bournemouth and his radical plan for rebuilding London after the war. The Johnston Building ‌ Part of the University of Liverpool, the Johnston building is bestowed with a blue plaque dedicated to the work of Nobel Prize winner Sir Ronald Ross. Ross became the first Briton to be awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902 when he discovered that mosquitoes transmitted malaria. From 1857 to 1932 he worked at the Johnston Building. He also went on to be Professor and Chairman of Tropical Medicine at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. ‌ READ MORE: Spooky sightings at Alton Towers from ghost children to the chained oak tree 13 Beach Lawn, Waterloo 13 Beach Lawn, Waterloo, was the home of shipbuilder Thomas Henry Ismay in the nineteenth century. ‌ Ismay was the founder of the White Star Shipping Line, the company responsible for building the Titanic. He spent his entire life at the house between 1837 and 1899. Greenbank House ‌
2695	dbpedia	3	1	https://www.westminster.gov.uk/licensing/city-promotions-events-and-filming/green-plaques	en	Westminster City Council	https://www.westminster.…/images/logo.png	https://www.westminster.…/images/logo.png	[ "https://www.westminster.gov.uk/themes/custom/wcc/images/logo.png", "https://www.westminster.gov.uk/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/pdfpreview/44453-green_plaque_full_list.png?itok=Zb95sgd5" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-07-25T00:00:00	Nominate a green plaque to commemorate the cultural heritage of Westminster.	en	/themes/custom/wcc/favicon.ico		https://www.westminster.gov.uk/licensing/city-promotions-events-and-filming/green-plaques	Our Westminster green plaque scheme launched in 1991 to commemorate the diverse cultural heritage of Westminster and the people who have lived or worked here. It highlights buildings associated with people of renown who have made lasting contributions to society. Nominations for new green plaques are reviewed by an independent advisory panel ahead of formal approval. Criteria Our green plaques commemorate people who: are regarded as eminent by most members of their profession deserve recognition for their genuine contribution to society or for improving lives are reasonably well known and where sufficient time has elapsed since their life to show their lasting contribution to society. The scheme also marks buildings of historical interest, that form a significant part of the heritage of the city. Please bear in mind that: a historical or cultural event of great significance must have taken place in any building that is nominated nominations will not be considered on the basis of anniversaries or short stays from public figures alone shops, restaurants and organisations must have existed for at least 100 years to be considered for a green plaque. Submit a green plaque nomination Fill in a nomination form Process Please ensure that sponsorship of £3,500 plus VAT is in place before you submit your nomination. This fee helps to cover the cost of administering the scheme. Please submit your nomination using the nomination form above. We will contact you to clarify any additional information that is required. Your nomination will be shared with an advisory panel for consideration against the criteria. Meetings to decide which nominations are taken forward will take place in July and January. Please keep these timings in mind when applying. We will contact the building owner to seek permission to install the green plaque and prepare an application for listed building consent, if it is required. If you have a specific timeframe in mind, it helps if you have already secured building owner permission. Please note that Green Plaques cannot be placed on buildings owned by Grosvenor. The plaque wording is agreed. There is a maximum word count of 25 words for the plaque to be legible, or lower if the plaque is installed at height. There is a layout template for all plaques to ensure a legible and consistent style for plaques across the city. Logos are not usually possible if the plaque is to remain legible but there is space for a sponsor name at the bottom of the plaque. Your nomination is shared with ward councillors and a full report is prepared for formal approval by Cabinet Members. Following approval, your plaque is manufactured and installed. If you would like to organise an unveiling ceremony, we can provide an unveiling stand and curtain and help you with any logistics. It is your responsibility to organise and cover the cost of the ceremony and reception including microphones and speakers if required. Westminster Green Plaques are 18" diameter and weigh approximately 4kg. Recent green plaques Stanley Kwai-Tsun Tse SeeWoo, 18-20 Lisle Street, WC2H 7BA A community leader in London's Chinatown and founder of the SeeWoo Asian supermarket in 1975. A pioneer in bringing Chinese ingredients to London's restaurants and dinner tables, he was instrumental in shaping the area into the cultural hub it is today. The plaque was unveiled on Friday 24 May 2024. Find out more. Sir Hugh Casson Hereford Mansions, Hereford Road, W2 5BA The plaque was launched on Friday 1 September 2023 to commemorate the renowned architect with close links to the City of Westminster. He is credited with bridging the gap in art and architecture between traditionalists and modernists, most notably as Director of Architecture of the Festival Britain in 1951. Find out more. Royal Dental Hospital Edwardian Hampshire Hotel, Leicester Square, WC2H 7LH Unveiled on Wednesday 29 March 2023 to commemorate the oldest dental school in the UK, 1858 - 1985. Established as a teaching hospital to regulate and improve standards of dental care, it was first located at 32 Soho Square and achieved the backing of the Royal College of Surgeons. Under the patronage of King Edward VII, it became the Royal Dental Hospital in October 1901. Find out more. Rev Dr John Clifford Westbourne Park Baptist Church, Westbourne Park Villas, W2 5DX Unveiled on Sunday 11 September 2022 to commemorate Rev Dr John Clifford (1836-1923), a world-renowned social reformer and leader of the Baptist Church. He became a Minister at Praed Street Baptist Church in Paddington in 1858 where he remained until 1876 when the growth of his congregation led to the opening of a new chapel in Westbourne Park. He became a national political figure in 1899 and helped to establish Westbourne Park Institute in Paddington to provide free adult education amongst many other achievements of national and international significance. Windrush Generation Paddington Station, Clocktower Arch (platform 1), Praed Street, Paddington, W2 1HB Unveiled on Windrush Day, 22 June 2021 by Peter Straker. The plaque marks the arrival of Caribbean Citizens into Westminster and beyond who came to help rebuild war-torn Britain from 1948. Find out more. Middlesex Hospital Medical School 33 Cleveland Street, Fitzrovia, W1T 4JG Installed on Tuesday 20 October 2020 to commemorate the discovery of the hormone Aldosterone by James F Tait, Sylvia A Simpson and Hilary M Grundy in 1952. Westminster Hospital Dean Ryle Street (off Horseferry Road), SW1P 4DA Unveiled on Monday 10 February 2020 by Rennie and Audrey Hoare, descendants of Henry Hoare who was one of the founding donors in 1719. Westminster Hospital was the first hospital in the world funded by charitable giving and became Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in 1993. Sir Alan Dawtry Pimlico tube station underpass, 2 Bessborough Street, SW1V 2PU Unveiled by Lord Mayor of Westminster, Cllr Ruth Bush, Lady Dawtry and Sir Rodney Brooke on 8 February 2020 Maiden Lane recording studios 31 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, WC2E 7JS Unveiled by Roger Taylor from Queen on Wednesday 4 December 2019 Lady Jane boutique 29 Carnaby Street, London, W1F 7DH Unveiled by former owners Henry Moss and the family of Harry Fox on Thursday 10 October 2019 Centenary of GCHQ Watergate House, 13-15 York Buildings, London, WC2N 6JU Unveiled by Her Majesty The Queen on Thursday 14 February 2019 The Old Paddington Town Hall Paddington Exchange, 8 Hermitage Street, London, W2 1PW Unveiled on Tuesday 30 October 2018 Darbourne and Darke architects Morgan House, Lillington Gardens Estate, SW1V 2LF Unveiled on Saturday 29 September 2018 Captain Thomas Riversdale Colyer-Fergusson Orchard Court, corner of Fitzhardinge Street and Seymour Mews, Marylebone, W1H Unveiled on Tuesday 19 December 2017 Lord John Store 43 Carnaby Street, W1F 7EA Unveiled on Wednesday 22 November 2017 William Henry Hudson 11 Leinster Square, W2 4PL Unveiled on 16 May 2017 The Ivy Restaurant 1-5 West Street, WC2H 9NQ Unveiled on 17 January 2017 Vince Man’s Shop 5 Newburgh Street, W1F 7RG Unveiled on 9 November 2016 The Austrian Centre 124 Westbourne Terrace, W2 6QJ Unveiled on 13 October 2016 Professor Cecilia Vajda 105 Hallam Street, W1W Unveiled on 28 April 2016 See all green plaques in Westminster Blue plaques To learn more about the blue plaques in London, please contact English Heritage. This is a separate scheme with different criteria. Advisory panel Rachel Anthony, The City of Westminster Guide Lecturers Association Helen Glew, Senior Lecturer in History, University of Westminster Gillian Staples, Archives, Collections & Resources Lead, Westminster City Council Colin Thom, Senior Research Associate, Survey of London, UCL Faculty of the Built Environment
2695	dbpedia	1	94	https://travel.allwomenstalk.com/blue-plaques-to-visit-in-london/	en	10 Blue Plaques to Visit in London ...	https://img.allw.mn/thum…hh_1080x1350.jpg	https://img.allw.mn/thum…hh_1080x1350.jpg	[ "https://travel.allwomenstalk.com/blue-plaques-to-visit-in-london/post.image", "https://img.allw.mn/thumbs/55/l495h2ui3c610th5k30hh_1080x1350.jpg", "https://img.allw.mn/thumbs/55/l495h2ui3c610th5k30hh_1080x1350.jpg", "https://resize.allw.mn/1028x0/filters:format(webp)/filters:quality(70)/content/travel/2013/0...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Neecey" ]	2023-05-09T20:35:36.036000+00:00	Charles Dickens • Lady Nancy Astor • JM Barrie • Emmeline Pankhurst • Benjamin Franklin • More ...	en	https://pub-56c58d9f0cd64f4ea0f67eba69a26e7b.r2.dev/favicon.ico	Allwomenstalk	https://travel.allwomenstalk.com/blue-plaques-to-visit-in-london/	If you want to see Britain’s capital city from a different angle, making a tour of some of the Blue Plaques in London is an interesting way to make a visit. What is a Blue Plaque? The scheme is run by English Heritage and a blue plaque is placed on the outside of a building to denote someone of significance lived there (or stayed for a long visit). The plaque contains the name of the person it commemorates, dates and the reason for its placement. A tour of the Blue Plaques in London can take you to some of London’s most interesting historical places. Snapshot Survey Thanks for sharing your thoughts! Please subscribe for your personalized newsletter: Email address 1. Charles Dickens When travelling around looking for Blue Plaques in London, one of the spots you have to stop off at is the Plaque commemorating Charles Dickens, a writer more associated with writing about Victorian life in London than any other author. The Plaque is located near the home of Dickens and his family, at Tavistock House, Tavistock Square, Bloomsbury, WC1. The Plaque is one of the many London Heritage Plaques which is not located on the actual location due to demolition of the original property, and the current location is home to the British Medical Association. Even if you cannot see the exact place where Dickens wrote some of his most famous novels, including Bleak House and A Tale of Two Cities, it is still worth a visit. 2. Lady Nancy Astor Located at 4 St James's Square, St James's, London SW1 is the Blue Plaque which celebrates the home of Lady Nancy Astor. Lady Astor was the first female Member of Parliament, serving for 26 years of continual service in the House. The house is now home to the Naval and Military Club, and is not open for any public viewing, but the exterior of the house itself has remained virtually unchanged since Lady Astor lived there. Frequently asked questions 3. JM Barrie If you are in the centre of London, you can stop off on your way to Oxford Street or visiting Marble Arch to see the home of Sir J. M. Barrie, the creator of Peter Pan. The Plaque was erected in 1961, many years after a statue of Peter Pan was commissioned in Kensington Gardens, the location of one of the Peter Pan novels. Due to its central location at 100 Bayswater Road, the Plaque can be visited as part of a tour of London; just take a short walk to the Gardens where the children can enjoy climbing on the statue! 4. Emmeline Pankhurst The London Heritage Plaque which commemorates the home of Emmeline Pankhurst is jointly awarded to her daughter, Christabel Pankhurst. The two campaigners of women’s suffrage both lived at the location, 50 Clarendon Road Notting Hill, London W11, while taking on the might of the British government for women’s equality before the law and the right to vote. 5. Benjamin Franklin Although you might think that the London Blue Heritage Plaques are reserved for British citizens, that is not the case. Benjamin Franklin – one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and who traveled widely in Europe– has a Plaque on Benjamin Franklin House, his London home (36 Craven Street, Charing Cross, London WC2). Plaques of non-British subjects are usually not blue and the Franklin one also isn’t circular like all Blue Plaques. Despite being famed for his struggle with British autocracy and the American Revolution, Franklin House is open to the public as a museum to see the work and life of the great man. Related Videos about 6. Alfred Hitchcock Famous film director Sir Alfred Hitchcock’s Blue Plaque is located at his London home, 153 Cromwell Road, Kensington and Chelsea, SW5. Although Hitchcock moved to Hollywood after his success in England with both silent and sound films, including Secret Agent, The Lady Vanishes and Blackmail, his still-standing home can be visited by those interested in his life and works. 7. Amy Johnson If there is one lady on this list who deserves the most credit, it would have to be Amy Johnson. Not only did she set world records in the 1930s with her aviation skills, she was an active member of the RAF during the Second World War, sacrificing her life for her country. This was one of the first London Blue Plaques erected by English Heritage to celebrate a woman, and is located at Vernon Court, Hendon Way, Cricklewood, London NW2. 8. Mary Shelley 24 Chester Square, Belgravia, London SW1 is the location of the Blue Plaque for Frankenstein author Mary Shelley. As the wife of Poet Percy Shelley, she contributed her editing skills on a number of works, and was the daughter of William Godwin, a philosopher, and Mary Wollstonecraft, a famous feminist (Writer of Thoughts on the Education of Daughters) . 9. SIR Winston Churchill Sir Winston Churchill’s Blue Plaque stands at the place where he lived and died, 28 Hyde Park Gate, Kensington and Chelsea, London SW7. Not only was Churchill the man who saw Britain through its darkest days of WWII, he was an internationally renowned statesman and superb public speaker. In the survey conducted for the Millennium, Churchill was voted by the people as the Greatest Briton Ever. If there was ever a Blue Heritage Plaque which needed to be visited, it is this one. 10. Mozart To finish the list of some of the most important English Heritage Plaques in London is the one celebrating the life of Mozart. The Plaque, located at 180 Ebury Street, Westminster, London SW1, was added in 1951 to the place where he “lived, played and composed” while in London. Mozart was a true musical genius, celebrated around the globe for his prowess and musical ability. All sorts of people have Blue Plaques in London, from politicians, reformers, artists, actors, authors, sporting greats and men and women of science. If you want to plan your own tour of London’s Blue Plaques, visit english-heritage.org.uk. You can search by person or location. Whose plaque would interest you?
2695	dbpedia	2	96	https://www.worcestercivicsociety.org.uk/projects/blue-plaque-schemes/	en	Worcester Civic Society	https://www.worcesterciv…2019/12/logo.png	https://www.worcesterciv…2019/12/logo.png	[ "https://www.worcestercivicsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Worceste.jpg", "https://www.worcestercivicsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/logo.png", "https://www.worcestercivicsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Alice_Ottley1.jpg", "https://www.worcestercivicsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uplo...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2016-11-28T17:40:23+00:00	Worcester Civic Society Blue Plaque Scheme recognises eminent people who have had an association with Worcester.	en	https://www.worcesterciv…d-logo-32x32.png	Worcester Civic Society \| A Vision for Worcester	https://www.worcestercivicsociety.org.uk/projects/blue-plaque-schemes/	The world's first blue plaques were erected in London, in the nineteenth century to mark the homes and workplaces of famous people. This original scheme still survives today and is administered by English Heritage. On February 8th 2012, Worcester Civic Society unveiled the first blue plaque in the city of Worcester, with further plans to erect two or three plaques each year to commemorate eminent people who have had an association with the city.
2695	dbpedia	2	79	https://insidecroydon.com/2024/06/13/ashcroft-blue-plaque-revealed-at-her-south-croydon-birthplace/	en	Ashcroft blue plaque revealed at her South Croydon birthplace	https://insidecroydon.co…795-1024x581.jpg	https://insidecroydon.co…795-1024x581.jpg	[ "https://insidecroydon.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/cropped-IMG_0456.jpeg", "https://i0.wp.com/insidecroydon.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Peggy-Ashcroft-Blue-Plaque-1-e1718278963795-1024x581.jpg?resize=599%2C340&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/insidecroydon.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/ashcroft.jpg?resize=255%...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-06-13T00:00:00	Some 33 years after her death, English Heritage has today unveiled a blue plaque for Peggy Ashcroft, probably the most famous actress to have come from Croydon. The unveiling of Dame Peggy's plaque, at her childhood home, 1A Tirlemont Road in South Croydon - a suburban street that leads to Haling Grove - was conducted…	en	https://i0.wp.com/inside…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	Inside Croydon	https://insidecroydon.com/2024/06/13/ashcroft-blue-plaque-revealed-at-her-south-croydon-birthplace/	Some 33 years after her death, English Heritage has today unveiled a blue plaque for Peggy Ashcroft, probably the most famous actress to have come from Croydon. The unveiling of Dame Peggy’s plaque, at her childhood home, 1A Tirlemont Road in South Croydon – a suburban street that leads to Haling Grove – was conducted this morning attended by Nicholas Hutchinson, her son, granddaughters Manon and Emily Loizeau, and other members of her family who had travelled from around the world. “The plaque will celebrate not only her birthplace but also her connection with the London borough,” English Heritage said in an announcement today. Ashcroft had a gilded career on the stage and screen, including an Oscar-winning performance in the 1984 film A Passage To India, directed by David Lean. Lean has a cinema named after him in Croydon, Dame Peggy has the Ashcroft Theatre, in the Fairfield Halls. Ashcroft – who was born on December 22, 1907 – often spoke of her fond memories of growing up in what was then a leafy market town. It was while standing outside a grocer’s shop on George Street, at the age of 13, that she first dreamt of becoming an actress. When she returned to Croydon in 1962 to open the theatre named after her, Ashcroft recalled the formative experience of watching Shakespearean productions at Croydon’s Grand Theatre when she was a schoolgirl. “Peggy always received honours with humility and a great sense of humour, but all of us who knew her – children, grandchildren, nieces and nephews – know how very moved she would have been to see this blue plaque on her childhood family home,” Nicholas Hutchinson said. “We will be imagining her here with her beloved brother Edward, running outside and laughing through the windows and we will be able to show to our own children, who didn’t know her but have heard so much about her, that this house was where she grew up, had her first dreams of going on stage, the place where it all started.” On the stage, Peggy Ashcroft excelled in classical and modern roles alike. She made her West End debut in 1929, and was soon after cast, famously, she played Desdemona opposite Paul Robeson in Othello, a breakthrough role. Ashcroft’s performance as Juliet in the Oxford University Dramatic Society’s production of Romeo and Juliet in February 1932 proved to be the turning point of her career. The play was the first occasion when she acted with John Gielgud, who not only took the role of Romeo but also directed the play. In 1932 Ashcroft signed a contract with the Old Vic Theatre on a weekly salary of £20 and embarked on a gruelling season of playing four Shakespearean heroines – Juliet, Rosalind, Imogen and Portia – as well as Cleopatra in George Bernard Shaw’s Caesar and Cleopatra. In addition, she took the title role in Arthur Schnitzler’s Fraulein Elsa. In the final scene, she fleetingly appeared in the nude as her character falls to the ground, having taken her own life; this was a theatrical first in the West End. In 1935 she was invited by Gielgud to reprise her Juliet at the New Theatre in London and was hailed by The Daily Telegraph as “the finest Juliet of our time”. During wartime, Ashcroft was rehearsing the role of Ophelia in Hamlet in the West End when injured in a V2 bomb blast, suffering damage to her knee which never properly healed. In the post-war years, and the theatrical revival of that time, she worked with Gielgud and Anthony Quayle as they “rescued Stratford from its image of dowdy provincialism and to make it a centre of excellence”, according to the critic Michael Billington. This included an acclaimed performance as Cleopatra opposite Michael Redgrave in 1953. Leading parts followed leading roles, in plays by Henrik Ibsen, Edward Albee, Samuel Beckett and Bertolt Brecht, seeing her receive her damehood in 1956. Soon after Ashcroft joined the newly formed Royal Shakespeare Company under Peter Hall, where she was cast alongside the likes of Peter O’Toole. In her later years, she returned to the Old Vic and then the new National Theatre, while also being cast in a series of award-winning television and film roles, including the BAFTA-winning Jewel In The Crown. When asked why she continued to act into her 70s and 80s, Ashcroft replied, “Well I think it’s some kind of compulsion. I’m compelled to do it.” Dame Peggy Ashcroft died in London on June 24, 1991, aged 83. The London-wide blue plaques scheme has been running for 150 years. The Royal Society of Arts erected its first plaque – to poet, Lord Byron – in 1867. The scheme was subsequently administered by the London County Council (1901–1965) and by the Greater London Council (1965-1986), before being taken on by English Heritage. There’s more than one thousand English Heritage blue plaques, but fewer than 200 of these are for women. “English Heritage’s ‘plaques for women’ campaign has seen a dramatic rise in the number of public nominations for women since it launched in 2016,” the agency says. “Nominations are the lifeblood of the London blue plaques scheme and if we are to continue to see a significant increase in the number of blue plaques for women, we need more female suggestions.” For more about the blue plaque scheme, click here Inside Croydon – If you want real journalism, delivering real news, from a publication that is actually based in the borough, please consider paying for it. Sign up today: click here for more details If you have a news story about life in or around Croydon, or want to publicise your residents’ association or business, or if you have a local event to promote, please email us with full details at inside.croydon@btinternet.com As featured on Google News Showcase We offer FREE ads to community groups when they have members who are paid subscribers to Inside Croydon Our comments section on every report provides all readers with an immediate “right of reply” on all our content. Our comments policy can be read by clicking here Inside Croydon is a member of the Independent Community News Network Inside Croydon works together with the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, as well as BBC London News and ITV London
2695	dbpedia	2	4	https://exploring-london.com/tag/english-heritage-blue-plaques/	en	English Heritage Blue Plaques – Exploring London	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	[ "https://exploring-london.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/london-david-hockney-my-parents.jpg?w=300", "https://exploring-london.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/citystringensemble.jpg?w=600", "https://exploring-london.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/tower-bridge.jpg?w=600", "https://exploring-london.com/wp-conten...	[ "https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vs-BQytFivs?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent", "https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d2484.1863884594754!2d-0.1547695838115885!3d51.49144701969003!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x4876...	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-08-08T11:36:41+00:00	Posts about English Heritage Blue Plaques written by exploringlondon	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	Exploring London	https://exploring-london.com/tag/english-heritage-blue-plaques/	English Heritage Blue Plaques This Week in London – Photographers honoured with Blue Plaques; David Hockney meets Piero dell Francesca; and ‘Taylor on Strings’ at Wembley Park… • Two pioneering photographers are being commemorated with English Heritage Blue Plaques today. Christina Broom (1862-1939) is believed to have been Britain’s first female press photographer while John Thomson (1837-1921) was a ground-breaking photo-journalist working at the advent of the medium. Broom’s plaque – the first to be located in Fulham – is being placed on 92 Munster Road, a terraced house of 1896, where she lived and worked for 26 years. Thomson’s plaque, meanwhile, will be located at what is now 15 Effra Road in Brixton where he and his family were living when one of his best-known and influential works, Street Life in London (1877-8), was published. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • Two of David Hockney’s key works – My Parents (1977) and Looking at Pictures on a Screen (1977) – which feature reproductions of 15th-century Italian painter Piero della Francesca’s The Baptism of Christ (probably about 1437–45) have gone on display alongside the Renaissance work at The National Gallery. Hockney and Piero: A Longer Look explores Hockney’s “lifelong association” with the National Gallery and its collections, particularly in the works of Piero della Francesca (1415/20–1492). Hockney once confessed that he would love to have The Baptism of Christ so he could look at it for an hour each day. My Parents features a reproduction of Piero’s work shown reflected in a mirror on a trolley behind the sitters while Looking at Pictures on a Screen depicts Hockney’s friend Henry Geldzahler, the Belgian-born American curator of 20th-century art at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, peering at a folding screen in the artist’s studio on which are stuck four posters of National Gallery pictures including The Baptism of Christ. The display in Room 46 is free. Runs until 27th October. For more, see www.nationalgallery.org.uk. • Experience a prelude of Taylor Swift at Wembley Park with with City String Ensemble playing more than a dozen interpretations of Taylor Swift songs. The free open air concert comes ahead of Swift’s return to Wembley Stadium later this month. ‘Taylor on Strings’ will be held at the Sound Shell from 6:30pm on 13th August. Tickets are free but must be booked with 30 released at 10am each day in the lead-up to the concert. For more, head to wembleypark.com/taylor-on-strings. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com This Week in London – Celebrating Tower Bridge’s 130th; Dame Peggy Ashcroft and Iris Murdoch honoured; modern art in Ukraine; and, Michael Rosen’ illustrators… • Tower Bridge marks its 130th birthday this year and to mark the event, the London Metropolitan Archives are hosting a free exhibition charting its history at the City of London’s Heritage Gallery. Designed by Horace Jones, the bridge opened on 30th June, 1894, and the display reflects on the splendour of that royal event as well as examining how and why the bridge was built, the engineering involved and how the bridge played a role in defending London during World War I. The exhibition runs until 19th September at the gallery, located in the Guildhall Art Gallery. Booking tickets is recommended. For more, see https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/events/tower-bridge-at-the-heritage-gallery. • Actor Dame Peggy Ashcroft and Dublin-born novelist Iris Murdoch have been honoured with English Heritage Blue Plaques. A leading figure in 20th century theatre, Dame Peggy has been remembered with a plaque on her childhood home in South Croydon. It was in what was then a “leafy market town” that at the age of 13 Peggy first dreamt of performing on the stage while standing outside the local grocers on George Street and to which she returned in 1962 to open a theatre named after her. The plaque honouring Murdoch, meanwhile, has been placed on 29 Cornwall Gardens, part of a Italianate stucco-fronted mid-Victorian terrace in Kensington where she occupied a top floor flat. Murdoch lived in London for more than 25 years and during that time would spend three days a week in the flat. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/ • The most comprehensive UK exhibition to date of modern art in Ukraine opens at the Royal Academy on Saturday. In the Eye of the Storm: Modernism in Ukraine, 1900–1930s, features some 65 works, many on loan from the National Art Museum of Ukraine and the Museum of Theatre, Music and Cinema of Ukraine. Artists represented in the display, which is divided into six sections, include such renowned names as Alexander Archipenko, Sonia Delaunay, Alexandra Exter and Kazymyr Malevych as well as lesser-known artists such as Mykhailo Boichuk, Oleksandr Bohomazov and Vasyl Yermilov. Runs in the The Gabrielle Jungels-Winkler Galleries until 13th October. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.royalacademy.org.uk. • The work of artists who have illustrated Michael Rosen’s many books for children are the subject of a new exhibition at the Heath Robinson Museum. Michael Rosen: The Illustrators explores Rosen’s books and the many artists who illustrated them over his 50 year career including the likes of Quentin Blake, Helen Oxenbury, Chris Riddell and Korky Paul. Among the works on show are original drawings for titles including We’re Going on a Bear Hunt, Michael Rosen’s Sad Book and Michael Rosen’s Book of Nonsense! Runs until 22nd September. Admission charge applies. For more, see https://www.heathrobinsonmuseum.org/. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com. This Week in London – Impressionists on paper; Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant honoured with a Blue Plaque; new Burnham Beeches history app; and, young artists celebrated on London billboards… • A new exhibition exploring how Impressionist and Post-Impressionist artists in late 19th-century France radically transformed the status of works on paper opens at the Royal Academy on Friday. Impressionists on Paper: Degas to Toulouse-Lautrec features around 80 works on paper by artists including Mary Cassatt, Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Paul Gauguin, Eva Gonzalès, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Odilon Redon, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Georges Seurat, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Vincent van Gogh. Among the highlights are Degas’ Woman at a Window (1870-71), van Gogh’s The Fortifications of Paris with Houses (1887), Monet’s Cliffs at Etretat: The Needle Rock and Porte d’Aval (c1885) and Toulouse-Lautrec’s images of the urban underworld of Montmartre. The display can be seen in The Gabrielle Jungels-Winkler Galleries until 10th March. Admission charges apply. For more, see royalacademy.org.uk. • English Heritage have unveiled their final Blue Plaque for 2023 and it celebrates two of the most influential painters of the early-to-mid 20th century, Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant. The plaque was unveiled at number 46 Gordon Square in Bloomsbury, from where the Bloomsbury Group – of which Bell and Grant were leading members – drew its name. Bell first lived at number 46 with her siblings, including Virginia Stephen (later Woolf), and, in 1914, Grant moved in with Vanessa and her husband, Clive Bell. Paintings the pair made at number 46 include Grant’s Interior at Gordon Square (c1915) and Bell’s Apples: 46 Gordon Square (c1909-10), a still-recognisable view from the drawing-room balcony to the square. For more on the English Heritage Blue Plaques scheme, head to www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • The history of Burnham Beeches has been brought to life with a new augmented reality app. The app allows users to superimpose periods of Burnham Beeches’ history – from the Iron Age, Middle Ages and World War II – over what they see when visiting the site and incorporates sounds from selected era as well. It can be accessed via a QR code which is being published on signs at Burnham Beeches. Burnham Beeches, located near the village of Burnham in Buckinghamshire, was acquired by the City of London in 1880 when the area was threatened by development and is managed as a free open space. For more, head here. • The work of 30 young artists celebrating African community and culture is being showcased on billboards across the city in conjunction with Tate Modern’s current exhibition, A World in Common. The photographs have been selected following a call from the Tate Collective for 16-to-25-year-olds to submit images responding to the exhibition. More than 100 entries were submitted by young people based across the UK and beyond and Londoners will be able to view the 30 shortlisted works on billboards in Haringey, Lambeth, Southwark and Tower Hamlets over the next two weeks. Send all items to exploringlondon@gmail.com. This Week in London – English Heritage unveils 1000th Blue Plaque; Chris Ofili’s ‘Requiem’ at Tate Britain; and, Astronomy Photographer of the Year… • English Heritage has unveiled its 1000th Blue Plaque in London. The plaque – located on a three storey building at number 1, Robert Street in Westminster – marks the former London headquarters of the suffragist organisation, the Women’s Freedom League. The league, which was formed in 1907, worked out of the building between 1908 and 1915 – its most active period. The blue plaques scheme has been running for more than 150 years and honours everyone from John Keats and Charles Dickens to Ada Lovelace and Alan Turing. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • A major new work by Chris Ofili commemorating fellow artist Khadija Saye and the tragedy of the Grenfell Tower fire in which Saye died, has gone on display at the Tate Britain in Millbank. Requiem, a site-specific work which is shown across three walls, is described as a “journey through an imagined landscape of giant skies with vast horizons and flowing water” which unfolds in three chapters. Ofili says that when making the work, he recalled the feelings he had when creating No Woman, No Cry in 1998 as a tribute to murdered Black teenager Stephen Lawrence and his mother Doreen. “That feeling of injustice has returned,” he said. “I wanted to make a work in tribute to Khadija Saye. Remembering the Grenfell Tower fire, I hope that the mural will continue to speak across time to our collective sadness.” For more, see tate.org.uk/visit/tate-britain. • The Astronomy Photographer of the Year display has opened at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich featuring the competition’s winning image, Andromeda. The picture, the work of Marcel Drechsler, Xavier Strottner and Yann Sainty, depicts a huge plasma arc next to the Andromeda Galaxy. Other winners include two 14-year-old boys from China – Runwei Xu and Binyu Wang – who won the Young Astronomy Photographer of the Year award for The Running Chicken Nebula as well as Argentinian Eduardo Schaberger Poupeau who won the ‘Our Sun’ category for A Sun Question which captures a huge filament in the shape of a question mark, China’s Angel An, who won the ‘Skyscapes’ category for Grand Cosmic Fireworks – a photograph of the extremely rare phenomenon of atmospheric luminescence, and the UK’s John White who won the Annie Maunder Prize for Image Innovation for Black Echo which used audio source material from NASA’s Chandra Sonification Project, to visually capture the sound of the black hole at the centre of the Perseus Galaxy. For more, see www.rmg.co.uk/astrophoto. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com This Week in London – George III pocket watch at heart of new exhibition; Tommy Flowers honoured; and, Sara Shamma at Dulwich… • A new display featuring timepieces by one of the greatest watchmakers of all time, Abraham-Louis Breguet, opens in Clockmakers’ Museum at the Science Museum on Tuesday. Marking the bicentenary of Breguet’s death on 17th September, 1823, Abraham-Louis Breguet: The English Connection features 25 items seldom seen in public before. They include an exceptionally rare gold four-minute tourbillon pocket watch made for George III in 1808, a ‘Simple à 2 aiguilles equation’ pocket watch made for politician Thomas Noel Hill, 2nd Baron Berwick of Attingham, and, a gilt bronze carriage clock ‘Pendule de voyage petite’ which originally belonged to Robert Henry Herbert, the 12th Earl Pembroke. The museum is located on level 2 of the Science Museum. Entry is free. For more, see www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/clocks. • An electrical engineer whose ground-breaking work in engineering culminated in the creation of the world’s first ever large-scale programmable digital computer has been honoured with an English Heritage Blue Plaque. The plaque is located at the former workplace of Tommy Flowers at Chartwell Court, in Dollis Hill. Now flats, the property was the former Post Office Research Station where Flowers designed, built and tested the computer known as ‘Colossus’. Flowers, who spent a brief period at Bletchley Park working the code-breakers in 1941, successfully demonstrated Colossus at the research station in 1943 after just 11 months of work. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. Meanwhile, news this week that the UK Government, inspired by London’s Blue Plaques, is introducing a national blue plaques scheme. Historic England will work together with English Heritage, local partners, and current plaque schemes to develop and roll out the national programme. • Artist Sara Shamma’s thought-provoking interpretations of works by artists including Rembrandt van Rijn, Peter Lely, Anthony van Dyck and Peter Paul Rubens go on display at Dulwich Picture Gallery from Saturday. With a focus on women, Bold Spirits addresses themes including identity, death, motherhood and unexpected beauty. Runs until 25th February. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.dulwichpicturegallery.org.uk. Send all items to exploringlondon@gmail.com This Week in London – London Design Biennale; canal wildlife; a suffragette princess honoured; and, the ‘Polar Silk Road’ explored… • The almost month-long London Design Biennale kicks off at Somerset House today under the theme of ‘The Global Game: Remapping Collaborations’. The fourth edition of the biennale is artistically directed by the Nieuwe Instituut – the Dutch national museum and institute for architecture, design and digital culture – and takes over the entirety of Somerset House. Among the exhibits is the India pavilion (pictured above) featuring a multi-sensory evocation of the essence of a contemporary Indian city chowk – an open market at the junction of streets – through the visual metaphor of a charpai – a traditional woven daybed, Malta’s large-scale ‘village-square’ installation that merges traditional city planning with the Phoenician-Maltese tradition of fabric production and dyeing of the multiple colours of Phoenician purple, the Ukrainian Pavilion which features am interior construction symbolising the country’s industrial, natural resource, and creative richness and a series of external projects which tell stories about new design collaborations in times of crisis for Ukraine and the vital role of design in creating new progressive connections. There’s also the chance to see the Ai-Da Robot, the world’s first humanoid robot artist, which will make history by showing her unique ability to design objects. Running alongside is the EUREKA exhibition which will share design-led innovation from leading research centres. Runs until 25th June. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/london-design-biennale-eureka-2023. • A new exhibition highlighting the flora and fauna of London’s canals has opened at the London Canal Museum in King’s Cross. Many of the canals were derelict by the end of the 20th century but have received a new lease of life in recent times as leisure destinations. These days, they provide a “highway” for fauna including birds, fish and mammals to move in and out of the capital, some of which is showcased in this new display. Entry with general admission and for an extra fee, guided narrowboat trips along The Regent’s Canal are available on selected days. For more, see www.canalmuseum.org.uk. • Princess Sophia Duleep Singh, a suffragette, daughter of the last Maharajah of the Punjab, and god-daughter to Queen Victoria, has been commemorated with an English Heritage Blue Plaque. The plaque marks Faraday House in Hampton Court, granted to the princess and her sisters as a grace and favour apartment by Queen Victoria. Also known as ‘Apartment 41’, the property – which was named after scientist Michael Faraday – was home to Princess Sophia for more than 40 years and her base when she was campaigning for women’s suffrage. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • The ‘Polar Silk Road’ – a channel opened up thanks to melting Arctic Sea ice – is the subject of a new exhibition at the Natural History Museum. Gregor Sailer: The Polar Silk Road features 67 photographs taken by acclaimed Austrian artist and photographer Gregor Sailer showcasing manmade structures – from isolated research centres to Icelandic geothermal power stations – captured across four countries in the Arctic circle. There’s also a short film discussing the impacts of the climate crisis. The exhibition is free to visit. For more, see www.nhm.ac.uk/visit/exhibitions/the-polar-silk-road.html. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com. This Week in London – Three of London’s oldest charters on show and other coronation celebrations; Sir Christopher Wren’s life explored; and, a Pre-Raphaelite model and artist honoured… • Three of the City of London’s oldest charters go on display at the City of London Heritage Gallery on Saturday as part of a series of events commemorating the coronation of King Charles III. On display will be the William Charter, which, drawn up in 1067 following the coronation of King William the Conqueror, was the earliest known royal document in Europe to guarantee the collective rights of all people in a town and not just a select few. Also to be seen is the Shrievalty Charter, which, issued by King John in 1199, confirms the rights of Londoners to elect their own sheriffs, and the Mayoralty Charter, which, also issued by King John – this time in 1215, confirmed that the Mayor of London could also chosen by Londoners with the proviso that they were publicly presented. Visitors can also see the beautifully illustrated Cartae Antiquae which records charters and statutes covering laws enacted from the reign of Edward III (1327 onwards) to the accession of Henry VII in 1485 and was used as an essential reference tool by City officials, as well as prints of the 19th century coronations of Queen Victoria, King William IV and King George IV. Admission is free but booking is recommended. Runs until 5th October. For more, see www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/events/heritage-gallery-exhibition. • Other events marking the coronation kick off in the City of London in the coming week. Among the extensive list of activities is a pop-up well-being garden in Seething Lane where you can pose for pictures with a floral crown installation, a guided walking tour of the City entitled ‘1000 Years of Royalty – the Best, the Worst and the Very Horribilus’, and a “Cockney knees-up” with Pearly King and Pearly Prince at Leadenhall Market. For more details and the full list of events, head to www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/events/coronation. • A new exhibition commemorating the expansive career of Sir Christopher Wren opens today in St Paul’s Cathedral – the extraordinary building designed by Wren to replace the medieval cathedral destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 Part of a series of events marking the 300th anniversary of the death of Sir Christopher in 1723, Sir Christopher Wren: The Quest for Knowledge explores not only his early life and career as an architect but also his lesser-known contributions to the fields of mathematics, astronomy and physiology. The display, located in the north aisle of the crypt, features drawings, photographs and objects from the cathedral’s collections. Entry to the exhibition is included in general admission. For more, see www.stpauls.co.uk/whats-on/exhibition-christopher-wren-quest-for-knowledge. • The Pre-Raphaelite model and artist, Marie Spartali Stillman, has been honoured with an English Heritage Blue Plaque at what was her family home in Battersea. It was while living at The Shrubbery – a 1770s Grade II-listed property now located on Lavender Gardens – that Stillman first modelled for Pre-Raphaelite artists. Tutored by Ford Madox Brown, she went on to become one of a small number of professional women artists in the late 19th century, creating more than 150 works over a period spanning 50 years. Stillman is the first female Pre-Raphaelite artist and one of only very few female artists to receive a Blue Plaque. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com This Week in London – St Patrick’s Day returns; London’s first female mayor and Welsh thinker honoured with Blue Plaques; and, ‘Seeing the Light’ at the Foundling Museum… • London’s annual St Patrick’s Day Parade will be held on Sunday with more than 50,000 people expected to take part. The festivities will kick off at noon with a spectacular parade featuring Irish marching bands, dancers and pageantry which will wind its way from Green Park through Piccadilly Circus to Trafalgar Square. From noon until 6pm, Trafalgar Square will feature performances from the likes of Sharon Shannon & Band, Celaviedmai, The Craicheads, Celtic Youth Orchestra, Biblecode Sunday’s, and AIS as well as the Maguire O’Shea School of Dance and spoken word artist Leon Dunne. There will also be family-friendly workshops run by Irish youth creative programme Junk Kouture, a selection of food and drinks stalls including demonstrations by celebrity chef Anna Haugh and stalls where you can learn about Irish culture and community staffed by representatives of the Irish Cultural Centre, London Irish Centre, Irish in Britain, Irish Film London and London Gaelic Athletic Association. For more, check out www.london.gov.uk/events/st-patricks-festival-2023. • London’s first female mayor, Ada Salter, and Welsh philosopher and preacher Dr Richard Price have both been honoured with English Heritage Blue Plaques. A social reformer and activist, Salter became mayor of Bermondsey in 1922 and so became the first female mayor of a London borough as well as the first Labour woman to be elected as a mayor in Britain. The plaque has been placed on 149 Lower Road in Rotherhithe, the Women’s House of the Bermondsey Settlement where Salter lived in the late 1890s. Price, meanwhile, is considered to be one of the greatest Welsh thinkers of all time and, as well as a preacher and philosopher, was also a pioneer of actuarial science. A plaque has been placed on a red brick house at 54 Newington Green which dates from 1658 and is believed to be the oldest surviving terrace in London. Price, who was born 300 years ago this year, lived in the house from 1758 to 1787 and while there wrote letters to the likes of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson with whom he enjoyed close friendships. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • Joseph Wright’s painting A Philosopher Giving That Lecture on the Orrery in Which a Lamp is Put in Place of the Sun has gone on show at the Foundling Museum. The painting is at the heart of Seeing the Light, an exhibition which explores the connections between Wright, who hailed from Derby, his large network of friends and acquaintances, and key people in the Foundling Hospital’s history as well as objects in the museum’s collection. This includes the story of the founding of the Lunar Society. Admission charge applies. Runs until 4th June. For more, see https://foundlingmuseum.org.uk/event/seeing-the-light/. Send all items to exploringlondon@gmail.com London Explained – English Heritage’s Blue Plaques… Walk the streets of London and chances are you’ll soon come across an English Heritage Blue Plaque commemorating someone famous. There are now more than 990 Blue Plaques in London, commemorating everyone from diarist Samuel Pepys to writer Virginia Woolf and comedian Tony Hancock. The scheme was started in 1866 by the Society of Arts (later the Royal Society of Arts) having been proposed by MP William Ewart three years before. The first two plaques were erected in 1867 – one commemorating poet Lord Byron at his birthplace, 24 Holles Street in Cavendish Square (although this property was later demolished) and the other commemorating Napoleon III in King Street, Westminster (this is now the oldest survivor of the scheme). Thirty-five years – and 35 plaques – later, the London County Council took over the scheme. It was this body that standardised the plaque’s appearance (early plaques come in various shapes and colours) and while ceramic blue plaques were standard by 1921, the modern simplified Blue Plaque didn’t appear until 1938 when an unnamed student at the Central School of Arts and Crafts, who was paid just four guineas for their troubles, came up with what is now an iconic design. In 1965, the LCC, having created almost 250 new Blue Plaques, was abolished and its successor, the Greater London Council, took over the scheme, expanding its area of coverage to includes places like Richmond, Redbridge and Croydon. In 1984, the GLC appointed artisan ceramicists Frank and Sue Ashworth of London Plaques to make the Blue Plaques (and they continue to do so). The GLC placed some 262 Blue Plaques before, in 1986, English Heritage took over management of the scheme. Since then it’s placed more than 360 plaques. The plaques, which are 495mm (19½ inches) in diameter and 50mm (two inches) thick, are slightly domed in a bid to encourage self-cleaning in the rain. Anyone can propose a subject for a new plaque – but generally only one plaque is erected per person (although there have been some exceptions to this), only a maximum of two plaques are allowed per building (there are 18 buildings with two), and proposals, if turned down, must wait 10 years before they are reconsidered. In addition, new Blue Plaques are only erected a minimum of 20 years after the subject’s death, the building on which one is placed must “survive in a form that the commemorated person would have recognised, and be visible from a public highway”, and buildings which may have many different personal associations, such as churches, schools and theatres, are not normally considered. The Blue Plaques panel meet three times a year to decide on proposals. Among those currently serving on the 12 person body are architectural historian Professor William Whyte, who chairs the panel, award-winning journalist and author Mihir Bose, Emily Gee, regional director for London and the South East at Historic England, and, Susie Thornberry, assistant director at Imperial War Museums. The plaques don’t confer any legal protection to buildings but English Heritage says they can help preserve them through raising awareness. Recently unveiled plaques have commemorated pioneering social research organisation Mass-Observation, lawyer Hersch Lauterpacht – who played a key role in prosecuting the Nazis at the Nuremberg trials, and, Dadabhai Naoroji, an Indian Nationalist and the first Indian to win a popular election to Parliament in the UK. Among those being unveiled this year are plaques commemorating anti-racist activist Claudia Jones, suffragette Emily Wilding Davison and Ada Salter, the first female mayor of a London borough. English Heritage’s Blue Plaques scheme isn’t the only one commemorating people in London. Others include the City of London’s Blue Plaques scheme (there is only one English Heritage Blue Plaque in the City of London – it commemorates Dr Samuel Johnson), Westminster City Council’s Green Plaques and Heritage Foundation plaques which commemorate figures who worked in entertainment. For more, head to www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. This Week in London – Cameroon celebrated at Kew’s Orchid Festival; anti-racist activist and suffragettes among this year’s Blue Plaque honourees; and, images of Ukraine at IWM… • Kew Garden’s iconic Orchid Festival returns to the Princess of Wales Conservatory this Saturday. This year’s display takes its inspiration from the biodiversity of Cameroon – the first time it has celebrated the flora of an African nation. Highlights include giraffe sculptures and a troop of gorillas as well as arrangements featuring lions and hippos. The festival also includes ‘Orchids After Hours’ with music, food and drink. Runs until 5th March. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.kew.org. • English Heritage Blue Plaques honouring anti-racist activist Claudia Jones, suffragette Emily Wilding Davison and Ada Salter, the first female mayor of a London borough, will be among those unveiled in London this year. English Heritage announced this year’s plaques will also honour 20th century violinist Yehudi Menuhin, Princess Sophia Duleep Singh – a god-daughter of Queen Victoria and also a suffragette, and Marie Spartali Stillman, a Pre-Raphaelite model who appeared in paintings by the likes of Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Edward Burne-Jones. For more on the Blue Plaques scheme, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • Images of Ukraine during its conflict with Russia go on show at the Imperial War Museum in Lambeth on Friday. Ukraine: Photographs from the Frontline features images taken by renowned photojournalist Anastasia Taylor-Lind which were taken during her time in Ukraine between 2014 and June, 2022. The exhibition is presented in three sections – the first focusing on the 2014 protests in Kyiv, the second on the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine and the third on Russia’s invasion in February last year. Runs until 8th May. Admission is free. For more, see www.iwm.org.uk/events/iwm-london-ukraine-exhibition. Send items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com. This Week in London – The Lord Mayor’s Show; Mass-Observation remembered; and, modern and contemporary art at the British Museum… • The Lord Mayor’s Show will be held this Saturday, 12th November, welcoming the 694th Lord Mayor of London, Alderman Nicholas Lyons, into office. The Show, which dates back to the early 13th century, features more than 6,500 people, 250 horses and more than 130 floats as well as the golden State Coach which has been used to carry the Lord Mayors since as far back as 1757 and is said to be the oldest ceremonial vehicle still in regular use anywhere in the world. The three mile long procession will start passing by Mansion House at 11am and make its way to St Paul’s Cathedral and then head on to the Royal Courts of Justice where the Mayor will swear an oath of allegiance to the monarch, before returning along the Embankment and Victoria Street to Mansion House. For more on the history of the Show and details about the best places to stand, head to https://lordmayorsshow.london. • The original headquarters of Mass-Observation, a pioneering social research organisation, has been marked with an English Heritage Blue Plaque. The organisation started its worked at the property 6 Grotes Buildings in Blackheath from 1937 until 1939 – by the end of its first year there were around 600 ‘mass observers’ involved in the work, one of the key aims of which was to gauge public opinion on a range of issues to help enable the writing of “a democratic people’s history from below”. During World War II, Mass-Observation worked on behalf of the government and morphed into a market research company in 1949, Mass Observation Ltd, before being incorporated into the British Market Research Bureau. The project was restarted in 1981 at the University of Sussex and continues to this day. For more on English Heritage Blue Plaques, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • A collection of about 100 modern and contemporary artworks on paper have gone on show at the British Museum, part of a larger gift of works donated by London-based art collector Hamish Parker. Art on paper since 1960: the Hamish Parker collection features works by works by the likes of British artist Lucian Freud, French-Israeli artist Avigdor Arikha, American artist Richard Serra and Pakistani artist Imran Qureshi. There are also two “artist in focus” sections which take a more in-depth look at the work of American artists Carroll Dunham and Al Taylor. Runs until 5th March in Gallery 90. For more, see www.britishmuseum.org. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com This Week in London – Cezanne at the Tate; Freud at The National Gallery; Diwali on the Square; and; a new Blue Plaque… • A “once-in-a-generation” exhibition of Paul Cezanne’s paintings, watercolours and drawings opened at the Tate Modern this week. The EY Exhibition: Cezanne features around 80 works including key examples of his iconic still life paintings, Provençale landscapes, portraits and bather scenes. There are also more than 20 works which have never been seen in the UK before including The Basket of Apples (c1893, from the The Art Institute of Chicago), Mont Sainte-Victoire (1902-06, from the Philadelphia Museum of Art) and Still Life with Milk Pot, Melon, and Sugar Bowl (1900-06, from a private collection). The display traces Cezanne’s (1839-1906) artistic development and also examines the relationships which were central to his life, particularly that with his wife Marie-Hortense Fiquet and their son Paul, immortalised in paintings such as Madame Cezanne in a Red Armchair (c1877) and Portrait of the Artist’s Son (1881-2). Admission charge applies. Runs until 12th March. For more, see www.tate.org.uk. • A landmark exhibition to make the centenary of the birth of 20th century artist Lucian Freud (1922-2011) has opened at The National Gallery. The Credit Suisse Exhibition – Lucian Freud: New Perspectives is the most significant survey of his paintings in a decade and brings together output from across his seven decade career, everything from early works such as Girl with Roses (1940s) to Two Children (Self-Portrait) (1960s) and famous late works such as The Brigadier (2003–4). The display also shows how Freud positioned himself in the tradition of court painters such as Rubens or Velázquez through works such as HM Queen Elizabeth II (2001). Can be seen in the First Floor Galleries until 22nd January. Admission charge applies but in response to the cost of living crisis, the gallery is allowing visitors on Friday nights to pay as much as or little as they like. For more, see www.nationalgallery.org.uk/exhibitions/the-credit-suisse-exhibition-lucian-freud-new-perspectives. • Diwali on the Square will take place at Trafalgar Square this Sunday. The free annual family-friendly event will open with 200 colourfully dressed dancers in the main square followed by performances from artists drawn from London’s Hindu, Sikh and Jain communities. From 1pm to 7pm, there will also be a host of activities including Neasden Temple’s Diwali Festival Experience, dance workshops, yoga and meditation, sari and turban tying, comedy, a children’s zone, and, henna and face painting. Meanwhile, an array of South Asian food stalls will be serving up delicious traditional and fusion, vegan and vegetarian cuisine. For full details, head here. • Lawyer Hersch Lauterpacht, who played a key role in prosecuting the Nazis at the Nuremberg trials and whose belief that states should be held accountable for crimes against their own people led to lasting change in international law, has been honoured with an English Heritage Blue Plaque. Born in what is now Ukraine, Lauterpacht moved to London in 1923, originally to study at the LSE and lived with his family at 103 Walm Lane in Cricklewood for 10 years (it was here that his son Elihu – who went on to be a prominent lawyer himself – was born in 1928 and where Lauterpacht was living when he was naturalised as a British citizen in 1931). For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • Nicholas Lyons was elected as the 694th Lord Mayor of the City of London last week. He succeeds current Lord Mayor Vincent Keaveny and will take office on 11th November for a one-year term. The annual Lord Mayor’s Show takes place on 12th November, which will be followed by the Lord Mayor’s Banquet on 28th November at Guildhall where the Prime Minister will deliver a keynote speech. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com. This Week in London – Matchgirls strike commemorated and the Queen’s coronation at Windsor… • The famous matchgirls’ strike at the Bryant and May matchworks in the East End has been commemorated with an English Heritage Blue Plaque. The event, widely recognised as a spur to the New Unionism movement, saw about 1,400 of the predominantly young female workforce walk out in protest at the dismissal of a number of their co-workers in early July, 1888. While some of the details remain unclear, it is thought that the women were probably sacked for giving information to reporters, refusing to sign a statement refuting poor working conditions, or on trumped-up charges of trouble making. The women – whose poor working conditions, including low pay, the imposition of fines and deductions by the company and the dangers of ‘phossy jaw’, were catalogued by journalist Annie Besant – won a famous victory after a three week strike in which almost all their demands were met. Bryant and May also recognised the Union of Women Match Makers which, by the end of 1888, had become the Matchmakers’ Union and admitted both men and women. For more on English Heritage Blue Plaques, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation is the subject of a new exhibition opening at Windsor Castle today. Platinum Jubilee: The Queen’s Coronation, which focuses on the coronation which took place at Westminster Abbey on 2nd June, 1953, features portraiture, photographs and dress and jewellery worn by the Queen including the Sir Norman Hartnell-designed Coronation Dress, Robe of Estate and the Coronation Necklace and Earrings which were originally made for Queen Victoria in 1858. Also on display are brooches representing the emblems of some Commonwealth countries including a Canadian Maple-leaf Brooch worn by then Princess Elizabeth on her first visit to Canada in 1951, a Flame-Lily Brooch, the emblem of Zimbabwe, which was pinned to the Queen’s mourning clothes when she returned from Kenya after the death of her father in 1952, and the New Zealand Silver Fern Brooch, the Australian Wattle Brooch, and the Sri Lanka Brooch. There’s also a 2.5-metre-tall portrait of the Queen by Sir Herbert James Gunn which was commissioned to commemorate the coronation and a three-quarter length photographic portrait of the Queen taken by Cecil Beaton. Included in general admission. Runs until 26th September. Running in conjunction id a digital event – Royal Jewels: A Platinum Jubilee Celebration – which will be held at 7pm on 28th July in which Caroline de Guitaut, deputy surveyor of The Queen’s Works of Art and curator of the Platinum Jubilee display, with join Carol Woolton, former jewellery editor of Vogue in discussing items of The Queen’s jewellery on display at Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace this summer. Tickets can be booked at www.rct.uk. Send all items to exploringlondon@gmail.com This Week in London – Charles Jennens at the Foundling Museum; Dr John Conolly’s Blue Plaque; and, Kyōsai at the Royal Academy… • Charles Jennens, who is best-known as the librettist of Handel’s Messiah but was also a patron of the arts, scholar and educator, is the subject of a new exhibition opening at the Foundling Museum in Bloomsbury on Friday. Charles Jennens: Patron & Polymath features portraits, correspondence and printed documents reflecting the varied interests and achievements of this Georgian character. Jennens was a non-juror – meaning he supported the legitimacy of the deposed Catholic Stuarts – but was also a Protestant. His art collection was one of the best in Britain and his Palladian mansion, Gopsall Hall in Leicestershire, featured a music room with an organ built to Handel’s specifications. Admission charge applies. Runs until 16th October. For more, see https://foundlingmuseum.org.uk/event/charles-jennens-polymath/. • Dr John Conolly, an early advocate of human treatments for people living with mental illness and the former Hanwell Asylum have been commemorated with an English Heritage Blue Plaque to mark Mental Health Awareness Week. The plaque has been placed on what was the left wing of the asylum and is now part of St Bernard’s Hospital. It was here that Conolly, who was appointed Resident Physician at the Middlesex County Pauper Lunatic Asylum in 1839 – then one of the biggest asylums in London, advocated a system of ‘non-restraint’ which, though initially seen as controversial, drew support from reformers and which by 1846 had been embraced as ruling orthodoxy by the then-new national Lunacy Commission. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • On Now: The works of Kawanabe Kyōsai, the most popular Japanese painter of the late 19th century, are on show in the Royal Academy’s Gabrielle Jungels-Winkler Galleries. Kyōsai: The Israel Goldman Collection focuses largely on the art of sekiga or ‘spontaneous paintings’ which were produced at ‘calligraphy and painting parties’ (shogakai), often fuelled by prodigious amounts of saké. The display – the first monographic exhibition of Kyōsai’s work in the UK since 1993 – includes around 80 words, many of which have never been exhibited. Admission charge applies. Runs until 19th June. For more, see www.royalacademy.org.uk. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com This Week in London – Japanese works at the Queen’s Gallery; Raphael at The National Gallery; Food Season at the British Library; and, Enid Marx’s Blue Plaque… • A first-of-its-kind exhibition featuring the Royal Collection’s Japanese works of art opens at the Queen’s Gallery, Buckingham Palace, tomorrow. Japan: Courts and Culture, features more than 150 works including rare porcelain, samurai armour, woodcut prints, embroidered screens and a range of diplomatic gifts sent during the reigns of monarchs ranging from King James I to Queen Elizabeth II. Among the highlights are a pair of folding screens sent to Queen Victoria in 1860 from the Japanese Shōgun Tokugawa Iemochi which will go on public display for the first time since they arrived at the British court 162 years ago. The screen paintings, which depict the changing seasons, were not thought to have survived but in recent years research has revealed the two screens were the work of Itaya Hiroharu, one of the artists likely to have worked on Queen Victoria’s gifts. Also included in gift was a set of lacquer furniture, spears inlaid with glittering mother of pearl, and swords made by leading court swordsmiths – all of which will also be on display. Admission charge applies. Runs until 26 February, 2023. For more, see www.rct.uk. • Marking the 500th anniversary of the death of Raphael, one of the first-ever exhibitions to explore the complete career of this giant of the Italian Renaissance opens at The National Gallery on Saturday. The Credit Suisse Exhibition: Raphael, which was supposed to be held in 2020 and was delayed due to the coronavirus pandemic, features more than 90 exhibits. They include a rare gathering of Raphael’s paintings of the Virgin and Child including Ansidei Madonna (The Virgin and Child with Saint John the Baptist and Saint Nicholas of Bari) (1505), two bronze roundels – The Incredulity of Saint Thomas and The Descent into Limbo – from Santa Maria della Pace which have never previously exhibited outside Italy and which are attributed to Cesarino Rossetti after designs by Raphael, and a room devoted to Raphael’s frescoes for Pope Julius II’s private apartments. There are also several of his original print designs, an survey of ancient Rome he undertook for Pope Leo X, tapestry designs including Saint Paul Preaching at Athens (workshop of, or on behalf of, Pieter van Aelst, active about 1490–1533, after design by Raphael, about 1517–19), and portraiture from his final years including Portrait of Lorenzo de’ Medici (1518) and Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (1519). Admission charge applies. Runs until 31st July. For more, see www.nationalgallery.org.uk/exhibitions/the-credit-suisse-exhibition-raphael. • The British Library’s Food Season kicks off today with almost two months of online and in-person events inspired by the cookbooks, recipes and culinary stories in the collection. Highlights include chef Ainsley Harriott talking about his life and career with food-writer Melissa Thompson, food-writer Maunika Gowardan celebrating India’s breadth of food cultures with chefs and food-writers including Ravinder Bhogal, Romy Gill, Kavi Thakrar and Farokh Talati, chef and broadcaster Andi Oliver discussing Jessica B Harris’ 50- year career examining the history and meaning of food for the African diaspora, and psychologist Kimberley Wilson chairing a discussion about the food prisoners are fed inside British correctional institutions and if it impacts rehabilitation. Now in its fifth year, the 2022 Food Season is supported by KitchenAid. For the full programme of events, head to www.bl.uk/events/food-season. • Textile designer Enid Marx – famous for her seat fabric designs on the London Underground – has been honoured with an English Heritage Blue Plaque. The plaque was unveiled this week at her former home at 39 Thornhill Road where she lived and worked for more than 30 years. Marx, who shared the house with her partner, Margaret Lambert, and friends Eleanor Breuning and Grace Lambert (Breuning continues to live at the house today), had a purpose-built studio in the back garden which remains in similar condition to when she left it almost 25 years ago. Alongside her work for the London Underground, Marx also is known for her design of postage stamps marking the start of Queen Elizabeth II’s reign in 1953. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. 10 sites of (historic) musical significance in London – 8. The home where Mozart composed his first symphony… Think of Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and chances are it isn’t London which immediately comes to mind. But it was in a home in Belgravia that the then-precocious eight-year-old composed his first symphony. Mozart, his father Leopold, mother Anna Maria and his elder sister Maria Anna spent almost a year-and-a-half in London, between April, 1764, and July, 1765, as part of a European grand tour. Having initially taken lodgings above a barber’s shop in Cecil Court in Soho, they moved to the more rural setting of 180 Ebury Street, then known as Five Fields Row, in August so his father could recover from a serious illness which apparently developed after he caught a cold. Mozart and his sister were both child prodigies and during their London sojourner performed in various London theatres and for King George III and Queen Charlotte at Buckingham Palace on several occasions. But, with his father now needing quiet, they were forbidden to play instruments in the house and so, according to his sister’s writings, in order to keep himself busy it was there that he composed his “first symphony for all the instruments of the orchestra, especially for trumpets and kettledrums”. While the work she was referring to is now lost, Mozart did go on to compose the symphony that is now seen as his first at the same time. Known as K.16 in E flat major, it was first performed at the Haymarket Little Theatre in February, 1765. Leopold did recover and so the family moved back to Soho – lodging at 20 Frith Street to be précise – in September, 1764. It was there that Mozart met the youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach, Johann Christian, who was to be a key influence on his musical style. They left the property – and brought their time in England to an end in July, 1765, amid waning public interest in their performances (they gone from performing for the Royal Family to entertaining pub patrons). The family continued with their European tour before eventually returning to their home town of Salzburg (Mozart later settled in Vienna where he died at the young age of 35). Mozart’s time at the Ebury Street residence (and the composition he wrote there) is commemorated with an English Heritage Blue Plaque (albeit this one is brown) which was erected by the then London County Council in 1939. Following damage in the war, it was reinstated in 1951. There’s also a statue commemorating Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in nearby Orange Square. Designed by Philip Jackson, it was erected in 1994. This Week in London – Free family festival kicks off this weekend; Beano the subject of Somerset House exhibition; and, lawyer Helena Normanton honoured… • Pop-Up London, a free festival for families, kicks off in central London on Saturday and runs throughout the half-term break until 31st October. The festival features more than 300 artists – including musicians, dancers, comedy acts and circus performers – who can be seen in more than 100 performances at locations including Trafalgar Square, King’s Cross, Spitalfields, and Canary Wharf. The diverse range of acts will include Brazilian drumming, Cantonese story-telling and Caribbean steelpans. For the full list of events. head to www.visitlondon.com/things-to-do/lets-do-london/pop-up-london. • The world’s longest-running weekly comic, Beano, is celebrated in a new exhibition opening at Somerset House today. Beano: The Art of Breaking the Rules features 100 comic artworks from the Beano archive exhibited, including original drawings never previously seen in public, and, works by contemporary artists including artist duo Gilbert & George, sculptor Phyllida Barlow and Oscar-winning animator Nick Park as well as larger-than-life recreations of Beano’s most iconic settings and interactive installations including Peter Liversidge’s patchwork of protest signs and a jukebox filled with music influenced by Beano’s rebellious streak. Beano was first released in 1938 and is still created weekly at its home in Dundee. This year marks the 70th since Dennis, Beano‘s top mischief-maker, made his debut. Runs until 6th March. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.somersethouse.org.uk/beano. • Barrister and women’s rights advocate Helena Normanton (1882-1957) has been honoured with an English Heritage Blue Plaque at her former home. The plaque at 22 Mecklenburgh Square – where Normanton lived from 1919 to 1931 – was unveiled almost 100 years since she passed her Bar finals on 26th October, 1921. Normanton played an instrumental tole in paving the way for women to practice law, being the first female students one of London’s Inns of Court, one of the first women to be called to the Bar, the first female counsel to lead a case in the High Court, the first woman to run a trial at the Old Bailey and the first women to lead murder trials in England as well as one of the first two women to take silk as King’s Counsel. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com. This Week in London – The Northern Lights come to Greenwich; Sir Kenneth Clark honoured; and, Phyllida Barlow at the Tate… • The Northern Lights come to Greenwich this Bank Holiday weekend. The Greenwich + Docklands International Festival, promoted as London’s “leading festival of free outdoor theatre and performing arts”, features two major installations in the Old Royal Naval College grounds – the Borealis and We are Watching – from artist Dan Acher as well as the Greenwich Fair on Sunday. There’s also dance and theatrical performances – including Family Tree, a performance inspired by the life of Henrietta Lacks, an African American woman whose cells were harvested and cultivated without her consent after her death from cervical cancer in 1951, and Future Cargo, Requardt & Rosenberg, a contemporary sci-fi dance show – and pop-up events in neighbourhoods across the Royal Borough of Greenwich. The festival opens tomorrow and runs until 11th September. For the full programme of events and for more information, see https://festival.org/gdif/whatson/. For bookings for Borealis, head here. • Art historian and broadcaster, Sir Kenneth Clark, has been honoured with an English Heritage Blue Plaque at his former Marylebone home. Clark (1903-1983), who is probably best known for the landmark 1969 BBC TV series Civilisation, lived in the property at 30 Portland Place between 1934 and 1939 – the period when he became director of The National Gallery and when he was knighted. Sir Kenneth and his wife Jane hosted parties at the property where guests included Winston Churchill and Vanessa Bell. Sir Kenneth, who also headed organisations including the Arts Council of Great Britain and the Independent Television Authority, is noted for having saved some of the nation’s most valuable artworks during World War II by having more than 800 paintings evacuated to rural Wales. He was also responsible for many of the Ministry of Information’s wartime films and sponsored emerging artists including Henry Moore and Graham Sutherland. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • A celebration of Phyllida Barlow’s art has opened at the Tate Modern on South Bank. ARTIST ROOMS: Phyllida Barlow spans the British artist’s 60 year career and features some of her large-scale sculptures as well as more than 30 works on paper. Highlights include Object for the television (1994), the only surviving work from Barlow’s 1990s series Objects for… and major installations such as untitled: brokenstage/hangingcontainer, 2012/2013 and untitled: upturnedhouse2, 2012. The exhibition is free to enter. For more, see www.tate.org.uk. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com. This Week in London – Paddington’s story; pioneering neurologist JS Risien Russell honoured; and, Sir Quentin Blake’s gift… • A new family friendly exhibition celebrating Paddington Bear opens at the British Library tomorrow. The Story of a Bear features more than 50 books, documents, film clips and original artworks as it explores Michael Bond’s creation of the much loved children’s book character. Highlights include a first edition of Bond’s A Bear Called Paddington published in 1958, Barbara Ker Wilson’s original review of the book, photographs and memorabilia of Michael Bond on loan from his family as well as original illustrations of Paddington stories by artists including Peggy Fortnum, David McKee and RW Alley. There are also clips from the Paddington movies and sound recordings featuring Bond speaking about his creation. The exhibition is ticketed (booking in advance recommended). Admission charge applies. For more, see www.bl.uk/events/paddington-the-story-of-a-bear. • Pioneering neurologist James Samuel Risien Russell has been honoured with an English Heritage Blue Plaque at his former home and practice in Marylebone. Russell, born in 1863 in what was then British Guiana (now Guyana), was one of the UK’s first Black consultants and played a critical role in establishing the British school of neurology in the 1890s. His contribution in furthering our understanding of many conditions of the nervous system and mental health issues has only recently come to light thanks to new research by the Windrush Foundation. Dr Risien Russell lived and worked at 44 Wimpole Street from 1902 until his death in March, 1939. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques. <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XACNk26xulk" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> • A display of images from Sir Quentin Blake have gone on show at the Foundling Museum in Bloomsbury to mark his gift of 24 drawings to the museum. Curated by children’s author and illustrator Lauren Child, Quentin Blake: Gifted features pictures form two series – Children and Dogs and Children with Birds & Dogs – as well as a range of responses from writers including poetry collective 4 BROWN GIRLS WHO WRITE, children’s author and poet Michael Rosen and Scottish playwright, poet and novelist Jackie Kay. Admission charge applies. Runs until 26 September. For more, see https://foundlingmuseum.org.uk/events/quentin-blake-gifted/. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com. This Week in London – New statue of Princess Diana; V&A’s new Design 1900 gallery; a Blue Plaque for Jean Muir; and, police boxes reimagined… • A new statue of the late Princess Diana is being unveiled today at Kensington Palace. The statue will be unveiled in the Sunken Garden at Diana’s former home. The garden – originally created on the orders of King Edward VII in 1908 – has been redesigned by designer Pip Morrison to provide a more reflective setting for the memorial. This included planting more than 4,000 of Diana’s favourite flowers including forget-me-nots and tulips. The statue, which is the work of sculptor Ian Rank-Broadley, is expected to be unveiled by Diana’s two sons, William and Harry, who commissioned it in 2017. • A new permanent gallery has opened at the V&A which explores the role design plays in shaping, and being shaped by, how we live, work, travel and communicate. Design 1900 is housed within the museum’s former 20th Century Gallery and, among the displays are new acquisitions including Margaret Calvert and Jock Kinneir’s iconic British road signage system, Kim Kardashian’s Selfish book, Nike’s Nigeria football shirt for the 2018 World Cup and a one-of-a-kind desk designed by Future Systems for Condé Nast Chairman Jonathan Newhouse. The display also includes items from the Rapid Response Collecting programme such as 3D-printed door openers, designed to limit the spread of the COVID-19 virus, and the I Believe in Our City bus shelter posters that highlighted increased anti-Asian bias. For more, see www.vam.ac.uk. • Twentieth century dressmaker and fashion designer Jean Muir has been honoured with an English Heritage Blue Plaque at the Mayfair address she worked for 30 years. The plaque was unveiled at 22 Bruton Street, the location of the showroom and office she operated out of from 1966 to 1995, by her house model, friend and client Joanna Lumley. Others among Muir’s clientele included actress Patricia Hodge and writer Lady Antonia Fraser. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/. • The City of London Corporation has unveiled the design for new ‘Digital Service Points’ which will reimagine the concept of the traditional police boxes. ‘The London Stones’, the work of architecture and design studio Unknown Works, will include information screens, life saving emergency equipment and serve as hubs for City of London Police officers and community events. Details from buildings, stories and images of the Square Mile will be collected and ‘digitally carved’ into the exterior of the ‘stones’ which will also be home to a vast array of lichen colonies and species expected to evolve in their colour and appearance as they grow. Send all items for inclusion to exploringlondon@gmail.com
