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wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 91 | https://www.tmc.edu/news/2018/12/allison-receives-nobel-prize-today-in-sweden-for-immunotherapy-innovation/ | en | Allison receives Nobel Prize in Sweden for immunotherapy innovation | [
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"Cindy George"
] | 2018-12-10T05:20:28+00:00 | Located in the heart of Houston, Texas Medical Center campus is home to leaders in research, medicine, and innovation in healthcare. | en | TMC News | https://www.tmc.edu/news/2018/12/allison-receives-nobel-prize-today-in-sweden-for-immunotherapy-innovation/ | UPDATED on Dec. 11, 2018 with photo from the Dec, 10, 2018 ceremony.
ORIGINAL STORY: James P. Allison, Ph.D., an immunologist at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, is in Sweden to receive the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with Japanese immunologist Tasuku Honjo, M.D., Ph.D.
The ceremony begins at 9:30 a.m. Houston time at the Stockholm Concert Hall and will be live-streamed here.
The pair were announced on Oct. 1 as laureates for the discovery of cancer therapies that stimulate the immune system to attack tumor cells. Treatments developed from Allison’s work have extended the lives of thousands of people with advanced disease, though certain cancers have responded better to immunotherapy than others.
Allison delivered his Nobel lecture entitled “Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy: New insights, opportunities, and prospects for cures” on Dec. 7 in Stockholm.
Both Allison, 70, and Honjo, 76, made discoveries that led to the development of “checkpoint inhibitors”—drugs infused into patients to block molecules that put the brakes on T cells. By releasing these brakes, the body’s own immune system is able to fight cancer.
Each scientist will receive a Nobel medal and diploma. They will also share a nearly $1 million prize.
According to MD Anderson, Allison has been busy during Nobel Week in Sweden. On Thursday, he signed the bottom of a chair at Bistro Nobel in the Nobel Museum in Stockholm’s Old Town. The ritual is part of a traditional museum visit by Nobel winners and launches the week’s events.
Laureates traditionally donate artifacts to the Nobel Museum. Allison presented the museum with the following items:
A vial representing 9H10, a mouse-model monoclonal antibody developed in his lab in 1995 to block CTLA-4, a protein on T cells that shuts down immune response
A vial of ipilimumab from Bristol-Myers Squibb that was developed for human use based on Allison’s work
The first page of a 1996 article in Science that reported the success of anti-CTLA-4 treatment in freeing T cells to attack cancer in mice
The first page of a 2015 review in Cell that was co-authored by Padmanee Sharma, M.D., Ph.D., professor of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Immunology at MD Anderson, who is the scientist’s longtime research collaborator and spouse
A portrait of Allison and Sharma taken by a Dallas photographer
Allison is the first Nobel laureate for MD Anderson, where he is a professor and chair of the department of immunology. He is the executive director of the Immunotherapy Platform, which is part of MD Anderson’s Moon Shots Program—an ambitious effort to more rapidly reduce cancer deaths and suffering by developing advances in prevention, early detection and treatment based on scientific discoveries. In addition, Allison holds the Vivian L. Smith Distinguished Chair in Immunology and serves as deputy director of the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers in the department of genitourinary medical oncology. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 1 | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/ | en | NobelPrize.org | [
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] | null | [] | null | Medicine Prize | en | NobelPrize.org | https://www.nobelprize.org/medicine-prize-2/ | “The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: /- – -/ one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine …” (Excerpt from the will of Alfred Nobel)
Alfred Nobel had an active interest in medical research. Through Karolinska Institutet, he came into contact with Swedish physiologist Jöns Johansson around 1890. Johansson worked in Nobel’s laboratory in Sevran, France during a brief period the same year. Physiology or medicine was the third prize area Nobel mentioned in his will.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 10 | https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/research/about-faculty/awards/nobel-prize | en | Johns Hopkins Nobel Prize Award Winners | [
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] | null | [] | null | en | /favicon.ico | https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/research/about-faculty/awards/nobel-prize | Gregg Semenza, M.D., Ph.D.
C. Michael Armstrong Professor of Genetic Medicine, Pediatrics, Oncology, Medicine, Radiation Oncology and Biological Chemistry
Director of the Vascular Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering
Dr. Semenza was awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He shares the award with William G. Kaelin, Jr., M.D. of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Peter J. Ratcliffe of Oxford University. The Academy recognized him for his ground-breaking discovery in the laboratory of hypoxia inducible factor 1 or HIF-1, which helps cells cope with low oxygen levels. The discovery has far-reaching implications in understanding low oxygen health conditions such as coronary artery disease and tumor growth.
Carol Greider, Ph.D.
University Professor
Professor of Molecular Biology and Genetics
Dr. Greider, one of the world’s pioneering researchers on the structure of chromosome ends known as telomeres, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Her improbable discovery of telomerase – a remarkable enzyme that restores telomeres and protects them from damage – catalyzed an explosion of scientific studies which, to this day, probe connections between telomerase and telomeres to human cancer and diseases of aging.
Peter Agre, M.D.
Bloomberg Distinguished Professor
Director of the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute
Dr. Agre received the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovery of the aquaporin water channels. Referred to as the "plumbing system of cells," aquaporins facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes [rapid osmosis]. Aquaporins are responsible for generation all biological fluids - cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor, tears, sweat, saliva, and concentration of urine. Aquaporins are also involved in plant biology and infectious diseases. | ||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 48 | https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/research/people/nobel-laureates | en | Nobel Laureates | https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/themes/custom/uos_public/favicon.ico | https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/themes/custom/uos_public/favicon.ico | [
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] | null | [] | 2024-06-24T00:00:00 | Our staff and students achieve great things. Six members of our staff have been awarded a prestigious Nobel Prize. | en | /themes/custom/uos_public/favicon.ico | The University of Sheffield | https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/research/people/nobel-laureates | Professor Sir Fraser Stoddart
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2016
Sir Harry Kroto
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1996
Sir Richard Roberts
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1993
Lord Porter of Luddenham
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1967
Sir Hans Krebs
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1953
Howard Florey, Baron Florey of Adelaide and Marston
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1945
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016
Professor Sir Fraser Stoddart (ICI Research Fellow then Lecturer 1970-1978; Reader in Chemistry 1981-1990) shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2016 with Jean-Pierre Sauvage and Bernard L. Feringa for the design and synthesis of the world's smallest molecular machines, which are a thousand times thinner than a strand of hair. Their work has dramatically changed the way in which chemists can prepare complex assemblies of individually simple components so that useful functions emerge on a tiny scale. This will have a fundamental role to play in the future development of nanotechnology.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996
Sir Harry (BSc Chemistry 1961, PhD 1964) shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 with Robert Curl and Richard Smalley for discovering a new form of carbon, known as "buckminsterfullerene", which stands alongside the two other well-defined forms, diamond and graphite.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993
Sir Richard (BSc Chemistry 1965, PhD 1968) shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1993 with Phillip Sharp for their discovery of "split genes", thereby disproving the long-held theory that genes in plants and animals were made up of continuous segments of DNA. This has important biological, medical and evolutionary consequences.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967
Lord Porter (Professor of Physical Chemistry 1955-66) shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967 with Ronald Wreyford for their discovery of flash photolysis, a technique which enabled chemists for the first time to measure the speed and mechanism of certain reactions that occurred too quickly for detection by conventional methods.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953
Sir Hans (Lecturer in Pharmacology 1935-45, Professor of Biochemistry 1945-54) was a German-born physician and biochemist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953 with Fritz Lipmann for his discovery of the citric acid cycle, since named the Krebs Cycle, which explains how life-giving energy is set free in cells by oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945
Lord Florey (Joseph Hunter Chair of Pathology 1932-35) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases. Florey is regarded by the Australian scientific and medical community as one of its greatest scientists. More than 82 million lives worldwide have been saved thanks to the discovery of the drug.
Related information
Other outstanding Sheffield alumni | ||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 51 | https://www.livescience.com/16342-nobel-prize-medicine-history-list.html | en | Nobel Prize in Medicine: 1901-Present | [
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] | 2022-10-03T14:19:50+00:00 | Here's a look at past winners of the Nobel Prize in Medicine, including the three immune researchers who took home the 2011 award.. | en | livescience.com | https://www.livescience.com/16342-nobel-prize-medicine-history-list.html | Physiology or medicine was the third prize area Alfred Nobel mentioned in his will laying out his wishes for the Nobel Prize. In 2023, the Nobel Prize came with an award of 11 Swedish kronor, or nearly $1 million dollars, which is split between each winner.
Here are the winners from 1901 to today:
2023: Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19," according to the Nobel Prize organization.
2022: Svante Pääbo, "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution", according to the Nobel Prize organization.
2021: David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian, "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch," according to the Nobel Prize organization.
2020: Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice, "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus," according to the Nobel Prize organization.
2019: William G. Kaelin Jr., Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza, jointly "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability," according to the Nobel Prize organization.
2018: James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo, jointly, "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation," according to the Nobel Prize organization. Their discoveries involved two different proteins that put the brakes on a person's immune system. By figuring out how to release these brakes, the researchers were able to harness a person's own immune system to fight various types of cancer.
2017: Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm," according to NobelPrize.org.
2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of autophagy, or "self-eating," in yeast cells, revealing that human cells also partake in this odd cellular process, which has also been linked to diseases.
2015: William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura were jointly for discovering a new treatment for infections caused by roundworm parasites. Youyou Tu was awarded the other half of the Nobel for discovering a drug to fight malaria. [Read more on the 2015 Nobel Prize in Medicine]
2014: John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser and her husband Edvard I. Moser, "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain."
2013: James Rothman, Randy Schekman and Thomas Südhof, for their work in revealing how cells control the delivery and release of molecules — such as hormones, proteins and neurotransmitters.
2012: Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka, for their groundbreaking work on stem cells.
2011: Bruce A. Beutler of the United States, Jules A. Hoffmann, born in Luxembourg, and Dr. Ralph M. Steinman, of Canada, won the prize of $1.5 million (10 million kronor). Steinman was awarded half the prize and Beutler and Hoffmann shared the other half. [Read: Immune System Researchers Win Nobel Prize in Medicine]
2010: Robert G. Edwards, "for the development of in vitro fertilization."
2009: Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak, "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase."
2008: Harald zur Hausen, "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus."
2007: Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies, "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."
2006: Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello, "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA."
2005: Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren, "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease."
2004: Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck, "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system."
2003: Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield, "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging."
2002: Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston, "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death."
2001: Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul M. Nurse, "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle."
2000: Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel, "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system."
1999: Günter Blobel, "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell."
1998: Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad, "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system."
1997: Stanley B. Prusiner, "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection."
1996: Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel, "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defense."
1995: Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus, "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development."
1994: Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell, "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."
1993: Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp, "for their discoveries of split genes."
1992: Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs, "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism."
1991: Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann, "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells."
1990: Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas, "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease."
1989: J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus, "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes."
1988: Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings, "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment."
1987: Susumu Tonegawa, "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity."
1986: Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini, "for their discoveries of growth factors."
1985: Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein, "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism."
1984: Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein, "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies."
1983: Barbara McClintock, "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements."
1982: Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane, "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances."
1981: Roger W. Sperry, "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" and David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel, "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system."
1980: Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell, "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions."
1979: Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield, "for the development of computer assisted tomography."
1978: Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith, "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics."
1977: Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally, "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" and Rosalyn Yalow, "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones."
1976: Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek, "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases."
1975: David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin, "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell."
1974: Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade, "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell."
1973: Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen, "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns."
1972: Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter, "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies."
1971: Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones."
1970: Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod, "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation."
1969: Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria, "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses."
1968: Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg, "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis."
1967: Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald, "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye."
1966: Peyton Rous, "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" and Charles Brenton Huggins, "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer."
1965: François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod, "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis."
1964: Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen, "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism."
1963: Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley, "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane."
1962: Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material."
1961: Georg von Békésy, "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea."
1960: Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar, "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance."
1959: Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg, "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid."
1958: George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum, "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" and Joshua Lederberg, "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria."
1957: Daniel Bovet, "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles."
1956: André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards, "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system."
1955: Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell, "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes."
1954: John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins, "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue."
1953: Hans Adolf Krebs, "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" and Fritz Albert Lipmann "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism."
1952: Selman Abraham Waksman, "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis."
1951: Max Theiler, "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it."
1950: Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench, "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."
1949: Walter Rudolf Hess, "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs" and Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses."
1948: Paul Hermann Müller, "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods."
1947: Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" and Bernardo Alberto Houssay, "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar."
1946: Hermann Joseph Muller, "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation."
1945: Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey, "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases."
1944: Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser, "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibers."
1943: Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy, "for his discovery of vitamin K" and Edward Adelbert Doisy"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K."
1942: No Nobel Prize awarded
1941: No Nobel Prize awarded
1940: No Nobel Prize awarded
1939: Gerhard Domagk, "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil."
1938: Corneille Jean François Heymans, "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration."
1937: Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt, "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid."
1936: Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi, "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses."
1935: Hans Spemann, "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development."
1934: George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy, "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anemia."
1933: Thomas Hunt Morgan, "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity."
1932: Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian, "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons."
1931: Otto Heinrich Warburg, "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme."
1930: Karl Landsteiner, "for his discovery of human blood groups."
1929: Christiaan Eijkman, "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin" and Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins."
1928: Charles Jules Henri Nicolle, "for his work on typhus."
1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg, "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica."
1926: Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma."
1925: No Nobel Prize awarded
1924: Willem Einthoven, "for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram."
1923: Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod, "for the discovery of insulin."
1922: Archibald Vivian Hill, "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle" and Otto Fritz Meyerhof, "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle."
1921: No Nobel Prize awarded
1920: Schack August Steenberg Krogh, "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism."
1919: Jules Bordet, "for his discoveries relating to immunity."
1918: No Nobel Prize awarded
1917: No Nobel Prize awarded
1916: No Nobel Prize awarded
1915: No Nobel Prize awarded
1914: Robert Bárány, "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus."
1913: Charles Robert Richet, "in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis."
1912: Alexis Carrel, "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs."
1911: Allvar Gullstrand, "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye."
1910: Albrecht Kossel, "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances."
1909: Emil Theodor Kocher, "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland."
1908: Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich, "in recognition of their work on immunity."
1907: Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases."
1906: Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system."
1905: Robert Koch, "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis."
1904: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged."
1903: Niels Ryberg Finsen, "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science."
1902: Ronald Ross, "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it." | |||||
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wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 8 | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/ | en | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 | [
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] | null | [] | null | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 was awarded jointly to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19" | en | NobelPrize.org | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/ | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 was awarded jointly to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"
To cite this section
MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Wed. 24 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/>
Back to top Back To Top Takes users back to the top of the page
Nobel Prizes and laureates
Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women.
See them all presented here. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 64 | https://www.washington.edu/research/or/honors-and-awards/nobel-prize/ | en | Nobel Prize | http://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/uw-s3-cdn/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/21094817/Univ-of-Washington_Memorial-Way.jpg | http://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/uw-s3-cdn/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/21094817/Univ-of-Washington_Memorial-Way.jpg | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | 2016-12-13T18:36:14+00:00 | The Nobel Prize is an annual award for outstanding contributions to chemistry, physics, physiology and medicine, literature, economics, and peace, and is widely regarded as the... | en | UW Research | https://www.washington.edu/research/or/honors-and-awards/nobel-prize/ | The Nobel Prize is an annual award for outstanding contributions to chemistry, physics, physiology and medicine, literature, economics, and peace, and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award one can receive in those fields. | |||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 0 | 28 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Birthday_Honours | en | 1919 Birthday Honours | https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico | https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico | [
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"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] | 2016-02-14T23:30:26+00:00 | en | /static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Birthday_Honours | British honours
The 1919 Birthday Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King, and were published in The London Gazette from 3 June to 12 August.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The vast majority of the awards were related to the recently ended War, and were divided by military campaigns. A supplementary list of honours, retroactive to the King's birthday, was released in December 1919.[16]
The massive list contained nearly 10,000 names, more than half of which were appointments to the Order of the British Empire. "The lists of awards to the Army are so long that only a part of the first section can be published to-day," reported The Times on 3 June. "This section fills 131 pages of the London Gazette." Admiral of the Fleet Sir David Beatty and Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig were both appointed to the Order of Merit. As The Times noted, "The successful leadership of the victorious British Forces by land and sea is happily recognized by the award of the Order of Merit — which is limited in numbers to 24 — to Sir David Beatty and Sir Douglas Haig."[17]
The new peers and baronets were not announced until August.[18]
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.
Sir Edward Cecil Guinness, Viscount Iveagh Chancellor of the University of Dublin, 1908.
Sir Edward Richard Russell Member of Parliament for Bridgeton Division of Glasgow, 1885–87; First Chairman of Liverpool Reform Club; Editor of the Liverpool Daily Post since 1869. For public services during a long career. By the name, style and title of Baron Russell of Liverpool, of Liverpool in the County Palatine of Lancaster.
Col. William Hall Walker Member of Parliament for Widnes Division of Lancashire since 1900. Donor of a magnificent gift of Racehorses to the nation in 1916 in order to start a National Stud. For public and parliamentary Services. By the name, style, and title of Baron Wavertree of Delamere in the County of Chester.
Col. Harry Gilbert Barling Vice-Chancellor of Birmingham University. For public services.
Sir John George Blaker. Three times Mayor of Brighton (1895–98); Chief Military representative for Brighton, area. For public and local services.
John Arthur Brooke West Riding, Yorkshire, and County Ross. Very prominent and generous in all-religious and charitable movements in the Riding. For public and local services.
Edward Clitherow Brooksbank Deputy-Chairman of Quarter Sessions; Vice-chairman of West Riding County Council; Chairman of Tadcaster Bench. Local Services.
Coles Child During the War has been Chairman of West Kent War Pensions Committee, Special Grants Committee, and other War Committees. For public and local services.
Cecil Herbert Edward Chubb. Presented Stonehenge to the nation, 1918. For public services.
Captain Douglas Bernard Hall Justice of the Peace for Sussex; High Sheriff, Sussex, 1907. Started the first Hospital Barge Flotilla in the War, by which over 6,000 wounded were conveyed on rivers and canals in France. For public services.
Sir Arthur Norman Hill. Chairman of the Port and Transit Executive Committee. Special War Services to the Ministry of Shipping.
John Henry Holden. Mayor of Leigh for two years. Military representative for whole of Leigh area during the war. For public and local services.
William Joynson-Hicks Raised 17th and 23rd Service Battalions, Middlesex Regiment. For public services.
Lt.-Col. Alexander Leith Justice of the Peace for County of Northumberland. Food Commissioner for Northumberland and Durham. For public and local services.
Laurence Richard Philipps Founder of Paraplegic Hospital in Wales. For public and local services.
Sir Samuel Roberts Lord Mayor of Sheffield, 1899–1900. For public and local services.
Sir Gerald Hemmington Ryan Justice of the Peace for Norfolk, Suffolk and London; President of Institute of Actuaries (1910–12); Chairman of Reform Club (1916–18). For public and local services.
Col. Charles Edward Warde For long continued public services in Kent.
To be personal Aides-de-camp to the King:
Col. His Royal Highness Edward A.C.G.A.P.D., Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall Colonel-in-Chief, 12th Royal Lancers and Royal Scots Fusiliers
Capt. His Royal Highness Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George Royal Air Force
John Baker Superintendent of the Broadmoor Lunatic Asylum
Lt.-Col. John George Beharrell Statistical Authority at the Ministry of Munitions and the Admiralty
Robert Charles Brown Consulting Medical Officer of Preston Royal Infirmary. Has done much to promote Infant Welfare. Founded Scholarship for Research at Cambridge University. For public and local services.
Henry Busby Bird Mayor of Shoreditch. Chairman of Local Appeal Committee and Local Food Committee. For public and local services.
Isaac Connell, Secretary to the Scottish Chamber of Agriculture
Harry Courthope-Munroe for valuable services at the Board of Trade
Henry Capel Cure, Commercial Attaché, HM Embassy, Rome
Charles Davidson, Deputy Chairman Establishment Committee, Ministry of Munitions
Alderman George Edmund Davies Member of several Committees in connection with local affairs, and during the War served as Chairman of National Registration Act (1915) Committee. For Public and local services.
Walter de Frece, for services rendered at the Ministry of Pensions
Professor William Boyd Dawkins Honorary Professor of Geology and Palaeontology in Victoria University, Manchester. Geologist on Geological Survey of Great Britain, 1861–69; Curator of the Manchester Museum, 1870; Consulting Geologist in questions of mining and civil engineering from 1870.
Joseph Duveen. For public services, more particularly in connection with the extension of the Tate Gallery of British Art.
Alderman Knowles Edge Justice of the Peace for County of Lancaster since 1904; Mayor of Bolton, 1917–18. For public and local services.
George Fenwick Founder and Director of the New Zealand Press Association. For public services.
Alderman Robert Vaughan Gower Mayor of Tunbridge Wells, 1917–19. Has done much County work in many capacities. Chairman of Food Control Committee and National Service Representative for East and West Kent during the War. For local services.
Cuthbert Cartwright Grundy President, Royal Cambrian Art Society; J.P. for County of Lancaster; Vice-president of Royal West of England Academy, Imperial Arts League, and South Wales Art Society. For public and local services.
Thomas Henderson for Roxburghshire; Member of many local Committees during the War. For public and local services.
John S. Henry, Voluntary Services in the Ministry of National Service
Sydney George Higgins Assistant Accountant-General, Ministry of Shipping
Charles James Jackson Well-known antiquarian, Barrister-at-law, author of leading text-books on gold and silver. Has rendered valuable assistance to the Red Cross.
Leon Levison. Has rendered valuable work in connection with the Russian Jews' Relief Fund. For public services during the War.
John Young Walker MacAlister President of Library Association and Secretary of the Royal Society of Medicine. Formed, and acted as Secretary of, the War Office Surgical Advisory Committee. Organised the R.A.M.C. Bureau; Organised an Emergency Surgical Aid Corps for the Admiralty, War Office, and Metropolitan Police. For public services.
William Maxwell. President of the International Co-operative Alliance and ex-President of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society. For public services.
John Charles Miles, Solicitor to the Ministry of Labour
Henry Francis New, Mayor of St. Marylebone, 1917–19. Vice-president, Marylebone War Supply Hospital. Chairman of many War Committees. For public and local services.
Francis George Newbolt for voluntary services in the Treasury Solicitors Department
Julian Walter Orde, Secretary of the Royal Automobile Club. Has rendered exceptional services in providing for overseas officers during the War. For public services.
James Wallace Paton Mayor of Southport, 1908–9. For public services.
Major John Theodore Prestige. Working partner and Director of Messrs. J. Stone & Co.. Ltd., Engineers, Deptford. Founded 16th Battn. (Deptford) County of London Volunteer Regiment. For local services.
Lt.-Col. Hugh Arthur Rose Ex-Chairman of the Edinburgh School Board, chairman of the new Scottish Educational Authority, Food Commissioner for the East of Scotland
Charles Tamlin Ruthen Deputy Controller of Accommodation in HM Office of Works
Douglas Shields, Administrator and Surgeon-in-Chief of Hospital at 17, Park Lane, which he gave free of charge for the use of the War Office.
Thomas Sims Director of Works, Admiralty
Alfred Waldron Smithers Chairman of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada.
Joshua Kelley Waddilove. Prominent Wesleyan leader and philanthropist. For public and local services.
Francis Watson for Bradford. Member of Bradford City Council. Military representative, 1915–18. For local services.
William Henry Wells, Chief Livestock Commission, Ministry of Food
William Ireland de Courcy Wheeler Member of the Consultative Committee of the War Office. Surgeon to Household of His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. For public services during the War.
William Howard Winterbotham, Official Solicitor since 1895
Thomas Williams. General Manager, London and North-Western Railway. Member of Canals Committee and Port and Transport Committee.
Col. Augustus Charles Woolley Appointed 1908 Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel of 1st Volunteer Battn., Royal Sussex Regiment, which he joined in 1887. For public and local services.
Henry Arthur Wynne Chief Crown Solicitor for Ireland
British India
Justice Abdur Rahim, Judge of the High Court of Judicature at Madras
William Allan Ironside, Additional Member, Imperial Legislative Council
Khan Zulfikar Ali Khan of Maler Kotla, Additional Member of the Imperial Legislative Council
Frank Willington Carter Additional Member of the Council of His Excellency the Governor of Bengal
Col. Gerald Ponsonby Lenox-Conyngham, Royal Engineers, Superintendent of the Trigonometrical Survey, Dehra Dun, United Provinces
Horace Charles Mules Chairman of the Karachi Port Trust, Bombay
Alfred Chatterton Indian Educational Service, retired, Member of the Indian Industrial Commission
James Allan Home, Controller of Munitions, Bombay
Sir Reginald Herbert Brade Secretary, War Office
Sir Hubert Llewellyn Smith Secretary, Board of Trade
In recognition of services during the War—
Vice-Admiral Ernest Frederic Augustus Gaunt
Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Fortescue Phillimore
Maj.-Gen. Sir William Babtie
Maj.-Gen. Geoffrey Percy Thynne Feilding
Maj.-Gen. Sir Arthur Lynden Lynden-Bell
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —
Maj.-Gen. Sir William Henry Rycroft
Maj.-Gen. Maurice Percy Cue Holt
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Egypt —
Maj.-Gen. George de Symons Barrow
Maj.-Gen. Arthur Reginald Hoskins
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —
Maj.-Gen. Hugh Bruce Williams
Maj.-Gen. Richard Philippe Lee
Maj.-Gen. Nevill Maskelyne Smyth
Maj.-Gen. Reginald Walter Ralph Barnes
Maj.-Gen. Sir Richard Harte Keatinge Butler
Maj.-Gen. Edward Peter Strickland
Maj.-Gen. Philip Rynd Robertson
Maj.-Gen. Henry John Milnes Macandrew
Maj.-Gen. Cecil Lothian Nicholson
Maj.-Gen. Cecil Edward Pereira
Temp Maj.-Gen. Sir Anthony Alfred Bowlby
Canadian Forces
Maj.-Gen. Frederick Oscar Warren Loomis
Australian Forces
Maj.-Gen. John Gellibrand
Maj.-Gen. Thomas William Glasgow
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —
Maj.-Gen. Sir James Melville Babington
Basil Home Thomson Assistant Commissioner, Criminal Investigation Department, New Scotland Yard, Director, New Home Intelligence Department
George Evelyn Pemberton Murray Secretary to the Post Office.
John Anderson Secretary, Ministry of Shipping
Norman Fenwick Warren Fisher Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue
Aubrey Vere Symonds For services rendered to the Local Government Board, especially in connection with the Housing Bill
Charles Walker Accountant-General of the Navy
John James Taylor Assistant Under-Secretary for Ireland and Clerk to the Irish Privy Council
Stanley Mordaunt Leathes First Civil Service Commissioner
Herbert James Creedy Private Secretary, War Office
In recognition of services during the War—
Rear-Admiral John Franklin Parry
For services rendered in connection with the War —
Maj.-Gen. Walter Howorth Greenly
Maj.-Gen. Layton John Blenkinsop
Col. and Hon Brig. Gen. Arthur John William Dowell late Royal Berkshire Regiment
Col. Henry Edmund Burleigh Leach late South Wales Borderers
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Arthur Blois Ross Hildebrand Royal Engineers
Col. James Robert McMinn late Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Claude Kyd Morgan late Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Col. Malcolm Hammond Edward Welch Royal Irish Rifles
Lt.-Col. and-Bt. Col. William Henry Bartholomew Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Arthur Lisle Ambrose Webb Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Sir Edward Scott Worthington Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Emile Shepherd Prentice Highland Light Infantry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Richard Knox Walsh Royal Scots Fusiliers
Engineer Rear-Admiral Charles John James
Paymaster Rear-Admiral William Marcus Charles Beresford Whyte
Lt.-Col. George James Herbert Mullins, Royal Marine Light Infantry
Capt. Charles Penrose Rushton Coode
Capt. Alfred Dudley Pickman Rogers Pound
Capt. Oliver Elles Leggett
Surgeon Capt. William John Colborne
Paymaster Capt. George James Clow
Maj.-Gen. Francis Ventris
Col. Malcolm Sydenham Clarke Campbell late Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Alexander Royal Highlanders
In recognition of distinguished services during the War—
Maj.-Gen. John Frederick Andrews Higgins Royal Artillery
Col. Henry Robert Moore Brooke-Popham Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
Col. Charles Laverock Lambe
Col. Tom Ince Webb-Bowen Bedfordshire Regiment
Col. Francis Leycester Festing Northumberland Fusiliers
Canadian Forces
Col. John Alexander Gunn Canadian Army Medical Corps
Col. Charles Fenwick Wylde, Canadian Army Medical Corps
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —
Col. William Ernest Fairholme late Royal Artillery
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —
Maj.-Gen. Neill Malcolm
Col. and Hon Brig. Gen. Robert Kellock Scott Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Col. Archibald Kennedy Seccombe late Royal Army Service Corps
Temp Col. William Pasteur Army Medical Service
Temp Lt.-Col. Sir Smith Hill Child Royal Field Artillery late Irish Guards
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Charles Edward Corkran Grenadier Guards
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Hon Walter Patrick Hore-Ruthven, Master of Ruthven Scots Guards
Maj. and Bt. Col. Archibald Fraser Home 11th Hussars
Col. Stevenson Lyle Cummins late Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Robert James Goodall Elkington late Royal Artillery
Col. Hubert Alaric Bray late Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Robert James Blackham late Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. James Arbuthnot Tyler Royal Artillery
Col. John Ambard Bell-Smyth late Dragoon Guards
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Kempster Kenmure Knapp Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Harold Collinson Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Edwin Francis Delaforce Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Arthur Birtwistle Royal Field Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. John Spencer Ollivant Royal Artillery
Temp Lt.-Col. Frank Percy Crozier New Armies
Maj. and Bt. Col. Alexander Gavin Stevenson Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Roger Henry Massie Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Col. Alexander Walter Frederic Baird Gordon Highlanders
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. William Breck Lesslie Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Col. John Bartholomew Wroughton Royal Sussex Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Leopold Charles Louis Oldfield Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Alfred Henry Ollivant Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. George Standish Gage Crawfurd Gordon Highlanders
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Stratford Watson Robinson Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Harold Fargus Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Edward Massy Birch Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Col. Arthur Henry Marindin Royal Highlanders
Maj. and Bt. Col. James Walter Sandilands Cameron Highlanders
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Alphonse Eugène Panet Royal Engineers
Maj. Richard Mildmay Foot
Maj. and Bt. Col. Berkeley Vincent 6th Dragoons
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Antony Ernest Wentworth Harman 18th Hussars
Col. Frank George Mathias Rowley late Middlesex Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Col. Frank William Ramsay Middlesex Regiment
Lt.-Col. Lawrence Joseph Chapman Royal Garrison Artillery
Lt.-Col. Cyril Eustace Palmer Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. George Birnie Mackenzie Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Philip Wheatley Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Cuthbert Evans Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Percy Morris Robinson Royal West Kent Regiment
Lt.-Col. Arthur Thackeray Beckwith Hampshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Ormonde de l'Épée Winter Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Francis James Marshall Seaforth Highlanders
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Edensor Heathcote Yorkshire Light Infantry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Alfred Ernest Irvine Durham Light Infantry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Harry Lyon North Staffordshire Regiment
Temp Lt.-Col. Francis Edward Metcalfe New Armies.
Capt. and Bt. Col. Hugh Keppel Bethell 7th Hussars
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Bertie Gordon Clay 7th Dragoon Guards
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Edmund Reginald Kenrick Royal West Surrey Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George William St. George Grogan Worcestershire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Claude-Raul Champion de Crespigny Grenadier Guards
Maj. and Bt. Col. Henry Cholmondeley Jackson Bedfordshire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Adrian Carton de Wiart 4th Dragoon Guards
Lt.-Col. Hon Alexander Gore-Arkwright Hore-Ruthven Welsh Guards
Maj. and Bt. Col. Reginald Seaburne May Royal Fusiliers
Temp Col. William Taylor
Canadian Forces
Maj.-Gen. William Bethune Lindsay Canadian Engineers
Brig. Gen. Herbert Cyril Thacker Canadian Field Artillery
Brig. Gen. John Fletcher Leopold Embury Saskatchewan Regiment
Brig. Gen. Edward Hilliam Nova Scotia Regiment
Brig. Gen. Raymond Brutinel Canadian Machine Gun Corps
Australian Force
Col. James Campbell Robertson
Col. William Livingstone Hatchwell Burgess Australian Field Artillery
Col. Hon Angus McDonnell Canadian Railway Service
Col. Raymond Lionel Leane
Col. Edward Fowell Martin
Col. George Walter Barber Australian Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Herbert William Lloyd Australian Field Artillery
Lt.-Col. Edmund Alfred Drake-Brockman 16th Battalion, Australian Imperial Force
New Zealand Forces
Lt.-Col. Herbert Ernest Hart Wellington Regiment
Lt.-Col. Charles William Melvill NZ Rifle Brigade
Lt.-Col. Robert Young Canterbury Regiment
South African Forces
Lt.-Col. William Ernest Collins Tanner 2nd SA Infantry
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —
Col. Thomas du Bedat Whaite late Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. William Heape Kay Royal Artillery
Col. John Vincent Forrest late Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Henry Calvert Stanley-Clarke Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Col. Henry Clifford Rodes Green King's Royal Rifle Corps
Maj. and Bt. Col. Walter William Pitt-Taylor Rifles Brig
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Arthur Chopping Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Ransom Pickard Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Gerald Carew Sladen Rifle Brigade
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Bertram John Lang Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Raymond Theodore Pelly North Lancashire Regiment
Temp Capt. George Lethbridge Colvin
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia
Col. William Embank Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Leslie Cockburn Jones 7th Lancers, Indian Army
Col. Herbert Edward Stockdale late Royal Artillery
Col. Arthur Forbes Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. George Mortimer Morris 62nd Punjabis, Indian Army
Robert Russell Scott Admiralty Establishments
Gilbert Edmund Augustine Grindle Assistant Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies
Robert John Grote Mayor, Principal Assistant Secretary (Universities), Board of Education
Colville Adrian de Rune Barclay Counsellor of HM Embassy, Washington
Ernest John Strohmenger, Deputy Accountant-General, Ministry of Shipping
Sydney John Chapman Senior Assistant Secretary, Gen. Economic Department, Board of Trade
Gilbert Charles Upcott, Principal Clerk, Treasury
John Arthur Corcoran, Assistant Secretary, War Office
John Alfred Ernest Dickinson Housing Department, Local Government Board
Gerald Arthur Steel, Admiralty
John Reeve Brooke, Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Food
Maj. Anthony Caccia Secretary to the British Section of the Supreme War Council of Versailles
Robert Welsh Branthwaite Board of Control
Edward Aremberg Saunderson, Private Secretary to the Lord Lt. of Ireland
David Currie, Director-Gen. of National Salvage, Ministry of Munitions
For services in connection with the War —
Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur Stanley Redman
Col. Edwin Charles Seaman
Sir Frank Forbes Adam Chairman, East Lancashire T.F. Association
Col. William Lambert White Chairman, East Riding T.F. Association
Col. William Smith Gill Chairman, Aberdeen City T.F. Association
William Henderson, chairman, Dundee City T.F. Association
Lt.-Col. Geoffrey Fowell Buxton Vice-chairman, Norfolk T.F. Association
Capt. Charles Barrington Balfour, President and chairman, Berwickshire T.F. Association
Col. Right Hon Lord Richard Frederick Cavendish Vice-chairman, West Lancashire T.F. Association
Col. John Edward Mellor Chairman, Denbigh T.F. Association
Col. St. Clair Oswald Chairman, Fifeshire T.F. Association
Rear-Admiral Edmund Hyde Smith
Rear-Admiral Sir Arthur John Henniker-Hughan
Surgeon Rear-Admiral Alexander Gascoigne Wildey
Col. Gunning Morehead Campbell, Royal Marine Artillery
Capt. John Knox Laird
Capt. Frederick Charles Ulick Vernon Wentworth
Surgeon Capt. George Trevor Collingwood
Paymaster Commander Thompson Horatio Millett
His Excellency Gen. Sir Charles Carmichael Monro Commander-in-Chief in India
His Highness Maharao Raja Sir Raghubir Singh Bahadur of Bundi, Rajputana
George Carmichael Indian Civil Service, Member of the Council of His Excellency the Governor, Bombay
Michael Ernest Sadler Chairman of Calcutta University Commission
For services in, and in connection, with, the military operations in Mesopotamia —
Maj.-Gen. Sir Harry Triscott Brooking
Maj.-Gen. Sir George Fletcher MacMunn Inspector-General of Communications
Patrick Robert Cadell Indian Civil Service, Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay
Lt.-Col. Montagu William Douglas Indian Army, Chief Commissioner of the Andamans
Reginald Arthur Mant, Indian Civil Service
Manubhai Nandshankar Mehta, Minister of the Baroda State
Richard Meredith Chief Engineer, Telegraphs
Col. Charles Mactaggart Indian Medical Service, Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals, United Provinces
Hugh Lansdown Stephenson Indian Civil Service, Magistrate and Collector, Bengal
John Perronet Thompson, Indian Civil Service, Chief Secretary to the Government of the Punjab
For services in, and in connection, with, the military operations in Mesopotamia —
Col. Alexander John Henry Swiney Indian Army
Bt. Col. James Wilton O'Dowda Royal Dublin Fusiliers
Col. Frederic George Lucas Indian Army
Bt. Lt.-Col. Arnold Talbot Wilson Indian Army
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Charles Ernest Graham Norton 7th Hussars
For meritorious services connected with the War —
Lt.-Col. Thomas Wolseley Haig Political Department, His Britannic Majesty's Consul-Gen., Ispahan
Herman Cameron Norman [de] Counsellor, His Britannic Majesty's Embassy, Tokyo, Japan
Admiral of the Fleet Sir David Beatty
Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
Sir Richard Frederick Crawford Commercial Adviser to His Majesty's Embassy at Washington
Colonies, Protectorates, etc.
Sir Francis Henry May lately Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Colony of Hong Kong
For services rendered in connection with the War —
Admiral the Hon Sir Stanley Cecil James Colville
Admiral Sir Thomas Henry Martyn Jerram
Gen. Sir William Robert Robertson
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —
Lt.-Gen. Sir George Francis Milne
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Egypt —
Lt.-Gen. Sir Henry George Chauvel
For services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —
Lt.-Gen. Sir Hubert de la Poer Gough
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —
Lt.-Gen. Frederick Lambart, Earl of Cavan
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia —
Lt.-Gen. William Raine Marshall
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
John Anthony Cecil Tilley Chief Clerk of the Foreign Office
Stephen Leech, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Havana
Robert Follett Synge Deputy Marshal of the Ceremonies
Ian Zachary Malcolm Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Colonies, Protectorates, etc.
Cecil Hunter-Rodwell Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Colony of Fiji, and His Majesty's High Commissioner for the Western Pacific
Reginald Edward Stubbs Governor and Commander-in-Chief designate of the Colony of Hong Kong
The Honourable George Warburton Fuller, Colonial Secretary, State of New South Wales
Sir John Langdon Bonython for services to the Commonwealth of Australia
The Honourable Sir John McCall Agent-Gen. in London for the State of Tasmania
Edmond Howard Lacam Gorges Administrator of German South West Africa
For services rendered in connection with the War —
Maj.-Gen. William Geoffrey Hanson Salmond Royal Artillery
Admiral Ernest Charles Thomas Troubridge
Rear-Admiral George Price Webley Hope
Rear-Admiral Rudolf Walter Bentinck
Rear-Admiral Charles Martin de Bartolomé
Maj.-Gen. Philip Geoffrey Twining
Maj. and Bt. Col. Borlase Elward Wyndham Childs
Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick Spencer Robb
Maj.-Gen. Percy Pollexfen de Blaquiere Radcliffe
Maj. and Bt. Col. Robert Hutchison 4th Dragoon Guards
Australian Force
Maj.-Gen. Sir Neville Reginald Howse
Col. Henry Carr Maudsley
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Aden Peninsula —
Maj.-Gen. James Marshall Stewart
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —
Maj.-Gen. Hubert Armine Anson Livingstone
Maj.-Gen. William Henry Onslow
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Egypt —
Hon Col. Charles Loftus Bates
Col. Richard Harman Luce Army Medical Service
Maj.-Gen. John Raynsford Longley
Maj.-Gen. William George Balfour Western
Maj.-Gen. Steuart Welwood Hare
Maj.-Gen. Henry West Hodgson
For services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —
Maj.-Gen. Sir Herbert Edward Watts
Maj.-Gen. Reginald Ford
Temp Col. William Tindall Lister
Temp Maj.-Gen. Cuthbert Sidney Wallace
Maj.-Gen. Henry Neville Thompson
Maj.-Gen. Herbert Crofton Campbell Uniacke
Maj.-Gen. Sir Cameron Deane Shute
Lt.-Col. Joseph Frederick Laycock Royal Horse Artillery
Temp Lt.-Col. Brodie Haldane Henderson Royal Engineers
Maj.-Gen. Reginald Ulick Henry Buckland
Col. and Hon Maj.-Gen. John Moore
Lt.-Gen. Sir Henry de Beauvoir De Lisle
Lt.-Gen. Sir Arthur Edward Aveling Holland
Maj.-Gen. Sir Robert Dundas Whigham
Maj.-Gen. Harold Goodeve Ruggles-Brise
Maj.-Gen. Arnold Frederick Sillem
Maj.-Gen. William Andrew Liddell
Maj.-Gen. William Thwaites
Temp Maj.-Gen. Sir Wilmot Parker Herringham
Col. Simon Joseph Fraser, Lord Lovat
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Sydney D'Aguilar Crookshank Royal Engineers
Temp Lt.-Col. Henry Percy Maybury Royal Engineers
Canadian Forces
Maj.-Gen. Edward Whipple Bancroft Morrison
Maj.-Gen. Sir Henry Edward Burstall
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —
Maj.-Gen. Foster Reuss Newland
Maj.-Gen. Sir Harold Bridgwood Walker
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia —
Maj.-Gen. Webb Gillman
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
Robert Henry Clive, First Secretary at His Majesty's Legation at Stockholm
The Right Honourable the Earl of Drogheda, lately of the Foreign Office
The Lord Kilmarnock, First Secretary at His Majesty's Legation at Copenhagen
Walter James Williamson, Financial Adviser to the Siamese Government
Henry Maclean, Honorary Attaché to His Majesty's Legation at Tehran
Colonies, Protectorates, etc.
The Honourable George Thomas Collins, Member of the Legislative Council, State of Tasmania
Steuart Spencer Davis, Treasurer, German East Africa
Lt.-Col. William Dixon, Royal Marine Artillery, Officer Administering the Government of Saint Helena
Walter Devonshire Ellis, of the Colonial Office
de Symons Montagu George Honey, Resident Commissioner, Swaziland
John William Tyndale McClellan, Provincial Commissioner, East Africa Protectorate
Richard Sims Donkin Rankine, Receiver-General, Fiji
Alfred Allen Simpson, late Mayor of the City of Adelaide, State of South Australia
Frank Braybrook Smith, Secretary, Department of Agriculture, Union of South Africa
Herbert Warington Smyth, Secretary, Department of Mines and Industries, Union of South Africa
For services rendered in connection with the War —
Maj.-Gen. Robert Porter Ret. pay
Col. Montagu Grant Wilkinson Ret. pay
Col. William Hely Bowes Royal Scots Fusiliers
Col. Fiennes Henry Crampton Royal Artillery
Col. Godfrey Leicester Hibbert late Royal Lancaster Regiment
Col. George Harvey Nicholson late Hampshire Regiment
Col. Edward Humphry Bland late Royal Engineers
Col. Thomas Arthur Hastings Biggs late Royal Engineers
Col. John William Gascoigne Roy, late Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. William St Colum Bland Royal Artillery
Col. Burleigh Francis Brownlow Stuart late Worcestershire Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. William Knapp Tarver Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Reginald St. George Gorton, Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Wilfred Marriott-Dodington, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
Lt.-Col. Sir James Kingston Fowler Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Andrew Alexander Watson Royal Army Medical Corps, Special Reserve
Temp Lt.-Col. Percy William George Sargent Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Alexander Morrison McIntosh Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Col. Ivo Lucius Beresford Vesey Royal West Surrey Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Rudolf George Jelf King's Royal Rifle Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Graeme Higgins Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
Lt.-Col. Albert George Teeling Cusins, Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Windsor Clive, Coldstream Guards
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Cecil John Lyons Allanson 6th Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Hugh Wharton Middleton Watson King's Royal Rifle Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frank Valiant Temple, Royal Marine Light Infantry
Capt. Vernon Harry Stuart Haggard
Capt. Alan Geoffrey Hotham
Capt. Charles William Rawson Royds
Capt. Herbert Arthur Buchanan-Wollaston
Commander Joseph Man
Paymaster Commander William Frederick Cullinan
Paymaster Commander Victor Herbert Thomas Weekes
Col. Harry Douglas Farquharson, Royal Marine Light Infantry
Lt.-Col. John Bruce Finlaison, Royal Marine Light Infantry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Hugh Ferguson Montgomery, Royal Marine Light Infantry
Maj. Joseph Arthur Myles Ariel Clark, Royal Marine Light Infantry
Col. John Miles Steel
Col. Edward Alexander Dimsdale Masterman
Col. Henry Percy Smyth-Osbourne
Col. Frederick Crosby Halahan
Col. Percy Robert Clifford Groves Shropshire Light Infantry
Lt.-Col. Roland Cecil Sneyd Hunt
Lt.-Col. Charles Rumney Samson
Lt.-Col. Edgar Rainey Ludlow-Hewitt Royal Irish Rifles
Lt.-Col. Ulick John Deane Bourke, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
Lt.-Col. Amyas Eden Borton Royal Highlanders
Lt.-Col. Albert Fletcher Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. Alfred Drummond Warrington-Morris
Lt.-Col. John Archibald Houison-Craufurd Indian Army
Maj. John Adrian Chamier Ind Army
Lt.-Col. Arthur Sheridan Barratt Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Cecil Fraser North Staffordshire Regiment
Maj. Robert Anstruther Bradley, North Staffordshire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edwin Henry Ethelbert Collen
Lt.-Col. Samuel McDonald Gordon Highlanders
Canadian Forces
Temp Col. Bernard Maynard Humble Canadian Railway Troops
Lt.-Col. George Gow, Canadian Army Dent. Corps
Lt.-Col. Allan Coats Rankin, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. William Thorns Morris Mackinnon, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Frederick Charles Bell, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Ervin Lockwood Stone, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Edgar William Pope, Nova Scotia Regiment
Lt.-Col. Thomas Gibson Quebec Regiment
Lt.-Col. George Hamilton Cassels, Central Ontario Regiment
Australian Forces
Lt.-Col. Robert Edward Jackson Australia Imperial Force
Lt.-Col. John Hubback Anderson Australia Army Medical Corps
New Zealand Forces
Lt.-Col. George Cruickshanks Griffiths, Canterbury Regiment
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —
Col. John Kelso Tod, Indian Army
Maj. and Bt. Col. William Montgomery Thomson Seaforth Highlanders
Temp Col. Hildred Edward Webb Bowen Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Thomas Bruce Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Philip Lancelot Holbrooke Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Guy Archibald Hastings Beatty Indian Army
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Verney Asser Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William James Norman Cooke-Collis Royal Irish Rifles
Lt.-Col. George Hamilton Gordon Royal Field Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Harold Charles Webster Hale Wortham Royal Irish Fusiliers
Lt.-Col. Archibald Ogilvie Lyttelton Kindersley, Highland Light Infantry, Special Reserve
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Walter Holden Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Thomas Gayer Gayer-Anderson Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Stewart Popham Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Peter George Fry Wessex Field Company, Royal Engineers
Maj. Joseph Ward Royal Army Medical Corps
For services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —
Maj.-Gen. John Joseph Gerrard
Maj.-Gen. James Thomson Army Medical Service
Maj.-Gen. Ewen George Sinclair-Maclagan
Col. and Brig. Gen. Herbert Conyers Surtees
Col. Henry O'Donnell, late West Yorkshire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Col. Arthur Crawford Daly West Yorkshire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Col. James Ronald Edmondston Charles Royal Engineers
Col. Stafford Charles Babington Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Arbuthnott James Hughes, ret.
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. George Sidney Clive Grenadier Guards
Maj. and Bt. Col. Eric Stanley Girdwood Scottish Rifles
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Herbert Spencer Seligman Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Col. Charles Bonham-Carter Royal West Kent Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Charles Walker Scott Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Frederick William Henry Walshe Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Col. Cuthbert Graham Fuller Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Col. Roland Henry Mangles Royal West Surrey Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. John Eric Christian Livingstone-Learmonth Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Col. Alfred Edgar Glasgow Royal Sussex Regiment
Capt. and Bt. Col. Robert O'Hara Livesay Royal West Surrey Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Col. Ernest Vere Turner Royal Engineers
Capt. and Bt. Col. Hon Anthony Morton Henley 5th Lancers
Lt.-Col. Sir Edward Henry St. Lawrence Clarke Ret., West Yorkshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. William Thorburn Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Seymour Gilbert Barling Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. William Thomas Brownlow, Marquess of Exeter, Royal Field Artillery
Lt.-Col. Hugh Edwardes, Lord Kensington Welsh Horse Yeomanry, attd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers
Lt.-Col. Edward William Home Seaforth Highlanders and Labour Corps
Lt.-Col. Cecil John Herbert Spence-Jones Pembroke Yeomanry, attd. Welsh Regiment
Lt.-Col. Gerald Trevor Bruce Glamorgan Yeomanry, attd. Lincolnshire Regiment
Temp Lt.-Col. Firederick Alfred Dixon Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Arthur Robert Liddell Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Robert Richmond Raymeir South Wales Borderers
Temp Lt.-Col. Charles Carlyle MacDowell Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Duncan Gus Baillie Lovat's Scouts and Cameron Highlanders
Lt.-Col. Edwin Charles Montgomery Smith Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Reginald Edgar Sugden West Riding Regiment
Lt.-Col. Abraham England Royal Army Service Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Robert Kyle Highland Light Infantry
Temp Lt.-Col. William Richard Goodwin Royal Irish Rifles
Temp Lt.-Col. Bertram James Walker Royal Sussex Regiment
Temp Lt.-Col. James George Kirkwood King's Royal Rifle Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Albert Edward Scothera Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Jacob Waley Cohen London Regiment
Lt.-Col. Walter Francis Lucy Royal Field Artillery
Temp Lt.-Col. Claude Gordon Douglas
Temp Lt.-Col. Gerald Louis Johnson Tuck Suffolk Regiment
Lt.-Col. Francis Garven Dillon Johnston Royal Artillery
Temp Lt.-Col. John Hugh Chevalier Peirs Royal West Surrey Regiment
Temp Lt.-Col. George Rollo New Armies
Lt.-Col. Walter Howel-Jones Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Edward Walter Comyn Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Edward Ivan de Sausmarez Thorpe Bedfordshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Bertie Coore Dent Leicestershire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William-Frederick Sweny Royal Fusiliers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. John Harington Rifle Brigade
Lt.-Col. Richard Walter St. Lawrence Gethin Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Tom Ogle Seagram Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Arthur Hugh Thorp Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. James Donnelly Sherer Royal Artillery
Bt. Col. Alfred Burt 3rd Dragoon Guards
Lt.-Col. Edward Vaughan Manchester Regiment
Lt.-Col. Harry Ward Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Carlos Joseph Hickie, Royal Fusiliers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Basil Wilfred Bowdler Bowdler Royal Engineers
Maj. and, Bt. Lt.-Col. Frank Augustin Kinder White Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Alan Gordon Haig Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Eric FitzGerald Dillon Royal Munster Fusiliers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Archibald Stevens Royal Fusiliers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Reginald Graham Clarke Royal West Surrey Regiment and Machine Gun Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Alan John Hunter King's Royal Rifle Corps
Lt.-Col. William Edwin Rumbold, Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Henry Rowan-Robinson Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Edward Bunbury North Royal Fusiliers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Napier Bray West Riding Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Herbert de Lisle Pollard-Lowsley Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. John Hugh Mackenzie Royal Scots
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Newell Thomas Smyth-Osbourne Devonshire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Humphrey May Freestun Somerset Light Infantry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Ernest Scaife Devonshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Frederick Rainsford Hannay Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Trevor Irvine Nevitt Mears Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Francis Roger Sedgwick Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Llewellyn Murray Jones Liverpool Regiment
Lt.-Col. Charles Allen Elliott Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Austin Hubert Wightwick Haywood Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. John Grahame Buchanan Allardyce Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Oscar Gilbert Brandon Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Reginald Johnson Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Athol Murray Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Vernon Monro Colquhoun Napier Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. James Aloysius Francis Cuffe Royal Munster Fusiliers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Camborne Beauclerk Paynter Scots Guards
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. John Laurence Buxton Rifle Brigade
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frederick Gordon Springy Lincolnshire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt., Col. Sanford John Palairet Scobell Norfolk Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Compton Cardew Norman Royal Welsh Fusiliers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Nigel Keppel Charteris Royal Scots, and M.G.G
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Gwyther Charles Essex Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Norman Herbert Northumberland Fusiliers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Clive Osrio Vere Gray Seaforth Highlanders
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward Henry Lionel Beddington 16th Lancers
Capt. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Thomas George Cope Royal Fusiliers
Capt. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Bernard Cyril Freyburg Grenadier Guards, late Royal West Surrey Regiment
Lt.-Col. Hubert de Lansey Walters Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Christopher Vaughan Edwards Yorkshire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Alexander Guthrie Thompson, 58th Rifles, Indian Army
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Reginald Heaton Locke Cutbill Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Cyril Samuel Sackville Curteis Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Edwin Vickery Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Francis George Alston Scots Guards
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Coventry Maitland Makgill Crichton Royal Scots Fusiliers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Stephen Seymour Butler South Staffordshire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward Robert Clayton Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frederick Courtney Tanner Royal Scots
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Mackintosh Lindsay Rifle Brigade
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Francis Guy Wiltshire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Joseph Ernest Munby Yorkshire Light Infantry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Cuthbert Garrard Browne Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Gordon Harry Gill Royal Army Service Corps
Maj.and Bt. Lt.-Col. Cecil Barrington Norton Ret. Pay
Capt. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Hon Roger Brand Rifle Brigade
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Ronald Hamilton Cheape 1st Dragoon Guards
Lt.-Col. Charles Frank Rundall Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Donald Buchanan-Dunlop Royal West Kent Regiment, and Machine Gun Corps
Maj. Harold Futvoye Lea late Yorkshire Regiment
Maj. Henry Schofield Rogers late Royal Engineers
Maj. George Harold-Abseiling 2nd Dragoon Guards
Maj. Sir Dudley Baines Forwood
Maj. Reginald Wingfield Castle Royal Artillery
Maj. Abel Mellor Royal Artillery
Maj. Robert Carlisle Williams Royal Artillery
Maj. Charles Wesley Weldon McLean Royal Artillery
Maj. Harold James Norman Davis Connaught Rangers, and Machine Gun Corps
Maj. William John Shannon 16th Lancers, attd. Tank Corps
Maj. Lewis Pugh Evans Royal Highlanders
Maj. Edward Martyn Woulfe Flanagan East Surrey Regiment, attd. Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
Maj. Robert Riversdale Smyth Leinster Regiment
Maj. Augustus Francis Andrew Nicol Thome Grenadier Guards
Maj. Edward Michael Conolly, ret. pay, late Royal Artillery
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Edward Cotton Jury 18th Hussars
Maj. Alexander Campbell Royal Engineers
Maj. Desmond Francis Anderson East Yorkshire Regiment
Temp Maj. Henry William Laws Royal Engineers
Maj. Joseph Harold Stops Westley Yorkshire Regiment
Temp Maj. Ewart James Collett Middlesex Regiment, attd. London Regiment
Maj. Augustus Cecil Hale Duke
Temp Maj. John Patrick Hunt
Temp Lt.-Col. Edward William Macleay Grigg Grenadier Guards
Canadian Forces
Brig. Gen. Robert Walter Paterson Fort Garry Horse
Brig. Gen. John Arthur Clark British Columbia Regiment
Brig. Gen. Robert Percy Clark Quebec Regiment
Col. Halfdan Fenton Harboe Hertzberg Canadian Engineers
Lt.-Col. Harold Halford Matthews Manitoba Regiment
Lt.-Col. James Kirkcaldy Manitoba Regiment
Lt.-Col. Samuel Boyd Anderson Canadian Field Artillery
Lt.-Col. Louis Elgin Jones Western Ontario Regiment
Lt.-Col. Alfred Blake Carey Central Ontario Regiment
Lt.-Col. Fred Lister Central Ontario Regiment
Lt.-Col. Lorne Talbot McLaughlin Eastern Ontario Regiment
Lt.-Col. Percival John Montague Manitoba Regiment
Lt.-Col. James Layton Ralston Nova Scotia Regiment
Lt.-Col. Joseph Bartlett Rogers 1st Central Ontario Regiment
Lt.-Col. Stancliffe Wallace Watson Canadian Machine Gun Corps
Lt.-Col. Edward Robert Wayland, New Brunswick Regiment
Brig. Gen. Andrew George Latta McNaughton Canadian Field Artillery
Australian Force
Lt.-Col. Cecil Arthur Callaghan Australian Field Artillery
Col. Owen Forbes Phillips
Col. Sydney Charles Edgar Herring
Lt.-Col. Thomas Peel Dunhill, Australian Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Frederick Royden Chalmers Australian Imperial Force
Lt.-Col. John Montague Christian Corlette Australia Engineers
Lt.-Col. Patrick Currie Australian Imperial Force
Lt.-Col. Frederick William Dempster Forbes Australian Imperial Force
Lt.-Col. William Alexander Henderson Australia Engineers
Lt.-Col. Alexander Robert Heron Australian Imperial Force
Lt.-Col. John Edward Cecil Lord Australian Imperial Force
Lt.-Col. Henry Dundas Keith Macartney Australian Field Artillery
Lt.-Col. Henry William Murray Australia Machine Gun Corps
Lt.-Col. Harold William Riggall Australian Imperial Force
Lt.-Col. Alfred George Salisbury Australian Imperial Force
Lt.-Col. Harold Fletcher White Australian Imperial Force
Lt.-Col. Thomas Rhys Williams Aust. Engineers
Lt.-Col. Aubrey Roy Liddon Wiltshire Australian Imperial Force
Lt.-Col. Henry Douglas Wynter
New Zealand Forces
Lt.-Col. Stephen Shepherd Allen Auckland Regiment
Lt.-Col. Henry Esau Avery NZ Staff Corps
Lt.-Col. Hugh Stewart Canterbury Regiment
Lt.-Col. Alexander Edward Stewart NZ Rifle Brigade
South African Forces
Temp Maj. Newdigate Halford Marriott Burne attd. Shropshire Light Infantry
Temp Lt.-Col. George Ritchie Thomson SA Medical Corps
Temp Maj. Thomas Lyttleton de Havilland Union Defence Force of South Africa, comdg. Royal Guernsey Light Infantry
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. John Byron Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Col. Henry Lethbridge Alexander Dorsetshire Regiment
Temp Lt.-Col. Douglas Quirk Yorkshire Light Infantry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. John Earner Turner Sea. Rifles
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Cuthbert Frederick Graham Page Royal Garrison Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Eric Felton Falkner Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. John Holgate Bateson Royal Garrison Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Cecil Lloyd Howard 16th Lancers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Harold Richard Sandilands Northumberland Fusiliers
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia —
Col. Hugh Clement Sutton late Coldstream Guards
Col. William Thomas Mould, late Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Murray Ray de Bruyne James, Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Charles Mackenzie 13th Lancers, Indian Army
Lt.-Col. Frank Evelyn Coningham 1/10th Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Thomas Reginald Fraser Bate, Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Edward Herbert Sweet 2nd Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur William Hamilton May Moens 52nd Sikhs, Indian Army
For services rendered in connection with military operations in North Russia (Archangel Command) —
Temp Lt.-Col. James Dayrolles Crosbie
Canadian Forces
Lt.-Col. Charles Henry Ludovic Sharman Canadian Field Artillery
For services rendered in connection with military operations in North Russia (Murmansk Command) —
Maj. Edward Lawton Moss Royal Army Medical Corps
Charles Ernest Low Indian Civil Service, Member of the Indian Industrial Commission
Maharaj Kunwar Bhopal Singh, of Udaipur, Rajputana
Nawab Khan Bahadur Mir Shams Shah Wazir-i-Azam, Kalat State, Baluchistan
For valuable services rendered in connection with the military operations in France —
Lt.-Gen. Sir Edward Locke Elliot
Purushottamdas Thakurdas Additional Member of the Council of His Excellency the Governor, Bombay
Khan Bahadur Khwaja Yusaf Shah, Member of the Legislative Council of the Punjab
Norman Edward Marjoribanks, Indian Civil Service, Additional Member of the Council of His Excellency the Governor, and Commissioner of Land Revenue and Forests, Madras
Atul Chandra Chatarji, Indian Civil Service, Revenue Secretary to the Government of the United Provinces
Robert Duncan Bell, Indian Civil Service, Secretary, Indian Industrial Commission and Controller of Industrial Intelligence
Rai Bahadur Rala Ram Chief Engineer, Eastern Bengal Railway, Bengal
Lt.-Col. Henry Cecil Beadon, Indian Army, Deputy Commissioner, Delhi
Herbert Charles Barnes, Indian Civil Service, Deputy Commissioner, Naga Hills, Assam
Harold Clayton, Indian Civil Service, Registrar of Co-operative Credit Societies, Maymyo, Burma
Charles Bevan Petman, Government Advocate, Punjab
Frank Arthur Money Hampe Vincent Commissioner of Police, Bombay
Reginald Clarke, Commissioner of Police, Calcutta, Bengal
Mark James Cogswell, Controller of Printing, Stationery and Stamps
Lt.-Col. William Dunbar Sutherland, Indian Medical Service, Imperial Serologist, Calcutta, and Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal
Lt.-Col. John Joseph Bourke, Indian Medical Service, Assay Master and Officiating Mint Master, Calcutta
Lt.-Col. John Stephenson, Indian Medical Service, Principal and Professor of Biology, Government College, Lahore, Punjab
Henry Haselfoot Haines, Conservator of Forests, Bihar and Orissa
Robert Selby Hole, Imperial Forest Botanist, Denra Dun, United Provinces
Cursetji Nowroji Wadia, Bombay
Eric Teichman, British Consular Service, China
David Houston, Director of Agriculture, Central Provinces
Charles Alfred Bell Indian Civil Service (retired), late Political Officer in Sikkim
Raja Bahadur Rao Jogendra Narayan Ray, of Lalgola, Bengal
Norendra Nath Sen, Dewan, Cooch Behar State, and Member, State Council, Bengal
William John Bradshaw
For meritorious services connected with the War —
Lt.-Col. Richard Arthur Needham Indian Medical Service, Deputy Director-Gen., Indian Medical Service
Josiah Crosby His Britannic Majesty's Consul, Saigon
Charles Alexander Innes, Indian Civil Service, Controller of Munitions, Madras
Philip Peveril John Wodehouse, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Hong Kong
Capt. Edward Ivo Medhurst Barrett, Assistant Superintendent of Police, Shanghai
Samuel Findlater Stewart, Deputy Secretary, Military Department, India Office
For services in connection with military operations in East Africa—
Maj. Patrick Laurence O'Neill, Indian Medical Service
Capt. Gordon Grey Jolly Indian Medical Service
Maj. Arthur Pitcher Manning Indian Telegraph Department
For services in connection with the military operations in Mesopotamia —
Lt. Henry Harry Francis Macdonald Tyler, Indian Army Reserve of Officers
Col. Henry William Richard Senior Indian Army
Lt.-Col. Ralph Henry Maddox, Indian Medical Service
Lt.-Col. Herbert Walter Bowen Indian Ordnance Department
Lieu tenant-Col. James William Milne, 82nd Punjabis, Indian Army
Lt.-Col. James Blair Keogh 32nd Lancers
Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward Albert Porch Supply and Transport Corps
Maj. Arthur Brownfield Fry Indian Medical Service
Maj. Adrian Victor Webley Hope, 32nd Pioneers
Maj. Leonard Erskine Gilbert, Indian Medical Service
Maj. William, David Acheson Keys Indian Medical Service
Maj. William Maurice Anderson Indian Medical Service
Maj. Howard Murray, Military Accounts. Department
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Charles de Lona Christopher, Supply and TransportCorps
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Frederic Maxwell Carpendale, 42nd Deoli Regiment
Maj. Arthur Henry Chenevix Trench, Royal Engineers
Temporary Maj. Leonard Field Nalder, Special List, attached Political Department
Capt. Charles Geoffrey Lloyd, Supply and Transport Corps
Temporary Capt. Robert Marrs, Special List, attached Political Department
Lt. Geoffrey Evans, Indian Army Reserve of Officers
2nd Lt. Samuel Henry Slater, Indian Army Reserve of Officers
Agha Mirza Muhammad, Political Department
Edgar Bonham-Carter Sudan Legal Department. (Retired.)