2695	dbpedia	3	15	https://londonhistorians.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/blue-plaque-hoo-ha/	en	London Historians' Blog	https://londonhistorians…01/dsc04188b.jpg	https://londonhistorians…01/dsc04188b.jpg	[ "https://londonhistorians.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/dsc04188b.jpg?w=500&h=372", "https://londonhistorians.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/composite.jpg?w=500", "https://londonhistorians.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/dsc05914b.jpg?w=500&h=211", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2013-01-14T00:00:00	Many were up in arms last week when English Heritage announced that, apart from existing commitments, it would be suspending its blue plaque activities. It was reluctantly taking this step, we learned, because of the severe cut in its grant from Westminster. It had "stood down" its advisory team, comprising Stephen Fry, Andrew Motion and…	en	https://londonhistorians…torians.jpg?w=32	London Historians' Blog	https://londonhistorians.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/blue-plaque-hoo-ha/
2695	dbpedia	2	18	https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/Mapped-Londons-quirkiest-blue-plaques/	en	Mapped: London's quirkiest blue plaques	https://www.telegraph.co…mg-share-img.svg	https://www.telegraph.co…mg-share-img.svg	[ "https://www.telegraph.co.uk/etc.clientlibs/settings/wcm/designs/telegraph/core/clientlibs/ui/dist/static/resources/images/flags/UK-SVG.svg", "https://www.telegraph.co.uk/etc.clientlibs/settings/wcm/designs/telegraph/core/clientlibs/ui/dist/static/resources/images/flags/USA-SVG.svg", "https://www.telegraph.co.u...	[ "https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m0!3m2!1sen!2suk!4v1449508317877!6m8!1m7!1sJgMgHt-f46qYY__VxH1haA!2m2!1d51.59478994386546!2d-0.0706420154252604!3f226.88658548078485!4f-0.44912560978893623!5f2.0163651668285407", "https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m0!3m2!1sen!2suk!4v1449507559405!6m8!1m7!1sLWC_sEhPSRBY...	[]	[ "London", "Standard", "United Kingdom", "Europe", "Article", "News", "England", "Travel" ]	null	[ "Natalie Paris" ]	2015-12-08T00:00:00+00:00	Who would live in a house like this? The stories behind London's most unusual blue plaques	en	/etc.clientlibs/settings/wcm/designs/telegraph/core/clientlibs/core/resources/icons/favicon.ico	The Telegraph	https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/Mapped-Londons-quirkiest-blue-plaques/	Not all blue plaques are blue. In the early years of the London scheme, brown, terracotta, green, bronze and lead plaques were put up. Different shapes, including squares and rectangles, have also been used. Installation of the plaques was suspended from 1915-19 and 1940-7 due to wartime economies. A notable exception was made in 1942 for Vladimir Lenin – a gesture of solidarity with the Soviet Union, Britain’s wartime ally. The plaque was later lost to demolition. Below we catalogue some of London's more unusual blue plaques: 1. Luke Howard: Namer of Clouds Perhaps the most admired occupation described on a plaque is found on Tottenham High Road (at 7 Bruce Grove), for Luke Howard: ‘Namer of Clouds’. An amateur meteorologist, Howard proposed a nomenclature system for clouds in a 1802 presentation to the Askesian Society. 2. Tom Cribb: bare knuckle fighter Tom Cribb was publican of the Union Arms and Briton's bare-knuckle boxing champion between 1809 and 1822. The pub, which still stands on the site today, changed its name to Tom Cribb to honour the fighter's career, and the interior celebrates his successes. Tom Cribb: bare knuckle fighter 3. Thomas Cobden-Sanderson: founder of Dove Press A friend of William Morris, Cobden-Sanderson was involved with the Arts and Crafts movement, who became a bookbinder before starting the press, creating the Doves Type font. In a moment of pique over the rights of the press however, he threw the type into the river, destroying all remnants of the font. That was until this year, when a search of the riverbed revealed pieces of the type which was then meticulously recreated. 4. Alfred Hitchcock: director The film director and master of suspense, known for an inimitable run of classic cinema including Pyshco and Vertigo, lived in South Kensington from 1926-1939, during which he directed The 39 Steps and The Lady Vanishes. By 1940, he had moved out and upwards, making his first Hollywood production, Rebecca. 5. Anna Maria Garthwaite: silk designer Garthwaite's floral silks were hand-woven in Spitalfields. She developed more than 1,000 designs there at a time when silks from the market were widely exported to Northern Europe and Colonial America. 6. Joseph Grimaldi: clown Known for his physical comedy, Grimaldi as clown became the main character in the Harlequinades performed in the early 19th century. He was responsible for encouraging pantomime audiences to sing and would taunt them with popular catchphrases including the teasing, "Shall I?", to which the crowd would all shout "Yes!" Joseph Grimaldi: clown 7. George Bernard Shaw and Virginia Woolf: Playwright and author One of the few houses with two plaques in London, this pair lived here at seperate times. Bernard Shaw set up home from 1887 to 1898. His plaque reads, "From the coffers of his genius he enriched the world". Woolf, meanwhile, resided in this very literary spot from 1907-1911. 8. Jimi Hendrix and George Frideric Handel: rock musician and composer Jimi Hendrix is one half of what is probably the most famous Blue Plaque juxtaposition of all, alongside George Frideric Handel on Brook Street, Mayfair. "To tell you the God's honest truth, I haven't heard much of the fella's stuff," was Hendrix's reported comment regarding his neighbour. 9. Lord Byron: poet The first London blue plaque commemorated Lord Byron, the poet, in 1867. His house in Holles Street, Cavendish Square, was demolished in 1889; its site is now occupied by the John Lewis store, as the Google Street View shows. 10. Napoleon III: French Emperor The oldest official plaque still in existence in London is that to the French Emperor Napoleon III, in King Street, St James’s. 11. Agatha Christie: author There are a number of plaques to people with disabilities, including Agatha Christie, who had dyslexia and epilepsy. 12. Vincent Van Gogh: painter Van Gogh, who had bipolar disorder, lived in London from 1873-75, arriving to work for international art dealer Goupil & Cie in Covent Garden. The plaque commemorates his years in a humble room at 87 Hackford Road in Brixton, where he may have fallen in love with his landlady’s daughter. 13. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: composer Mozart had Tourette’s Syndrome. The composer lived, played and composed at 20 Frith Street, W1, and wrote his first symphony in this house in 1764. 14. W.B. Yeats: poet American poet Sylvia Plath moved into 23 Fitzroy Road, Primrose Hill, because it bore a plaque to Irish poet W.B. Yeats. Her own blue plaque was erected in 2000, in nearby Chalcot Square. 15. Wilkie Collins: author American poet Sylvia Plath moved into 23 Fitzroy Road, Primrose Hill, because it bore a plaque to Irish poet W.B. Yeats. Her own blue plaque was erected in 2000, in nearby Chalcot Square. 16. Harry Beck: Tube map designer Much thought is given to the design, lettering and inscriptions used on plaques. Earlier this year, the plaque to the tube map designer Harry Beck was lettered a similar font to that used by London Underground.
2695	dbpedia	1	61	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/members-area/members-magazine/2021/october-2019-blue-plaques/	en	Musician's Blue Plaques	https://www.english-heri…Version=20200219		[ "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/members-area/exclusive-content/2019/magazine-2019-october/blue-plaques/001_resized.jpg?w=1440&h=612&mode=crop&scale=both&quality=100&anchor=NoFocus&WebsiteVersion=20200219", "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/members-area/exclusive-content/201...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Take an English Heritage tour of Musician's blue plaques in London.			English Heritage	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/members-area/members-magazine/2021/october-2019-blue-plaques/	BOB MARLEY (1945–81) London provided a safe haven for Bob Marley during 1977 after he was caught up in a political dispute in his home country of Jamaica – a row that culminated in gunmen trying to murder the star at his home. Marley’s record label, Island, relocated him first to King’s Road in Chelsea, and then to a four-storey terraced house at 42 Oakley Street, along with his band The Wailers. According to Marley’s then-manager Don Taylor, the musicians would spend their mornings playing football, before rehearsing or recording. And the formula clearly worked, as the band delivered some of their best music during this period – including their classic Exodus album. Despite being convicted of cannabis possession while living in London, Marley told journalist Vivien Goldman that he regarded the city as his ‘second home’. AL BOWLLY (1899–1941) Born on 7 January 1899 in Mozambique, Albert Alick Bowlly was once described as ‘Europe’s most popular crooner and famous radio and record star’ and was the voice behind much-loved songs such as 'Goodnight Sweetheart'. He made his first recordings, and established his reputation as a singer, in Germany in 1927. He arrived in London the following year, after an invitation to join Fred Elizalde’s band at the Savoy Hotel as vocalist and guitarist. From 1930, he was a regular vocalist with Ray Noble’s New Mayfair Dance Orchestra and went on to sing with Lew Stone’s new Monseigneur Dance Orchestra. Later in the decade, he toured America and was given his own NBC radio series. In all, he recorded over 600 78rpm records between 1927 and 1941. Bowlly’s blue plaque is on Charing Cross Mansions, 26 Charing Cross Road – his home in 1933–34, at the pinnacle of his career. BENJAMIN BRITTEN (1913–76) He may be one of the UK’s best-loved composers but Benjamin Britten’s musicianship wasn’t always so well received. After moving into the top-floor rooms at 173 Cromwell Road – then a boarding house – with his sister Beth in September 1931, Britten would frequently tinker on his piano, to the annoyance of his fellow lodgers. The Suffolk-born tunesmith, who was studying at the Royal College of Music at the time, was eventually rewarded for his endeavours, though, going on to compose world-renowned operas including Peter Grimes, Billy Budd and The Turn of the Screw, as well as a number of orchestral pieces. He and Beth moved out of the Cromwell Road digs in 1935, relocating to a flat in West Hampstead. When a friend asked the reason for their move, Britten replied, ‘Anything to get away from boarding houses.’ JOHN LENNON (1940–80) As you might expect from a residence that once housed a Beatle (actually three Beatles – George Harrison and Paul McCartney also lived there at different times before Lennon), the basement and ground-floor flat at 34 Montagu Square has some colourful stories to tell. Lennon and Yoko Ono spent five months in the apartment from July 1968, while the Fab Four were recording The Beatles (which became better known as The White Album) at Abbey Road Studios. In that short space of time, the flat not only provided the location for the notorious nude photo shoot that later graced Lennon and Ono’s Two Virgins album cover, it was also the subject of a police raid that led to Lennon being convicted for cannabis possession in November 1968. Three years later, fed up with the media storm that followed the bust, the Beatle and his Japanese-American partner emigrated to New York. CLARA BUTT (1872–1936) It’s probably just as well that Clara Butt lived in London, as she was booked to perform at the city’s Royal Albert Hall no fewer than 110 times during her illustrious career. The Sussex-born opera singer was undoubtedly one of the country’s biggest talents in the early part of the 20th century, counting Camille Saint-Saëns and Edward Elgar among her admirers, organising numerous fundraising concerts during the First World War, and appearing in front of a series of British monarchs by royal command. Butt lived at 7 Harley Road with her husband, the baritone Robert Rumford, and their children, from 1901 to 1929. However, the latter part of her life was blighted by tragedy: her eldest son died of meningitis while still at school, and her youngest son killed himself. Butt herself passed away at her Oxfordshire home in 1936, after never fully recovering from an accident she suffered in 1931. JIMI HENDRIX (1942–70) When Hendrix first arrived in London in September 1966 – having been scouted by the British musician Chas Chandler – he was a barely known guitarist with potential. By the time he moved into the flat at 23 Brook Street in 1968, he was a bona fide rock god, having blown people’s minds with his guitar-burning antics at the Monterey Pop festival the previous year. The residence – which occupied the top two floors of the building, and which Hendrix is said to have redecorated to his own taste – belonged to the musician’s British girlfriend Kathy Etchingham, a young DJ who had caught Hendrix’s eye at the Scotch of St James nightclub in Masons Yard. Though Etchingham was rumoured to be the subject of some of Hendrix’s biggest hits, including 'Foxy Lady' and 'The Wind Cries Mary', the couple drifted apart after Hendrix began touring the US in March 1969. RALPH VAUGHAN WILLIAMS (1872–1958) Born in Gloucestershire, Vaughan Williams enjoyed a lifelong relationship with London. The composer enrolled at the Royal College of Music in 1890 and, after studying at Trinity College, Cambridge, and serving in the First World War, returned to the city to write some of his best-known works – including 'The Lark Ascending' and 'Fantasia on a Theme' by Thomas Tallis. Vaughan Williams moved to 10 Hanover Terrace, overlooking Regent’s Park, with his second wife Ursula Wood in 1953 – the year of Queen Elizabeth’s coronation. To mark the royal occasion, the composer delivered an arrangement of the psalm tune 'Old Hundredth', which was played during the ceremony at Westminster Abbey. Five years later, the abbey would become Vaughan Williams’ final resting place, following his death at the age of 85. ERIC COATES (1886–1957) Eric Francis Harrison Coates was an English composer of light music and, early in his career, a leading violist. After graduating from the Royal Academy of Music he combined playing in orchestras with composition. He created some of the best-known and loved pieces of English light orchestral music, including 'By the Sleepy Lagoon' (1930), which is still used as the theme music for Radio 4’s Desert Island Discs. He is said to have needed the right atmosphere to produce his work – his son Austin recalls how his father ‘couldn’t settle down to write music until he was properly dressed in the morning, complete with tie and Harris Tweed coat – and, perhaps, a Turkish cigarette’. His blue plaque is on the north-west entrance of Chiltern Court, at the north end of Baker Street, opposite Melcombe Street, where he lived in flat 176 from 1930–39. Episode 27 - Exodus: the story behind reggae legend Bob Marley’s blue plaque in London This week, we interview historian Howard Spencer to reveal the story behind the new blue plaque at the Chelsea house where reggae singing sensation Bob Marley lived in 1977 after fleeing from Jamaica. It was while living here that Marley and his band the Wailers finished recording songs for what became the Exodus album, including Waiting in Vain, Three Little Birds, One Love and Jamming. The house is also near the pitches in nearby Battersea Park where Marley and his bandmates played football. To find out more about our blue plaque scheme click here. Listen Here
2695	dbpedia	2	34	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/george-orwell/	en	George Orwell \| Novelist \| Blue Plaques	https://www.english-heri…l-open-graph.jpg	https://www.english-heri…l-open-graph.jpg	[ "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/visit/blue-plaques/hub-items/stories-hub-item.jpg?w=550&h=350&mode=crop&scale=both&cache=always&quality=60&anchor=&WebsiteVersion=20200219", "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/visit/blue-plaques/blue-plaques-stories/find-a-plaque-hub-item-imag...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Blue Plaque commemorating writer and journalist George Orwell at 50 Lawford Road, Kentish Town, London NW5 2LN, London Borough of Camden.			English Heritage	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/george-orwell/	EARLY LONDON YEARS George Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair in India and brought up in England. He resolved to become a writer in 1927 and in 1933 published the first of his autobiographical works, Down and Out in Paris and London. The book recounts his time spent ‘tramping’ around London and Kent in 1927–8, and his subsequent poverty-stricken spell in Paris. During his explorations of the London underworld he slept in common lodging-houses (‘kips’) and the casual wards of workhouses (‘spikes’), and was even thrown into jail for a night. The author VS Pritchett later described Orwell as a man ‘who went native in his own country’. From August 1935 until January 1936 he lived on the top floor of 50 Lawford Road in Kentish Town. He shared the flat with his friends and fellow writers Rayner Heppenstall (1911−81) and Michael Sayers (1912–2010), and while there wrote the bulk of his novel Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936). The novel follows Gordon Comstock, an Orwellian alter ego, who wants to live among ‘the lost people, the under-ground people, tramps, beggars, criminals, prostitutes’: It is a good world that they inhabit, down there in their frowzy kips and spikes. He liked to think that beneath the world of money there is that great sluttish underworld where failure and success have no meaning; a sort of kingdom of ghosts where all are equal. Lawford Road features in the book as ‘Willowbed Road’, a street that ‘contrived to keep up a kind of mingy, lower-middle-class decency’. Orwell’s own room, ‘a top floor back’, contained his writing table, while ‘on the window-sill there was a sickly aspidistra in a green-glazed pot’. LATER WRITING On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Orwell joined the Republican forces and became a dedicated socialist. He later described his experiences in Spain in Homage to Catalonia (1938), and in the following years wrote a series of political works which developed his particular brand of left-wing patriotism. Orwell’s two best-known works, Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), are both characterised by his opposition to tyranny and dogma. Animal Farm was widely praised as one of the greatest satires in the English language and it brought Orwell instant fame and a significant new readership. He wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four during the summer of 1946 on the Scottish island of Jura, and collapsed twice from tuberculosis before finishing it. The dystopian novel has become one of the most famous depictions of a totalitarian, surveillance state, with terms like ‘Big Brother’ and ‘Thought Police’ entering everyday language. George Orwell died of tuberculosis on 21 January 1950 and was buried at All Saints’ Church in Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire.
2695	dbpedia	3	81	https://londonpostcodewalks.wordpress.com/tag/city-of-westminster/	en	Walking London one postcode at a time	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/c4e6c7926378aeb6f3791a2edb7b434fda22c2f0c4c647ccfb8cd665b6ec1836?s=200&ts=1724092682	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/c4e6c7926378aeb6f3791a2edb7b434fda22c2f0c4c647ccfb8cd665b6ec1836?s=200&ts=1724092682	[ "https://londonpostcodewalks.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/cropped-cropped-img_4642.jpg", "https://live.staticflickr.com/556/19265361461_cb72093f2b_z.jpg", "https://live.staticflickr.com/3748/19265363651_216a0ef615.jpg", "https://live.staticflickr.com/3743/18639059004_94f9db3635.jpg", "https://li...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2013-06-30T00:00:51+00:00	Posts about City of Westminster written by Stephen	en	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/c4e6c7926378aeb6f3791a2edb7b434fda22c2f0c4c647ccfb8cd665b6ec1836?s=32	Walking London one postcode at a time	https://londonpostcodewalks.wordpress.com/tag/city-of-westminster/	I decided to start my epic voyage round London postcodes in the south west postcodes and to start with SW1. SW1 offers many choices for our walk but I have chosen the back streets of Westminster, an area I have wandered round many a lunchtime when I worked in Westminster I always thought it odd that Westminster was a City. Although it has the Abbey at its heart where are the indications of the medieval street pattern or street names to suggest an old city? The answer is that there are none, because it is not a “real” city. In fact the City of Westminster as an entity is really rather recent – gaining a City charter and a Mayor only in 1900. So this first walk starts at the Post Office at 1 Broadway, which is just opposite New Scotland Yard. Going down Broadway away from Victoria Street, we reach our first stop, 55 Broadway. Walk down the Broadway side of the building to see the foundation stone and then go inside the station to the ticket hall. Stop 1 : 55 Broadway 55 Broadway is the historic home of London Transport but it was actually built by its main predecessor Underground Electric Railway Company of London over St James’s Park Station. It is what architectural historian Pevsner calls a “bold building for its date” which is 1927 -1929. It was designed by Charles Holden the architect responsible for many of the iconic Underground stations of the 1920s and 1930s and has reliefs by a number of sculptors including Jacob Epstein, Henry Moore and Eric Gill . There is a nice touch on the Broadway facade where there is a foundation stone. Interestingly this says “Metropolitan District Railway Company. This stone was laid on 24 September 1928 by Thomas Auton, Housekeeper, 1899 – 1929 for 43 years a servant of the companies.” The Metropolitan District railways was one of the UERL companies and provided the main services through St James’s Park station. Now look at the dates – they must have either altered the date of his housekeeping after the stone was installed or else it was not actually laid on the day it said it was. Intriguing eh? Another little curiosity at 55 Broadway are the train indicators inside the reception of 55 Broadway just off the station ticket hall. These record on a large paper disc the passing of trains each way at a single point on each of 6 lines (Bakerloo, Central, District, Metropolitan Northern and Piccadilly. There are only 6 lines because I guess the Circle line does not count and this was before part of the Metropolitan became the Hammersmith & City and the Victoria and Jubilee lines were built. Also before the Waterloo & City line was taken over by the Underground. Come out of the station on the Queen Anne’s Gate side and cross the road going down the right hand side of the modern building ahead Stop 2: Queen Anne’s Gate Today stands a massive 1970s block designed by Basil Spence and formerly occupied by the Home Office. I do remember going to meetings there and seeing the various parts of the buildings were split into zones identifed by colour. I particularly liked the “Grey Zone”. Now who said that civil servants have no sense of humour. This is not the greatest building to look at but there are two interesting things about what preceded this building. First it turns out that Jeremy Bentham lived here His skeleton can be found fully clothed and with a wax head at University College London. Maybe we will pop in and see him when we get to WC1. Second this was the site of Queen Anne’s Mansions which was a 14 storey block of flats built in the 1870s. The height caused some controversy not least because it is said that Queen Victoria could no longer view the Houses of Parliament from Buckingham Palace. The London Building Act 1894 was the response. This limited buildings to 80 feet and remained in place until after the Second World War. This prevented skyscrapers being built in London in the 1920s and 1930s and had a huge influence on how London developed. Go down Queen Anne’s Gate following the road as it turns right. Amazingly there are no less than 6 Blue Plaques in this short but wonderful early 18th century street but I have to confess that I had only heard of one of the illustrious people commemorated – Lord Palmerston, who was born at No 20. go straight ahead and follow the road as it swerves to the left and becomes Old Queen Street Stop 3: Old Queen Street Another lovely street. And at No 11 a blue plaque to say this is one of the finest William and Mary Houses from c1690 – 1700. And next door was the home of Richard Savage (4th Earl Rivers) who was Governor of the Tower of London 1660 – 1712. That must have been an interesting commute assuming he actually had to go to the Tower! Go to the end of Old Queen Street and turn right down Storey’s Gate. For the purpose of this walk we are going to ignore the big ticket items you will pass (Westminster Abbey, Central Hall Westminster and the QEII Conference Centre) as we have much other interesting things to see! Cross Victoria Street and go through the archway into Dean’s Yard Stop 4: Dean’s Yard And so we enter the charmed world of Dean’s Yard, just a few steps form the hustle and bustle of Victoria Street and yet you could be in a different city. Maybe a small English Cathedral city. Barchester? Walking to the left and then turning right you pass Westminster School. It’s private but you can peek through the gate and see in. You can also see by the steps the back of a rather strange look statue. turns out to be the first Queen Elizabeth in celebration of her refounding the school in 1588. Now go though the gateway and go a little way down Tufton Street, which is straight ahead. Stop 5: Tufton Street And here is another little bit of Barchester. Here almost side by side are two ecclesiastical suppliers. Watts & Co and Wippell & Co. Who would have believed that such places still existed in 2013. Retrace your steps and before the gateway turn right into Great College Street, then turn right into Barton Street. Stop 6: Barton Street And now a fantastic series of 18th Century streets, starting with Barton Street – where the sign says it dates from 1722. There are two blue plaques at opposite ends of the street and for two very different people. First you come to the one for T E Lawrence (better known as Lawrence of Arabia) at No 14 and then on the other side of the street at No 6 is the one for Lord Reith founding father of the BBC. The plaque itself is confusingly round the corner in Cowley Street. It was have been interesting if these two men had lived in Barton Street at the same time but they did not. Lawrence moving out in 1921 and Reith moving in in 1924. So we follow Barton Street left round the corner and it becomes Cowley Street, then a little way along you turn again this time to the right. And ahead across Great Peter Street is Lord North Street Stop 6 Lord North Street Another lovely 18th century street with wonderful details with St John’s Church framed at the end. And halfway down a little curiosity. A fading painted sign on the wall of Number 8 advertising air raid shelter Stop 7: Smith Square Smith Square is named after Henry Smith who owned land in the area, but it was his father also Henry Smith who provided the site for the centrepiece of the square – St Johns. Built 1713 – 1728 by Thomas Archer severely damaged by enemy action in 1941 and superbly restored as a concert hall in the 1960s. The north side of the Square has the 18th century buildings but the south side is more modern. In the south west corner is a 1950s pretend Georgian office block which used to be Conservative Central Office and is now the European Commission Representative to the UK and the European Parliament’s Information Office. I wonder what Margaret Thatcher would have thought of that! Exit Smith Square using Dean Trench Street which leads to Tufton Street. From here you can do a short detour to the right to see two City of Westminster Green Plaques (Writer Seigfried Sasoon who lived and worked at a house at Number 54 1919 – 1925 and opposite film maker Sir Michael Balcon who lived at No 57A between 1927 and 1939) . Just further up on Tufton Court is a Blue Plaque to Eleanor Rathbone who was a (the?) pioneer of family allowances. Go back down Tufton Street to Horseferry Road, cross and go into St John’s Gardens. But before we cross the road do pause to look at the stone at the corner, which was the foundation stone for Mr Fegan’s house for Orphan Boys laid 20 May 1912. Sounds vaguely sinister! Stop 8: St John’s Gardens These gardens were originally the burial ground for St John’s Smith Square, dating from 1731. It soon became hopelessly overcrowded in the 18th century but was not formally closed until 1853. It was converted to a garden in the 1880s and now provides a welcome bit of green space in this area. On the left side is the old Westminster Hospital and on the right side (visible in the picture) is the old Nurses Home – now both converted in the expensive flats. Around the sides are various tombstones, mostly so weatherworn as to be unreadable. There is even one set into the small building on the Page Street side – on the righthand end. It too is almost completely unreadable apart from the word “illegible”! Leave St John’s Gardens on the opposite side you came in. And then have a look at Neville House. Stop 9: Neville House – Page Street (East) Neville House is an early 21st century residential block now. But it replaced an office block of the same name which had been built in 1937. It was one of a number of 1930s offices building hereabouts in the same style, chunky brick facade with horizontal metal framed windows The others included Abel house, Clelland House and I think also Great Westminster House at the corner of Marsham Street and Horseferry Road. The first two were refaced in 1985. The latter housed the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. It was demolished and replaced by Great Minster House (sic) built 1988 – 1992. I guess Great Westminster House was too much of a mouthful so the name got shortened. Back to Neville House, this was unusual for an office block because it had a pub on the ground floor, the vaguely deco Paviours Arms. This all went with the redevelopment but at least the friezes from along Neville House was saved although now they go up the building rather than along. Now continue along Page Street, crossing Marsham Street. Stop 10: Grosvenor Estate – Page Street (west) Now whilst all the new residential developments, be they new or converted, hereabouts tend to be top end, there is some housing for ordinary folks. We do not have time to go down to the Millbank Estate which dates from the turn of the 20th Century and is very Arts and Crafts. But we can see a housing development by Westminster City Council from the early 1930s – rather incredibly this was by Lutyens. Not exactly known for his council housing. They are in U shape blocks around courtyards and at the open end of the U there are in most places some little pavilion like buildings, which would have provided the estate with shops – a few are still used as shops. A quite surprising find in the backsteets of Westminster. Walking along Page Street, we reach Regency Street, just in time to have some refreshment at the Regency Cafe on the corner. This may look familiar as it has appeared in lots of films! So that ends our first walk. We may not have found an ancient City but we have seen some of the best bits of 18th Century London plus some interesting bits from the 20th century. To return to where we started go right into Regency Street, then left into Horseferry Road. At the mini roundabout carry straight on into Strutton ground, which is another good place for lunch or a snack, but only during the week. At the end of Strutton Ground, you will see the Broadway ahead of you and the Post Office where we started. Stop
2695	dbpedia	2	22	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/charles-darwin/	en	Charles Darwin \| Naturalist \| Blue Plaques			[ "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/visit/blue-plaques/hub-items/stories-hub-item.jpg?w=550&h=350&mode=crop&scale=both&cache=always&quality=60&anchor=&WebsiteVersion=20200219", "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/visit/blue-plaques/blue-plaques-stories/find-a-plaque-hub-item-imag...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Blue plaque commemorating naturalist Charles Darwin at Biological Sciences Building, University College, Gower Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 6BT.			English Heritage	https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/charles-darwin/	THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE Darwin belonged to a family of well-connected free thinkers. Uncertain of his future calling, he studied medicine briefly before entering the Church. But all the while he was pursuing his real passions: biology and natural history. In 1831 Darwin was recommended for a position as naturalist to HMS Beagle, captained by Admiral Robert FitzRoy. Leaving later the same year, the five-year scientific survey of South American waters also took in the Galápagos Islands, Tahiti, New Zealand and Australia, returning via Cape Town and St Helena and Ascension. The voyage proved to be the turning point in Darwin’s career. As he told his sister soon after returning to England in October 1836, he now had an ‘interest for the rest of his life’ and clearly saw his future as a scientist. LIFE AT GOWER STREET On his return to England, Darwin spent six months in Cambridge as a gentleman geologist before moving to London. He moved to 12 Upper Gower Street (later 110 Gower Street) at the very end of 1838, just before marrying his cousin Emma Wedgwood early the following year. ‘Gower St is ours,’ he wrote to Emma, ‘yellow curtains & all.’ As he looked around at the geological specimens piled high in the hall and stuffed into his own room and a servant’s upstairs, Darwin wrote again: ‘There never was so good a house for me, & I devoutly trust you will approve of it equally.— the little garden is worth its weight in gold.’ The couple nicknamed the townhouse ‘Macaw Cottage’, owing to its riotous interior colour scheme. To his surprise, Darwin took to London life: ‘there is a grandeur about its smoky fogs, and the dull, distant sounds of cabs and coaches; in fact you may perceive I am becoming a thorough-paced Cockney’, he told a friend in 1839. However, partly due to his ‘unwellness’, a serious but still undiagnosed illness that left him fatigued and nauseous, the couple withdrew from society life. But Darwin continued to attend the meetings of several scientific societies, and acted as secretary to the Geological Society. It was during his time at Gower Street that he wrote The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842), inspired by his five-year travels, and arranged for the naturalists’ descriptions to be published as The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (1838–43). It was also when he started to sketch out his evolutionary theories. THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES In September 1842 the family moved to Down House on the fringes of London in Kent. It was here he developed his life’s work: the origin of species. In 1858 he published his initial findings jointly with Alfred Russel Wallace, who had developed his own theory of natural selection. But Darwin – who was now extremely unwell and fearful that his reputation would be eclipsed by Wallace’s – turned his abstract of ‘natural selection’ into a book: On the Origin of Species (1859). The book was applauded by younger scientists, but heavily criticised by the Church and some parts of the press, who feared the implications of its anti-Creationist findings upon religion and society. Darwin himself avoided controversy and it was left to Wallace and others, including Thomas Huxley, to defend the theory in public. The debates foreshadowed the sea change in Victorian thinking to which Darwin’s revolutionary ideas contributed. Darwin published The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, considered a sequel to the Origin, in 1871. Charles Darwin died at Down House in 1882 and was laid to rest in Westminster Abbey. Find out more about how to visit Down House, including information on opening times, access and site facilities.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	2	7	https://www.alamy.com/copenhagen-denmark-10-january-1999poul-nyrup-rasmussen-former-leader-of-social-democrat-party-and-former-danish-prime-minister-hold-press-cofmferece-at-mirror-hall-at-pm-office-at-christianborg-castle-in-copenhagen-photofrancis-joseph-deandean-pictures-image590884509.html	en	Copenhagen, Denmark /10 January 1999/Poul Nyrup Rasmussen former leader of social democrat party and former danish prime minister hold press cofmferece at Mirror hall at pM office at christianborg cas	https://c7.alamy.com/com…ures-2W99365.jpg	https://c7.alamy.com/com…ures-2W99365.jpg	[ "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/mastercard.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/visa.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/amex.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/paypal....	[]	[]	[ "10", "1999", "anfuhrer", "bilder", "buro", "clountry", "conference", "copenhagen", "danemark", "danische" ]	null	[ "Alamy Limited" ]	null	Download this stock image: Copenhagen, Denmark /10 January 1999/Poul Nyrup Rasmussen former leader of social democrat party and former danish prime minister hold press cofmferece at Mirror hall at pM office at christianborg castle in Copenhagen. Photo.Francis Joseph Dean/Dean Pictures - 2W99365 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors.	en	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png		https://www.alamy.com/copenhagen-denmark-10-january-1999poul-nyrup-rasmussen-former-leader-of-social-democrat-party-and-former-danish-prime-minister-hold-press-cofmferece-at-mirror-hall-at-pm-office-at-christianborg-castle-in-copenhagen-photofrancis-joseph-deandean-pictures-image590884509.html	You can only use this image in editorial media and for personal use. Editorial media includes use as a visual reference to support your article, story, critique or educational text. Personal use allows you to make a single personal print, card or gift for non-commercial use. Not for resale. It shouldn't be used for commercial use which includes advertising, marketing, promotion, packaging, advertorials, and consumer or merchandising products.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	58	https://www.electrospaces.net/2020/10/	en	Electrospaces.net	https://www.electrospaces.net/favicon.ico	https://www.electrospaces.net/favicon.ico	[ "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiRDQi8gYCDGhqFzZGNKXPad8bZJZMazxC6YJuDCIioQ946y5EM-smgY9XU-xXtH1BGFV_2B-xtpWgkuhLUZhTB_Wpo5wCPb9IYlKGEviOWs6rCEFd6f_rhlrPzw20_y0mPKBQrzXyyRisfh-Ls427ZJL0Jxqo6o426S_5RHKFofihLIjh7PMIa_CD93Ik=s1068", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2uZX...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A weblog about Signals Intelligence, Communications Security and top level telecommunications equipment	en	https://www.electrospaces.net/favicon.ico		https://www.electrospaces.net/2020/10/	Danish military intelligence uses XKEYSCORE to tap cables in cooperation with the NSA Last August, it came out that a whistleblower accused the Danish military and signals intelligence service (Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste or FE) of unlawful activities and deliberately misleading the intelligence oversight board. Meanwhile, the Danish press was able to paint a surprisingly comprehensive and detailed picture of how the FE cooperated with the NSA in cable tapping on Danish soil. It was further revealed that the Americans provided Denmark with a sophisticated new spy system which includes the NSA's data processing system XKEYSCORE. A Danish paper also disclosed that the accusation of unlawful collection came from a young FE employee who reminds of Edward Snowden. A newly established investigation commission now has to clarify whether he was driven by fears or by facts. The Sandagergård complex of the FE on the island of Amager, where a new data center was built for its deployment of the XKEYSCORE system Cable tapping In an extensive piece from September 13, the renowned Danish newspaper Berlingske (founded in 1749) describes how the FE, in cooperation with the NSA, started to tap an international telecommunications cable in order to gather foreign intelligence. In the mid-1990s, the NSA had found out that somewhere under Copenhagen there was a backbone cable containing phone calls, e-mails and text messages from and to countries like China and Russia, which was of great interest for the Americans. Tapping that cable, however, was almost impossible without the help of the Danes, so the NSA asked the FE for access to the cable, but this request was denied, according to Berlingske. Agreement with the United States The US government did not give up, and in a letter sent directly to the Danish prime minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, US president Clinton asked his Danish colleague to reconsider the decision. And Nyrup, who was a sworn supporter of a close relationship with the US, said yes. The cooperation was laid down in a document, which, according to Berlingske, all Danish defense ministers had to sign "so that any new minister could see that his predecessor - and his predecessors before his predecessors - with their signatures had been part of this small, exclusive circle of people who knew one of the kingdom's biggest secrets." The code name for this cooperation is not known, but it's most likely part of the NSA's umbrella program RAMPART-A. Under this program, which started in 1992, foreign partners provide access to high-capacity international fiber-optic cables, while the US provides the equipment for transport, processing and analysis: Slide from an NSA presentation about RAMPART-A from October 2010 Agreement with a cable operator To make sure that tapping the cable was as legal as possible, the government asked approval of the private Danish company that operated the cable. The company agreed, but only when it was approved at the highest level, and so the agreement was signed by prime minister Rasmussen, minister of defense Hækkerup and head of department Troldborg. Because the cable contained international telecommunications it was considered to fall within the FE's foreign intelligence mandate. The agreement was prepared in only one copy, which was shown to the company and then locked in a safe at the FE's headquarters at the Kastellet fortress in Copenhagen, according to Berlingske. This Danish agreement is very similar to the Transit Agreement between the German foreign intelligence service BND and Deutsche Telekom, in which the latter agreed to provide access to international transit cables at its switching center in Frankfurt am Main. The BND then tapped these cables with help from the NSA under operation Eikonal (2004-2008). Processing at Sandagergård Berlingske reported that the communications data that were extracted from the backbone cable in Copenhagen were sent from the Danish company's technical hub to the Sandagergård complex of the FE on the island of Amager. The US had paid for a cable between the two locations. At Sandagergård, the "NSA made sure to install the technology that made it possible to enter keywords and translate the huge amount of information, so-called raw data from the cable tapping, into "readable" information." The filter system was not only fed by keywords from the FE, but the NSA also provided "the FE with a series of keywords that are relevant to the United States. The FE then reviews them - and checks that there are basically no Danes among them - and then enters the keywords" according to sources cited by Berlingske. Besides this filtering with keywords and selectors, the FE and the NSA will also have used the metadata for contact-chaining, which means reconstructing which phone numbers and e-mail addresses had been in contact with each other, in order to create social network graphs - something the sources apparently didn't want to disclose to Berlingske. Map of the current backbone cables around the Danish capital Copenhagen and the Sandagergård complex of the FE on the island of Amager (source: Infrapedia - click to enlarge) Trusted partners Part of the agreement between the US and Denmark was that "the USA does not use the system against Danish citizens and companies. And the other way around". Similar words can be found in an NSA presentation from 2011: "No US collection by Partner and No Host Country collection by US" - although this is followed by "there ARE exceptions!" The latter remark may have inspired Edward Snowden to accuse the NSA of abusing these cooperations with foreign partner agencies to spy on European citizens, but as a source told Berlingske: "I can not at all imagine in my imagination that the NSA would betray that trust. I consider it completely and utterly unlikely. If the NSA had a desire to obtain information about Danish citizens or companies, the United States would simply turn to [the domestic security service] PET, which would then provide the necessary legal basis." The source also said that "the NSA wanted to jump and run for Denmark. The agency did everything Denmark asked for, without discussion. The NSA continuously helped Denmark - because of this cable access. [...] Denmark was a very, very close and valued partner." This close and successful cooperation was apparently one of the reasons for the visit of president Bill Clinton to Denmark in July 1997, according to Berlingske. Danish prime minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen and US president Bill Clinton during his visit to Denmark in July 1997 (photo: Linda Kastrup) A new spy system In the wake of the FE scandal even more recent developments have been revealed: a report by the Danish broadcaster DR from September 24, 2020 provides interesting details about how the Americans provided Denmark with a sophisticated new "spy system". After the FE got a new head of procurement in 2008, NSA employees frequently traveled to Denmark for quite some time to build the necessary hardware and install the required software for the new system, which DR News describes as extremely advanced. It also has a special internal code name, which the broadcaster decided not to publish. It's also this new system through which the alleged illegal collection of Danish data took place. According to DR News, the NSA technicians were also involved in the construction of a new data center at the FE's Sandagergård complex on Amager that was specifically built to house the new spy system, which was taken into use somewhere between 2012 and 2014. The cooperation between the FE and the NSA on this specific system was based upon a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by then FE chief Thomas Ahrenkiel. Filter systems The DR News report also goes into more detail about the interception process. It says that first, the intelligence service identifies a data stream that may be interesting, after which they "mirror" the light that passes through the particular fiber-optic cables. In this way, they copy both metadata and content, like text messages, chat conversations, phone calls and e-mails, and send them to the FE's data center at Sandagergård. According to DR News, the FE tried to develop a number of filters to ensure that data from Danish citizens and companies is sorted out and not made searchable by the new spy system. The former Danish minister of defense Claus Hjort Frederiksen recently said that there was indeed an attempt to develop such filters, but at the same time he admitted that there can be no guarantee that no Danish information will pass through. XKEYSCORE DR News also reported that the heart of the new spy system is formed by XKEYSCORE, which was developed by the NSA and the existence of which was first revealed by The Guardian in June 2013. The NSA's British counterpart GCHQ incorporated XKEYSCORE in its own system for processing bulk internet data codenamed TEMPORA and it can be assumed that the other Second Party partners (also known as the Five Eyes) also use this system, whether or not under a different codename. From the Snowden documents we know that the NSA also provided XKEYSCORE to some of its Third Party partners: the German foreign intelligence service BND and domestic security service BfV, the Swedish signals intelligence service FRA and the Japanese Directorate for SIGINT. It is new though that the Danish military intelligence service FE uses the system too. Some press reports seem to suggest that these partner agencies "gain access to XKEYSCORE" as if it would allow them to connect to a huge global mass surveillance system. The latter may be the case for the NSA's Second Party partners, but the Third Party partners are using XKEYSCORE only to process and analyze data from their own tapping points and are not able to access data from Five Eyes collection platforms. Likewise, NSA analysts using XKEYSCORE don't have direct access to, in this case, Danish collection systems, only to data that the Danes agreed to share with the US as "3rd party collection". Slide from an NSA presentation about XKEYSCORE from August 2008 How XKEYSCORE works Glenn Greenwald presented XKEYSCORE as the NSA's "widest-reaching" tool to collect "nearly everything a user does on the internet". This is misleading, because it's more about quality than about quantity: the system actually helps analysts to "downsize their gigantic shrimping nets [of traditional collection methods] to tiny goldfish-sized nets and merely dip them into the oceans of data, working smarter and scooping out exactly what they want". The NSA has XKEYSCORE installed at some 150 data collection sites all over the world. There, it creates a rolling buffer of 3 to 5 days of content and around 30 days of metadata, which can be remotely searched by analysts. They can use traditional selectors like phone numbers and e-mail addresses to pick out data of interest, but that's the old way and how other agencies perform bulk collection. Filtering phone numbers and e-mail addresses became less useful because targets know that this happens and shifted to anonymous ways to communicate over the internet. The novelty of XKEYSCORE is that it enables analysts to find exactly those anonymous communications. For that purpose it reassembles IP packets into their original format ("sessionizing"), like Word documents, spreadsheets, chat messages, etc. Diagram showing the dataflow for the DeepDive version of XKEYSCORE Once restored, these files can be searched for characteristics that are related to certain targets or target groups, like use of encryption, the use of the TOR network, the use of a different language than where someone is located, and many combinations thereof. In this way, analysts can discover new targets and then start monitoring them more closely. XKEYSCORE was also mentioned in a classified file from the German BND, which contains a diagram that shows the difference between XKEYSCORE and traditional collection systems: in the traditional set-up, IP packets from a data stream were reassembled and then went through a filter to select only those of interest, which were forwarded for further analysis. XKEYSCORE could do all that at once: Unlawful collection? Now that the various disclosures by the Danish press provided quite some insight into the FE's cable tapping activities, how about the abuses it's accused of? According to DR News, it was the newly installed spy system through which the alleged illegal collection of Danish data took place. In the first place we can assume that the filters were not able to block all the communications related to Danish citizens, residents or companies, but this is of a technical nature and not intentional. Another option is that the FE itself, or the NSA fed the system with selectors (like phone numbers and e-mail addresses) that would result in the collection of Danish data. The NSA would not have been allowed to do that under the agreement with the Danes, while for the FE this would be against the law. According to a source cited in the aforementioned Berlingske newspaper article, there was one case in which "the NSA sent a request to search for a company in a country in Asia, but when the FE checked the selector, it discovered that the company was Danish-owned, whereupon the request was rejected". This shows that, just like it was the case in Germany, the NSA's interest was quite "broad", but that the FE did its best to protect Danish subjects and blocked such requests where possible. A third option is that the illegal collection took place through the additional data search capabilities of the XKEYSCORE system, which is imaginable because here the search criteria are applied to characteristics of the content of the communications, instead of the people who are involved. According to Berlingske, the whistleblower who informed the intelligence oversight board "feared that the management of the Defense Intelligence Service was doing US business by leaving its special system with technical vulnerabilities that allowed the National Security Agency to abuse it." The whistleblower Berlingske was also able to identify the whistleblower as a younger employee of the FE, working as an IT specialist - a striking similarity to Edward Snowden. The paper says that in 2013 he became increasingly concerned, but it's not clear whether this may have been caused by the Snowden revelations, which started in June of that year and included reports about XKEYSCORE, the system that had just been installed at the FE. As the IT specialist insisted on his criticism, then head of the FE Thomas Ahrenkiel decided - without informing the Americans - to set up a technical working group to go through the system looking for vulnerabilities or signs of abuse by NSA. As reported by Berlingske, the IT specialist himself, with the aim of reassuring him, also participated in the working group, which in 2014 concluded that there were no signs of illegal intrusion. For the FE the case was closed, but, as reported by Berlingske, the IT specialist was not satisfied and "he made a drastic decision and smuggled a recorder into his workplace, arranged meetings with colleagues and bosses for several months and recorded them in secret" - again a kind of persistance very similar to how Snowden operated. But unlike Snowden, the Danish whistleblower did not contact the press, but eventually informed the intelligence oversight board. Danish defense minister Trine Bramsen (left) and her predecessor Claus Hjort Frederiksen (photo: Linda Kastrup/Scanpix) Investigations Berlingske reported that the recordings provided "hours of covert footage with employees of the service, some of which [...] have expressed themselves in a way that confirms the suspicion that the FE may have acted illegally and not intervened adequately to prevent data on Danes from being disclosed." In November 2019 they were handed over to the intelligence oversight board, which in December informed defense minister Trine Bramsen. Unlike her predecessor, Bramsen apparently took these kind of accusations very seriously and urged the oversight board to conduct an investigation, which on August 24, 2020 resulted in the sudden suspension of the head of the FE and a few other officials (meanwhile they have returned again, but in other positions). On October 5, the Danish government decided to submit a bill to establish a special commission that has to carry out an independent and impartial investigation into the accusations against the FE, which has to present a report within a year. Conclusion In 2013, a young IT specialist at the FE became worried that this intelligence service could have illegally spied on Danish citizens. This was not only in accordance with Snowden's (unsubstantiated) narrative, but also a fear that had lived in Denmark since its domestic security service PET had been accused of monitoring ordinary Danes in 1998. Meanwhile it has turned out that Snowden was driven more by fears than by facts - could that also have been the case with the FE whistleblower? Based on what has been published so far, he apparently tried to find evidence even after an internal investigation concluded that the NSA wasn't abusing the FE's collection system. In recent years, the NSA and the German BND have also been accused of massive illegal domestic spying. Thorough investigations have shown that was not the case, although their employees were sometimes careless and it was technically not always possible to do what was legally required. Was this also the situation at the Danish military intelligence service? The recently established investigation commission will show. Links & sources - Comments at Hacker News - Berlingske: Særlig undersøgelseskommission skal kulegrave FE-sagen (Oct. 5, 2020) - Politiken: Debat om kabelaflytning gav tårer i Sverige og folkeafstemning i Holland (Oct. 1, 2020) - DR News: Ny afsløring: FE masseindsamler oplysninger om danskere gennem avanceret spionsystem (Sept. 24, 2020) - Berlingske: Et pengeskab på Kastellet har i årtier gemt på et dybt fortroligt dokument. Nu er hemmeligheden brudt (Sept. 13, 2020) - The Local: Danish intelligence scandal related data sharing with US agency, according to media (August 28, 2020) - The Register: The Viking Snowden: Denmark spy chief 'relieved of duty' after whistleblower reveals illegal snooping on citizens (August 25, 2020) - BBC: Danish military intelligence head Lars Findsen suspended (August 24, 2020)
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	41	https://www.e-flux.com/journal/22/67762/on-the-turn-towards-liberal-state-racism-in-denmark/	en	On the Turn Towards Liberal State Racism in Denmark	https://images.e-flux-sy…25e4d.jpg?w=1200	https://images.e-flux-sy…25e4d.jpg?w=1200	[ "https://images.e-flux-systems.com/2b6a057c5e02cc460f4c649fac625e4d.jpg?w=1200", "https://www.e-flux.com/elements/EFL03_X.svg", "https://www.e-flux.com/elements/EFL03_hamburger.svg", "https://www.e-flux.com/elements/EFL03_search.svg", "https://www.e-flux.com/elements/EFL03_X.svg", "https://www.e-flux.com/...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	…	en			null	The only positive thing about the situation in Denmark—where we have not only a riled up racist public sphere in which “foreigners” are smeared and mocked on a daily basis, but also actual race-based laws against immigrants and asylum seekers—is the certainty with which we can recognize the national democratic system as an obstacle to any kind of progressive offensive aimed at radically restructuring the wretched state of affairs at present. A first step in doing so would be to abandon any kind of confidence in the national democracy’s political forms, such as the party or the union, that still refer to the nation-state. At this point in history, the project in Denmark, and perhaps the West in general, is primarily a negative one: we must dissolve the various old, white, middle-class institutions, and stop forcing the lower classes of the world into them. We have to start over. The Fight for the Racist Vote But how did the situation get so bad in Denmark? Of course, it can be difficult to pinpoint the turn that enabled social democratic, conservative, and liberal politicians alike to cast suspicion on immigrants in a very brutalizing language, followed by the establishment of race-based laws. When in 1997 Poul Nyrup Rasmussen’s social democratic government named Thorkild Simonsen minister of interior affairs, explicitly assigning him with the task of making it more difficult to gain asylum in Denmark, the process was already well under way. When the Nyrup Rasmussen government was reelected the following year, the newly-created, explicitly racist right-wing Danish People’s Party, headed by Pia Kjærsgaard, gained thirteen seats in parliament. The party’s campaign was solely based on hatred of foreigners, especially Muslims, and it would repeatedly allege that Islam and Muslims sought to destroy Danish society and Denmark as a nation through immigration. “The latest figures show that there are approximately 415,000 foreigners in Denmark and that in just fifteen years there will be more than a million. We are confronted with a genuine mass-migration from the Third World,” a press release stated. These figures are completely wrong—in 1998 there were 195,000 immigrants from “less developed” parts of the world, according to Statistics Denmark, making Denmark one of the least “mixed” countries in Europe. In the winter of 1998–99, the two Danish tabloids BT and Ekstra Bladet joined the “battle” and began publishing stories on a daily basis about the ways in which immigrants were “cheating” the Danish welfare system. The racist rhetoric was setting the agenda in Denmark, and the social democratic government tried yet again to conform to the new discourse by making Karen Jespersen minister of interior affairs, with the explicit aim of tightening the immigration rules. From then on, almost all parties joined the scramble for the racist votes, all arguing against immigration and referring to a loose idea that the Danish community and a very specific Danish sensibility was threatened and needed protection. But of course, keeping up with the Danish People’s Party was difficult, as it produced increasingly demonic representations of a small, innocent Danish heaven with green pastures and smiling people being slowly demolished by the arrival of hateful and barbarian Muslim foreigners unwilling to assimilate into the Danish community and accept its values and customs. As Danish People’s Party member Mogens Camre explained in 1999, “Muslims come here with a beggar’s staff in their hands and as soon as they are allowed inside Denmark the staff is transformed into a stick whipping us into line.” The scene had been set. When the director of the Confederation of Danish Industry, Hans Skov Christensen, wrote a feature article in the daily Politiken in 2000 arguing that Denmark in fact needed more immigrants in order to be able to compete on the global market, he was immediately met by a storm of protests and forced to affirm his Danishness by declaring that he too hoisted the Danish flag on national holidays. Even as early as 2000, it seemed that it was already too late for Denmark. And in many respects the racist backlash was only reaffirmed in the 2001 election, when a coalition between the conservative and the liberal parties, headed by Anders Fogh Rasmussen, gained power with the support of the Danish People’s Party. Whereas the arrival of populist and racist parties in countries like France in the 1990s had polarized the political debate, such a polarization did not take place in Denmark. Instead, all parties decided to incorporate the racist agenda, and most of the press and the media followed by reproducing aggressive racist remarks, arguing that it was a good thing to be able to debate these issues. Of course, there was no actual debate, only stigmatization and smear campaigns. Racial Laws and State of Emergency Then came 9/11, and all ideas about a more just redistribution of wealth between rich and poor were replaced with the so-called war on terror, enabling not only invasion wars carried out under the banner of a “clash of civilizations,” but also instituting the present state of emergency, which included a profusion of unspecified laws aimed at impeding the movements of immigration and extending networks of control and surveillance throughout Western cities. Islam has now become largely synonymous with terrorism. The election in Denmark took place little more than a month after the precision bombing of New York and Washington by enemies of the American empire, and the only topic in the election concerned not just bringing immigration to a halt, but the question of how to purge criminal immigrants—including so-called second generation immigrants born and raised in Denmark. All major parties from the Social Democrats to the Liberal Party accepted the premise that immigration was a problem or a threat. The latter launched a fierce campaign for Denmark to simply throw out immigrants or children of immigrants if they committed a crime or in any other way did not conform to the Danish way of life. One of the party’s posters showed a photo documenting a group of young immigrants of Middle Eastern origin giving the finger to the photographer while leaving a court. “Time for a change,” the caption read. The Danish People’s Party obviously outdid the other parties in its 2001 election campaign. For instance, it published a 210-page book titled The Future of Denmark: Your Country, Your Choice; the photo on its cover depicted what appeared to be agitated Middle Eastern men carrying guns and shouting. The threat towards Danish welfare had to be visualized again and again. One of the campaign posters for the election showed an image of a smiling blond girl with the caption, “When she retires, there will be a Muslim majority in Denmark.” Another poster by the youth wing of the party showed the head of a veiled woman with the text, “Your Denmark? A multiethnic society with: Gang rapes, violence, insecurity, forced marriages, repression of women, gang crimes. Do you want that?” Nevertheless, the party was welcomed into the sphere of power and participated in formulating the new government program, making sure that immigration to Denmark would become nearly impossible thereafter. The election in 2001 was historical because it became possible to form an exclusively right-wing government supported by the populist and extreme right-wing Danish People’s Party, neutralizing the role of the small center parties that usually take part in forming a new government in Denmark (these parties had unsuccessfully tried to avoid the most strident racist rhetoric while still accepting the general trend towards anti-immigration and xenophobia). The first in a long and seemingly never-ending series of laws hindering immigration saw the light of day in 2001, and made it extremely difficult for someone living in Denmark to bring their “non-Danish” partner to Denmark. Soon after, the government and the Danish People’s Party introduced the so-called Start Help unemployment assistance program, making out of work immigrants receive a significantly lower transfer income than that of “real Danes.” The UN Refugee Agency and the EU protested, but the criticism was rejected and since the Danish press had recently normalized the new discourse, such “external” critique was presented as irrelevant or as a genuflection for suspicious multicultural ideas that did not yet comprehend the threats of totalitarian Islam. When political phenomena like the rise of right-wing populism in Europe is addressed in Danish media, the Danish People’s Party is rarely mentioned. Jörg Haider, Jean-Marie Le Pen, and Geert Wilders are given as examples, but Pia Kjærsgaard is not. Racism has simply become the norm for Danes. Racism? No, just a healthy and outspoken relationship with the problems connected with immigrants and foreigners. In less than ten years, Danes slowly grew accustomed to seeing foreigners as threatening and subhuman, as those who could be not only repressed, but also persecuted. Globally, it is, for the most part, the bombed and butchered Palestinian refugees that have had to bear the brunt of this development, while the Western middle classes are trained in racism. The launch of the defense of Denmark against Muslim immigration was just one component of the new liberal right-wing government’s politics. Another consisted in siding with George W. Bush and his war on terror. The Danish government was always there next to Bush, from the invasion of Afghanistan to the occupation of Iraq—and Danish troops are still present in Afghanistan. The Danish participation was a dramatic change from the significantly less active role the Danish military played on the global scene during and after the Cold War. That the invasion of Iraq was based on lies—there were no weapons of mass destruction or terrorist cells in Iraq—never became a matter of discussion in Denmark. The government and the Danish People’s Party have so far managed to silence all criticism by presenting criticism of the war on terror as synonymous with support of the terrorists. Authenticity Totalitarianism The collaboration between the liberal right-wing government and the People’s Party effectively confirmed the transformation of politics in Denmark into what we might term national democratic authenticity totalitarianism, a peculiar mixture of democracy, racism, and fascism, primarily expressed as a cultivation of Danish authenticity and hatred of foreigners. All that is seen as foreign to Danish values is presented as a threat, from al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and Saddam Hussein and his Baath Party, to local immigrants wearing veils and the non-parliamentary left wing. They are all security risks that must be handled—by preemptive measures, if necessary. Newspaper ad by the right-wing party Venstre with the caption: “A immigration policy that is both fair and firm,” 2001. In 2003, the government launched a genuine campaign against Muslims, urban youth culture, the so-called cultural elite, and anything seemingly left-wing. The Fogh Rasmussen government labeled the campaign a “battle of culture” and argued that it was necessary to protect Denmark against multiculturalism, Islam, and the left. A canon of “Danish” values was subsequently drafted and made obligatory reading in schools. And canons of Danish art, literature, music, architecture, and film were also produced and circulated with great fanfare. The minister of culture, Brian Mikkelsen, talked about the existence of “a medieval Muslim culture” in Denmark that had to be eliminated, and Fogh Rasmussen stressed the need to protect Western values militarily as well as culturally. Groups that somehow did not fit the dominant vision of Danish identity were in for a hard time. The Muhammad drawings from 2005, in which the right-wing daily Jyllands Posten mocked local Muslims, and the eviction at the Youth House in Copenhagen in 2007, where a viable youth culture was deprived of a semi-autonomous space, were the most visible signs of this campaign against alternative ways of life in Denmark. As the raiding of the Youth House shows, the xenophobic campaign against Muslim immigrants was accompanied by an attack on the left. According to the government, the country was in need of a cleansing of the old leftist and 1968 ideas that threatened to destroy the Danish community in favor of a multicultural society. To an unprecedented extent, the government pressured public institutions like state television and the university system to distance themselves from what were perceived to be dangerous ‘68ist currents. The demonization of left-wing ideology continued in the ongoing dismantling of the welfare state, with healthcare, education, and research budgets being seriously cut—a move that has been further intensified with the financial crisis, which the market-liberal right-wing government has, with its supporting party, seized upon as a favorable window of opportunity. Excessive use of violence and the criminalization of formerly accepted expressions and actions were also the order of the day. During the fights that broke out after the brutal raiding of the Youth House on May 1, 2007, the police took a strong line against the protesters and imposed visitation zones in several districts of Copenhagen, searching thousands of people unlikely to have done anything of a criminal nature. On several occasions during the last few years, immigrants have been charged with planning terror attacks and officially expelled from Denmark without legal trial, due to security reasons known only to the secret service and the minister of justice. Lawyers and human rights groups have protested, but the critique of these incidents has been easily rejected as naïve, referencing the threats circulated by the government’s politics of fear. Foreigners and Modern Art These local developments were, of course, linked to the global process that for a period was named “the war on terror” but in effect constituted an extensive neoliberal counterrevolution expanding a closely-defined capitalist power base by combining liberal market economy with emergency laws—the same meeting of liberalism and right-wing populism that became the norm in the Western world since 2000. Although there were differences between the emergency neo-liberalism of George W. Bush, Tony Blair, Silvio Berlusconi, and Fogh Rasmussen, the overall pattern was pretty clear: tax releases for the wealthy went hand in hand with a kind of stylistic demagoguery and a provocative emphasis on the dangers against the national community lurking everywhere, but from foreigners and Muslims especially. Looking back on this period from 2000 to 2008 one might describe this mixture—that also included a very conscious use of religion—as liberal Bonapartism following Marx’s description of the post-republican Louis Bonaparte and his regime. One might argue for making a connection between the present Danish liberal state racism and different populist movements of the 1960s and early 1970s in Denmark that expressed hate and resentment towards foreigners and modern art. The so-called Rindalism (named after Peter Rindal, a warehouse manager from Herning) attacked experimental art and the newly-created Danish Arts Council for its support of the period’s abstract and conceptual art. Rindal saw the Danish Arts Council’s activities as scandalous for using state resources to support incomprehensible and strange art. The opposition against modern art was articulated in explicit nationalist terms where modern art was considered to be foreign and a threat to the healthy values of ordinary Danes. Rindal’s resentment and anger gained further ground in the election in 1973, when two new anti-state and xenophobic protest parties gained seats in parliament through campaigns complaining that the state was becoming increasingly large, colonizing people’s lives, and even spending money on meaningless art. The mistrust of art, or at least experimental art, is still an ingredient in the politics of the Danish People’s Party. The leader of the party, Pia Kjærsgaard, is no great fan of modern and contemporary art. In one interview she clarified her position, stating that “two naked men running around on a stage saying pling [sic] is not art.” Art should educate people about Danish democratic values rather than create problems, Kjærsgaard explained. The party has therefore used its influence to secure money for the preservation of various Christian monuments in Denmark, as well of the home of the nationalist writer Kaj Munk. In accordance with this agenda, the liberal right-wing government has pressed, as we have seen, for a nationalist implementation of art, restructuring support for the arts according to a new public management discourse by which art is measured in economic terms and used to promote tourism in Denmark. These developments were, of course, similar to what took place in many other Western European countries during that period. Resistance There has been very little resistance to these developments in Denmark since the late 1990s. Few dissidents have made their voices heard, and often they have had difficulties voicing their views in the subservient Danish media, and have had to establish alternative networks and journals, which are often hard to keep running. During the last three years, where the government and the Danish People’s Party have continued to find new ways of tightening the already extremely severe immigration law, a number of grassroots activities have nevertheless appeared. In 2007, a group called Grandparents for Asylum started demonstrating in front of the Sandholm refugee camp outside Copenhagen, and continue to do so today. In 2008, a large demonstration mostly composed of youths from the Youth House movement tried to close down the Sandholm camp and engaged in fights with the police as they tried to tear down the fence surrounding the camp, where asylum seekers have been kept for years. The huge amounts of teargas used by police to contain the protesters has been harshly criticized, even by political parties and media experts who have previously commended their containment of protesters. In 2009, a group of sixty rejected asylum seekers from Iraq—a country Denmark had invaded along with the US and the coalition of the willing, displacing more than four million Iraqis—sought refuge in a church in Copenhagen, fearing for their safety upon returning to Iraq in the midst of a civil war. A group calling themselves Church Asylum supported the immigrants and tried to prevent the church from being raided, which took place on the night of August 13, 2009, with a massive police force. The most potent protest movement has surely been the movement that manifested itself after the raiding of the Youth House on March 1, 2007, when thousands entered the streets protesting and fighting the police. For more than a year a demonstration took place every Thursday until the municipality of Copenhagen decided to give the movement a new home. The welfare cuts that have been a permanent item on the liberal right-wing government’s agenda have also occasionally been met with demonstrations. In 2006, more than a hundred thousand people protested in Copenhagen against the “new necessary measures” for securing the Danish economy. But until now it has been very difficult to make connections between protests against racial laws and demonstrations against welfare cuts. Anti-racist and anti-war resistance have rarely fused with a critique of the government’s neoliberal policy. And of course that is also a part of a more general picture in the Western world, where there is no coherent resistance. There seems to be a wide abyss between the street and the shop floor, and the sporadic militancy of the street is rarely able to spread to other places. Apparently, it is not possible to formulate a coherent critique whose individual objects are joined together in a radical critique of the capitalist system assuming the form of money and state. Beyond the National Democracies Looking back on these developments in Denmark, it is clear that the Danish People’s Party played a leading role in the racist turn that took place, but it would be foolish to analyze the shift by looking exclusively at that particular party. It is also necessary to look critically at the national democracy as a structure that carries within it the possibility of exclusion and racialist tightening when large parts of the population experience fear and lack of direction, as was increasingly the case with the process of globalization. The meaninglessness of capitalism, in which we reproduce the world each day but feel devoid of agency and control over our life, calls for the nation-state to momentarily stop constant deterritorialization and glue society back together again. And that operation increasingly take place through exclusion. One of the best descriptions of the process in which national democracies turn racist can be found in Hannah Arendt’s analysis of the large-scale migration movements after World War I as having exposed the mechanisms of exclusion inherent in the nation-state, opening the possibility for the Nazi regime to transform Jewish Germans into stateless subjects deprived of any rights and ready for elimination. We might not be there yet, but as the late Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe warned when confronted with the rise of Le Pen, we are in a state of urgency, because racism can cause matters to escalate quickly from repression via persecution to elimination. What is to be done? The tools to develop enemy-focused internal self-management are far superior today to even what Debord foresaw, and this tends to render former revolutionary slogans obsolete. It is difficult to see a subversive international subject anywhere preparing to push, rebel, and abolish wage labor, the money economy, and the state, but at least things are starting to stir a bit in places like Athens and Dhaka. Only time will tell whether the anger and meaninglessness will be picked up by counter-revolutionary dynamics or develop into a real alternative. Let us hope it will, and let us do all we can in the meantime to dissolve the national democracy that is not, as Lenin argued in 1920, an empty shell (to be used by communists agitating for revolution), but something that involves the population and leaves its stamp on it. In the present situation, perhaps that would amount to half a revolution.