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. John Hyndman Howell-Jones Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Lt.-Col. Walter Edward Wilson-Johnston 36th Sikhs, Indian Army
Maj. William Southall Reid May, Sudan Civil Service
Temporary Capt. W. R. Dockrill, Royal Engineers
Temporary Lt. George Mackenzie O'Rorke Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. the Rt. Hon The Lord Edmund Bernard Talbot
Lt.-Gen. Sir Francis John Davies
Rear-Admiral Sir Douglas Romilly Lothian Nicholson (Dated 24 April 1919.)
Sir William Henry Weldon Clarenceux King of Arms
Capt. Bryan Godfrey Godfrey-Faussett
Frederick Morris Fry
George John Marjoribanks
Joseph Oliver Skevington
Sir Alexander Cruikshank Houston
John Mitchell Bruce
Col. William Baume Capper
The Hon Lionel Michael St. Aubyn
Maj. Sydney Arthur Hunn (Dated 15 May 1919.)
Maj. Henry Fox Atkinson-Clark
Walter George Covington
Evelyn Campbell Shaw
Maj. Harold James Clifford Stanton
George Francis Dixon
George Frederick Cotton
In recognition of distinguished services rendered during the War —
Helen Charlotte Isabella Gwynne-Vaughan Women's Royal Air Force
Sarah Elizabeth Oram Principal Matron, Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service
The Honourable Mary, Lady Monro
Una, Lady O'Dwyer Punjab
Commonwealth of Australia
Alice, Lady Northcote
Florence Rose, Countess of Darnley
Crown Colonies, Protectorates, Etc.
Mabel Danvers, Countess of Harrowby, for services in connection with the entertainment of Officers of the Overseas Forces
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —
Col. Arthur Long Royal Army Service Corps
Col. Hugh Davie White-Thomson Royal Artillery
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Egypt —
Maj.-Gen. Sir Arthur Wigram Money Royal Artillery
Col. Sir Robert Whyte Melville Jackson Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Col. Harry Davis Watson Indian Army
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Michael Graham Egerton Bowman-Manifold Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Col. Gilbert Falkingham Clayton Royal Artillery
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —
Col. Valentine Murray Royal Engineers
Maj. Hamilton Ashley Ballance Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Robert Hammill Firth Army Medical Service
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —
Temp Col. Charles Gordon-Watson Army Medical Service
In recognition of services of in connection with the War —
Royal Navy
Rear-Admiral Charles Lionel Vaughan-Lee
Surgeon Rear-Admiral William Wenmoth Pryn
Surgeon Rear-Admiral Patrick Brodie Handyside
Capt. Herbert Edward Purey-Cust (Admiral, retired)
Surgeon Capt. Daniel Joseph Patrick McNabb
Surgeon Capt. Arthur Stanley Nance
Paymaster Capt. Francis Cooke Alton
Army
Lt.-Col. Arthur William Forbes Indian Army
Col. Francis James Anderson late Royal Engineers
Col. Edward Hamilton Seymour Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Col. Arthur Robert Dick Indian Army
Col. Dudley Howard Ridout Royal Engineers
Maj.-Gen. Hon Charles John Sackville-West late King's Royal Rifle Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Frederick Cuthbert Poole Royal Artillery
Col. George Bradshaw Stanistreet Army Medical Service
Lt.-Col. Henry Davy Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. German Sims Woodhead Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Sir Shirley Forster Murphy Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. D'Arcy Power Royal Army Medical Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. James Leigh-Wood
Maj. Henry Mcilree Williamson Gray Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Sir Arthur William Mayo-Robson Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Charters James Symonds Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frederick Walker Mott Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Sir Robert Jones Royal Army Medical Corps
Capt. Archibald Douglas Reid Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Gen. Sir Herbert Eversley Belfield West Riding Regiment
Col. and Hon Maj.-Gen. Francis George Bond Staff
Col. Robert Calverley Alington Bewicke-Copley King's Royal Rifle Corps
Col. Robert Megaw Ireland Army Pay Department
Col. George William Hacket Pain
Lt.-Col. Sir Edward Raban Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Arthur Granville Balfour Highland Light Infantry
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Hill Godfrey Morgan Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Lord Arthur Howe Browne, Royal Munster Fusiliers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Vernon George Waldegrave Kell South Staffordshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Robert William Edis London Regiment
Col. Robert Campbell MacKenzie
Col. Herbrand Arthur, The Duke of Bedford late Bedfordshire Regiment
Australian Imperial Forces
Col. Charles Snodgrass Ryan Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj.-Gen. The Hon Sir James Whiteside McCay Staff
British India
Nawab Sir Bahrain Khan Mazari of the Dera Ghazi Khan District, Member of the Legislative Council of the Punjab.
Raja Daljit Singh Chief Minister Jammu and Kashmir State
Lt.-Col. Sardar Appaji Rao Sitole
Amir-ul-Umra, Member of the Majlis-i-Khas, Gwalior State, Central India
Union of South Africa
William Dingwall Mitchell Cotts, for services in connection with recruiting
Col. Henry Walter Hamilton Fowle Commissioner of Enemy subjects and Custodian of Enemy property
Harry Hands, ex-Mayor of Cape Town, for services in connection with recruiting and other war work
Senator Col. the Hon. Walter Ernest Mortimer Stanford Director of war recruiting and Commissioner for returned soldiers
Newfoundland
The Honourable John Chalker Crosbie, Minister of Shipping, Chairman of the Tonnage Committee
Crown Colonies, Protectorates, Etc.
Charles Calvert Bowring Chief Secretary to the Government, East Africa Protectorate, for services as President of the War Council and Acting Governor of the Protectorate
Francis Charles Bernard Dudley Fuller Chief Commissioner, Ashanti
Lt.-Col. Raleigh Grey Member of the Legislative Council of Southern Rhodesia
Sir Henry Francis Wilson Secretary, Royal Colonial Institute, Member of the Empire Land Settlement Committee and War Services Committee
William Douglas Young Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Falkland Islands
Honorary Knight Commander
His Highness Seyyid Khalifa bin Harub, Sultan of Zanzibar
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George William Dowell Rem. Service
Temp Col. Leonard Stanley Dudgeon Army Medical Service
Temp Lt.-Col. Arthur Wellesley Falconer Royal Army Medical Corps
Capt. Eric Gerald Gauntlett Royal Army Medical Corps
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Harry Upington Hooper, Royal Engineers
Rev. William Stevenson Jaffray Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Temp Maj. Reginald Keble Morcom Royal Engineers
Col. Herbert Chidgey Brine Payne Army Pay Department
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Godfrey Dean Rhodes Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Digby Inglis Shuttleworth, Indian Army
Col. William Hugh Usher Smith Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Capt. and Bt. Maj. George Brian Ogilvie Taylor, Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. Charles Walter Villiers Coldstream Guards
Temp Lt.-Col. Charles Morley Wenyon Royal Army Medical Corps
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in East Africa—
Quartermaster and Capt. Ernest Dwyer Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Blackall Graham, 33rd Punjabis, Indian Army
For valuable service rendered in connection with military operations in France —
Temp Lt.-Col. Charles Murray Abercrombie labour Corps
Temp Col. John Heathcote Addie
Col. John Donald Alexander late Royal Army Medical Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. James Dalgleish Anderson Royal Army Service Corps
Col. Reginald le Normand Brabazon, Lord Ardee
Lt.-Col. Herbert Tollemache Arnold Army Pay Department
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Jasper Baker, Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Alfred George Barnett
Col. Frank Warburton Begbie, late Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Wilfred William Ogilvy Beveridge late Royal Army Medical Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Edward Augustane Blount
Col. Stewart Bogle-Smith
Lt.-Col. Arthur Winniett Nunn Bowen Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Sir John Rose Bradford Royal Army Medical Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Francis Powell Braithwaite Royal Engineers
Temp Maj. William Philip Sutcliffe Branson Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. William Bromley-Davenport Special Reserve
Col. Sherwood Dighton Browne late Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Bernard Bruce Burke Royal Army Medical Corps
Capt. Harold Burrows Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. James Paul Bush Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Eustace Maude Callender, Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. John Hay Campbell Royal Army Medical Corps
Rev. John Garden Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Lt.-Col. George Ross Marryab Church Royal Garrison Artillery
Lt.-Col. John Clay Royal Army Medical Corps
Temp Maj. Robert Higham Cooper, Royal Army Medical Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Edward Kyme Cordeaux, Labour Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Gerald Oldroyd Cornock-Taylor (dated 25 February 1919)
Temp Lt.-Col. John Duncan Campbell Couper, Royal Engineers
Maj. Henry Edward Colvin Cowie Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. Robert Langely Cranford Royal Army Veterinary Corps
Chief Controller Lila Davy Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. William L'Estrange Eames Royal Army Medical Corps
Temp Col. Thomas Renton Elliott Army Medical Service
Lt.-Col. Otto William Alexander Eisner Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Henry Adeane Erskine Royal Army Service Corps
Col. Magrath Fogarty Fegen, late Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. John Gibson Fleming Royal Engineers
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Claude Howard Stanley Frankau Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Thomas Eraser Royal Army Medical Corps
Temp Capt. Forbes Fraser, Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Col. Evan Gibb Royal Army Service Corps
Col. Thomas Wykes Gibbard late Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. George Mills Goldsmith, Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Charles Percy Graham Welsh Regiment
Col. Henry William Grattan late Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Archibald Montague Henry Gray, Royal Army Medical Corps
Capt. Hon Frederick Edward Guest 1st Life Guards
Rt. Rev. Bishop Llewellyn Henry Gwynne Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Maj. John Robinson Harper, Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Cholmeley Edward Carl Branfill Harrison late Royal West Kent Regiment
Temp Maj. Harold Hartley Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. Edwin Charles Hayes, Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Alan Major Henniker, Royal Engineers
Temp Lt.-Col. Maxwell Hicks, Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Frederick William Higgs, Royal Army Medical Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Gordon Morgan Holmes Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Cyril Henry Howkins Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Wilfrid Edward Hudleston late Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Frederick Welsley Hunt Royal Army Veterinary Corps
Lt.-Col. Dermot Owen Hyde Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Scott Jackson Northumberland Fusiliers and Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Archibald Offley Jenney, Royal Scots
Lt.-Col. Herbert William Graham Keddie Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Temp Col. Francis Kelly, Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Col. Charles Arthur Ker Royal Artillery
Maj. Edmund Larken Lincolnshire Yeomanry
Lt.-Col. John Gage Lecky, Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Reginald Francis Legge Leinster Regiment
Capt. Alexander Dunlop Lindsay
Temp Capt. Ernest Charles Lindsay Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. John Constantine Gordon Longmore
Temp Lt.-Col. David Lyell Royal Engineers
Maj. Henry MacCormac Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Arthur Maunsell MacLaughlin, Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Robert Lockhart Roes Macleod Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur George Preston McNalty Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Hubert William Man Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Rev. Thomas Heywood Masters, Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Temp Maj. Harry Maud
Temp Maj. Charles Hewitt Miller, Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Edward Darley Miller Pembroke Yeomanry
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Robert Cotton Money King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry
Hon Col. Lord Henry Francis Montagu-Douglas-Scott
Col. Frederick James Morgan late Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Alan Henry Lawrence Mount Royal Engineers
Temp Col. Percy Reginald Nelson Royal Army Service Corps
Col. Augustus Charles Newsom Royal Army Veterinary Corps
Maj. William Alfred Pallin Royal Army Veterinary Corps
Lt.-Col. Walter Bagot Pearson Lancashire Fusiliers
Maj. Ernest Middleton Perry Royal Army Veterinary Corps
Maj. Charles Duncan Peterkin, Gordon Highlanders
Col. Edgar Montagu Pilcher late Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Charles Edward Pollock Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Robert Valentine Pollok Irish Guards
Col. Harold Vernon Prynne late Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frederick Walter Radcliffe Dorsetshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Jacob Pleydell-Bouverie, Earl of Radnor, T.F. Reserve
Temp Lt.-Col. Charles Edward Ramsbottom-Isherwood
Col. Herbert Frechville Smythe Ramsden, Indian Army
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Claude Rawnsley Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Frederick James Reid Royal Army Service Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Regiriald Philip Neri Reynolds Royal Engineers
Capt. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Ambrose St. Quintin Ricardo Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
Temp Capt. and Bt. Maj. John Robertson, Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Hugh Stuart Rogers Shropshire Light Infantry
Lt.-Col. Thomas William Rudd, Royal Army Veterinary Corps
Capt. Charles Frederick Morris Saint Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Harry Neptune Sargent Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. George-Walter Wrey Saville Middlesex Regiment
Temp Maj. Frank Searle Tank Corps
Maj. Francis Stewart Kennedy Shaw, Rem. Service
Lt.-Col. John Payzant Silver Royal Army Medical Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Lightly Stapleton Simpson Royal Engineers
Rev. Charles William Smith Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Lt.-Col. Charles Louis Spencer, Royal Engineers
Temp Maj. Frederick Newton Gisbone Starr, Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. John Charles Baron Statham late Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Godfrey Robert Viveash Steward Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
Rev. Frank White Stewart Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Sir George Murray Home Stirling Essex Regiment
Temp Col. John Donald Sutherland
Lt.-Col. Walter John Tatam Royal Army Veterinary Corps
Col. Hugh Stanley Thurston late Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Percy Umfreville
Maj. Hon Osbert Eustace Vesey Royal East Kent Yeomanry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward Gurth Wace Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward John Wadley Royal Army Veterinary Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Charles Waley Cohen
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Mainwaring Ravell Walsh Worcestershire Regiment
Temp Maj. Thomas Percival Wansbrough, Royal Army Service Corps
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Henry Watkins, George, Coldstream Guards
Lt.-Col. Francis Wyatt Watling Royal Engineers
Temp Col. Alfred Edward Webb-Johnson Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Frederick Hibbart Westmacott, Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. James Whitehead 1st Brahmans, Indian Army
Lt.-Col. Ernest Arnold Wraith Royal Army Medical Corps
Canadian Overseas Forces
Col. Lorne Drum
Rev. George Oliver Fallis, Canadian Army Chaplains' Department
Lt.-Col. Atholl Edwin Griffin Canadian Railway Troops
Lt.-Col. Edward Vincent Hogan, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Maj. Herbert Molsom Quebec Regiment
Lt.-Col. Blair Ripley Canadian Railway Troops
Col. Robert Mills Simpson
Lt.-Col. Charles Perry Templeton Canadian Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Guy Mansfield Todd, Canadian Army Pay Corps
Maj. Arthur William Roger Wilby
Lt.-Col. Francis Walter Ernest Wilson, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Australian Imperial Forces
Col. Charles Herbert Davis
Lt.-Col. Edwin Thomas Leane, Australian Army Ordnance Corps
Col. Alexander Hammett Marks
Col. Arthur Edmund Shepherd
Col. Walter Howard Tunbridge
Lt.-Col. Horace George Viney
South African Forces
Capt. Charles de Vertus Duff, 2nd Res. Battalion
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in German South West Africa —
Temp Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Albert Henry Mortimer Nussey
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Morris Campbell Royal Army Service Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Sir William Stewart Dick-Cunyngham
Col. Thomas Wyatt Hale Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Capt. Thomas Phillips Bobbins, Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. James Currie Robertson Indian Medical Service
Maj. Ernest Albert Rose Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. Williams Hugh Cecil Rowe Royal Army Service Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Robert Stephenson South Staffordshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Hugh Godfrey Killigrew Wait Royal Engineers
Rev. Owen Spencer Watkins Royal Army Chaplains' Department
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in North Russia (Murmansk Command) —
Col. Gilbert Sutherland McDowell Elliot, Royal Engineers
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia —
Temp Lt.-Col. Philip Henry Browne
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. James Clare Macnamara Canny Royal Army Service Corps
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Frank Button Frost Supply and Transport Ops Indian Army
Temp Maj. Robert George Garrow Royal Engineers
Col. Elliot Brownlow Lang
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Francis William George Leland Royal Army Service Corps
Temp Maj. Robert Scarth Farquhar Macrae
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Henry McVittie Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Col. Arthur Hugh Morris
Lt.-Col. Hugh Murray Morton Royal Army Medical Corps
Temp Maj. Harold Edward Ratsey Royal Engineers
Col. William Henderson Starr
Maj. Colin Percy Tremlett, Devonshire Regiment
Temp Maj. Egerton Danford Truman Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Albert Wood, Royal Army Veterinary Corps
In recognition of distinguished services rendered during the War—
Lt.-Col. Ralph Kirkby Bagnall-Wild Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. Bryan Cole Bartley
Col. Arthur Milton, Bent Royal Munster Fusiliers
Lt.-Col. the Hon John David Boyle Rifle Brigadef
Lt.-Col. Charles Stuart Burnett Highland Light Infantry
Col. Bertram Hewett Hunter Cooke Rifle Brigade
Lt.-Col. Edward Humphrey Davidson Gordon Highlanders
Col. Bertie Clephane Hawley Drew Indian Army
Lt.-Col. John Dunville
Maj.-Gen. Edward Leonard Ellington Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Philip Lee William Herbert Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Cuthbert Gurney Hoare Indian Army
Lt.-Col. Charles Frewen Jenkin
Lt.-Col. Cecil Colvile Marindin Royal Artillery
Maj. Edward Patrick Alexander Melville Indian Army
Lt.-Col. Robert Henry More Imperial Yeomanry
Lt.-Col. Redford Henry Mulock
Lt.-Col. Cyril Louis Norton Newall Indian Army
Maj. Edward Osmond
Col. Duncan Le Geyt Pitcher Indian Army
Lt.-Col. Reginald Edmund Maghlin Russell Royal Engineers
Maj. William John Ryan Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Sydney Ernest Smith Gloucestershire Regiment
Col. Oliver Swann
Lt.-Col. Arthur Sykes Royal Irish Fusiliers
Lt.-Col. James George Weir Royal Field Artillery
Lt.-Col. Hardy Vesey Wells
Col. Kenneth Wigram Indian Army
In recognition of services of in connection with the War —
Royal Navy
Surgeon Capt. Octavius William Andrews
Maj. George Edward Barnes, Royal Marine Artillery
Maj. Dacre Lennard Barrett, Royal Marine Light Infantry
Capt. Ronald Evered Chilcott
Capt. Arthur Calvert Clarke (Vice-Admiral, retired)
Rear-Admiral Lewis Clinton-Baker
Paymaster Commander Beauchamp Urquhart Colclough
Engineer Capt. Arthur Samuel Crisp
Maj. William Price Drury, Royal Marine Light Infantry
Paymaster Capt. Edward Henry Eldred
Engineer Capt. Samuel Pringle Ferguson
Capt. Ernest James Fleet (Rear-Admiral, retired)
Lt.-Col. Gerald Noel Anstice Harris Royal Marine Artillery
Capt. Edward Henry Fitzhardinge Heaton-Ellis
Capt. Thomas Henry Heming
Engineer Capt. William Fryer Hinchcliffe
Paymaster Commander John Dickenson Holmes
Temp Lt.-Col. the Hon. Cuthbert James, Royal Marines
Chaplain and Instructor Commander the Rev. Percy Herbert Jones
Chaplain and Instructor Commander the Rev. Robert McKew
Paymaster Capt. Charles Edward Hughes Meredyth
Engineer Capt. Herbert Brooks Moorshead
Paymaster Capt. William George Edward Penfold
Engineer Capt. John David Rees
Engineer Capt. Ernest William Rodet
Capt. Frank Edward Cavendish Ryan (Rear-Admiral, retired)
Paymaster Capt. Ernest Edwin Silk
Engineer Capt. George Thomas Simmons
Capt. Morris Henry Smyth (Vice-Admiral, retired)
Engineer Capt. Lindsay James Stephens
Engineer Capt. Charles Stevens
Engineer Capt. John Greet Stevens
Capt. Arthur Trevelyan Taylor
Capt. Leicester Francis Gartside Tippinge
Engineer Capt. Albert Edward Tompkins
Capt. Francis Loftus Tottenham
Maj. Arthur Gustave Vincent, Royal Marine Light Infantry
Paymaster Capt. Charles Henry Allem Ward
Capt. John Alexander Webster
Paymaster Commander Charles Scrivener Wonham
Capt. William Bourchier Sherard Wrey
Capt. Fred W. Young
For valuable services rendered in connection with the War —
Army
Col. Archibald John Chapman Royal Dublin Fusiliers
Col. Hugh Montgomerie Sinclair Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. Harry Gilbert Barling Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. David Forster Royal Engineers
Temp Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Woodbine Parish
Maj. James Swain Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Hugh Robert Adair
Col. Gofton Gee Adams
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Lewis Charles Adams, Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Robert Hay Adamson, Royal Garrison Artillery
Rev. Josiah George Alford Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Col. Thomas Graves Lowry Herbert Armstrong
Temp Lt.-Col. Sir Robert Armstrong-Jones Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Andrew Aytoun Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
Col. Alfred John Bailey
Temp Maj. Robert Leatham Barclay Norfolk Yeomanry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Hon Everard Baring 10th Hussars
Lt.-Col. Frederick George Barker
Temp Maj. John Barrett-Lennard
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Stanley Leonard Barry Northamptonshire Regiment
Col. Alfred Yarker Barton
Lt.-Col. Reginald Cossley Batt Royal Fusiliers
Col. Frederick Baylay
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur George Bayley Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
Capt. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Roger Hammet Beadon, Royal Army Service Corps
Capt. Sir Frank Beauchamp Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Andrew Cracroft Beoher, Norfolk Regiment
Temp Maj. Frank Bedford-Glasier
Maj. Sydney Belfield, Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. William Kingsmill Bernard, Royal Army Service Corps
Rev. Monsignor Francis Bickerstaffe-Drew Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Hon Charles Clive Bigham Grenadier Guards
Temp Lt.-Col. Lawson Billington, Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. George Christopher McDowall Birdwood, Rem. Service
Col. William Cuthbert Blackett
Lt.-Col. Laurence James Blandford Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Thomas Gordon Cumming Bliss, Army Pay Department
Lt.-Col. Charles Jasper Blunt, Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Lt.-Col. James Blyth, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Orlebar Boase, Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Dennis Fortescue Boles 3rd Devonshire Regiment
Capt. George Edward N-ussey Booker, Res. R. Cav
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Joseph Ignatius Bonomi, South Lancashire Regiment
Maj. William Arthur Travell Bowly
Col. Mossom Archibald Boyd
Temp Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frederick Sadlier Brereton, Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Walter Bromilow
Maj. and Bt. Col. Ronald George Brooke 3rd Res. Cav. Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William George Charteris Brown, Royal Engineers (dated 24 May 1919)
Bt. Col. Abraham Walker Browne, Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Charles William Brownlow Royal Artillery
Maj. Clarence Dalrymple Bruce, West Riding Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frederick Carkeet Bryant Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Charles Forbes Buchan
Capt. Cuthbert Buckle, Royal Garrison Artillery
Temp Lt.-Col. George Alexander MacLean Buckley
Col. Rowland Burdon
Col. John Francis Burn-Murdoch
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Rainald Owen Burne, Royal Army Service Corps
Col. Herbert Henry Burney
Temp Lt.-Col. Sir Merrik Raymond Burrell, Rem. Service
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Edmund Augustine Burrows Royal Artillery
Col. Henry Hugh Butler, late Royal Artillery
Col. William John Bythell, Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. Harry Ernest Cadell, Royal Artillery
Temp Capt. Norman Macleod Buchan, Earl of Caithness, Gordon Highlanders
Col. Thomas Charles Pleydell Calley
Lt.-Col. James Calvert Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Hon Ralph Alexander Campbell, Lovat's Scouts Yeomanry
Col. William MacLaren Campbell
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. George Hereward Gardew Royal Army Service Corps
Temp Col. Albert Carless Army Medical Service
Col. Montgomery Launcelot Carleton
Col. Edward Elliot Carr
Col. Charles Herbert Philip Carter
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Ernest Augustus Frederick Carter, Royal Lancaster Regiment
Lt.-Col. George Harrison Champion de Crespigny, late Northamptonshire Regiment
Temp Col. Sir Arthur Chance Army Medical Service
Lt.-Col. Frank Beauchamp Macaulay Chatterton Royal Army Service Corps
Hon Brig. Gen. Hugh Cecil Cholmondeley Shropshire T.F.A
Temp Maj. Herman Clarke, Royal Engineers
Temp Capt. Ernest Charles Clay
Hon Col. Ernest Thomas Clifford Royal Engineers
Col. Waiter Rees Clifford
Maj. Herbert Cleeve, Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. George Cockburn late Rifle Brigade
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Hugh Fortescue Coleridge Middlesex Regiment
Lt.-Col. Alexander Arthur Lysons Collard, Army Pay Department
Col. Arthur William Collard
Lt.-Col. Forrester Farnell Colvin, 2nd Dragoons
Col. Gwynnedd Conway Gordon, late Royal Army Service Corps
Col. Harry Cooper
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Reginald James Cope Cottell, Royal Army Medical Corps
Capt. Arthur George Cousins, London Regiment
Maj. Edward Geoffrey Hippisley Cox, London Regiment
Temp Lt.-Col. Maurice Craig Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Robert Anneeley Craig Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Philip John Ribton Crampton, late Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Edmund Henry Bertram Craster, Royal Garrison Artillery
Col. Cyril Randell Crofton-Atkins
Rev. William Thomas Rupert Crookham, Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Col. Montagu Creighton Curry
Col. George Glencairn Cunningham late Royal Scots
Col. Frederick Francis Williamson Daniell
Col. Edmund William Dashwood
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Richard Woodforde Deane, late Staff
Lt.-Col. Cecil de Courcy Etheridge East Yorkshire Regiment
Col. Sir James de Hoghton
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. William Grant de Jersey, late Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Herman Gaston de Watteville, Royal Artillery
Col. Henry Denison
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. John Crampton Morton Doran Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Vickers Dunfee, London Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. William Dunne late Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. Philip George Easton Royal Army Medical Corps
Quartermaster and Lt.-Col. James Heslam Edmondson, Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Henry John Edwards
Temp Maj. William Bickerton Edwards Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Michael Henry Egan
Col. Charles Conyngham Ellis
Henrietta Christobel Ellis Commandant, Women's Legion
Christiana Deanes Elmslie Matron, Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service Reserve
Lt.-Col. Harold Carleton Wetherall Eteson, Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur Spenser Loat Farquharson, Officers Training Corps, Oxford University
Brig. Gen. Robert Black Fell
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Edward Hurry Fenwick Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Minchin Ferrar, Rem. Service
Lt.-Col. Hamilton Walter Edward Finch Middlesex Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Harold Findlay, East Kent Regiment
Lt.-Col. Herbert Mayow Fisher-Rowe, Surrey Yeomanry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Ernest Richard Fitzpatrick North Lancashire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Sir William Charles de Meuron Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, Earl Fitzwilliam West Riding Royal Horse Artillery
Lt.-Col. Frank Wigram Foley Royal Berkshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Henry Spencer Follett, 7th Dragoon Guards
Lt.-Col. Alfred James Foster Northumberland Fas
Temp Maj. Arthur Bruce Foster
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Needham Foster Royal Army Service Corps
Temp Lt.-Col. Charles John Francis, Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. John Pilling Fraser Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. Herbert French Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Cyril Halsted Frith, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
Maj. Charles James Hookham Gardner, Yorkshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Arthur Newson Bruff Garrett, Shropshire Light Infantry
Col. John Samuel Gaussen, Army Pay Department
Lt.-Col. George Hessing Geddes Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Archibald Burns Gemmel, Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Arthur Robert Gilbert
Col. Frederick Charles Almon Gilpin
Maj. Joseph Henry Russell Bailey, Lord Glanusk Grenadier Guards
Col. John William Godfray
Temp Hon Lt.-Col. Mervyn Henry Gordon Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Charles Steward Gordon-Steward
Temp Capt. Ronald Gorell Barnes, Lord Gorell
Col. Edmund Howard Gorges
Maj. Alan Percy George Gough late Denbigh Hussars
Lt.-Col. Sir Alfred Pearce Gould Royal Army Medical Corps
Capt. Gilbert Maxwell Adair Graham
Maj. John Henry Maitland Greenly, Herefordshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Robert Alexander Greg, Cheshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. John Gretton North Staffordshire Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Walter Harold Gribbon Royal Lancaster Regiment
Col. Edward Aickin William Stewart Grove
Col. Frederick Hacket-Thompson
Col. Robert Isaa Dalby Hackett Royal Army Medical Corps
Ven. Archdeacon Henry Armstrong Hall, Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Maj. Sir John Richard Hall Irish Guards
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Harold Everard Hambro, Rem. Service, late Royal Artillery
Col. Arthur Francis Hamilton-Cox, Army Pay Department
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frederick Dawson Hammond Royal Engineers
Maj. John Cyril Giffard Alers Hankey Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Tristram Melville Hare, Leicestershire Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Louis Kenneth Harrison Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Hon Col. Charles Joseph Hart late Royal Warwickshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. David Harvey Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Herbert Pennell Hawkins, Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Kenneth Edward Haynes Royal Artillery
Maj. Charles Henry Brabazon Heaton-Ellis, Bedfordshire Regiment
Temp Lt. John Percival Helliwell
Col. Hon Walter George Hepburne-Scott, Master of Polwarth Royal Scots
Hon Brig. Gen. Thomas Heron Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Lt.-Col. Rawdon John Isherwood Hesketh, Royal Fusiliers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Knox Hezlet Royal Artillery
Maj. Charles Henry Hill York and Lancaster Regiment
Temp Lt.-Col. Francis Robert Hill Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Robert Montague Hill, Royal Garrison Artillery
Temp Maj. Walter de Marchet Hill, Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Ectmond Herbert Hills late Royal Engineers
Jane Hoadley Matron Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service
Bt. Lt.-Col. Sir George Lindsay Holford late 1st Life Guards
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Hardress Gilbert Holmes Yorkshire Regiment
Rev. Arthur Venables Calvely Hordern Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Emilie Hilda Horniblow Chief Controller, Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps
Maj. John Cunningham Moore Hoskyn Indian Army
Lt.-Col. Francis James Leigh Howard Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Randall Charles Annesley Lowe York and Lancaster Regiment
Col. John James Francis Hume
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Godfrey Massy Vere Hunt, Royal Army Service Corps
Col. Edgar Assheton Iremonger, late Durham Light Infantry
Lt.-Col. Archibald Jack, Royal Engineers
Temp Maj. Frederick James, Royal Army Service Corps
Rev. Canon Sidney Rhodes James, Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Col. Noble Fleming Jenkins
Lt.-Col. Edward Charles Jennings, Royal Fusiliers
Lt.-Col. Augustus George Aimes Jerrard, Somerset Light Infantry
Col. Henry Halcro Johnston late Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Osmond Moncrieff Johnston, late Army Pay Department
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Hope Johnstone, Royal Artillery
Temp Lt.-Col. Cyril Vivian Jones, Royal Army Service Corps
Maj.-Gen. Oliver Richard Archer Julian Army Medical Service
Maj. Richard Henry Keane
Temp Lt.-Col. Charles Leslie Kempton, Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Henry Gerard Hegan Kennard, 5th Dragoon Guards
Lt.-Col. Edmund Gibbs Kimber London Regiment
Col. Charles Dickson King, late Royal Artillery
Maj. John Charles Kirk Royal Field Artillery
Lt.-Col. Ivone Kirkpatrick, late South Staffordshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Lancelot Charles Koe, late Royal Garrison Artillery
Col. William Henry Land
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Samuel Wellington Lane, Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. John Penrice Langley, Royal Artillery
Maj. Reginald Nesbitt Wingfield Larking, late Scots Guards
Col. Harold Pemberton Leach Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. Kenneth John Walters Leather, Durham Light Infantry, Special Reserve
Col. Francis Lee
Lt.-Col. Charles Archibald Lees, Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Alfred Digby Legard, King's Royal Rifle Corps
Capt. Henry Gordon Leith, Northumberland Yeomanry
Lt.-Col. Edward Thomas Le Marchant, Royal Fusiliers
Temp Lt.-Col. Gerald MacLean Lemonius, Liverpool Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Frederick Amelius Le Poer Trench Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Sir John Leslie Royal Irish Fusiliers
Maj. Cecil Bingham Levita Royal Horse Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Clive Gerard Liddell Leicestershire Regiment
Col. Malcolm Orme Little
Maj. and Bt. Col. Samuel Eyre Massy Lloyd, Suffolk Regiment
Lt.-Col. Charles John Lloyd-Carson, East Lancashire Regiment
Temp Lt.-Col. John Robert Lord Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Alfred Crowdy Lovett (dated 26 May 1919)
Col. James Lowry, Army Pay Department
Col. Edmund Ranald Owen Ludlow Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur Pearson Luff Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Hugh Thomas Lyle Royal Welsh Fusiliers
Capt. and Bt. Lt.-Col. David Lynch, Rem. Service
Col. Barklie Cairns McCalmont
Maj. Robert Arthur McClymont Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. Edwin Millar Gilliland McFerran, Royal Irish Rifles
Col. Robert Campbell McKenzie
Temp Maj. and Hon Lt.- Corporal John McKie
Hon Col. Alfred Donald Mackintosh of Mackintosh
Col. George Mackintosh
Rev. Ewen George Fitzroy Macpherson Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Col. Charles John Markham
Col. John Marriott
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Frank Marsh Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Ernest Edmund Martin Royal Army Veterinary Corps
Lt.-Col. James Fitzgerald Martin Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Henry Marwood
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. David James Mason-MacFarlane Seaforth Highlanders
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Percy Hugh Hamon Massy
Lt.-Col. Francis Richard Maunsell late Royal Artillery
Col. Charles Stuart Meeres late Royal Artillery
Lt.-Col. James Austen Meldon, Royal Dublin Fusiliers
Maj. Robert Ramsden Mellor, Special Reserve
Maj.-Bertram Metcalfe-Smith
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Andrew Micklem Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Crawfurd Middleton, Rem. Service
Temp Lt.-Col. George Edward Miles, Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Hugh de Burgh Miller Royal Artillery
Col. Edward Montagu
Col. Arthur Trevelyan Moore, Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Robert Reginald Heber Moore Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. William Moore-Lane, Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Lt.-Col. AlexanderBraithwaite Morgan, Army Pay Department
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward Morton, Cheshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Charles William Mansell Moullin Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. George Herbert Muller
Rev. William Murphy, Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Lt.-Col. Eric Madden Murray, Army Pay Department
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur Murray-Smith, Royal Garrison Artillery
Col. Edgar Forbes Nelson
Lt.-Col. Edward John Neve, Army Pay Department
Col. Edmund Wcoitt Newland, Army Pay Department
Temp Maj. Herbert Niblett Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Louis Hemington Noblett, Royal Irish Rifles
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Alan Ian Percy, Duke of Northumberland Grenadier Guards
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Walter Vyvian Nugent Royal Artillery
Col. Edmund Donough John O'Brien
Temp Col. Joseph Francis O'Carrol Army Medical Service
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Montague Ernest O'Donoghue, late Indian Army
Col. Tom Evelyn O'Leary
Rev. Richard John Deane Oliver Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Lt.-Col. John Kevin O'Meagher, late Royal Munster Fusiliers
Lt.-Col. Cranley Charlton Onslow Bedfordshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Francis George Rodney Ostrehan, Indian Army
Col. Daniel O'Sullivan, Army Medical Service
Temp Maj. William Hugh Owen, Royal Engineers
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Robert Leonce Owens, Royal Irish Regiment
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Clements Parr, late Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Jules Parry Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Llewelyn England Sidney Parry Denbigh Yeomanry
Temp Col. John Herbert Parsons Army Medical Service
Temp Lt.-Col. Andrew Melville Paterson Royal Army Medical Corps (dated 12 February 1919)
Col. Stanley Paterson
Rev. Charles Alfred Peacock Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Lt.-Col. Cyril Harvey Pearee, Yorkshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. George Thomson Pearson, Royal Field Artillery
Col. Charles Cecil Perceval, Royal Engineers
Col. Edwin King Perkins
Temp Lt.-Col. Hugh Wharton Perkins
Temp Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Ingleton Phillips, Royal Warwickshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Cuthbert Joseph Pike, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
Lt.-Col. Henry Quinten Pinhorn, Army Pay Department
Lt.-Col. Edward Abadie Plunkett, Lincolnshire Regiment
Maj. Arthur Faulconer Poulton, Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Philip Lionel William Powell Welsh Regiment
Col. Theodore John Warrender Prendergast, Royal Engineers
Rev. Edward Herbert Pulling, Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Lt.-Col. John Spottiswoode Purvis, Royal Engineers
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Lt.-Col. Sir James Farquharson Remnant Royal Army Service Corps
Gertrude Mary Richards Matron, Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Arthur Noel Roberts, late Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Henry Robert Roberts, late Lincolnshire Regiment
Lt.-Col. Lancelot William Rolleston Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Alexander William Roper Royal Engineers
Temp Hon Lt.-Col. Richard Gundry Rows Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Morris Boscawen Savage South Staffordshire Regiment
Maj. Charles Edward Sawyer, late North Lancashire Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. George Peabody Scholfield Royal Engineers
Rev. William John Selby, Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Col. Sir Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury
Hon Col. Sir Walter Geoffrey Shakerley
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Shawe, Rifle Brigade
Temp Col. James Sherren Royal Army Medical Corps
Anne Beadsmore Smith Principal Matron, Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service
Lt.-Col. Peter Caldwell Smith, Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. and Bt. Col. James William Smith-Keill, Scots Guards
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Walter Charles Smithson late 13th Hussars
Col. Robert Napier Smyth
Margaret Elwyn Sparshott Territorial Force Nursing Service
Capt. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward Louis Spiers 11th Hussars
Col. James Rawdon Stansfeld late Royal Artillery
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Lt.-Col. John Frederick Stenning Unattd. List
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Patrick Alexander Vansitart Stewart King's Own Scottish Borderers
Col. William Robert Stewart late Royal Engineers
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Herbert Stobart Royal Field Artillery
Temp Maj. Robert John Stordy Royal Army Veterinary Corps
Lt.-Col. George Edward John Mowbray Rous, Earl of Stradbroke Royal Field Artillery
Maj. Edward Lisle Strutt Royal Scots
Lt.-Col. Ernest Frederic Sulivan, East Surrey Regiment
Maj. George Kilner Swettenham Royal Irish Rifles
Maj. Charles Newton Taylor, London Regiment
Temp Maj. Harold Blake Taylor, Royal Engineers
Col. Sir Godfrey Vignoles Thomas (dated 16 February 1919)
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Reginald Aneurin Thomas, Royal Artillery
Maj. Christopher Birdwood Thomson Royal Engineers
Temp Lt.-Col. David George Thqfrnson Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Charles Mytton Thornycroft Manchester Regiment
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Hayford Douglas Thorold, late West Riding Regiment
Col. Willoughby Thuillier
Lt.-Col. Norman Eccles Tilney Royal Field Artillery
Col. Octavius Todd late Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Francis William Towsey
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Guy Elliston Toynbee Royal Army Service Corps
Maj. Philip Christian William Trevor, Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Maj. William Kington Tucker Royal Army Service Corps
Rev. James Grove White Tuckey Royal Army Chaplains' Department
Col. Archer Lloyd Marischal Turner
Col. John Henry Twiss late Royal Engineers
Col. Charles Robert Tyrrell late Royal Army Medical Corps
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Col. Casimir Henry Claude Van Straubenzee
Lt.-Col. Sir Charles Cheers Wakefield Royal Garrison Artillery
Lt.-Col. Francis Spring Walker Royal Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Montagu Charles Pearson Ward, Royal Artillery
Capt. and Bt. Maj. Thomas Richard Pennefather Warren, Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Fredric Mostyn Watkins, Army Pay Department
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Bromley George Vere Way Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment
Col. John Sutton Edward Western, Indian Army
Col. Claude Beruers Westmacott
Lt.-Col. Sinclair White Royal Army Medical Corps
Maj. Francis Vernon Willey Nottinghamshire Yeomanry
Lt.-Col. Arthur Cecil Williams Royal Artillery
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Benfield Des Voeux Wilkinson, late Durham Light Infantry
Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. John George Yule Wilson, Royal Army Service Corps
Lt.-Col. Henry Edward Disbrowe Wise, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment
Col. Hastings St. Leger Wood
Lt.-Col. Arthur Stanley Woodwark Royal Army Medical Corps
Col. Ernest Granville Wright
Col. George Wright
Temp Capt. William Burgess Wright
Col. Archibald Young
Temp Lt.-Col. David Douglas Young
Temp Maj. Patrick Charles Young Royal Engineers
Canadian Forces
Col. John George Adam, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Rev. Canon John MacPherson Almond Canadian Army Chaplains' Department
Col. John Alexander Armstrong Canadian Army Dental Corps
Capt. Samuel Medbury Bosworth, Quebec Regiment
Col. James Whiteside Bridges, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Ernest Rudolf Brown, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. William Senkler Buell, C.E.F.
Col. Perry Gladstone Goldsmith, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Col. James Alexander Hutchison, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Temp Col. Walter McKeown, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Col. Herman Melchior Robertson, Canadian Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Charles Millidge Ruttan, Canadian Army Service Corps
Col. Frederick St. Duthus Skinner, Reserve of Officers
Lt.-Col. John Spottiswood Tait, British Columbia Regiment
Australian Imperial Forces
Col. Samuel Henry Egerton Barraclough, Military Forces Staff
Ethel Sarah Davidson Matron, Australian Army Nursing Service
Ethel Gray Matron, Australian Army Nursing Service
Rev. Albert Thomas Holden Australian Army Chaplains' Department
Adelaide Maud Kellett Matron, Australian Army Nursing Service
Col. George Merrick Long
Col. Reginald Jeffrey Millard Australian Army Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. George Wall
Rev. Frederick William Wray Australian Army Chaplains' Department
New Zealand Forces
Lt.-Col. Hugh Thomas Dyke Acland NZ Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. Anderson Carberry Robert Dillon NZ Medical Corps
Col. James McNaughton Christie
Col. Percival Robert Cooke
Col. Charles James Cooper
Maj. and Temp Lt.-Col. Thomas Henry Dawson Auckland Regiment
Lt.-Col. Alexander Robertson Falconer, NZ Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. George Edward Gabites, NZ Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. George Thompson Hall
Col. Ernest Haviland Hiley
Col. John Edward Hume
Lt.-Col. and Temp Col. James William Hutchen
Lt.-Col. John Patrick Daunt Leahy, NZ Medical Corps
Col. Charles Thomas Maj.
Lt.-Col. Robert Haldane Makgill, NZ Medical Corps
Temp Col. Thomas Mill
Lt.-Col. Herbert Edward Pilkington, NZ Artillery
Col. David Pringle
Col. James Robert Purdy
Col. Charles John Reakes
Col. John Ranken Reed
Lt.-Col. Alexander Fowler Roberts NZ Forces
Lt.-Col. James Herbert Graham Robertson, NZ Medical Corps
Lt.-Col. James Lewis Sleeman, NZ Forces
Col. Edmund Robinson Smith
Col. William James Strong
Maj. and Temp Lt.-Col. John Studholme Canterbury Mounted Rifles
Mabel Thurston Matron-in-Chief, NZ Army Nursing Service
Col. Thomas Harcourt Ambrose Valintine
Col. Gerard Arnold Ward
Col. David Storer Wylie
South African Forces
Temp Lt.-Col. Charles Roscoe Burgess
Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Richard Edwards, Perm. Staff
Col. Frederick Arthur Hodson, North Rhodesia Police
Temp Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. James Mitchell Baker Staff
Col. Philip Graham Stock SA Army Medical Corps
Newfoundland Forces
Maj. Alexander Montgomerie H.Q. Staff, Newfoundland
British India
George Francis Adams, Chief Inspector of Mines in India
Eric Oswald Anderson, Member of the Council of the Lt.-Governor, Burma
Denys de Saumarez Bray Indian Civil Service, Officiating Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign! Department
Denis Calnan, Indian Civil Service, Commissioner, Agra Division, United Provinces
Henry Venn Cobb Resident in Mysore and Chief Commissioner, Coorg
Alexander Cochran Calcutta
Adela Cottle St. John Ambulance Association, Calcutta
Frances Henrietta, Lady Craddock, Vice President, Burma Joint War Committee
Honorary Maj. Arthur Da Vies, Honorary Superintendent, St. John's and British Red Cross Combined War Gifts Depot, Bombay
Maharaja Ramanuj Saran Singh Deo, Feudatory Chief of Surguja State, Central Provinces
Constance, Lady Fraser Hyderabad, (Deccan)
Lewis French Indian Civil Service, Additional Secretary to the Government of the Punjab
Hugh Kirkwood Gracey, Indian Civil Service, Commissioner, Gorakhpur Division United Provinces
Egbert Laurie Lucas Hammond, Indian Civil Service, Controller of Munitions, Bihar and Orissa
John Wright Henderson, Representative of the War Office in India for hides
Edwin John Agra, United Provinces
Jalal-ud-Daula, Nawab Muhammad Khurished
Ali Khan, Bahadur, Mustakil-i-Jang, of Dujana, Punjab
Maj. Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana of Kalra, Shahpur District, Punjab
William King-Wood, Director, Indo-European Telegraph Department, Persian Section
Arthur Rowland Knapp, Indian Civil Service, Secretary to Government Revenue Department, Madras
Charles Gerrans Leftwich, Indian Civil Service, Director of Civil Supplies, Central Provinces
Francis Legge, Deputy Coal Controller, Bengal
Harry Alexander Fanshawe Lindsay, Indian Civil Service, Director-Gen. of Co | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 72 | https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2023/10/03/researcher-demoted-by-university-of-pennsylvania-wins-nobel-prize-for-mrna-discoveries-and-some-academics-urge-penn-to-apologize/ | en | Researcher Demoted By University Of Pennsylvania Wins Nobel Prize For mRNA Discoveries—And Some Academics Urge Penn To Apologize | [
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"Katalin Karikó",
"University of Pennsylvania",
"Drew Weissman",
"Eric Feigl-Ding",
"mrna",
"covid",
"vaccine",
"vaccination",
"penn",
"nobel prize"
] | null | [
"Conor Murray"
] | 2023-10-03T00:00:00 | Katalin Karikó’s research laid the foundation for both the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Covid-19 vaccines. | en | Forbes | https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2023/10/03/researcher-demoted-by-university-of-pennsylvania-wins-nobel-prize-for-mrna-discoveries-and-some-academics-urge-penn-to-apologize/ | Topline
Katalin Karikó won this year’s Nobel Prize in Medicine alongside Drew Weissman for their research that led to the development of mRNA Covid-19 vaccines, but a post from the University of Pennsylvania—where Karikó was demoted from tenure track in 1995—claiming her as a Penn researcher angered the medical community.
Key Facts
Chief Critics
Members of the medical and academic communities criticized Penn in response to the university’s post. Eric Feigl-Ding, chief of Covid Task Force at the New England Complex Systems Institute and former Harvard Medical School researcher, urged Penn to apologize to Karikó but praised her for persisting in her research despite being demoted. Nicole Paulk, founder of Siren Biotechnology, criticized Penn Medicine for its post congratulating Karikó, stating: “You shunned her and put roadblocks in the way of her and her research when she was at Penn. You should feel immense shame, not pride, today. You played no role in this.” Some critics suggested Karikó’s experience is an example of the struggles women in academia face. “A woman winning the Nobel prize for the same work Penn called ‘not faculty quality’ & Penn CLAIMING CREDIT is exactly how misogyny in academia works,” Stevenson University assistant professor Kerry Pray posted. Other critics accused Penn and other research institutions of valuing profit over quality research. Martin Bauer, associate professor of physics at Durham University, criticized Penn for its “self-adulation over a Nobel prize but no recognition of the way they treated the ‘historic research team’ when it didn’t seem profitable enough.”
Key Background
Karikó and Weissman reportedly met in 1997 because they kept “fighting over a photocopy machine,” prompting them to talk and compare what they were working on. Weissman reportedly had the funding to finance their mRNA experiments, which Karikó said kept her going. Karikó, who long struggled to secure grant funding, reportedly never earned more than $60,000 a year while at Penn. After nearly a decade of partnership, Karikó and Weissman published findings in 2005 that showed how a modified version of mRNA could be administered without triggering an aggressive immune response, leading them to realize mRNA could potentially be used in vaccines. Their research initially attracted little interest, and they founded a startup but struggled to find investors. They eventually licensed their technology to BioNTech, then a little-known company, where Karikó moved in 2013 after realizing she would not make progress with mRNA research while still at Penn. Their findings became the foundation for both the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Covid-19 vaccines. Karikó and Weissman have won numerous other accolades for their mRNA research, like the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research and the Lasker Award.
Tangent
Karikó has spoken in numerous interviews about her difficult experience at Penn, stating in 2020 her demotion made her feel that she was “not good enough, not smart enough.” After being demoted, researchers usually “just say goodbye and leave because it’s so horrible,” Karikó told STAT News in 2020. When Penn refused to reinstate her to a tenure track position in 2013 and she left for BioNTech, Karikó said, “They laughed at me and said, ‘BioNTech doesn’t even have a website.’” In an interview with the Nobel Prize soon after winning, Karikó said she was “kicked out and forced to retire” in 2013 when Penn refused to reinstate her former position. Her colleagues have also recognized the difficulties she faced: Cardiologist Elliott Barnathan said Karikó was treated as a “second-class citizen” at Penn.
Crucial Quote
“In the future, this lab will be a museum. Don’t touch it,” Karikó reportedly told her former boss at Penn when leaving her lab at the university for the final time in 2013.
Surprising Fact
While a researcher at Temple University in the late 1980s, Karikó—a native of Hungary—reportedly argued with her boss, who then attempted to have her deported. Karikó had immigrated to the United States in 1985 with little money—she smuggled £900 (the equivalent of $1,087 today), which she earned by selling her car on the black market, into the country by sewing it into her daughter’s teddy bear.
Further Reading
How mRNA went from a scientific backwater to a pandemic crusher (Wired)
She was demoted, doubted and rejected. Now, her work is the basis of the Covid-19 vaccine (CNN) | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 27 | https://science.osti.gov/About/Honors-and-Awards/DOE-Nobel-Laureates | en | DOE Nobel Laureates | [
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] | null | [
"Office of Science"
] | 2021-02-19T15:54:57 | Among the most prestigious scientific awards in the world are the Nobel Prizes for Chemistry, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine. A list of the 115 DOE-affiliated Nobel Prize winners is provided below. | en | /assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png | https://science.osti.gov/About/Honors-and-Awards/DOE-Nobel-Laureates | Among the most prestigious scientific awards in the world are the Nobel Prizes for Chemistry, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine.
All three of these Nobel Prizes have been presented since 1901, with the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physics awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet. (For more information about the Nobel Prize, visit nobelprize.org.)
Going back to the earliest days of the Manhattan Project, the Department of Energy and its predecessor agencies blended cutting-edge research and innovative problem-solving to keep the United States in the forefront of scientific discovery. The 118 Nobel Laureates associated with DOE serve as a proud testimony to both the high quality and the impact of the research underwritten by or associated with the Department.
A list of the 118 DOE-affiliated Nobel Prize winners is provided below. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 0 | 86 | https://osf.io/s95uj/%3Faction%3Ddownload | en | OSF | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | en | null | ||||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 24 | https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/gerty-cori | en | Women who changed science | [
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""
] | null | [] | null | Gerty Cori uncovered the process of cellular energy storage and release, answering one of the most fundamental questions about how the human body works. In so doing, she and her husband and lifelong research partner, Carl, transformed the study of biology, proving that the clarity of molecular chemistry could and should be applied to the opaque mechanisms of biology. | en | null | |||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 26 | https://www.mdanderson.org/newsroom/nobel-prize.html | en | MD Anderson Cancer Center Nobel Prize | [
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"Immunotherapy Research"
] | null | [] | null | Jim Allison, Ph.D., chair of Immunology and executive director of the Immunotherapy Platform at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Allison is the first MD Anderson scientist to receive the world’s most preeminent award for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine. | en | /etc.clientlibs/mda/clientlibs/mda-web/clientlib-site/resources/images/favicon.ico | MD Anderson Cancer Center | https://www.mdanderson.org/newsroom/nobel-prize.html | Watch Allison receive his Nobel Prize medal from the king of Sweden at the ceremony in Stockholm on Dec. 10, 2018.
The future of immunotherapy
Jim Allison describes what it's like to meet patients who have benefited from his discovery and what's next in the field.
2018 Nobel Week
During Nobel Week, Allison will participate in press conferences, give his Nobel lecture and receive his Nobel Prize.
The game changer
James Allison proved the human immune system could fight cancer, and his innovative work has earned him a lot of praise, including that of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.
How does cancer immunotherapy work?
Traditionally, cancer treatment has revolved around chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. But thanks to groundbreaking immune checkpoint blockade research led by Jim Allison, Ph.D., winner of
Allison named one of TIME’s 100 most influential
MD Anderson Cancer Center Chair of Immunology Jim Allison, Ph.D., was named to the 2017 Time 100 list. | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 30 | https://www.brandeis.edu/stories/2023/december/nobel-prize-2023-ceremony-weissman.html | en | Drew Weissman ’81, GSAS MA’81, P’15, H’23, awarded Nobel Prize | [
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] | null | [] | null | en | https://www.brandeis.edu/stories/2023/december/nobel-prize-2023-ceremony-weissman.html | In an elegant ceremony Dec. 10 in Stockholm, Sweden, immunologist Drew Weissman ’81, GSAS MA’81, P’15, H’23, and his research partner Katalin Karikó, H’23, received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their research that led to the development of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Through years of painstaking research, Weissman and Karikó found that by engineering a modified version of messenger RNA — which transports instructions to cells regarding the production of proteins — and then developing a system to deliver it, they could trick the immune system into thinking the body is infected with a virus and produce antibodies to create at least partial immunity.
Along with this year's Nobel Prize winners in physics, chemistry, and literature, Weissman and Karikó entered Stockholm Concert Hall to music by Amadeus Mozart performed by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. They each took their seats on stage, Weissman in a blacktail tuxedo and Karikó in a glittering black evening dress.