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	16	https://michaelbooth.substack.com/p/that-time-i-danced-with-the-danish	en	That time I danced with the Danish prime minister.	https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fmichaelbooth.substack.com%2Ftwitter%2Fsubscribe-card.jpg%3Fv%3D1676760300%26version%3D9	https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fmichaelbooth.substack.com%2Ftwitter%2Fsubscribe-card.jpg%3Fv%3D1676760300%26version%3D9	[ "https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_96,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd08612fc-17f7-4454-9c79-75b65da16214_727x640.jpeg", "https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_80,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Michael Booth" ]	2024-01-14T07:00:24+00:00	(I wrote this for Politiken in the run-up to the last election in Denmark). Grumpy Man in a Happy Land is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.	en	https://substackcdn.com/icons/substack/favicon.ico		https://michaelbooth.substack.com/p/that-time-i-danced-with-the-danish	(I wrote this for Politiken in the run-up to the last election in Denmark). Last month, in the council chamber of my local town hall, the mayor shook my hand and, like a municipal fairy godmother waving a magic wand (in his case, a glass of warm cava), bestowed upon me Danish citizenship. Back in my homeland England, the queen died, the pound collapsed and the national football team lost to Italy. A regrettable yet proportionate response to events, I feel. I now finally have the same legal status as our elderly labradoodle, Luna, who has held a Danish pet passport for many years. Thus I am entitled to a number of perks and privileges to which the indigenous population are born: I may break the speed limit without fear of being deported; I can talk in the quiet carriage on the train, I may submit a photograph of a sunset to the TV weather; and I can participate in the greatest democratic show on earth: a Danish general election. So, what can the Danes learn from British democracy? Given that Britain’s prime ministers are often elected by a couple of hundred racist dementia patients from Kent (the surviving members of the Conservative party) on behalf of a handful of hedge fund billionaires and non-resident media moguls, my answer is clearly: ‘Nothing whatsoever’. As with everything - apart from pop music and bagels - Danes do democracy better. My first glimpse of the refreshingly grounded way in which things function here was seeing the Danish prime minister being totally ignored by the public during an election walkabout on Amagertorv. This was Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, back in the late Nineties. I was visiting for the first time with my then fiancé (now wife), who is Danish. “But shouldn’t we, like, heckle him, or ask for his autograph or something?” I asked. My fiancé frowned and pulled me away, as one might a rubber-necker from a car accident. I’ve often thought back to Nyrup’s walkabout that day. The accessible, relatively low key nature of Danish politics it seemed to embody has stayed with me ever since. The crowd’s apathy towards Rasmussen was not to be confused with any apathy towards democracy of course, as Danish election turnouts of well over 80% attest (vs 67% in the last UK one). Danes take voting seriously as well as which, away from election time, the democratic system functions exceptionally well too. When a prime minister loses his or her head and arrests a spy chief, for instance, or orders the premature slaughter of millions of mink, various checks and balances swing into action and… eventually, we get a chance to vote again. Even better, your verdict is delivered within a month, so you can all go back to trying to book a padel court and watching dramas about hair curlers. Not only that but, Danish politicians tend to agree on most things too. Middle ground is sought, consensus and coalition demanded, and usually achieved - around 80% of the time according to recent research. Do you realise how extraordinary that is? How beneficial it is for your economy, not to mention your emotional well being? It’s the kind of efficient legislature we in Britain can only dream of; as smooth running and efficient as a Swiss watch. If British democracy were a time piece, on the other hand, it would be an old station clock which stopped in 1952. One reason for all this might be that the Danish education system is responsible for creating the best civil servants in the world. On global university ranking lists, Danish universities generally rank in the low 100s, which isn’t bad for a country of Denmark’s size and alcohol intake. But there is one subject in which, according to the 2022 Shanghai Ranking, Aarhus University is the world’s leader: its Political Science department is ranked No1. For the third year running. Yet, still, I hear many complaints from Danes about the current crop of politicians, mostly concerning the way they behave towards each other - the accusations and name calling, the blame shifting, the selectivity, and the lies. I get it. I hear them too, especially at this point in the political cycle when they are scrambling to differentiate themselves, with roughly 50% of voters looking to switch parties this year. Hence all the blithe promises to shower us with nurses and tax cuts, promises which the politicians know they will never have to fulfil. But here’s my problem. In Denmark I have 14 potential parties to choose from, spanning from the looney left to the rabid right. There are Ayn Rand liberals (economic flat-earthers, basically), convicted criminals (how avante garde!), marxists who dress like they have just come from doing some gardening, and somewhere, sitting alone in a remote village hall, virulent right wing Morten Messcherschmidt, weeping into his Grand Cru. There are even some eternally hopeful Christians, which is sweet, but can I find one political leader I would trust with my vote? I can not. I have examined them closely, and every one of them has a critical ‘ick’ factor. An ‘ick’ factor is defined by the Guardian as “a point at which your initial attraction to a person flips into a feeling of disgust”. In relationship terms it can be the way your boyfriend licks his finger before turning a page, say, or how, in profile, your girlfriend bears a weird resemblance to Ernest Borgnine. That kind of thing. In terms of Denmark’s politicians, the ick factors for me range from the things Søren Pape doesn’t say about discrimination against muslims (and he does seem extravagantly untrustworthy, even for a politician), to the way Jakob Elleman-Jensen always looks like he has just dented your paintwork with his car door in the car park but is totally denying it (that, and his party’s ostrich-like climate policies. And the ongoing fetish about headscarves - what do these people have against nuns?). I understand Lars Løkke Rasmussen’s Falstaffian appeal, but the man helped create the Trumpian monster, Støjberg, so he’s a no too. Meanwhile, I could imagine at least two of the other party leaders holding Mussolini’s coat while he bludgeon’s an opponent with his bare fists. Mai Villadsen seems to have the same relationship to NATO as I do to God (I don’t believe in him, but if I lost my car keys, or were Russia to invade, you can damn well bet I’d start praying), while Sofie Carsen Nielsen seems to have tied herself up in Kafka-esque knots. So I took one of those online tests to see if that could help me find a political home: based on the parties’ previous voting records, the test concluded there were six which scored precisely 52% on the Michael-ometer, ranging from Frie Grønne to Liberal Alliance. I was none the wiser. I can’t help but feel the choice might have been easier a decade or so ago. Over the years I’ve met many Danish politicians, including several prime ministers, in a professional context, in private, and in one case, on the dance-floor. Some, like Bertel Haarder and Magrethe Vestager, left a deep and positive impression of thoughtful, responsible, open-minded people. The kind you would vote for in a heartbeat. Others, like Helle Thorning Schmidt and the current environment minister whose name I can’t be bothered to look up, left me wondering how on earth they managed to convince anyone of their ability to run anything. And then there is Mette Frederiksen with whom I have indeed shared a dancefloor. There is much to admire in the current PM: her communication throughout the COVID crisis was exemplary, and she is always convincing in interviews. Teflon coated. She seems to believe herself destined to decide over Denmark; I can imagine she was reorganising the maternity ward within minutes of being born. Nothing wrong with that. Tony Blair possessed the same messianic confidence, and it worked brilliantly. Right up until it didn’t. Good dancer too. Frederiksen, not Blair. For this election she appears laser-focused on pleasuring Denmark’s g-spot: security and safety. I suspect it will prove highly effective election foreplay. So why wouldn’t I vote for her? I am actually not all that bothered by the mink stuff, or the selfies and social media nonsense (the kind of shit professional politicians have always had to do), but I do find the anti-immigrant rhetoric, the ostentatious absurdity of the Rwanda policy, and the self-harming demonisation of private enterprise a bit of a turn-off. Ultimately whom I vote for is a minor issue, but the majority of the Danes I have spoken to over the past couple of weeks share my quandry. Perhaps this is why Lars Løkke finds himself surfing an unexpected wave: we think of him as an archetypal Dane despite all the evidence to the contrary (I’ve always thought that if he looked like Nikolaj Coster Waldau he wouldn’t be anywhere near as popular), and perhaps because of that no one is bothered by his various minor scandals. Or, you know, his record. But ultimately I do sometimes wonder if the real problem is that there is too much democratic choice in this country. Do you realise that you have one member of parliament for every 32,400 Danes, compared to the UK, which has one for every 103,076? The French and Germans have even fewer MPs per capita. Seems excessive, doesn’t it? Not to mention expensive. Ironically, the solution to this might lie with the least democratic of your institutions. A couple of weeks ago, Queen Margrethe made a few decisive cuts to her own excess family, and I wonder if the Danish people shouldn’t do likewise with their political family. So here’s my idea, as a newly-minted Danish citizen: less democracy. How about we get rid of, say, a few dozen members of parliament to create a slimmed down, focused, lean and agile Danish parliament, for the coming years of belt-tightening global turbulence. That I’d vote for. END
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	19	https://business.time.com/2007/12/01/weekend_reading_denmark_and_gl/	en	Weekend reading: Denmark and globalization, the director’s cut	https://business.time.co…time-logo-og.png	https://business.time.co…time-logo-og.png	[ "https://assets.pinterest.com/images/pidgets/pin_it_button.png", "https://d1xnn692s7u6t6.cloudfront.net/white-15.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "economy & policy", "" ]	null	[]	2007-12-01T00:00:00	When my article "Why Denmark Loves Globalization" was published in Time a couple of weeks ago, I said I might post the longer draft that I had tried vainly to get published in Time's Europe edition. Well, here it is.	en		TIME.com	https://business.time.com/2007/12/01/weekend_reading_denmark_and_gl/	When my article “Why Denmark Loves Globalization” was published in Time a couple of weeks ago, I said I might post the longer draft that I had tried vainly to get published in Time‘s Europe edition. Well, here it is. And it’s definitely longer: Last year, Danish toymaker Lego announced plans to outsource most of its manufacturing to Eastern Europe and Mexico. Of 1,200 blue collar jobs at Lego’s headquarters in the town of Billund, only about 300 would remain. You might think this would make union leaders at Lego hopping mad. You’d be wrong. “We thought it was the best way to keep as many workers’ places in Denmark as possible,” maintenance man and union shop steward Poul Erik Pedersen tells me. “We aren’t against the management. We want to make sure that they make money and we make money.” This less-than-confrontational approach might partly be explained by the fact that Lego hasn’t laid anybody off yet in Billund—executives clued workers in on the plans long before they were ready, and stronger-than-expected sales have delayed the day of reckoning to sometime next year. There’s also the ambitious retraining program that Lego and its unions are putting together, which will give workers the chance to upgrade skills and learn new ones. Plus, unemployment benefits in Denmark replace about 90% of wages, and with a jobless rate of just 2% in the West Jutland region where Lego is based, finding new work shouldn’t be all that hard anyway. And so, instead of taking to the streets in protest, union man Pedersen has driven out of his way to meet me at the Billund Airport before my flight back to Copenhagen. After chatting a bit about Lego’s plans, he launches unprompted into a defense of a business practice that his counterparts in other countries almost universally decry. “There are some good things about outsourcing,” he says. “Where the jobs go, the standard of living is growing, and then they can afford to buy more Legos or other things from the West.” * * * In most of the developed world, globalization has become a deeply fraught topic. For all the benefits it brings—cheaper and better products, the rise of an affluent middle class in formerly poor countries, Thai restaurants on every corner—the costs are much more obvious and wrenching: factories closed, jobs lost, comfortable lives wrenched from their moorings. As a result, economic angst has become a major political force in the U.S. and in Western Europe. In a Eurobarometer poll taken last year, 43% of European Union respondents characterized globalization as a “very negative” or “fairly negative” phenomenon; 41% saw it as a positive. In France it was 61% negative, 29% positive. In Denmark, though, 76% of those polled called globalization a plus. And why shouldn’t they? Living standards in Denmark are among the highest in the world. Per capita income trails that of the U.S., but is distributed far more equally. Unemployment is just 3.1%. The country exports more goods and services than it imports. And while only two Danish corporations (shipper A.P. Møller-Maersk and the Danske Bank) make the Fortune Global 500 list of the world’s largest, Denmark has more than its share of smallish, nimble, outward-looking firms well positioned in growth areas ranging from alternative energy to healthcare to high-end furniture. This success has not gone unnoticed in business circles: In October the World Economic Forum ranked Denmark as the world’s third most competitive economy; in May, the other most-watched tally of global competitiveness, put out by Swiss business school IMD, put Denmark fifth. In September, the World Bank said Denmark was the fifth easiest country to do business, while the Economist Intelligence Unit and Columbia University’s Program on International Investment deemed it to have the best business environment on earth. The Danes have not achieved these high rankings with could be called a conventional business-friendly approach. The country’s tax burden is, at almost 50% of GDP, just behind Sweden’s as the highest in the capitalist world. Its welfare state is spectacularly generous. Its workforce is heavily unionized. Five paid weeks of time off every year are the minimum. And yet somehow these heavily taxed, well-fed, leisure-sated Danes have emerged among the biggest winners of the supposedly dog-eat-dog globalization era. This juxtaposition has made Denmark the sort of economic success story that a European social democrat or an American liberal can get excited about, and the country has been overrun with journalists, academics and politicians from around the world, especially from elsewhere in Western Europe. The same is true of nearby Sweden and Finland, which have also found a way to combine big government spending with vibrant economies (Norway, with its vast oil riches, is another story). But lately Denmark has hogged the spotlight, thanks to those high competitiveness rankings, that super-low unemployment rate and a catchily named labor market approach that seems especially suited to these times of economic dislocation: “flexicurity.” The term is English, and it may have been coined in the Netherlands. But the Danes have become the acknowledged masters at it, balancing flexibility for employers—who can fire workers at will—with security for employees in the form of generous unemployment benefits and retraining programs, plus health care and pensions that aren’t job dependent. * * * This fall I joined the parade of curious foreigners visiting Denmark. One of the first things I learned was that country’s size and homogeneity—it has 5.4 million people, of whom all but 478,000 are of Danish ancestry—are crucial to how it works. “We’ve been one small nation for 1,000 years,” says Hans Skov Christensen, who as director general of the Danish Confederation of Industry negotiates the nationwide agreements that revise the bargain between management and labor every few years. “We’re basically a clan.” Add to that the searing experience of being demoted in the 19th century from significant power to international nobody—starting with the bombardment of Copenhagen and destruction of the Danish Navy by then Vice Admiral Nelson in 1801—and you get an interesting combination: An extended family, with all the arguing and jostling for position at the dinner table that this entails, that knows it has to stick together to survive. Informality, disputation and disrespect for authority are core Danish traits. But there are limits, and Danes seem to know in their bones just how far they can push them. Sometimes when the system comes under stress it takes a formal agreement, like the “September compromise” of 1899 that ended several years of labor strife and created the model for nationwide collective bargaining that exists to this day. More often than not, though, it’s tacit-like the understanding on the part of labor unions that, because so many Danish employers are small companies exposed to foreign competition, they won’t fight against layoffs. The result, then, is an economy that looks like something out of a modern management how-to book. There are a few clear goals, and lots of leeway to achieve them. In one fascinating study, two American sociologists found [pdf!] that Danish non-management workers in the 1980s had nearly as much job autonomy as a supervisors did in the U.S., while supervisors in Denmark had about as much autonomy as “upper managers” in the U.S. These autonomous Danish workers can be valuable. John Strand runs a wireless consultancy firm that gets 95% of its revenue from outside Denmark and could be based pretty much anywhere on earth with a good airport. He says he keeps Strand Consult in Copenhagen in large part because his Danish employees are so willing to argue with him and confront conventional wisdom. “Danes can think out of the box,” he claims. Still, Denmark was small and homogeneous and presumably full of people thinking out of boxes 15 years ago, yet the unemployment rate topped 12% and the country’s economic prospects impressed no one. “Dynamism in the Danish economy is lagging behind that of many of the other nations,” wrote Harvard Business School’s Michael Porter in his book The Competitive Advantage of Nations in 1990. “Faltering motivation, too little competition, and a looming state influence are some of the most pressing problems.” Porter’s famous analysis of competitiveness was a multifaceted one—and one that lives on in the World Economic Forum rankings, which Porter helped design. But in the English-speaking world a much simpler explanation for the problems of Denmark (and of Sweden and Finland, which were also struggling) got all the attention in the early 1990s: It was the welfare state’s fault. The argument that big government is a drag on growth and prosperity has been around for a while (Austrian Friedrich Hayek and Chicagoan Milton Friedman were two important exponents). But a landmark 1991 study by Harvard economist Robert Barro gave it what seemed to be irrefutable empirical backing: In a statistical analysis of 138 countries, Barro found higher economic growth to be correlated strongly with smaller government. The Danes weren’t deaf to this. The country’s politics operate on a somewhat unique spectrum: The biggest party on the political right calls itself Left (Venstre), and the main centrist party has been The Radical Left (Det Radikale Venstre). But there is a Conservative Party, and from 1982 to 1993 it led a series of governments, with Venstre as its main coalition partner, that did what they could to cut taxes and government spending. One bold young Venstre politician even published a manifesto titled From Social State to Minimal State. The minimal state was never really what most Danes wanted, though, so what they got instead was a typically Danish compromise. It began with labor leaders embracing some of the Conservatives’ ideas, starting with the balanced-budget, low-inflation approach to economic policy that in the U.S. came to be known as Rubinomics. The collective bargaining process was cleverly rejiggered so that the country’s export-oriented manufacturers—those most exposed to global competition—negotiated first and set the trend for the rest of the workforce. And in 1993, Social Democrat Poul Nyrup Rasmussen–the long-time chief economist of the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions—took over as prime minister and completed the transformation. Rasmussen’s government cut unemployment benefits from nine years to four, and beefed up job retraining programs in a big way. Getting people off the dole became a national priority. But beyond that the welfare state remained intact. It seemed to work. Unemployment fell; the economy grew. There’s still a lot of debate over how effective Denmark’s job-retraining programs actually are, but it’s undeniable that they help create the kind of political environment in which union men like Poul Erik Pedersen at Lego advocate outsourcing and globalization even as their company cuts jobs. And so in 2001, when a Venstre-Conservative government led by the author of From Social State to Minimal State—Anders Fogh Rasmussen–took power, it barely changed a thing. [A few weeks after my visit, Fogh Rasmussen’s coalition won reelection, albeit by a smaller margin than in 2001.] Employment minister Claus Hjort Fredriksen, a Venstre member, was among those who were convinced in the early 1990s that Denmark needed a much smaller government. He’s changed his mind. “I have to admit now, 15 to 20 years later, that the model we have found here—free education, free health care, a good financial situation if you lose your job, together with a flexible labor market and the size of Danish companies—somehow has struck something that is the answer to the challenges of globalization,” he says. * * * Economists have also been recalibrating their views on taxes and growth in light of the recent success of Denmark and its Nordic neighbors. Not all of them, mind you—Barro visited Copenhagen last year at the behest of a local think tank to tell Danes their taxes were too high. But several years ago, Peter Lindert of the University of California, Davis took another look at the connection between growth and government size, this time eliminating authoritarian regimes where the government ran everything, and found no correlation between the two at all. Lindert’s explanation is not that taxes don’t matter, but that high-tax democracies are far more careful about what they tax. Sure enough, apart from the high overall tax burden, the Danish tax system is a conservative economist’s dream: the corporate tax rate is lower than in the U.S., capital gains are taxed at a much lower rate than ordinary income, and major efforts have been made to move the tax burden from income to consumption. Add to this certain elements of the welfare state, and you get a system that is in some ways better geared to the interests of business than the low-tax, low-service American model. In the U.S., “you have to pay for health care and social benefits for employees,” explains Thomas Nagy, the North Carolina-based president of North American operations for Novozymes, a Danish maker of industrial enzymes. In Denmark, that’s all taken care of. “I think I get a lot for my money,” says Per Tejs Knudsen, founder and CEO of the Copenhagen software firm cBrain. “My children go to great schools. I can go to the doctor for free. In general that is a good feeling.” Could U.S. politicians learn from this? When I pose the question to Fogh Rasmussen, the prime minister, he pauses for a moment. “Well, I don’t know, because the two societies are different in many ways,” he says. “But I do believe we have created welfare schemes which combine social security with market principles.” I’ve corraled Fogh Rasmussen after a speech—Denmark being the kind of country where a journalist can just walk right up to the top elected official and start asking him questions—at the annual political summit of the Confederation of Danish Industries, or Dansk Industri. When Dansk Industri holds a summit, everybody comes. Half the cabinet is there, as are opposition politicians, union leaders, ambassadors and the CEOs of most of the country’s major companies. And as special guest speaker there’s Philippe Legrain, a young English economist of French-Estonian-American descent who has written an acclaimed book called Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them. Featuring Legrain is a deliberately provocative gesture on Dansk Industri’s part, given that immigration happens to be the touchiest subject in Danish politics. The country has never allowed all that many foreigners in, and even its limited admission of refugees and asylum-seekers in the 1980s and 1990s inspired a major political backlash. The anti-immigration Danish People’s Party got 12% of the vote in the 2001 election [14% in November], and the current minority governing coalition relies on its support to get bills passed. In his speech, Legrain argues that the successful economies of the future will look like his favorite soccer club, London’s Arsenal, which has achieved great success with a roster made up almost entirely of foreigners—among them a 19-year-old Dane. But the audience he’s speaking to in a convention center on the outskirts of Copenhagen doesn’t look like Arsenal at all. “Denmark is one of the few countries in Europe suffering from a brain drain,” Legrain tells me afterwards. “It’s closed off to attracting talented people from abroad.” Denmark is in fact experiencing a net emigration about 40,000 people a year immigration of about 10,000 people a year. And But Danish companies are beginning to complain of shortages of skilled workers. But Still, is Arsenal really the right economic model for Denmark? “It’s a good story, and it’s necessary for us always to listen to these people,” says one of the leaders of the People’s Party, Kristian Thulesen Dahl—himself a Liverpool fan. “But we don’t believe in a multi-ethnic society. We think Denmark has positive sides because we aren’t a multi-ethnic society.” None of the other Danes I met during my stay would say such a thing out loud, and most cluck disapprovingly at any mention of the People’s Party. But homogeneity has certainly been a factor in making the flexible adaptable Danish system work. And it definitely helps explain why Danes are willing to put up with such high taxes—because they know that recipients of social services are mostly people just like them. The people running Dansk Industri, though, now argue that high personal income taxes—the top marginal rate is 62%—are driving some talented Danes out and discouraging foreigners from coming in. In his speech to the group, Fogh Rasmussen talks up some small tax cuts enacted since he took office. He acknowledges that the business community would like to see much more, but adds, “I think it’s quite good to have tax relief in a country where public opinion polls say people don’t want that.” That gets him a big laugh. It’s not a joke you’re ever likely to hear an American politician make.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	35	https://www.idcpc.gov.cn/english/resources/reports/2007/asia/201406/t20140612_72471.html	en	International Department Central Committee of CPC			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	BEIJING, Oct. 19 -- More countries, parties, organizations and their leaders from around the world have congratulated the Communist Party of China (CPC) on its ongoing 17th National Congress. Omer Hassan Ahmed Al-Bashir, president of the Republic of Sudan and chairman of the Sudanese National Congress, said in his congratulatory message that China has made strides toward an all-round national rejuvenation following the policy of reform, opening-up and social development. He spoke highly of the enormous efforts China and the CPC have made to support Sudan in realizing peace, stability and all-round development, and said he is willing to further enhance cooperation between his party and the CPC. Nafie Ali Nafie, vice chairman of the Sudanese National Congress and assistant of the president, and Kamal Mohamed Obeid, secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Sudanese National Congress, have also sent congratulatory messages. Jose de Venecia, speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives and leader of the LAKAS-Christian Muslim Democratic Party, expressed warm congratulations to the CPC on its 17th National Congress, and wished the congress a complete success. In his message, Venecia said the CPC has led the great Chinese people along the path of modernization, China's economy has become an engine of the global economy, and China's political influence a force for international stability. Abdullah al-Ahmar, deputy general secretary of the Al-Baath Arab Socialist Party of Syria, said in his message that on behalf of the party leadership and in his own name, he sincerely wished the CPC's 17th National Congress a success and could reach its goal of formulating guiding principles and policies for consolidating its reform and opening-up. These principles and policies, the message said, will embody China's influence on the world and its constructive role, on the basis of mutual respect and non-interference in each other's internal affairs, in the process of realizing justice, peace and cooperation, in getting rid of power politics, opposing aggression and hegemonic policies, and in settling international disputes peacefully through the United Nations as well as establishing a multi-polar world, in the process of achieving human progress. The message said the Al-Baath Arab Socialist Party is very pleased with the development of the friendly relationship of cooperation between the two parties and the two peoples. This relationship is conducive to the building of a secure, peaceful, stable and prosperous world, on the basis of justice, equality, the elimination of discrimination, the realization of democracy among countries, respect for the sovereignty of other countries and their own roads of development, and non-interference in other countries' internal affairs, it said. Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, president of the Party of European Socialists, said the CPC's 17th National Congress was convened at a very important moment in China's development, and that the congress is not only of great importance to the Chinese people, but will also have an impact on the whole world. He hoped the CPC could realize China's modernization successfully, gain better economic development, and obtain more social equality and justice. Rasmussen said it conforms to the common interests of both China and Europe to continue the development of the fruitful Sino-European relations, and he wished the CPC's 17th National Congress a success. Jean-Pierre Raffarin, former French prime minister and first vice-president of the Union for a Popular Movement of France, affirmed the union's support for French-Chinese friendly policies, saying that France, from General Charles de Gaulle in 1964 to the current French President Nicolas Sarkozy, is always a faithful partner of China's peaceful development. Piero Fassino, national secretary of Democrats of the Left of Italy, expressed his best wishes on the convening of the CPC's 17th National Congress and wished the congress a smooth session. He said the congress is of great significance in Chinese history and has caught worldwide attention. He noted that China has been playing a major role that has an impact worldwide, and that China's rapid development in recent years has not only realized fast economic growth but also placed China in an important position in international economy and trade. Jose Lello, international secretary of the Socialist Party of Portugal, expressed the hope that the Congress produce fruitful results and lay a solid and stable foundation for China's future development. He wished the CPC make greater achievements in the future. Mushahid Hussain Sayed, secretary general of the Pakistan Muslim League, congratulated the CPC on the successful opening of its 17th National Congress and wished the congress a success. In his message, Sayed said that under the leadership of the CPC with Hu Jintao as its general secretary, China has enhanced its international prestige, the living standards of the people have been raised, and the government has improved its administration. China has steadfastly defended the principles that a country's sovereignty cannot be violated and internal affairs no interfered. The Pakistan Muslim League believes that the CPC congress is of epoch-making significance in China's march toward building a harmonious and prosperous society and will strengthen China's role as a major factor in maintaining peace, security and stability in Asia, which will ensure an even brighter future for the Chinese and the Asian people, he said. The Pakistan Muslim League sincerely hoped that China can realize the goal of building a well-off society at an early date, and that the friendship between the two parties, the two countries and the two peoples will keep moving forward, he said. Kalumba Kalumba, national secretary of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy of Zambia, said in his message that the great success achieved by the CPC in the economic, political and diplomatic fields is a testimony to the great vision of the founding fathers of the CPC. Zambia, under the leadership of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy, firmly supports the CPC's policy of attaching importance to developing friendly relations with political parties in African countries, and is willing to make efforts in developing and deepening the friendly relations between the two parties. Zambia will, as always, stick to the one-China policy, he said. More foreign leaders, parties, organizations congratulate CPC on Congress (Part Two) Rwandese Patriotic Front General Secretary Francois Ngarambe said the ongoing Congress provides another opportunity for the Chinese people to review the achievements made in recent years on the path to progress. He commended China's economic development under the leadership of the CPC, and reaffirmed that the Rwandese Patriotic Front will continue to develop and deepen its friendly relations with the CPC. Carlos Gomes Junior, president of the African Party of Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde of Guinea-Bissau, said the the CPC's 17th National Congress is convened at a great historical time when China's modernization drive has kept gaining speed, its economic power strengthened, and influence in the world enhanced. He said that as a developing country, Guinea-Bissau is glad to have China, a great nation which is on the path to prosperity, as its partner and friend, adding that his party will make unremitting efforts to reinforce its friendly relations of cooperation with the CPC and the Chinese people. Rene Ndemezo' Obiang, deputy general secretary of the Gabonese Democratic Party, said in his message that over the past several decades, China has made notable achievements in various fields, thanks to the opening-up policy and modernization drive under the leadership of the CPC. He believed that by adhering to the basic guidelines of the CPC, the current Congress will make huge contributions to building a modern, prosperous China which has become a major factor in safeguarding world peace and stability. In its message, the Central Committee of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) said that the CPC's 17th National Congress is a great political event. The PCRM pays a great attention to the process of the congress. The CPC, as the world's biggest political party, has led China into the rank of pioneers of development in the world, by pushing forward reform and opening-up, with the modernization drive and scientific development. The CPC pursues an independent foreign policy of peace in international affairs, which has won the respect of the international community, said the message, adding that the PCRM highly appreciates and is willing to continue the development of friendly relations between the two parties. The Board of the Republican Party of Armenia said in its message that the CPC has made a sustained effort to promote the Chinese people's livelihood and facilitate China's development and prosperity. The party congress will resolve major problems faced by China and resolutions adopted at the congress are bound to benefit the nation and its people, said the message. In its telegram, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus extended its heartfelt wishes, hoping the CPC congress make substantial and well-thought-out decisions to benefit the Chinese people and deepen the friendship and cooperation between the two parties and peoples. Under the leadership of the CPC, the Chinese people are building socialism on the basis of social justice, the telegram read. Mauricio Mulder Bedoya, general secretary of the APRA Party of Peru, said he believes that resolutions passed by the CPC congress will allow China to take firm and steady steps in working for its people's livelihood and the nation's development. He said his party and the CPC share the common goal of seeking sustainable and balanced growth, scientific development and a harmonious society as an ideal in the 21st century, which has continuously strengthened their existing friendly relations of cooperation. Sergio Bitar, chairman of the Party for Democracy of Chile, and Pepe Auth, general secretary of the party, said in their message that the CPC's 17th National Congress will play a decisive role in pushing forward China's social and economic development and broadening the well-being of its people. With the joint efforts of the two parties, Chile and China will continue to enhance their relations of cooperation in such fields as politics, trade and economy, culture, science and technology, said the message. Pallab Sengupta, general secretary of the All India Peace and Solidarity Organization, said the organization is "following with great interest the news and articles about the proceedings" of the CPC congress. Hu Jintao's speech "is of great importance not only for the people of China but also for the international community at large, " he said. Sengupta added that the speech reaffirmed the CPC's adherence to the Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of "Three Represents" and the "Scientific Outlook on Development" in uniting and leading people of all ethnic groups in building socialism with Chinese characteristics, as well as its commitment to maintaining world peace. Enditem
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	0	5	https://english.stm.dk/the-prime-minister/speeches/address-by-the-prime-minister-of-denmark-mr-poul-nyrup-rasmussen-to-the-seventh-annual-session-of-the-osce-parliamentary-assembly-7-10-july-1998/	en	Address by the Prime Minister of Denmark Mr. Poul Nyrup Rasmussen to The Seventh Annual Session of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly 7 – 10 July 1998	https://english.stm.dk/d…avicon-32x32.png	https://english.stm.dk/d…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://english.stm.dk/dist/images/STM-logo.svg?v=d13e64227316ee949017de264b67b450", "https://english.stm.dk/dist/images/STM-logo.svg?v=d13e64227316ee949017de264b67b450", "https://english.stm.dk/dist/images/STM-logo.svg?v=d13e64227316ee949017de264b67b450" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		da	/dist/images/stm/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png		https://english.stm.dk/the-prime-minister/speeches/address-by-the-prime-minister-of-denmark-mr-poul-nyrup-rasmussen-to-the-seventh-annual-session-of-the-osce-parliamentary-assembly-7-10-july-1998/	Mr. President, Mr. Janvier Ruperez, Vicepresident, Secretary General, Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Colleagues, It is a pleasure and a privilege for me to address you today on the occasion of the Seventh Annual Session of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly. It is a pleasure to welcome you warmly to Denmark and to Copenhagen. I hope you will enjoy your stay. It is also a privilege to address you. Your assembly represents one of the core principles we have fought for: The right of every citizen to express his or her political beliefs in a free and open society. And the right of every citizen to have his or her views represented in a parliamentary democracy. You are a token of this fundamental principle. Your assembly gives the OSCE a direct link to the people. If we did not have the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly we would have to invent one immediately. Mr. President, During the past decade: New states have emerged to become members of the European family of nations. This development has been accompanied by broad processes of co-operation and integration at the regional and sub-regional level. The OSCE itself is the broadest of these fora comprising all states in Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the United States and Canada. The European Union, NATO and the Council of Europe are all major players who have also opened up towards the new states through membership or co-operative arrangements. At the sub-regional level, co-operation has developed around the Baltic, the Barents and the Black Sea, in Central Europe and in South-East Europe, as well as in other regions. This co-operation brings together states with different backgrounds – and often with different prospects for participation in the over-all co-operation processes. Therefore it deals pragmatically with concrete issues close to the their citizens, often involving local levels of government. In doing so it provides an important contribution to creating an undivided Europ. An undivided Europe. To use these words is still new and yet so close to our vision for Europe. We have set ourselves common goals. We have come to share the same basic values of democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights, and market economy. We have, Mr. President, a historic opportunity for creating free and open societies throughout the OSCE area. But there are obstacles to the new opportunities. New risks and challenges have emerged that threaten our common security. In some cases they have had – and still have – tragic consequences in the very heart of Europe. We see conflicts re-emerge. And here I can not but mention the tragic situation in Kosovo. We must unite all our efforts and prevent the situation from escalating further. Because today, we can stand together and combat the common dangers. Because we must, because we have learned, because we have not forgotten. And because we know, that security, prosperity, and welfare of a state and its people can never be built in isolation. Only when all states and peoples enjoy the same prospects and opportunities can we reach this goal. May I underline: We can not have a secure state without secure people inside. Why are we here today ? For one fundamental reason: Dealing with these new risks and challenges to security is the most formidable task confronting our generation. I believe we are fit to meet the challenge. Because we do remember from our history what could happen if we fail. To be divided is to create the basis for conflict. To co-operate and to treat each others minorities in the same way as you want to be treated yourself - that is to establish the basis for lasting peace. Learning from the mistakes of the past and drawing on the principles we share we must build the world of tomorrow – a world offering security, prosperity and democracy to all. Mr. President, In addressing this challenge we must never forget the simple basic philosophy: Prevention is better than cure. And prevention is best served by offering assistance to those facing problems. We must help to make our common values a living reality in all OSCE states. In this endeavour, the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly plays an important role. A decisive role in my mind. Firstly, because building democracy, peace and stability, both nationally and internationally, requires openness, readiness to share experience, to learn, and to improve. The meetings and discussions of the Parliamentary Assembly contribute positively to both national and international political dialogue. The bringing together of parliamentarians from all OSCE participating States gives a unique opportunity for an exchange of views, of information and of best practices. In this way, the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly serves as an engine for promoting democratic developments in Europe. Secondly, because the debates and recommendations of the OSCE parliamentary Assembly contribute to the ongoing work of the OSCE within the fields of conflict prevention, crises management and post-conflict rehabilitation. And I want to stress that Denmark strongly supports strengthening the ties between the Parliamentary Assembly and OSCE institutions and activities. We support frequent visits by parliamentarians to Vienna and to OSCE missions in the field. We encourage your participation in OSCE meetings and seminars. Also, we appreciate very much the participation of you, Mr. President, and of the Secretary General of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, in the meetings of the OSCE Ministerial Troika. And we have started a good practice by sending out to different missions the President of the Assembly as the personal representative of the chairman in office. That brings me to the third reason why the role of The Parliamentary assembly is so important: OSCE parliamentarians play an increasingly important role in promoting democratic values at their very root: The election process. Elections provide legitimacy and accountability in democratic societies. The ability to carry out elections and the will to accept and implement their results is a precondition for democratic development. In new or emerging democracies, international observation of elections is often useful for securing transparency and openness in the electoral process. I highly recommend the members of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly for their active participation in this important task. Their engagement – and indeed your personal engagement, Mr. President – in the elections in Albania, in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in Montenegro and elsewhere has contributed greatly to results achieved. 'Even if we are late', as the president indicated. Small steps in the right direction are better than no steps at all. But we have to make even further progress. Making the tools and instruments of the OSCE and its institutions more effective is high on our common agenda. You have chosen a very central theme for this year’s session - The development of the structures, institutions and perspectives of the OSCE. A theme which offers a valuable contribution to this work. It is also a theme which is very relevant at this time. Relevant because making the tools and instruments of the OSCE and its institutions more effective is high on our common agenda. And relevant because Denmark as other nations strongly supports strengthening the ties between the Parliamentary Assembly and OSCE institutions and activities. I therefore encourage the discussions which are to take place here in the next few days. During this session you are also going to discuss the very important issue of how to empower and engage women to participate in the OSCE work of conflict prevention. I strongly encourage this discussion. Because the participation of women is fundamental in obtaining effective and durable conflict prevention. Mr. President, Denmark attaches great importance to further improving the ability of the international community to promote democratic development through assistance to and monitoring of elections. To this end it is paramount that the international actors work together in a mutually reinforcing way. Much has been achieved already. Within the OSCE, co-operation between the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly and the ODIHR is on track. And there is a growing understanding of the need to further improve co-operation with the Council of Europe, including with its Parliamentary Assembly. At the Copenhagen Ministerial Council Meeting in December 1997, participating States set out guidelines for an OSCE Document-Charter on European Security. A key element was the elaboration of a Platform for Co-operative Security, comprising a Common Concept for the development of co-operation between mutually reinforcing institutions. The objective: To strengthen the OSCE’s relationship with those organisations and institutions concerned with the promotion of comprehensive security within the OSCE area. Security, Mr President, for all the citizens of Europe is based on democracy. Democracy is based on parliaments. The Platform for Co-operative Security should, therefore, also have a parliamentary dimension. As the broadest based Assembly in the Trans-Atlantic, Eurasian area the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly is particularly well suited to strengthen co-operation between the parliamentary assemblies. Mr. President, Dear colleagues, We share more knowledge of what is right and what is wrong than ever before. Democracy is sometimes taken for granted. But we must never do so. Democracy and freedom of thought and expression are not given things. History has shown us that they can be lost. I know that we can not fulfil all our commitments overnight. I know that. To preserve democracy, we must make it work. You, dear colleagues, do this every day by addressing problems and seeking solutions in your own national parliaments. Today, you are doing it by addressing important issues facing us at the international level. By taking your mandate to the international level, you are furthering co-operation and promoting better understanding between the peoples you represent. You are, indeed, making democracy work at a higher level. I salute you for this effort and I wish you a fruitful annual session. Thank you.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	94	https://www.ifcreview.com/articles/2010/january/the-alternative-investment-fund-managers-directive/	en	The Alternative Investment Fund Managers’ Directive ...	https://www.ifcreview.co…e-investment.jpg	https://www.ifcreview.co…e-investment.jpg	[ "https://www.ifcreview.com/images/ifc-logo-mark.png", "https://www.ifcreview.com/media/1431/alternative-investment.jpg?mode=crop&width=950&height=450&rnd=132134512780000000", "https://www.ifcreview.com/media/2519/peter-odwyer72.jpg?mode=crop&quality=90&width=100&height=100&rnd=132233997030000000", "https://ww...	[]	[]	[ "Peter O'dwyer", "hainault capital limited", "Ireland", "alternative investments" ]	null	[]	null	“Blessed are the Cheese makers” “Protectionism parading as protection” In the wonderful movie, “The Life of Brian”, by Monty Python, there is a seminal sce...	en	/images/favicon.ico	IFC Review	https://www.ifcreview.com/articles/2010/january/the-alternative-investment-fund-managers-directive/	“Blessed are the Cheese makers” “Protectionism parading as protection” In the wonderful movie, “The Life of Brian”, by Monty Python, there is a seminal scene where Jesus is preaching the beatitudes from the mountain and gets to the line, “[b]lessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God”. A woman at the back of the crowd who can’t hear what he is saying, (it was after all in the days before AV systems and PowerPoint), starts saying, “Aha. What’s so special about cheese makers?” Her husband replies, “Well obviously it’s not meant to be taken literally; it refers to any manufacturers of dairy produce.” I was reminded of this scene last September when the self declared scourge of the global hedge fund industry and anti-private equity jihadist, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, descended on the City of London to take on the heathens in their Mayfair lair. Mr. Rasmussen, the head of the Socialist Group in the European Parliament and former trade union official and prime minister of Denmark, was in town to debate the European Union’s (EU) Alternative Investment Fund Managers’ Directive, (AIFMD), with amongst others Lord Myners, the United Kingdom (UK) Government’s City Minister. Mr. Rasmussen was in typical combative form declaring that, “[t]he Directive is mild”, that capital requirements were too modest and that the scope of the rules needed to be broadened. (Financial Times, 13.09.09) In response Douglas Shaw, the head of alternative investments at Black Rock, stated that if hedge funds were cheese, “then the EU cheese directive would tell all cheese-eaters they could only eat cheese from EU cheese makers using EU milk from EU cows fed in EU fields on EU grass.” Lord Myners went further, cautioning against provoking other countries. “We should not be beguiled by protectionism parading as protection”, he stated, as he warned against over-regulating an industry that had not caused the crisis. “Private equity and hedge funds as asset strippers, cost-cutters and job-flippers is an invention.” He added that he had heard that lawyers and accountants had been involved in the crash and perhaps they also should be investigated as an object of future regulation. “In fact, I hear that 100 per cent of market failures so far have had men involved, so perhaps they need looking at”. (Financial Times, ibid) Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Getting the debate and proposed regulation on hedge funds onto the EU agenda has been a significant and very personal coup for Mr. Rasmussen. The EU Commission, which normally proposes EU laws had, under its pro-business Commissioner for the Internal Market and Services, Charlie McCreevy, resisted these moves for over two years. In a 2007 speech to the European Parliament, Mr McCreevy had stated, “[a]s much as some people want to demonise hedge funds, they are not the cause of the difficulties in the market. Let us not forget where the present crisis has its roots. Poor quality lending, compounded by securitisation of those loans in off balance sheet vehicles that few understood the risks associated with.” (EU Commissioner McCreevy, EU Parliament 5 September 2007) Mr McCreevy also consistently made the point that alternative investment funds were already subject to rules against abusive trading and were properly monitored by national member state regulators. Mr. Rasmussen, however, was not deterred by this inaction by the Commission and, together with his Socialist Group in the Parliament, invoked a rarely used procedure to force the Commission to bring in a directive, winning the required vote in the Parliament with an impressive majority of 562-86 in September 2008. EU Consultation Paper The vote of the Parliament resulted in the Commission issuing a consultation paper in December 2008, with an incredibly short period for comment to 31 January 2009. The EU consultation paper was itself highly illuminating in terms of the quality of debate and understanding at this level. In the section on systemic risk, the EU paper made the following statement, “[g]lobal hedge funds assets under management peaked at around USD2 trillion in 2007. The size of the hedge fund positions is amplified by the extensive use of leverage. According to the International Monetary Fund, average hedge fund leverage is between 1.4 and 1.7 times capital.” It is worth considering this staggering statement in some detail. What the EU was saying is that hedge funds pose a significant systemic risk to the global economy, because they are leveraged 1.4 to 1.7 times. This is at a time when investment and commercial banks from Goldman Sachs to RBS were 30 to 70 times more leveraged than that. Most ordinary trading companies are considerably more than 1.5 times borrowed, not to mention household mortgage takers, whose debt to equity ratio can be up to 20 times and beyond. At the end of the consultation period on 29 February 2009, a conference on private equity and hedge funds was held in Brussels, where selected industry representatives were invited to meet with EU Commission representatives and parliamentarians. Those who attended from the industry side reported that the ‘consultation’ was little more than a star chamber, where the industry was harangued from a platform by officials and told that it was not a matter of if, but when strict regulation was coming. Mr. Rassmussen, was of course at the head of the Salem-style lynch party, again displaying his unique grasp of the global hedge fund industry. At the EU Conference Mr. Rasmussen stated that, “[t]here are those who say hedge funds and private equity did not cause the crisis. But the crisis most definitely is the result of excessive debt. In a sense all credit creating vehicles including hedge funds and private equity – all of them were in the same boat (sic).” (PR Rasmussen press release 26.02.09) This is a most interesting observation. By the same logic, if a man has two legs and a woman has two legs a man is a woman and vice versa. EU Draft Directive on Alternative Investment Fund Managers Following the unprecedentedly rapid consultation period of seven weeks, and just eight weeks after the three hour ‘consultation conference’, the Commission felt sufficiently informed to proceed with a draft directive of some 56 articles on 30 April 2009. It was envisaged that, with a fair wind, the directive could be agreed by the end of 2009 and come into force in 2011. The highly controversial provisions relating to non-EU third countries were to have a transition period until 2014. The timing of these initiatives comes sharply into focus when compared with other EU projects such as 'Undertakings for Collective Investments in Transferable Securities (UCITS) and Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID), where consultation was extensive and conducted over many years. Indeed the elephant-like gestation of UCITS changes is such that the draft UCITS II had to be abandoned as it was already obsolete by the time it was to be implemented, so that UCITS I was in fact followed after many years by UCITS III. The draft Directive set as its objectives: ensuring that all Alternative Investment Fund Managers, (AIFM), are subject to appropriate authorisation and registration requirements; providing for a framework for the enhanced monitoring of macro-prudential risks, eg through information sharing between regulators; improvement of risk management and organisational safeguards to mitigate micro-prudential risks; enhancing investor protection; improving public accountability for Alternative Investment Funds (AIF) holding controlling stakes in companies; and developing the single market for AIFM. The FAQ information issued with the draft directive also drew attention to the fact that the scope of the directive would include all funds that are not UCITS, ie if it’s not a UCITS, it’s an AIF. The FAQ also made the amazing statement that the quantum of AIFs in the EU was “relatively large” at “around” EUR2 trillion as at end 2008. The continued assertion by the EU regulators and Parliament that the hedge fund industry is large and systemically important needs to be confronted with the facts. The Johns Hopkins University in Maryland, USA attempted in 2008 to put figures on the global investment universe. These are as follows: Total Asset Volumes by Type USD Trillion Hedge funds 1.4 Sovereign wealth funds 3.2 Reserves ex gold 4.2 Insurance company holdings 16.0 Pension funds 17.9 Mutual funds 21.0 Stock market capitalisation 42.0 Total debt capitalisation 44.4 World GDP 45.0 (Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies, March 2008) Reaction to the Draft AIFM Directive Industry reaction to the draft Directive was one of complete shock and amazement. What was immediately apparent was that the stated objectives of the Directive, which in themselves were probably relatively unobjectionable, bore no relationship whatsoever to the text. The breathtaking scope of the Directive, ie any collective investment undertaking which was not a UCITS meant that not only were all hedge funds and private equity funds included, but also credit unions and village savings clubs. What was also fascinating was what wasn’t included, such as European credit institutions’ and insurance companies’ own product initially. If industry figures in London, Dublin and Luxembourg had not smelt a rat before, they certainly did now. Cross-frontier funds product was now going to be regulated out of existence and in the case of non-EU, eg Cayman product, banned altogether, (subject to a three year ‘investigation’), while German, French and Italian banks and insurance companies would be free to continue to sell their own expensive domestic product untouched by the AIFMD. In the space of this paper it is not possible to address each of the issues with the initial draft, however, it is fair to say that all 56 Articles contained problems. These problems included, but were not limited to: extreme problems with the limitless scope of the directive; an inability to superimpose the definitions of players, such as ‘valuators’, or ‘depositories’ on the actual functions and roles of existing players in the industry; the assumption that mind and management of funds rests exclusively with the AIFM, which, inter alia, has the potential to cause tax havoc as residence of funds would, under most double tax treaties, move to that of the manager with serious real tax consequences; the lack of mention of self-managed funds and the complete ignoring of funds’ boards of directors and their significant role; the totally confusing introduction of unworkable thresholds; the scope for massive confusion with existing UCITS and MiFID rules and the significant costs of multiple and non-linked up compliance; the ability of the EU Commission to bring in ‘implementation measures’ on leverage, marketing and delegation; restrictions on the previous position regarding unrestricted ‘self-solicitation’ by professional and institutional investors, ie self-solicitation now to be regarded as ‘marketing’ and restricted; potential inability of EU administrators to administer Cayman funds, an EUR800 billion business in Ireland; potential inability of United States (U)S and other non-EU investment managers to provide investment management services to EU funds; potential inability of EU pension schemes and insurance companies to invest in non-EU funds, including PE funds and non-EU funds of funds; the re-writing of the rules for European professional and qualifying investor funds, currently governed at a national level; the protectionist restriction of custodians, named ‘depositories’ to EU credit institutions only; and the strict liability requirement, including for delegation of custody, by such depositories, with serious consequences for prime brokers. In responding to the draft, the very limited number of member states with material hedge fund industries, including Ireland and the UK, faced a tactical quandary. The initial reaction was that one should simply refuse to engage on the grounds that the Directive was so unworkable that it would be better to bin it, agree on sensible objectives and start again. However, faced by a small, determined group led by France and Germany, with a big political agenda, the imminent danger was that the ‘Club Med’ and other uninvolved member states would baulk at reading the impenetrable 56 articles of the Directive and go along with the French and Germans, in being seen to clean up the bad guys of the hedge fund and private equity industries. Also under the Lisbon Treaty, the Directive will be approved by qualified majority voting, so every member state’s vote – including the uninvolved – counts. The Position as at End of 2009 For these reasons, both the UK industry, via its industry representatives lead by the Alternative Investment Managers Association (AIMA), and the Irish industry through the joint public/private sector working group of the Department of Finance, have been very actively engaged with the Swedish EU Presidency in the period from 1 July to the end of the Swedish Presidency on 31 December 2009. This engagement and strong representations from investors, not least the powerful intervention of both German and Dutch institutional investor groups, has resulted in a series of amendments to the Directive. The last iteration of the amended Directive issued from the Swedish Presidency on 15 December 2009. The EU Council running on the Directive will now switch to the Spanish Presidency, which assumed office on 1 January 2010. The final Swedish draft has significantly improved the AIFMD, although there are still important problems. Articles concerning remuneration and bonuses have also been added at the last minute to the Directive. Perhaps the most important relaxation has been the almost complete restoration of the status quo ante for non-EU alternative funds sold into professional and institutional investors in the EU. In this regard, the suggested position now reverts to the self-solicitation and national regulation position, which pre-existed the first draft in April 2009. The most significant continuing problems, however, still remain around scope and definitions, where the Directive still attempts to define and regulate players and roles, which in practice do not exist. The EU Parliament As the Directive is a post-Lisbon Treaty Directive of both the EU Council and the Parliament under the so-called ‘co-decision procedure’, the role of the Parliament in the forming of the Directive is critical. Unfortunately, owing to the recent EU Parliament elections, which resulted over the summer in a change of membership and a delay in addressing the draft Directive, this is only now coming before the Parliament for discussion, notwithstanding that at a Council level, via the Swedish Presidency, it is well advanced. In consideration of the draft Directive, the role of the Parliament’s Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee is central. In this context the appointment of Sharon Bowles as Chairwoman of the Committee, taking over from Pervenche Beres, a French socialist, is generally seen as positive. The Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee has appointed Jean-Paul Gauzès from France, as the Rapporteur for the passage of the AIFMD through the Parliament. Sharon Bowles, who is a Liberal Democrat MEP for the South East Region of England, has wasted no time in wading into the AIFMD debate. In a Financial Times (FT) interview on 29 July 2009, Ms. Bowles stated that the Directive will have to be substantially amended, not least because of the several “unintended consequences” of the current draft. She highlighted the fact that European pension funds and institutional investors face “excommunication” from global capital markets, owing to the draft Directive’s onerous restrictions on non-EU funds and fund managers. What has been most encouraging about Ms. Bowles is her indication that she intends to get stuck into the detail. She says that when member states look at the detail of the Directive they may realise that they have more in common than first appears. “There is a big danger in doing big picture stuff”, she says. She has also indicated that she intends to liaise closely on the Directive with the US and has already met delegations of US congressmen. The Rapporteur, M. Gauzès has recently published a detailed 83 page Draft Report on the AIFMD, (COM(2009)0207) on 23 November 2009. In its review of the Report, AIMA noted that, “We agree with the Rapporteur that the right balance needs to be struck between the vitality and the creativity of this industry and proportionate regulation and supervision.” (AIMA statement 26.11.09) While most have welcomed the suggestion of M. Gauzès that alignment should be sought between the AIFMD and existing EU financial laws and regulations, there are a significant number of red herrings, (such as restrictions on short selling) and other problems with this report. For non-EU centres and EU institutional and pension investors, one in particular to note is the suggestion that funds of hedge funds cannot invest more than 30 per cent of their assets in non-EU funds. As AIMA has commented, the substantial revisions suggested by both the Swedish Presidency and M. Gauzès are proof, if such was needed, that the original draft Directive is fundamentally flawed. The Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee MEPs have until 21 January to table amendments to the draft Directive, which will be debated in committee on 22 February and put to a Committee vote on 12 April. So-called ‘trilogues’ between the Council, Commission and Parliament are scheduled for May. A vote in Parliament at plenary session is scheduled for July. What’s It All About? Following eight months of study of the AIFMD, most industry observers are now no wiser as to what the Directive is about and what it is attempting to achieve. At this stage, however, it would seem abundantly clear that the Directive is above all political, rather than any type of attempt at regulatory, fiscal, systemic risk or prudential reform. Both the drafters of the Directive and its political supporters have very limited knowledge of the industry they are attempting to change in such a fundamental manner. In making this last statement, I speak from personal experience of having engaged with the actual draftsmen of the original directive, who demonstrate both extremely limited knowledge of the hedge fund industry and of the consequences of their actions. Informed Commission sources have not denied that the Directive is 100 per cent a political initiative. If this is the case, what is the political objective? In a perceptive July 2009 editorial, the FT described the Directive as like a bar room brawl, where when the fight breaks out, you punch the guy you always wanted to punch, irrespective of what the fight was about or who started it. There is a very small number of strong supporters of this Directive, of which the most important and powerful are the French and German political and economic elite, for whom the socialist Mr. Rasmussen, almost certainly unwittingly, has proven very helpful indeed. The Germans, it is clear, wish to smash once and for all any attempt by international venture capitalists and private equity houses to disturb the cosy and very exclusive capitalist club, which has enabled Deutschland Inc. to be run by the same leading families and industrial complexes for over 100 years. In the case of the French, I leave the explanation to Mme. Lagarde. The (previously only slightly hidden) French political agenda, is the long-term project for Paris to take its rightful place as the centre of European finance. The ever exuberant French finance minister, Christine Lagarde, surprisingly broke cover and admitted as much on 22 July 2009. In an FT interview, which she humbly described as a, “cri de couer against the old ways”, Ms. Lagarde stated that while she didn’t want to “talk down London………the City has lost some its advantages during the crisis…... Paris, as a financial centre stood to benefit from the enhanced reputation of its universal bank business model and from London’s tarnished image”. Picking up on this theme, billionaire investor George Soros more recently told it like it is at a conference before Christmas at the London School of Economics. “Continental Europe would like to see London sink. The Franco-German alliance is the driving force.” (Bloomberg, 10.12.09). “Blessed are the cheese makers,” indeed!