They were introduced in a speech by Professor Gunilla Karlsson Hedestam, a member of the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, and chair of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine.
Messenger RNA was first defined by François Jacob and Jacques Monod in 1961, a discovery that was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965, Hedestam said. Although the identity and function of mRNA has been known for over 60 years, and mRNA is routinely used in most modern medical research laboratories, the term has remained largely obscure outside the scientific community — until recently, she said.
“Terms like mRNA, virus variants, antibodies, B cells and T cells are now well-known to most people, and surveys demonstrate that the public’s trust in scientific research increased during the pandemic. The basic research performed by the 2023 laureates no doubt contributed to this,” Hedestam said.“This year’s prize is very much in the spirit of Alfred Nobel’s will: a contribution to the greatest benefit of humankind.”
Surrounded by elaborate flower arrangements, and in front of a bust of Alfred Nobel, first Weissman and then Karikó stepped forward to receive the prize from the King of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf. The opulent concert hall filled with warm applause. Each Nobel prize winner receives a diploma featuring a unique work of art, a share of 11 million Swedish Krona (equal to about $1 million), and the iconic Nobel Prize medal.
The ceremony, which commenced at 4 p.m. in Stockholm, was followed by an equally dazzling banquet reception in Stockholm City Hall. Sunday’s events concluded a weeklong celebration of the prizes in Sweden, including a roundtable discussion among the prizewinners, panels on a variety of topics in science and society, lectures delivered by each winner, and a concert.
In brief remarks at the banquet, Karikó thanked the Nobel Foundation on behalf of herself and Weissman.
“It is a great privilege for us to belong to this most outstanding group of scientists who have received this award,” Karikó said. “Importantly to us, this award also recognizes the fellow scientists who worked diligently over decades to help build the foundation for our work that led to the development of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.”
Weissman graduated from Brandeis with bachelor’s and master’s degrees and went on to earn his PhD and MD from Boston University. After graduate school, Weissman completed a residency at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and a fellowship at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), where he worked on HIV research under the supervision of Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and former chief medical adviser to President Joe Biden.
Since 1997, he has been a professor of medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, where he met Karikó, a biochemist, and their partnership began.
They published a landmark paper in the journal Immunity in 2005, but it was not until 2020 that their work became globally renowned as the groundwork for the development of the BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines.
A student of biochemistry and enzymology during his time on campus, Weissman delivered the Commencement address at Brandeis in 2023.
“It is here that I honed my critical thinking skills, starting as a freshman in Shapiro Hall, and nurtured my passion for scientific exploration in Professor Gerry Fasman's biochemistry lab,” he said at the time. “I learned the value of collaboration and open-mindedness while being an active student, campus member, and part-time activist.” | |||||||
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] | null | [] | 2017-06-27T20:46:06+00:00 | Reports from 2023 Projects Jeonghun Choi, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University. ‘Globalizing Historical Knowledge in the Netherlands and Japan’ In the research statement I submitted to the Willison Foundation Charitable Trust, I planned to visit Tokyo and Tsuyama in Japan. I stayed in Japan from July 4 to August 25, and… | en | https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico | The Willison Foundation Charitable Trust | https://willisoncharitabletrust.org/funded-projects/ | Reports from 2023 Projects
Jeonghun Choi, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University.
‘Globalizing Historical Knowledge in the Netherlands and Japan’
In the research statement I submitted to the Willison Foundation Charitable Trust, I planned to visit Tokyo and Tsuyama in Japan. I stayed in Japan from July 4 to August 25, and made additional visits to the archives in the Fukuoka and Sage Prefectures, which also house some significant but understudied materials concerning Dutch Learning and localization of historical knowledge in the nineteenth century. Overall, I was able to examine more primary sources (as well as some secondary sources) that were relevant to my research on the processes of production, circulation and consumption of historical knowledge in Japan than originally planned.
As was planned, during my trip I visited the Library of the University of Tokyo, Library of Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, National Diet Library, and Tsuyama Archive of Western Studies. In Tokyo, I examined the titles that are usually labeled as the ‘Foreign Books Collected under the Shogunate Regime’ and some of the Japanese-language texts either written or translated by the scholars of Dutch Learning (rangakusha). While many of the Dutch publications imported during the nineteenth century are already digitized, my study of the physical copies of them resulted in an intriguing discovery that any scholar who relies only on the digital editions would never expect. Even though it is challenging to determine how exactly the Dutch texts were read by the Japanese consumers, I was able to identify some copies whose pages are left uncut – such as Leesboek voor meisjes (2. druk) by P. D. Anslijn (Ran3238)– which is more suggestive of the possibility that those copies were either unread or not actively perused. And the existing catalogues of the Dutch texts have yet to single out such features as significant bibliographic dimensions.
In a few cases, I also found some traces of the readers’ use such as marginalia and bookmarks, as in a copy of Rekenboek voor meisjes, ter dienste der scholen (2. stukje 12. druk) by Nicolaas Anslijn (Ran3239), attributes to which existing scholarship has failed to pay sufficient attention. The only major challenge I had to face in Tokyo was that some libraries, especially the National Diet Library, prohibit scholars from scanning or photographing the materials. (Presumably this is one reason only a few scholars have discussed the Dutch publications in this collection.) It took more time to take notes on the titles that are most relevant to my research than expected. Also, the National Diet Library limited the number of books one can examine in a single day to about ten. My examination of the collection was far from comprehensive, even limited to the genre of history and pedagogy. Thus, I believe I will need to visit the collection again in the near future.
At the Tsuyama Archive of Western Studies, I was also able to get photocopied texts by Mitsukuri Genpo 箕作阮甫, the prominent scholar of Dutch Learning. One thing of which I was not aware until I arrived in Tsuyama was that the staff members of the archive were less willing to assist visitors, because they believed the main function of the archive is to exhibit materials in the museum within the archive for the public, rather than offering the copies for the scholars who visit the site. After all, many materials related to Dutch Learning were also accessible at the National Diet Library in Tokyo, a fact of which I was not fully aware. While I ended up getting many manuscripts by Mitsukuri that would be more closely examined for my dissertation, I will need to visit the National Diet Library again.
Additionally I visited the collections of the Library of Kyushu University (Fukuoka), the Sage Prefectural Library (Saga), and the Takeo City Library (Saga), which also hold printed books and manuscripts that reflect the trend of Dutch Learning and its intersection with other intellectual genealogies such as Neo-Confucianism, National Learning (kokugaku), and Military Learning (heigaku). I was able to examine almost all the texts I intended to at the Library of Kyushu University and Takeo City Library, such as Karaktermastige Beschrijving van het Bijzonder Leven en Gedrag van Napoleon Buonaparte by Lewis Goldsmith.
I realized that many titles relevant to my research project were housed at the collections of the Saga Prefectural Library. A key challenge was that one can read or photograph the Dutch Learning-related texts such as the ones in the Nabeshima Family Archive only after one gets permission for access to each text from the descendants of the family. Thus, it was challenging to examine the titles comprehensively within the limited amount of time available. Nevertheless, I was able to undertake preliminary research on the collection. The Sage Prefectural Library is another site I plan to visit again for a deeper study the materials from the Nabeshima Family Archive. Eventually, though my exploration of the texts in this archive was far from comprehensive, I began viewing Sage as another central site of knowledge production and consumption that I need to emphasise in my project, especially in the dissertation chapter where I plan to discuss both the continuing and waning influence of Dutch Learning from the mid-nineteenth to the late nineteenth century.
I would like to single out two significant points that became clearer during my research trip. First, in my project that examines globalization of European knowledge with an emphasis on Japan in the nineteenth century, both the contexts – of the Western publications, and the East Asian literary sphere – should be taken seriously, as suggested in my research proposal. Tokyo, Tsuyama, Fukuoka, and Sage are all famous for the rich intellectual ecologies, where the orders of knowledge such as Chinese classics and Dutch Learning intersected. The catalogues of the collections such as the Nabeshima Family Archive suggest that indeed it is highly likely that Western knowledge on some major themes such as the Napoleonic Wars was reframed by the conventional fields such as classical studies.
Second, the attributes in the physical copies housed in the archives can offer more clues through which to understand the process of circulation and consumption of the texts, such as marginalia, bookmarks, and uncut pages. In the chapter I aim to write, I will discuss both the textual and non-textual information as significant evidence that gives useful testimony to the modern Japanese book history.
As was stated in the synopsis in the Project Proposal, this research trip will result in a chapter in my doctoral dissertation that I plan to write. An e-copy of the dissertation, or the link to its web page will be provided to the Trust when it is completed. My trip to Japan was significantly funded by the Willison Foundation Charitable Trust, and I would like to express my deep gratitude for the Trust’s support.
Tim Fulford, Professor of English, De Montfort University.
‘The Collected Poems of Henry Kirke White’.
I am happy to say that the grant generously made has enabled me to undertake the research I proposed, and a little more. My research has resulted/is resulting in the following publications:
The Collected Poems of Henry Kirke White, ed. Tim Fulford. Liverpool University Press. April 2024. This now contains a hundred-page introduction assessing Kirke White’s poetry, explaining the preparation of his work for the press after his death, and surveying the production and circulation of editions of his work, including pirate editions, on both sides of the Atlantic, and also the circulation of poems in British and US magazines and journals. It also contains extensive editorial notes detailing the first publication of poems in magazines and editions, documenting the gradual establishment of Kirke White’s oeuvre and reputation by the nineteenth-century press. The grant enabled me to prepare the introduction and notes because the archival visits which it funded exposed me to the many US editions of his work, to the presentation of the poet made in the editorial apparatus of these editions, and to the magazine publication of certain poems.
An invited essay by me on the production and reception of editions and biographies of Kirke White in the UK and US, entitled ‘The rise, fall and revival of labouring-class poetry in the commercial market, 1800-1821’ in the book collection British Working-Class and Radical Writing Since 1700, ed. John Goodridge (London: University of London Press, 2024). This article makes use of MS correspondence and early editions of the poetry that I read on the New York and Philadelphia visits financed by the grant.
An invited article by me in the journal European Romantic Review (forthcoming 2024): ‘Farmers’ Boys and Doomed Youths: Producing the Poet in the Print Culture of the Romantic Era’. This article makes use of MS correspondence and early editions of the poetry that I read on the New York, Harvard and Philadelphia visits financed by the grant.
An extensive website, edited and part-written by me, containing essays on Kirke White’s poetry and biography, and the impact made by the circulation of specific US editions of his work on later writers’ publications. https://kirkewhitecom.wordpress.com/ Articles on this website that are especially indebted to the Willison grant include:
Christopher Catanese, ‘Patronage and Poetic Form: Henry Kirke White, Capel Lofft, and the Monthly Mirror’. I published this piece after my work on magazine publication of Kirke White brought me into contact with the author.
R. J. Ellis, ‘Harriet Wilson, Our Nig and Henry Kirke White’s Poetry’. Ellis’s article discusses the use of Kirke White made by the first black American novelist. It identifies the specific edition of the poet that Wilson likely used. My work in US libraries on editions of Kirke White, funded by the grant, allowed me to assist Ellis’s argument by inspecting editions.
My article ‘Kirke White in America: Transcendentalism — Bryant and Whitman’ assesses the impact on the poetry of William Cullen Bryant and Walt Whitman of reading specific US editions of Kirke White. I inspected these editions in the New York Public Library.
My article ‘Visionary Boys and Spots of Time: Kirke White, Wordsworth – the Romantic Child and the Memorialising Poet’ depends upon evidence as to the popularity of the biographical portrait of the Romantic boy genius that was created by the widespread editions of Kirke White’s work. I documented this popularity, in part, by inspecting editions and reprints in the New York Public Library and the Houghton Library, as stipulated in my bid to the Willison Trust.
In addition to these print and digital publications, I delivered a conference paper on the poet at the 2023 meeting of the North American Society for the Study of Romanticism in Huntsville Texas. This was given on a Book History panel and used my findings from the Willison-funded archival visits to demonstrate Kirke White’s popularity in the nineteenth-century book market. I also delivered an online talk on Kirke White’s reputation for the British Association of Romantic Studies. This benefitted from the discovery, on my visit to the New York Public Library, of a Paris pirate edition that grouped Kirke White’s poetry with that of Samuel Rogers and James Montgomery.
Overall, the Willison Trust’s funding has enabled me to acquire the expertise and information about Kirke White’s publication history and presentation in print that is necessary to generate significant scholarly interest in his poetry and his reputation, and in his role in influencing readers and poets in the nineteenth century. The success of this research is evidenced in the invitations I have received to publish articles in books and journals and in the willingness of literary historians to contribute articles on Kirke White to my website. These continue: I shall later in 2024 publish online an article by the renowned Shelley scholar Greg Kucich—Kucich was brought to Kirke White’s work by hearing my conference paper on his reception. I shall myself discuss cheap print pirate editions of Kirke White at the 2024 meeting of the North American Association for the Study of Romanticism in Washington DC (August). I will also publish further commentaries on his writing on the website.
Abhijit Gupta, Professor of English, Jadavpur University.
‘Indologists among the Epics: H.H. Wilson and Charles Wilkins’.
The research on this project was carried out for a period of five weeks, from early June to mid-July 2023, chiefly at the British Library, London, and the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The core of the project was to examine the many rough and fair copies of the manuscripts of an English translation of the great Sanskrit epic, the Mahabharata, generated by a team lead by the Orientalist Horace Hayman Wilson in Calcutta in the late 1820s. The significance of the translation lay in the fact that though approximately two-thirds of the epic was translated—over half a century before the first published translation of the entire epic in English between 1883 and 1896—there was no attempt by Wilson to publish the work. Consequently, this led to a near-total ignorance about the existence of the translation, even among Mahabharata scholars. No less significant was the presence of a number of Indian translators and scribes—all happily named—who worked according to Wilson’s direction. In most textual projects of a collaborative nature from this period, the names of the ‘native’ assistants are missing. In this instance, the following names emerged: the lexicographer Ramkamal Sen, his son Harimohan Sen, Tarachand Chakrabarti, Sivakrishna Tagore, and Gobindaram Upadhyay. The names of some lesser-known scribes could also be gleaned from the MSS, as well as the occasional European hand.
There was a single research question with which I began this project: why did Wilson carry out this massive undertaking without once moving towards publication? What was it intended for? I am happy to report that I was able to answer this question, though it was not what I had expected. Very briefly, the translations were intended as rough notes or background research for other, more esoteric, Sanskrit texts Wilson was engaged in translating, such as the entire canon of the Hindu philosophical texts known as the Puranas. In fact, Wilson’s marginal notes and instructions indicate that he was assembling a digest of the epics for his own research needs, first starting with an index of the Ramayana in 1821-23 (MSS Eur D379). In the case of the Ramayana, only the index is compiled before a terse marginal note ‘Go on with the Mahabharata’ (MS Eur D415) signalled the shift to the Mahabharata for the next few years. What emerged from the study of the MSS was a fascinating narrative of reception, choice, and interpretation, carried out in a collaborative environment, and for a specific purpose. It also revealed a protocol of workshopped translation not wholly dissimilar to that employed by early Christian missionaries, but with additional features of its own such as access to a trained cadre of Western-educated Indian translators.
In addition to the MSS of the epic, a considerable volume of private papers, letters etc were also studied. But as I examined the textual production of Wilson and his team, I was able to realise that this was not in fact an isolated attempt, but rather, part of a longer history of orientalist engagement with the South Asian world of letters dating back to nearly half a century, from the time of William Jones and Charles Wilkins, Of course, Wilkins’s famed English translation of the Bhagavad Gita—a metaphysical text and the centrepiece of the Mahabharata—had been carried out under the direct patronage of the East India Company in 1785. But his manuscript output—much of it unpublished—is significant, such as his glossary of Hindi and Bengali words (Eur.MSS D130), or his own attempts at translating the first canto or Adiparva of the Mahabhrarata. In this case too, we have both the fair and rough copies, in Wilkins’s hand, as we as that of scribes. Other MSS also emerged, some unattributed, all comprising early attempts at chipping away at the textual mountain that was the Mahabharata. The choices of the passages taken up for translation are revealing, and seem to signal towards a process of miniature canon-formation. What is also interesting are the transliteration strategies employed by Wilkins in his 1780s translations, where Sanskrit names are Bengali-ised, a tendency which is reversed by the Wilson team. Though the project did not closely study questions of linguistic register and style, one could not help but take note of the comparative merits or demerits of the translations–Wilkins’s translation, for example, is rendered in a surprisingly modern idiom, and does not suffer in comparison to the authoritative translation carried out a century later by Kisori Mohan Ganguly.
A third, wholly unexpected figure stepped up in course of the research—none other than the Governor-General-in-Council Warren Hastings himself. Hastings was an enthusiastic champion of Wilkins and his role in the securing funding for the latter’s Gita is well documented, but his own attempt to translate the Mahabharata—as part of a love-letter to his future wife Marian Imhoff—came as a revelation, and adds a further strand to the already complex tapestry of the early Orientalist engagement with the epic.
Some questions remained unanswered, owing to lack of sources and/ or time. I was unable to find evidence of payments made to the translators by the East India Company for their work on the Mahabharata. More sifting of the Company papers may throw up more information on this. As I had indicated in my original proposal, the historical diaspora of material—especially from MSS—from India to depositories in the West is in itself worthy of study. Thus the history of acquisition, cataloguing, and preservation of material is also a part of the life of a textual object; in the case of the BL, particularly, the trail of acquisition would often grow cold after a point, or provide only partial information. Part of the story may also be located in Calcutta, especially in the holdings of the Asiatic Society.
In 2024, I expect the following publications to result from the research:
-a scholarly article on the Wilson project (work ongoing)
-a slim volume, provisionally titled ‘The Love-Song of Warren Hastings, Esq.’, featuring his translation from the Mahabharata with annotations, written for a more general readership (work ongoing)
I also hope to explore funding opportunities to digitize the Wilson MSS, particularly of the Mahabharata.
Thanks to the generosity of the grant made by the Willison Foundation Charitable Trust, I was able to spend over five weeks in London and Oxford consulting the sources. Owing to the voluminous archives (over a hundred volumes of Wilson papers alone), it was necessary to devote a considerable length of time to the MSS. Without the support of the Trust, this project would have been impossible to carry out, even in a shortened form, and I am grateful to the Trustees for their support and encouragement for the project.
Renske Hoff, Lecturer in Middle Dutch Literature, Utrecht University.
‘Souters and Psalteriums: Paratext and Readership in Middle Dutch and Latin psalters in the Low Countries, c. 1480-1510’
In the project ‘Souters and Psalteriums’, undertaken with financial help of the Willison Foundation Charitable Trust, I have studied the use and (intended) readership of Latin and Dutch psalters printed in the Low Countries (current Netherlands and Belgium) between 1480 and 1510. In this period, nine Middle Dutch editions and twenty-five Latin editions of the book of Psalms were published in this area. I worked on this project between May and November 2023. With the received grant, I have been able to study books from libraries in England, Germany, and Belgium in July and November. In England, I have visited the British Library in London. In Germany, I have visited the Bayerische Statsbibliothek in Munich and the Württembergische Landesbibliothek in Stuttgart. In Antwerp, I have visited the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience and the library of Museum Plantin Moretus. In this report, I will indicate how I spend the money, reflect on the results of my research, and look towards the future.
As stated above, I have been able to visit five libraries in three countries. Contrary to what I expected and indicated in my application, I was not able to visit the Bodleian Library and Cambridge University Library during my stay in England; I hope to visit both libraries at my own expense sometime next year. Furthermore, rather than travelling to Berlin, I realised that a visit to Antwerp would benefit my research more. I decided to visit the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience and the library of Museum Plantin Moretus.
The study of the various copies has allowed me to formulate some preliminary conclusions about the paratext, layout, and intended readership of the Latin and Middle Dutch psalters.
Middle Dutch printed psalters sometimes contain Latin incipits that help users connect the Middle Dutch translation to the Latin text. This will have played a role in navigation, as other religious textual devices – such as liturgical overviews – would often provide the incipit of a psalm rather than its number. Latin psalters do not contain Middle Dutch incipits.
All Middle Dutch printed psalters studied in this project were in sextodecimo. With regard to Latin psalters, there is more variety. These psalters were published both in sextodecimo and octavo size.
The Middle Dutch editions often contain paratextual material alongside the psalms, including a preface, short introductions to each psalm, and several supplementary hymns and prayers. In general, the Latin psalters contain less paratext. Prefaces and introductions are absent.
The Middle Dutch nor the Latin psalters contain musical notation.
All Middle Dutch editions were printed on paper. The majority of the Latin psalters were as well, but a few were printed on parchment.
Regarding layout, the Latin psalters show more variety than the Middle Dutch psalters. Some Latin editions have their lines further apart to allow for extensive annotations (as have indeed been added to the 1496 copy in Munich) or provide space for hand-added musical notation, as is the case in a copy of a 1502 psalter by Hugo Janszoon van Woerden in Amsterdam (University Library, Inc. 407), studied not as part of but still in relation to this project. However, most editions – both Latin and Middle Dutch – have a similar, simple layout. They are all printed in a Gothic type, single column, with simple devices, such as pilcrows and printed initials, to indicate the beginning of each new psalm.
A number of Middle Dutch psalters are decorated with extensive penwork, done professionally or by a user him- or herself. This is generally absent in the Latin psalters.
In general, these results appear to indicate that some Middle Dutch and Latin psalter editions share a certain reading public, but that the Latin psalm books were produced in more variety, addressing a wider public and more diverse contexts of use. However, I have realised that I need more material to confirm this preliminary conclusion. At the moment, I am extending my research corpus by studying copies of Latin and Middle Dutch psalters located in various libraries in the Netherlands. I aim to present these results in an article, which I will hopefully be able to write in Spring 2024.
As explained in my application, this study was part of a larger research project dedicated to Psalm culture in the Low Countries around 1500. I am currently working on an application to the Dutch Research Council (NWO) for a large postdoc fellowship. The project ‘Souters and Psalteriums’ has been significant for this larger project in the following main ways:
It has enhanced my understanding of the differences and similarities between Latin and Middle Dutch psalters, confirming the relevance of approaching psalm culture as a multilingual affair.
It has strengthened my conviction that paratext and layout can provide valuable insights into intended readerships, both within religious and lay contexts.
It has emphasised the multidimensionality of the use of psalters: as textual containers, as material object, as visual things, and as enablers of song, performance, and prayer.
I will continue working on the topic of psalm culture in the Low Countries. The project undertaken with the financial support of the Willison Foundation Charitable Trust has been fruitful both for my research and for my personal development as a researcher.
Priti Joshi, Professor of English, University of Puget Sound.
‘For Illustrative Purposes Only: From Wood to Litho to Photo in 19th Century Indian Newspapers.’
Thanks to the generosity of the Willison Foundation, I was able to travel to the UK in June/July 2023 for almost four weeks. During this time, I conducted research on images in the 19th century Indian press, as well as studied the technologies used for mass-producing images, primarily woodcut/engraving and lithography, in the 19th century.
In London, my archival research was centered on the British Library, with forays to the Wellcome Centre, the Victoria & Albert Museum, and the National Archives. (The British Museum, where I was hoping to access materials was unable to accommodate me.) At the BL I was able to consult and study closely a broad range of illustrated periodicals between 1850 and 1890. With loupe and light in hand, I discovered, for instance, that images that I had taken to be wood-cuts were in fact lithographs (and in some cases vice versa).
I had taken the Delhi Sketch Book’s images to be woodcuts, but the signature on an image from that publication – a salamander whose tail curls into the word “lithog” – clearly indicates that the journal was at least occasionally using lithography for its satiric images. Details from Mookerjee’s Magazine, one of India’s earliest review magazines, suggests that rather than following in footsteps of the satiric, Bengali-language Basantak that preceded it by about five years and that relied on woodcuts, Mookerjee’s used lithography instead. Time poring over images at the BL taught me that though in British periodicals ‘wood was king’ late into the 19th century (displaced only by two-tone photographic images), in India lithography dominated in periodical images.
In London I also had archival successes at the Wellcome Institute and the Victoria & Albert Museum. As I embarked on the project, I was looking to trace the representations of figures in the press to 18th century oil portraits; what I had not anticipated was turning my attention ‘downstream’, as it were, to inexpensive, street prints that proliferated in the bazaars of 19th-century India. Both the V&A and Wellcome Institute have collections of prints produced in the Batalla market of Calcutta and sold for a few annas (pence). My access to these prints was a break-through for my research and project. While I have yet fully to absorb and formulate the meaning of these findings, my preliminary assessment is that Batalla prints show a far greater syncretism and cosmopolitanism than the prints produced and consumed by a growing middle-class elite in newsprint.
My weeks at London libraries were punctuated by a two-day workshop on lithography at the Centre for Book Cultures and Publishing at the University of Reading. This fantastic event allowed me to converse with scholars such as Michael Twyman and Fiona Ross, as well as emerging scholars such as Vaibhav Singh (who works on Indian periodicals and type design) and Borna Izadpanah (who works on lithography in 19th and 20th century Iran). Along with the research findings I describe above, this workshop opened my eyes to the centrality of lithography in the 19th century print market.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Thomas Bewick territory, was my next stop – and revelation. Though I had anticipated staying in Newcastle only a short time, I extended my trip to ten research days as the archive there felt like a cloud-burst opening up. When I headed to Newcastle, the questions I was seeking answers to appeared a long-shot (after all, Bewick and his workshop methods were distant – calendrically and geographically – from Indian periodicals). Notwithstanding the unclear relation between my research questions and Bewick’s wood engraving methods and workshop organization, Peter Quinn, the president of the Bewick Society, kindly gave me his time, expertise, and vast knowledge during my stay in Newcastle. I am especially grateful to him for introducing me to Chris Daunt, a master wood-engraver who allowed me to crash his day-long workshop on wood-engraving; while my engraving was decidedly below-par in terms of skill, what I learned in that workshop about Bewick and wood engraving methods were invaluable. The archival door that swung open into a veritable treasury was the Newcastle City Library whose archivists were enormously generous in bringing out a wide range of Bewick materials: carved woodblocks, proof books, and many editions of his books. The latter made clear that the levels of degradation even after frequent printings from the same block was minimal. Though I am not a Bewick specialist, I have already crafted a short newsletter-style piece on Bewick’s vignettes and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre (that novel famously opens with the young Jane securing Bewick’s British Birds for company as she shuns and is shunned by her cruel aunt and cousins).
Though I had intended to travel to Manchester, the archival finds in Newcastle were so rich and productive that I decided to forgo that trip. The weeks of research this past summer were stupendous: in just over three weeks, I returned home with some 1,200 image scans! I am deeply grateful to the Willison Foundation for making this research possible; I will be drawing on this archive for many years to come.
In July, I presented a paper at the Research Society for Victorian Periodicals in which I incorporated some of my findings of the Batalla woodcuts. I have incorporated materials from the Bewick archive in my teaching already (in a class I taught this past term on Jane Eyre) and am working on a short article on Bewick’s vignettes and the ways their meaning shifts as their location in his various volumes shifts. I have completed an article on the borrowings and exchanges between Indian and British illustrated periodicals (‘Periodical Transactions: The Indian Press Repurposes the British Press’) that is in final editing stages and slated to appear in the Routledge Companion to Global Victorian Literature and Culture, edited by Sukanya Banerjee and Fariha Shaikh. A paper on labour and labouring conditions in wood-cutting workshops is partially completed and is my next project to come out of these archival gatherings. I am still grappling with my research finding about the central role of lithography in Indian periodicals, but understand now that the interplay between wood and stone will be a central facet of my next publication/this project.
Nicholas Pickwoad, Professor Emeritus, University of the Arts London.
‘Report on the examination of the 12 manuscript notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci in the library of the Institut de France in February, 2024.’
I spent the three weeks from 4-26 February in Paris examining the 12 notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci in the company of the Leonardo scholar Carmen Bambach, Curator of Drawings and Prints at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. This allowed us three working weeks (Monday to Friday) of continuous study, from 12.00 noon, when library opened to readers, until 6.00 pm, when it closed. Because of these somewhat limited hours, we worked each day without a break, for the full 6 hours, sitting side by side in the reading room of the Institut, under the watchful supervision of different members of the library staff. We established a routine of work, initially each of us examining one notebook at a time, and then swapping them over, before calling for the next pair of manuscripts, but once the library staff had got used to us and what we were doing, we were given remarkably free access to the notebooks, and we were able to revisit ones already seen to check on details and to have more than the allotted number of two notebooks on the desk at the same time, to allow comparisons to be made. We brought with us a cold-light source with a fibre-optic swan-neck light guide, and we were able to borrow a second one from the conservator at the Fondation Custodia, which allowed each of us much greater access to controlled lighting, including transmitted light photography to try to record watermarks. We also made use of my Dinolyte Digital Microscope to record details at high magnification, and were allowed to take as many photographs of the mss as we needed.
We worked through the notebooks more or less in shelfmark order and were just able to examine all of them within the time available to us, though inevitably more time would have been useful. I took my photo-lights, tripod and camera in order to take high quality images, but it quickly became obvious that we did not have time for this level of photography, and made use instead of a small digital camera and an iPad as we examined the books. This meant that we were unable to take the transmitted-light photographs of the leaves that we had hoped to have, though we were able to photograph a large number of the watermarks. There is still work, however, to be done on the paper used in the notebooks.
I was able to carry out a thorough analysis of all the bindings, and although it had hitherto been believed that only one of the notebooks, Paris M, was in the state in which Leonardo handled it, and therefore in its first and only professionally-made longstitch binding, I was able to establish that the four other longstitch bindings are also all in their first bindings and thus also survive as they were when acquired by Leonardo. Three of them, MSS Paris E, F, and G, clearly came from the same source, most probably a Milanese stationer, showing identical sewing patterns and the simplest possible covers of cartonnage. MS Paris L was a little more sophisticated, with a cover of blue cartonnage, which retains most of a secondary cover of white paper. Paris M has a stronger structure with secondary pierced supports of parchment on the spine. Such informal notebooks are the sort of bound books that seldom survive, and certainly not from this early date (ca 1500), and these survive because they were treated from the time of Leonardo’s death in 1519 with something of the reverence given to holy relics, and were left untouched. Had they belonged to someone less famous, they would probably not have been preserved intact. None of the notebooks in other collections have survived in these bindings, though it is clear that part of one of the Forster Codices in the V&A (Forster II) preserves the six gatherings from such a binding, probably in the same order in which they were acquired as a blank note book.
Four of the books (Paris MSS A, B, H and I) are now in parchment-covered bindings of the same type as the three Forster Codices and the Codex Trivulzianus, which I examined in the Castello Sforzesco in Milan in 2019. With the exception of the six gatherings from a notebook mentioned above, all these books are made up from the separate, unbound, tacketed quires that were presumably made up in Leonardo’s workshop and used on a daily basis, and in which they appear to have survived until he died. His heir, Francesco Melzi, collected them together in different volumes and had them bound in new longstitch bindings sewn though thick cartonnage covers. The four Paris examples of this type all bear evidence of their earlier history as separately-sewn gatherings. The sides of these cartonnage covers were subsequently cut off, and new parchment covers were added, secured to the bookblocks with the slips of endbands, worked with a secondary sewing in coloured silk thread. All of the covers have fore-edge envelope flaps with loop and toggle fastenings. It has been suggested that these covers may have been added in Spain, though as one is to be found on the Codex Trivulzianus, this seems unlikely, as there is no evidence that this book has ever left Italy.
The leaves stolen from MSS A and B by Guglielmo Libri were returned to the library bought from the collection of Lord Ashburnham, and these too we examined. Their removal in fact opened up access to the structures of the notebooks from which they we taken which would not otherwise have been accessible. The leaves remain in the guard-book bindings made for them after their removal.
While I was studying the bindings, Carmen Bambach was working on the composition of the contents, and throughout our work we were able to ask questions of each other, each proposing ideas that other would see as possible or impossible according to our own specialist knowledge. It was highly productive collaboration that exceeded my most optimistic expectations. A considerable amount of data was assembled, but we were handicapped by what the on-line photographs of the mss did not provide, and which we were not able to photograph within the scope of our visit. The notebooks were all photographed in such a way (with 360° lighting) as to eliminate shadows, thus hiding much of the information one would hope gain from the surface of the paper (such as evidence of the felt side of the paper, the texture of the laid moulds and watermarks, erasures, etc.). We were also unable to take transmitted-light photographs of more than small details (such as some of the watermarks).
The question of photography formed part of the discussion which took place in a meeting at the end of our visit with Yann Sordet, directeur des bibliothèques de l’Institut de France and Sabrina Castandet-le Bris, conservatrice en chef of the library. Our case for the need for further photography of the manuscripts was greatly assisted by the discovery by Carmen Bambach the previous day of a hitherto unrecorded drawing by Leonardo in one of the notebooks. This was finely executed with a metal point, as was his habit for the preparation of his more carefully executed drawings, but never completed in ink. It shows some complex groined vaulting, possibly intended for the cathedral in Milan, and is completely invisible unless viewed with raking light, and does not therefore show up in the on-line images.
We also asked about the possibility of photography of the whole collection using transmitted light. This would not only give an accurate record of all the watermarks, but would also allow the virtual reconstruction of the sheets from which the notebooks were made which would in turn allow missing leaves to be identified (and possibly found in other collections) and establish how the existing gatherings, many of which in MSS A, B, H and I are very irregular in their composition, were put together.
Yann Sordet undertook to explore the possibility of further photography by the Institut, as well as the possibility of the Institut publishing a book on the notebooks, to include the Forster Codices and the Codex Trivulzianus. He is to propose this work and the publication to the board of the Institut. He also invited us to return to the Institut for such further examination of the notebooks as might be necessary to complete our work. Carmen Bambach and I are in the meantime assessing and putting in order the data we recorded, but as she is currently heavily involved in the preparation for a major Raphael exhibition in the Metropolitan Museum in New York, this is inevitably slow work.
Asha Rogers, Associate Professor in Contemporary Postcolonial Literature, University of Birmingham.
‘A publishing history of the Igbo language novel Omenuko (1935), by Peter Nwana’.
The Trust funded a significant portion of research towards a publishing history of Peter Nwana’s novel Omenuko (1934), widely believed to be the first published novel in the Igbo language. That it did not appear in English translation until 2014, despite its considerable cultural status regionally in Nigeria including as an examination text, raises important questions about the non-circulation of literatures composed in African languages. The research contributes directly to work on twentieth-century African literature and its publishing conditions, including scholarly outputs.
The research was organised in the following way:
Provenance and sponsorship (1928-1948): To illuminate how Omenuko emerged as a text in relation to religious, publishing, and other British-based agencies involved in its commissioning, publication and sale, thereby increasing our understanding their historical role in making African language publications available on certain terms.
Language and materiality (1935-1963): To analyse the forms of linguistic difference rendered in four materially distinct editions in 1935, 1951, 1958, and 1963, studies in light the available archival information on commissioning, , and sales. To identify how material issues of language, including standardisation, institutionalisation, and translation, might bear upon the interpretation of the text.
Provenance and sponsorship
I was able to identify some aspects of the novel’s origins during research visits to the Methodist Missionary Society at SOAS and the archives of the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures at the LSE.
The International Institute’s Executive Council minutes between 1926-1939 showed the extent to which its assemblage of interests – religious, educational, anthropological and those relating to imperial governance – were mediated through the annual prize ‘for Vernacular Books Written by Natives’. It was under these conditions that Omenuko came into being initially as an entry that received a second place ‘consolation prize’. In this scenario, missionary anthropologists and others who perceived themselves as a progressive, culturalist influence on imperial policymaking took on the role of literary critic, committed to producing ‘authentic’ ‘African’ literature according to its pre-given judgments. The ample evidence of such thinking in the minutes speaks to a colonial politics of location where the spoken worlds of language, its newly alphabetised forms, and the ownership of writing through formal authorship was entangled with the relations between locals and outside agencies like the IIALC.
Unfortunately, it was not possible to locate the relevant folders holding the reader reports delivered by African language specialists of a European background, nor evidence of Nwana’s initial entry. This demonstrates a potential limitation of the ‘organisational’ approach; granular material on Nwana’s life and writing conditions lay ‘on the ground’ in south-eastern Nigeria; and of the archival approach, in which documentary evidence may still prove unexpectedly ephemeral. The extent of the IIALC’s role in supporting original African-language writing and, of the potential changes Nwana wrought prior to publication following its feedback, thus remain an ongoing enquiry.
The stage was to consult the papers of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, principally the Methodist West African Literature Committee, set up in 1922 to supply English language materials to West African primary schools, and the main repository of information about the business dealings of the Atlantis Press, an imprint of the Methodist Missionary Society for overseas sales, which had published the first edition of the novel in 1935. The Minute Book not only documented annual the sales of the novel from 8 copies in 1936 to an impressive, if not massive, 5000 copies at its seventh impression in 1949, showing a steady drip effect of sales into the changing world of the forties.
It also clarified its position outside the main business of the Press (religious publications and school textbooks), which was buffeted by rivals such as Longman, and existed in wider colonial markets (non-saleable texts were potentially redirected to West Indian markets). Omenuko was dubbed ‘Ibo story book’ by the Press, including in a particularly striking discovery, a hand-inscribed internal copy of the first edition held by the Press. It was the only African-authored individual work that I could see signs of. It generated some profits as a side-enterprise and complemented the Press’s extant interests in developing a ‘vernacular literature’ evident elsewhere (e.g. the publication Parables in Ibo; the Methodist Synod’s interest in educating an African in English studies at Exeter University to take over the vernacular strand of the business).
Although the Minute Book confirmed Omenuko was sold on to Longmans, it did not explain why. Outstanding questions include how and why this rival was able to extract the title, what attracted the press to Nwana’s book in the first place other than its novelty, and the sizeable issue of reception in the missionary school system. My research also benefitted from the SOAS Library’s collection of rare African studies and colonial titles.
Language and materiality
For all its strengths in grappling with issues of materiality, the history of the book as a discipline has not always engaged questions of language and language diversity, nor the materiality of language (see McDonald 2016). Among the most exciting parts of this research, then, was to spend time identifying changes in the different versions of Igbo orthography in which Omenuko appeared in various editions. This involved close work with original books and printed orthographies at British Library and SOAS, sourcing the extant 1963 edition in consultation with librarians at the Library of Congress, and liaising with Igbo cultural consultant Yvonne Chioma Mbanefo, who confirmed the various orthographies had been correctly identified. Digital reproductions of the parts of the four editions helped me analyse publishing and copyright information, and document how the rival orthographic systems bearing on written Igbo in the 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, bore upon the material book. This suggested to me that Omenuko’s fate as a work of African-language writing was made provincial partly through larger disputes over language and writing systems.
Conclusions and outcomes
I have presented work-in-progress to the ‘New Directions in Indigenous Book History’ on the historical and contemporary significance of the material book to Indigenous peoples. I have also written a 10,000-word research article, submitted Open Access to an international peer-reviewed journal, which documents the research described above on institutional provenance and patronage, and the intricate and decisive ways language and its materiality impacted Omenuko as a printed book and its circulation. The visual presentation and impact of this article will be greatly enhanced by the 4 high-resolution colour images of the various editions of the novel, the inclusion of which has been made possible by the Trust funding my acquisition of digital reproductions of sufficient quality.
The article marshals histories of publishing, translation and educational institutionalisation to intervene on debates on literary circulation and the geographical relation between the “local” and the “global” in world literary studies. It elaborates new insights into the novel’s reception based on my recuperation of a bootleg adaptation of Omenuko in the Nigerian newspaper the Daily Star in 1976 (unexpectedly made available to me locally on microfilm by the Library of Congress and University of Birmingham Library, which was not ultimately covered by the grant). It is this final example of the novel’s material life, I suggest, which promises to change how we read Omenuko from a text of putatively ‘local’ relevance to one with a much more expansive world, uses, and set of audiences, in view.
Sydney Shep, Reader in Book History, Victoria University of Wellington.
‘Joyce in the Antipodes: the Chelsea Book Club connection’.
The aim of this research project was to reconstruct the history of the London-based Chelsea Book Club [CBC] and analyse its role in the antipodean distribution of the first edition of James Joyce’s Ulysses. The research was divided into two main segments: archival research at the National Library of Australia in Canberra which holds the personal papers of Arundel del Re [ADR], the founder of the CBC; and archival research in London at the British Library and the London Metropolitan Archives. While in Toronto I consulted the Virginia Woolf archive at Victoria College, my former alma mater, and met with Claire Battershill, one of the principal researchers on the Modernist Archive Publishing Project [MAPP]. As a result of a meeting with Nicola Wilson, MAPP’s project lead, in London in 2023, I will make a further research visit to Reading University’s Hogarth Press Archive in July 2024, in conjunction with the SHARP annual conference in Reading, where I am delivering a paper on the subject of my research. During this time I will also return to the British Library to continue my research, interrupted last year due to industrial action.
Arundel del Re’s personal papers deposited at the National Library of Australia (MS 1879) in Canberra proved to be an exceptionally rich source of information about this enigmatic figure who straddled many worlds and many places. Although posthumously purchased from the family, it was clearly a collection curated by ADR during his lifetime. Spartan early life history sources were fleshed out by many drafts of his many newspaper and magazine articles, public talks, lectures, and academic writings including transcript variants of his ‘Georgian Reminiscences’ the oral history recordings of which are housed at the JC Beaglehole Room at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Substantial correspondence with Japanese colleagues and friends provided evidence of his long-standing interest in Japanese culture and the impact he made on their professional and personal careers during his residency there and in Formosa (Taiwan) from 1927-1954. Notable lacunae were substantive references to his London period with Harold Munro, The Poetry Review, and the Poetry Bookshop as well as any mention of the Chelsea Book Club. As was discovered later, his personal effects including correspondence and books were confiscated when he was interned in Tokyo during WWII as a foreign national with sympathies to the Italian King rather than Communist Party and Mussolini. The idea that ADR brought his personal copy of Ulysses with him to New Zealand was, therefore, finally dispelled.
The British Library houses the extant UK-based correspondence, diaries, and manuscripts of Harold Monro (BL Monro papers, Add MSS 57734-68), the key literary figure with whom del Re was associated in Florence and London. In addition, the papers of the journalist Ruth Tomalin (BL Add MSS 89048) who embarked upon a biography of Monro’s wife, Alida Klemantaski, revealed an unexpected treasure trove of correspondence – mostly reminiscences – from ADR sent in the hope that she might write his biography. Unfortunately, due to ongoing industrial action, the Manuscript Reading Room was closed for the two weeks I was scheduled to be in London. Despite ordering up material from these collections and having an initial tantalising glimpse, I had to wait until the strike action was finished before I could access them again. With no time left for transcription and because personal photography or digital scans were not permitted, I had to order photographic reproductions which cost £1,068.
In the meantime, I had a very productive time tracking down ADR’s copious journalistic writings through the British Newspaper Archive and reconstructing his life in London (1911-1917) and Oxford (1921-1927) where, in addition to being the Taylorian Lecturer in Italian and the Italian Delegate for the League of Nations, he co-founded the Oxford Arts Club and Oxford University Operatic Society, and was involved with the Dramatic Society and various literary enterprises including those based at Basil Blackwood’s Broad Street bookshop.
In 1919, ADR established the Chelsea Book Club at 65 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea. This was the same year that Sylvia Beach founded Shakespeare & Co., in Paris. The two booksellers, who had previously met in Paris while ADR ran intelligence for the Italian Military Consul during the war, had similar aspirations and operated across similar literary networks. As the publisher of Ulysses, Beach was a key node in the often clandestine distribution of this work, documented by Seymour Leslie in his 1964 memoirs. Although I have yet to find any extant business archives, advertisements for CBC are found sprinkled throughout the leading literary and art periodicals of the period and reviews in mainstream newspaper media. ADR makes a guest appearance in Virginia Woolf’s diaries, CBC bookseller’s tickets and invoices can be found in online antiquarian booksellers’ listings, and the London business directories of the time include CBC. Several photos of the Cheyne Walk location complete with signage, window displays and browsing patrons were discovered at the London Metropolitan Archives. Local business directories proved that the Club continued after ADR left for Japan in 1927. It moved to 326 Kings Road, Kensington in 1929 and was managed by a consortium of amateur booksellers: Hon Oliver Brett, O[live] Guthrie, Seymour Leslie, and Morton Sands. The Club disappears from the public record in 1931. Of note, the original Cheyne Walk location was taken over by the Johnson Head Bookshop run by A. and L. Whitehead from 1929-1931.
ADR’s bookselling enterprise stocked rarer English language titles and international authors, underpinned by a lifelong philosophy that international understanding was best achieved through the eye and the mind. He was also well connected with the local and international art scene. One of the unique features of the CBC was its exhibitions, ranging from drawings and prints by Cezanne and Renoir, paintings by Augustus Johns and Walter Sickert, and prints by Eric Gill to the first exhibition of African (Congolese) sculpture in the UK, famously reviewed by art critic Roger Fry. Advertisements reveal that the CBC stocked fine press books, including those from the Hogarth and Ovid presses, something in keeping with ADR’s own experiences of editing two Golden Cockerel Press titles: The History of Pompey the Little (1926) and Troilus & Criseyde (1927). However, when he published work under the CBC imprint, his output was far more limited than anticipated: two books and one broadsheet. Nine Songs from the Twelfth Century French (1920) translated by Claude Colleer Abbot featured five woodcuts by Claude Lovat Fraser (who had been affiliated with Monro’s Poetry Bookshop) and was produced in a limited edition of 50 copies. The bilingual New Keepsake for the Year 1921 was a far more ambitious project of 600 copies, 50 of which were on Japanese vellum, and featured poems, stories, essays, original woodcuts and etchings edited by X.M. Boulestin and J.E. Laboureur. Finally, the Chelsea Book Club Broadsheet No. 1 was an excerpt from Virginia Woolf’s short story, “The Mark on the Wall” with two woodcut images by her sister, Vanessa Bell.
My research to date has uncovered a complex, networked history of Arundel del Re. The bibliographic component of my application is ongoing, having morphed into a bibliography of ADR’s writings as well as a census of the known copies of Ulysses sold by the Chelsea Book Club. Once completed, these will be posted online. Archival absences have led me to re-engage with a career-long interest in auto/biography, resulting in some notable outputs and publications, listed below. I have also developed a new research platform that reframes the theory and method of auto/biography as it engages with ‘big biography’ and generative artificial intelligence. My BSANZ and SHARP conference papers introduce these concepts and a Marsden Fund application is in the review process.
Outputs to date:
Preliminary bibliography of the writings of Arundel del Re, including journalism, academIc writing and editing;
Preliminary bibliography of the Chelsea Book Club’s publications;
Census of CBC copies of Ulysses, tracking current owners and provenance;
“Ulysses Number 82: a bibliomystery,” public talk, Wellington Wayzgoose 2023, 25 November 2023;
“Joyce in the Antipodes: the Chelsea Book Club connection,” conference presentation, Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand, 27 November 2023;
“In pursuit of Arundel del Re: scholar, translator, bibliophile,” book chapter for New Zealand Encounters with Japan, ed. Yushi Ito, Zane Ritchie, Kaori Hakone, Josai University, 2024;
“Conversations with History: Auto/biography and Generative AI,” conference presentation, SHARP Reading 2024, UK;
“Arundel del Re and the Chelsea Book Club: A Modernist Experiment,” book chapter for Knowledge, Reading and Culture: Studies in Information Practice Festschrift for Archie Dick, ed Matthew Kelly, De Gruyter, January 2025.
My sincere thanks to the Willison Foundation for enabling me to undertake this research and open the door to a fascinating new area of study.
Michael Van Hoose, PhD candidate, Department of English, University of Virginia.
‘John Dickinson and the Economics of Early Machine-Made Paper, 1810–1840.’
With the support of the Willison Foundation Charitable Trust, I conducted a month-long survey of the business records of John Dickinson (1782–1869), one of the leading figures of the nineteenth-century paper industry, at the Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies (HALS). The grant came at a fortuitous time as I finished my PhD and set out to write a monograph on the economics of the British book trade during the Industrial Revolution. Dickinson serves as a crucial case study for this topic. Besides being the inventor of the cylinder-mould papermaking machine, Dickinson had close ties with two of London’s leading book tradespeople, the printer Andrew Strahan and the publisher Thomas Norton Longman. The primary goal of my project was to elucidate the growth of Dickinson’s papermaking and stationary businesses and to trace his connections with Strahan, Longman, and the London book trade during the first phase of his career, during which he erected four machine-powered mills and a rag processing plant near Hemel Hempstead.
The Trust’s generous grant of £4,000 covered the expenses of a one-month trip to Hertford. In all, I consulted roughly 5,000 pages of archival material at HALS, including all of Dickinson’s surviving business records through to 1840. The grant afforded me the luxury of time to be thorough, to document my progress methodically in order to ensure accurate citations, and to take legible photographs for reference when I return to the US. These steps were crucial for Dickinson’s papers at HALS, as the only extensive study of the materials, Joan Evans’s The Endless Web (1955), predates Victoria Brunton’s systematic catalogue. Unlike the Longman Archives in Reading and the Strahan Papers at the British Library, the Records of John Dickinson and Company have not been reproduced in microfilm. As I plan out my monograph, the trip to Hertfordshire has made it possible for me to write a dynamic account of the interactions among all three firms.
My first priority was to study Dickinson’s financial accounts, which comprise 40 volumes across the period 1801–1840. Of these records, the most actionable—though unfortunately not always the most legible, owing to faint ink and occasional water damage—were Dickinson’s Company Accounts of 1821–1840 (HALS D/EDi/1/3/1/1–16), prepared during his successive partnerships with T.N. Longman’s brother George and son Charles. These accounts contain detailed inventories of the paper held at Longman & Dickinson’s stationary business at 65 Old Bailey, including the numbers of reams of various sizes and grades they had in stock and their valuation by cost. These records make it possible to trace the growth of Longman & Dickinson’s stationary business, which included the wholesale distribution of paper made at Dickinson’s mills alongside the output of other mills. The financial statements also include outstanding debts to Longman & Dickinson from their customers, the largest of whom were prominent London publishers and retail paper merchants.
Other aspects of Dickinson’s accounts have proven more challenging to interpret. Although the Company Accounts include valuations of the operating capital at Dickinson’s mills, they do not seem to proffer a clear record of Dickinson’s papermaking machines and other equipment. Dickinson’s Cash Books (D/EDi/1/3/9/1–16) and Bank Pass Books (D/EDi/1/3/13/1–4) are similarly vexing: they contain day-by-day accounts of Dickinson’s transactions, but most of the records only give a name and a numerical sum without further clarification. To be sure, these records are instructive, especially in the case of Dickinson’s large interest payments to Strahan on his loans and the mortgages of two of his mills. Although I expect to find much useful information in these records, it will take some effort for me to make the most of them. Another area in which HALS’s coverage proved somewhat mixed was in the documentation of Dickinson’s inventions. For instance, I had been intrigued to see that the collection included an 1804 manuscript of Dickinson’s patent for the cylinder-mould papermaking machine (D/EDi/1/4/1), but this turned out to be a fair copy of the patent: it contains some interesting marginal notes and revisions, but no original diagrams or other materials absent from the patent filing itself.
These mild frustrations were offset by troves of information that I had not expected to find on Dickinson’s partnerships, mill properties, and dealings with book tradespeople. Of these records, the most arduous to read were the many parchments containing deeds, copyholds, and leases for the various properties on which Dickinson operated, some of which contain detailed colour maps of the properties and their outlying areas. Before visiting HALS, I had also failed to appreciate the quantity and depth of Dickinson’s surviving correspondence, especially with his later partner Charles Longman (D/EDi/1/10/35) and with various of his customers in the book trade. In one particularly instructive 1818 letter to Lepard & Smith apologizing for delays in the manufacture of post printing paper (sheet size c. 19 × 15 in), Dickinson gives one of the clearest statements of the productive capacity of one of his cylinder machines: “the machine . . . turns out full 300 reams per week.” (D/EDi/1/10/34).
In addition to Dickinson’s records, HALS also proved to hold other materials relevant to the history of early machine-made paper. The most important materials I found were a collection of business records from Henry Fourdrinier, whose entrepreneurship of the Fourdrinier papermaking machine helped to spur Dickinson’s invention of the cylinder-mould machine. Besides housing Fourdrinier’s letters to Christopher Thomas Tower, who leased him Frogmore Mill (80623–80690), HALS also holds a complete inventory of Frogmore’s machines and equipment prepared by the engineer Bryan Donkin in 1810 (80856). For the purposes of my monograph, this discovery was a welcome surprise. Besides clarifying the relationship of the Fourdrinier family’s manufacturing operations to their stationery and patent business, these records offer a rare glimpse of Henry Fourdrinier in his own words, outside of the ponderous legal proceedings that followed from his financial ruin in 1810.
I would like to reiterate my thanks to the Willison Trust, whose generosity has helped me immensely during my transition from graduate school to professional scholarship. When the Trust accepted my application during the last weeks of my doctoral studies, I had not yet conducted any sustained archival research apart from consulting microfilm reproductions. Having completed my project, I feel far more confident in my ability to make independent use of primary sources. For the purposes of my monograph, the research I have conducted at HALS will furnish material for two chapters: one on the Longman-Strahan Dickinson triumvirate, and another discussing the entrepreneurial contexts of Dickinson’s and Fourdrinier’s inventions. My analysis of Dickinson’s mills has also provided crucial context for a separate project in analytical bibliography, for which I am measuring variations in the machine-web seam marks left on printing paper that Dickinson sold to Longman. I hope that the scholarship I am able to write thanks to the Trust’s grant will help to advance book historians’ understanding of the interactions between the book manufacture and publishing during a period of rapid change in the British public’s engagement with print.
Reports from 2020 Projects
Please note that, because of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-21 and its aftermath, those holding grants for 2020 were faced with many and continuing problems. For this reason, some of the reports below are interim ones.
Hyei Jin Kim, St Hugh’s College, Oxford
‘The World According to PEN and UNESCO: Literature as Patrimony and Property from 1920s to the Present’.
In January 2020, the Willison Foundation Trust generously provided me with a grant to visit the UNESCO Archives housed in its headquarters in Paris and I was able to conduct two weeks of research here in late February 2020. The main Archives hold documents produced before 1966, including those pertaining to the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) in the 1920s and 1930s; Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME), and UNESCO Preparatory Commissions in the 1940s. The Annex Archives, in contrast, hold documents between 1967 and the present. As the Annex Archives were open only in the mornings and by appointment, I spent the mornings in the Annex and afternoons in the main Archives. I examined mainly the correspondence files (divided into three series), publication files, and UNESCO’s own printed collections held in its Library. Except for the publications in the Library, the files were all individually labelled by their subject and for this reason I spent some time looking through the card catalogues and compiling a long list of relevant materials. I am grateful to the archivists, who kindly assisted me in searching the printed catalogues and online databases to locate the exact files I wished to consult. Overall, I did not have much difficulty accessing the material; however, there were a handful of files that were inexplicably missing or unfortunately destroyed by fire, while the documents dated after 1999 were still under embargo. I shall detail three select findings, namely on translation, literary publications, and PEN International.
Translations
I initially indicated in my application that I wished to consult materials on UNESCO’s book and translation programmes throughout the 20th century, including its efforts to promote the Universal Copyright Convention. When I consulted the folders related to copyrights, it quickly became clear that these consisted mainly of administrative and/or technical documents that were largely irrelevant to my research. Instead, I was intrigued by the documents of the IIIC (those that have not been digitised on UNESCO Archive’s website), CAME, and Preparatory Commissions that recorded various projects promoting translated books between 1922 and 1946, the most notable of which were the IIIC’s Ibero-American and Japanese Collections published in the 1930s. The entire collections were available in the UNESCO Library and these books provided a useful comparison with UNESCO’s own Collection of Representative Works and insights into its early history. While many of the early ideas did not come to fruition, these were significant findings for my thesis as they illustrated the origins of UNESCO’s book programmes and, more broadly, the intricate connections between these entities and their successor, which are not widely explored in critical studies. Discovering this early history enabled me to trace the organisation’s own intellectual history and more fully to understand its central ideal that promoted translated books as a means of mutual understanding and world peace.
The Archives also held considerable materials on UNESCO translation programmes that were active from 1950s onwards. I was familiar with the early stages of the Collection of Representative Works, which translated literatures around the world mainly into English and French, but I could not find much information about the project in its later years and hoped to discover how it changed (or did not change). I was thus delighted to find many correspondence files and other documents in the Annex Archives that revealed the project’s increasingly complex inner workings. For instance, the project on the one hand endeavoured to expand its geographical reach in the 1970s and 1980s but on the other resisted modifying its original policy. This tension was soon increased by significant budget cuts. I was equally delighted to find many folders on the International Council for Philosophy and Human Sciences (ICPHS), one of UNESCO’s own NGOs, which provided valuable information not only on the role of ICPHS but also on the actual makings of the Collection in the later years. I unexpectedly came across some files on UNESCO’s literacy projects wherein the organisation produced reading materials, including the literary ones, for its member countries via translation. While these literacy projects were by no means specific to literature, I gained a better sense of UNESCO’s overall translation programmes that ranged from producing booklets for the ‘new literates’ to publishing books for more educated readers. Overall, these materials answered my numerous questions about the project and confirmed that the Collection indeed remained as the literary translation project throughout the 20th century, this despite the financial difficulties and the organisation’s increasing interest in literacy and cultural development.
Literary Publications
The UNESCO Library holds most of, if not all, the physical copies of the Collection and other literary publications, many of which are not easily available in other libraries. Using this vast resource, I was able to examine the paratexts, including the book covers, blurbs, prefaces, and/or forewords, of various books from the Asian and the European Series, and study how these books were circulated to English-speaking readers, mainly in Britain and the United States. While the designs were vastly different depending on the publisher, the paratexts generally did not mention the name ‘UNESCO’ in an explicit manner, indicating American and British commercial publishers’ cautious approach to presenting books sponsored by the (Western) multistate body.
The Archives’ publication files further complemented these investigations. The Archives kept a number of files on the books published by UNESCO or jointly with external publishers and, while a handful of files were missing or lost, I was delighted to find some publication data about the Collection as this information was not easily available, and could only be speculated on. The data I gathered included contracts, copyright arrangements, royalty payments and, on occasions, sales figures, which showed the actual outcomes and reception of these publications. Except for a few bestsellers, the books did not seem to be popular or as widely circulated as I had assumed, providing a new insight into the reality and afterlife of the Collection in the international book market.
PEN International
The files on PEN International, the second organisation central to my overall thesis, were very illuminating. There were only a few relevant documents in the 1940s and 1950s, which were scattered across different folders and thus difficult to track down. Those from 1960s onwards, however, were substantial and organised by date. There was not as much information about PEN’s literary publications as I had hoped but the files instead illustrated a rich, entangled history of the two organisations, ranging from their numerous collaborations, failed projects, debates, and conflicts. While it is difficult to summarise the findings of this considerable and varied collection, it primarily showed how the differences between a non-governmental organisation and a multistate body greatly impacted their collaboration in promoting and publishing literary translations. UNESCO and PEN each had their own ideas of the nation, state, language, and literature, which at times came into conflict and (unexpectedly) shaped the final result of their cooperative programmes. The constant negotiations over the subventions for literary projects further showed how the two organisations influenced, or attempted to influence, each other in making their own versions of world literature. The files overall provided detailed insights into UNESCO’s relations with PEN, which gradually evolved from simple collaborations to a dynamic and at times (in)tense partnership, and various translation initiatives that reflected and addressed the broader debates on decolonisation, cultural developments in the so-called ‘Third World’, and even literacy.