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	23	https://www.rferl.org/a/Whats_Happened_To_Social_Democracy_In_Europe_/1898665.html	en	What's Happened To Social Democracy In Europe?	https://gdb.rferl.org/59…862_w1200_r1.jpg	https://gdb.rferl.org/59…862_w1200_r1.jpg	[ "https://ssc.rferl.org/b/ss/bbgprod,bbgentityrferl/1/G.4--NS/626770374?pageName=rfe%3aeng%3aw%3afeature%20story%3awhat%27s%20happened%20to%20social%20democracy%20in%20europe%3f%20&c6=what%27s%20happened%20to%20social%20democracy%20in%20europe%3f%20&v36=8.32.0.0.341&v6=D=c6&g=https%3a%2f%2fwww.rferl.org%2fa%2fwhats_...	[]	[]	[ "Features", "democrats", "left", "conference", "prague", "social" ]	null	[ "Gregory Feifer" ]	2009-12-08T17:59:26+00:00	Amid the global financial crisis, left-wing parties struggle to offer a credible alternative.	en	/Content/responsive/RFE/img/webApp/favicon.svg	RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty	https://www.rferl.org/a/Whats_Happened_To_Social_Democracy_In_Europe_/1898665.html	When a new European Parliament convened in Strasbourg last July, its makeup reflected a major trend: socialist and social democratic parties had chalked up historic losses in elections the previous month. Center-right leaders currently hold office in the European powerhouses France and Germany, and many believe British conservatives will take power next year. Across the continent, center-right politicians are increasingly in charge just as the global financial crisis has forced European states to play an unprecedented role in economic affairs. The irony hasn’t been lost on Europe's left-wing politicians. This week, members of the Party of European Socialists, which unites leftist politicians across Europe, convened for a congress in Prague. The mood was decidedly grim. Under the vaulted ceilings of a 19th-century exhibition hall, delegates applauded as party leaders issued a stream of laments about their dismal prospects. Sigmar Gabriel, chairman of Germany's Social Democratic Party, the SPD, asked how it was possible that Germans were voting for conservative parties that drew support from the financial industry players who had caused the global financial crisis. Irish Labour Party leader Eamon Gilmore explained that while left-wing parties tell their electorates they "feel their pain," voters "aren't sure the left can offer a credible alternative to what the right is doing." "There's a certain irony," he said, "that at a time when capitalism is in trouble, when the markets are in trouble, it is the state that is blamed. And we are identified with the state." 'Sofa Party' The European Socialist Party president, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, pointed to a record-low turnout of just more than 43 percent in elections for the European Parliament in June. "The biggest opponent of our socialist party," he said, "was not the conservatives, not those to the left of us. One big party got 57 percent of all votes [in the European Parliament elections]. It's the so-called 'sofa party,' the 'apathy party.' " Serbian President Boris Tadic (left) with Nenad Canak, the leader of the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina The speakers urged the European left to reconnect to voters by uniting to lay out a concrete, coordinated agenda. Martin Schulz of Germany's SPD, who's expected to become president of the European Parliament in 2012, exhorted his colleagues to make a case for regulation. "We need courage to say clearly, 'Yes, we are an anticapitalist movement!' " he said. "I'm proud to say I'm not a capitalist. The worldwide, money-driven economy and unlimited speculation led to the deepest crisis we've seen since World War II." In an interview after his speech, Schulz said the left is suffering from a lack of credibility because it failed to oppose the right-wing argument in the 1990s that the fall of the Berlin Wall meant "capitalism had won." "We didn’t put on the table the necessary question, 'Is the failure of the Soviet Union the victory of capitalism?' " he said. "That's the wrong question. Capitalism has showed that if it's not controlled -- if free trade, free market, is uncontrolled -- capitalism leads to big crises." Schulz says the "third way" propounded by center-left leaders such as Britain's Tony Blair in the late 1990s was a justification of their capitulation. 'No Leg To Stand On' Thomas Klau of the European Council on Foreign Relations agrees. He says Blair's New Labour Party and Germany's SPD under then-Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder positioned themselves as reformers, but did it by enabling deregulation and partly discarding their social democratic heritage of calling for social protection. "Of course what happened is that that particular brand of capitalism which they were trying to manage imploded," he says. "So in a sense they're left ideologically with no leg to stand on." Klau says center-right leaders such as French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel have since "broken barriers" by appropriating social democratic policies to rescue the financial sector in the wake of the global financial crisis. At the same time, he says, the left has been unable to provide answers to universal problems now facing societies -- such as global warming and international financial regulation to protect the weakest in society -- that individual countries alone can’t address. "Socialists and social democratic parties," he says, "have a really hard time agreeing to meaningful policies, coherent policies, at a European level. There are huge gaps, for instance, between what New Labour was pushing for and what the French socialists were saying they wanted." Klau says while left-wing politicians may have begun understanding their problems, their fortunes may not have hit rock-bottom. He says European socialists' failure to agree on a single candidate for European Commission president earlier this year -- and the torturous selection of Britain's Catherine Ashton "out of a hat at the last minute" for the new job of European Union high representative for foreign affairs last month -- shows they have a long way to go to begin reversing the dramatic decline of the European left.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	0	18	https://www.socialeurope.eu/book/op-11-social-democracy-come	en	OP 11: The Social Democracy To Come • Social Europe	https://www.socialeurope…0/OccPap11-1.jpg	https://www.socialeurope…0/OccPap11-1.jpg	[ "https://www.socialeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/OccPap11-1.jpg", "https://www.socialeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/OccPap11-1.jpg", "https://www.socialeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Poul-Nyrup-Rasmussen-157x166.jpg", "https://www.socialeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Poul-Nyrup-Rasmus...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Henning Meyer", "www.facebook.com" ]	2016-10-17T21:31:44+02:00	This occasional paper by Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (former Prime Minister of Denmark and President of the Party of European Socialists) and Udo Bullmann (MEP and	en	https://www.socialeurope…d-SE-1-32x32.png	Social Europe	https://www.socialeurope.eu/book/op-11-social-democracy-come	This occasional paper by Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (former Prime Minister of Denmark and President of the Party of European Socialists) and Udo Bullmann (MEP and Head of the German SPD Delegation in the European Parliament) argues that the future of social democracy is at risk at a time when the world is undergoing major transformations. Against this backdrop, Rasmussen and Bullmann argue that social democracy needs to adopt a new policy paradigm which they understand as ‘transformational progressive politics’ to remain relevant. The paper provides a first sketch of such a ‘Social Democracy To Come’ that aims to advance progressive ideals under the conditions of global change.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	54	http://www.maniitsoq.museum.gl/History-2	en	History	http://www.maniitsoq.museum.gl	http://www.maniitsoq.museum.gl	[ "http://www.maniitsoq.museum.gl/Files/Billeder/Maniitsoq/Museumslogo.png", "http://www.maniitsoq.museum.gl/admin/public/getimage.ashx?Image=/Files/Billeder/Maniitsoq/Museumslogo.png&Resolution=72&Compression=90&height=200", "http://www.maniitsoq.museum.gl/Files/Templates/Designs/standard_responsiv/images/hus.pn...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	A brief history of Maniitsoq Museum On October 25, 1974, Thomas Petrussen, who would later become the museum curator, sent out invitations for a reception to mark the opening of Maniitsoq Museum at Imeqvej B-210, a building that had once served as the office of the former town treasurer. Prior to 1974, the museum committee had used venues like the town meeting hall for exhibitions. Maniitsoq Museum has been situated at its current location since January 12, 1980. However, the idea of reserving an area for a museum in Kirkegårdsdalen (“Churchyard Valley”) – where Maniitsoq Museum is located today – dates back to 1970. The four old colonial buildings from the second half of the 1800s that today house the museum were slated to be dismantled in 1970 at their original location on the waterfront to make way for an expansion of the city’s fish processing plant. The plan was to ship some or all four of the old buildings to the capital Nuuk, where they were to be reassembled as a kind of open-air museum. In response to local opposition to this move, though, the town council decided to have the buildings reconstructed in an area in Kirkegårdsdalen where they would constitute the new Maniitsoq Museum. Two Danish architects from Copenhagen, Peter Hee and Jørgen Jessen, arrived in Maniitsoq in 1970 to measure and documents the buildings as well as supervise their dismantling and storage so they could be rebuilt at their designated new location. A committee was established in town “for the reconstruction of the four old colonial buildings in Sukkertoppen,” which is the old Danish name for Maniitsoq. In the late 1970s, the materials were brought to the new site at Illunnguit in Kirkegårdsdalen and reassembled. The first buildings were ready for use in early 1977. Colonial building B-16 was used for housing, the provisions depot B-25 served as a local library, the red stone house B-28 was converted to a boiler room for central heating, and the white stone house B-56 became the local museum and was officially opened on January 12, 1980. During the 1980s, however, the museum encountered difficulties storing and exhibiting the increasing number of artifacts – fur garments, kayaking gear, pipe organs, works of art, etc. – and over the years all four buildings came to house Maniitsoq Museum. The latest building to be incorporated into the complex was B-25 in 2010, when the local library moved to the city hall. All four colonial buildings are now listed as historical monuments. Over the years, several prominent guests have visited Maniitsoq Museum, including a visit in 1993 by former Danish Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen and his Greenlandic counterpart at the time, Lars Emil Johansen. The last official visit was in 2015, when Her Majesty the Queen of Denmark Margrethe II and Prince Henrik of Denmark were given a tour of the museum.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	2	56	https://ecf.com/news-and-events/news/meet-denmark-international-bicycle-darling-member-month	en	Meet Denmark, the International Bicycle Darling: Member of the Month	http://ecf.com/files/wp-content/uploads/Girls-on-bike-in-Copenhagen-660x373.jpg		[ "https://ecf.com/sites/ecf.com/themes/custom/ecf_theme/images/ECF-logo-web-colour.svg", "https://ecf.com/sites/ecf.com/files/default_images/ecf-news-002_0.jpg", "https://ecf.com/sites/ecf.com/files/Twitter-social-icons.png", "https://ecf.com/sites/ecf.com/files/f_logo_RGB-Blue_58.png", "https://ecf.com/site...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2012-01-27T11:41:05+01:00		en	https://ecf.com/sites/ec…/ecf-favicon.png	ECF	https://ecf.com/news-and-events/news/meet-denmark-international-bicycle-darling-member-month	When the bicycle came to Denmark As in many other countries, the bicycle came to Denmark in the late 1800s. This mechanical invention created a lot of debate – “the bicycle war” as one national newspaper called it. Some saw the potential right away and declared that those who cycled “will be much better at enjoying their lecture and their music in the evening than the rest, for by exercising their bodily strengths also their mental abilities will be enhanced and enlivened” (Danish Sport Tidings, 1889), while others found the bicycle the devil of a modern world. One priest publicly announced that there are three things that he simply would never allow his daughter: “to smoke, to study and to bicycle!” Others were outraged by the fact that more and more “ugly and skinny legged cyclists” appeared in the streets and worst of all “women who sat astride two-wheeled cycles – had these women no dignity?” It came and it stayed Not everybody welcomed the bicycle into the Danish culture – but thankfully two wheels prevailed! This is, let’s not forget, largely due to more than 100 years of bicycle advocacy from the Danish Cyclists’ Federation, one of ECF’s members. Up until the 50s, bicycling became an increasingly dominant mode of transportation and pedaling blond girls in flowing robes were a typical picture on Danish tourist posters. But when the economic boom of the sixties came rolling in so did the automobile, finding its way into every Dane’s ordinary life. Urban planners started planning for the car and by 1972 the number of Danish cyclists was at an all-time low. Luckily Denmark was blessed with two oil crises and enormous bicycle demonstrations, orchestrated by members of the Danish Cyclists’ Federation, in the late seventies. Slowly but surely cycling became a natural part of planners and citizen’s life. Tailwind on all bicycle paths It can be hard to explain the Danes relationship to the bicycle. The response is normally something along the lines of: “I don’t know - it’s just something I do”. Don’t be fooled though! Bicycling plays a big role in the Danish consciousness. In 1974 “Cykelsangen - jeg er så glad for min cykel” (The Bicycle Song - I’m so happy for my bike) by the beloved singer-songwriter, Povl Kjøller, instantly became a Danish hit. (If you find a Dane who cannot at least hum the melody of that song you should immediately report it to ECF). Twenty years later, in 1994, a Danish comedian, Jacob Haugaard, ran for election at the Danish parliament as a practical joke. One of his most popular political promises was tailwind on all bicycle paths. The man won and worked as a Danish politician for four years. Meanwhile, in 1995, Danish Prime Minister, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, was publicly mocked by the whole nation, not for a sex scandal, but because he wore a bicycle helmet that was too small to a political demonstration. Even though the Danes have a hard time explaining how or why, the two-wheeler has indeed become a part of the Danish mindset. And now, after the turn of the millennium, Denmark’s bike culture has been placed in the international spotlight. As modest as the Danes try to be, they still secretly gorge themselves on the attention. But why did the Danish bike culture suddenly become so popular and how will Danish bicycle culture evolve in the future? EFC asked its three Danish members, the Danish Cyclists’ Federation, Copenhagenize Consulting, and De Frie Fugle, those questions. Here are the members of the months perspective on the pedaling phenomenon in Denmark. Why the sudden national and international spotlight? When it comes to the sudden international attention Danish Cyclists’ Federation believes that the most recent bicycle popularity push happened in the late last decade. The challenges of reducing CO2 emissions and improving health conditions put cycling back on the political agenda. DCF also believes that the “Danish Bicycle trademark” has grown stronger because of the international demand for solutions that tackle urban challenges like congestion, health and climate problems. De Frie Fugle seems to partly agree that it has to do with a change of political focus and agenda, but also thinks, like Copenhagenize Consulting, that change was caused by the social media’s bottom-up effect. “The power of social media created the focus. Back then few hotels had bicycles for rent for their guests and little material focusing on bicycles was available at the tourist office. We googled "bike Copenhagen", "bicycle Copenhagen" back in early 2007 and there were few hits on Google. If you google those words now, it's a different story. Because of the focus placed on Copenhagen as a bicycle city through blogs, the bicycle has now become a major branding angle for the city and the word we coined - Copenhagenize - is as well-known as Cycle Chic throughout the world”, says Copenhagenize Consulting. What are the pros and cons about the Danish bicycle culture in the future? All three members are looking forward with relative confidence regarding to the future of Danish bicycle culture. “Right now there is a window of opportunity to improve and develop the bicycle conditions, because of the recession, the environmental and climate debate” says DCF, while Copenhagenize Consulting emphasizes the importance of a continuous positive branding of cycling. They think that the perception of cycling, in Denmark, has suffered due to helmet promotion and fights to reverse that trend and to promote cycling positively once again. The challenges as De Frie Fugle sees them is “to make people cycle more also in the countryside” and this calls for “more elegant technical solutions […] including electrical bikes, bicycle bridges and sheltered bike tracks etc.” Top 3 best practices when developing a bicycle culture?
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	0	https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/28149/POUL%2BNYRUP_RASMUSSEN/history/6	en	6th parliamentary term	https://www.europarl.eur…ogo_facebook.jpg	https://www.europarl.eur…ogo_facebook.jpg	[ "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/commonFrontResources/evostrap/6.2.0/lib/assets/img/frame/portraitsize_thumb.png", "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/mepphoto/28149.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	1943-06-15T00:00:00	Profile page - Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN - Profile page of a current Member of the European Parliament - History of parliamentary service during the 6th legislative term including memberships in political groups, national parties, parliamentary committees and delegations as well as parliamentary activities and the declaration of financial interests.	en			https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/28149/POUL+NYRUP_RASMUSSEN/history/6	A rapporteur is appointed in the responsible parliamentary committee to draft a report on proposals of a legislative or budgetary nature, or other issues. In drafting their report, rapporteurs may consult with relevant experts and stakeholders. They are also responsible for the drafting of compromise amendments and negotiations with shadow rapporteurs. Reports adopted at committee level are then examined and voted on in plenary. Rule 55 Committees may draft an opinion to a report of the responsible committee covering the elements linked to their committee remit. Rapporteurs of such opinions are also responsible for the drafting of compromise amendments and negotiations with shadow rapporteurs of the opinion. Rule 56, Rule 57, Annex VI Members can table an individual motion on issues falling within the EU’s sphere of activity. This motion is forwarded to the responsible committee for consideration.Rule 143 Questions for oral answer with debate may be tabled by a committee, a political group or at least 5% of Parliament’s component Members . The addressees are other EU institutions. The Conference of Presidents decides whether, and in what order, questions are placed on the final draft agenda for a Plenary sitting. Rule 128 Members can put questions for written reply to the ECB and questions concerning the Single Supervisory Mechanism and the Single Resolution Mechanism. Such questions are first submitted to the Chair of the responsible committee.Rule 140, Rule 141, Annex III This attendance record is an extract from the Minutes of plenary sittings of the 6th parliamentary term. The information therein is supplied for information purposes only and covers the Member's term of office in the European Parliament. It is raw data and does not include corrections for justified absence because of illness, maternal/paternal leave, authorised parliamentary delegation business etc.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	15	http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/article/denmark-s-global-role/	en	Danish approaches to security and aid	http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/app/uploads/2009/04/Ulla-Toernaes-and-Bjorn-Loemborg-at-the-Copenhagen-Consensus_full_view.jpg	http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/app/uploads/2009/04/Ulla-Toernaes-and-Bjorn-Loemborg-at-the-Copenhagen-Consensus_full_view.jpg	[ "https://www.thebrokeronline.eu/app/uploads/2023/11/logo-1.png", "https://www.thebrokeronline.eu/app/uploads/2023/11/logo-1.png", "https://www.thebrokeronline.eu/app/uploads/2009/04/Ulla-Toernaes-and-Bjorn-Loemborg-at-the-Copenhagen-Consensus_full_view.jpg", "http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/app/uploads/2009/04/...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2009-04-02T12:44:56+00:00	Denmark was among the most generous aid donors from 1960 to 2000. A new government in 2001 reduced Danish assistance considerably and put more emphasis on security issues. Denmark now has a renewed focus on aid, particularly in Africa.	en	https://www.thebrokeronl…e-touch-icon.png	Broker Online	http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/article/denmark-s-global-role/	Denmark did not get involved in development cooperation until the early 1960s. However, it quickly agreed to adopt the UN standard of rich countries dedicating 0.7% of their gross national product (GNP) to official development assistance (ODA). By1979, in spite of its relatively late start, the country was among the first to attain this target. In 1992, Denmark’s ODA passed the 1% mark, and with minor fluctuations it stayed at that level for the next nine years. In 1993 Denmark began giving special environmental assistance to both low- and medium-income countries. This new form of assistance was introduced following the Rio Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 to aid developing countries in achieving more environmentally friendly development. The Danish parliament, or Folketinget, set the target for environmental assistance – in addition to development assistance – at 0.5% of its GNP. Over the years, Danish political parties have held different views on development assistance. Right-wing parties such as the Progress Party and the Danish People’s Party were very critical of large-scale government spending on assistance. The extreme left wing argued that assistance was overly supportive of the Danish business community. But the dominant parties – both in the traditional labour movement, the centre and the centre-right – agreed that Denmark had a duty in the world, and that it benefited Denmark to fulfil. Doing so made little Denmark ‘larger’ on the world scale. In 2001 the political situation in Denmark changed drastically. At the parliamentary elections the social-democratic minority government under Poul Nyrup Rasmussen lost to a coalition of two centre-right parties: the traditionally liberal Venstre and the Danish Conservative Party. This coalition, called V and K, formed a minority government supported by the right-wing Danish People’s Party. The new prime minister was Anders Fogh Rasmussen of Venstre. V and K had promised to improve the Danish health system, and argued that funding new investments in Danish health would require cutting back on assistance to poor countries. The new target for ODA became 0.8%. Special environmental assistance was reduced by more than half and was later dismantled and integrated into the reduced development assistance fund. A memo from 2003 compares budgetary estimates from the outgoing government with the new government’s projections. The total Danish development and environmental assistance for 2002 had been planned at DKK 12.5 billion (approximately US$ 2.2 billion), but was cut back to DKK 11 billion. Environmental assistance was to grow from 2002 to 2005 to close on DKK 2 billion annually according to the former government’s plans, but instead was frozen at DKK 500 million annually and subsequently absorbed into development assistance. Development assistance was locked at 0.8%, which was DKK 10.5 billion in 2002. In 2002 the total savings was approximately DKK 1.5 billion, and the amount rose over the coming years. In 2005 total Danish development assistance was DKK 11.6 billion, whereas overall environmental and development assistance, according to the previous government’s projections, would have been more than DKK 15 billion that year. The annual savings had grown to DKK 4.5 billion. Early assistance With the wave of decolonization in the 1940s and 1950s, Danish NGOs and committed politicians saw a potential for a Danish presence beyond Europe. There was political consensus on the importance of development assistance based on: Humanitarian considerations that were partly rooted in the tradition of Christian relief work and Christian thinking appealed to many political parties, particularly the centre-right wing. The Scandinavian welfare model was seen as a ‘golden mean’ between capitalism and socialism, and hence as a model that would inspire newly independent states. Denmark barely had a colonial past, which eased political cooperation with new nations. Its philosophy of solidarity appealed to many parliament members, particularly the centre-left. Danish businesses needed help entering markets in independent new states, and development assistance could open up new markets to trade and industry. This appealed to the business community and its political backers. Development assistance could help give Denmark, a small country, greater international gravitas. Only tax resisters and the extreme left wing were sceptical. They thought there were too many Danish business subsidies built into the assistance policy. For many years assistance operated with firmly fixed return percentages – 50% of assistance was supposed to make its way back to Denmark by being spent on Danish wages or supplies, and for a long time government loans were tied to purchases of Danish goods. But Danish assistance also had strong idealistic components. One was intense support for multilateral deployments through the UN system. Denmark, like other Scandinavian countries, was politically influenced by its geographical position between east and west during the Cold War. East Germany (DDR) was adjacent to Denmark, and the partition of Europe placed the UN high on the Danish foreign policy agenda. As a result, Denmark concentrated for a long time on ensuring that about 50% of development assistance would be channelled through multilateral organizations. One reason was to consolidate the UN’s role in the world. The large-scale Danish multilateral assistance formed the basis for a policy of ‘active multilateralism’. Denmark attempted to be active both in strategy development and reform processes within the UN system. Civil society was heavily involved in early Danish assistance. A Danish International Development Assistance (Danida) advisory board was established in the early 1960s with representatives from both the business sector and NGOs. The board continues to deal with all major assistance grants. Danish NGOs engaged in development and relief work were granted sizable state subsidies, and for over ten years more than 15% of the total Danish bilateral assistance was channelled through these NGOs. A large part of the Danish public information work relating to development problems was also undertaken by NGOs, backed by Danida funding. The Danish programme for sending volunteers out to developing countries was run by an NGO, the Danish Association for International Cooperation (MS), with government funding. With increasing emphasis gradually being placed on partnership and local ownership in the recipient countries – in line with developments in international assistance policy – project assistance was eventually superseded by assistance for selected government sectors in the individual programme countries. It became easier for the recipient countries themselves to plan on the basis of Danish assistance pledges. There were no more tie-ins to purchases of Danish goods. Almost from the start the focus of assistance was on poverty. The fundamental principle of bilateral assistance was that cooperation would be concentrated on a number of programme countries. But there were political disputes over which would be chosen. Did the poverty focus mean that only the very poorest countries should receive assistance, or were slightly richer countries with massive poverty problems also eligible? In practice, most Danish programme countries were in Africa. An distinctive feature of Danish aid, however, was its size in relation to the other foreign-policy areas. While defence spending in most countries is far greater than spending on assistance, this was not so in Denmark. In the 1997 Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook Per Fischer, senior advisor at the prime minister’s office, wrote that while Denmark’s total defence spending in 1988 was DKK 14 billion and thus almost double the total international assistance of 8 billion, the 1997 figures were equal for the two areas: DKK 15.5 billion on defence and DKK 15.5 billion on international assistance. According to Fischer, this reflected the new concept of ‘soft security’ and the corresponding more activist line in Danish foreign policy. At the end of the 1990s Denmark sought to be a pioneering country in international environmental policy. The Danish Ministry of the Environment was expanding and was given more tasks, including international and climate-related activities. From soft security to tougher and more activist foreign policy From 2001 onwards development assistance was reduced sharply by Denmark’s new government. A majority was in favour of reinforcing the domestic health system by making large cuts in spending on development and environmental assistance. This meant a clear restructuring of Danish international policy. Between 2001 and 2004, more changes were implemented to Danish defence, security and foreign policy, including The reduction of development and environmental assistance, and the establishment of a new ODA target of 0.8%. Denmark’s military contribution in Afghanistan since 2002; Denmark’s alliance with the US and other coalition partners on the invasion of Iraq in 2003; and a number of subsequent, partly derivative decisions, including on ‘The Arab Initiative’, based on a decision that Denmark would play a more active role in dialogue with the Middle East. The implementation of a new defence agreement in 2004 and the shift in focus from domestic defence to greater active Danish participation in international military deployments. In assistance policy terms, the interaction between civil and military deployments became an important new topic after Denmark became involved in military deployments in both Iraq and Afghanistan. The debate was coloured by Denmark’s membership in the United Nations Security Council in 2005. In pivotal speeches in 2003 about Denmark’s international duties, Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen clearly said the focus was on security rather than development assistance. In a September 2003 speech on the new world order, Rasmussen did not mention Danish development assistance explicitly, and focused on the fight against terror, democratic development in the Arab countries, international free trade and Danish interaction with the EU and US. Assistance was only mentioned indirectly in a discussion about disease prevention through cleaner water and better sanitation. In a speech to the Royal Danish Defence College Rasmussen declared that Denmark ‘must increase its capacity to participate in international military operations’ and ‘produce more soldiers for the international operations’. Danish national defence was to ensure greater visibility of Denmark internationally. He also stressed the importance of Denmark improving its record at co-conceptualizing military deployment with development assistance, reconstruction assistance and humanitarian assistance. ‘It is important that the local population should not only see armoured personnel carriers but also perceive an effort to secure necessary supplies and rebuild infrastructure’. The new 2004 defence agreement made it possible, in principle, to make 2,000 Danish soldiers available for international operations each year. Recruiting shortages, however, made that problematic. Nevertheless, Denmark will probably deploy more military than civilian young people to international operations in the future. The timing of the growth in military despatches coincided with a reduction in the despatch of Danish development workers. This reduction was brought about primarily because Danish volunteers and exchange workers in new partnership strategies for development cooperation were largely replaced by increased local manpower. Danish grassroots development organizations have criticized the cutbacks and changes in Danish foreign policy. NGOs have been highly critical of the large cutbacks in civil deployment taking their toll on the poverty perspective in Danish development assistance. There has been a sizable reduction in the bilateral assistance to the least developed countries. Despite the huge cutbacks, civil development assistance was supposed to be instrumental in financing far more topics and areas of deployment. There was far less funding available than before, but it was now also supposed to help finance civil development assistance and relief aid in Iraq and Afghanistan, and finance the Arab Initiative. The overall retrenchments in assistance also affected Danish NGOs. There were general cutbacks in funding to NGOs, and the government decided that the organizations’ own fundraising had to be raised as a condition for receiving government funds. At the same time, special cutbacks were made in the grants that had been used to provide developing countries with information via the NGOs since the 1960s. While the principle thus far had been that general information about the developing countries and assistance was best provided by independent organizations, the new policy reinforced the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ own direct information efforts. Although the protests were extensive, the new government had a stable majority for its changed policy. However, the Conservative People’s Party also made its fundamental policy to once again start increasing development assistance from its reduced level of 0.8% of GNP. Renewed focus on Africa and climate From 2005 there were new signals coming from the Danish government about the significance of development assistance to Africa. Rasmussen’s statements after a trip to Tanzania and Mozambique in October 2005 clearly showed that the trip had made a great impression. He has since spoken much more actively and positively about the need for large-scale development assistance, even though he still stresses the importance of free trade as a crucial prerequisite to development. Most recently in 2008, he has established in more ideological terms that assistance needs to get away from the ‘developmental socialism’ of previous eras and move towards assistance that stimulates and supports development of the private sector to a greater extent. Rasmussen has since spearheaded a number of Africa-related initiatives, including the creation of a Danish-funded Africa Commission with himself as chairman. The commission held its first meeting in 2008, three years after the international Commission for Africa aid initiative, established by the British government, submitted its report in 2005. Although the Danish commission also has international participation, it does not reflect mapping and analysis of African problems as extensively as the British commission. Objectively speaking, it would probably have been more constructive to further develop recommendations from the British 2005 report. However, the Danish commission does signal that the assistance effort in Africa is again being bolstered, not least with a campaign to increase employment. At the same time, assistance efforts in recent years have received greater funding. Substantial economic growth has meant more assistance funds, even when the target of providing 0.8% of GNP in assistance remains the same. Furthermore, in 2007 the government again decided to go for a slight rise in the share of assistance measured in terms of GNP. In 2009 development assistance is expected to total DKK 15.3 billion, and the target is 0.82% of GNP. The many new objectives and responsibilities have placed great pressure on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Though Danida still has its own advisory board, it is today administratively fully integrated into the rest of the foreign service. All staff is foreign service staff, and Danida is just a brand for official assistances activities. The structure of the foreign services has been carried chiefly by a North Column, with its more traditional foreign policy and diplomatic activities, and a South Column, which attends to assistance activities in particular. Between 2001 and 2004, foreign ministry staff was cut by about 25% in an effort to make the central administration more efficient. By the same token, the individual embassies have been given enhanced powers as part of the ministry’s delegation. Along with the staffing cutbacks, the many new assignments in climate, trade, security and assistance have increased pressure on the foreign service. The division into North and South Columns has simultaneously become far less logical than before, as central political themes cut across the North-South divide. In February 2009 it was announced that the organizational structure of the ministry of Foreign Service will be changed to better reflect the new realities. Danish NGOs fear that development assistance is losing priority. Three organizations publicly approached the ministry at the beginning of 2009 to ensure that there will be adequate resources for development assistance. The 1997 peer review of Danish development assistance by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is generally positive, but notes that Denmark’s highly consensus-based culture engenders flexible pragmatism and ‘may inhibit innovative thinking and risk-taking’. Regarding resourcing problems, it stated that ‘in the coming years, Danida will face a resource constraint: in common with other Danish public administrations, it reduced its administrative costs by 25% between 2001 and 2004. This decreasing trend in administrative resources [which] raises the question of how far Danida can reduce its resources without negatively affecting quality and its ability to adapt to new aid modalities’. Danish development assistance does not take many risks. This may have to do with limited resources, but it is also a result of the relatively big role official development assistance for many years has played in Danish public policy. The high profile has led to a focus on control and risk avoidance. At a time when the overall international development since the Paris declaration is headed toward more untied budget support and less national flagging, Danish governments have been hesitant. They consider it important to be able to indentify the specific role of Danish taxpayers’ money for development. This may inhibit innovation. The author would like to thank Nils Boesen and Lars Engberg-Pedersen for their comments on an earlier draft of this article.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	0	75	https://about.ku.dk/facts-figures/prime-ministers/	en	Prime Ministers – University of Copenhagen	https://om.ku.dk/billedb…kel_1100x600.jpg		[ "https://samf.ku.dk/nyheder/2024/det-giver-oekonomisk-gevinst-at-tage-samme-uddannelse-som-ens-foraeldre/Doctor_CB_1100_600.jpg?resize=globalmenu", "https://science.ku.dk/english/press/news/2024/new-head-of-the-department-of-plant-and-environmental-science/Morten_Petersen_1100_x_600__1_.png?resize=globalmenu", ...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "University Finance" ]	2022-01-12T00:00:00		en	https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/ku-kom/bootstrap@4443b6dd6df0c68ef5cda36f41e1b2373fc5c9f3/docs/images/favicons/favicon_fa.ico		null	UCPH alumni Prime Ministers of Denmark Introduction From 1772 to 1848, members of the Privy Council were also regarded as prime ministers. Thus, there were several with that title at the same time. The Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849 by King Frederik VII, ending absolute monarchy and introducing constitutional monarchy. Anders Sandøe Ørsted was prime minister as well during the absolute monarchy (1842-1848) as after its abolition (1853-1854). 37 UCPH alumni have become Prime Minister of Denmark Mette Frederiksen (b. 1977), Master in African Studies 2009 (Prime Minister since 2019) Lars Løkke Rasmussen (b. 1964), Master of Laws 1992, (Prime Minister 2009-2011 and 2015-2019) Helle Thorning-Schmidt (b. 1966), MSc in Political Science 1994, (Prime Minister 2011-2015) Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (b. 1943), MSc in Economics and Management 1971 (Prime Minister 1993-2001) Poul Schlüter (1929-2021), Master of Laws 1957 (Prime Minister 1982-1993) Poul Hartling (1914-2000), Master of Theology 1939 (Prime Minister 1973-1975) Jens Otto Krag (1914-1978), MSc in Economics and Management 1940 (Prime Minister 1962-1968 and 1971-1972) Viggo Kampmann (1910-1976), MSc in Economics and Management 1934 (Prime Minister 1960-1962) Vilhelm Buhl (1881-1954), Master of Laws 1908, (Prime Minister from May to November 1942 and from May to November 1945) Erik Scavenius (1877-1962), MSc in Economics and Management 1901 (Prime Minister 1942-1943 – formally until 5 May 1945) Thomas Madsen-Mygdal (1876-1943), MSc in Agriculture 1902 from the former Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, now part of UCPH (Prime Minister 1926-1929) Michael Petersen Friis (1857-1944), Master of Laws 1883 (Prime Minister from April to May 1920) Otto Liebe (1860-1929), Master of Laws 1882 (Prime Minister from March to April 1920) Carl Theodor Zahle (1866-1946), Master of Laws 1890 (Prime Minister 1909-1910 and 1913-1920) Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg (1839-1912), MSc in Economics and Management 1866 (Prime Minister from August to October 1909) Niels Neergaard (1854-1936), MA in History 1879 and MSc in Economics and Management 1881 (Prime Minister 1908-1909 and 1920-1924) Johan Henrik Deuntzer (1845-1918), Master of Laws 1867 and law professor at the University of Copenhagen 1872-1901 (Prime Minister 1901-1905) Hannibal Sehested (1842-1924), Master of Laws 1869 (Prime Minister 1900-1901) Hugo Egmont Hørring (1842-1909), Master of Laws 1868 (Prime Minister 1897-1900) Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup (1825-1913), degree in forestry 1844 from the Forestry Examination Commission whose activities were in 1869 taken over by the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, later merged with UCPH (Denmark's longest serving Prime Minister 1875-1894) Christen Fonnesbech (1817-1880), Master of Laws 1840 (Prime Minister 1874-1875) Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (1817-1896), Master of Laws 1842 (Prime Minister 1865-1870) Ditlev Gothardt Monrad (1811-1887), Master of Theology 1836 and MA in Semitic Philology in 1838 (Prime Minister 1863-1864) Carl Eduard Rotwitt (1812-1860) Master of Laws 1834 (Prime Minister 1859-1860) Carl Christian Hall (1812-1888), Master of Laws 1833 and Doctor of Laws 1840 (Prime Minister 1857-1859 and 1860-1863) Peter Georg Bang (1797-1861), Master of Laws 1816 and Doctor of Laws 1820, and appointed professor of Roman Law in 1830. (Prime Minister 1854-1856) Christian Albrecht Bluhme (1794-1866), Master of Laws 1816 (Prime Minister 1852-1853 and 1864-1865) Adam Wilhelm Moltke (1785-1864), Master of Laws 1805 (Prime Minister 1848-1852) Anders Sandøe Ørsted (1778-1860), Master of Laws 1799 and Doctor of Laws in 1813 (Prime Minister 1842-1848 and 1853-1854) Poul Christian Stemann (1764-1855) Master of Laws 1781 (Prime Minister 1827-1848) Otto Joachim Moltke (1770-1853), Master of Laws 1788 (Prime Minister 1824-1842) Ove Malling (1747-1829), Master of Theology 1766 (Prime Minister 1824-1829) Ove Ramel Sehested (1757-1838), Master of Laws 1775 (Prime Minister 1824-1831) Johan Sigismund von Møsting (1759-1843), Master of Laws 1781 (Prime Minister 1814-1842) Frederik Julius Kaas (1758-1827), Master of Laws 1782 (Prime Minister 1814-1827) Frederik Moltke (1754-1836), Master of Laws 1775 (Prime Minister 1810-1824) Ove Høegh-Guldberg (1731-1808), Master of Theology 1754 (Prime Minister 1772-1784) Further information Portrait photos and further information about the prime ministers of Denmark since 1848 can be found at the home page of the Prime Minister's Office. The prime ministers of Denmark before 1848 are listed at the Danish Biographical Dictionary (in Danish)
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	20	https://www.politico.eu/article/denmarks-iron-lady/	en	Denmark’s Iron Lady	https://www.politico.eu/…co-billboard.png	https://www.politico.eu/…co-billboard.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=394368290733607&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://www.politico.eu/cdn-cgi/image/width=380,height=271,fit=crop,quality=80,onerror=redirect,format=auto/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/BelgianflagR.jpg", "https://www.politico.eu/cdn-cgi/image/width=380,height=252,fit=crop,quality=80,oner...	[]	[]	[ "Denmark" ]	null	[ "European Voice Staff" ]	1999-03-10T16:00:00+00:00	MARIANNE Jelved rarely misses an opportunity to visit a duty-free shop. The Danish economics minister is a heavy smoker – her favourite brand is King’s (without filter), the Danish equivalent to a Frenchman’s Gauloise – and she enjoys few things more than a stiff whisky after a hard day’s work.	en	https://www.politico.eu/wp-content/themes/politico/assets/images/favicon/favicon.ico	POLITICO	https://www.politico.eu/article/denmarks-iron-lady/	So she knows exactly how much money can be saved by buying goods at the airport on the way to one of her numerous meetings in Brussels instead of in a grocery store in heavy-dutied Denmark, where the prices of tobacco and alcohol are among the highest in Europe. She has nevertheless won notoriety as the politician who, more than any other in Europe, wants to abolish duty-free sales in the EU, even if it means standing up to fellow finance ministers and Union heavyweights Gerhard Schröder and Tony Blair on her own. All eyes will be on Jelved next week when finance ministers meet in Brussels to consider EU leaders’ calls for an extension of duty-free sales inside the Union. She has few allies in her fight, but it is a sign of her political ingenuity that she has forged an alliance with her countrywoman, Environment Commissioner Ritt Bjerregaard. In a highly unusual move, the two issued a joint press release insisting on the demise of duty free and even suggested that diplomatic perks for national civil servants posted abroad in Europe should also be phased out. For those who know Jelved, her firm stance on the issue has not come as any surprise. She is renowned for abiding by her principles when making political decisions, and has already warned that she is prepared to use Denmark’s right of veto to block a stay of execution for duty free. This is not a threat which can be dismissed lightly. When the former schoolteacher decides to take a stand, she usually gets what she wants. Even though her social liberal party won only 5% of the votes in the latest election, compared with the 30% obtained by the Social Democrats, it wields enormous power in Denmark’s coalition government, as Social Democrat Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen knows only too well. During his six years in office with Jelved as his most important – and today, his only – coalition partner in different minority governments, he has often had to deal with her party’s readiness to jeopardise the government’s future in order to get its way. In October 1997, Rasmussen was planning to take the opposition by surprise by calling a snap general election at a time when the Conservative Party was in the midst of a serious crisis over a proposal on compulsory savings. The plan had been firmly rejected by the government’s right-wing opponents in parliament, but the two largest opposition parties suddenly performed an about-turn at the 11th hour and gave the government what it wanted. For Jelved, that was the end of the matter. But Rasmussen wanted to go ahead and call the election anyway. With the entire parliament waiting in the house and the nation following the drama minute by minute on television and radio, Rasmussen cooped himself up with Jelved in his office for two and a half hours trying desperately to persuade her to agree. She threatened to leave the coalition and, once again, ended up getting her way. Jelved’s preference for taking a clinical and analytical approach, rather than relying on emotion, has made her a highly respected senior minister. But it also means she will probably never be elected most popular Dane of the year. Most Danish children become acquainted with Jelved at an early age. As a schoolteacher, she wrote a number of educational books before she was elected to the national parliament in 1987 and embarked on a full-time career in politics. Her rise was meteoric. A year later, she became leader of the parliamentary group of her party, the Radical Left, which, despite its name, is a liberal party at the centre of the political spectrum. It is one of the smallest parties in the Folketing, but its influence far outweighs its size. In a country where majority one-party governments are rare, the Radical Left has been in a position to decide the name of the prime minister for the past 20 years. Jelved learned early on how to take maximum advantage of this. As her party’s leader in parliament, she made no secret of the fact that the Social Democrat leader at the time, Svend Auken, was not her cup of tea. This was crucial to Rasmussen’s success in ousting his rival and taking over as party leader. Less than a year later, Conservative Prime Minister Poul Schlüter was forced out of office by a scandal involving the repatriation of Tamil refugees. It was then that Jelved first demonstrated that sticking to her principles was more important to her than advancing her own career. In a desperate attempt to hold on to power, Foreign Minister Uffe Ellemann-Jensen offered her the job of prime minister in a new, centre-right government. Jelved declined the offer. A few weeks later, Rasmussen formed his first government with Jelved as economics minister. Her strategy was simple. Welfare reforms were an absolute necessity, Social Democrat support was essential to getting them through, and it would have been unthinkable for them to champion the cause if they were not in government. Since 1993, Rasmussen and Jelved have succeeded in bringing unemployment down to one of the lowest levels in Europe without damaging other aspects of the economy. When Denmark held its first referendum on possible membership of the EEC in 1972, Jelved was among those who voted ‘no’, as she did in a 1986 vote on Danish ratification of the Single European Act. But since then, she has undergone a transformation to become one of the most ardent pro-Europeans in Eurosceptic Denmark. She is firmly in favour of Danish entry into the euro zone, although reluctant to call a referendum on the issue yet. “Many Danes feel betrayed by the political class after the ‘no’ to the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, and I have great respect for that sentiment. I don’t want to force a referendum before people are marching in the streets to get the euro,” she has said. Jelved’s analytical approach to any question often makes her seem didactic in media appearances, and she hates it when people remind her that she used to be a teacher. She insists that she is simply trying to make her point as objectively as possible, but others do not portray her that way. “But it is excessively irritating that no matter what I say or do, I am presented as the schoolteacher. It is being used as a kind of an invective, and if I give my opinion on something that is inconvenient for anyone, it is ‘the school teacher wielding the big stick’. I am deeply bothered by this,” she said recently. When Jelved rejects calls for an extension of duty-free sales, it is because she has heard no convincing arguments for a reprieve. “If it is all about jobs, we might as well propose a value added tax exemption for the large warehouse that closed down in Copenhagen recently,” she argues. Moreover, Jelved believes other shopkeepers will benefit from the abolition of duty free. “I am not going to smoke or drink any less just because duty free disappears, so it will probably be good news for my local grocery shop,” she says. She is also angered by the idea of rich lobbyists being able to order the EU’s top politicians about, accusing them of waging a “disgraceful” campaign. “What will be left of our credibility if we, after a transitional period of eight years, let ourselves be persuaded to reprieve the abolition further?” she asks. There were widespread rumours at last December’s EU summit in Vienna that Jelved had once again threatened to leave the government if Rasmussen gave in to those calling for an extension of duty free. She herself denied it with a typical riposte. “If I left the government, I would only risk not getting my way. That would be a very stupid thing to do,” she said, adding in the words of Danish author Henrik Ibsen: “He who stands alone, stands strong.”