This invaluable, in-depth research would not have been possible without the generous grant from the Willison Foundation Trust. The materials I gathered from this trip significantly improved and expanded my doctoral thesis; I wrote a new chapter that examined the heritage of UNESCO’s book and translation projects. I am currently working on another chapter about UNESCO’s complex relations with PEN. I have as well revised and updated the pre-existing chapters on the Collection based on this new research. I also relied on these new materials for my conference paper, which I presented at ‘Art and Action: Literary Authorship, Politics, and Celebrity Culture’, a conference that was unfortunately cancelled due to the pandemic but revived in a digital format in August 2020.
Professor Rachael King University of California, Santa Barbara
‘Improving Literature: The Textual Forms of Eighteenth-Century Progressive Thought’.
Interim report provided 10th November 2022.
In August 2022, I was able to complete the archival research that had been postponed since August 2020 due to the global Covid-19 pandemic. I travelled to Oxford and Cambridge to conduct research at the Bodleian Library and Cambridge University Library. During this trip, I undertook archival research for Chapter Four of my in-progress monograph, Improving Literature: Media, Environments, and the Eighteenth-Century Improvement Debate. This chapter, ‘Keeping an Account: Improving Women and the Spaces of Self-Improvement’, examines how the debate on what constituted ‘improving literature’ for women highlighted the material forms in which women wrote and read. The archival research for this chapter discusses pocket diaries, a hybrid manuscript-print genre that encouraged women to keep an account of their daily activities with blank spaces for entering expenses and memoranda. I argue that this form explicitly supported conservative emphasis on women’s ‘improvement’ while implicitly offering a space for subversion of those standards.
Both the Bodleian Library and Cambridge University Library hold examples of pocket diaries that provided valuable support for my argument. At the Bodleian, I viewed the more than two dozen pocket diaries of Julia and Anne Woodforde, which span the 1830s to 1870s. These diaries feature two sets of handwriting, one of which uses the diary for its usual purpose of recording social occasions and the other of which uses it to keep a gardening calendar. They also show how people would switch between different diary titles, as the sisters did not purchase a particular diary each year but alternated between Rees’ Improved Diary or Memorandum Book, Pennys’ Annual London Diary and Almanack, Poole’s Select Pocket Remembrancer, The Ladies’ Pocket Book, and other titles. Some of the diaries, such as Marshall’s Ladies Fashionable Repository, include fashion engravings. At the Bodleian, I also viewed a printed Almanach de Lausanne, which the owner had used to keep a diary of travels in Europe, and William Stukeley’s notebooks, which he also entered on blank pages of printed almanacs. These diaries help me show how users turned printed annual books to their own purposes.
At Cambridge University Library, I also viewed diaries and journals, including Quaker teenager Mary Howard’s copy of The Minor’s Pocket Book, for the Youth of Both Sexes from 1813, in which Howard created her own symbol system to track her progress in reading as well as her continuing inability to live up to her own standards. In addition, I examined a handwritten book titled Writing and Arithmetic with Merchants-Accompts, an elaborate workbook mimicking print for the study of handwriting and penmanship exercises. Although it is directed to merchants, the book is inscribed ‘Rachell Tapper Her Book’. These materials will be crucial in bringing actual women’s diaries into conversation with the advice of conduct literature as well as proto-feminist responses in the later eighteenth century. The Willison Trust Fellowship allowed me to fund travel to England to complete this research as well as to begin writing the chapter, which is now about 50 percent drafted.’
Suzan Alteri, Baldwin Library of Historical Children’s Literature – Special and Area Studies Collections University of Florida .
‘Guiding Science: Women-Authored Science Books for Children, 1790-1890’.
Interim Report
I was able to complete the first of my proposed research trips to the UK in late February 2020 just prior to the Covid-19 pandemic. During this trip, I was able to visit five different archives to collect and analyse documents relating to the following writers: Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Priscilla Wakefield, Sarah Scudgell Wilkinson, Mary Pilkington, Maria Edgeworth, Sarah Lee, Maria Hack, and Mary Somerville. From these initial sources, I have been able to ascertain two networks of women writers. Those connected to social circles of Maria Edgeworth, Mary Somerville, and John Herschel, and women writers linked through the Society of Friends active around the London area. This last network is of particular interest because it connects women who were aware of each other’s work though the Society rather than through personal friendships or correspondence. Barbauld connects through both networks, but it appears that she is the only link between the two. By studying the correspondence and notebooks of Mary Somerville, Maria Edgeworth, and Priscilla Wakefield, I was also able to identify the patterns of scientific research undertaken to write their books, as well as their reliance on connections to scientists to review manuscripts and offer scientific advice.
In addition to the research and writing networks above, I was also able to work in-depth with the Royal Literary Fund papers at the British Library. The case files of two writers – Mary Pilkington and Sarah Wilkinson – from the late eighteenth century reflect the perilous life of a female author who is unmarried and makes her primary income from writing. Both writers wrote many heartbreaking tales to the Royal Literary Fund for subsistence while trying to finish a number of manuscripts for publishers. The files of later nineteenth century writers, such as Agnes Giberne, illustrate progress made both by science and children’s writing through the intervention of Lord Balfour, then Lord of the Treasury.
The onset of the pandemic made further research trips impossible. Currently I am working on an article relating to my findings from the Royal Literary Fund papers. I have been able, from this early research, to update and significantly revise seven biographies of women writers who are part of the Guiding Science project. The chaotic academic environment in the US due to the pandemic meant that progress was slow.
Once international travel resumes, I hope to complete my research trips funded from this generous grant and submit a manuscript for publication to the Elements imprint at Cambridge University Press. I will be able to update the Trustees as to further progress made on the project and with dates for further research.
Professor Nicholas Mason, Brigham Young University
‘The literary periodicals of Britain’s Romantic age’.
In late 2019 I was awarded a generous fellowship from the Willison Trust to conduct research for an ambitious new history I am writing on the literary periodicals of Britain’s Romantic age. As outlined in my fellowship application, my original plan was to use funding from this award to help pay for trips to the Newberry Library in Chicago and the National Library of Scotland during the summer of 2020. But as COVID lead to travel restrictions and the closure of most major archives through the latter part of 2021, I requested and received permission from the Willison Trust to extend my timeline for using this award through the end of 2022.
In the interim, I used a small portion of the fellowship to subscribe to the British Library’s British Newspaper Archive, a remarkable database that includes near-complete runs of all major newspapers from the period I am studying. While newspapers factor less centrally in the narrative I am telling than magazines, annuals, and quarterlies, this resource allowed me to develop a clearer timeline for when literary reviews, gossip, and news began appearing in both local and national newspapers.
By the time travel restrictions were lifted, I had found alternate ways to conduct much of the bibliographic research that I had intended to do at the Newberry. So, while on sabbatical at the start of this year, I instead made two separate trips to the UK, where I spent a total of three weeks at the Wordsworth Trust in Grasmere, the John Rylands Library in Manchester, and the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh. Here is a brief review of the research I conducted at each site:
Wordsworth Trust (late February 2022): While my visit to Grasmere was primarily connected to entirely different research project on Dorothy Wordsworth’s journals, I spent part of my time there studying manuscript letters in which members of the so-called ‘Wordsworth Circle’ comment on the reviewing practices of their age and register their opinions on Blackwood’s, the Edinburgh Review, the Quarterly Review, and various other leading periodicals of the 1810s and 1820s.
National Library of Scotland (late March/early April 2022): Most of my time in Edinburgh was spent browsing the NLS’s remarkable archives of such major Romantic-era publishers of both books and periodicals as John Murray, Archibald Constable, and William Blackwood. Specifically, I focused on their ledgers (which provide crucial information on the economics of launching and maintaining a literary periodical) and correspondence (which are indispensable for understanding everything from relationships with contributors to back-room deals to secure favourable reviews to the grind of producing high-quality issues every month or quarter).
John Rylands Library (early April 2022): From Edinburgh I travelled to Manchester, where I spent two days at the Rylands studying the correspondence of Maria Jane Jewsbury, a young writer of the 1820s and 1830s who, before dying young, was considered one of Britain’s most promising ‘poetesses’ as a result of her prolific contributions to Manchester papers and literary annuals.
Neither of these trips across the ocean would have been feasible without the Willison Trust’s generosity, and I am immensely grateful to both Ian Willison for funding this award and the Foundation’s trustees for administering the programme. Although the pandemic postponed my research and, by extension, the projected completion date for this book (which now likely won’t be ready for submission until 2024 or 2025), the final product will be significantly better thanks to this funding, and I fully intend publicly to thank the Willison Trust in the acknowledgments page.
Ian Stuart Morrison, Libraries Tasmania
‘Completeness and Authenticity in Early Twentieth-Century Book Collecting’.
This project grew from my research into the Allport Library’s copy of The Description of a Voyage of Certaine Ships of Holland into the East Indies (1598). (‘A Description of a Voyage: The “Allport” Copy of STC 15193’, Script & Print 44.2 (2020): 69-89; and ‘An Addition to a Description: Further Notes on John Wolfe’s Houtman Narratives, STC 15193 and STC 11747’, Script & Print 45.2 (2021): 105-111.) That volume is ‘completed in facsimile’ and I became interested in larger questions: how were facsimiles made? How common was the practice? How long did it continue? What effect did it have on the desirability of the book so ‘completed’?
To clarify the boundaries: this project focusses on the practice of completing printed books in facsimile. It does not explore the practice of repairing manuscripts by inking in missing or damaged letters. Nor does it address commercial publication of facsimile reproductions of entire works. There are instances of facsimile publishing that shed light on the practice of completing in facsimile, but they are fundamentally different activities. A commercial reproduction involves making multiple copies, with all the attendant marketing and publicity. ‘Completing in facsimile’ is generally done to one particular faulty copy.
There are two main strands to my research: an examination of the records of the leading British bookseller Maggs Brothers, and an analysis of booksellers’ catalogues from the late nineteenth through to the mid-twentieth century. The analysis of booksellers’ catalogues is ongoing. Some suggestive patterns are emerging but it is too early to report in detail.
Maggs records from 1914 through to 1978 are held in the British Library. Funding from the Willison Foundation Charitable Trust and Tasmania’s State Library and Archive Trust enabled me to spend a block of weeks working through them. I samplied files at intervals from 1914 through to 1950. This paper is my first attempt at digesting findings from that research.
‘Everything that a flower should have’
A little way into my time at the British Library, I opened a file that presented a startlingly apposite metaphor.
On 30 September 1926, Liverpool businessman Leslie Fairrie wrote to Maggs:
I shall be greatly obliged if you can assist me in tracing an old story.
An Eastern potentate had among his subjects some wise men of exceptional wisdom, and some artificers of exceptional skill. Working together they produced a bouquet of artificial flowers so wonderful in texture, colour, perfume, and everything that a flower should have, that they regarded it as impossible to differentiate between them and the flowers they had imitated….
They took the real and the artificial bouquets to their king, told him what they had done, and asked him which was which.
He took a bouquet in each hand, and going to that corner of the palace gardens which was under the care of the chief Bee-Keeper, he planted them in one of the flower-beds …. Soon the bees came and hovered round them both, but only into the flowers of one bouquet did they creep in search of honey. ‘There,’ said the King, ‘is your answer’.
(BL Add MS 89311/1/546)
2. How and when were facsimiles made?
In the mid nineteenth century the finest facsimiles were made by hand, a process involving tracing another copy. Photography was used as early as the 1850s, and by the end of the century was capable of results equal or superior to all but the most accomplished hand facsimilist. (David McKitterick, Old Books and New Technologies, CUP, 2013; Nicolas Barker, Forgery of Printed Documents, Ancora, 2016; Sarah Werner, “Pen Facsimiles of Early Print” https://collation.folger.edu/2013/05/pen-facsimiles-of-early-print/.)
From the mid-1920s to the early 1950s Maggs worked with Riviere and Son, bookbinders, and the Courier Press, Leamington Spa, printers and engravers. Other firms appeared occasionally, but Riviere and the Courier Press were regulars. No single document sets out the process in detail, but piecing together individual comments in various letters a fairly clear picture emerges.
The first step was to photograph an original, usually in the British Museum. From this, the printer made a block. Maggs supplied paper matching as closely as possible the original. The book to be completed was also delivered to the printer, enabling them to work to the exact page dimensions and ensure that the colour of the paper matched the original, dyeing it if necessary. The book with its new facsimile leaves would then go to the binder.
Restoration or sophistication?
From the mid-1920s through to the early 1950s, when Maggs were offered a book completed in facsimile they invariably rejected it. They had good reason. Even if a facsimile was of an insignificant element, the aggrieved buyer could and did return the book and expect a refund. The sums involved could be substantial, as when the Cambridge bookseller Heffer paid £86 for a first edition of Humphry Clinker, and within a fortnight sought to return it ‘on the grounds that the half-titles of two volumes are in facsimile and that the other appears to have been substituted from another edition’. Heffer had purchased the book, presumably for a client, at a Sotheby’s sale; Maggs were liable because they had catalogued the books. (Sotheby to Maggs 13 Nov 1928, Add MS 89311/1/639.)
Analysis of dealers’ catalogues is so far tending to support the hypothesis that books completed in facsimile were becoming less attractive to wealthy collectors by the late 1920s, and continued to decline in value over the following decades.
This eminent, long-established, widely respected bookseller actually completed books in facsimile. Usually, Maggs would offer a recent or prospective purchaser the chance to have an incomplete book completed in facsimile; in most instances the book was exceedingly rare. When it was unlikely that another copy could be obtained, and the book was sought as much for its information content as its iconic status, the argument for completion became compelling. In 1951, Ken Maggs wrote to a client in Uruguay:
I have acquired recently a copy of the first edition of Buenos Ayres Truth and Reason 8vo 1807. I have had the second edition once in my life time but this is the first time I have had the original issue. Unfortunately, the last page which only contains a few words of print is missing and I am having it replaced by an exact facsimile, in fact, I doubt the difference will be discernible. (Maggs to Alberto Dodero, 8 June 1951, uncatalogued file 1683 Part 1.)
Relics and replicas: instruction and wonder in public collections
Museums have long used replicas in their displays, to protect precious original artefacts, and to illustrate and instruct. But museums also display relics, ancient objects that offer a tangible connection with another time, and instil a sense of wonder. The British Museum’s Sutton Hoo display includes a reconstruction of the shield, a replica that both improves understanding and enhances the wonder of the original artefacts displayed alongside it. Many of the V&A’s replicas, especially of medieval artefacts, have acquired such a patina of age that they now have the status of original artefacts themselves, albeit illustrating a different story from the one they were created to tell. Likewise, the facsimile leaves in the Allport Description of a Voyage perform their original function of filling a gap in the text, and also have their own story.
This is not to deny the importance of distinguishing original elements from later interpolations. The stakes can be high, for example the forgery of early editions of Galileo and Columbus in the early 21st century (Nick Wilding, ”Forging the Moon”, Papers of the American Philosophical Society 160.1 (2016): 37-72). My point is simply that every element of a book, every accretion, every loss, is part of its history. There are so many situations where a complete book is preferable to an incomplete one that the fastidious collector’s horror of facsimiles is really quite odd. If you want a first edition of Humphry Clinker because you are working on a critical edition, say, you can probably cope with a replica half-title. Maggs’ records show that by the 1920s, a mainstream commercial printer was able to produce facsimiles of such fidelity that the question of their ‘authenticity’ quickly becomes mired in abstruse philosophical arguments.
One last thought. Which is more authentic: a facsimile drawn by hand, or one produced by a complex industrial process? In the Treasures Gallery at the British Library I saw many wonder-inducing objects, not least a Shakespeare first folio. Intriguingly imperfect: the title page was supplied in hand-drawn facsimile, doubtless an accurate representation, but – perhaps it was the lighting in the gallery – somehow seeming to lack the density and gravitas of print. Yet in that ‘imperfect’ copy there is a work of art executed hundreds of years ago, a loving attempt to complete a famous book.
Reports from 2019 Projects
Ms Trude Dijkstra (PhD candidate in Cultural History at the University of Amsterdam)
The Production and Reception of Chinese medicine in Early Modern Europe.
A grant of £2890 generously provided by the Willison Foundation Charitable Trust allowed me to conduct a six-week research stay in London in November and December 2019, primarily to visit the Wellcome Institute and Library. The project towards which the grant contributed examines how the culture of print affected the introduction of Chinese medicine in early-modern Europe. It examines how the print-revolution met the until then unknown Chinese world and its medicine in the Dutch Republic. The objective is to analyse how producers of print influenced the transmission of medicinal information, and how readers received and applied this new knowledge. Through comparative analysis, this project assesses long-term developments and effects (1595-1750) of publishing strategies, marketing-structures, and the reciprocal relationship between printwork and its intended audience(s). Through systematic analysis of textual transmission in books, newspapers, journals, and pamphlets – together with handwritten ‘recipe-books’ – this research gauges the importance of authors, translators, printers, and publishers in shaping the ‘medical consumption’ of China, and how these representations influenced contemporary cultural and scientific discourses.
Over the course of six weeks I daily visited the Wellcome Institute and Library, the British Library St. Pancras, and/or the Warburg Institute to consult research materials, review literature, and discuss my findings and hypotheses with colleagues and peers. The Wellcome Institute explores ‘ideas about the connection between medicine, life and art’, focussing on the history of medicine in a broad sense. Its Library holds an extensive collection of unique materials. Most relevant for my purpose is their unrivalled collection of ‘receipt’ books, containing European recipes for medical (home) treatments. These show how literate Europeans incorporated Chinese medical ideas and products into pre-existing notions of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. These handwritten materials were supplemented by early modern newspapers, books, and learned journals held at the British Library, together illustrating the close connection between commercial goods arriving from Asia and their practical application in Europe. The book historical approach focussing on both manuscript and print therefore provided the ideal opportunity to study both production and reception of intercultural contacts between China and Europe during the early modern period.
To understand early modern representations of Chinese medicine, I aimed to analyse how texts are related to each other, and how the form in which texts and images are presented influenced the transmission of their content. The innovative character of this project lies in its pioneering a new focus on the materiality of the printed word, through an exploration of the influence of the form and presentation of printwork on the way in which knowledge about China was transmitted. This means that the proposed research methodology was highly interdisciplinary. I used a corpus of different Dutch text types on China, consisting of books, newspapers, learned journals, and pamphlets. The concept of transtextual transmission, derived from literary theory, provided an analytical tool that guided the selection criteria for this corpus. This concept illuminates the relationship between early modern Dutch texts on China and other texts, and how these relationships affect contemporary resonance. The transtextual component was complemented by a focus on paratext – a concept derived from the discipline of book history – which refers to those elements that surround and frame the main text (title-page, illustrations, paper, typeface) together with elements outside of the text (private letters, public announcements, reviews). The resulting data were analysed using an imagological method, derived from the discipline of comparative literature, which studies the ideological circumstances and cultural conventions that determine the emergence of ethnic and national stereotypes. Here, the dynamic of the discourse itself is essential, regardless of whether the stereotype adequately reflects reality. Finally, this research integrates the imagological approach with the book historical concepts of sociology and socialisation of texts and the circuit of communication. Both account for the importance of authors, translators, printers, publishers, editors, illustrators, and booksellers in shaping the medical consumption of China.
The Willison Grant allowed me further to explore academic research in all its forms, and to share my findings and historical curiosity with a broad range of people, both inside and outside academia. Even before the start of my research visit, I was invited to present my findings at the monthly meeting of the Bibliographical Society of London. There I gave a lecture on Chinese medicine in printwork produced in the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth century, opening the door to a publication in the Oxford University Press peer-reviewed journal The Library. Furthermore, I have started working on a peer-reviewed article aimed at the BMGN Low Countries Historical Review (Koninklijk Nederlands Historisch Genootschap). In the slightly longer term, the grant allowed me to work on a NWO-Rubicon Fellowship which will be submitted in spring 2020, not only as it provided the research foundation for this application but also because it helped me establish useful contacts in the Wellcome Institute, British Library, and Warburg Institute. In the long term, the Willison Grant works towards a NWO-Ve | ||||
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] | null | [] | null | In the first week of October each year, the recipients of the Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, Literature and Peace are announced, as Alfred Nobel stated in his will. First out is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine — and it is the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet that selects the recipients since 1901. | en | /themes/custom/theorell/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png | https://ki.se/en/about-ki/prizes-and-ceremonies/prizes-and-awards/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine | Few prizes attract the same attention worldwide and have such a rigorous selection process as the Nobel Prize. Thomas Perlmann is the one who makes that life-changing phone call the first Monday of every October. But it's actually not his favourite part of the job. Find out what thrills the secretary of KI's Nobel Assembly and Committee the most.
Most researchers will never come close to winning a Nobel Prize. But some are fortunate enough to work with one of the 200 or so living Nobel legends of the research world. Meet three of the lucky ones.
During Nobel Week, the world's eyes are directed towards Stockholm and ground-breaking research. For KI's researchers, it is a chance to focus on research that deserves more attention. Organize your event during the week and get traction in marketing via Nobel Calling Stockholm.
In 2022, research on the importance of Neanderthals to modern humans was rewarded. Or rather, how we carry their genes, which have been shown to be associated with both sensitivity to pain and the risk of developing severe covid-19, to name a few examples.
Svante Pääbo's Nobel Prize-winning research has also presented Denisovans, a previously unknown human species that has also contributed to the DNA of living humans.
The 2021 prize is about how people can feel temperature and touch. The discoveries explain basic functions in our lives and have opened doors to new treatments for pain, for example. We take for granted the fact that we can feel an icy wind or a hot plate, but how this actually works was discovered by the Nobel Laureates.
The 2020 prize awarded the discovery of the hepatitis C virus. Thanks to the work of the laureates, it is now possible to detect the virus in blood and to provide an effective treatment for the infection. It has saved the lives of millions of people. The prize also focuses on the importance of research into viruses.
The 2019 prize went to three laureates that explained a vital ability – how cells adapt to the availability of oxygen. These discoveries have opened the door to new strategies for combating anaemia, cancer and many other diseases and are now being investigated further at institutions like Karolinska Institutet.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to K. Barry Sharpless, Morten Meldal and Carolyn R. Bertozzi for the development of click chemistry, a quick and efficient way to build molecules. Several KI researchers use the “Lego-like” technique in their daily research and one has co-authored a study with one of this year's prize winners.
The 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry rewarded Benjamin List and David MacMillan for a new and ingenious tool for building molecules, asymmetric organocatalysis, which has contributed to more environmentally friendly chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing. KI researcher Per I Arvidsson was one of those who introduced organocatalysis in Sweden and says that the prize was expected.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna for the development of a method for genome editing. Several KI researchers use the method in their own research. “It’s the best tool to study gene function at the molecular level,” says KI Professor Galina Selivanova who has met one of the laureates. | |||||
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] | null | [] | 2024-06-03T00:00:00 | Among its distinguished alumni and associates, the University has links with many Nobel Prize winners. | en | The University of Edinburgh | https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/prize-winners/nobel | Among its distinguished alumni and associates, the University has links with many Nobel Prize winners.
The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by a group of Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of internationally significant cultural and scientific advances.
Established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, Nobel Prizes are awarded to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine.
Nobel Laureates
Some 19 Nobel laureates are directly affiliated with the University as alumni, faculty members or researchers.
The Nobel Prize in Physics
2013 - Professor Peter Higgs
Professor Peter Higgs received a Nobel Prize for his work in predicting the Higgs boson, which explains how fundamental particles acquire mass.
His theory was confirmed by the discovery of the predicted particle at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in 2012.
1958 - Professor Igor Tamm
Professor Igor Tamm, a former student, received a Nobel Prize for the joint discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect.
This can be used to measure the intensity of a nuclear reaction and how much radioactivity is left in spent nuclear fuel rods.
1954 - Max Born
The development of quantum mechanics was the subject of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics, which was awarded to Max Born, a Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh.
1917 - Charles Glover Barkla
Charles Glover Barkla, a Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University, was awarded a Prize for his discovery of characteristic X-ray elements. His work defined how X-rays behave. Barkla's Prize was presented in 191 later.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2017 - Dr Richard Henderson
Physics alumnus and honorary Doctor of Science Dr Richard Henderson was jointly awarded the prize with Professor Jacques Dubochet of the University of Lausanne and Professor Joachim Frank of Columbia University, New York, US.
Their award was made for developing cryo-electron microscopy, which has enabled high-resolution imaging of biomolecules in solution.
2016 - Professor Sir Fraser Stoddart
Chemistry alumnus Professor Sir Fraser Stoddart shared the Prize with Jean-Pierre Sauvage and Bernard Feringa for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.
The award recognised Professor Stoddart’s pioneering development of the rotaxane molecule, enabling molecules to move, which he did in 1991.
2002 - Professor Kurt Wüthrich
Visiting Professor Kurt Wüthrich received a Prize for the development of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy.
The technique enables scientists to assess the physical and chemical properties of compounds, and has greatly aided progression of the life sciences.
1978 - Professor Peter Mitchell
Peter Mitchell, a Visiting Professor at Edinburgh, discovered how cells generate the energy they need, called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by the movement of hydrogen across cell membranes.
1957 - Lord Alexander Todd
Lord Alexander Todd, a researcher at the University, was recognised for his work on the structure and synthesis of nucleotides, the molecules that form DNA, and their co-enzymes, which help the molecules to function properly.
1955 - Professor Vincent du Vigneaud
Former medical researcher Professor Vincent du Vigneaud was awarded a Prize for work that focused on unravelling the structure and synthesis of the hormone oxytocin, which is involved in childbirth, called. Artificial forms of oxytocin can be given to induce labour.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2017 - Professor Michael Rosbash
Professor Michael Rosbash of Brandeis University in Waltham, US, was a researcher at Edinburgh in the early 1970s.
He is one of three scientists recognised for their work in so-called circadian rhythms - the 24-hour cycle that controls sleeping, waking, and other basic processes in living things.
Professor Rosbash shares the prize with Professor Jeffrey Hall, also of Brandeis, and Professor Michael Young of Rockefeller University.
2014 - Professor Edvard Moser and Professor May-Britt Moser
Professor Edvard Moser and Professor May-Britt Moser, both university affiliates, received the Prize for their work on discoveries of spatial cells in the brain.
From 1995 to 1997, the husband-and-wife team worked as post-doctoral researchers with Professor Richard Morris at the University's Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems.
Edvard Moser is an Honorary Professor at Edinburgh.
2010 - Sir Robert Edwards
Sir Robert Edwards, an Edinburgh alumnus, won his prize for the development of in-vitro fertilisation, the technique behind test tube babies.
2001 - Sir Paul Nurse
Sir Paul Nurse, a former post-doctorate researcher at Edinburgh, was recognised for his discovery of a gene that controls cell cycle regulation. The gene - cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) - could aid cancer research.
1996 - Professor Peter Doherty
Professor Peter Doherty, an Edinburgh graduate, received his Prize for discovering how the body’s immune system protects against viruses
1946 - Professor Hermann Muller
Professor Hermann Muller, who worked at the University’s Institute of Animal Genetics, received his Prize for research that revealed the damaging effects of X-ray radiation.
The Nobel Peace Prize
1995 - Sir Joseph Rotblat
Sir Joseph, who was Montague Visiting Professor of International Relations at the University from 1975–1976, was awarded a prize for efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international affairs and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms.
His prize was shared with the Pugwash Conferences, an international organisation that sought to reduce the danger of armed conflict and to seek solutions to global security threats, particularly relating to nuclear warfare.
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics - The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, established in 1968, is also awarded annually. It is commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics.
1996 - Sir James Mirrlees
Former student Sir James Mirrlees was honoured for his pioneering economic theories, including studies on income tax.
Other affiliations to Nobel Prizes
There are a number of additional links between the University and the Nobel Prizes via other connections, with past and present rectors, honorary graduates and visiting students winning the awards.
The Nobel Prize in Physics
1947 - Sir Edward Appleton
Sir Edward Appleton, former Principal, received a Prize for his contribution to the development of radar.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
1953 - Sir Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Churchill, former Rector of the University, received the Prize for "his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values".
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2013 - Professor Randy Schekman
Professor Schekman, who studied as an undergraduate exchange student at Edinburgh from 1968–1969, shared the 2013 award with James Rothman and Thomas C Südhof for their groundbreaking work on cell membrane vesicle trafficking - a way in which cells transport materials.
1945 - Sir Alexander Fleming
Former Rector Sir Alexander Fleming was awarded a Prize for his discovery of the antibiotic penicillin.
The Nobel Peace Prize
2017 - Mr Daniel Högsta
Mr Daniel Högsta was a key member International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, which won the 2017 prize in recognition of ICAN’s work in driving the process to achieve the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.
Mr Högsta graduated from the Edinburgh Law School in 2012.
2014 - Malala Yousafzai
Honorary graduate Malala Yousafzai was recognised for her support of children and young people.
Ms Yousafzai is the youngest recipient to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
2007 - Professor Gabi Hegerl, Professor Mark Rounsevell and Dr Terry Barker
Professor Gabi Hegerl and Professor Mark Rounsevell, both of the School of GeoSciences, contributed to the work of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore.
Dr Terry Barker, a former student at Edinburgh, also took part in the work of the IPCC.
Nobel equivalent prizes
The University is also affiliated with two awards considered to be the equivalent of a Nobel Prize.
The Abel Prize, awarded annually by the King of Norway to one or more outstanding mathematicians, and the Association for Computing Machinery’s AM Turing Award, often referred to as the Nobel Prize of Computing.