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	0	22	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen_II_Cabinet	en	Poul Nyrup Rasmussen II Cabinet	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://wikiwandv2-19431.kxcdn.com/_next/image?url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen%252C_Danmarks_tidigare_statsminister%252C_numera_EU-parlamentariker.jpg/640px-Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen%252C_Danmarks_tidigare_statsminister%252C_numera_EU-parlamentariker.jpg&w=640&q=50", ...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	After the 1994 Danish parliamentary election, the sitting Danish Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen was able to form a government coalition of his own Social Democrats, the Danish Social Liberal Party and the Centre Democrats. The resulting cabinet, which replaced the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen I, was formed on 27 September 1994 and was called the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen II.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen_II_Cabinet	After the 1994 Danish parliamentary election, the sitting Danish Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen was able to form a government coalition of his own Social Democrats, the Danish Social Liberal Party and the Centre Democrats. The resulting cabinet, which replaced the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen I, was formed on 27 September 1994 and was called the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen II. The cabinet was replaced by the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen III on 30 December 1996, after the Centre Democrats left the government coalition in protest against the government negotiating the Budget of 1997 with the Socialist People's Party and the Unity List.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	77	https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/isa/mam01/	en	Globalization: A Third Way Gospel that Travels World Wide			[ "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/logo/spacer.gif", "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/logo/hdr_working_papers.gif", "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/logo/spacer.gif", "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/_media/images/layout/icon_email.gif", "https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/isa/mam01/pic1.gif", "https://ci...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Martin Marcussen, PhD International Studies Association 41st Annual Convention Los Angeles, CA March 14-18, 2000 Abstract By the end of the 90s, social democratic leaders world-wide have being referring to unspecified processes of globalization when undertaking unpopular domestic reforms of organizational structures and policies. Globalization is overall considered to be an irreversible process to which national politicians will have to adapt in order to avoid future crises. Thus, we can talk about a structural-determinist discourse, or a discourse which is traditionally applied in neo-liberal circles stating that there is no alternative'. The questions dealt with in the paper concern the origins of this particular globalization discourse and the conditions under which it has been diffused world-wide. It is concluded that it is not the inherent qualities of the globalization idea itself that has made it so widely shared, nor has it much to do with objective or real globalization processes. The dynamics of the globalization idea can be better understood by focusing on the ideational entrepreneurs who formulated the idea in the first place, the power-base of the politicians who started to talk the globalization discourse, the role of international economic organizations in diffusing the idea, and the national politicians and civil servants who in the end implemented the globalization discourse in concrete national settings. In other words, the life-cycle of the structural-determinist discourse seems very much to be actor-driven. Introduction 1 The Socialist International does it: 1. Humankind is witnessing a new change of era marked by the phenomenon of globalisation [...] Macroeconomic policies which are disciplined by the operation of the global financial markets have been constrained in what they can attempt to achieve and compelled to meet stringent requirements relating to public deficits, inflation etc. 2 Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, Prime Minister of Mali and President of ADEMA-PASJ, does it: Globalisation brings troubles and worries, but also greater opportunities than ever before [...] None of us is opposed to globalisation just as none of us at this moment when we are struggling almost alone to ensure that the policies of structural adjustment take account of the social dimension of development is proposing policies at variance with rigorous macro-economic equilibrium. 3 The Danish Prime Minister, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, chair of the Danish social democratic party, does it: Globaliseringseffekt og benhård konkurrence præger os. Økonomi blandet med ustabilitet [...] En globalisering, som ikke er en naturlov, men som er et vilkår, hvorpå vi må forme vor strategi og vores politik. Og globaliseringen er over os i et tempo og en udstrækning, som er ganske tankevækkende [...] Jeg ser i øvrigt Europa i et globalt perspektiv, som den region der må påtage sig sit globale "social leadership" - fordi der ikke er nogle andre, der gør det, selvom behovet er stort B og fordi vi er bedst til det [...] Og jeg tilføjer: Hvis vi ikke havde EU, måtte vi opfinde et regionalt, institutionelt samarbejde. Man skal forstå, at i den globaliserede verden er politik tilstedeværelse. 4 The British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, does it: Globalisation has transformed our economies and our working practices [...] Any Government that thinks it can go it alone is wrong. If the markets dont like your policies they will punish you 5 Tony Blair even does it together with Gerhard Schröder: In fast allen Ländern der Europäischen Union regieren Sozialdemokraten [...] In einer Welt immer rascherer Globalisierung und wissenschaftlicher Veränderungen müssen wir Bedingungen schaffen, in denen bestehende Unternehmen prosperieren, sich entwickeln und neue Unternehmen entstehen und wachsen können. 6 The French Socialist Prime Minister, Lionel Jospin, does it: La question nest plus de savoir si nous voulons ou non la mondialisation. Elle est un fait : les trois quarts des échanges mondiaux de biens sont totalement libéralisés ou soumis á des droits de douane négligeables. Cest aussi le cas des mouvements de capitaux. La question est de savoir comment nous maîtrisions cette mondialisation. 7 And the American Vice-President, Al Core, does it too: We cannot compete and thrive in the global marketplace if we are battling bureaucracy and apathy on our own shores [...] In this fast-moving, fast-changing global economy -- when the free flow of dollars and data are source of economic and political strength, and whole new industries are born every day -- governments must be lean, nimble, and creative, or they will surely be left behind 8 What is it that these prominent people do? They all talk the globalization discourse! Apart from that, they are all belonging to a social democratic family, they all talk the globalization discourse in a very particular way, and they all do it at a very specific point of time. Social democrats across the world are not alike. As Tod Lindberg (1999) argued in The Wall Street Journal, "the specifics of Third Wayism vary drastically from country to country [...] the Third Way as practiced in one country might seem left-wing in another and harshly conservative in a third." 9 Within the European context, one can even speak about various social democratic families. In Great Britain it is easy to identify a Third Way which is market-oriented in its approach to the state and the labour market. In Germany and the Netherlands the neue mitte allows for more state activity in the economy as well as on the labor markets. In Scandinavia the Ny Start implies a reform of the welfare state thoroughly reformulating social and educational policies while keeping the labor markets on an arms length. Finally, in France, volontarisme requires the state to play a pro-active role on the labor markets and in the economy as such. In short, we talk about various ways in which social democracy is lived in practice. Nevertheless, despite their differences in approach, all the social democratic families, as indicated with the citations above, seem to talk a 'globalization discourse'. Globalization as discourse is nothing new in itself. In earlier stages, political elites of all ideological origins talked about internationalization, external pressure and interdependencies. Particularly, they did so when discussing their own and their countrys role and strategy in international fora like the IMF, World Bank, EC, OECD and others. Various common declarations and international treaties actually contained references to developments at a global scale. The following two are just casual illustrations of the kind. OECD Council Meeting, 1981: In a world of progressive interdependence any attempt to steer a single-handed economic course is doomed to failure 10 OECD Council Meeting, 1982: The key features of the past two decades - the rising share of trade in economic activity, the rapid growth of financial interdependence, and the internationalisation of business - are likely to continue. Ministers recognise that this means that their economies are going to be more and more strongly influenced by developments in other countries 11 However, by the end of the 90s, the new thing is the amazing uniformity in which and the increasing frequency with which globalization is being used in the domestic political discourse. More often than not, globalization is an integrated part of the ideological vocabulary of any social democratic leader and in any party program or declaration. In the following examples, globalization is being coupled to an argument in favor of Economic and Monetary Union in Europe. Whether the speaker is Scandinavian or French social democrat or whether it is an extract from a German social democratic party resolution, the EMU is presented at the domestic scene as a shield against globalization. Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, Danish Social Democratic Prime Minister: Der handles og investeres som aldrig før over enorme afstande. Vi går ikke fri af den internationale markedsøkonomis bevægelser. Vi så det i 1997, i 1998, hvor en voldsom økonomisk krise ramte Europa og ramte os, men den ramte ikke Portugal og Spanien, som den normalt ellers ville gøre, for de var på vej ind i den fælles valuta. Vi oplevede det samme forløb i Europa i 1992 og 1993, hvor det fælles europæiske valutasamarbejde ikke kunne stå for trykket udefra. Det har vi lært af. Det handler den fælles valuta, euroen, også om. Danmark har en interesse i ikke længere at skulle leve med den usikkerhed. Det vil være godt for virksomhederne. Det vil være godt for vores befolkninger at få en større stabilitet i det fælles valutaområde. Oliekriserne fra 1970erne har også sendt os klare erfaringer herom. Et dansk medlemskab af den fælles valuta giver store muligheder for at varetage vores lands interesser bedre end før 12 Dominique Strauss-Kahn, French social democratic minister of finance: Leuro est porteur de réformes profondes. Il est le meilleur instrument possible de maîtrise de la mondialisation. Il nous rend une capacité de mener des politiques économiques actives. A nous de lutiliser au mieux dans ce but, pour la croissance et lemploi en Europe 13 The German Social Democratic Party, SPD: EMU is an answer to the challenges of globalised financial markets [...] EMU is a chance to regain the ability of control under the conditions of globalised financial markets 14 Representatives of the European Commission have of course supported the Globalization-EMU link. Rt Hon Sir Leon Brittan QC., vice-president of the European Commission: If national governments ever had the illusion that they could resist or delay globalisation, technological progress and the advent of the Internet made this an impossible proposition [...] I believe that the right response to globalisation is to see it as an opportunity: an opportunity to put ones own house in order, to maximise ones potential and to become capable of competing with the best [...] I can say without hesitation that the kind of structural reforms made necessary because of EMU are also the kind of changes necessary to meet the challenge of globalisation [...] Globalisation is a fact of life. To succeed in life you have to face facts. But the fact of globalisation can be turned into an opportunity if we have the courage to proceed vigorously with the programme of internal reform and push boldly for markets to be opened up world-wide. 15 Other examples of coupling can be given. In the citations listed at the beginning of this paper, some of the social democratic spokes-persons couple globalization to a certain way of thinking about the economy. A sustainable, healthy, sound and responsible economic policy strategy is one which is rigorous on inflation, budgetary deficits, foreign debt and currency stability. Everything is explained in the light of globalization. On other occasions - also exemplified with the citations above - globalization is being coupled to lean, reinvented and flexible government. Government, in the views of the social democrats of the late 90s, has to be competitive in the age of globalization. Øyvin Østerud (1999: 36) argues that in the last decades, market solutions, liberalized trade and capital movements, and deregulations have been implemented in large parts of the western world and that the large social democratic parties in Western Europe - having gone through a major ideological shift - now are supporting such a political strategy. Basically, Øyvin Østerud (ibid: 116) argues that social democratic authorities in many countries may be tempted at the domestic level to exaggerate the degree to which globalization is undermining their autonomy to act independently. Most social democratic leaders today actually wish to liberalize the economy, but in the public discourse they seem to prefer to scapegoat processes of globalization for these unpopular measures rather than admitting that their political priorities at the end of the 90s are in line with the priorities of previous conservative leaders. This is what the globalization discourse is all about. The globalization discourse is synonym to the tendency for social democratic leaders to bring the term globalization into the public debate whenever it serves their purposes. The globalization discourse is disconnected from the reality out there and serving as an explanatory category for organizational reform, economic restructuring, administrative change, international cooperation and regional integration. Thus, globalization is hip. But it is a special variant of the globalization discourse which is at stake. In the following, I will refer to this particular variant as the structural determinist discourse. As we have seen, there are various ways in which different social democratic families can speak the structural determinist globalization discourse. On one extreme, the British Third Way uses globalization to keep the state away and the economy prudent. Tony Blair, 22nd April1999: 'In the field of politics, too, ideas are becoming globalised. As problems become global - competitivity, changes in technology, crime, drugs, family breakdown - so the search for solutions becomes global too [...] Certain key ideas and principles are emerging. Britain is following them [...] Let me summarise the new political agenda we stand for: (1) Financial prudence as the foundation of economic success. In Britain, we have eliminated the massive Budget deficit we inherited; put in new fiscal rules; granted Bank of England independence - and were proud of it. (2) On top of that foundation, there is a new economic role for Government. We dont believe in laissez-faire. But the role is not picking winners, heavy handed intervention, old-style corporatism, but: education, skills, technology, small business entrepreneurship. Of these, education is recognised now as much for its economic as its social necessity. It is our top priority as a Government. (3) We are reforming welfare systems and public services. In Britain, we are introducing measures to tackle failing schools and reform the teaching profession that would have been unthinkable by any Government even a few years ago. Plus big changes to the NHS. For the first two years of this Government, welfare bills have fallen for the first time in two decades. (4) We are all tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime. The debate between "liberals" and "hardliners" is over. No one disputes the causes of crime. In particular social exclusion - a hardcore of society outside its mainstream - needs a special focus. We wont solve it just by general economic success. But we dont excuse crime either. Criminals get punished. Thats justice. Fairness. (5)We are reinventing or reforming Government itself. The Government machine is being overhauled. Here, Al Gore has led the way. But the whole basis of how we deliver Government services is being altered' 16 On the other extreme, the French volontarisme uses globalization to keep the state busy when it comes to social regulation at both the national and international levels. Lionel Jospin, 16th November 1999: 'We fully recognize globalisation. But we do not see its form as inevitable. We seek to create a regulatory system for the capitalist economy. We believe that through common European action - in a Europe fired by social democratic ideals - we can succeed in the regulation of key areas, whether finance, trade or information [...] This need to take control in adapting to reality places a special responsibility on the state. The state is in a position to provide the necessary direction, without taking the place of other factors in society. Often it is the only agent that can clear away or navigate around the archaic forces standing in the way of changes that society wants. In France we call this approach volontarisme. The concept of volontarisme, or an active state, is a key part of our approach to modernisation'. 17 On both occasions we can talk about a structural determinist version of the globalization discourse because globalization is taken to leave the policy-maker with no other choice than just to adapt to external forces. In Great Britain, Tony Blair argues that globalization demands a leaner state in a context of market competition, whereas in France, Lionel Jospin argues that globalization requires that the role of the state should be strengthened in the economy. Both use globalization as an argument to promote reforms. How can we explain this sudden resurgence of the structural determinist globalization discourse amongst the social democratic leaders at the end of the 90s? One straightforward explanation could be that political leaders actually are constrained by external forces, that globalization leaves nothing for the Left to be done in terms of traditional social democratic policy-making. The puzzle can then be explained right-away by arguing that the actor optimists are wrong! Actor optimists are dreamers, academics living in their ivory-tower excluded from the nitty-gritty details of everyday life, saved from the harsh reality in which people fight for their political, business and physical lives. According to that argument, the structural determinists have proved their worth by predicting uniformity, irreversible processes of adaptation, and fatalistic attitudes to destiny. In short correct ideas (structural determinism) get powerful, wrong ideas (actor optimists) fall into oblivion. However, a brief look at the academic globalization literature within the disciplines of International Political Economy, sociology and comparative politics does not outright support such a claim. Rather, if the prevalent globalization discourse is characterized by structural determinism, then the Structural determinists within mainstream academic debate about globalization are now more on the retreat than actually framing the debate. The Actor-optimists seem to be in a majority now. Øyvind Østerud (1999: 12-13) distinguishes between four groups of globalization scholars along two dimensions: globalization and the role of the state. On one dimension one can distinguish between those who consider globalization to be a qualitative and quantitative new phenomenon, and those who argue that globalization is neither new, nor particular strong as an external constraint. On the other dimension we find those who are little optimistic about the capabilities of the state to pursue autonomous policy strategies, and those who draw less pessimistic conclusions about state sovereignty. The following table can then be constructed: The Field of Globalization Scholars Globalization strong and new Globalization weak and old State sovereignty lost: Structural determinists Actor pessimists State is still sovereign Structural moderates Actor optimists Each of the cells in the table can be exemplified by a set of scholars who apparently have not got much in common apart from their specific globalization approach. Amongst the structural determinists, we will find scholars such as Kenichi Ohmae (1990) and probably also the sociologist Zygmunt Bayman (1998) as well as Alain Minc (1997). These scholars do not leave the state in its present form much leeway when it comes to changing the course of the so-called irreversible forces of globalization. The state is withering away and new organizational forms on other levels of governance and in various issue areas are coming to the fore. The structural moderates can be exemplified by Stephen Gill and David Law (1988), Viviane Forrester (1996), James Goldsmith (1994), and The Economist (1995, 1997), who, like the structural determinists, are just as serious about the magnitude and consequences of present days forces of globalization but, contrary to the structural determinists, actually see the state as being a major actor in this process which, if it so may be, can be turned in other directions, can be slowed down or redefined, or simply is an expression of and a consolidation of the ultra-capitalist eras distribution of material and ideological power resources. The actor pessimists are probably best represented by Paul Hirst & Grahame Thompson (1996 [1999]), Élie Cohen (1996) and Susan Strange (1994). For them, globalization is neither new, nor global; however, present days international political economy, global or not, have not left the state with much sovereignty, when it comes to handling purely domestic issues. The state is one actor among many, and the international economy is interwoven on many levels and in many dimensions. Finally, the actor optimists are scholars like Linda Weiss (1997, 1998) and Robert Gilpin (1987) who basically call for a note of caution when it comes to declaring the present state as dead and irrelevant in the international political economy. Neither when it comes to domestic issues nor when it comes to handling international economic relations are there many signs that the state is withering away. Furthermore, according to the actor optimists, the so-called globalization tendencies are neither new nor particular different from what we otherwise know from studying the international political economy. Without going into any details of this globalization debate between academic scholars, suffice to conclude, that there is no consensus amongst those scholars about the degree to which globalization constitutes a factor (new or old) that undermines the role of the state in policy-making processes at home and abroad. In other words, it is not because now-a-days social democratic leaders have a firm and consistent academic debate to support their claims, that they seem to have undertaken a structural determinists globalization discourse. In short, they will not find consistent academic evidence for their discursive strategies if they cared to look for such support. Prevalent and consensually shared ideas do not have inherent characteristics that make them powerful compared to so-called wrong ideas. There are no inherently correct, as opposed to wrong, ideas when it comes to globalization discourse. What then can explain the apparent wide-spread, and quite simplistic, structural determinist version of the social democratic globalization discourse? Maybe the fact that the structural determinist version indeed is simplistic can help us understand its common use in todays domestic political discourse. Today, probably more then ever, politicians need short story-lines in their confrontation with the public, they need convincing and easy-to-understand stories when they undertake to communicate with a more and more diverse group of listeners and potential voters. Furthermore, politicians make their arguments in increasingly competitive contexts. There are more and more active politicians who want to sell more and more political products, and they want to do this in a context in which the speed of communication is accelerating, in which the issues they want to have an opinion about are constantly moving targets, and in which the technical media to be used in the communication process requires more and more specialists skills. The structural determinist story-line is sufficiently simple and it fulfills all the criteria which can be established with a view to get the message through. In short, one could argue that simple ideas get their way, complex and less intuitively clear ideas fall along the way-side. This has nothing to do with whether one idea or another is factually or morally correct; rather, this explanation is based on the process in which ideas are being framed in modern politics. It is less a question about content, than about form. However, there is one problem with this explanation. It is not the case that the actor optimist line is more complex, less easy to understand and slower to communicate. This might have been the case with the actor pessimists or the structural moderates which can be said to be inherently illogical (whether they are correct or wrong) in the way their story-lines are framed. But the actor optimist story is just as simple and straight-forward as is the structural determinist. The nothing-has-changed-so-we-can-do-as-before story, is just as easy to tell as the everything-has-changed-so-we-have-adapt story. In other words, political framing of ideas cannot help us understand the prevalence of the structural determinist version of the social democratic globalization discourse. In the present paper, it is argued that it is not the inherent qualities of the ideas themselves, nor the way they are being framed in the political debate, that make some ideas rather than others powerful. Rather, there is a set of mechanisms which, under certain conditions, can empower particular ideas thereby rendering them an almost hegemonic status in elite circles world-wide. The question then becomes to trace the origins of the present hegemonic structural determinist version of globalization discourse and account for the mechanisms which made a difference for its birth, survival and upraising through an ideational life-cycle. 18 The rest of the paper will be organized in three small sections. Firstly, I will attempt to trace the origins of the structural determinist version of the social democratic globalization discourse. Of course, one can never be sure about the exact origins, which probably always are multiple. A few attempts will be made anyway. Secondly, I will discuss the role of international economic organizations in diffusing the structural determinist globalization discourse world-wide. One could argue that, in order to get diffused so quickly and in such a powerful way, that international fora of socialization must have had an impact. Particular focus will be put on the OECD. Finally, I will study how the structural determinist discourse is being operationalized in a concrete national political context - to be more precise, in the Danish political landscape. Denmark is a particularly interesting case because here we talk about a country which, paradoxically, have pursued an active, demand-oriented and regulatory economic policy while its social democratic leaders have conducted the structural determinist globalization discourse - it is a bumblebee that is not supposed to fly. Finally, I will conclude the paper on a more general line, making comparisons to the other papers presented in this panel. The Origins of the Globalization Discourse In the mind of journalists and others, the Third Way is closely linked to the philosophy of Anthony Giddens 19 (Calinicos, 1999: 79). 20 And it is indeed true that Giddens, in a British context, has been one of the latter years entrepreneurs behind the New Labour, and it is true that Giddens version of the Third Way does promote the globalization discourse when formulating so-called modern political strategies for the 21st century. In his book (Giddens, 1998: 28-33) The Third Way - The Renewal of Social Democracy and in his recent Reith Lectures 21 this comes out in clear: 'Different thinkers have taken almost completely opposite views about globalisation in debates that have sprung up over the past few years. Some dispute the whole thing. Ill call them the sceptics. According to the sceptics, all the talk about globalisation is only that - just talk [...] Others, however, take a very different position. Ill label them the radicals. The radicals argue that not only is globalisation very real, but that its consequences can be felt everywhere [...] The sceptics tend to be on the political left, especially the old left. For if all of this is essentially a myth, governments can still intervene in economic life and the welfare state remain intact. The notion of globalisation, according to the sceptics, is an ideology put about by free-marketeers who wish to dismantle welfare systems and cut back on state expenditures [...] Well, who is right in this debate? I think it is the radicals [...] I would have no hesitation, therefore, in saying that globalisation, as we are experiencing it, is in many respects not only new, but revolutionary' Giddens takes side in supporting what he calls the radical view of globalization. He argues that globalization is not only a quantitative and qualitative new phenomenon, but also that it has consequences for the state everywhere. This is in line with his line of argument in The Consequences of Modernity (1990) in which he argues that globalization can be seen as the secularization and as a Westernization of the globe as such (Østerud, 1999: 71). In the previous section, I classified such a point of view in the category of structural determinists. This is opposed to Giddens category The Sceptics, which I have called the actor optimists. Although Giddens is very much present in the current globalization debate and in the continuous framing of the Third Way, the globalization discourse which he represents in his writings, is older. Tod Lindberg (1999) argues that in the 1970s, the Third Way was the term for the Swedish model. For the purposes here, it suffices to go back to the mid 80s when Al From and others started the Third Way movement in the USA with the founding of the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) 22 - a group of centrist and conservative Democrats (Marlowe, 1999). DLC defines itself as an "idea center, catalyst, and national voice for a reform movement that is reshaping American politics by moving it beyond the old left-right debate" and it coined the term the third way when preparing Bill Clintons presidential campaign in 1992. The present president of DLC, Al From, played a prominent role in the 1992 election of president Bill Clinton and was appointed by Clinton to be his personal representative on the Democratic Platform Drafting Committee and deputy director for domestic policy for the Presidential Transition Team. Previously, From was executive director of the House Democratic Caucus, served in President Jimmy Carters White House, and was staff director of the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations. 23 In a resolution entitled The New American Choice, which was adopted at the DLC Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, May 1991, the groundwork for the 1992 Democratic Party platform was laid down. In it, the first elements of the globalization discourse came to the fore. In Al Froms own words, the clearest, most complete articulation of the Third Way philosophy to date is The New Progressive Declaration, published in July 1996. Already in its subtitle, the reader is told that the world has changed as a result of which politics is bound to change as well: A Political Philosophy for the Information Age.' 24 In it, one reads: 'Global confusion. The end of the Cold War has weakened the domestic consensus behind vigorous U.S. global leadership, leaving us uncertain of our role in the world, torn between the impulse to lead and the temptation to turn inward. These challenges demand more new policies, they demand sweeping changes in the basic structure of government [...] As the era of big government comes to a close, we must reconstruct the progressive agenda in keeping with the organizational, political, and social imperatives of the Information Age'(p.4) Today, the DLC is happy to take the responsibility for the fact that The Third Way Goes Global' 25 It argues that starting with Bill Clintons Presidential campaign in 1992, Third Way thinking is reshaping progressive politics throughout the world. Then Tony Blair, when leading a New Labour party back to power in 1997, is said to have been inspired by the example of Clinton and the New Democrats. Furthermore, the victory of Gerhard Schröder and the Social Democrats in Germany in 1998 is taken by the DLC to confirm the power of the think tank throughout the European Union. 26 However, the diffusion of ideas does not only depend on them being taken up by a new president. They have to be launched internationally, in international fora. Once in power, Bill Clinton, in a G7 context formulated a so-called "global growth strategy" (Putnam, 1994) 27 that would "involve mutually supportive policy shifts by each of the major summit actors." The US was supposed to reduce its budgetary deficits, Japan should boost its fiscal policies and Germany should make the Bundesbank relax monetary policy. Thus, what we are talking about here is an attempt made by Clinton to coordinate macro-economic policy strategies at a global level. We talk global coordination of individual countries demand-management - tightening in the USA and loosening in Japan and Germany. What happened, however, was that this strategy soon ran into the sands! Both Germany - whose political leaders probably still remembered that they were caught on their wrong leg in the G7-meeting in Bonn back in 1978 (Putnam & Henning, 1989) - and Japan refused to let themselves be coordinated by the US. Finally, also Clinton himself backed away from the "global growth strategy", because, according to Putnam (ibid), the Clinton administration is much less committed philosophically to international macro-economic policy coordination than was the Carter Administration, as a result of which Clinton turned inwards to find solutions to immediate growth problems. Putnam (ibid) cites an of-the-record comment from a senior Clinton official, that the problem is not the summit process, the problem is domestic politics. After the marked failure of the demand-side growth strategy in which global macroeconomic coordination was at the center-stage, Clinton then turned inwards to look for new strategies and soon a so-called structural adaptation strategy was launched in the G7 forum. The problem was now seen to be rooted at the domestic level, at the supply-side of the economy, in the structural rigidities of capital and labor markets and counterproductive tax and regulatory policies. Gradually, argues Putnam (ibid), European leaders had come to share this diagnosis and we see the structural-determinist globalization discourse take shape at an international level. Within the G7 summit framework, this supply-side growth strategy, takes the form of a "global job strategy" which was launched in Detroit in March 12-13, 1994. On Behalf of the G-7 Jobs Conference, the US Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen, made the following statement: Let me say that were facing tremendous change [...] We need to extract the most from change that we can. Thats why it is critical that we prepare our economies, and most importantly, our people, for the challenge that awaits us in the next century [...] In our differing economies and societies, structural reforms can make our labor markets and employment systems far more adaptable to change. We need, carefully and in our own ways, to pursue policies to take down barriers, and to strengthen our markets. Actively anticipating and responding to labor market needs can help meet the challenge of change [...] The structural reforms in labor and social programs will be more successful if they are supported by sound macroeconomic policies that promote growth. 28 Globalization is, in this particular meeting, framed as tremendous change which necessitates structural reform of labor markets, the strengthening of markets and sound macro-economic policies. In the follow-up meeting in Naples on July 8-10, 1994, the summit communiqué was even clearer in its structural determinist recommendations - a diffuse idea/globalization discourse had now undertaken an almost programmatic form: We have gathered at a time of extraordinary change in the world economy. New forms of international inter-action are having enormous effects on the lives of our peoples and are leading to the globalization of our economies [...] How can we adapt existing institutions and build new institutions to ensure the future prosperity and security of our people? [...] We will concentrate on the following structural measures. We will: increase investment in our people [...] reduce labour rigidities which add to employments cost or deter job creation, eliminate excessive regulations and ensure that indirect costs of employing people are reduced wherever possible [...] pursue active labour market policies [...] encourage and promote innovation [...] promote competition, through eliminating unnecessary regulations and through removing impediments to small and medium-sized firms 29 The following year, at the Halifax G7 Summit on June 15-17, 1995, this strategy was confirmed - as it has been in any summit communiqué since then. 30 Prior to the Halifax meeting, Managing Directors of other international economic organizations also prepared the ground with the globalization discourse. Take IMF director Michel Camdessus as an example: Michel Camdessus, IMF, June 15, 1995: But judge for yourselves: Mexico, Barings, the dollar crisis. These three crises bear the marks of a new world dominated by the forces of globalization, a world to which our countries and our institutions must urgently adapt as best they can. It is against this background of globalization that the Halifax Summit will take place. 31 One further thing which happened in Halifax - and this is crucial for the purposes of this paper - was that the G7 communiqué resulting from this particular meeting explicitly recommended that the OECD in Paris would start consider the issue of globalization and its consequences for domestic institutional adaptation. The role of the OECD in helping to establish the Globalization discourse in the minds of social democratic leaders will be investigated in the next session. The main strategy seems to have been for various OECD committees to couple the structural determinist version of the globalization discourse to different policy issues, such as sound policy (Economic and Political Committee), new public management (Public Management Committee) and flexible labor markets (Industrial Committee). In summary, I have now focused on a few and admittedly sketchy elements in our search for the origins of the present hegemonic globalization discourse. From being nowhere but represented, in casual and unsystematic ways, in declarations from international economic organizations, the structural determinist globalization discourse has been working its way onto the global social democratic agenda from an American think tank preparing Clintons presidential campaign in 1992, onwards to the G7 agenda in 1994 - after other, less successful, ideas have felt along the way-side - and ending up on the agenda of the OECD in 1995. The Role of the OECD in Diffusing the Globalization Discourse OECD is not the only international economic organization which have started to talk the globalization discourse during the 90s. IMF and the EU could just as well have been chosen to illustrate the point I want to make in this section: International organizations not only diffuse ideas through their activities and their production of public discourse, they also to a certain extent transform, or rather extend, the original ideas so as to make them applicable for their present purposes. International organizations, as I have indicated in the previous section, do not necessarily invent new ideas, they most typically receive a set of ready-made ideas from someone or something, in this case from the American President and his think tanks, but ideas almost never survives their passage through international organizations in their original form. Particularly the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund has been concrete in his display of the structural-determinist version of the globalization discourse in the period from the mid 90s till his departure from the IMF beginning 2000. 32 In the following extract, globalization is mainly seen as a risk, which one - both the rich and the poor countries - will have to adapt to. An arch example of a structural determinist version of the globalization discourse. Michel Camdessus, IMF, 28 November 1995: the most important trends in the world economy today--globalization [...] Those of you who follow the Bretton Woods institutions closely may be surprised to see how frequently the concept of globalization appears in my remarks. However, the explanation for this is simple: this is the aspect of the international economy that contrasts the most sharply with the world of segmented markets and pervasive exchange and capital controls that existed when the Bretton Woods institutions were established. This is why we must explore, and invite the world to explore, how to adapt to it [...] In my view, one of the greatest risks of globalization is the very serious possibility that countries that are unwilling or unable to adjust to its demands, especially the poorest, will become increasingly marginalized [...] I think there is also a tendency to give insufficient attention to the challenges that globalization poses to industrial countries. One such challenge is the increased market discipline over the management of fiscal deficits. In the EU context, the papers of Ben Rosamond and Knud Erik Jørgensen in this panel provides plenty of examples of the globalization discourse in the same time-period. Recently, particularly Vice President of the European Commission, Leon Brittan, has been eager and consistent in his promotion of the globalization discourse. 33 Globalization is widely viewed as one of the most powerful forces shaping the modern world [...] Let me make my own position crystal clear from the start: I am a convinced supporter of global economic liberalization, not only because I think new technology and reduced transport costs make it inevitable, but above all because I believe the process is conducive to continuing economic growth and therefore greater human well-being [...] What is abundantly true, however, is that globalization does require a greater willingness to accept change. Change is not new, of course. As Heraclitus said Aonly change is constant@ [...] In conclusion, globalization is a very real phenomenon which poses substantial challenges to the way we run our affairs both politically and economically. The European Union has proved itself as a uniquely effective response to these modern challenges and has enabled nation-states to extend a much greater degree of effective sovereignty over the new international order than they would have been able to do on their own. 34 In short there is no genuine alternative to globalisation. Anything else would be a blind alley. 35 Globalisation is a fact of life, and will continue irrespective and independent of the activities of government. The issue is not whether we can accept or reject it, but how to ensure it is channelled in positive directions. It is vital that national and international organisations acknowledge the impact of globalisation and respond accordingly. 36 The IMF, the EU and other international fora are all relevant for studying the ways in which the globalization discourse is being disseminated throughout the world and the ways in which the standard structural-determinist globalization discourse is being linked to various specific policy issues in an internal policy transformation process. For illustrative purposes, focus is at present on the OECD and one of ifs committees, the Public Management Committee (PUMA). 37 The PUMA-Committee gathers twice a year at the level of senior civil servants from the OECD member countries. Its mission is to "provide information, analysis, assessment andrecommendation on public management; exchange good practice; and report on issues and developments." 38 The Committee in the present form has existed since 1989, and it is supported by the Public Management Service, employing about 15 permanent staff and various research assistants and sub-contracted consultants. The PUMA-service has always been in search of a niche and identity within the overall OECD framework, 39 which has been dominated by the larger and older departments such as the Economics Department, 40 the Development Cooperation Directorate, 41 the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, 42 and the Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries. 43 Faced with cut-down threats the PUMA has in recent years been forced to manifest itself more directly on the general OECD scene, and the document Governance in Transition (1995) is generally seen as exactly constituting an attempt of the PUMA committee and service to make a programmatic statement with a view to find a raison dêtre (Lerdell & Sahlin-Andersson, 1997). In the foreword, the secretary general of the OECD, Jean-Claude Paye, underlines that the report should be seen as a synthesis of current and past work carried out in the Public Management Service and in it one finds plenty of examples of the structural-determinist version of the globalization discourse. The recipe is always the same: a set of solutions (urgent reform of the public sector) is desperately looking around for a problem (globalization - here termed a global market place). This bears evidence of a committee and service in search of a new role. Take these few examples: increasing global interdependence, uncertainty, and accelerating change is a major challenge [...] Governments must strive to do things better, with fewer resources, and, above all, differently (p. 7). An increasingly open international economy puts a premium on national competitiveness [...] Radical change is required in order to protect the very capacity to govern and deliver services (p. 15). A variety of factors have come together to make reform a burning issue. Key among these [is] the development of the global market-place, which highlighted the impact of government activities on national competitiveness (p. 19). The external environment of the public sector has changed dramatically. A global market-place has developed [...] The freedom of national governments to act individually is significantly restrained (p. 21). In the main part of the report, the solutions to the identified urgent globalization problem are identified, solutions which is identical to what one now-a-days knows under the heading New Public Management. 44 In its 1995 report, PUMAs reform suggestions can be summarized as (i) performance pay, (ii) performance targets, (iii) using IT, (iv) service delivery to clients, (v) user charges, (vi) contracting out; (vii) competition in the public sector, (viii) private sector style of management, (ix) discipline in use of resources, and (x) deregulation. The following year, a working paper entitled Globalization: What Challenges and Opportunities for Governments? (1996) 45 is published by the PUMA Service. Its definition of Globalization is clearly structural-determinist: globalisation and its many manifestations mean that borders - of all sorts - are becoming increasingly difficult for governments to define, let alone maintain. In consequence, national governments are being forced to redefine their roles, responsibilities and policy relationships And it directly recommends the OECD (read PUMA) as an entity which can help states reorganizing and rethinking their organizational structures, procedures and cultures: International organizations such as the OECD - by providing both real and virtual fora for exchange - can also act as an important conduit in this process. 46 By 1999, the globalization discourse is complete, and safely consolidated in the PUMA context. This is exemplified by the document Synthesis of reform Experiences in Nine OECD Countries (1999). In this particular document the entire story-line behind the globalization-and-New-Public-Management link is spelled out in detail. The argument goes in two steps illustrated by the figure below. In a first step, a crisis is identified; governments are overextended and unaffordable, and citizens are less and less satisfied with the services they get from government. A gulf between citizens expectations and the capability of governments to meet those expectations grew larger and larger. Then, in a second step, globalization comes into the picture: With the onset of globalisation, decisions on roles and functions that were previously a domestic responsibility were greatly influenced by the international arena, raising concerns about sovereignty being impinged (p. 3). Globalization, defined as capital, information, ideas, technologies, goods and services, as well as people, moving at an unprecedented volume and speed across national boundaries (p. 4), increases the need, according to the report, for public administrations to become more competitive. Competitiveness is here understood as the ability of the government to produce the demanded services, at the lowest possible price. One basic prerequisite for government managers to turn their governments into competitive organizations is, according to this logic, what is called strategic thinking. Strategic thinking involves a profound understanding of the existing realities, a clear vision and understanding of the direction of the reform, and a determination of the roles and responsibilities of those carrying out reform so that the actions taken have a good potential to lead the reform towards the stated objectives (p. 23). In other words, strategic thinking is needed to be able to implement strategic management, or what we earlier called New Public management. The argumentative chain is then brought to an end. The OECDs contribution to these profound administrative reforms is a very special and interesting one. The report itself states that: external bodies, such as the OECD and WTO, often influenced the direction of reform and supported it through the publication of comparative information about countries. This provided objective information to politicians and the public alike, challenged the status quo, revealed different ways of operating, and put pressure on governments to respond. Even where a country lacked economic imperatives to reform, and had the luxury of not doing so, reputation-conscious governments, sensitive to unfavorable comparisons with others, initiated albeit moderate change (p.4 my italics)! In other words, one secret behind the power of an idea - in this case the link between globalization and NPM - is that it must become consensually shared among those who participate in international organizations. If a member country for some reason or another does not feel the irreversible pressures for reform emanating from globalization, then this country is put under considerable social pressure to undertake public management reform. The fear for social exclusion at the level of international economic elites - the fear of not being member of the OECD organizational field - the fear of losing international legitimacy - the fear of not being part of the in group apparently sometimes is enough - disregarding the actual pressures deriving from globalization - for a country to start undertaking profound organizational reforms. A final indication that the structural-determinist version of the globalization discourse has gained ground in the PUMA framework, is the fact that it is replicated in the newly adopted PUMA-mandate for the period 2000-2004: As PUMA considers a new mandate and new directions in which to take its work at the outset of the 21st century, its mission can be stated in concise terms: to promote good governance [...] The growing demand for "good governance" can be traced to many sources. In an age characterized by what is called "globalization", countries face challenges of keeping up with an irreversible process of increasing linkages which in some cases is straining social relations [...] globalisation of economic and social policies creates a need for new capacities to exploit new opportunities (PUMA(99)7/rev1; November 3, 1999) In the discussion above focus has only been on the adaptation of the globalization discourse to the demands of a single - and rather small - service within the OECD secretariat. A fast glance at the web-pages of the Economics Department and the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry will quickly convince the researcher that other links are being made. Within the Economic Policy Committee (EPC), a causal link is consistently made between globalization and so-called sound economic policy. Similarly within the Industrial Committee a link is made between globalization and regulatory reform: Globalisation, increased competition and rapid technological change continually alter the environment in which industry operates, putting pressure on industry to adapt but also creating opportunities for growth and efficiency gains. Governments, for their part, are anxious to maximise these opportunities so as to increase employment, raise living standards and fund essential government services 47 The point which is made here is that international economic organizations play various roles when it comes to the globalization discourse. Firstly, once it has been promoted by a particularly influential source, the international economic organization takes up an idea and replicates it through its own official discourse. Not any idea has a chance to become integrated into the vocabulary of an international organization, ideas need powerful ideational carriers to become powerful. Secondly, international economic organizations help to diffuse this idea amongst its member countries. At some point an idea reach a tipping point among member countries and at that stage no-one can afford to ignore the idea if they want to remain legitimate within the international economic elite society (Finnenmore & Sikkink, 1998). After the tipping point, diffusion takes place by itself and the idea becomes consensually shared at an amazing speed. Thirdly, various departments in international economic organizations exploit the reigning idea as it fits their immediate purposes. If one department, which is otherwise close to being closed down, succeeds in making a link between the dominating idea and one of the main issues dealt with by the department, then the department can count on being saved from closure, and sometimes it can even aspire to a future in relative economic prosperity. One does simply not close departments which are promoting powerful and consensually shared ideas! At this point, however, one note of caution should be made. It is not argued that the structural-determinist globalization discourse is the only one out-there, which makes a difference for international economic organizations. Rather we should imagine various ideas which the international economic organization will have to deal with when they pop up. What I do argue, though, is that by the end of the 90s, the globalization discourse has become so frequently used, both among social democrats around the world and in international economic organizations, that this in itself really can be an example of something becoming globalized. In the next section we will study how the globalization discourse is being operationalized in a concrete national context - the Danish case. The Globalization Discourse in Practice - the Danish Case Together with an increased focus on globalization within the OECD framework 48 the Danish economic ministries started to speak the globalization discourse in 1996 and 1997. Civil servants within the Danish Ministry of Industrial Affairs and the Ministry of Finance 49 had already started to discuss the issue of globalization during 1996, basically because globalization became a highly prioritized issue on the agenda of the OECD Industrial Committee earlier that year. The 1996-report of the Ministry of Industrial Affairs already showed elements of the increased focus on globalization: Globalisering er andet og mere end internationalisering. Globalisering betegner en udvikling, hvor virksomheder i stigende grad betragter verden, snarere end nationalstaten, som det mest naturlige marked, ikke kun for at sælge varer, men også for at købe arbejdskraft og tjenester, skaffe kapital, opnå kendskab til ny teknologi og viden og finde samarbejdspartnere ... Globaliseringens drivkraft er konkurrencen mellem virksomhederne ... formår vi ikke at tage ordentlig bestik af udfordringerne og indrette os på de nye betingelser, vil det svække fundamentet for det velfærdssamfund, som vi kender i dag ... Fordi globaliseringen betyder, at virksomheder, kapital og borgere bliver mere mobile, kan globaliseringen blive en udfordring for velfærdssamfundet (pp. 20-21). Derfor skaber globaliseringen et pres på de enkelte lande for at tilvejebringe erhvervsmæssige vilkår, der ikke er ringere end vilkårene i andre lande ... For velfærdssamfundet betyder globaliseringen derfor, at den makroøkonomiske disciplin er blevet strammere (p. 22). 50 During 1997, these discussions materialized in more reports, meetings and conferences. In October 1997 a closed globalization conference was convened with Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen as chairperson. 51 Invited were mainly top civil servants and politicians from the economic ministries and experts from the OECD who had experience in dealing with processes of globalization. 52 Formally, the conference was based on the three reports: Globalisering og Dansk Økonomi, 53 Internationalisering og den økonomiske politik, 54 and Erhvervspolitik i et Globalt Perspektiv. 55 All reports bear clear elements of a structural determinist perspective on globalization: [globaliseringen] fordrer, at omstillingsevnen i den danske økonomi understøttes. Nødvendigheden i at være parat til omstilling og forandring øges yderligere af, at det er vanskeligt at forudsige de fremtidige strukturelle påvirkninger [...] Kravene til makropolitikken er også skærpet. Globaliseringen har betydet, at de finansielle markeder reagerer hurtigere end tidligere, således at ubalancer i økonomien relativt hurtigt straffes med højere rente eller forringelse af valutakursen [...] Endelig skærper globaliseringen behovet for internationalt samarbejde for bla. at undgå konkurrence på skattemæssige særregler, subsidier, tekniske handelshindringer etc. (pp. 3-4). Globaliseringen øger kravene til den økonomiske politik. På en række områder forstærker globaliseringen dog blot behovet for at føre politik på en måde, der under alle omstændigheder ville styrke økonomien (p. 21). 56 The Ministry of Industrial Affairs furthermore extends its discussion of globalization in its annual report for 1997: For at kunne høste alle frugterne af globaliseringen skal de enkelte økonomier kunne omstille og tilpasse sig de strukturelle forandringer i erhvervene, som følger i kølvandet på den globale økonomi (p. 16). Den nye globale konkurrence, hvor varer og kapital flytter sig ubesværet over landegrænser, har betydning for det enkelte lands behov og muligheder for at føre politik ... Kravene kan rubriceres under tre overskrifter: større fokus på erhvervenes rammevilkår; større behov for fælles international spilleregler; større behov for et velfærdssamfund. Stabile makroøkonomiske rammer er afgørende for, at virksomhederne kan disponere langsigtet. Derfor er det vigtigt, at Danmark gennem de senere år har opnået forbedringer af den offentlige sektors finanser, samtidig med at der er opretholdt et overskud på betalingsbalancen, lav inflation og stabil valutakurs (pp. 18-19). Den største udfordring ved globaliseringen er derfor at sammensætte en politik, der giver virksomhederne mulighed for at deltage i den globale økonomi og samtidig sikrer, at de samfundsmæssige gevindster fortsat bliver jævnt fordelt (p. 66). 57 Today, the globalization discourse has become an integrated element in most official declarations from national economic ministries. In Spring 2000 the present minister of Industrial Affairs, Pia Gellerup, will be publishing a report on Globalisering og vidensøkonomi: strategi for den erhvervsmæssige udvikling i Danmark 58 involving no less than eight ministries. At this point, we will be able to get a more precise idea about the extent to which the globalization discourse is being shared within the Danish central administration. The argument about the need for structural adaptation to processes of globalization seems to be supplementing, or maybe even replacing, the commonly used story-line about Denmark in Europe. The argument about Denmarks need to adapt to requirements from Brussels has so far been used extensively when explaining or informing the public about domestic reform measures. This scapegoating mechanism has probably added to the development of a rather skeptical popular attitude towards European integration in general and the Brussels-bureaucracy in particular. If the globalization discourse is slowly replacing the European discourse in a Danish context, this might have the effect of opening up the European debate in Denmark so that Europe can be discussed openly in visionary terms rather than constantly in structural determinist terms. But it might also have the effect that globalization will quickly appear in the public discourse as processes to be protected against, rather than as processes in which Denmark actively partakes. Structural determinist discourses can be thought of as discourses that liberate elected politicians from the responsibility of governance through government, thereby leaving the responsibility for governance with either the indefinable markets or cross-sectoral and transnational issue-networks of unaccountable actors. Therefore, a discussion about globalization as discourse also implies that normative issues about democracy and power come to the center-stage. Preliminary Conclusions The term globalization discourse has been applied as a short-cut the for the tendency of social democratic leaders world-wide to circulate a so-called structural determinist version of current globalization processes. At present, social democracy seems to imply (among many other things, of course) that a link can legitimately be made between diffuse processes of globalization and a postulated need for political leaders to adapt domestic structures and policies. The structural determinist slogan there is no alternative has gained ground, not only on the traditional right wing but now also on the traditional left wing. This cannot be explained only by reference to a parallel consensus amongst academic scholars studying the phenomenon of globalization. On the contrary, scholars seem to disagree about whether globalization is new or old, whether it is global or not, and about the extent to which processes of globalization undermine the sovereignty of the state. So, if there indeed seems to have been created a consensus amongst social democrats about the extent and consequences of globalization, how should we then understand such a consensus? This paper has made a few preliminary and indicative steps in an attempt to trace the globalization discourse back in time amongst social democratic leaders. It did so in view of discussing some of the conditions which allow one particular version of the globalization debate - the structural determinist globalization discourse - to be disseminated world wide. The figure below indicates some of the major steps in the development of the globalization discourse. At this stage, it should be emphasized that the picture of the life-cycle of the structural determinist globalization discourse of course is highly simplified and ignores a series of actors and processes. It should also be noted that the degree of consensus amongst social democratic leaders world-wide about the globalization discourse should not be exaggerated. There is simply not enough evidence in this paper to support such a strong claim. Furthermore, one can legitimately ask what kind of evidence is needed in order to substantiate a claim about the existence of a hegemonic discourse? Who should converge in their statements and how much convergence is needed in order to be able to talk about a real world-wide consensus? Is it enough that people talk the same globalization discourse or should they also act accordingly, and even believe in what they say themselves? Questions like these can legitimately, and indeed should, be asked to studies like the present one, which makes huge claims on the basis of a very limited and at times casual data-set. If, however, we have these sound and skeptical considerations in mind and if we make educated guesses or probability probes (Eckstein, 1975: 108) rather than make general and law-like conclusions, then the paper has pointed to a series of factors which might be of help in understanding why one particular globalization discourse rather than another made the day amongst social democratic leaders at the end of the 90s. For a beginning, it seems reasonable to exclude that ideas from the outset succeed if they are good or correct, whereas ideas which are bad or wrong fall along the way-side. What constitutes a good or bad idea is to a large extent socially constructed and of course depends on the very particular social environment in which the idea is brought up for discussion. Second, it seems to be of some importance that ideas which are simple and straightforward (the structural determinist discourse and the actor optimist discourse) have a better chance to survive the ideational life-cycle than ideas which to many seem to be illogical constructions (the structural moderate discourse and the actor pessimist discourse). In principle, anything can be promoted as a bright idea if it is framed in a simple and easy-to-understand way. Furthermore, the framing aspect becomes particularly important if a certain idea is meant to be sold to a larger audience located world-wide in multiple social contexts. However, simplicity and good promotion does not tell us exactly which idea will turn out to become the basis for a new hegemonic discourse. Many ideas are simple, and we need to know which one of these simple ideas makes the day. The structure and form of an idea can only be a necessary but never a sufficient factor behind a powerful idea. Third, it takes an ideational entrepreneur to formulate an idea (or rather re-formulate an idea, because most ideas have already been formulated for many years and in other contexts, which means that it is more correct to talk about ideas being re-invented rather than invented anew). The Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) might be an example of such an ideational entrepreneur, who framed old ideas so that they fitted into a new context - in this case, Bill Clintons Presidential campaign in 1992. Fourth, once an idea has been formulated, it takes a certain power-base to diffuse it world-wide. Not anybody with a clearly framed idea has the capability to make this idea trustworthy in other social contexts - processes of dissemination take a certain time and a lot of energy, both on the part of those who diffuse the idea (The US President and his administration), and on the part of those who are on the receivers side (Political leaders from other countries). Fifth, power is not all! Many powerful leaders have tried to diffuse various ideas without being particularly successful in that regard. Apart from an efficient and powerful supply mechanism, there needs to be an explicit demand mechanism. The receivers of ideas need to perceive that they need new ideas to replace old ideas. Receivers need to believe that they cannot do without a powerful new idea. Such a perception needs not relate to an objective stage of crisis, but it will relate to a commonly perceived sense of crisis or a strong and explicit will to make a new beginning. During the 90s social democrats world-wide came to power in a situation of economic hardship. They needed to show that they could make a difference - they needed a new discourse - a new defining myth. It was in this context that Bill Clinton and others were able to successfully diffuse a third way including a structural determinist globalization discourse. Sixth, however, even if there is such a commonly perceived sense of crisis - a critical juncture - then it is not possible to sell just any idea out there. New ideas somehow have to resonate with existing belief structures in order for them to have a chance to be considered relevant as an element in a new mythic political discourse. At the time Clinton came to power, he did not succeed in diffusing a global demand-side version of the globalization discourse. In the 90s times were simply not up for demand-side strategies. Clinton quickly realized that such was the situation, so he started to diffuse a domestic supply-side version of the globalization discourse. This last version apparently hit something that was already established as recognized and established knowledge amongst the receiver nations. It was easier for the idea-receivers to accept supply-side ideas than demand-side ideas, even if the receivers were all social democrats. Seventh, international organizations might help some ideas on their way in the international community. In international organizations people meet, talk, negotiate and learn new things. These processes can be described as being coercive, benevolent or simply communicative (Risse, 2000), but the point is that through an international forum an idea can reach a tipping point in an amazingly short time period. The OECD, IMF and EU constitute prominent examples of highly prestigious fora in which the richest and most modern states in the world regularly meet to interchange ideas and to formulate and coordinate common policy strategies. Eight, international organizations also seem to exploit potential powerful ideas for their own purposes. International organizations make links between the original idea and new issues so as to be more convincing in their own production of services for their member countries and, eventually, avoid budget cuts. PUMA is such an example which has successfully integrated the globalization discourse in its permanent promotion of New Public Management reforms. Other departments within the OECD framework construct other kinds of links between the consensually shared globalization discourse and concrete, department-specific activity areas. Ninth, at the national levels, not only politicians, but also civil servants become the driving forces behind the consolidation and institutionalization of a particular idea. Once being a integral part of the international consensual discourse, the globalization discourse is systematically being integrated into policy documents produced in the various national ministries. The internationally shared idea becomes modern and it becomes illegitimate not to explicitly show that this new idea indeed has become a natural part of any small organizations idea-basis. Ideas which have reached the tipping point internationally become increasingly powerful in the sense that they start to define rules of appropriate action and rules for group membership. These regulative, normative and cognitive aspects of ideas are powerful social mechanisms of exclusion and exclusion within the domestic as well as international political communities. This latter point deals with what can be called the power of ideas. Once an idea has been established, through an ideational life-cycle, as hegemonic discourse and sometimes also replicated in formal procedures, rules and organizations at the national as well as at the international levels, an idea becomes a powerful social mechanism of exclusion and inclusion. The dynamics of ideas goes hand-in-hand with the power of ideas - a theme which is also present in the other papers of this panel. Ben Rosamond investigates how the institutions of the European Union, after the end of the cold war, explicitly constructs a globalization discourse helping it to redefine a European community, or in-group, which includes the east- and central-European countries. The globalization discourse thus creates a social entity where there was none before, thereby also creating new legitimacy foundations for further attempts of integration. In Rosamonds paper the actors behind identity politics at the European scale is pinpointed and the social consequences in the form of new identity constructions are discussed. This problematique can be seen as closely linked to the issues dealt with by Knud Erik Jørgensen. Knud Erik Jørgensen considers the duality between European integration and processes of globalization. On one hand, globalization is commonly constructed as being a major reason behind further processes of European integration. Globalization thus constitutes the basis of legitimacy for various commissioners integrative initiatives on behalf of the European Commission. On the other hand, according to Knud Erik Jørgensen, the European Union is itself a major engine behind processes of globalization, both when it comes to so-called real economic and political processes as well as when it comes to diffusing the globalization discourse world-wide. Mette Zølner, for her part, has chosen to illustrate the mechanisms of identity constructions by investigating the ways in which French business elites perceive of processes of globalization at the end of the 90s. At the level of French national politicians and French media, there exists a strong anti-American globalization discourse, which help French political and media elites to reinvigorate an old myth of the American other in a period in which French national identities are perceived to be threatened from European integration and immigration. At the level of French business elites, however, the official definition of an American other is only one element in a more complex process in which the French nation is being re-imagined. The point is that the official anti-American globalization discourse only partly is having an impact on the ways in which business elites perceive of themselves, the nation, and their own roles within the statist French political system. Other factors are their individual life-worlds and the historical codes of the French nation. In other words, Mette Zølners papers illustrates the limits of the social consequences of powerful ideas. Ideas which are consensually shared at the level of political and media elites, need not have a clear and coherent impact on the ways in which other societal elites perceive of themselves. Identity constructions are complex and multifaceted, and it seems as if we have to be weary of generalizations. Finally, Sven Bislev et al. have chosen to focus on the ways in which the globalization discourse has been linked to New Public Management reforms in places so varied as the municipalities of Denmark, Great Britain, Germany, United States and Mexico. How is it possible that a link between a structural determinist globalization discourse and a very specific marketized concept of public administration can be diffused so powerfully in such a variety of places, and how is the NPM management reforms actually being implemented in these places? In other words, Sven Bislev et al. investigate not only the processes through which a very specific conception of public management is being diffused in the name of globalization, he also investigates the concrete impact of these ideas in different social contexts and the factors which are facilitating or constraining some ideas in some places and not in others. 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Managing the Public Sector, Aldershot: Edward Elgar. Meyer, Thomas. 1999. The Third Way at the Crossroads, International Politics and Society, vol. 3, www.fes.de/ipg/ipg3_99/artmeyer.html Minc, Alain. 1997. La mondialisation heureuse, Paris: Plon OECD. 1999. Synthesis of Reform Experiences in Nine OECD Countries: Government Roles and Functions, and Public Management - Government of the Future: Getting from Here to There, Symposium held in Paris, 14-15 September, PUMA, Paris (www.oecd.org/puma/gvrnance/strat/Symposium/doclist.htm). OECD. 1996. Globalization: What Challenges and Opportunities for Governments?, PUMA, Paris (www.oecd.org//puma/gvrnance/strat/pubs/glo96/toc.htm) OECD. 1995. Governance in Transition - Public Management Reforms in OECD Countries, PUMA, Paris. Ohmae, Kenichi. 1990. The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, London: Fontana. Osborne, David & Ted Gaebler. 1992. Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Østerud, Øyvind. 1999. Globaliseringen og nasjonalstaten, Oslo: Ad Notam Gyldendal. Pollitt, Christopher. 1990. Managerialism and the Public Services: The Anglo-American Experiences, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Putnam, Robert D. 1994. Western Summitry in the 1990: American Perspectives, The International Spectator, 39(2), April-June (www.library.utoronto.ca/g7/scholar/putnam1994/document.html) Putnam, Robert D. & Randall Henning. 1989. The Bonn Summit of 1978: A Case Study in Coordination, in Cooper, Richard N et al. Can Nations Agree? Issues in International Economic Cooperation, Washington: Brookings Institution, pp. 12-140. Risse, Thomas. 2000. Let's Argue! Persuasion and Deliberation in International Relations, International Organization, 54(1). Strange, Susan. 1994. States and Markets, London: Pinter Publishers. The Economist. 1995. The myth of the powerless state, 7.10.1995 The Economist, 1997. The future of the state, 20.9.1997. Weiss, Linda. 1997. Globalization and the Myth of the Powerless State, New Left Review, 225, September/October, 1997. Weiss, Linda. 1998. The Myth of the Powerless State, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Endnotes Note 1: This paper is written within the framework of a research project on The Internationalization of Domestic Structures in Denmark and Sweden' financed by the Danish Social Science Research Council'. Back. Note 2: Socialist International. 1999. Declaration of Paris - The Challenges of Globalisation' The XXIs Congress of the Socialist International, Paris, 8-10 November 1999 (www.socialistinternational.org/5Congress/XXISICONGRESS/DeclParis e.html) Back. Note 3: Ibrahim Boubacar Keita. 1999. "Setting the global agenda for Africa", Socialist Affairs, 48(1), www.socialistinternational.org/9SocAffairs/1 V48/eKeita.html. Back. Note 4: Statsminister Poul Nyrup Rasmussens tale ved Industriens Årsdag i Bella Centret, tirsdag den 21. september 1999, "Hvilken rolle skal Danmark påtage sig i verdenspolitikken?" (www.stm.dk/taler/taler/tale43.htm). Back. Note 5: "Doctrine of the International Community", Remarks by British PM Tony Blair, Economic Club of Chicago, Chicago, IL, April 22, 1999, www.dlcppi.org/speeches/blairdoctrine.htm Back. Note 6: "Der Weg nach vorne für Europas Sozialdemokraten" (Die Welt, 09.06.1999), Ein Vorschlag von Gerhard Schröder und Tony Blair (www.welt.de/daten/1999/06/09/0609fo117239.htx) Back. Note 7: Intervention du Premier ministre Lionel Jospin au colloque de la Tribune "Objectif France 2001", Paris, le 23 novembre 1999 (www.premier ministre.gouv.fr/PM/D231199.HTM): Back. Note 8: Remarks by Al Core."Opening Session of International REGO (Re-inventing Government) Conference, Thursday, January 14, 1999 (/www.gore2000.org/speeches/interego.html) Back. Note 9: Tod Lindberg. 1999. Why the `Third Way' Is Winning, The Wall Street Journal, May 26 (www.dlcppi.org/press/news/articles/052699_wsj.htm). See also Martin Walker. 1999. Third Way Club Gathers Members Prosperity And Stability Become Holy Grail Of The Blair Generation, The Guardian, May 3 (www.dlcppi.org/press/news/articles/050399_guardian.htm). Back. Note 10: Hans-Werner Lautenschlager, State Secretary, Federal Office, Germany, OECD Council Meeting at Ministerial Level, 16-17 June 1981, OECD Observer, no. 111, July 1981, p.8. Back. Note 11: OECD Council Meeting at Ministerial Level, Communiqué, 10-11 May 1982, OECD Observer, no. 116, May 1982, p. 5. Back. Note 12: Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, Folketinget, 8. December 1999, tale 4, www.ft.dk/samling/19991/salen/f28_beh1_30_2_4.htm Back. Note 13: Intervention de Dominique Strauss-Kahn, "Pour un pacte de croissance européen", Club de convictions, le 17 mars 1999, www.finances.gouv.fr/discours/ Back. Note 14: SPD, "Europe a united continent of peace, welfare and social security", Resolution adopted by the Party Conference held from 2 to 4 December, 1997 in Hanover, www.spd.de/aktuell/leiteuropa_e.htm. Back. Note 15: Rt Hon Sir Leon Brittan QC. 1999. "Responding to the Challenges of Globalisation: an Opportunity for Reform", The Economist Conference, 28 April, europa.eu.int/comm/dg01/slb2904.htm. Back. Note 16: "Doctrine of the International Community", Remarks by British PM Tony Blair, Economic Club of Chicago, Chicago, IL, April 22, 1999, www.dlcppi.org/speeches/blairdoctrine.htm Back. Note 17: Lionel Jospin, Only on our Terms - Global capitalism is a fact but Europe must act in concert to regulate it', The Guardian, Thursday, November 16, 1999 (www.guardianunlimited.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,3930837,00.html). Back. Note 18: For the concept ideational life-cycle', see Marcussen (1999) and Marcussen et al. (1999). Back. Note 19: www.lse.ac.uk/Giddens/ Back. Note 20: See for instance, Le Monde, 1st October 1998; The Guardian, 11th March 1999 and 21st November 1999; Berlingske Tidende 14th December 1999. Back. Note 21: Anthony Giddens, Lecture 1: "Globalisation" , BBC Reith Lectures, Radio 4, 7th April 1999, kl.20.02 (news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99/week1/week1.htm). Back. Note 22: www.dlcppi.org/ Back. Note 23: The New Democrat, September/October 1998, www.dlcppi.org/tnd/memos/septoct98.htm Back. Note 24: Al From. 1998. "Understanding the Third Way - A Primer on the New Politics for the Information Age", The New Democrat, September/October, www.dlcppi.org/tnd/memos/septoct98.htm Back. Note 25: www.dlcppi.org/ppi/3way/3wayglobal.htm Back. Note 26: www.dlcppi.org/ppi/3way/3way.htm. In parallel to the developments in American think tanks, British thinks tanks in particular have been going in the same direction. Denham & Garnett (1998: 181-188) mention the following three which can be said to be linked, some way or the other, to New Labour: The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR, www.ippr.org.uk/), Nexus (www.netnexus.org/), and Demos (www.demos.co.uk/). The IPPR was established already in 1988, but at no point has it been promoting a globalization discourse - be it structural determinist or actor optimist. Globalization does not seem to have been on the agenda what-so-ever. The same goes for Demos which was launched in 1993 and Nexus which was not created until 1996. See also Lucy Hodges. 1998. "The Wonks at Work in Blair's Think Tank', The Independent, July 23 (www.dlcppi.org/ppi/3way/articles/980723_ind.htm). Back. Note 27: www.library.utoronto.ca/g7/scholar/putnam1994/document.html Back. Note 28: Summary Statement of Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen on Behalf of the G-7 Jobs Conference, Detroit, Mich., March 15, 1994 (www.library.utoronto.ca/g7/adhoc/g7jobs.htm). Back. Note 29: www.library.utoronto.ca/g7/summit/1994naples/communique/ Back. Note 30: See for instance the Economic communiqué from the Lyon, 27-29 June 1996 summit entitled `Making a success of globalization for the benefit of all': 1. We, the Heads of State or Government of seven major industrialized democracies and the President of the European Commission, have met in Lyons for our 22nd annual Summit. Our discussions have taken place within the framework of a reflection on benefits and challenges posed by increasing economic globalization. 2. Economic growth and progress in today's interdependent world is bound up with the process of globalization. Globalization provides great opportunities for the future, not only for our countries, but for all others too. [...] 3. Globalization also poses challenges to societies and economies [...] 4. Our countries have made a decisive contribution to the progress of liberalization and globalization. We must do our best to ensure that this process fully responds to the hopes it has aroused and that globalization serves the interest of people, their jobs and their quality of life. [...] 5. This requires increased international cooperation. The adaptation of our international institutional structures; liberalization of markets, fair rules and their extension to new players; the capacity to respond to crises of varying scale and nature, as well as a readiness to support the efforts of those countries striving to escape from the miseries of economic underdevelopment will be necessary for future progress [...] 7. Since we met in Halifax, economic developments have been on the whole positive and disparities of economic performance among us have been narrowing. Back. Note 31: Michel Camdessus. 1995. "The IMF in a Globalized World Economy--The Tasks Ahead", Third Annual Sylvia Ostry Lecture, Ottawa, June 7, 1995, www.imf.org/external/np/sec/mds/1995/MDS9510.htm Back. Note 32: In Michel Camdessus' recent speeches globalization dictates a so-called duty of excellence' implying economic rigour and lean state-bureaucracy with a view to move to an economy which is more worthy of the human race'! 1. Whether a country is large or small, any crisis can become systemic through contagion on the globalized markets. Domestic economic policy therefore must, now more than ever, take into account its potential worldwide impact; a duty of universal responsibility is incumbent upon all. Every country, large or small, is responsible for the stability and quality of the entire world growth. 2. This adds a new dimension to the duty of excellence that is required of every government in the management of its economy. I use the word "excellence"; I could also say "absolute rectitude." Globalization is, in fact, a prodigious factor in accelerating and spreading the international repercussions of domestic policies -- for better or for worse. No country can escape, and all are fully aware of this. ("From the Crises of the 1990s to the New Millennium", International Graduate School of Management (IESE), Palacio de Congresos, Madrid, Spain, 27.11.1999, www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/1999/112799.htm). Back. Note 33: Michel Camdessus. 1995. "The International Monetary Fund and the Challenges of Globalization", The Free University, Amsterdam, November 28, www.imf.org/external/np/sec/mds/1995/MDS9520.htm. See also Michel Camdessus. 1995. "The IMF and the Challenges of Globalization - The Fund's Evolving Approach to its Constant Mission: The Case of Mexico", the Zurich Economics Society, Zurich, November 14, www.imf.org/external/np/sec/mds/1995/MDS9517.htm. Back. Note 34: Sir Leon Brittan. 1997. "Globalization vs Sovereignty? The European Response" Rede Lecture, Cambridge University 20th February, europa.eu.int/comm/dg01/sp200297.htm. Back. Note 35: Sir Leon Brittan. 1997. "Globalisation: Responding to new political and moral challenges", World Economic Forum, Davos, 30th January, europa.eu.int/comm/dg01/sp300197.htm. Back. Note 36: Rt Hon Sir Leon Brittan QC. 1999. "The contribution of the WTO Millennium Round to globalisation: an EU view", First Herbert Batliner Symposium: Europe in the Era of Globalisation B Economic Order and Economic Law, Vienna, 29 April 1999, europa.eu.int/comm/dg01/slb3004.htm. Back. Note 37: www.oecd.org/puma/ Back. Note 38: www.oecd.org/puma/about/index.htm Back. Note 39: For a general organization diagram: www.oecd.org/about/general/orgchart-e.pdf Back. Note 40: www.oecd.org/eco/eco/ Back. Note 41: www.oecd.org/dac/ Back. Note 42: www.oecd.org/dsti/sti/ Back. Note 43: www.oecd.org/agr/ Back. Note 44: Standard texts on New Public Management are: Hood (1991), Pollitt (1990), Osborne and Gaebler (1992), Massey (1993), Aucoin (1990). Back. Note 45: www.oecd.org//puma/gvrnance/strat/pubs/glo96/toc.htm Back. Note 46: For another example in which the OECD (read PUMA) is explicitly suggested as a forum which can help states out of their globalization dilemma, see PUMA Service employee: Sally Washington. 1996. Globalization and Governance', The OECD Observer, no. 199, April/May, pp. 24-27. Back. Note 47: OECD Policy Brief, no. 3, 1997, "New Directions for Industrial Policy", (www.oecd.org/publications/pol_brief/9703_pol.htm). Back. Note 48: Exemplified by publications such as: OECD. 1997. Towards a New Global Age: Challenges and Opportunities - Policy Report, Paris; OECD. 1997. Globalization and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Paris; OECD. 1997. Societal Cohesion and the Globalising Economy, Paris; and by Secretary-General of the OECD, Donald J. Johnston. 1997. "A New Global Age", OECD Observer, no. 207, August/September. Back. Note 49: Interviews with the author in January and November 1999. Back. Note 50: Erhvervsministeriet. 1996. Erhvervsredegørelse, København, Oktober. Back. Note 51: Poul Nyrup Rasmussen's welcome remarks to the globalization conference on 27th October 1997 (www.statsministeriet.dk/taler/taler/tale4.htm). Back. Note 52: Interview in the Economics Department, OECD, Paris, October 1999. Back. Note 53: www.fm.dk/udgivelser/publikationer/forgang2/index.htm Back. Note 54: www.fm.dk/udgivelser/publikationer/forgang1/index.htm Back. Note 55: www.fm.dk/udgivelser/publikationer/forgang3/index.htm Back. Note 56: Finansministeriet. 1997. Danmark som foregangsland: Globalisering og dansk økonomi, København, September. Back. Note 57: Erhvervsministeriet. 1997. Erhvervsredegørelse, København, September. Back.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen_IV_Cabinet	en	Poul Nyrup Rasmussen IV Cabinet	https://upload.wikimedia…lamentariker.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…lamentariker.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Denmark_%28s...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2005-03-29T20:23:10+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen_IV_Cabinet	Poul Nyrup Rasmussen IV 69th Cabinet of DenmarkDate formed23 March 1998 ( )Date dissolved27 November 2001 (2001-11-27)People and organisationsHead of stateMargrethe II of DenmarkHead of governmentPoul Nyrup RasmussenNo. of ministers22Ministers removed14Total no. of members35Member partySocial Democrats Social Liberal PartyHistoryElection1998Outgoing election2001PredecessorNyrup Rasmussen IIISuccessorFogh Rasmussen I After the 1998 Danish parliamentary election, the sitting Danish Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen was able to reform the government coalition of his own Social Democrats and the Danish Social Liberal Party. The resulting cabinet, which replaced the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen III, was formed on 23 March 1998 and was called the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen IV. The cabinet was replaced by the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I on 27 November 2001, after the Liberal Party's Anders Fogh Rasmussen had gained parliamentary support in the 2001 Danish parliamentary election. Some periods in the table below start before 23 March 1998 because the minister was also in Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen III. Portfolio Minister Took office Left office Party Prime Minister's Office Prime Minister25 January 199327 November 2001Social Democrats Minister of Economic Affairs & Minister for Nordic Cooperation27 September 199427 November 2001Social Liberals Minister for Foreign Affairs25 January 199321 December 2000Social Liberals21 December 200027 November 2001Social Democrats Minister for Finance25 January 199321 December 2000Social Democrats21 December 200027 November 2001Social Democrats Minister for the Environment and Energy27 September 199427 November 2001Social Democrats Minister for Science (Minister for Science and Technology from 21 December 2000)23 March 199810 July 1999Social Democrats10 July 199927 November 2001Social Democrats Minister of Education23 March 199827 November 2001Social Liberals Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs23 March 199821 December 2000Social Liberals21 December 200027 November 2001Social Liberals Minister of Defence25 January 199321 December 2000Social Democrats21 December 200027 November 2001Social Democrats Minister of the Interior20 October 199723 February 2000Social Democrats23 February 200027 November 2001Social Democrats Minister for Food30 December 199623 February 2000Social Democrats23 February 200027 November 2001Social Democrats Minister for Justice30 December 199627 November 2001Social Democrats Minister of Social Affairs27 September 199423 February 2000Social Democrats23 February 200027 November 2001Social Democrats Minister for Business Affairs23 March 199821 December 2000Social Democrats21 December 200027 November 2001Social Democrats Minister for Culture23 March 199827 November 2001Social Liberals Minister of Labor23 March 199827 November 2001Social Democrats Minister of Traffic23 March 199823 February 2000Social Democrats23 February 200027 September 1999Social Democrats Minister for Housing23 March 199827 September 1999Social Democrats Minister for Gender Equality1 July 199927 September 1999Social Democrats Minister for Towns and Homes & Minister for Gender Equality27 September 199921 December 2000Social Democrats21 December 200027 November 2001Social Democrats Minister for Taxation23 March 199821 December 2000Social Democrats21 December 200027 November 2001Social Democrats Minister for Health23 March 199823 February 2000Social Democrats23 February 200021 December 2000Social Democrats21 December 200027 November 2001Social Democrats Minister for Development Cooperation27 September 199410 July 1999Social Democrats10 July 199921 December 2000Social Democrats21 December 200027 November 2001Social Liberals (in Danish) List of Danish governments – from the official website of the Folketing
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	81	https://vbn.aau.dk/en/organisations/institut-for-politik-og-samfund/activities/	en	Department of Politics and Society	https://vbn.aau.dk/skin/footerIcon/	https://vbn.aau.dk/skin/footerIcon/	[ "https://vbn.aau.dk/skin/headerImage/", "https://vbn.aau.dk/assets/gizmo-expand-61f33ba7afaffaa77611abfb62f97a9e.svg", "https://vbn.aau.dk/assets/gizmo-contract-7adbcd523b1972d72d537e479dd74798.svg", "https://vbn.aau.dk/skin/footerIcon/" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/skin/favIcon/	Aalborg University's Research Portal	https://vbn.aau.dk/en/organisations/institut-for-politik-og-samfund/activities/
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	0	34	http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1630110.stm	en	Danish PM calls snap election			[ "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/furniture/nav/global_toolbar/t.gif", "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/furniture/nav/global_toolbar/logo.gif", "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/furniture/nothing.gif", "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/furniture/nothing.gif", "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/furniture/nothing.gif", "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/f...	[]	[]	[ "BBC", "News", "BBC News", "news online", "world", "uk", "international", "foreign", "british", "online", "service" ]	null	[]	2001-10-31T13:58:37					null	Under the Danish constitution, the poll could have been held any time before next March, but Mr Rasmussen said a long campaign was not appropriate in the current international situation. "In times of uncertainty after 11 September and with major decisions to be made on security, four months of election campaigning would not be good for Denmark," he said. "The world is not the same. In these times of uncertainty, security has to be ensured, increased cohesion and solidarity are needed, Denmark must not be split," Mr Rasmussen said. The election announcement follows predictions by political analysts that an early poll would allow Mr Rasmussen to capitalise on popular approval of his response to the war on terror. "The prime minister probably wants to take advantage of the patriarchal role he has built up as prime minister since 11 September," said Professor Ole Borre from Aarhus University. Mr Rasmussen has been Danish prime minister since January 1993, leading a coalition made up of four centre-left parties. Support for the Social Democrats had fallen considerably since the last election, but two opinion polls last weekend put them back above the 30% mark - their highest showing in more than a year. That level of support is still below their showing at the last election in 1998, when they attracted 36% of the vote. Campaign focus Mr Rasmussen said an early election would give the government time to prepare for the European Union presidency, in the second half of next year. The Danish presidency will have to steer attempts to complete the first wave of EU enlargement as the membership negotiations are scheduled to be completed by 2002. Mr Rasmussen said the election campaign would focus on welfare, health care and immigration policies as important issues. "Our society is a good house to live in for most of us," he said. "Now we shall renew it and renovate it where necessary." He also said he aimed to creat a more "robust" and "responsible" 2002 budget to take account of the global economic down turn. Local elections are also being held on 20 November.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	36	https://institutdelors.eu/en/tous-les-contributeurs/lamy-pascal/	en	Institut Jacques Delors	https://institutdelors.e…ascal-lamy-3.jpg	https://institutdelors.e…ascal-lamy-3.jpg	[ "https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Logo_IJD_RVB-200x90.png 200w, https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Logo_IJD_RVB-400x181.png 400w, https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Logo_IJD_RVB-600x271.png 600w, https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Logo_IJD_RV...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-08-18T13:29:50+00:00	PResident emeritus of the Jacques Delors Institute, CHAIR OF THE STEERING GROUP OF THE PARIS PEACE FORUMDIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (2005-2013)	en	https://institutdelors.e…8/favicon-32.png	Institut Jacques Delors	https://institutdelors.eu/en/tous-les-contributeurs/lamy-pascal/	Pascal Lamy (pascallamy.eu) holds various mandates at the global, European, and French levels. He is notably the vice-president of the Paris Peace Forum, President of the European branch of the Brunswick Group and coordinator of the Jacques Delors Institutes (Paris, Berlin, Brussels). Pascal Lamy served two terms as Director General of the World Trade Organization (WTO) from September 2005 to September 2013. He graduated of the École des Hautes Études Commerciales (HEC) in Paris, of the Faculty of Law (Sorbonne), of the Institut d’Études Politiques (IEP) and of the Ecole Nationale d’Administration (ENA). He began his career in the French civil service at the General Inspectorate of Finance and the Treasury. In 1981, he became advisor of the Minister of Economy and Finance, Jacques Delors, then Deputy Head of Prime Minister’s Pierre Mauroy cabinet in 1983. From 1985 to 1994, Pascal Lamy was the chief of staff of the President of the European Commission, Jacques Delors, and his “sherpa” at the G7. In 1994, he joined the team in charge of the recovery of the French bank Crédit Lyonnais then becoming its CEO up to its privatization in 1999, before returning to the European Commission as Trade Commissioner (Romano Prodi’s Presidency) until the end of 2004. After his mandate in Brussels, Pascal Lamy chaired for a brief sabbatical period the think tank working on European integration created by Jacques Delors, “Notre Europe” (now “Institut Jacques Delors”). He also became an associate professor at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and an advisor to Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, President of the European Socialist Party. In 2005, he was elected to head the WTO. Pascal Lamy has set out his commitment to European integration and his vision of a “controlled” globalization in several thought-provoking books: Strange New World (with N. Gnesotto, Odile Jacob, 2020) Où va le monde ? (with N. Gnesotto and JM. Baer, Odile Jacob, 2017 – republished in 2018) Quand la France s’éveillera (Odile Jacob, 2014) The Geneva Consensus, (Cambridge University Press, 2013) Now for the Long Term (Report of the Oxford Martin Commission for Future Generations, 2013) La Démocratie-monde – Pour une autre gouvernance globale (Seuil, 2004) L’Europe en première ligne (Seuil, 2002) L’Europe de nos volontés (with J. Pisani- Ferry, Plon, 2002 The Europe we want, Arch Press / The Policy Network, 2002) “World-Europe” report, chaired by P. Lamy in the framework of the XIth Plan of the Commissariat général du Plan (Dunod, 1993). He has received the title of Doctor Honoris Causa from 8 universities as well as numerous awards and distinctions in France and throughout the world. Pascal Lamy chairs the Paris Peace Forum since 2019, the French National Committee of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC), the European Starfish mission (ocean), the Danone mission committee, the Aspen Africa-Europe meetings. He coordinates the Jacques Delors Institutes (Paris, Berlin, Brussels). He co-chairs the Antartica 2020 coalition. He is also a member of the board of directors of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, the European Climate Foundation (ECF), Transparency International France, the Center on Regulation in Europe (CERRE), IFPRI (where he chairs the strategy and programs committee), the Musiciens du Louvre (Minkowski orchestra), the Institut Pierre-Mendès-France, Collegium International, the Institut Jean Monet, Senior Advisor to Trade Mark East Africa (TMEA) and the World Trade Board, member of the Advisory Board of Transparency International, the Oxford Martin School, the Back to Blue Initiative (The Economist), Covid Gap (Duke University) and the World Risk Report (WEF). He is a trustee of Europeum and Friends of Europe, an affiliated professor at HEC, China Europe International Business School CEIBS, Shanghai and the Centre for Economic Policy Research. He is also a member of the Global Foundation Roundtable (Rome), a member of the Steering Committee of the Colbert Foundation and a member of the Advisory Board of the Alpbach Forum and the Senior Advisory Council of the Beijing Forum.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	37	https://www.idcpc.gov.cn/english/resources/reports/2007/asia/201406/t20140612_72471.html	en	International Department Central Committee of CPC			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	BEIJING, Oct. 19 -- More countries, parties, organizations and their leaders from around the world have congratulated the Communist Party of China (CPC) on its ongoing 17th National Congress. Omer Hassan Ahmed Al-Bashir, president of the Republic of Sudan and chairman of the Sudanese National Congress, said in his congratulatory message that China has made strides toward an all-round national rejuvenation following the policy of reform, opening-up and social development. He spoke highly of the enormous efforts China and the CPC have made to support Sudan in realizing peace, stability and all-round development, and said he is willing to further enhance cooperation between his party and the CPC. Nafie Ali Nafie, vice chairman of the Sudanese National Congress and assistant of the president, and Kamal Mohamed Obeid, secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Sudanese National Congress, have also sent congratulatory messages. Jose de Venecia, speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives and leader of the LAKAS-Christian Muslim Democratic Party, expressed warm congratulations to the CPC on its 17th National Congress, and wished the congress a complete success. In his message, Venecia said the CPC has led the great Chinese people along the path of modernization, China's economy has become an engine of the global economy, and China's political influence a force for international stability. Abdullah al-Ahmar, deputy general secretary of the Al-Baath Arab Socialist Party of Syria, said in his message that on behalf of the party leadership and in his own name, he sincerely wished the CPC's 17th National Congress a success and could reach its goal of formulating guiding principles and policies for consolidating its reform and opening-up. These principles and policies, the message said, will embody China's influence on the world and its constructive role, on the basis of mutual respect and non-interference in each other's internal affairs, in the process of realizing justice, peace and cooperation, in getting rid of power politics, opposing aggression and hegemonic policies, and in settling international disputes peacefully through the United Nations as well as establishing a multi-polar world, in the process of achieving human progress. The message said the Al-Baath Arab Socialist Party is very pleased with the development of the friendly relationship of cooperation between the two parties and the two peoples. This relationship is conducive to the building of a secure, peaceful, stable and prosperous world, on the basis of justice, equality, the elimination of discrimination, the realization of democracy among countries, respect for the sovereignty of other countries and their own roads of development, and non-interference in other countries' internal affairs, it said. Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, president of the Party of European Socialists, said the CPC's 17th National Congress was convened at a very important moment in China's development, and that the congress is not only of great importance to the Chinese people, but will also have an impact on the whole world. He hoped the CPC could realize China's modernization successfully, gain better economic development, and obtain more social equality and justice. Rasmussen said it conforms to the common interests of both China and Europe to continue the development of the fruitful Sino-European relations, and he wished the CPC's 17th National Congress a success. Jean-Pierre Raffarin, former French prime minister and first vice-president of the Union for a Popular Movement of France, affirmed the union's support for French-Chinese friendly policies, saying that France, from General Charles de Gaulle in 1964 to the current French President Nicolas Sarkozy, is always a faithful partner of China's peaceful development. Piero Fassino, national secretary of Democrats of the Left of Italy, expressed his best wishes on the convening of the CPC's 17th National Congress and wished the congress a smooth session. He said the congress is of great significance in Chinese history and has caught worldwide attention. He noted that China has been playing a major role that has an impact worldwide, and that China's rapid development in recent years has not only realized fast economic growth but also placed China in an important position in international economy and trade. Jose Lello, international secretary of the Socialist Party of Portugal, expressed the hope that the Congress produce fruitful results and lay a solid and stable foundation for China's future development. He wished the CPC make greater achievements in the future. Mushahid Hussain Sayed, secretary general of the Pakistan Muslim League, congratulated the CPC on the successful opening of its 17th National Congress and wished the congress a success. In his message, Sayed said that under the leadership of the CPC with Hu Jintao as its general secretary, China has enhanced its international prestige, the living standards of the people have been raised, and the government has improved its administration. China has steadfastly defended the principles that a country's sovereignty cannot be violated and internal affairs no interfered. The Pakistan Muslim League believes that the CPC congress is of epoch-making significance in China's march toward building a harmonious and prosperous society and will strengthen China's role as a major factor in maintaining peace, security and stability in Asia, which will ensure an even brighter future for the Chinese and the Asian people, he said. The Pakistan Muslim League sincerely hoped that China can realize the goal of building a well-off society at an early date, and that the friendship between the two parties, the two countries and the two peoples will keep moving forward, he said. Kalumba Kalumba, national secretary of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy of Zambia, said in his message that the great success achieved by the CPC in the economic, political and diplomatic fields is a testimony to the great vision of the founding fathers of the CPC. Zambia, under the leadership of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy, firmly supports the CPC's policy of attaching importance to developing friendly relations with political parties in African countries, and is willing to make efforts in developing and deepening the friendly relations between the two parties. Zambia will, as always, stick to the one-China policy, he said. More foreign leaders, parties, organizations congratulate CPC on Congress (Part Two) Rwandese Patriotic Front General Secretary Francois Ngarambe said the ongoing Congress provides another opportunity for the Chinese people to review the achievements made in recent years on the path to progress. He commended China's economic development under the leadership of the CPC, and reaffirmed that the Rwandese Patriotic Front will continue to develop and deepen its friendly relations with the CPC. Carlos Gomes Junior, president of the African Party of Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde of Guinea-Bissau, said the the CPC's 17th National Congress is convened at a great historical time when China's modernization drive has kept gaining speed, its economic power strengthened, and influence in the world enhanced. He said that as a developing country, Guinea-Bissau is glad to have China, a great nation which is on the path to prosperity, as its partner and friend, adding that his party will make unremitting efforts to reinforce its friendly relations of cooperation with the CPC and the Chinese people. Rene Ndemezo' Obiang, deputy general secretary of the Gabonese Democratic Party, said in his message that over the past several decades, China has made notable achievements in various fields, thanks to the opening-up policy and modernization drive under the leadership of the CPC. He believed that by adhering to the basic guidelines of the CPC, the current Congress will make huge contributions to building a modern, prosperous China which has become a major factor in safeguarding world peace and stability. In its message, the Central Committee of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) said that the CPC's 17th National Congress is a great political event. The PCRM pays a great attention to the process of the congress. The CPC, as the world's biggest political party, has led China into the rank of pioneers of development in the world, by pushing forward reform and opening-up, with the modernization drive and scientific development. The CPC pursues an independent foreign policy of peace in international affairs, which has won the respect of the international community, said the message, adding that the PCRM highly appreciates and is willing to continue the development of friendly relations between the two parties. The Board of the Republican Party of Armenia said in its message that the CPC has made a sustained effort to promote the Chinese people's livelihood and facilitate China's development and prosperity. The party congress will resolve major problems faced by China and resolutions adopted at the congress are bound to benefit the nation and its people, said the message. In its telegram, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus extended its heartfelt wishes, hoping the CPC congress make substantial and well-thought-out decisions to benefit the Chinese people and deepen the friendship and cooperation between the two parties and peoples. Under the leadership of the CPC, the Chinese people are building socialism on the basis of social justice, the telegram read. Mauricio Mulder Bedoya, general secretary of the APRA Party of Peru, said he believes that resolutions passed by the CPC congress will allow China to take firm and steady steps in working for its people's livelihood and the nation's development. He said his party and the CPC share the common goal of seeking sustainable and balanced growth, scientific development and a harmonious society as an ideal in the 21st century, which has continuously strengthened their existing friendly relations of cooperation. Sergio Bitar, chairman of the Party for Democracy of Chile, and Pepe Auth, general secretary of the party, said in their message that the CPC's 17th National Congress will play a decisive role in pushing forward China's social and economic development and broadening the well-being of its people. With the joint efforts of the two parties, Chile and China will continue to enhance their relations of cooperation in such fields as politics, trade and economy, culture, science and technology, said the message. Pallab Sengupta, general secretary of the All India Peace and Solidarity Organization, said the organization is "following with great interest the news and articles about the proceedings" of the CPC congress. Hu Jintao's speech "is of great importance not only for the people of China but also for the international community at large, " he said. Sengupta added that the speech reaffirmed the CPC's adherence to the Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of "Three Represents" and the "Scientific Outlook on Development" in uniting and leading people of all ethnic groups in building socialism with Chinese characteristics, as well as its commitment to maintaining world peace. Enditem
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	2	94	https://vlada.gov.cz/en/clenove-vlady/premier/vyznamne-projevy/the-prime-ministers-address-at-the-opening-of-the-plenary-meeting-of-the-european-parliament--25-march-in-strasbourg-55756/	en	The Prime Minister's Address at the Opening of the Plenary Meeting of the European Parliament, 25 March in Strasbourg	https://vlada.gov.cz/en/…avicon-32x32.png	https://vlada.gov.cz/en/…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://vlada.gov.cz/images/vlada/vlada-ceske-republiky_en.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Czech Republic", "Government", "Prime Minister" ]	null	[]	null	The Prime Minister's Address at the Opening of the Plenary Meeting of the European Parliament, 25 March in Strasbourg	en	/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png		null	Good day. My greetings to you all at the regular report of the Chairman of the European Council after the spring summit of the European Council. First, I would like to apologise to you that I will not remain for the entire time of the meetings of the plenary, as is usual; Deputy Prime Minister Vondra will represent me in the second part after the appearances of the fraction leaders. The main reason I must return to Prague is, as Hans Gert Pöttering has already said, unprecedented obstruction from the side of the socialists, which by the way we have faced for the entire period of the Czech presidency, and I have never made a secret of it. That the government will be in resignation will certainly not threaten the presidency; that the socialists did not take into account that the Czech Republic is chairing the European Council, that they deny a basic level of cooperation, this harms the Social Democrats the most. The presidency should not suffer, because I am deeply convinced that we have undoubtedly managed to do what I said here in my introductory appearance before the European Parliament - that we will try to moderate discussion and achieve compromise - and the spring European Council is proof of this. In the Czech Republic it is then the custom that when the speaker speaks, that others do not interrupt, but maybe the customs here are somewhat different. So this may be an introduction. Allow me to switch over and I will adhere strictly to the conclusions of the European Council. Allow me to switch over to why I am actually here today, why we took certain steps at the European Council, and despite that, please allow me before that to comment on what occurred even before it, and that was the so-called tripartite – the summit with social partners. It was a relatively strong cast; aside from myself and the Chairman of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, the two subsequent prime ministers, both Prime Minister Reinfeldt of the Kingdom of Sweden and Prime Minister Zapatero of the Kingdom of Spain. I was in a relatively positive mood after that meeting and was very surprised by the consensus of social partners; not only in the goals of the presidency but in general with the solutions to the situation in which employees, or possibly those unemployed as a result of the worldwide financial crisis and economic recession are earning and can receive. I must say that if there is interest, I will say more about the tripartite, but we agree on three basic principles, which are to enable far greater flexibility on the labour market, labour force mobility, to work far more intensively on a higher extent of education and skill for labour forces so that they may bring this to bear on the labour market, etc. The spring European Council was the second meeting of heads of state that we have led, but nonetheless it was the first full formal summit. Obviously the most watched topic was the issue of a solution to the current economic crisis. At the outset, I completely and absolutely refuse those voices who say we are doing too little, that we are doing too few deep things. I would present a single number: EUR 400 billion. EUR 400 billion, which is 3.3 % of the EU's GDP, is an unprecedented step and in connection with the automatic stabilisers the EU has and which the USA, for example, does not. I think that the example that José Manuel Barroso presents is absolutely educative; a worker who is laid off from Saab in Sweden and a worker who is laid off from General Motors somewhere in Chicago have absolutely differing social standards, absolutely differing approaches from their governments. These automatic stabilisers are precisely what multiplies this EUR 400 billion amount to one that is fundamentally higher, giving us an undisputable advantage in this as compared to the USA. The basic underpinning of the agreement of the entire EU-27 is the confirmation of the validity of the Lisbon Strategy, which is one of the four pillars on which this entire agreement stands. Yesterday we had Gordon Brown here, and he certainly had the ability to explain the approach of the entire EU-27, the mandate for the G20 summit. All the short-term measures - and we agreed on this – must be temporary, and have also been conceived of as temporary. The mid- and long-term priorities and directions of the Lisbon Strategy were confirmed, and the short-term ones must be consistent with them. I must openly say that after the comments by Timothy Geithner, the Treasury Secretary of the USA, about "permanent action," there was more or less consternation at the European Council. Not only because America is repeating the mistakes of the 1930s, which are wide-ranging stimuli, the tendency and calls for protectionism, the Buy American campaign, etc. All of these steps, their combination and, what's worse, the initiative for their permanent establishment, are the road to hell. It is necessary to read the historic textbooks, which have evidently become covered with dust. I consider the clear refusal of these roads and this short-sighted approach to be the greatest success of the meetings of the spring council. I must clearly refuse the words of the chairman of the European Socialists, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, who said that the European Council has done too little against the crisis, and that we are waiting for rescue from the the USA. Not only because the road chosen by the USA has already discredited itself historically, but also because, as I have said before, the level of social security and the securing of citizens' social needs overall is sharply different in the USA and at a sharply lower level. For this reason the road is dangerous because the Americans will need cash to finance their social stimulus – they can easily get this, because there will always be someone to buy American bonds. But this threatens market liquidity, it draws down liquidity from the global financial market and other bonds, maybe European, but completely certainly Polish, Czech and possibly other countries, will have their sale threatened, and then there will be no cash in the system. This approach induces fears, and in my opinion it will also be a topic for discussion at the G20 summit. The G20 summit will be one of the opportunities we will have to speak about it, then at the informal EU-27 summit with the American administration and with Barack Obama in Prague can be a continuation of this discussion. I believe we will find a common way out with the USA, because by no means do we want to set the USA and Europe against each other. At the present time, and this crisis has only shown us this again, there is no such thing as an isolated economy, and the extent of connectedness is very high, which means in times of crisis that we all have a problem and also that we can only resolve it together. The second pillar of agreement in the area of the search for solutions against the current crisis are prepared for the G20 summit. The materials Gordon Brown has prepared with his administration are excellent, and you had the possibility to become acquainted with these yesterday. This three-pillar approach - which means solutions in the financial sector and fiscal stimulus, regulation and correction of the mistakes in the framework of this system and third pillar is the renewal and liberalization of world trade, meaning pressure to renew the Doha talks in the framework of the WTO – is precisely what in my opinion is a certain package of solutions which the European Council is offering and to which it unanimously agreed. I would also like to highlight the agreement on that, that in the end we stated a specific number in increasing the available financial capacity of the international and currency fund and that we have defined this specific potential commitment to be EUR 75 billion. The EU-27 has a united position before the G20, one voice and a common goal. I have regarded this as absolutely the greatest success, because the entire European Council was a test of European unity, European solidarity and the unified European internal market. If any of these were to crash, then we would absolutely come out of this crisis weakened, but not in the event that we respect these basic attributes; I think we will be strengthened. For this reason, there is no reason for pessimism before the G20 meeting, as Poul Nyrup Rasmussen fears. I think we have all understood that it is necessary to act in solidarity and to cooperate, which is confirmed by the words of Graham Watson of the Liberal fraction. The current crisis, as we all say, is a crisis of confidence. The third area, which is key for resolving the crisis, is the renewal of confidence – it is not enough to only pour money into the system; we have tried this and despite it the banks do not lend - it is necessary that the banks loan this money, and banks will not do this if they will not have confidence. The liquidity they have available has not solved the problem. Confidence can be neither decreed nor bought. As part of renewing confidence, we have therefore taken another step toward strengthening it - we have doubled the guarantee framework in case of need for countries outside the eurozone to EUR 50 billion. We have agreed that it is necessary not to take a bloc approach to every bank in every country but to approach it individually, and at this time we consider the one-size-fits-all approach to be dangerous. The markets are nervous and they react immediately exaggeratedly and negatively. For this reason, better regulation is in order here. I emphasise better, or, in places where none existed, then implementation of those regulations. This is where you, Members of the European Parliament, enter the game. We would like to come to an agreement, and I have signals that it is possible for legislative acts, which essentially complement our vision and concept of better regulation relating to rating agencies, the solvency of insurers, banks' capital requirements, cross-border payments and electronic funds, etc. I would be happy if, during your terms in office, these norms were approved, and that they come into validity, so that we can immediately put them into practice. Importantly, I welcome and we welcome all of the de Larosier report, which is brilliant in its analytical sections and very instructional in its realisation section, and in this regard the European Council has made clear conclusions. Perhaps the most principal task of the spring European Council was the evaluation of the implementation of the Recovery Plan up to now, as the Council established it in December. It is here that there is the most noise and criticism - I think undeserved - and that this plan is allegedly insufficient, slow, unambitious… I would like to set this straight here. EU fiscal measures have reached EUR 400 billion, which is roughly 3.3 % of EUR GDP, where resources for bank recapitalisation, bank guarantees are not calculated, which is a value greater than 10 % of GDP. It is simply a level that the European Union can allow at the given time, and despite this it will mean a very sharp interference with the Growth and Stability Pact, into the growth of public debt, into the correction of things in the "day after" period, meaning the day after the end of the crisis, if I would want to simplify it as such. I think that even for that EUR 5 billion, just a small part of the gigantic amount of EUR 400 billion, is and finally was approved, it was a very complicated negotiation, which a number of states attacked. First because either the anti-crisis measures, if not drawn down in 2009 and 2010 - which is true, that it is not a transparent system of project evaluation, that it is not a good list of projects at all, etc., that something was missing there, or that there was a surplus there. In the end, after complicated talks, we found - and here the Czech presidency unequivocally played a dominant role that an agreement was found - that the EUR 5 billion would be approved and sent to you in the European Parliament for you to consider. I must say that the Renewal Plan has its community level, and today there is roughly EUR 30 billion available, and its national level, where every Member State as part of this plan will carry out their own fiscal stimulus. I believe it is key that what the European Council agreed upon is the validity of the Growth and Stability Pact. If we as the entire EU want to go through the crisis unharmed and strengthened, then we must respect our own rules. We would be making the greatest mistake now if we were to set new packages without regard for the fact that all national and community actions have been initialised, without knowing their impact and without knowing whether or not additional fiscal stimulus was necessary, and even on this the European Council agreed. If it will be imperative, the European Council will take additional measures, but at this time we do not know whether it should or should not. Nobody knows where the bottom of this crisis is; nobody knows its end. It is absolutely unreasonable for us to take additional measures without knowing what the effects are of these steps of the EUR 400 billion fiscal stimulus. The plan is ambitious, diversified and comprehensive, and in individual countries, each a bit different according to the situation, it deals with growth as well as employment, and of course the problems that are associated with the economic situation. The second major topic of the European Council was the situation or the issue of energy and the climate. As with energy security in this area, we have made meaningful progress in protection of the climate. The need for energy security, aside from it being one of the main priorities of our presidency, was shown in January. The gas crisis has still not been resolved. The gas crisis could begin tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, a month from now, next year, whenever. As evidence of what I am saying, one anti-crisis package of EUR 5 billion is also aimed primarily, even if not exclusively, at connecting European countries and the most varied mechanisms and projects which should decrease independence on a single supply route. We have agreed that the anti-crisis mechanism in the event of a loss of supply must be ready by next winter so that it can possibly react to the problems that come. It is more than apparent that we need it. This was shown in January, and it was shown most in Slovakia and Bulgaria and in certain other countries. Discussion on climate. Talks and preparations for the Copenhagen conference are beginning already. Denmark as the host country, Sweden, during whose presidency this affair will take place, as well as the Czech Republic are intensively working on this today. We are trying to find not only a common position on a European level, but we are starting to hold talks with the largest players, without whom the success of the Copenhagen conference is not secured. Those are the USA, and of course Japan, China, India, other major countries and major polluters. The greatest discussion - and I would like to pause for a moment on this – was whether we should set not only mechanisms but also individual EU countries' share in this package of money we will provide for assistance to developing countries, third countries to fulfil their commitments as part of the fight to protect the climate. The decision we made is correct. In a situation when we are negotiating with all the major players, who thus far are talking more than they are doing, it would be very untactical and very bad if we ourselves were to set barriers and limits that the others would not respect. The negotiating position is far better when we have we have these hands free, and the countries which in the end put the final proposal on the table - Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Poland - agreed on this. Here, of course, the interests of countries that have a bit of fear of this mechanism are respected, as well as the interests of countries that are leaders on issues of climate protection. What remains before us is to find the specific mechanism, key and formulation far enough in advance before the Copenhagen conference; this was agreed upon by all countries as well as those who take this as their absolute priority. To the third, the area of external relations. The European Council formally approved the Eastern Partnership initiative as a complement to our foreign policy or the close neighborhood policy, where, if there are icebergs to the north, the Atlantic to the west, then our neighbours live to the south and west, and these are countries that could potentially threaten our economy, as well as the social and security situations. The Eastern Partnership was a goal of the Czech presidency and I am very happy that it was approved, that the clear amount of EUR 600 million was provided and I will anticipate your question about the participation of Belarus; we are considering it, it is part of the project. Belarus has made certain progress, the validity of the ban on granting visas to the regime's leaders has been extended. At this moment the doors to Belarus are opening, but nevertheless a decision has not been made. If the Member States do not agree, and it will not be a decision of all 27, then we simply will not invite Lukashenko, despite both the opposition and neighbouring countries recommending that we do so. I think this is an issue which, if you will ask about at this time, I will not know how to answer, and for this reason I am anticipating it. I have informed the European Council about the meeting and informal summit with President Obama on 5 April for the fulfilling of additional priorities and that is the trans-Atlantic bond. Organisational issues have not yet been completed. You will all be informed in detail. Thematically, the summit will be framed into three main blocs - the introductory discussion on the results of the G20 summit, cooperation on energy and climate, where the EU wants to remain a key player, just as the USA. And the third point will be external relations. Circumscribed, this is the geostrategic area from the Mediterranean to the Caspian. This means Afghanistan, Pakistan, the situation in Iran, the Middle East. The summit with the USA is important, but nevertheless it shows that we should not have exaggerated expectations. No messiah has come; the USA has a lot of domestic problems it must solve and for this reason it is good that Barack Obama will certainly give one of the important speeches of this year, where of course he will want to send a message to the citizens of the EU on the main positions and main goals of the new American administration. I think that there were a whole range of other details at the European Council which I am prepared to answer. If I left something out, I will fill it in in the discussion, which will follow after the appearance of the chairpersons of the fractions. We will probably not meet again in this make-up, because you are leaving to start your campaigns, but I would be happy if you would not start to do this just today. I hope that the fight for individual seats in the European Parliament will be fair, and that after the elections you will meet again and continue with your work. Thank you for your attention.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	0	62	https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/scandinavian-history-biographies/anders-fogh-rasmussen	en	Anders Fogh Rasmussen			[ "https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Get information", "facts", "and pictures", "about Anders Fogh Rasmussen", "at Encyclopedia.com", "Make", "research", "projects", "and school reports", "about Anders Fogh Rasmussen", "easy", "with credible", "articles", "from our FREE", "online encyclopedia and dictionary" ]	null	[]	null	Denmark (dĕn´märk), Dan. Danmark, officially Kingdom of Denmark, kingdom (2005 est. pop. 5,432,000), 16,629 sq mi (43,069 sq km), N Europe. It borders on Germany in the south, the North Sea [1] in the west, the Skagerrak in the north, and the Kattegat and the Øresund in the east.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/scandinavian-history-biographies/anders-fogh-rasmussen	Danish politician Anders Fogh Rasmussen (born 1953) served as his country's prime minister during the early and middle 2000s. He found himself confronted after his election in 2001 with some of the hot-button international issues of his time: relations between the West and the Islamic world, immigration, and war in the Middle East. Acharismatic figure who led his center-right party to its first victory over Denmark's left-leaning Social Democrats in many years, Rasmussen was emblematic of a new breed of conservatives coming to power in Western Europe. He hoped to slash the size of Denmark's large social welfare bureaucracy without eliminating the basic protections it offered, and he implemented restrictions on immigration while offering as few concessions as possible to far-right nationalist groups. Raised on Farm Rasmussen (ROS-muess-en) was born on January 26, 1953, in Northern Djursland, in Aarhus County in the rural eastern part of Denmark's Jutland Peninsula mainland. He grew up on the family farm with his parents, Knud and Martha Rasmussen, but he showed an instinct for political life from the start: according to an article in the Financial Times, he and his brothers often played a game they called "politics" and he would invariably choose the role of prime minister. In 1969 he enrolled at the centuries-old Viborg Cathedral School, taking courses in languages and social studies. While he was there, he organized a chapter of a Danish national organization called Young Liberals. The term "liberal" has a connotation in Denmark (and many other countries) opposite to its meaning in the United States but close to the classical sense of the term, indicating a philosophy or political party devoted to minimizing governmental interference in the affairs of private industry. What motivated Rasmussen to become involved was the outbreak of student demonstrations around Europe in May of 1968, many of which were oriented toward Marxist or Communist ideas. "That was my reaction to the events of May 1968," he told the Economist. Rasmussen remained involved with Denmark's Liberal Party after he entered the University of Aarhus in 1972, and by 1974 he had become chairman of the party's national youth wing. He joined its national central committee in 1976. In 1976, while still a university student, Rasmussen began doing consulting work for the Danish Federation of Crafts and Small Industries, and he continued to do that work until 1987. Finishing a master's degree in economics at Aarhus in 1978, Rasmussen was immediately elected to Denmark's Folketing, or parliament, from the Viborg district. He married, and he and his wife, Anne-Mette, raised three children. In the early 1980s Rasmussen served as vice-chairman of the Folketing's housing committee. In the 1980s and 1990s, Rasmussen worked his way up through the Liberal Party hierarchy, moving in and out of the top echelons of government as the party's fortunes fluctuated. In 1984 he was named to the Liberals' parliamentary management committee, and he became vice-chairman of the national party the following year. From 1987 to 1992 he was Minister for Taxation in the Danish cabinet, adding the title of Minister for Economic Affairs to his portfolio in 1990. For much of the 1990s he was out of the Folketing, but he worked as the Liberal Party's national spokesman from 1992 to 1998. In 1998 he became the party's national chairman, after his predecessor, who had been expected to win that year's election, failed to come out on top. Rasmussen held several other administrative posts in the 1990s. Authored Economic Studies Denmark enjoyed one of the highest per-capita income figures in the world, but it had correspondingly high tax rates, second only to Sweden in personal income tax rates, by one calculation. Rasmussen's Liberals believed that the country's cradle-to-grave social welfare system had become bloated and could be pared, and a series of books authored by Rasmussen himself provided ammunition for the arguments of party members. Those books included Showdown with the Tax System (1979), The Struggle for Housing, and From Social State to Minimal State (1993). As party chairman, Rasmussen led the Liberals into Denmark's 2001 national elections against the ruling Social Democratic party and its leader, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (not a relative). In Denmark's parliamentary system, the leader of the party that wins the most seats in the parliament is given the chance to form a government. Rasmussen's platform was toned down from the conservative economic policies he advocated in his books; in place of the "minimal state" of his free-market 1993 broadside he merely advocated a system in which some of the services of Denmark's welfare state would be opened up to participation by private industry. Rasmussen's telegenic appearance also played a positive role in the campaign when placed in contrast with that of his bearded, lumbering opponent. The Economist called him "a professional politician to his fingertips." He also campaigned on promises to freeze taxes, reduce crime, reduce growing hospital waiting lists in the country's government-run health system, and introduce measures that would help Denmark's large elderly population. The results of the election displaced the Social Democrats from power for the first time since the 1920s, with the Liberals taking 31 percent of the vote to the Social Democrats' 29 percent. The result was ambiguous, however, for Rasmussen was forced to seek the support of several more conservative parties in order to form a government. These included the Conservative People's Party (Konservative Folkeparti) and Danish People's Party (Dansk Folkeparti), the latter a nationalist group that called for new immigration restrictions and specifically deplored the influence of immigrant Muslims on Denmark's ethnically homogeneous society (with an immigrant population of just over 5 percent, the country was less diverse than most of the rest of Western Europe). Anti-immigrant sentiment was rising in Denmark in the wake of the U.S. terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The Danish People's Party, which had received just over 7 percent of the vote in the elections, was still seen as extreme, but Rasmussen finessed the issue by lining up the party's support in parliamentary votes but excluding it from his cabinet. He became Danish prime minister on November 27, 2001. Eliminated Government Boards and Committees Rasmussen's working majority held together early in his term, and he was able to implement major sections of his agenda. By June of 2002 the governing Liberals had shaved almost $830 million of spending from Denmark's $53 billion budget. They had taken steps to benefit Danish business interests, and Rasmussen took the seemingly noncontrover-sial step of closing down 103 government boards, councils, and committees, a step that was projected to save $35.5 million. "We wish to tidy up the intermediate layer [of government], which drains our resources and removes attention from the essential matters," Rasmussen explained in his New Year's speech of 2002, according to Maria Bern-born of Europe. One of those panels eliminated, however, was the Board for Ethnic Equality, whose disappearance drew widespread criticism. The controversy arose because the move was viewed as a concession on Rasmussen's part to the Danish People's Party. Rasmussen cut legal immigration levels, and he put new curbs on foreigners who claimed refugee status when trying to enter Denmark; refugees had to prove that they had actually been victimized by religious, political, or ethnic persecution. The number of refugees seeking asylum dropped from 12,000 in 2001 to 3,000 in 2004. Many refugees headed for other European countries, particularly Sweden, which criticized the actions of its Scandinavian neighbor. The economic specialist Rasmussen was quickly faced with issues that had international implications. In 2003 he backed the U.S. invasion of Iraq, making Denmark one of just a few continental European countries to line up behind the U.S. and Britain, and he sent 500 Danish troops to Iraq in support of the war effort. Danish public opinion first backed the move but later turned decisively against it. A Continental economic slowdown toward the middle of Rasmussen's first term in office dented his popularity, and a massive train bombing in Madrid, Spain, on March 11, 2004, affecting one of the war's other European supporters, raised speculation that Rasmussen could be headed for defeat in the next election. Rasmussen's Liberals bounced back after he called an election for February 8, 2005, however. Rasmussen campaigned once again on economic issues, claiming that an assortment of tax cuts had added an average of $3,000 to annual Danish family incomes. Teenagers were denied certain welfare benefits, but, noted the Economist, such moves were seen by the Danish electorate as "necessary tweaks, not a conservative revolution." And the new immigration restrictions won support across a wide spectrum of Danish public opinion, excluding only the leftmost segments of the political spectrum. In the February elections, both Rasmussen's Liberals and the Social Democrats actually lost seats, while parties farther to the left and right made gains. Rasmussen's majority in the new Danish parliament was unchanged, standing at 94 of the Folketing's 179 seats. The major challenge in the first part of Rasmussen's second term came in early 2006, when Islamic anger exploded worldwide after a series of cartoons were published in Denmark's Jyllands-Posten (Jutland Post) newspaper late the previous year. The cartoons depicted the Prophet Muhammad in a disparaging way, with one of them showing him with a bomb-shaped turban. Protests flared in Copenhagen and in many Islamic capitals, and Danish consumer goods were removed from shelves in Islamic markets. Rasmussen referred in his 2006 New Year's message, quoted in the Economist, to "unacceptably offensive instances" of attempts "to demonize groups of people on the basis of their religion or ethnic background," but he maintained that owing to the principle of freedom of the press in Denmark, the government had no control over what Danish newspapers printed. A group of 11 ambassadors from predominantly Islamic countries asked to meet with Rasmussen. He initially refused, drawing strong condemnation from a group of Danish foreign service officers, but later met with several of the Islamic ambassadors. The controversy simmered down slowly, and the threat of terrorist attacks in Denmark reportedly remained high through 2006 as Rasmussen turned to other aspects of his foreign agenda that included support for the European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Early in 2007, Rasmussen unveiled a plan to cut Denmark's dependence on imported energy, aiming to provide 30 percent of Denmark's energy needs from wind power, hydrogen, and biofuels by 2025. Books Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: World Leaders, Gale, 2003. Periodicals Economist, November 24, 2001; March 20, 2004; December 18, 2004; February 5, 2005; January 7, 2006. Europe, June 2002. Financial Times, November 22, 2001. New York Times, November 22, 2001. Online "Denmark unveils plan to reduce fossil fuels, double use of renewable energy," International Herald Tribune, http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/01/19/europe/EU-GEN-Denmark-Cleaner-Energy.php (January 23, 2007). "Prime Minister of Denmark: Anders Fogh Rasmussen," Prime Minister's Office of Denmark, http://www.stm.dk (January 23, 2007). "Rasmussen, Anders Fogh," Parliament (Folketing) of Denmark, http://www.folketinget.dk (January 23, 2007). Anders Fogh Rasmussen Prime Minister of Denmark Born on January 26, 1953, in Ginnerup, Nørre Djurs, Denmark; son of Knud (a farmer) and Martha Rasmussen; married to Anne-Mette; children: three.Education:Earned degree in economics from the University of Århus, 1978. Addresses: Office—Statsministeriet (Prime Minister's Office), Christiansborg, DK-1218 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Career Founder and chairman of the Young Liberals organization at Viborg Cathedral School, 1970-72; first elected to Folketing (legislative assembly of Denmark), 1978; served as minister for taxation, September, 1987-November, 1992; served as minister for economic affairs, December, 1990-November, 1992; leader of Denmark's Liberal Party, 2001—; became prime minister, November, 2001, elections, and formed coalition government; reelected February, 2005. Sidelights Anders Fogh Rasmussen, head of Denmark's Liberal Party, has served as prime minister since 2001. That year's election results marked the first time since the 1920s that Denmark's politically dominant leftist party, the Social Democrats, had been spurned by voters. As party leader, Rasmussen became prime minister and formed a center-right coalition government with another party. In his first years in office, Rasmussen's government enacted several sweeping reforms, most aimed at curbing immigration and increasing free-market competition inside the Danish economy. Rasmussen was born on January 26, 1953, in Ginnerup, a town in the Nørre Djurs coastal region of Denmark's Jutland peninsula. He grew up on one of the many small family farms that dotted the Århus county area, and emerged as a political leader while still in his teens. At the Viborg Cathedral School, he became one of the founders of the Young Liberals group, a youth group affiliated with Denmark's center-right Liberal Party. It was an era of widespread protest among his generation, but the Young Liberals were formed in reaction to the sweeping student movement in Western Europe that had taken a decidedly leftist tone. Denmark's Liberal Party—called Venstre ("left")—was actually less of a left-of-center group than the term "liberal" commonly denotes in North American political terminology. Generally known as a pro-business party, the Liberals called for less government regulation and lower taxes. Rasmussen studied economics at the University of Århus, and became the national chairperson for the Young Liberals group in 1974. In 1978, the same year he earned his degree, he was elected to the Folketing, Denmark's national legislative body, on the Liberal Party ticket. Since the 1920s, the seats in the Folketing had been dominated by the Social Democrats, Denmark's traditional center-left party. Other competing factions included the Danish People's Party, the far-right group; the Conservative Party, the Socialist People's Party, and the Christian People's Party. Rasmussen served several years in the Folketing, and became known for his economic expertise. He authored a number of books on the subject, including 1979's Opgør med skattesystemet ("Showdown with the Tax System") and Fra Socialstat til Minimal-sta ("From Social State to Minimal State"), which was published in 1993. Denmark has one of the highest tax-per-person ratios in the world, but the taxes pay for a generous social-service net and its citizens enjoy one of the world's highest standards of living. In his writings and in his political speeches, Rasmussen argued that such a system fosters a dependency on the government, and quells initiative and free enterprise. In 1987, Rasmussen was appointed to the important cabinet post of minister for taxation. Three years later, he was made minister for economic affairs for a two-year stint; after 1992, he held his seat in the Folketing while retaining various roles in the Liberal Party leadership, including party spokesperson. In 2001, the Prime Minister, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen—no relation—thought November would be a good time for his Social Democrat Party to capitalize on a wave of solidarity stemming from the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11 of that year, and called for national elections that month. The poll results, however, brought a surprise, with the Social Democrats winning just 29 percent of the Folketing seats, and Rasmussen and the Liberal Party taking 31 percent. It marked the first time that the Social Democrats had been bested by another party since the 1920s. Another surprise was the votes cast for the far right Danish People's Party, which amounted to 12 percent of the tally. Its leader had made anti-Muslim statements that seemed to resonate with nervous Danes in the fearful post-9/11 climate, despite the country's reputation for tolerance. About six percent of Denmark are immigrants, and three percent of the total population list their faith as Muslim in what has historically been a country with a strong Lutheran tra- dition. Since Rasmussen and his party did not win an outright majority in the Folketing, he formed a coalition government with the Conservatives, which had won nine percent of the vote. The new center-right government, led by Rasmussen, succeeded on most of the reforms it pledged to push forward during the campaign. There were new restrictions on immigration, for example, and in July of 2002 the government issued a decree that Denmark would only to accept refugees who could prove that they were victims of religious, political, or ethnic persecution. That resulted in a dramatic drop in number of those applying for asylum in Denmark, from 12,000 in 2001 down to just 3,000 in 2004. Rasmussen supported U.S. president George W. Bush and his plans for the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, unlike many Western European leaders. Denmark even sent a contingent of troops, but public support lessened considerably for Denmark's participation over the next two years. In February of 2005, Danes went to the polls again, and though Rasmussen's Liberal Party lost four seats, it maintained its lead in the Folketing and kept control of the government. The prime minister received a high number of personal votes, more than 61,000, which was said to be the most ever won by a Danish politician. His main rival was Mogens Lykketoft, head of Social Democrat Party. Rasmussen is known for his telegenic looks and ease before both the Folketing and television cameras, by contrast to the stodgier, bearded Lykketoft, who resigned from his party leadership after the 2005 election. Rasmussen surprised many in the spring of 2005 on the 60-year anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe, when he issued a formal apology for Denmark's wartime collaboration with Nazi Germany. The country had been invaded by Nazi Germany, and initially refused to comply with orders to identify and round up its Jewish citizens. Some 7,000 Jews were rescued by a collaborative effort between Danish authorities, the resistance movement, and ordinary citizens, but about 450 were transported to Nazi extermination camps in Eastern Europe. Rasmussen specifically apologized for the government's cooperation in the extradition of those Jews, calling it "shameful" and "a stain on Denmark's otherwise good reputation" according to a BBC News report. Rasmussen is married and has three children. Known for his healthy lifestyle, he runs every morning, which he claims clears his head for the day's work ahead. Sources Books Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: World Leaders, Gale, 2003. Periodicals Europe, December 2001, p. 25; June 2002, p. 26. Independent (London, England), February 8, 2005, p. 20. New York Times, November 22, 2001, p. A16. Times (London, England), November 22, 2001, p. 19. Online "Anders Fogh Rasmussen," Folketingnet, http:// www.folketinget.dk/BAGGRUND/Biografier_ english/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen.htm (August 23, 2005). "Danish PM's collaboration apology," BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4515089. stm (August 23, 2005). "Profile: Denmark's new prime minister," BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ europe/1669243.stm (August 23, 2005). —CarolBrennan
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	3	https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Poul-Rasmussen/313144	en	Poul Rasmussen	https://kids.britannica.…-07-14-17-A2.jpg	https://kids.britannica.…-07-14-17-A2.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=160638381132823&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/activity;dc_iu=/15510053/DFPAudiencePixel;ord=1;dc_seg=806891421", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/BkidsLogoDesktop.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/BkidsLogoTruncated.png", ...	[]	[]	[ "Poul Rasmussen", "encyclopedia", "encyclopaedia", "article" ]	null	[]	null	(born 1943). Danish economist and politician Poul Rasmussen was prime minister of Denmark from 1993 to 2001. When Prime Minister Poul Schlüter was forced from office by…	en	/resources/icons/favicons/bkids/bkids-favicon-57c.png	Britannica Kids	https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Poul-Rasmussen/313144	(born 1943). Danish economist and politician Poul Rasmussen was prime minister of Denmark from 1993 to 2001. When Prime Minister Poul Schlüter was forced from office by Denmark’s ongoing “Tamilgate” affair on Jan. 14, 1993, Rasmussen, who was the leader of the Social Democrats, was faced not only with the challenge of forming a new government but also with the task of overseeing Denmark’s key second referendum on the Maastricht Treaty. Furthermore, Denmark had just taken over the European Communities’ rotating presidency. Poul Nyrup Rasmussen was born on June 15, 1943, in Esbjerg, Denmark, the son of an unskilled worker and a cleaner. He graduated from the University of Copenhagen with a degree in economics in 1971 and worked for the Danish Trade Union Council until 1986, becoming its chief economist in 1980. While serving as the managing director of the Employees Capital Pension Fund and as chairman of Lalandia Invest (1986–88), Rasmussen became deputy leader of the Social Democrats (1987) and a member of the Folketing, or parliament (1988). He served as the chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Commerce, Industry and Shipping from 1988 until 1992, when he became the leader of his party. A scandal involving the illegal actions of the Ministry of Justice in preventing the immigration of Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka brought to an end the 10-year rule of Schlüter’s Conservative-Liberal minority government. In its place Rasmussen, who had never before held high public office, formed a four-party majority coalition, enlisting the support of the seven-member Radical Liberal party—holder of the balance of power between socialist and nonsocialist parties for some 70 years. The new prime minister’s Cabinet, expanded to 24 members to accommodate wide participation by all four partners in the coalition, included eight women. Before Rasmussen could turn his attention to the May 18 referendum on the Maastricht Treaty, Denmark’s currency became the object of market speculation that threatened the country’s continued participation in the European exchange-rate mechanism. Surviving that crisis, Rasmussen began the task of persuading the Danish people (especially his own party, which had voted three to two against the referendum when it was narrowly defeated in June 1992) to approve a version of the treaty that now included special exemptions for Denmark. Promising tax reform if the referendum passed, Rasmussen called those who opposed it “raving mad.” The referendum, voted upon by 86 percent of the electorate, passed easily, but two days of rioting in Copenhagen followed. The country had, in Rasmussen’s words, “taken a step toward bringing Europe closer to ordinary citizens.” Maastricht was still alive, and Denmark clearly had found a capable new leader. In the 1994 and 1998 elections, Rasmussen and the Social Democrats managed to hold onto power despite losing some ground to opponents on both the right and left. Rasmussen continued to promote the entry of Denmark into the European Union, despite widespread opposition. The 2001 elections brought victory to the Venstre (Right Liberal) Party, which won 56 parliamentary seats while the Social Democrats won 52. Rasmussen resigned from office on the day following the elections. He was replaced by Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the leader of the Venstre Party.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	76	http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1668439.stm	en	Analysis: Denmark's shift to the right			[ "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/furniture/nav/global_toolbar/t.gif", "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/furniture/nav/global_toolbar/logo.gif", "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/furniture/nothing.gif", "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/furniture/nothing.gif", "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/furniture/nothing.gif", "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/f...	[]	[]	[ "BBC", "News", "BBC News", "news online", "world", "uk", "international", "foreign", "british", "online", "service" ]	null	[]	2001-11-21T12:45:03					null	By Line Vaaben Juhl and Thomas Vennekilde in Copenhagen The new Prime Minister of Denmark, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, was greeted with rapturous applause from colleagues as the scale of his election victory became clear. The Danes had a wish for change - for new faces - after nine years with the same people in power Social Democrat ex-minister Not only did the right-wing in Parliament - a coalition of his Venstre (Liberal) Party, and the Conservatives - gain power after nine years in opposition, but Venstre is now also the biggest party in Denmark. The right's triumph appears to have built on a mixture of two key elements. Firstly, it seems the electorate was ready for change after nine years of Social Democrat-led government, presided over by the European Union's longest-serving Prime Minister, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen. Secondly - and perhaps more importantly - the opposition campaign successfully tapped into public concerns over immigration, which increased dramatically in the wake of the 11 September attacks, but which had already been dominating political debate. In the end, the campaign focused almost entirely on immigration. Mr Fogh Rasmussen, who was behind in the polls when the snap election was called three weeks ago, has now pledged to run a broad-based administration. "Uniting the Danish people is a great challenge. The necessary reforms must be carried out with support from a broad spectrum of political parties," he said. But he will probably not find much co-operation from the left wing parties in parliament. The Social Democrats had a disastrous election, losing 11 out of 63 seats in parliament. Social Democrats have already begun analysing the reasons for their defeat. "The Danes had a wish for change - for new faces - after nine years with the same people in power," the Minister of Tax Affairs, Frode Sorensen, said. Analysts also point to the fact that the party spent more energy during the campaign attacking the opposition, than actually explaining their own policies. I will not run away with my tail between my legs - the party will raise itself again Outgoing PM Poul Nyrup Rasmussen As soon as the disappointing result was known, speculation began on whether defeated Prime Minister Rasmussen would resign as party leader. But Mr Rasmussen, visibly moved, refused. "I will not run away with my tail between my legs. The party will raise itself again," he declared, before striking up an old labour battle song. The election was historical in a number of ways. Eighty-seven per cent of Danes participated in the polls, which is almost as many as the biggest turnout ever in 1943, during the German occupation. We are in charge now Far-right leader Pia Kjaersgaard The election's other great winner was the extreme right wing party, Dansk Folkeparti. It gained nine new seats, taking its total in parliament to 22 of the 179 seats. Even though the MPs will not be invited to be part of the government, their support will be heavily relied on by Mr Fogh Rasmussen. "We are in charge now," Dansk Folkeparties leader Pia Kjaersgaard declared, and promised to work hard for stricter policy towards immigration and refugees. There is a hypnotic concern with immigration issues in Denmark, which we haven't seen anywhere else, except from Austria Professor Ole Borre, Aahhus University This underlines what many commentators predicted before the elections - that xenophobia has had a great impact on how the Danes chose to vote. "It is obvious to compare the situation with the one in Austria, even though Dansk Folkeparti will not take part in the government as Joerg Haider did," says Professor Ole Borre, of Aarhus University. "There is a hypnotic concern with immigration issues in Denmark, which we haven't seen anywhere else, except from Austria." At the same time, the election was the first-ever for a Dane with an immigrant background to enter the Danish parliament. Thirty-eight-year-old Naser Khader, who has a Syrian background, said: "It is a great victory for me and for the integration policy in Denmark. It sends a signal, that Denmark not solely xenophobic."
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	80	https://powerbase.info/index.php/Policy_Network	en	Policy Network			[ "https://powerbase.info/images/thumb/c/c6/Policy_Network_and_SMF.JPG/300px-Policy_Network_and_SMF.JPG", "https://powerbase.info/resources/assets/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa.png", "https://powerbase.info/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	Thought of as Peter Mandelson's think tank, The Policy Network was set up in 2000 by a section of Blair's inner circle and bankrolled by Evelyn de Rothschild.[1] Background The Policy Network was set up when Mandelson resigned after the Hinduja affair. A source close to the think tank claimed it "was all part of attempts by Downing Street and friends to 'feather bed' his second fall from grace". The de Rothschilds fund the charity, the Policy Network Foundation which funds the Policy Network. Mandelson said he would be using the Network's high profile platform to launch an attack on the policies of the anti-globalisation protesters. 'The social movement opposed to globalisation is heading up a whole number of cul de sacs,' he said. 'Nevertheless those of us on the Centre Left need to rise to a higher level of engagement. We cannot reduce important debate about serious matters to an issue of crowd control.'[2] And this has also been a focus of the Foreign Policy Centre and Demos and in the work of John Lloyd. The Policy Network moved from its Mezzanine office to its current location, 11 Tufton Street, home of the Social Market Foundation and where the Adam Smith Institute hold their meetings. The Network also provides the secretariat for the Progressive Governance Network. People Policy Network includes: Andrew Adonis, former head of Downing Street's policy unit, Roger Liddle, a former senior member of the No 10 policy unit who sold access to ministers (and then workied for Mandelson in Brussels) [1] Adair Turner, the former CBI director who was part of Blair's secretive 'blue sky' think tank, Philip Gould, now Lord Gould, the former PM's pollster who fabricated the results of 'focus groups' to come up with answers acceptable to the creation of 'New Labour.' Anthony Giddens, architect of the Blairite Third Way. Patrick Diamond director Board Giuliano Amato - Italian Minister for the Interior \| Magdalena Andersson - Political Advisor to the Swedish Government \| Dr Ron Asmus - Executive Director of the German Marshall Foundation Matt Browne - Director of APCO Worldwide \| Charles Clarke - UK Member of Parliament \| Patrick Diamond - Director of Policy Network \| Lord Anthony Giddens - UK Peer and former Director of the London School of Economics \| Patricia Hewitt - UK Secretary of State for Health \| Trinidad Jimenez - International Secretary of the Spanish Socialist Party (PSOE) \| Juergen Kroenig - Writer and broadcaster \| Roger Liddle - Principal Economic Advisor at the Bureau of European Policy Advisors \| Will Marshall - President of the Progressive Policy Institute, Washington DC \| Jon Mendelsohn - Director of LLM Communications \| Alan Milburn - UK Member of Parliament \| Alain Minc - Chair of AM Conseil \| Mike Moore - former Prime Minister of New Zealand \| Wolfgang Nowak - Managing Director of the Alfred Herrhausen Society \| Trevor Phillips - Chair of the Commission for Equality and Human Rights \| Lord Giles Radice - UK Peer \| Poul Nyrup Rasmussen - President of the Party of European Socialists \| Olaf Scholz - Member of the Bundestag \| Heather Simpson - Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister of New Zealand \| Dominique Strauss-Kahn - French Member of Parliament \| Tibor Szanyi - Hungarian Secretary of State \| Helle Thorning-Schmidt - Leader of the Danish Social Democratic Party \| Prof Loukas Tsoukalis - President of the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP \| Frank Vandenbroucke - Flemish Government Minister \| Michiel van Hulten - Chair of the Dutch Labour Party (PvdA) \| Dr Patrick Weil - Senior Research Fellow at the French National Centre for Scientific Research Resources On Liddle see also BBC Online and Red Pepper
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	21	https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen_(President_McCain)	en	Anders Fogh Rasmussen (President McCain)	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/3/3e/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen.PNG/revision/latest?cb=20081224024148	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/3/3e/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen.PNG/revision/latest?cb=20081224024148	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210916044045", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210916044045", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/3/3e/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen.PNG/revision/lat...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Alternative History" ]	null	Anders Fogh Rasmussen, informally known as Anders Fogh, or simply Fogh, (born January 26, 1953) is the current Prime Minister of Denmark (in Danish Statsminister, meaning Minister of State). He is the leader of the Liberal Party (Venstre), and heads a centre-right coalition of his Liberal Party...	en	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210916203836	Alternative History	https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen_(President_McCain)	Anders Fogh Rasmussen Prime Minister of Denmark Assumed office: November 27, 2001 Monarch: Margrethe II Cabinet: Rasmussen cabinet Preceded by: Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Minister of Economic Affairs of Denmark In office: 1987 – 1992 Monarch: Margrethe II Cabinet: Poul Schlüter cabinet Preceded by: Niels Helveg Petersen Succeeded by: Thor Pedersen Tax Minister of Denmark In office: 1987 – 1992 Monarch: Margrethe II Cabinet: Poul Schlüter cabinet Preceded by: Isi Foighel Succeeded by: Peter Brixtofte Biography Born: January 26, 1953 (age 55) Ginnerup, Denmark Nationality: Danish Political party: File:Venstre (Denmark) Logo.png Venstre (V) Spouse: Anne-Mette Rasmussen Children: Three Alma mater: University of Aarhus Profession: Economist, politician Religion: Lutheran (Church of Denmark) Signature: Anders Fogh Rasmussen, informally known as Anders Fogh, or simply Fogh, (born January 26, 1953) is the current Prime Minister of Denmark (in Danish Statsminister, meaning Minister of State). He is the leader of the Liberal Party (Venstre), and heads a centre-right coalition of his Liberal Party and the Conservative People's Party which took office in 2001, and won its second and third terms in February 2005 and in November 2007. Like most Danish governments, this is a minority government which relies on the Danish People's Party for support. His government has introduced tougher limits on non-ECA immigration and froze tax rates before he took office (the "tax freeze", or "skattestoppet" in Danish). He has authored several books about taxation and government structure. Under Fogh, certain taxes have been lowered, but the Conservatives repeatedly argue for more tax cuts and a flat tax rate at no higher than 50%. Fogh implemented an administrative reform reducing the number of municipalities (kommuner) and replacing the thirteen counties (amter) with five regions. Rasmussen has referred to this as "the biggest reform in thirty years". Furthermore, a reform of the police and judiciary systems is being implemented, changing the numbers of police districts and city courts from 54 to 12 and 82 to 22, respectively. Early life and education[] Rasmussen was born in 1953 in Ginnerup, Jutland. He is the son of farmer Knud Rasmussen and his wife Martha Rasmussen (nee Fogh). He was born in Ginnerup Sogn on Djursland, and grew up in the village of Hvidding by Hammershøj, between Randers and Viborg. He finished his studies in lingustic and social studies at Viborg Katedralskole in 1972. In 1978, he graduated from the University of Aarhus, receiving a bachelor's degree in economics (Cand.oecon., abbrevation of candidatus/candidata oeconomices). Between 1978 and 1987, he was an consultant in Håndværksrådet (Council of Artisan). Early political career[] A graduate of the University of Aarhus, he has been active in politics most of his life. He has authored several books about taxation and government structure. In 1970, he was one of the founders of Liberal Ungdom (Liberal Youth), the youth wing of the Liberal Party. Between 1970 and 1972, he was the organisation's chairman. Between 1974 and 1976 he was the leader (Landsformand) of Liberal Ungdom. Between 1973 and 1978 he was a member of the Liberal party's central board, and again from 1984. Since 1984 he has been the Chairman of the Liberal Party's disclosure committee, and in 1985 he was appointed the party's deputy chairman. In his early years in Venstres Ungdom) he was often called "Røde Anders" (Red Anders) as he was considered to be relatively leftist-oriented in the organisation, and supported the idea of Economic Democracy. He got rid of the nickname when he was inspired by the Liberal philosopher Robert Nozick in his book Fra socialstat til minimalstat (1993). Most political analysts has agreed that he has since 1993 again moved towards the middle of the political spectre. Member of Folketing[] He has held numerous positions in government and opposition throughout his career, first winning a seat in the Folketing (Danish parliament) in 1978. From 1987-1990 he was Minister for Taxation and from 1990 Minister for Economy and Taxation in the Conservative-led Poul Schlüter government. In 1992 Rasmussen resigned from his ministerial posts after a report from a commission of inquiry had decided that he had provided the Folketing with inaccurate and incomplete information regarding his decision to postpone payment of several bills from Regnecentralen and Kommunedata from one accounting year to the next. Rasmussen disagreed with the findings of the commission, but faced with the threat of a non-confidence motion, he decided to leave his posts voluntarily. Danish Folketing Election, 2001[] On October 31, 2001, Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen called an early election, shortly after September 11 attacks. Anders Fogh Rasmussen led the Liberal Party in the election, having changed from a liberalist political standpoint to a more centre-right one. The campaign focused mainly on immigration and refugees, which played right into the hands of the Danish People’s Party. There was little debate about the European Union, as the two leaders opinions where largely the same. Two in every three Danes now supported tighter immigration ristrictions, compared to only one in two before September 11. A minor controversy erupted in the final debate, when Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen began began to pull out all the pages of Anders Fogh Rasmussen's book Fra Socialstat til Minimalstat (1993). His Liberal (Venstre) Party won power in the election on November 20, 2001, defeating the Social Democratic government of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen and enabling him to form the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I. That election marked a dramatic change in Danish politics. It was the first time since 1920 that the Social Democratic Party lost its position as the largest party in the Folketing (parliament), mainly due to a loss of working class votes to Dansk Folkeparti (The Danish People's Party). Since then, Venstre has governed in a parliamentary coalition with the Conservative People's Party to form a minority government with the parliamentary support of Dansk Folkeparti. Together these three parties survived both the 2005 election and the 2007 election. Prime Minister (2001 - )[] Political ideology[] In general, Rasmussen is in favour of deregulation, privatization, and limiting the size of government. His government has also enacted tough measures designed to limit the number of immigrants coming to Denmark, specifically as asylumseekers or through arranged marriages. Rasmussen wrote the book Fra socialstat til minimalstat (literally: From social state to minimal state) in 1993, in which he advocated an extensive reform of the Danish welfare system along classic liberal lines. In particular, he favors lower taxes and less government interference in corporate and individual matters etc. In 1993 he was awarded the Adam Smith award by the libertarian society Libertas, partly due to his having written Fra socialstat til minimalstat. However, after becoming Prime Minister, Rasmussen has distanced himself from his earlier writings and has announced the death of liberalism during the national elections of 2005. Commonly regarded as being inspired by the previous success of Tony Blair, Rasmussen now seems more in favour of the theories of Anthony Giddens and his third way. There was talk in Libertas of revoking Fogh Rasmussen's award as a result of this, though this never happened. Foreign policy[] As Prime Minister, Rasmussen has strongly supported U.S. foreign policies under President John McCain and George W. Bush, and has been a strong supporter of NATO and COD operations in Afghanistan and Sudan. Since 2002, over 750 Danish soldiers participated in the NATO-mandated ISAF force stationed in Afghanistan, only meeting minor political opposition. The main part of the Danish military contribution consists of a battle group, which is currently operating with British forces in the Green Zone in the central part of the Helmand Province in southern Afghanistan. The battle group consists of two mechanized infantry companies, a tank platoon and a flight of light reconnaissance helicopters. The battle group also consists of combat support and support units. In the nearby Kandahar Province troops from the Royal Danish Air Force takes part in manning the Kandahar Airfield Crisis Establishment (KAF CE), which is running the airfield. But Danish troops are also deployed to other parts of Afghanistan. In northern Afghanistan app. twenty troops are serving in the German led PRT in Feyzabad. In western Afghanistan ten troops are serving in the Lithuanian led PRT in Chagcharan. There is also a small contribution to HQ ISAF in Kabul and to the staffing of Kabul International Airport. In Helmand Danish troops are involved in the worst fighting their armed forces have undertaken since World War II. Denmark has lost 23 soldiers in Afghanistan, and is thus one of the countries with the largest casualties compared to population numbers. He was also a strong supporter of the Invasion of Iraq in 2003. As in most European countries he faced some opposition, both in the parliament and in the general population. Subsequent opinion polls suggested the Danish population's opinion was split on the issue. One vocal protester managed to get into the Danish parliament during the period before the war, where he poured red paint on the prime minister while yelling "Du har blod på dine hænder" (literally: "You have blood on your hands"). However, when several intelligence sources found evidence of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, popular support for the invasion increased, and two days before the outbreak of the war over 2/3 of the Danish population was in support of military intervention against Iraq. In a comment to the media Anders Fogh Rasmussen stated as one of the reasons to support a military intervention, “Irak har masseødelæggelsesvåben. Det er ikke noget vi tror. Vi ved det. Irak har selv indrømmet, at det har haft sennepsgas, nervegas, miltbrand, men Saddam vil ikke afregne. Han vil ikke fortælle os, hvor og hvordan de våben er blevet destrueret. Det ved vi fra FN's inspektører, så der er ingen tvivl i mit sind.” (“Iraq has WMDs. It is not something we think, it is something we know. Iraq has itself admitted that it has had mustard gas, nerve gas, anthrax, but Saddam won't disclose. He won't tell us where and how these weapons have been destroyed. We know this from the UN inspectors, so there is no doubt in my mind.”) 200 Danish troops participated in the initial phase of the war along with 200 Norwegian troops, and from mid-2003 approximately 550 Danish troops were stationed in Iraq from 2003 and into 2006, first at "Camp Dannevang" and later at "Camp Einherjer", both near Basra. By May 2006, all Danish troops had left Iraq, and Iraqi security forces had taken over responsibility of the security. During Rasmussen's administrations, Denmark has also deployed troops to Bosnia and Kosovo. These missions have as well only met minor political opposition. Gay marriage[] Civil unions between gay couples have been legal in Denmark since 1989. Rasmussen believes that they should be able to be married in religious ceremonies, which is not currently allowed in The Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Denmark, but he has said it should be up to religious communities to decide whether to perform ceremonies for gay couples. Tax reform[] Since the elections in 2001, Venstre, Rasmussen's party, has enacted a total "tax stop". Venstre made a successful campaign convincing the public that the taxes have been growing constantly during the previous eight years under the Social Democrats. While the overall tax burden was more or less unchanged from 1993 until 2001, however, there was a shift in the taxation of income, both corporate and personal over to a higher level on personal consumption (especially through the "ecological taxes" (da. grønne afgifter)), which gave the average citizen the impression of rising taxes. This tax stop has been under heavy fire from the parties on the left wing of Danish politics, allegedly for being "antisocial" and "only for the rich". Since the tax stop also freezes the tax of real property (da. ejendomsværdiskat, 1%), it is beneficial to the homeowners in the densely populated regions that have experienced an extraordinary increase in the prices of real estate. The tax of real estate is actually limited at a nominal level — not at a relative level. While the rate was one percent when the tax stop was enacted, the actual tax is much less today when the last few years' large increase in property value (+20%/p.a. in large cities) is taken into account. The Danish Economic Council has criticized this as unfairly benefiting current homeowners. Even though the total tax burden is marginally higher in 2005 than it was in 2001, the tax stop is very popular among the voters. Thus, in January 2005, the Social Democrats announced that it accepts the principle of a tax stop until at least one right-wing party is willing to participate in a tax reform. The tax stop has, however, been ineffective, judging by Venstre's own intentions. The goal of the tax stop was to halt the growth of public expenditures (and halt the growth of taxes), but even with their cuts in public spending (which has been considered aggressive by the political left wing), public spending has continued to rise by approximately one percentage point above inflation each year. From 2004 and onwards, minor tax cuts came into effect, on two accounts: People with jobs get a 3% tax reduction on the 5.5% "bottom tax" (da. bundskat). This initiative is supposed to encourage people to get off welfare and take jobs instead. The bottom limit of the "middle tax" (da. mellemskat) of 6%, is raised by 12.000 DKK every year, over the next four years. This will limit the income stresses of middle incomes and families with children. Venstre has so far refrained from making statements on the future of the "top tax" (da: topskat) of 15%, and the VAT (da: moms) of 25%. Municipal reform[] One of the main initiatives of Rasmussen's government was the introduction of a municipal reform, which resulted in a series of small municipalities being placed under state administration for overspending and a much talked about case (in Denmark) about a municipal mayor who managed to spend lavish amounts of tax money on personal wining and dining. Under the proposal the number of counties (amter) would be reduced from thirteen to five regions (regioner). Also the number of municipalities was reduced from 271 to 98. The responsibilities of municipalities and counties changed significantly too, especially with regard to providing health care. Danish Folketing election, 2005[] On January 18, 2005 Rasmussen called an election for February 8, 2005. He delayed the call by a couple of weeks because of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake which killed several Danes. His government had been criticized by a few Danes for what they thought was a slow response to that crisis, although a clear majority applauded the government's way of dealing with the disaster. Although his party's support was reduced from the 2001 election, resulting in the loss of four seats, Venstre was able to maintain its coalition after the election through gains by other parties, and on February 18 Rasmussen formed the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II. Rasmussen received the most "personal votes" ever of any politician in the Folketing (Denmark's Parliament) with 61,792. Muhammad cartoons and Danish goods boycott[] A major period of conflict in Rasmussen's political career concerned a set of cartoons printed in Jyllands-Posten, a major Danish newspaper. In September 2005 the newspaper printed a full page with 12 cartoons depicting the Islamic prophet Muhammad, including one in which Muhammad appeared with a bomb in his turban. Some of the schools of the islamic religion do not allow to depict the figure of Mohammed. Many Muslims found the cartoons offensive. Eleven envoys of predominantly Muslim states issued demands that the Danish government condemn the cartoons and requested on October 19, 2005 a meeting with Rasmussen to discuss this. Rasmussen refused this request, saying, "That is not how our democracy works." Subsequently, it has been the subject of an intense debate as to whether Rasmussen made a sound, principled decision or displayed misplaced arrogance when refusing to agree to such a meeting. As the dispute escalated, Rasmussen was asked to apologise to Muslims on behalf of Denmark. Rasmussen refused this request, saying the government "cannot make apologies on behalf of a Danish newspaper." Several months later, a group of Danish-based Muslims organised a trip to various places in the Middle East, spreading information about the cartoons and campaigning for political action against Denmark. This trip was later widely criticised, especially when it became apparent that untrue allegations and fabricated photographs were shown to stir up hostilities towards Denmark. The increased media awareness in the Islamic world and domestic political agendas in the regimes across the Middle East fed the controversy. Libya and Saudi Arabia recalled their ambassadors to Denmark, and a campaign was organised in several Islamic countries to boycott Danish products. Danish embassies in Syria and Lebanon were attacked during mass demonstrations and torched with molotov cocktails and ransacked. Death threats were made against the Danish cartoonists and the Danish flag was burned. Across the world demonstrations were held to protest the cartoons. Several people were killed in chaotic demonstrations in Kabul and Islamabad. In London, a protest demonstration with offensive and threatening placards and banners and speeches later led to year-long prison sentences for four British Muslims for inciting terrorism, spreading hate-filled threats and racist language. Rasmussen appeared on the Arabic television network Al-Arabiya and explained that he regretted the offense caused by the cartoons, but that Danish law gave the government no power of censorship over the media. He has stated on numerous occasions, that he supports freedom of speech but he did not approve of the message in these cartoons. He indicated his disapproval after initially stating that he did not want to comment on the cartoons themselves. Danish Folketing election, 2007[] Main article: Danish parliamentary election, 2007 Danish prime minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen announced this election date on October 24, 2007. The election was held ahead of time in the sense that by law, the election needed to be held before February 8, 2009, four years after the previous election. Anders Fogh Rasmussen explained that the elections were called early in order to allow the parliament to work on important upcoming topics without being distracted by a future election. Referring specifically to welfare reform, he said rival parties would then try to outdo each other with expensive reforms which would damage the Danish economy. At 11.30 pm on November 13, 2007, the day of the election, Anders Fogh Rasmussen claimed victory on the basis of almost complete results. By the morning of November 14, 2007, after results came through from the Faroe Islands and Greenland, Fogh Rasmussen's centre-right coalition of the Liberals, the Conservative People's Party and the Danish People's Party had obtained the 90 seats required for him to continue as Prime Minister. He thus becomes the longest-ruling Liberal Prime Minister of Denmark. His party's support also improved from the 2005 election, resulting in the gain of six seats. Personal life[] Rasmussen is married to pedagogue Anne-Mette. The couple resides in Nærum. Together they have three children. Their oldest, Henrik Fogh Rasmussen, has proven himself as a community debater, including with the book Amerikanske Tilstande. Cycling[] As an amateur cyclist, Rasmussen completed part of the notorious Alpe d'Huez stage of the 2008 Tour de France the day after the professional race took place. His attendance at Le Tour was at the invitation of lauded Danish former cyclist Bjarne Riis. See also[] List of people Timeline of the McCain administration
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	0	8	https://www.imago-images.com/st/0108773594%3F__hstc%3D148718056.4b44870ec4a577029c49e44b73bd3bee.1654128000249.1654128000250.1654128000251.1%26__hssc%3D148718056.1.1654128000252%26__hsfp%3D221368003	en	IMAGO.	https://www.imago-images.com/favicon/favicon.ico	https://www.imago-images.com/favicon/favicon.ico	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		de	/favicon/favicon.ico		null
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	2	82	https://euroblog.jonworth.eu/tag/poul-nyrup-rasmussen/	en	Jon Worth Euroblog	https://euroblog.jonwort…e-11-370x245.png		[ "https://euroblog.jonworth.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Screen-Shot-2011-11-21-at-13.17.53.png", "https://euroblog.jonworth.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/bruegel-cover.jpg", "https://euroblog.jonworth.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/pse-blur.jpg", "https://euroblog.jonworth.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/pictur...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2011-11-21T13:37:46+01:00		en		Jon Worth Euroblog	https://euroblog.jonworth.eu/tag/poul-nyrup-rasmussen/	This is my personal site for commentary about everything other than transport policy. All my railway commentary can be found at jonworth.eu In addition there are three websites for projects about railways that I run: Trains for Europe, #CrossBorderRail, and Open Letter Trains to Kaunas. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	43	https://femernreport.com/en/tag/fbc-en/page/2/	en	femernreport.com	https://femernreport.com…T-ikon-32x32.png	https://femernreport.com…T-ikon-32x32.png	[ "https://femernreport.com/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/flags/en.png", "https://femernreport.com/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/flags/da.png", "https://femernreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/logoweb.png", "https://femernreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/fr-logo-...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-05-04T05:59:00+02:00		en	https://femernreport.com…T-ikon-32x32.png	femernreport.com	https://femernreport.com/en/tag/fbc-en/page/2/	To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexicurity	en	Flexicurity	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50p...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2005-09-21T20:57:41+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexicurity	Welfare state model with a pro-active labour market policy. Flexicurity (a portmanteau of "flexibility" and "security") is a welfare state model with a pro-active labour market policy. The term was first coined by the social democratic Prime Minister of Denmark Poul Nyrup Rasmussen in the 1990s. The term refers to the combination of labour market flexibility[1] in a dynamic economy and security for workers. The Government of Denmark views flexicurity as entailing a "golden triangle" with a "three-sided mix of (1) flexibility in the labour market combined with (2) social security and (3) an active labour market policy with rights and obligations for the unemployed".[2] The European Commission considers flexicurity as an integrated strategy to simultaneously enhance flexibility and security in the labour market. Flexicurity is designed and implemented across four policy components: 1) flexible and reliable contractual arrangements; 2) comprehensive lifelong learning strategies; 3) effective active labour market policies; and 4) modern social security systems providing adequate income support during employment transitions. It is important to recognize that the flexicurity concept has been developed in countries with high wages, besides clear progressive taxation, as in for example, Denmark. The Danish flexicurity model has its roots in the nineteenth century, when negotiations among employers and trade unions during the so-called September Compromise of 1899 (also called Labour Market Constitution) laid the ground for a mutually beneficial (profitable and secure) state.[3] The 'Constitution' was revised in 1960 and renamed Basic Agreement. It settled the freedom of trade union association as well as the managerial prerogative to manage and divide the work including the right to hire and dismiss the labour force at any time necessary. "It is thus important to understand that the Danish model of labour market regulation, including the right to form associations, is based on these voluntaristic principles and that legislation or interference of the state is kept on a minimum. The right of association and the recognition of labour market associations are based on the mutual recognition of conflicting interests."[4] The Danish tripartite agreements amongst employers, workers, and the state are supported by an intricate system that allows for an active response from the state, which supports the 'activation' of workers. In the early 1990s, Danish policymakers established a fiscal policy aimed at breaking the unemployment trend of the time and was further coupled to the first active labour market policy (ALMP) of 1994 which sought to reduce structural unemployment.[5] Although some believed that the natural unemployment rate had simply increased, the Danish government sought to improve the situation by implementing what came to be called the flexicurity model. The policy shift thus came about with the 1994 and 1996 labour market reforms, when the introduction of flexibility[6] was linked to security through the continued provision of generous welfare schemes[7] as well as the 'activation' of the labour force through a set of ALMPs.[8] Activation in Denmark is regarded as "a right and an obligation".[9] The effects expected from this combination were twofold: qualification effects of the labour market policies (LMPs) as well as motivational effects through the welfare schemes.[10] The unemployment benefits and training provision that this system entail place a higher burden of taxation upon the higher-earning members of the Danish society. Denmark currently has high taxation rates[11] which in part pay for generous social benefits. Flexicurity may thus favour low- to middle-income earners. However, this might partially be offset by Denmark's high-output growth which is coupled to low unemployment figures (2.8% in 2008) and similarly low social-exclusion rates. In recent years, Danes have been consistently ranked as the happiest nation on Earth, which has in part been attributed to aspects of Denmark's flexicurity model.[12] The Netherlands has also implemented flexicurity policies that are well-suited to the country's market. In 1998, significant changes were made to the country's labor laws with the aim of proactively supporting the workforce with benefits for sickness and workplace hazards.[13] The purpose of the law was to provide support for employees who were absent due to illness, with the cost being borne by the employer. This created a financial burden for employers in the long run. However, the flexicurity law allowed them to hire temporary workers with flexible contracts, which resulted in direct cost savings. Although the use of temporary workers is more flexible and cost-effective in the short term, permanent labor with flexicurity measures is more beneficial for the economy in the long term. As a result, companies are now investing more in converting temporary workers into eligible and secure employees. Despite the Netherlands having low unemployment rates, the flexicurity laws have resulted in an unequal balance between security and flexibility.[13] In the European Commission's approach, flexicurity is about striking the right balance between flexible job arrangements and secure transitions between jobs, so that more and better jobs can be created. The idea is that flexibility and security should not be seen as opposites but as complementary. Flexibility is about developing flexible work organisations where people can combine their work and private responsibilities; where they can keep their training up-to-date; and where they can potentially have flexible working hours. It is also about giving both employers and employees a more flexible environment for changing jobs. Security means 'employment security' – to provide people with the training they need to keep their skills up-to-date and to develop their talent as well as providing them with adequate unemployment benefits if they were to lose their job for a period of time. Flexicurity is also seen as a way to preserve the European social model while maintaining and improving the competitiveness of the European Union. It is argued that, in the context of globalisation and technological change which place greater demands on business to adapt continuously, high levels of employment security will not depend only on protection of workers' specific job, but mainly on the means for workers to stay on the job market, manage smooth transitions between jobs, and make progress in their careers. Furthermore, flexicurity is seen as a strategy to make labour markets significantly more inclusive in some of the European countries, by tackling labour market segmentation between insiders (workers well-established in stable, quality jobs) and outsiders (unemployed persons or in precarious employment who do not benefit from other advantages linked to a permanent contract, frequently youth, migrants, etc.). The relevance of flexicurity to tackle modern labour market challenges has also been recognised by the representatives of social partners at a transnational European level, by European Trade Union Confederation and BusinessEurope. Flexicurity has therefore been adopted as a leitmotiv of the European employment strategy and the revised Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Jobs. In particular, the Guideline No.21 of the Integrated Guidelines for Growth and Employment (adopted by the European Council and setting the objectives for the periods 2005-2008 and 2008–2010) calls on Member States to "…promote flexibility combined with employment security and reduce labour market segmentation, having due regard to the role of the social partners".[14] A key Communication from the European Commission "Towards Common Principles of Flexicurity: More and better jobs through flexibility and security" was published in June 2007 defines flexicurity as an 'integrated approach' based on four interacting components. Recognising the principle of a "no size fits for all" the European Commissions advocated for a progressive implementation of national, tailor-made, flexicurity strategies in all EU Member States supported by mutual learning, along the lines of commonly agreed principles. Such common principles were adopted on 5 December 2007 by the Employment and Social Affairs Council. At the council's request, the European Commission has launched the "Mission for flexicurity", consisting of representatives of the French Presidency and the preceding Slovenian Presidency of the European Union and of the European social partners. The Mission took place between April and July 2008 in France, Sweden, Finland, Poland, and Spain, seeking to promote the implementation of flexicurity in different national contexts by raising the profile of the flexicurity approach and its common principles and by helping the relevant labour market actors to take ownership of the process. The Mission also had the objective of promoting the exchange of good practice and mutual learning between Member States. It reported to the Council in December 2008. Flexicurity featured prominently in the commission's response to the crisis, in the European Economic Recovery Plan of November 2008 and its follow up Communication "Driving economic recovery" of March 2009. Most recently, the European Council of June 2009 concluded that "in the current situation [of crisis], 'flexicurity' is an important means by which to modernise and foster the adaptability of labour markets."[citation needed] Upon the adoption of the common principles of flexicurity, the Council called on the Member States to take them into account in drawing up and implementing "national flexicurity pathways". Progress in the implementation of flexicurity strategies is reported by Member States in their National Reform Programmes and is monitored by the European Commission in the framework of the European Employment Strategy.[15] The 2011 Euro Plus Pact calls for its promotion in the Eurozone. The Common Principles of Flexicurity (1) Flexicurity is a means to reinforce the implementation of the Lisbon Strategy, create more and better jobs, modernise labour markets, and promote good work through new forms of flexibility and security to increase adaptability, employment and social cohesion. (2) Flexicurity involves the deliberate combination of flexible and reliable contractual arrangements, comprehensive lifelong learning strategies, effective active labour market policies, and modern, adequate and sustainable social protection systems. (3) Flexicurity approaches are not about one single labour market or working life model, nor about a single policy strategy: they should be tailored to the specific circumstances of each Member State. Flexicurity implies a balance between rights and responsibilities of all concerned. Based on the common principles, each Member State should develop its own flexicurity arrangements. Progress should be effectively monitored. (4) Flexicurity should promote more open, responsive and inclusive labour markets overcoming segmentation. It concerns both those in work and those out of work. The inactive, the unemployed, those in undeclared work, in unstable employment, or at the margins of the labour market need to be provided with better opportunities, economic incentives and supportive measures for easier access to work or stepping-stones to assist progress into stable and legally secure employment. Support should be available to all those in employment to remain employable, progress and manage transitions both in work and between jobs. (5) Internal (within the enterprise) as well as external flexicurity are equally important and should be promoted. Sufficient contractual flexibility must be accompanied by secure transitions from job to job. Upward mobility needs to be facilitated, as well as between unemployment or inactivity and work. High-quality and productive workplaces, good organisation of work, and continuous upgrading of skills are also essential. Social protection should provide incentives and support for job transitions and for access to new employment. (6) Flexicurity should support gender equality, by promoting equal access to quality employment for women and men and offering measures to reconcile work, family and private life. (7) Flexicurity requires a climate of trust and broadly-based dialogue among all stakeholders, where all are prepared to take the responsibility for change with a view to socially balanced policies. While public authorities retain an overall responsibility, the involvement of social partners in the design and implementation of flexicurity policies through social dialogue and collective bargaining is of crucial importance. (8) Flexicurity requires a cost-effective allocation of resources and should remain fully compatible with sound and financially sustainable public budgets. It should also aim at a fair distribution of costs and benefits, especially between businesses, public authorities and individuals, with particular attention to the specific situation of SMEs. Flexicurity has been criticized as "a purely linguistic combination of opposites that can be applied to virtually any policy mix."[16] Decent work European labour law Job security Labour market flexibility Nordic model Precarious work Kreiner, Claus Thustrup, and Michael Svarer. 2022. "Danish Flexicurity: Rights and Duties." Journal of Economic Perspectives 36 (4): 81-102. Acemoglu, Daron and Robert Shimer (2000). "Productivity Gains From Unemployment Insurance". European Economic Review 44, 1195–1224. Björklund, A. (2000) "Going Different Ways: Labour Market Policies in Denmark and Sweden" in G. Esping-Andersen and M. Regini (Eds.) Why Deregulate Labour Markets? Oxford University Press: Oxford. Bredgaard, T., F. Larsen and P. K. Madsen (2005) "The Flexible Danish Labour Market – A Review" Centre for Labour Market Research (CARMA) Research Paper 31:2005, CARMA: Aalborg, Denmark. Bredgaard, T., F. Larsen and P. K. Madsen (2006) "The challenges of identifying flexicurity in action" Centre for Labour Market Research (CARMA), paper presented during the conference "Flexicurity and Beyond", 12–13 October 2006, Aalborg, Denmark. Crouch, C. (1999) Social Change in Western Europe, Oxford University Press: Oxford. EC (European Commission) (2005) Working Together for Growth and Jobs. Integrated Guidelines for Growth and Jobs (2005–2008), Office for Official Publication of the European Communities: Luxembourg. EC (European Commission) (2006) "Vladimír Špidla, Member of the European Commission responsible for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Informal Ministerial Meeting: "Flexicurity", Informal Ministerial Meeting: "Flexicurity", Villach (Austria), 20 January 2006" Press release, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/06/20&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en. EC (European Commission) (2006) Employment in Europe 2006, Office for Official Publication of the European Communities: Luxembourg. EC (European Commission) (2007) "New EU report shows active labour policy can increase employment rate despite low growth", http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/emplweb/news/news_en.cfm?id=81. Esping-Andersen, G. (1999) Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Esping-Andersen, G. and M. Regini (Eds.) (2000) Why Deregulate Labour Markets? Oxford University Press: Oxford. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2007) "Flexicurity", http://www.eurofound.eu.int/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary/definitions/FLEXICURITY.htm. Jørgensen, H. (2000) "Danish labour market policy since 1994 – the new 'Columbus' egg' of labour market regulation?" in P. Klemmer and R. Wink (Eds.) Preventing Unemployment in Europe, Ruhr Research Institute for Regional and Innovation Policy, Edward Elgar: Cheltenham. Madsen, P.K. (2006) "How can it possibly fly? The paradox of a dynamic labour market in a Scandinavian welfare state" in J.L. Campbell, J.A. Hall, O.K. Pedersen (Eds.) National Identity and a variety of Capitalism: The Case of Denmark, McGill University Press: Montreal. Anderson, J. (2009) "2009 Tax Misery & Reform Index" Forbes Magazine, https://archive.today/20130123114114/http://www.forbes.com/global/2009/0413/034-tax-misery-reform-index.html. Sherman, L. (2009) "World's Happiest Places" Forbes Magazine, https://www.forbes.com/2009/05/05/world-happiest-places-lifestyle-travel-world-happiest.html Nickell, S. and R. Layard (1999) "Labour market institutions and economic performance" in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (Eds.) Handbook of Labour Economics, Elsevier: Amsterdam. Schulze-Cleven T., B. Watson, and J. Zysman (2007) "How Wealthy Nations Can Stay Wealthy: Innovation and Adaptability in a Digital Era" New Political Economy, 12:4, 451–475. Wilthagen, T. and F. Tros (2004) "The Concept of 'Flexicurity': a new approach to regulating employment and labour markets" in 'Flexicurity: Conceptual Issues and Political Implementation in Europe' Tanfer, European Review of labour and research, vol. 10, No.2. ReflecT: Research Institute for Flexicurity, Labour Market Dynamics and Social Cohesion at Tilburg University. Centre for Labour Market Research at Aalborg University (CARMA) European Foundation Flexicurity Blog Newsarticle EurActiv 06-04-2007 Newsarticle EurActiv 09-21-2005 Newsarticle Politiek-digitaal 09-21-2005 (Dutch) Indymedia 2004 FLEXICURITY: Economic Miracle or Social Draw Back? - A Critical Analysis Of The Danish Social Model A study based on facts and figures
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	2	41	https://kids.kiddle.co/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen	en	Anders Fogh Rasmussen facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…_2013_Garden.jpg	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…_2013_Garden.jpg	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/e/e0/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen_2013_Garden.jpg/300px-Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen_2013_Garden.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/f/fa/20050706-3_w9w6544-515h.jpg/250p...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn Anders Fogh Rasmussen facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen	Anders Fogh Rasmussen S.K. (Danish pronunciation: [ˈɑnɐs ˈfɔwˀ ˈʁɑsmusn̩]; born 26 January 1953) is a Danish politician who was the 24th Prime Minister of Denmark from November 2001 to April 2009 and the 12th Secretary General of NATO from August 2009 to October 2014. He became CEO of political consultancy Rasmussen Global and founded the Alliance of Democracies Foundation. He serves as a senior adviser to Citigroup. He also served as a senior advisor at The Boston Consulting Group. Rasmussen was first elected to the Folketing in 1978 and served in various ministerial positions, including Minister of Tax (1987–1992) and Minister of Economic Affairs (1990–1992). In his early career, Rasmussen was a strident critic of the welfare state, writing the classical liberal book From Social State to Minimal State in 1993. However, his views moved towards the political centre through the 1990s. He was elected the leader of the conservative-liberal party Venstre in 1998 and headed a centre-right coalition with the Conservative People's Party which took office in November 2001 and won its second and third terms in February 2005 and in November 2007. Rasmussen's government relied on the Danish People's Party for support, keeping with the Danish tradition of minority government. His government introduced tougher limits on immigration and a freeze on tax rates (skattestoppet in Danish). Certain taxes were lowered, but his coalition partners in the Conservative People's Party repeatedly argued for more tax cuts and a flat tax rate at no higher than 50%. Rasmussen's government implemented an administrative reform reducing the number of municipalities (kommuner) and replacing the thirteen counties (amter) with five regions which he referred to as "the biggest reform in thirty years". He authored several books about taxation and government structure. He resigned as Prime Minister in April 2009 to become Secretary General of NATO, a military alliance that was expanding into Eastern Europe. He aggressively pushed NATO in new directions that extended far beyond the traditional roles of containment of the USSR and directing the Cold War in Europe. His term ended 30 September 2014. He became a private consultant on the international stage. He is a Senior Network Member at the European Leadership Network (ELN). Personal life Rasmussen was born in 1953 in Ginnerup, Jutland, Denmark, to farmer Knud Rasmussen and Martha Rasmussen (née Fogh). His surname is Rasmussen, while Fogh, his mother's maiden name, is his middle name and not considered part of his last name. He is correctly referred to as Rasmussen (not Fogh Rasmussen), unless his full name (including his given name) is used. In Danish media and society, he has often been popularly referred to as Fogh Rasmussen, or merely Anders Fogh, when not referred to by his full name, mainly to distinguish him from other prominent politicians in the country with the same family name. He matriculated in languages and social studies from Viborg Cathedral School, in 1969–1972. and studied economics at the University of Aarhus, graduating in 1978. He has been active in politics most of his life and has authored several books about taxation and government structure. He and his wife Anne-Mette (born 1958) married in 1978 and have three children: Henrik Fogh Rasmussen (born 1979), Maria (born 1981) and Christina (born 1984). Rasmussen also has six grandchildren. As an amateur cyclist, Rasmussen completed part of the notorious Alpe d'Huez stage of the 2008 Tour de France the day after the professional race took place. His attendance at Le Tour was at the invitation of Danish former cyclist Bjarne Riis. He is of no relation to either his predecessor Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, nor his successor Lars Løkke Rasmussen as Prime Minister of Denmark. He received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2017. Early political career He has held positions in government and opposition throughout his career, first winning a seat in the Folketing (Danish parliament) in 1978. Politics In general, Rasmussen is in favour of centralisation, privatisation and limiting the size of government. Rasmussen wrote the book From Social State to Minimal State (Danish: Fra socialstat til minimalstat) in 1993, in which he advocated an extensive reform of the Danish welfare system along classic liberal lines. In particular, he favours lower taxes and less government interference in corporate and individual matters. In 1993 he was awarded the Adam Smith award by the libertarian society Libertas, partly because of this book. Resignation as Minister of Taxation From 1987 to 1990 he was Minister for Taxation and from 1990 Minister for Economy and Taxation in the Conservative-led Poul Schlüter government. In 1992 Rasmussen resigned from his ministerial posts after a report from a commission of inquiry had decided that he had provided the Folketing with inaccurate and incomplete information regarding his decision to postpone payment of several bills from Regnecentralen and Kommunedata from one accounting year to the next. Rasmussen disagreed with the findings of the commission, but faced with the threat of a motion of no confidence, he left his posts voluntarily. 2001 election His Liberal (Venstre) Party won power in the November 2001 election, defeating the Social Democratic government of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen and enabling him to form his first cabinet. That election marked a dramatic change in Danish politics. It was the first time since 1920 that the Social Democratic Party lost its position as the largest party in the Folketing (parliament), mainly due to a loss of working class votes to Dansk Folkeparti (The Danish People's Party). Prime Minister of Denmark Following the 2001 election, Venstre formed a government in a parliamentary coalition with the Conservative People's Party to form a minority government with the parliamentary support of Dansk Folkeparti. Together these three parties survived both the 2005 election and the 2007 election. After becoming Prime Minister, Rasmussen distanced himself from his earlier writings and announced the death of neoliberalism during the national elections of 2005. Commonly regarded to have been inspired by the success of Tony Blair, Rasmussen now seemed more in favour of the theories of Anthony Giddens and his third way. There was talk in Libertas of revoking Fogh Rasmussen's award as a result of this, though this never happened. His government enacted tough measures designed to limit the number of immigrants coming to Denmark, specifically as asylum seekers or through arranged marriages. However, his governments depended on the support of Dansk Folkeparti, and it is impossible to draw a clear dividing line between his personal ideology and the required compromises with Dansk Folkeparti. Tax reform After the 2001 elections, Venstre banned all tax increases. Venstre campaigned by claiming that taxes had been growing constantly during the previous eight years under the Social Democrats. While the overall tax burden was more or less unchanged from 1993 until 2001, there was a shift from the taxation of income, both corporate and personal, to a personal consumption (especially through the "ecological taxes" (da. grønne afgifter)), which gave the average citizen the impression of rising taxes. This "tax stop" was criticised by left wing parties, allegedly for being "antisocial" and "only for the rich." Since the tax stop also froze the tax on real property (da. ejendomsværdiskat, 1%), it was beneficial to homeowners in densely populated regions that had experienced rising real estate values. The property tax was set at a nominal level – not at a relative level. While the rate was one percent when the tax stop was enacted, the rate is much less today when recent increases in property value (+20%/p.a. in large cities) are considered. The Danish Economic Council criticized this as unfairly benefiting current homeowners. Even though the total tax burden was marginally higher in 2005 than in 2001, the tax stop was popular among voters. Thus, in January 2005, the Social Democrats announced that they accepted the principle of a tax stop until at least one right-wing party was willing to participate in tax reform. The tax stop has, however, been ineffective, judging by Venstre's intentions. Its goal was to halt the growth of public expenditures (and halt the growth of taxes), but even with cuts in public spending (which were considered aggressive by the political left wing), overall spending continued to rise by approximately one percentage point above inflation each year. From 2004 and onwards, minor tax cuts came into effect, on two accounts: People with jobs got a 3% tax reduction on the 5.5% "bottom tax" (da. bundskat). An "employment deduction" (da. beskæftigelsesfradrag) was introduced. This initiative was to encourage people to get off welfare and take jobs instead. The bottom limit of the "middle tax" (da. mellemskat) of 6%, was raised by 12.000 DKK every year, over the next four years. This was supposed to limit the income stresses of middle incomes and families with children. In 2009 a major tax reform was implemented. The overall marginal tax rate was reduced by 7.5%. In the end, the top tax rate (topskatten) was not changed, but the income level at which it applied was raised. This had the effect of removing 350,000 Danes from the top tax bracket. The medium tax rate was eliminated, and the lowest was reduced by 1.5%. Various other tax reforms were enacted such as an increase in the old age pension, incentives for renovation, and various initiatives designed to improve energy efficiency. Finance Minister, Lars Lokke Rasmussen, called it the biggest reduction in the marginal tax rate since the introduction of income tax in 1903. In 2009 tax revenue was 777,375 million Krone. It had grown to 831,172 million in 2011, 901,001 million in 2013, 954,473 million in 2015, and 995,058 million in 2017. It's important to note that from 2011 to 2015 Social Democrat Helle Thorning-Schmidt was the prime minister, however, she passed a tax-reform with support from the liberal-conservative opposition. It raised the top tax threshold, effectively lowering tax rates for high income earners. 2002 EU Presidency Rasmussen held the rotating presidency of the European Union from July to December 2002, proving his dedication to a pro-EU agenda and the guiding principles of the Ellemann-Jensen doctrine. He pursued this to its logical conclusion by publicly denouncing the Danish collaboration policy during its second World War occupation, the first official apology on behalf of Denmark for this. War in Iraq See also: The letter of the eight As Prime Minister, Rasmussen strongly supported the 2003 Iraq War. As in most European countries he faced considerable opposition, both in the parliament and in the general population. Subsequent opinion polls suggested the Danish population's opinion was split on the issue. One vocal protester managed to get into the Danish parliament during the period before the war, where he poured red paint on the prime minister while yelling "Du har blod på dine hænder" (literally: "You have blood on your hands"). A member of the Danish parliament for the socialist Red-Green Alliance, Pernille Rosenkrantz-Theil, stated that it was a reaction she might have made under the circumstances, although she later denounced such behaviour. Denmark was one of only five countries to take part in the actual invasion operations (the others being the U.S., UK, Poland and Australia) though the contingent mainly consisted of two minor warships and staff and radio units that were never involved in actual combat. In the months after the initial phase of the war, Danish troops participated in the multi-national force stationed in Iraq. Approximately 550 Danish troops were stationed in Iraq from 2004 and into 2007, first at "Camp Dannevang" and later at "Camp Einherjer", both near Basra. When the contingent of troops left around August 2007, it was not replaced and Denmark shifted its focus to non-military support around Baghdad. The official reason provided is that the Iraqi government should now be able to handle security in the Basra area. Critics of Rasmussen argued that the withdrawal was motivated by decreasing domestic support for the war. In 2004 Rasmussen's government came under attack based on questions of how much intelligence it had with regard to Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. The government held hearings, and was forced to publish classified reports it had consulted about the likelihood of banned weapons existing in Iraq. While the Blair and Bush administrations became the subject of criticism for extended periods because of their reliance on questionable intelligence, Rasmussen stayed clear of this controversy. This is probably largely because the motion passed by parliament (Folketinget) authorising the deployment of Danish troops states as the reason for the deployment Iraq's continued refusal to cooperate with UN inspectors in violation of the UN Security Council's resolution. The Danish deployment of troops was thus not formally based on a claim that Iraq had WMD's. In March 2003, Rasmussen stated as one of the reasons to support a military intervention, "Irak har masseødelæggelsesvåben. Det er ikke noget vi tror. Vi ved det. Irak har selv indrømmet, at det har haft sennepsgas, nervegas, miltbrand, men Saddam vil ikke afregne. Han vil ikke fortælle os, hvor og hvordan de våben er blevet destrueret. Det ved vi fra FN's inspektører, så der er ingen tvivl i mit sind." In English, this translates to: Iraq has weapons of mass destruction. This is not something we think. We know it. Iraq has itself admitted that it had mustard gas, nerve gas, anthrax, but Saddam will not settle. He will not tell us where and how the weapons have been destroyed. We know from the UN inspectors, so there is no doubt in my mind. Gay marriage Civil unions between gay couples became legal in Denmark in 1989. In January 2004, Rasmussen stated his belief that homosexuals should be able to marry in religious ceremonies, which were not allowed at the time in the Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Denmark, but he has said it should be up to religious communities to decide whether to perform ceremonies for gay couples. 2005 election On 18 January 2005 Rasmussen called an election for 8 February 2005. He delayed the call by a couple of weeks because of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake which killed several Danes. His government was criticized for its allegedly slow response to that crisis, although a clear majority applauded the government's actions. Although his party's support was reduced from the 2001 election, costing it four seats, Venstre was able to maintain its coalition through gains by other parties, and on 18 February Rasmussen formed the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II. Rasmussen received the most "personal votes" ever of any politician in the Folketing (Denmark's Parliament) with 61,792. Muhammad cartoons and Danish goods boycott Main article: Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy A major period of conflict in Rasmussen's political career concerned a set of cartoons printed in Jyllands-Posten, a major Danish newspaper. In September 2005 the newspaper printed a full page with 12 cartoons depicting various interpretations of Muhammad. Due to the cartoons portraying Muhammad as a terrorist, some Muslims found the cartoons offensive. Rasmussen denied a request from 11 ambassadors of Middle-Eastern countries to discuss the issue. Rasmussen described the controversy as Denmark's worst international crisis since World War II. Later he stated, that he "was deeply distressed that the cartoons were seen by some Muslims as an attempt by Denmark to mark and insult or behave disrespectfully towards Islam or Mohammed." Municipal reform Main article: Municipalities of Denmark § Municipal Reform 2007 One of Rasmussen's main initiatives was the introduction of municipal reform, the aim of which was the geographic and administrative consolidation of smaller municipalities and the abolition of counties. Major areas of public services, such as the national health service, were consolidated into five regional bodies, while the number of municipalities was reduced from 271 to 98. The reform was ratified on 16 June 2005 and was effective as of 1 January 2007. 2007 election and resignation In October 2007, Rasmussen called the 2007 general election, which was held on 13 November. His official reason for doing so was to allow parliament to face important upcoming decisions without being distracted by a future election, with welfare reform being cited as an example. Initial polls had predicted that neither the incumbent alliance nor the left-wing opposition would win a majority, leaving the centrist New Alliance with the balance of power. At 11:30 p.m. on the night of the election, Rasmussen claimed victory on the basis of almost-complete results. By the morning of 14 November 2007, after results came through from the Faroe Islands and Greenland, his centre-right coalition of the Liberals, the Conservative People's Party and the Danish People's Party secured 90 seats, the minimum number required for a majority. Rasmussen went on to become the longest-ruling Liberal Prime Minister of Denmark. Shortly after his second reelection in 2007, rumours began to spread in the Danish media that Rasmussen was a candidate for high-profile international jobs. A first rumour was that he was informally one of the top candidates for the new position of President of the European Council that could be created when the Lisbon Treaty would come into effect. Following the Irish rejection of the treaty in June 2008, it became obvious that this position would not be created in the near future. Rumors then spread around Rasmussen's candidacy for Secretary General of NATO. Rasmussen denied the rumors until a few days before the official announcement of his selection was made. Rasmussen expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the Gaza–Israel conflict. He said that, "it was Hamas that broke the truce, and Hamas started the conflict by firing rockets on Israel. No country can just passively accept being fired on." After he was confirmed as the NATO Secretary General, Rasmussen announced that he would resign as Prime Minister of Denmark on 5 April 2009. NATO Secretary General See also: NATO–Russia relations and Ukraine–NATO relations 2009 Anders Fogh Rasmussen became the 12th NATO Secretary General on 1 August 2009, succeeding Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, who held the post from 2004 until 2009. The announcement was made on 4 April 2009, at the 2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit in Strasbourg. During the final selection process only one country, Turkey, remained opposed to Rasmussen's candidacy, partly because of his handling of the cartoon episode in 2005, when the publication in some Danish newspapers of cartoons of Muhammad caused violent protests. Another major element of Turkey's opposition was Denmark's tolerance of Roj TV, which is claimed by the Turkish government to be a mouthpiece for the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). Eventually, Turkey withdrew its opposition to Rasmussen's appointment in exchange of assurances Roj TV would be closed down. After his accession on 1 August 2009, Rasmussen's first mission was a visit to Afghanistan, where he met with President Karzai and senior Afghan ministers, including Minister for Foreign Affairs Spanta, Minister for Defence General Wardak, and Minister of Interior Atmar to discuss the then impending presidential and provincial council elections. 2010 On 28 January 2010 Rasmussen attended the 2010 International Conference on Afghanistan at Lancaster House in London. It was at this event that the framework for the next decade of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was settled by the Afghan president Hamid Karzai and his successor Ashraf Ghani and their donors. As seen at right, Gordon Brown, Hillary Clinton, Catherine Ashton and Hermann van Rompuy amongst other Western leaders were in attendance. 2011 In April 2011, in relation to the 2011 Libyan civil war Rasmussen said that on the day NATO started taking command of the mission under the U.N. mandate, the alliance ruled out arming the rebels. Rasmussen said the coalition under his control was clear about its mission. "We are not in Libya to arm people. We are in Libya to protect civilians against attacks" from loyalists of the country's Muammar Gaddafi government, he said at that time. In October 2011, the intensive 7-month NATO intervention had "now moved much closer" to its end, according to Rasmussen. The last two major outposts of Gaddafi loyalists—Gaddafi's hometown of Sirte and the town of Bani Walid—had fallen and the deposed leader had been killed as he tried to flee from Sirte toward Misrata. Gaddafi's killing came with close NATO aerial support of Libyan ground forces. 2012 The Secretary General normally serves for a term of four years with a one-year extension option. On 3 October 2012, Fogh Rasmussens term was extended one year, so it ended on 31 July 2014. 2013 In February 2013 in the first visit of a NATO Secretary General to Ireland for a meeting with EU defence ministers, he said NATO had an "open-door policy" towards membership of the organisation. "Our door remains open for European countries, European democracies that fulfil the necessary criteria and can contribute to Euro-Atlantic security, but of course it's for individual partners to decide how they want to develop their relationship and partnership with NATO." Ireland is not a member of the organisation but ties through the Partnership for Peace Programme (PFP), a bilateral programme that allows for Irish forces to be used for peacekeeping and crisis management where there is a UN mandate and parliamentary approval. On 19 December 2013 Rasmussen was invited to speak at a periodic meeting of the European Council by the Prime Minister of the UK, David Cameron, in opposition to plans proposed by the External Action Service of HRUFASC Catherine Ashton to create a European Air Force composed of surveillance drones, heavy transport airplanes, and air-to-air refuelling planes. This plan was supported by France, Spain, Italy, Poland and Germany who together have QMV majority. Rasmussen's position was opposed to that of European Parliament President Martin Schulz, who made a presentation at the same meeting where he said that "If we wish to defend our values and interests, if we wish to maintain the security of our citizens, then a majority of MEPs consider that we need a headquarters for civil and military missions in Brussels and deployable troops." Rasmussen was satisfied with the role of NATO in European defence matters and saw every reason to maintain the status quo. 2014 See also: NATO–Russia relations and Ukraine–NATO relations On 28 March 2014, Jens Stoltenberg was nominated as Rasmussen's successor as secretary-general. He was to take office on 1 October 2014. During the first week of April, the Foreign Ministers met at Brussels NATO HQ. On 6 April, Rasmussen wrote an op-ed piece in London's The Daily Telegraph to warn allies to invest in their armed forces, and to maintain that "Russia's illegal aggression against Ukraine and its continued breach of international law" were clear. Russian Foreign Ministry blamed Rasmussen for his "active employment of double standards." On 15 April, an EU Defence Ministers' meeting took place in Luxembourg with the Secretary-General. The next day, the Defence Ministers meeting of the North Atlantic Council was convened, one day in advance of the meeting in Geneva between Russia, Ukraine, the US and the EU over the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. Rasmussen said: "NATO's core task is to protect and defend our Allies. We have already taken a series of steps, including enhancing our Air Policing mission in the Baltic States, and AWACS surveillance flights over Poland and Romania... We will have more planes in the air, more ships on the water, and more readiness on the land. For example, air policing aircraft will fly more sorties over the Baltic region. Allied ships will deploy to the Baltic Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean and elsewhere, as required. Military staff from Allied nations will deploy to enhance our preparedness, training and exercises. Our defence plans will be reviewed and reinforced." In June 2014, Rasmussen claimed that Russia "engaged actively with so-called non-governmental organisations – environmental organisations working against shale gas – to maintain European dependence on imported Russian gas", without providing evidence for this claim. Organizations Rasmussen Global On 1 October 2014 as Rasmussen was succeeded by Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway., he declared the launch of the political consultancy Rasmussen Global to provide support on issues regarding security policy, Transatlantic relations, the European Union, Brexit and Economic development. Furthermore, in 2016 he published a book called 'The Will to Lead', giving his view that the USA should 'restore America's role as a global leader' On 27 May 2016 Rasmussen became non-staff advisor to President Poroshenko of Ukraine. Rasmussen also convened the Friends of Ukraine group of sitting and former senior politicians and diplomats to raise international awareness of Ukraine and to keep domestic reform on the agenda. On 2 April 2020 global bank Citi announced Rasmussen would join as a senior advisor in Citi's European, Middle East and Africa business, with a primary focus on the Nordic region. Alliance of Democracies Foundation In 2017 Rasmussen founded the Alliance of Democracies Foundation a non-profit organisation dedicated to the advancement of democracy and free markets across the globe. Its initiatives include the Copenhagen Democracy Summit, an annual conference bringing together political and business leaders, including current and former heads of government, from the world's democracies. The first summit in 2018 was addressed by Joe Biden and other speakers have included Tony Blair, Mike Pompeo and John Kerry. The Foundation also hosts the Transatlantic Commission on Election Integrity, which 'helps advance solutions to protect integrity of democratic elections.' The commission was founded by Rasmussen, Former US Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff and Joe Biden. Honours and decorations Commander of the Order of Dannebrog (Denmark, 7 April 2001) Commander 1st Class of the Order of Dannebrog (Denmark, 2002) Grand Cross of the Order of Dannebrog (Denmark, 7 April 2009) Medal of Merit in Gold (Denmark, 17 December 2002) Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil, 2009) Knight 1st class of the Order of the Balkan Mountains, awarded by the President of Bulgaria (11 April 2014) St. George Medal, 1st Class, awarded by the Defence Minister of Bulgaria (11 April 2014) Knight of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (Estonia, 4 February 2009) Grand cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany, 2002) Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands, 30 January 2014) Grand Cross of the Order of Ruben Darío (Nicaragua, 2003) Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro (Nicaragua) Grand Officer of the Order of the Three Stars (Latvia, 16 April 2004) Grand Cross of the Order of the Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuania, 21 April 2004) Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown (Luxembourg, 2003) Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (Poland, 2003) Grand cross of the Order of Merit (Portugal, 1992) Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania (Romania, 2004) Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star (Sweden, 2007) Order of Liberty, awarded by the President of Ukraine, 7 August 2014 "For his significant contribution to the development of cooperation between the Ukrainian state and the Atlantic Alliance and the strong support in defending the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine" Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (United Kingdom, 30 November 2015) Doctor Honoris Causa title by the University of Bucharest on 24 May 2013, for his work in Denmark, in Europe and at NATO. Filmography Fogh bag facaden, 58 min., Danish documentary, by Christoffer Guldbrandsen [da], 2003, Den hemmelige krig, 58 min., Danish documentary, by Christoffer Guldbrandsen, 2006, AFR, 83 min., Danish mockumentary, by Morten Hartz Kaplers, 2007, AFR CIA's danske forbindelse, by Mette Aaby, 2008, See also In Spanish: Anders Fogh Rasmussen para niños
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienborg	en	Marienborg	https://upload.wikimedia…arienborg_04.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…arienborg_04.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Marienborg_04.jpg/25...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2005-06-06T18:33:46+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienborg	Official residence of the Danish prime minister Not to be confused with Marienborg Manor, on the island of Møn. Marienborg, a mid 18th-century country house perched on a small hilltop on the northern shore of Bagsværd Lake, Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of downtown Copenhagen, has served as the official residence of Denmark's prime minister since 1962. It is frequently used for governmental conferences, summits and other official purposes, including the prime minister's new year speech.[1][2] Unlike the residences of many other heads of government and state (e.g. the White House, 10 Downing Street, La Moncloa and Élysée Palace), Marienborg does not serve as the government headquarters or contain the office of the prime minister. The Prime Minister's Office is instead located in Christiansborg on Slotsholmen in downtown Copenhagen. Marienborg was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1964. In the 18th century, the region north of Copenhagen became popular for its scenic views and opportunities for recreation with the surrounding meadows, woods and lakes, with many summer residences being built. Marienborg is one of several properties which were sold off from the Frederiksdal estate from the middle of the 18th century and used for the construction of country houses. They were collectively referred to as Ny Frederiksdal (New Frederiksdal) and also comprised Søro, Tusculum, Sophienholm and Christianelyst. The main building was constructed in around 1745 for the naval officer and director of the Danish Asiatic Company Olfert Fas Fischer. He was the father of the much more famous naval hero Olfert Fischer. In 1750, Fischer sold the estate to Peter de Windt. Windt's widow, Maria Cathrine Michaelsdatter Fabritius, a daughter of the wealthy merchant Michael Fabritius, sold the estate to Jacob Frederik Schaffalitzky de Muckadell a few years after his death. The next owner Gysbert Behagen, from 1764 to 1792, was a wealthy merchant, ship-owner and director of the Danish Asiatic Company. His city home was the Behagen House in Christianshavn. Behagen was succeeded by Werner Hans Rudolph Rosenkrantz Giedde, a chamberlain and enthusiastic amateur flutist and composer. He was a member of a commission tasked with reorganizing the Royal Danish Orchestra and from 1791 to 1793 served as its administrative leader. The estate was in 1795 acquired by Johan Frederik Lindencrone, the owner of the Lindencrone Mansion in Copenhagen as well as Gjorslev Manor on Stevns, who named it Marienborg after his wife Marie. In 1800, Lindencrone had to sell Marienborg due to economic difficulties. The buyer, Johann Traugott Lebrecht Otto (1766–1824), had served as garrison surgeon on Saint Thomas in the Danish West Indies. In 1801, he sold the estate to Julius Ludvig Frederik Rantzau and Johan de Windt. In 1803, Marienborg changed hands again when it was acquired by Jean de Coninck (1744–1807). He was the brother of Frédéric de Coninck, owner of the nearby Dronninggård estate. In 1806, in partnership with his brother, Charles August Selby and William Duntzfelt. Coninck had purchased the Royal Danish Silk Manufactury in Bredgade. Peter Boll Wivet (1760–1824), a Supreme Court attorney, purchased Marienborg in 1809. Wivet's winter residence was at Gothersgade 15. Hiswidow, Catharina Sophie Wivet (née Ernst) resided at Marienborg until her death in 1849. Their daughter and only child, Cecilie (1802–1874), spæd the estate to Edvard Knudsen. In 1855, Marienborg changed hands again. The new owner, Vilhelm Junius Lorentz Petersen, was the owner of Lorentz Petersen, a wine business with roots dating back to 1788. On Lorentz Petersen's death in 1863, Marienborg was sold to Rosalie Moltke (née Hennings), whose husband, Adam Gottlob Moltke of Espe and Bonderup, had also just died. On her death, Marienborg remained in the hands of the Moltke family for the next 15 years. Oscar Wandel, owner of Carl Wandel & Søn, a wine company, purchased Marienborg in 1899. In 1915, he sold the estate to Vilhelm Skovgaard-Petersen, In 1935, Marienborg was acquired by lawyer and businessman C.L. David. David died in Copenhagen on 18 April 1960. As he had never married or fathered children, David left his entire estate to the C. L. David Foundation and Collection. At his request, the Marienborg country estate was willed to the Danish State, to be used as the summer residence of the country's prime or foreign minister.[3] The State officially took over Marienborg in January 1962. His former city home in Kronprinsessegade was converted into a museum under the bane Thege David Collection. Jens Otto Krag did not wish to use Marienborg and the property was therefore put at the disposal of his foreign minister, Per Hækkerup. Hilmar Baunsgaard used Marienborg as his primary residence. Anker Jørgensen became famous for preferring his modest apartment in the rundown Sydhavnen neighborhood of Copenhagen to Marienborg. In 1980, he started a new tradition of broadcasting the Prime Minister's official New Year's Speech from Marienborg.[4] Both Poul Schlüter and Poul Nyrup Rasmussen mainly used Marienborg as their summer residence. Crown Prince Frederik and Prince Joachim was privately tutored by Schlüter's wife Anne Marie Schlüter.[4] Anders Fogh Rasmussen started a new practice of using Marienborg mainly as a venue for political meetings and other official functions.[5] This practice was continued by Helle Thorning Schmidt and Lars Løkke Rasmussen.[4] Lars Løkke Rasmussen used Marienborg as a venue for public St. Hans Evening celebrations.[4] Many different owners have left their marks on Marienborg and its architecture. The interiors have also been modified repeatedly. Today, Marienborg stands out as a restored classicist estate with a few carefully selected modern accents. The interior of the mansion was refurbished in 2018. The A.P. Møller and Hustru Chastine Mc-Kinney Møller Foundation has made a DKK 3.65 million donation for new furniture and art for the mansion.[6] (1745–1750) Captain Olfert Fas Fischer[7] (1750–1753) Peter de Windt (1753–1755) Maria Cathrine Michaelsdatter Fabritius 1755–1764: Jacob Frederik Schaffalitzky de Muckadell (1764–1793) Gysbert Behagen (1793–1795) Hans Werner Rudolf Rosenkrantz Giedde (1795–1800) Johan Frederik Lindencrone (1800–1801) Johann Traugott Lebrecht Otto (1801–1803) Julius Ludvig Frederik Rantzau/Johan de Windt (1803–1807) Jean de Coninck (1807–1809) Estate of Jean de Coninck (1809–1824) Peter Boll Wivet (1824–1849) Cathrine Ernst (1849) Cecilie Wivet (1849–1855) Edvard Knudsen (1855–1863) Vilhelm Junius Lorentz Petersen 1863–1864: Estate of Vilhelm Junius Lorentz Petersen 1864–1885: Rosalie Hennings 1885–1899: Moltke family 1899–1915: Oscar Wandel 1915–1934: Vilhelm Skovgaard-Petersen 1934–1960: C. L. David 1960–1962: Estate of C. L. David 1962–present: State residence Viggo Kampmann 1960–1962 (born Viggo Olfert Fischer Kampmann, a descendant of the original owner) Jens Otto Krag 1962–1968, 1971–1972 Hilmar Baunsgaard 1968–1971 Anker Jørgensen 1972–1973; 1975–1982 Poul Hartling 1973–1975 Poul Schlüter 1982–1993 Poul Nyrup Rasmussen 1993–2001 Anders Fogh Rasmussen 2001–2009 Lars Løkke Rasmussen 2009–2011, 2015–2019 Helle Thorning-Schmidt 2011–2015 Mette Frederiksen 2019–present
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	0	81	https://www.statewatch.org/news/2020/november/danish-military-intelligence-uses-xkeyscore-to-tap-cables-in-cooperation-with-the-nsa/	en	Danish military intelligence uses XKEYSCORE to tap cables in cooperation with the NSA			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Leaks to the Danish media have revealed that the country's intelligence agency is cooperating with the US National Security Agency to tap underseas telecommunications cables. The XKEYSCORE system was revealed in documents released by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden.	en			https://www.statewatch.org/news/2020/november/danish-military-intelligence-uses-xkeyscore-to-tap-cables-in-cooperation-with-the-nsa/	Home / News / 2020 / November / Danish military intelligence uses XKEYSCORE to tap cables in cooperation with the NSA Danish military intelligence uses XKEYSCORE to tap cables in cooperation with the NSA Topic Country/Region Leaks to the Danish media have revealed that the country's intelligence agency is cooperating with the US National Security Agency to tap underseas telecommunications cables. The XKEYSCORE system was revealed in documents released by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden. Danish military intelligence uses XKEYSCORE to tap cables in cooperation with the NSA (Electrospaces, link): "In an extensive piece from September 13, the renowned Danish newspaper Berlingske (founded in 1749) describes how the FE, in cooperation with the NSA, started to tap an international telecommunications cable in order to gather foreign intelligence. In the mid-1990s, the NSA had found out that somewhere under Copenhagen there was a backbone cable containing phone calls, e-mails and text messages from and to countries like China and Russia, which was of great interest for the Americans. Tapping that cable, however, was almost impossible without the help of the Danes, so the NSA asked the FE for access to the cable, but this request was denied, according to Berlingske. (...)
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	2	98	https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17930409	en	Denmark profile - Timeline	https://static.files.bbc…ter-1024x576.png	https://static.files.bbc…ter-1024x576.png	[ "https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/6595/production/_127250062_gettyimages-859997602.jpg", "https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/385/cpsprodpb/d518/live/d39fbf50-4875-11ef-9e1c-3b4a473456a6.jpg", "https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/385/cpsprodpb/3056/live/49457340-4870-11ef-b74c-bb483a802c97.jpg", ...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "BBC News", "www.facebook.com" ]	2012-05-02T16:16:55+00:00	A chronology of key events in the history of Denmark, from the 10th century to the present	en		BBC News	https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17930409	1914-18 - Denmark is neutral during World War One. 1918 - Universal suffrage comes into effect. 1930s - Welfare state established by governments dominated by social democrats. 1939 - Denmark signs 10-year non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany. 1940 - Nazi invasion meets virtually no initial resistance. Government accepts occupation in exchange for measure of control over domestic affairs. 1943 - A determined campaign by the Danish resistance prompts Germany to take over full control of Danish affairs. Thousands of Danish Jews manage to escape to Sweden. 1945 - Germany surrenders and occupation ends. Denmark recognises Iceland's independence, which had been declared in 1944. 1973 - Denmark joins the European Economic Community. 1979 - Greenland is granted home rule. Denmark retains control over Greenland's foreign affairs and defence. 1982 - Poul Schlueter becomes first Conservative prime minister for almost a century. 1985 - Legislation passed banning construction of nuclear power plants in Denmark. 1992 - Danish voters reject the Maastricht Treaty on further European integration in a referendum. 1993 - Schlueter resigns after being accused of lying over a scandal involving Tamil refugees; social democrat Poul Nyrup Rasmussen becomes prime minister. Danes approve the Maastricht Treaty after Denmark is granted certain opt-outs. 1994 - Poul Nyrup Rasmussen returned to power in general election. 1998 - Poul Nyrup Rasmussen again returned to power. 2000 - Danes reject adoption of the euro as their national currency by 53% to 47%. New bridge and tunnel link Copenhagen with Malmo in southern Sweden. The new road and rail link makes it possible to travel between the two countries in just 15 minutes. 2001 November - Elections put right-wing coalition led by Anders Fogh Rasmussen into government. Rasmussen campaigned on a pledge to tighten immigration rules and put lid on taxes. The election saw the far-right Danish People's Party win 22 seats and become the third largest party in parliament. 2002 February - New government measures aimed at reducing immigration spark controversy. 2004 August - US and Denmark sign deal to modernise Thule air base on Greenland. 2005 February - Liberal Party leader Anders Fogh Rasmussen wins second term as prime minister in coalition with Conservative Party. Far-right People's Party strengthens presence in parliament by two seats. 2005 July - Diplomatic dispute flares up with Canada over the disputed tiny island of Hans in the Arctic. 2006 January - February - Cartoon depictions of the Muslim prophet Muhammad, published by a Danish newspaper in 2005, spark belated mass protests among Muslims in a number of countries as well as unofficial boycotts of Danish goods. 2007 February - Government says Denmark's 470 ground troops will leave Iraq by the end of August. Denmark was one of the original coalition countries to take part in the 2003 invasion. 2007 November - Government of Prime Minister Fogh Rasmussen wins third term after early elections. 2008 February - Police uncover a plot to kill one of the cartoonists whose depictions of Muhammad sparked outrage across the Muslim world in 2005. Major papers reprint one of the cartoons, prompting some protests. 2008 November - Greenland referendum approves plans to seek more autonomy from Denmark and a greater share of oil revenues off the island's coast. 2009 April - Finance Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen takes over as prime minister and acting Liberal Party leader on the resignation of Anders Fogh Rasmussen, who had been elected Nato secretary-general. 2009 July - Denmark plans to set up an Arctic military command and task force because the melting ice cap is opening access to Greenland and the Faroe Islands. 2009 December - Denmark hosts UN climate change summit. Great hopes are invested in the Copenhagen summit but it ends without a legally binding global treaty being agreed. 2010 January - A Somali man is charged with trying to kill the Danish artist whose drawing of the Muslim prophet Muhammad in 2005 sparked riots around the world. 2010 December - Three men are charged with planning to attack the offices of a newspaper which printed cartoons of the Muslim prophet Muhammad. A fourth is released and a fifth is held in Sweden. 2011 February - Denmark approves underwater tunnel from Lolland island to the German island of Fehmarn, at a cost of $5.9bn. It will be built in 2014-2020 and speed up transport links between Scandinavia and continental Europe. Somali man Mohamed Geele is found guilty of attempted murder and terrorism over trying to kill Muhammad cartoonist Kurt Westergaard. 2011 July - Denmark reimposes border controls in bid to curb illegal immigration. Many question the legality of the move under the 1995 Schengen agreement, which abolished internal borders within much of western Europe. 2011 September - Social Democrat Helle Thorning-Schmidt became Denmark's first female prime minister after her left-leaning alliance secured a narrow majority at parliamentary elections. 2012 June - Same-sex marriage legalised. 2013 April - Schools shut for a month because of an industrial dispute involving teachers' unions. 2014 January - The small Socialist People's Party quits the ruling coalition following splits over plans to sell off a stake in state-controlled Dong Energy to investment bank Goldman Sachs and others. 2014 May - The anti-immigration Danish People's Party wins European election with four seats and nearly 27% of the vote. 2014 December - Denmark submits a claim to territory around the North Pole to a United Nations panel gathering evidence to determine control of the region. 2015 February - Islamist Omar El-Hussein shoots dead a film-maker at a free-speech debate and then a synagogue guard, before being killed by police. Security service faces criticism over its anti-extremist strategy.
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	1	75	https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-law-reports/article/hingitaq-53-petersen-and-others-v-office-of-the-prime-minister-of-denmark/AC4E06D5A860CD43B20DBB306A6108F5	en	Hingitaq 53, Petersen and Others v. Office of the Prime Minister of Denmark	https://static.cambridge…-size-image=true	https://static.cambridge…-size-image=true	[ "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/icn_circle__btn_close_white.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.png", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Hingitaq 53, Petersen and Others v. Office of the Prime Minister of Denmark - Volume 143	en	/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico	Cambridge Core	https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-law-reports/article/abs/hingitaq-53-petersen-and-others-v-office-of-the-prime-minister-of-denmark/AC4E06D5A860CD43B20DBB306A6108F5	Human rights — Indigenous peoples — Property rights — Recognition of indigenous land rights — Indigenous Inughuit population of Thule in Greenland — ILO Convention No 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, 1989 — Whether Inughuit constituting distinct indigenous people separate from main population within meaning of Convention — Forced resettlement in 1953 to make way for United States air base — Right to return — Right to compensation — United States — Denmark Agreement concerning the Defence of Greenland, 1951 — Whether providing adequate legal basis for expropriation and resettlement under municipal and international law — Whether satisfying requirements for legality under Danish Constitution Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaty obligations — Effect under municipal law — United States — Denmark Agreement concerning the Defence of Greenland, 1951 — Obligations of State in relation to private claimants — Memorandum of Understanding between States Parties to Agreement — Effect on rights of private claimants — Interpretation of treaties — ILO Convention No 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, 1989 — The law of Denmark
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	2	36	https://www.imago-images.com/st/0092720210	en	IMAGO.	https://www.imago-images.com/favicon/favicon.ico	https://www.imago-images.com/favicon/favicon.ico	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		de	/favicon/favicon.ico		null
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	3	95	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Trine_Bramsen	en	Trine Bramsen	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trine_Bramsen.jpg/180px-Trine_Bramsen.jpg", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-03T16:38:30+00:00	Trine Bramsen (born 26 March 1981) is a Danish politician of the Social Democrats, who has been a member of the Folketing since 2011. She served as minister of transport from February to December 2022 and minister of defence from 2019 until February 2022. Bramsen was born in Svendborg to...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Trine_Bramsen	Trine Bramsen (born 26 March 1981) is a Danish politician of the Social Democrats, who has been a member of the Folketing since 2011. She served as minister of transport from February to December 2022 and minister of defence from 2019 until February 2022. Early and personal life[] Bramsen was born in Svendborg to schoolteachers Bo Steffen Madsen and Lene Bramsen Madsen. She worked as a consultant with Deloitte from 2007 until 2011.[1] Political career[] Parliament[] Bramsen was first elected member of Folketinget for the Social Democrats in the 2011 election, where she received 4,497 votes. She was reelected in 2015 with 8,337 votes and again in 2019 with 10,594 votes.[2][3][4] Minister of Defence[] Bramsen was appointed Minister of Defence in the cabinet of Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen on 27 June 2019.[5] Early in her tenure, she oversaw the addition of about 700 soldiers, a frigate and four fighter jets to NATO forces.[6] Following the 2020 Iranian attack on U.S. forces in Iraq, she temporarily moved some of its military personnel for the international military intervention against ISIL from the Al Asad Airbase to Kuwait.[7] Following revelations by the DR in May 2021, that Denmark had aided the NSA in spying on ally countries, Bramsen stated that "systematic wiretapping of close allies is unacceptable".[8] After two Russian fighter jets flew into Danish airspace in June 2021, Bramsen called it “a deliberate provocation by Russia”, further stating the fighters were warned that they were entering Danish airspace. She also warned that “it is a clear sign that they are willing to break every rule” and that “we can’t afford to be naive”.[9] Bramsen warned that Denmark would withdraw their soldiers from Mali if the country’s authorities were to seek negotiations with Russian mercenaries to combat Islamic extremist groups. Speaking to Jyllands-Posten in late September 2021, she iterated that Denmark would not negotiate with mercenaries, and that there was a clear red line.[10] Controversy[] Bramsen was the IT and telecommunications spokesperson for the Social Democrats, when she replied to a comment by the IT-Political Association of Denmark in a debate about electronic elections wherein participants are identified with chips.[11] Bramsen argued in favour of the electronic elections, which she perceived as feasible, even though the Association with technical industry experience was in opposition. She wrote an article[12] titled A call for IT nerds: Stop wearing tennis socks—and speak so that we can understand you!. The article was met with criticism for its tone. As a result, she was reassigned to be a spokesperson on justice. In her new position, she argued for making The Onion Router illegal.[13] In 2020 Bramsen exposed a secret agreement with the US, made during the tenures of Bill Clinton and Poul Nyrup Rasmussen and signed by subsequent Danish defense ministers, allowing American authorities to tap Danish phone cables.[14] In 2021 MP Søren Espersen called for her resignation, for disrespecting the Chief of Defence, by calling him an ”agency leader”.[15] References[]
correct_leader_00102	FactBench	2	61	https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-6-2008-09-22-ITM-019_EN.html	en	Transparency of institutional investors (debate)	https://www.europarl.eur…ogo_facebook.jpg	https://www.europarl.eur…ogo_facebook.jpg	[ "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/data/img/EP_logo_neg_EN.png", "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/data/img/navi_index.gif", "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/data/img/spacer.gif", "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/data/img/navi_previous.gif", "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/data/img/sp...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2008-09-22T00:00:00		en			https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-6-2008-09-22-ITM-019_EN.html	Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, rapporteur. − Mr President, long before this crisis, the European Socialist Group and the European Socialist Party raised concerns over the tendencies on the financial markets for excessive debt, lack of transparency, taking high risks and paying too low prices, and making packages on leveraging which nobody could really understand or act on. We therefore raised our concerns as if looking into a new financial bubble. Nobody could tell when this would be, but we are now at the centre of the storm – the ‘perfect storm’, as somebody called it. I feel very strongly that the debate this evening and tomorrow will be the most relevant debate in any parliament on financial markets anywhere in Europe or in the United States – debate and decisions in the sense that we are looking forward, trying to make better regulation than we have now and trying to take on a broad responsibility for doing the job as well as we can. Now is the time to act. We have seen what happened in the US, and, while someone said that it is not as bad in Europe as in the US, I can only say that HBOS, Northern Rock and many other such cases is enough to convince me to act. We have seen the new prognoses for our economies, for our jobs, for our competition and for our investment capability: that is enough for me to act. That is why I am proud to be telling Parliament today and tomorrow that the PSE Group has made a compromise, following tough negotiations – which is as it should be on such an important matter – with the ALDE and PPE-DE Groups. We now have in front of us a balanced report which demands that the Commission present proposals on legislation and regulation for all financial actors, including hedge funds and private equity. It is high time we did this, and I would remind Parliament that we are now asking for mandatory capital requirements for all financial institutions. We are asking for an aligning of reward packages with longer-term outcomes in order to reflect losses as well as profits. We are asking for full transparency for high-level executives’ and senior managers’ remuneration systems. We are asking for disclosure of leverage/debt exposure, the source and amount of funds raised and identification of shareholders for all investment projects. We are asking for an extension of the directive requiring that employees be informed and consulted during take-overs to include leveraged buy-outs by private equity, and we are asking for measures to ‘avoid unreasonable asset stripping in target companies’. We are asking for actions to avoid excessive debt caused by leveraged buy-out, so that level of leverage is sustainable both for the private equity fund/firm and for the target company. I would like to ask Mr McCreevy, the Commissioner responsible for this area, to respond very concretely to these proposals. I know that they are new to him, but I insist on a timetable. We have asked for a response before the end of the year, which is three months from now. There may be details to discuss but, Commissioner, you also owe this Parliament a response, because we are not talking about a small minority, but a very broad majority within this Parliament. I shall end by informing you that, as of four to five days ago, close to 90 000 people had signed a petition addressed to the European Parliament, the United States and world leaders, organised by the global internet movement Avaaz. I am delivering that petition on its behalf to those recipients. It reads: ‘We urge you to take a lead in fixing the fundamental flaws and loopholes which made this global financial crisis possible, including basic problems of debt and risk, incentives and transparency. We need you to work together to protect the public good by framing stronger rules for all parts of the global financial system. Be bold, and we will support you.’ Commissioner, will you be bold, together with us, support us and deliver preliminary answers before the end of the year? I must insist, on behalf of all of us, on a positive response. Klaus-Heiner Lehne, rapporteur. − (DE) Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, the debate is indeed taking place, if somewhat by chance, at exactly the right time. My report to all intents and purposes addresses the other side of the coin. Mr Rasmussen has had to deal in particular with the effects on the financial markets and the Committee on Legal Affairs with its expertise naturally concerned itself in particular with the aspects of company law and, where necessary, with the need to change European company law. We are all shaken by the events of recent days. The public, politicians and – I say this very clearly – the honest economy as well. The problem we see in practice at the moment is that profits are being privatised, but losses are being nationalised. It has almost become a joke in this saga that Mr Paulson, the US Finance Minister, who was himself once head of Goldman Sachs, now finds himself in the situation of having to take USD 700 billion in taxpayers’ money in order to eliminate and smooth out the havoc his own sector of industry has wreaked. It is really sad. There are more and more examples of the fact that in the public perception, the image of the conventional family enterprise taking care of its employees with its own liability, which it itself guarantees, is on the decline, while on the other hand, the impression continues to grow of us being partly governed at least in the economic sector by ineffectual top managers, by employees who are highly paid but who no longer bear any responsibility. I think that the emerging impression of our system of market economy is appalling and that it is politically necessary for us to take the appropriate steps to restore order and thus actually remove this appalling impression. The fact is that it affects not only the major investors, but now also small investors. It affects every taxpayer and all those who are dependent on government funds because more and more billions in public money have to be used to repair the damage. I admit – and the debate has clearly shown this, and it is also indisputable – that one aspect we initially had to address in particular – namely the hedge funds and private equity sector – is not a cause of the problems we are currently having to tackle. Here too, however – and the debate in the House has clearly shown this, as have the hearings on both committees – there are obviously definite shortcomings in the areas of harmonisation and regulation. It has rightly been stated that these sectors are also regulated by national regulations, some stronger, some weaker, according to the nations’ different traditions and according to which financial market regulations prevail there. At the same time, however, it has also become clear that we need further harmonisation and adjustment at European level in order to ensure that these sectors, which have now reached absolutely critical dimensions, also do not represent any risk for the financial markets. I would like to respond to just a few key words, which have already been addressed in the draft report – which incidentally had already been resolved in the Committee on Legal Affairs in June when nobody was talking about this crisis in which we currently find ourselves. I am thinking of the terms ‘stock lending’ and ‘short selling’. We now hear that a range of important financial market regulators have banned this, and for good reason. We did ask at the time, and are asking now, as well, that this at least be examined. Consequences have to be drawn from this and legislative proposals must also be made if need be. One of these is the issue of better identification of shareholders, issues of transparency, of the tightening of the regulations on transparency in view of the fact that enterprises as well as the managers of these enterprises ought to know to whom they actually belong in order that they, too, are able to act responsibly towards those who own them. It also entails reasonable checks being made on certain risks when credit is granted to ensure that sensible, necessary consequences can also be drawn in order that giant levers cannot be moved by relatively small means, which ultimately create an impact that gets completely out of control and brings adversity in its wake for the general public and for others. Incidentally, one piece of advice: in the meantime numerous proposals have been developed in the industry for practical codes, for voluntary regulation on how one should behave. The mere fact that these regulations have been developed, even if they are still only voluntary at present, thus accounts for the fact that the industry itself evidently accepts the need for some regulation. Hence it is entirely reasonable to take a look at, and think about, whether we are able to take action here as well. Asset flipping is another matter to which we must attend. Company law must tackle this issue because I am convinced that enterprises should not be able to be plundered. We are expecting a concrete proposal from the Commission. This is a report in accordance with Article 192, to which the Commission must respond. We hope it will do so soon. Charlie McCreevy, Member of the Commission. − Mr President, I would like to thank the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Committee on Legal Affairs and in particular their rapporteurs, Mr Rasmussen and Mr Lehne, for the work done in the preparation of these two reports. Few would have predicted one year ago that the situation in financial markets would be as serious as it is today. And the effects of the crisis will continue to be felt for some time. It started with reckless selling of mortgages in the United States, promoted by banks and others who did not care about lending standards because they could offload the loans to others through securitisation. Credit-rating agencies then gave respectability to these high-risk products by assigning low credit-default risk to them. Financial institutions around the world bought up these products without, it seems, doing any serious risk assessment of their own. In the light of events over the past year, it has been incredible to see how little understanding senior managers of financial institutions had of the risk they were taking on board. No doubt the size of the profits that were rolling in blunted serious risk analysis. Supervisors seemed to have no better idea of the risk in these hugely complex products. Things were so sliced up, diced up and repackaged that no one knew where the real risk was. One observer referred some months ago to this unfolding crisis as like watching a train crash in slow motion. Last week the crisis went into hyper speed. The concerted actions of the world’s major central banks and the announcement of the support measures by the United States authorities have restored some calm to the markets. We must welcome this given the extreme situation faced by regulators. I also welcome that the United States authorities have shown recognition of the need to address in their proposals similar assets held by some non-US financial institutions. One thing we can be thankful for in Europe is that we have not seen the same scale of destruction as has happened in the United States. Although banks in the EU have been suffering from a similar lack of confidence in lending to each other, there has not been anything on the same scale as experienced in the United States. But no one is out of the woods yet. There are difficult trading conditions ahead. The downturn in economies will have its effects. Vigilance and transparency are key if confidence is to be restored in markets. At EU level we must continue to improve our supervisory arrangements for cross-border supervisory financial institutions. There is a window of opportunity that must not be missed. All of this leads me to believe we are going to have a different financial services sector when this is all over and we will have a different regulatory framework as well. If moral hazard cannot be shown to work then the taxpayer cannot be expected to pick up the bill for the excess and irresponsible risk-taking of private institutions. The ultimate shape of whatever new regulatory approach will be adopted will be designed over the coming period as the lessons from this crisis and the appropriate responses become clearer. We need to continue to work closely with other regulatory authorities and to the extent possible dovetail our responses. As many of you will be aware, we have already been taking action. For a year now the Commission has been working on a detailed road map agreed by the Council of Finance Ministers and endorsed by the European Council. We have been refining our response as the turmoil unfolds. We have already taken measures to improve convergence and cooperation between supervisors. A new memorandum of understanding was agreed by EU supervisory authorities, finance ministers and central banks setting out common principles including the establishment of cross-border stability groups. This is now being implemented. We have been reviewing enhancements of deposit guarantee schemes. A special group which will report by the end of this year has been set up to look at the pro-cyclicality effects of current instruments including Basel 2 and IFRS. In close cooperation with the Financial Stability Forum, the IASB has set up an advisory panel on fair valuation. Work on off-balance-sheet items is also under way in the IASB. Industry has come forward with valuable data which improves transparency for regulators of the securitisation market. The Commission is pressing industry to refine this information so that transparency for regulators is improved. In the light of these activities, and others I will refer to, it should come as no surprise to Members when I say that I can welcome many of the points set out in Mr Rasmussen’s report. What is important is that we are able to identify the key measures we should take now and get them implemented. As I said earlier, the market turmoil exposed failings in the risk management of large financial institutions. It also highlighted a number of areas of regulatory weakness. It is on these areas that regulatory attention must now be focused. Mr Rasmussen has flagged in his report many of the most pressing areas: conflicts of interest in credit-rating agencies, the need for improvement in the valuation of illiquid assets and the misalignment of incentives in the ‘originate and distribute’ model. Over the past year I have kept Members informed, both in plenary and particularly the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, of the work we have been doing on improving capital requirements in banks, as well as my ideas for regulating credit-rating agencies. We all agree, I believe, on the need for a strengthening of capital requirements and an obligation for transparency and due diligence in regards to structured products. We have been working on changes to the Capital Requirements Directive, which will improve the management of large exposures, improve quality of capital through harmonising treatment of hybrid capital. We have also been looking at strengthening the supervision of cross-banking groups. In the next few weeks I will be proposing to the Commission two separate regulatory measures to deal with these and other issues: firstly, an amendment to the Capital Requirements Directive and, secondly, a regulation on credit-rating agencies. I look forward to the support of the European Parliament for these proposals which are very much in line with what you call for in this report. Hedge funds and private equity feature in both reports. We have had some interesting exchanges over the years about the roles of hedge funds and private equity. One thing I believe we can agree on is that they were not the cause of the current turmoil. It has turned out that it was the regulated sector that had been allowed to run amok with little understood securitisation vehicles. I do not believe it is necessary at this stage to tar hedge funds and private equity with the same brush as we use for the regulated sector. The issues relating to the current turmoil are different. Let us not forget that these funds are regulated in Member States. Hedge funds and private equity managers are authorised and supervised entities throughout Europe. They are subject to the same market-abuse disciplines as other participants in financial markets. They are bound by similar transparency and consultation obligations when investing in public companies. Exposure of the banking sector to hedge funds and private equity is subject to the Capital Requirements Directive. But this does not mean that we are turning a blind eye to hedge funds and private equity. As these business models evolve and their role in financial markets changes, regulators around the world need to remain vigilant. The industries themselves must assume all the responsibilities that accompany a prominent role in European and global financial markets. Several recent market initiatives indicate that this message is understood. Our role should be to monitor closely these and other developments in the market and be ready to respond if and when necessary. I welcome the constructive suggestions for supporting the functioning of the single market. I would just like to mention at this stage that there is considerable work under way in the Commission on private placement and venture capital. I agree with Mr Lehne that a sufficient degree of transparency is an essential condition for investor confidence. It is, therefore, indispensable if we want financial markets to function effectively. The report sets out a list of transparency rules that apply today to the different players in the financial markets in the EU. To my mind, what is important is that the market is provided with a sufficient degree of clear information that is useful. We need to find the balance between the need for confidentiality of the proprietary information of investment vehicles against the legitimate needs of investors, counterparties, regulators and investee firms. I am, therefore, pleased that the report puts an emphasis on the need to analyse the impact of the existing EU provisions and of additional Member States’ rules in this field before one embarks on introducing any new legislation. The Commission has already been very active in this field. We have held extensive consultations in the context of our shareholders’ rights initiative, where we looked at a number of issues that are touched upon in the report – stock lending, for example, and the question of the identification of shareholders. Furthermore, we have recently published a call for tender for an outside study that will look at the implementation, in Member States, of the Transparency Directive. This study should be available next year and will form the basis for a general evaluation of the Directive, including the notification thresholds. As Members will recall, the Commission adopted, in spring of this year, a communication setting out its policy approach to sovereign wealth funds. We had come to the conclusion that these measures were appropriate but also sufficient to address the issues that currently are being discussed. This approach was endorsed by the European Council; I see, though, that the Committee on Legal Affairs does not entirely share this assessment. I shall make some brief remarks in this area. Firstly, we should acknowledge that hedge funds and private equity in many senses are not unique – other institutional investors have similar objectives and nowadays use similar techniques. If in that situation we imposed special obligations on hedge funds and private equity, this would result in discrimination of these categories of investors. Secondly, we should not make the mistake to perceive all activities of hedge funds as a threat to the market but we should also be aware of the positive effects that their activities have. Let me be clear, the EU economy is going to need massive investment in the time ahead: without sovereign wealth funds, private equity and the like, Europe’s recovery from today’s turmoil will be all the slower. Thirdly, I agree that certain techniques, such as stock lending and the use of derivatives, do pose challenges to established models of governance. This is an area we, in conjunction with national supervisors, will be giving close attention to in the time ahead. In conclusion, these two reports will be significant contributions to our ongoing reflection. I commend Members for these reports. The Commission will examine your recommendations and report back to you as envisaged in the framework agreement. We remain fully committed to responding to this crisis with the measures necessary to restore confidence and stability. Sharon Bowles, on behalf of the ALDE Group. – Mr President, sorry, this is part two. As Mr Rasmussen said, these reports are balanced, though some may be more inclined to quote from the press from one side of the scales than the other. We have had rumblings about hedge funds and private equity for years but, caught up in the present financial turmoil, it is no longer a rarity to be concerned about debt and leverage. However, this does present us with an opportunity to clear the air and establish a comprehensive review that addresses the exposure issues underlying the present turmoil as well as other risk and debt issues, including those within hedge funds and private equity. The reports do accept that this must be done on a non-discriminatory and principled basis, paying due regard to proportionality. It also needs to be done in the context of international developments and, above all, it must be smart. Now, whilst debt and its proper management is one issue that appears everywhere at the moment, another is that of compensation packages and conflict of interest. Clearly, for market stability, steps have to be taken to ensure that rewards match longer-term horizons. I agree that that principle should extend to all areas. This is not to endorse the notion that all private equity and venture capital has asset stripping as its motivation: that is certainly not the best way to turn around a failing company into a profitable, saleable one. Indeed, national laws to prevent asset stripping already exist, but they have rarely been used. So I am not convinced that a European measure would in fact be any progress. Coming again to the matter of regulation versus voluntary codes, many of the voluntary codes are only just getting under way, and for the main part these should be given time to operate. They are also easier to update, but as I said earlier, they are not a private matter, and public confidence does come into the equation. So I am pleased that my suggestion of a one-stop website as a register of voluntary codes with relevant links to compliance postings has been accepted by colleagues as a potentially useful tool, and I hope the Commissioner will follow that up. When it comes to transparency, it is also important to recognise that the public investors and supervisors need different levels of information, and that information has to be fit for purpose. Even within the context of professional investors, burying information in what I would call ‘legal spam’ is unacceptable. Supervisors should have all the information that they need, but care has to be taken in those areas where the information should not get into the public domain. Finally, we have gone into those sensitive areas of securitisation and credit rating agencies. On securitisation, I know the Commissioner likes the retention idea, but that is clearly just one available tool, and I would urge that he be prepared to swap tools and that he should not close the tool box too soon. On rating agencies, there is a need to get a better handle on many matters, but I do warn against fragmentation from a system of internationally accepted ratings. Again, both these areas are an example of where, as I said, we must be smart: we must be smart ahead of trying to be vindictive. Pierre Jonckheer , on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group. – (FR) Mr President, Commissioners, rapporteurs, I believe that this report as adopted by the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs is a good one, and we should be grateful to Mr Rasmussen, in particular, for having insisted over so many months on the need for wider-ranging EU intervention in the areas that are the subject of tonight’s debate. Nevertheless, my group has re-tabled a number of amendments which – strange as it may seem – were drafted not by us but by Mr Rasmussen himself. In other words, these are important proposals – notably on the establishment of an EU-level supervisory body and a European system of registration and approval for asset management and fund management companies (Amendments 6 and 7) and the introduction of a debt limit for capital investment funds (Amendment 9) – which Mr Rasmussen put forward but which he felt compelled to withdraw, understandably in certain respects, in order to secure a majority in the House: that is to say, a majority with the PPE Group and the Liberals. As I see it, these amendments – which cover issues raised in the working documents and which we consider to be constructive and worth arguing for – were withdrawn because here in Parliament, as in the Council and most certainly in the Commission, there are two schools of thought: the first is that we have enough rules already, at both national and European level, and that any outstanding problems can be addressed through self-regulation by the finance industry; the second, to which Mr Rasmussen subscribes (and he is by no means alone), has been saying for years that the current supervisory system for the financial markets generally is inadequate. The reason why no action was taken, Mr McCreevy, was not, in my view, because we could not predict, or were unaware, of developments. I believe that, over the years, quite a few authoritative voices have been raised, particularly in the Forum for Financial Stability, to alert the public authorities to the nature of the risks we faced. You and the Barroso Commission have generally tended to argue for a more laissez-faire approach, deeming the current arrangements to be adequate. What Parliament is asking of you now is nothing less than a change of heart. Whether you can manage that I do not know, but I believe it is necessary. Personally I should like to emphasise three points which other speakers have already touched on but which are of particular concern to environmentalists. We know that the climate and energy package that needs to be adopted will depend on a sustained level of investment, at a relatively modest rate of return with relatively modest gains, to provide the financing we need. Financial instruments such as equity funds and hedge funds are not appropriate and we are waiting for the European banking and monetary authorities to come forward with ideas for putting some old proposals back on the table: I am thinking here of Jacques Delors’ proposals in the early 1990s and of a reinvigorated role for the European Investment Bank so that we can secure long-term investment at a moderate rate of return. It will be hard to stabilise the financial system – and the Rasmussen report mentions this point – without a determined assault on offshore financial centres and tax havens, and this is another area where the Barroso Commission is failing to take a lead. Lastly, in relation to corporate governance – which other speakers have also mentioned – we ought to take a much harder look at investment funds’ managerial pay and reward policies. They are not acceptable and indeed they pose a threat to the economy generally. Pervenche Berès (PSE) . – (FR) Madam President, I know that the Commissioner enjoys betting on horses so he will forgive me for using a sporting metaphor when I say that he is not exactly a favourite in today’s event. Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, on the other hand, looks like a very good bet, so I think you might do well to consider changing colours, Commissioner. What Mr Rasmussen has just outlined and proposed to us is precisely what the European Union needs. It is right not only for the Union but for the rest of the world too – and the trans-Atlantic relationship that is so dear to your own heart would be enhanced by a European initiative on the basis of the Rasmussen proposals. You seem to have come to the wrong debate, Commissioner. You gave us a review of how the crisis started last year, but the issues we are discussing now are issues that had engaged our attention long before the crisis surfaced last August, for the rot had clearly set in at that stage and the financial world was ripe for a collapse. We are not fuddy-duddies seeking to condemn or to prohibit alternative funds or investment funds. We simply recognise that when certain financial vehicles or instruments are performing such strategic functions in the international markets and have acquired such a key position, then they must be subject to the general principle of regulation. The operators in question are, in fact, telling us this themselves. They are saying: ‘Yes, OK, we can agree to regulation; we just do not want to be stigmatised and we do not want a special system of regulation.’ Well, fair enough! We want them to be registered, we want them to be supervised, we want them to be paid in accordance with normal principles, and we want them to be subject to transparency rules and to the rules on capital adequacy. That is the reality. These structures now occupy such an important place on the financial markets that they cannot continue to be exempt from the general rules. Yet, this is the very point that you, Commissioner – a former Irish Minister for Finance – are refusing to concede. That is the reality! You tell us that hedge funds and private equities ‘are not the cause of the current turmoil’ and that the blame lies with the regulated sector. I have no wish to deliver an economics lesson, but we know full well that the banks felt able to take the risks they took precisely because of the parallel existence of hedge funds and private equities, processing financial products that accelerated the rot in the banking sector. In relation to Mr Rasmussen’s report, I should like to invite you to respond to it in practical terms, point by point, for it contains a number of legislative proposals that might improve your own end-of-term report when the current Commission steps down. I listened to what you told us and you spoke of a ‘window of opportunity’ for improving transparency. Well, we agree with you and we expect the Commission to use that opportunity. The key to confidence among ordinary people and among financial-market operators is transparency. It is obvious today that, in the areas of alternative funds and investment funds, there is no transparency. But transparency is what we need. It goes without saying that I support many of the proposals in Poul Nyrup Rasmussen’s report but I should also like to take the argument a little further. If we really want to strike at the heart of the problem, we shall have to examine the concept that you have described as the ‘shareholding democracy’. What is meant by a shareholding democracy if it is possible, in a matter of minutes or a matter of days, to put so many people’s jobs in jeopardy? There is a very real problem here, which you need to address and on which we expect effective proposals. Securities lending and borrowing jeopardises jobs in Europe and is at odds with the Lisbon Strategy. My final point is one that previous speakers have also raised, namely the problem posed by offshore centres. You, Commissioner, are an ardent defender of the trans-Atlantic alliance, so allow me to inform you that over on the other side of the Atlantic there are democrats who, like us, are ready to lobby for a full-scale assault on tax havens. What is the use of fighting heroically in Afghanistan or Iraq without attacking evil where it exists on the financial markets – and offshore centres are a source of evil for the finance industry. This is another subject on which we await your proposals, Commissioner. Charlie McCreevy, Member of the Commission. − Madam President, one of the latter speakers, in furtherance of his argument, made the point – but I am sure he did not mean me to use it against him – when he said, people should not be blinded by their own dogmatism. The danger in this particular debate is to try and get a balanced solution to the problems that we now have. In the main, the report, which has been amended considerably from the initial ideas put forward by Mr Rasmussen, makes a genuine attempt, in my view, to have a balanced approach to this whole area. But many of the contributors to the debate here in this House want to have an unbalanced approach to it, and that is not reflective of what was in the report. Some – many of the speakers from one side of the argument, in particular – see the current financial turmoil and the difficulties which there undoubtedly are as the great opportunity to regulate everything out of existence, and the great danger is going to be, both nationally and in Europe in particular, that a very unbalanced approach is going to be taken to this. I think Mr Purvis put his finger on the pulse when he made reference to the fact that the supreme irony of this particular financial crisis has been that it was the most heavily regulated sector, namely banks, that got themselves and the rest of us into considerable difficulty, and that it was not the activities of private equity or hedge funds that caused any of these problems at all. In fact many of them suffered considerable losses as a result of the things that happened in other areas. I certainly will take on board what Mr Purvis said about looking at what the incidence of short selling contributed to the demise of some of these institutions as against what long-term disposals by long-term investors have contributed to it. I suspect that Mr Purvis knows the answer nearly as well as I do, which is that, in those two particulars which he has referred to, it will not be short sellers that will be deemed to be the problem in this area: it was long-term investors, rightly getting rid of long-term positions, because they felt that a particular institution was not on a sound financial footing. But, be that as it may, I think the Rasmussen and the Leinen reports as they have come before us are a genuine attempt to look at all of these particular areas in a balanced way. And I am prepared to do that. For a number of months – for nearly a year now – I have signalled that I am going to do something in the area of credit-rating agencies. As far back as last November/December, I started the process by writing to CESR, posing them a number of questions, finally getting reports from them this year, and ESME and other bodies, as well. And having received all of that, I will be putting forward a proposal before Parliament and the Council in the next couple of months. Credit-rating agencies are referred to in this particular in the Rasmussen report. I also have been making efforts for well over a year to try and get some semblance of order into the idea of colleges of supervisors or a better regulatory system for cross-border financial institutions. Anyone that has been following this particular debate is very much aware that there has not been universal agreement or anything near it among the Member States. The proposal which is currently before the ECON Committee under the rapporteurship of Peter Skinner, namely the Solvency II Directive, and the ideas I put forward there about cross-border supervision of insurance companies and the considerable advancement there as to supervision, has run into considerable opposition from a large number of Member States and from a large number of parliamentarians in this House who are affecting the views of the supervisors and in their own Member States. And, even though the call in the main in this House is for better cross-border supervision, when a test is put in front of them as to what I should do about it to have a more coherent approach to cross-border supervision, they go back and represent their national positions. So let us have a little bit of honesty in all of this particular debate and in all of these debates. In the area of the Capital Requirements Directive, as people who follow this in the ECON Committee will know, since the time we put through the Capital Requirements Directive, left over from that were a number of areas which we said we would deal with in an amended Capital Requirements Directive in the autumn of 2008. This is well over a year, 18 months ago. Then we have added on to that, in particular, other areas, such as the cross-border supervision of financial groups, about which we finally got some type of conclusions from the ECOFIN Council some months ago, and I have signalled what I am intending to do in the question of the ‘originate and distribute’ model. It goes a long way towards what I signalled were my intentions some months ago – what I want to do – and I put forward some propositions; it is reflected in Mr Rasmussen's report, which is more or less in the same idea as myself in this particular regard. But I will tell you this before it comes before the relevant committee: the Members of Parliament – if form is anything to go by in the past – will be representing the position of a lot of their own Member States, which is very much anti what I have put forward there. So the proof of the pudding is going to be in the eating. There is no point in supporting Mr Rasmussen's report in this particular area and then, on the other hand, when the specific questions come before Parliament in the form of a proposition – which I am putting forward also in the next couple of months and which many months ago I signalled I was going to do – if Members of Parliament then take their own national positions, representing the views of some of the banking firms in their own country and some of the views of the governments of the Member States, then this will not necessarily be a very good idea. Again I appeal for some type of rational approach, and at least some coherence. I very much respect the opinions of people who are consistent in all of this: people who say, ‘I do not think that is a particularly good idea’, and follow it through by saying it here in Parliament and when they go before the committee and stick with that position. But where I do have difficulty is with people who in the main go along with some advancement in some of the areas which are referred to and then, when it gets down to a specific proposal, go back and more or less represent the views of their own Member State’s position or of institutions in their own Member State. But this particular city is probably the headquarters of the world lobbying industry. I have heard different figures over the years as to whether there are more lobbyists here than there are on Capitol Hill in Washington, but there is not much between them in any event. So I will be interested, when some of the ideas which I am bringing forward, which I have signalled for some time and which are now in the public domain (there has been consultation about it, the papers have been out and everybody knows some of these propositions in the areas which have been referred to) – when, in the next very short while, these propositions come before Members of the European Parliament – whether all the Members who spoke so heavily for some changes in the wider area, when it comes down to specifics, will follow through and support what is here. We have taken good note of the points identified in both the Rasmussen and Leinen reports. As I promised in my earlier remarks, we will respond to this in more detail in the context, as provided for in the framework agreement. Mr Rasmussen asked me if that would be before the end of this year – I think a couple of months ago he said that, hopefully, by the end of the year we would be able to respond – and I promised him we would be able to respond. But in response to the gentlemen who spoke about how everyone should not be blinded by their own dogmatism, I think he might be referring to the other side of the argument. I ask people on that side of the House not to be blinded by their own dogmatism either.