Abel Prize for Mathematics
2004 - Sir Michael Atiyah
Honorary Professor Sir Michael Atiyah received an Abel Prize along with Professor Isadore Singer for the Atiyah-Singer theorem.
The theorem is considered one of the landmark discoveries of modern mathematics and is used in theoretical physics.
Turing Award
The annual Association for Computing Machinery’s AM Turing Award is recognised as the highest distinction in computer science and the equivalent of a Nobel Prize.
2018 - Professor Geoffrey Hinton
Professor Geoffrey Hinton, who undertook his PhD at Edinburgh, was presented with the 2018 Turing Award for work on deep neural networks.
2010 - Professor Leslie Valiant
Professor Leslie Valiant, who taught at Edinburgh from 1977-1982, won the Turing Award in 2010 for his contributions to computation theory.
2003 - Professor Alan Kay
Professor Alan Kay, an honorary graduate of the University, received the Turing Award in 2003 for his work on programming languages.
1991 - Professor Robin Milner
The 1991 Turing Award was given to Professor Robin Milner, who taught at the University of Edinburgh from 1973 until the early 1990s, where he co-founded the Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science.
He returned to Edinburgh in 2009 as a Research Fellow and held a part-time Chair of Computer Science post.
Related links
Nobel Prizes
Abel Prize | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 65 | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1943/doisy/biographical/ | en | Edward A. Doisy – Biographical | [
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] | null | [] | null | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943 was divided equally between Henrik Carl Peter Dam "for his discovery of vitamin K" and Edward Adelbert Doisy "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" | en | NobelPrize.org | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1943/doisy/biographical/ | Edward A. Doisy
Biographical
Edward Adelbert Doisy was born at Hume, Illinois, on November 13, 1893. He was the son of Edward Perez and his wife Ada, née Alley.
He was educated at the University of Illinois, where he took his A.B. degree in 1914 and his M.S. degree in 1916. From there he went to Harvard University, where he took his Ph.D. degree in 1920.
From 1915 until 1917 he was assistant in biochemistry at Harvard Medical School and from 1917 until 1919 he did war service in the Sanitary Corps of the United States Army. From 1919 until 1923 he was Instructor, Associate, and Associate Professor at Washington University School of Medicine and in 1923 he became Professor of Biochemistry at St. Louis University School of Medicine. In 1924 he was appointed Director of the Department of Biochemistry.
Doisy has been concerned chiefly with biochemical studies of the sex hormones and vitamins K1 and K2. At the St. Louis School of Medicine he worked in collaboration with Edgar Allen on the refinement of the vaginal cytology (or smear) technique for the big-assay of the potency of oestrogenic hormones in ovariectomized rats.
In 1929-1930 he succeeded in isolating oestrone, a feat independently accomplished at about the same time by Butenandt in Germany.
In 1936, in collaboration with MacCorquodale and Thayer, he recovered oestradiol from the ovaries of swine and estimated its concentration in the liquor folliculi.
In 1939 he succeeded in isolating vitamin K, which had been found, in 1935, by Almquist and Stokstad in alfalfa. Vitamin K was isolated in an almost pure form as a yellow oil by Henrik Dam, in collaboration with Paul Karrer.
In 1940 Doisy, in collaboration with Thayer, MacCorquodale, McKee, and Binkley, studied the analogues of vitamin K and established the distinction between vitamin K1 which they isolated from alfalfa, and vitamin K2, isolated from fish meal, which has an action similar to that of vitamin K1, but has a slightly different constitution.
Vitamin K was synthesized in 1939 by Louis Frederick Fieser and by Almquist and Klose, and by Doisy and his collaborators.
For their work on vitamin K, Doisy and Dam were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1943.
In addition to the work just mentioned, Doisy has improved the methods used for the isolation and identification of insulin and he has also made important contributions to the knowledge of antibiotics and blood buffer systems, and bile acid metabolism.
In 1939 Doisy published, in collaboration with Edgar Allen and C. H. Danforth, a book entitled Sex and Internal Secretions.
Apart from several medals and awards, Doisy holds honorary degrees of Yale, Washington, Chicago, Illinois, St. Louis, Central College; Gustavus Adolphus College, and Paris Universities. In 1932 and 1935, he was a member of the League of Nations Committee for the Standardization of Sex Hormones. He was President of the American Society of Biological Chemists in 1943-1945, of the Endocrine Society in 1949-1950, and of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine in 1949-1951.
In 1955 his Department was renamed the Edward A. Doisy Department in his honour.
Doisy married Alice Ackert in 1918. They live at St. Louis, Mo, and have four sons, Edward A. Jr., Robert, Philip, and Richard.
From Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1942-1962, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
Edward A. Doisy died on October 23, 1986.
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1943 | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 88 | https://case.edu/think/media/nobellaureates.html | en | Case Western Reserve University Nobel Laureates | [
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of Case Western Reserve University
1907: Albert Michelson is named first American scientist to win the Nobel Prize in physics.
1923: John J. R. Macleod, professor of physiology/medicine, wins the Nobel Prize.
1954: Frederick C. Robbins, University Professor who enjoyed a 50-year career at Case Western Reserve, wins the Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine.
1955: Polycarp Kusch, who earned a BS in physics in 1931, earns the Nobel Prize in physics.
1960: Donald A. Glaser, who earned a BS in physics in 1946, receives the Nobel Prize in physics.
1971: Earl W. Sutherland Jr., professor and chair of pharmacology, wins the Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine.
1980: Paul Berg, who earned a PhD in 1952, receives the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
1988: George H. Hitchings, a professor of biochemistry, is awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine.
1994: Alfred G. Gilman, who earned an MD and PhD in 1969, receives the Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine.
1994: George A. Olah, professor and chair of chemistry, wins the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
1995: Frederick Reines, professor and chair of physics, wins Nobel Prize in physics.
1998: Case Western Reserve trustee Ferid Murad wins the Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine. He earned an MD and PhD in 1965.
2003: Chemist and alumnus Paul C. Lauterbur shares the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Sir Peter Mansfield.
2003: Peter Agre, a former instructor at the School of Medicine, wins the Nobel Prize in chemistry. | ||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 0 | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine/ | en | All Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | All Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine | en | NobelPrize.org | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded 114 times to 227 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2023. Click on the links to get more information.
Find all prizes in | physics | chemistry | physiology or medicine | literature | peace | economic sciences | all categories
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024 will be announced on Monday 7 October, 11:30 CEST at the earliest.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023
“for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022
“for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021
“for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020
“for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus”
To cite this section
MLA style: All Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Wed. 24 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine> | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 46 | https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/joshua-lederberg/2502-nobel-prize/ | en | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | [
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] | null | [] | 2017-03-06T16:43:48+00:00 | By the mid-20th century, science had established several crucial facts about the capabilities of bacteria, a seemingly primitive, unicellular organism first classified in 1676. Some bacteria, scientists understood, can cause life-threatening disease; some are resistant to even the strongest antibiotics; and some that are neither virulent nor resistant to begin with can gain both virulence […] | en | /img/favicon/apple-icon-57x57.png?v=8 | Our Scientists | https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/joshua-lederberg/2502-nobel-prize/ | By the mid-20th century, science had established several crucial facts about the capabilities of bacteria, a seemingly primitive, unicellular organism first classified in 1676. Some bacteria, scientists understood, can cause life-threatening disease; some are resistant to even the strongest antibiotics; and some that are neither virulent nor resistant to begin with can gain both virulence and resistance. The question of how bacteria accomplish such sleight of hand, which had been subject to decades of logical but inaccurate speculation, was resolved by a 22-year-old graduate student in 1947. Joshua Lederberg, Rockefeller University’s fifth president, won a share of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of genetic transfer in bacteria.
Through the 1940s, scientific wisdom had it that bacteria do not have genetic mechanisms similar to those of higher organisms. The prevailing hypothesis, taught in Dr. Lederberg’s Columbia University medical school classes, classed bacteria with schizomycetes, organisms that reproduce by cloning. The 1944 discovery of Rockefeller scientists Oswald T. Avery, Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod that deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material in Pneumococcus proved that bacteria have genes and thus drew an unexpected parallel between bacteria and higher organisms. But their discovery, unconnected to a method of proliferation, was met with widespread skepticism. Inspired by the new evidence, Dr. Lederberg interrupted medical school to pursue experimental genetics with Edward L. Tatum, the Yale University chemist with whom he would later share the Nobel Prize.
Initial experiments with the intestinal bacteria Escherichia coli led Dr. Lederberg to estimate that only one in 20 strains are fertile, and that if bacteria mate, they do so only during a particular phase of their life cycle. After crossing two strains of E. coli, each with different mutations for nutritional deficiencies, he found that some of the offspring of each strain had regained the ability to produce the nutrients its parent could not. When that ability continued to be inherited by successive generations, Dr. Lederberg had effectively proved the textbooks wrong. He named the bacterial mating process conjugation, received his Ph.D. for this research and officially left medical school to continue in bacterial genetics. We now understand that bacterial mating occurs only through cell-to-cell contact, when a bridge is formed between the two cells that transports genetic information from the donor cell to the recipient.
Dr. Lederberg’s experiments also identified E. coli as a haploid that carries only a single chromosome and suggested that conjugation is a form of unequal horizontal gene transfer: Rather than exchanging genes equally, the mating bacteria transfer partial genetic material from one parent to the other. He also developed a technique that allowed for the identification of antibiotic- or bacteriophage-resistant strains without exposing the bacteria to the phage or the drug, and proved that resistance is a genetic mutation rather than an adaptation.
Following his seminal research at Yale, Dr. Lederberg accepted a position to chair the newly founded department of genetics at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. With his graduate student Norton Zinder — later a colleague at Rockefeller University — Dr. Lederberg showed that bacteriophages can transfer genetic information between cells in Salmonella. The process, which they named transduction, was the first demonstration that it is possible to introduce new genes into an organism and in other ways manipulate its genetic material. The discovery explained how different species of bacteria can so quickly gain resistance to the same antibiotic.
The scientific contributions of Dr. Lederberg’s pathbreaking foray into bacterial genetics are legion. His work gave scientists an experimental model whose simplicity and rapid growth made it ideal for genetic studies. His description of bacterial conjugation led directly to the distinction denoted since 1962 by the terms prokaryotic and eukaryotic. His findings led to research that elucidated the mechanisms of bacteriophages and other viruses; explained how cell growth is interrupted; and clarified how cancer progresses. And his description of transduction led to the development of gene therapy and contributed to the boom in biotechnology and genetic engineering in the 1970s. Dr. Lederberg received half of the 1958 Nobel Prize “for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria. Dr. Tatum and his colleague George Wells Beadle received the second half of the 1958 prize “for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events.”
CAREER
Born in 1925 and raised in New York City, Dr. Lederberg received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1947 and then joined the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where he founded the department of medical genetics 10 years later. In 1959, he moved to Stanford University, where he was chair of the newly established department of genetics. There he also expanded his research into the fields of artificial intelligence and exobiology. In 1978, Dr. Lederberg became the fifth president of The Rockefeller University, a position he held until 1990, when he retired from the presidency and became University Professor and head of the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics, where his research continued. Throughout his later research career, Dr. Lederberg was highly active in international science and human rights advocacy, serving as a public policy adviser to nine United States presidential administrations and authoring a weekly Washington Post column, “Science and Man,” for six years. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a foreign member of The Royal Society. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he received the National Medal of Science and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He died in New York in 2008. | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 92 | https://health.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/ucla-alumnus-ardem-patapoutian-shares-2021-nobel-prize-physiology-or-medicine | en | UCLA alumnus Ardem Patapoutian shares 2021 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine | [
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] | null | [] | null | en | /themes/uch_theme/favicon.ico | University of California Health | https://health.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/ucla-alumnus-ardem-patapoutian-shares-2021-nobel-prize-physiology-or-medicine | Neuroscientist Ardem Patapoutian, a UCLA alumnus, is one of two winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.
Patapoutian, a professor of neuroscience at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, shares the honor with David Julius, a UC San Francisco professor of physiology, for their discoveries of receptors in the body that respond to temperature and touch. Specifically, their research explains how temperature and pressure are converted into electrical impulses in the nervous system.
“Their discoveries have unlocked one of the secrets of nature by explaining the molecular basis for sensing heat, cold and mechanical force, which is fundamental for our ability to feel, interpret and interact with our internal and external environment,” the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet said in its announcement.
The Nobel committee said the pair’s findings are “being used to develop treatments for a wide range of disease conditions, including chronic pain.”
Patapoutian, who was born in Beirut, Lebanon in 1967, came to the United States in 1986 and earned his bachelor’s degree in molecular, cell and developmental biology at UCLA in 1990. His adviser was the late Judith Lengyel, herself a UCLA alumna, who was a professor at UCLA from 1976 to 2004.
It was as a UCLA undergraduate that Patapoutian began working in a research laboratory.
“I fell in love with doing basic research. That changed the trajectory of my career,” he told The New York Times in an interview. “In Lebanon, I didn’t even know about scientists as a career.”
UCLA Chancellor Gene Block said: “The Nobel Prize is a monumental and well-deserved recognition of Ardem Patapoutian’s research into how humans perceive and adapt to their environments. Professor Patapoutian’s story also vividly illustrates how a UCLA education helps prepare our students to change the world. The entire Bruin community can take pride in his achievement.”
In 2020, Patapoutian and Julius shared the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, which is presented by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Watch a 2020 World Science Festival video about their work here.
The Nobel committee said in its announcement that their findings are “being used to develop treatments for a wide range of disease conditions, including chronic pain.”
The prize for physiology or medicine, which was first presented in 1901, is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and is worth 10 million Swedish kronor (about $1.14 million).
In addition to the eight UCLA graduates who have won Nobel Prizes, eight UCLA faculty members have been named Nobel laureates: Willard Libby (chemistry, 1960), Julian Schwinger (physics, 1965), Donald Cram (chemistry, 1987), Paul Boyer (chemistry, 1997), Louis Ignarro (physiology or medicine, 1998), Lloyd Shapley (economics, 2012), J. Fraser Stoddart (chemistry, 2016) and Andrea Ghez (physics, 2020). Stoddart was a Northwestern University faculty member when he received the honor, but much of the work for which he was recognized was conducted at UCLA from 1997 to 2008. | |||||
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] | 2023-10-02T07:06:22+00:00 | The Nobel Prize in medicine went to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for discoveries that enabled the development of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. | en | /apple-touch-icon.png | AP News | https://apnews.com/article/nobel-prize-medicine-71306bd18785477f3a85a69caa6e09c9 | STOCKHOLM (AP) — Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in medicine on Monday for discoveries that enabled the creation of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 that were critical in slowing the pandemic — technology that’s also being studied to fight cancer and other diseases.
Hungarian-American Katalin Karikó and American Drew Weissman were cited for contributing “to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health,” according to the panel that awarded the prize in Stockholm.
The panel said the pair’s “groundbreaking findings ... fundamentally changed our understanding of how mRNA interacts with our immune system.”
WHAT IS THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR?
Traditionally, making vaccines required growing viruses or pieces of viruses and then purifying them before next steps. The messenger RNA approach starts with a snippet of genetic code carrying instructions for making proteins. Pick the right virus protein to target, and the body turns into a mini vaccine factory.
In early experiments with animals, simply injecting lab-grown mRNA triggered a reaction that usually destroyed it. Those early challenges caused many to lose faith in the approach: “Pretty much everybody gave up on it,” Weissman said.
But Karikó, a professor at Szeged University in Hungary and an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and Weissman, of the University of Pennsylvania, figured out a tiny modification to the building blocks of RNA that made it stealthy enough to slip past immune defenses.
Karikó, 68, is the 13th woman to win the Nobel Prize in medicine. She was a senior vice president at BioNTech, which partnered with Pfizer to make one of the COVID-19 vaccines. Karikó and Weissman, 64, met by chance in the 1990s while photocopying research papers, Karikó told The Associated Press.
WHY DO MRNA VACCINES MATTER?
Dr. Paul Hunter, a professor of medicine at Britain’s University of East Anglia, described the mRNA vaccines made by BioNTech-Pfizer and Moderna Inc. as a “game changer” in shutting down the coronavirus pandemic, crediting the shots with saving millions of lives.
“We would likely only now be coming out of the depths of COVID without the mRNA vaccines,” Hunter said.
John Tregoning, of Imperial College London, called Karikó “one of the most inspirational scientists I have met.” Her work together with Weissman “shows the importance of basic, fundamental research in the path to solutions to the most pressing societal needs,” he said.
The duo’s pivotal mRNA research was combined with two other earlier scientific discoveries to create the COVID-19 vaccines. Researchers in Canada had developed a fatty coating to help mRNA get inside cells to do its work. And studies with prior vaccines at the U.S. National Institutes of Health showed how to stabilize the coronavirus spike protein that the new mRNA shots needed to deliver.
Dr. Bharat Pankhania, an infectious diseases expert at Exeter University, predicted the technology used in the vaccines could be used to refine vaccines for other diseases like Ebola, malaria and dengue, and might also be used to create shots that immunize people against certain types of cancer or auto-immune diseases including lupus.
HOW DID KATALIN KARIKÓ AND DREW WEISSMAN REACT?
“The future is just so incredible,” Weissman said. “We’ve been thinking for years about everything that we could do with RNA, and now it’s here.”
Karikó said her husband was the first to pick up the early morning call, handing it to her to hear the news. And Karikó was the one to break the news to Weissman, since she got in touch before the Nobel committee could reach him.
Both scientists thought it was a prank at first, until they watched the official announcement.
“I was very much surprised,” Karikó said. “But I am very happy.”
The two have collaborated for decades, with Karikó focusing on the RNA side and Weissman handling the immunology: “We educated each other,” she said.
Before COVID-19, mRNA vaccines were already being tested for diseases like Zika, influenza and rabies — but the pandemic brought more attention to this approach, Karikó said. Now, scientists are trying out mRNA approaches for cancer, allergies and other gene therapies, Weissman said.
“It’s already been going on for many years, but this has just given RNA the recognition,” Weissman said.
Karikó's family is no stranger to high honors. Her daughter, Susan Francia, is a double Olympic gold medalist in rowing, competing for the United States.
The prize carries a cash award of 11 million Swedish kronor ($1 million) from a bequest left by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The laureates are invited to receive their awards at ceremonies on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death.
Nobel announcements continue with the physics prize on Tuesday, chemistry on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced Friday and the economics award on Oct. 9.
___
This story has been updated to correct that Karikó is a professor at Szeged University, not Sagan’s University.
___
Corder reported from The Hague, Netherlands. Burakoff reported from New York. Associated Press writers Maria Cheng in London and Lauran Neergaard in Washington contributed.
___
The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
___ | ||
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] | 2017-10-10T10:54:08+00:00 | Nobel winners spend their prize money in various ways - for furthering scientific research; donations to institutions, people or a good cause; for personal pleasure, etc. | en | https://cdn.editage.com/insights/editagecom/production/favicon_0_0.ico | Editage Insights | https://www.editage.com/insights/ever-wondered-how-nobel-laureates-spend-their-prize-money | Editor’s Note: This post was originally published in 2015 and has been refreshed.
In November 1895, Alfred Nobel made his famous will, according to which most of his estate, worth 31 million Swedish Kronor (SEK) at the time (currently equivalent to about 200 million USD), was to be converted into a fund and used for the establishment of a prize, what we know of today as the Nobel Prize. The income from this fund was to be “distributed annually in the form of prizes to those who during the preceding year have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind." Thus, apart from the honor, prestige, and recognition that the Nobel Prize offers, the winners also gain financially from it. Every year, the winners receive a gold medal, a diploma, and a prize amount which is decided by the Nobel committee.
In 1901, the Nobel Prize money amounted to SEK 150,782 (currently equivalent to about 980,000 USD). It increased over the years, reaching 10 million in 2001. In 2012, the prize amount was reduced to 8 million SEK ($ 1.1 million) because of the global financial crisis, and has remained the same since. A million dollars is by no means a small amount even after it is taxed. Sometimes the prize money is shared by up to three people in which case the amount each person gets is lowered. Even so, whatever is left is still a significant amount. What do the Nobel Prize winners do with the prize money? Do they make expensive purchases for themselves, spend it for further research, or use it for a charitable cause?
Some of the Nobel winners have used the prize money for furthering scientific research. Marie Curie, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 along with her husband Pierre and Henri Becquerel for their work on spontaneous radiation, and they used the prize money for further research. This decision evidently reaped its rewards, as Marie Curie received the Nobel Prize again in 1911, this time in Chemistry, for discovering the elements radium and polonium.
Some philanthropic Laureates such as Albert Einstein and Paul Greengard have donated the Nobel Prize amount to institutions or people that have supported them. Albert Einstein won the Nobel in 1921 and left the entire prize money to his first wife Mileva Maric and their two sons. Possibly, he wished to show his gratitude to his wife, who, being a scientist herself, had assisted him in his work. Surprisingly, Einstein had made this arrangement in a notarized document at the time of their divorce in 1919, two years before he got the Nobel Prize! Neuroscientist Paul Greengard donated his 2000 Nobel Prize money to Rockefeller University, where he has been a professor since 1983, as a mark of gratitude. He then established a new award, the $50,000 Pearl Meister Greengard Prize for women with the intent of countering bias against women in science.
Some Nobel Laureates have simply donated the sum for causes they supported. For instance, Günter Blobel, winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, donated the entire sum for the restoration of a cathedral and construction of a new synagogue in the city of Dresden, Germany. George Smoot, co-winner of the 2006 physics prize, donated the amount to a foundation that matched the funds to support scholarships and fellowships. Smoot said, “This was effective, as if I had taken the prize, the United States and California would have taxed away half of it … This way much more funds went to young people in a way that may change their lives in a major way to the good.” John Mather, co-winner of the 2006 physics prize, donated his portion of the winnings to his John and Jane Mather Foundation for Science and the Arts, which supports dance, student fellowships, travel grants for NASA interns, and other projects.
Interestingly, many scientists also spend the amount on real estate, children’s education, payment of taxes, or fancy purchases. Wolfgang Ketterle at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, co-winner of the 2001 physics prize, spent his share on a house and his children's education. Physicist Richard Feynman, who won the award for physics in 1965, said he would use it to pay his income tax for the coming years. When Sir Paul Nurse won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2001, he decided to buy a high-end motorbike. Economist and MIT Professor Franco Modigliani who won the award in 1985, apparently used part of the amount "to upgrade his laser-class sailboat." Phillip Sharp, co-winner of the 1993 medicine prize used the money to buy a 100-year-old Federal style house. A fellow winner, British biochemist Richard Roberts, reportedly used the sum to install a croquet lawn in front of his house.
Deciding how to spend the prize money can take time. For one, new Laureates become so busy attending meetings, lectures, etc., that they are hard pressed for time. “I've not managed to think about the prize money. There have been great demands on my time," said Serge Haroche, joint winner of the 2012 physics prize, although he said he would probably look into real estate.
Laureates who cannot think of any appropriate expenditure save the prize money for future use. "Back then, I did nothing particular with that money," says molecular biologist Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, winner of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Nine years later, she donated a large part of her prize money to a charity she established to support women working in science in Germany.
Among the latest winners of the Nobel, the winner of 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics, Rainer Weiss of the Massachussets Institute of Technology (MIT), has decided to donate the prize money to his university. On the other hand, the 2017 Nobel Prize winner in Economical Sciences, Richard Thaler, joked that: "I will try to spend it as irrationally as possible!"
For winners of the peace prize, the decision is often easier as most of them are public figures, such as politicians, activists, and organizations. Many, like the US President Barack Obama in 2009 and the European Union in 2012, donate to charities. Others, like the 2006 winner Bangladeshi economist Muhammad Yunus and the 2008 winner, former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari, use the funds for social welfare projects.
While everyone is curious to know how Nobel Laureates plan to spend their prize money, needless to say, it is the honor associated with the prize that matters the most. As Philip Sharp, the 1993 winner of the medicine prize, rightly says, “Receiving the prize is a cultural event, not a financial one."
Related reading: | ||||
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] | 2014-10-06T04:00:00+00:00 | Join us for our full coverage of the 2014 Nobel Prizes. | en | AIP | https://ww2.aip.org/inside-science/nobel-prize-for-physiology-or-medicine-awarded-today-fun-facts-and-multimedia-updated | (Inside Science) -- Early this morning U.S. East Coast time, Goran Hansson, secretary of the Nobel Committee for physiology or medicine, announced the winners of the 2014 prize: John O’Keefe, and jointly to May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser. O’Keefe is from University College London, and the Mosers, who are married, are from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, in Trondheim. They are the fifth married couple to win the prize, and the first since 1947.
May-Britt Moser is the 11th female winner of the medicine prize. For a more thorough breakdown of some of the stats of the Nobel Prizes in science, please take a look at our infographic, which covers the prizes for medicine or physiology, physics, and chemistry, from their inception in 1905 through 2013.
Audio
Edvard Moser was on a plane during the announcement, a member of the committee said.
Here’s how Ian Sample, science editor from The Guardian reported that people were trying to figure out how to get word to the pilot.
Eventually, the plane landed, and Adam Smith, from Nobel Media managed to obtain a lively interview, as mentioned here by Magnus Gylje, also from Nobel Media:
Here’s Ian Sample’s short interview with John Williams from the Wellcome Trust about O’Keefe.
The prize is in recognition of the brain’s internal navigation system, made up of what are called grid cells and place cells. This isn’t the first time Inside Science readers have encountered grid cells. In fact, new laureate May-Britt Moser commented on a paper by Elizabeth Buffalo from Emory University, and others, for this 2013 Inside Science News Service story from writer Eleanor Nelsen.
The Nobel Prize amount for 2014 is set at Swedish kronor 8.0 million per full Nobel Prize. That means the full prize is about $1.1 million.
Update: 2:00 p.m. EDT
In this update, I’ll share some links and information about the two winners who share half the prize, May-Britt and Edvard I. Moser.
First, a video from the Norway University of Science and Technology showing May-Britt Moser celebrating her Nobel Prize win.
Here’s a well-timed profile of the two from Nature, released just this week(!), which includes a passage that reveals how their research explained some longstanding mysteries regarding the link between memory and physical location:
The New York Times profiled them in 2013.
Here’s a passage from that piece, explaining how a change in their experiment made the discovery of grid cells possible:
Here’s a video they recorded with the Times’ science editor David Corcoran , also in 2013.
And one more video, in which the Mosers describe the part of the brain that includes the grid cells, the entorhinial cortex.
Also worth reading are the following:
A joint interview with the journal Current Biology in 2012.
An interview with Edvard Moser in 2005 from Science, from the perspective of building a career. Looks like that has worked out pretty well.
I’ll be back with more in a little bit. In the meantime, check out our updated news story, for a full description of the science behind this prize.
Update: 3:00 p.m. EDT
According to reports from a press conference today in London, O’Keefe said that he’s still an active researcher.
And here he expands upon that, in an excerpt from an interview he gave upon receiving a different prestigious science prize earlier this year, the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience:
Here’s a radio report and transcript from The Naked Scientists. They talked to O’Keefe in 2013. He told the show that new technology is making the research even more exciting.
And here’s a nearly year-old press release about the 2013 Horwitz Prize, which O’Keefe also shared with the Mosers. It includes this sage nugget: | |||
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] | 2008-10-15T21:04:17+00:00 | en | /static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine | Year Image Laureate Country Rationale Ref 1901 Emil von Behring (1854–1917) Germany "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths" [13] 1902 Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) United Kingdom "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it" [14] 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860–1904) Denmark "[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science" [15] 1904 Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) Russia "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged" [16] 1905 Robert Koch (1843–1910) Germany "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis" [17] 1906 Camillo Golgi (1843–1926) Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" [18] Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) Spain 1907 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845–1922) France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" [19] 1908 Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916) Russia "in recognition of their work on immunity" [20] Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) Germany 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher (1841–1917) Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" [21] 1910 Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927) Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" [22] 1911 Allvar Gullstrand (1862–1930) Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" [23] 1912 Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) France "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" [24] 1913 Charles Richet (1850–1935) France "[for] his work on anaphylaxis" [25] 1914 Robert Bárány (1876–1936) Austria-Hungary "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" [8] 1915 Not awarded 1916 1917 1918 1919 Jules Bordet (1870–1961) Belgium "for his discoveries relating to immunity" [26] 1920 August Krogh (1874–1949) Denmark "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" [27] 1921 Not awarded 1922 Archibald Hill (1886–1977) United Kingdom "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle" [9] Otto Fritz Meyerhof (1884–1951) Germany "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" [9] 1923 Sir Frederick Banting (1891–1941) Canada "for the discovery of insulin" [28] John Macleod (1876–1935) United Kingdom 1924 Willem Einthoven (1860–1927) Netherlands "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram" [29] 1925 Not awarded 1926 Johannes Fibiger (1867–1928) Denmark "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma" [10] 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940) Austria "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica" [30] 1928 Charles Nicolle (1866–1936) France "for his work on typhus" [31] 1929 Christiaan Eijkman (1868–1930) Netherlands "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin" [32] Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947) United Kingdom "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins" [32] 1930 Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) Austria "for his discovery of human blood groups" [33] 1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970) Germany "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme" [34] 1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952) United Kingdom "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons" [35] Edgar Adrian (1889–1977) 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945) United States "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity" [36] 1934 George Whipple (1878–1976) United States "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia" [37] George Minot (1885–1950) William P. Murphy (1892–1987) 1936 Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968) United Kingdom "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses" [38] Otto Loewi (1873–1961) Austria 1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986) Hungary "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" [39] 1938 Corneille Heymans (1892–1968) Belgium "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration" [11] 1939 Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964) Germany "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil" [40] 1940 Not awarded 1941 1942 1943 Henrik Dam (1895–1976) Denmark "for his discovery of vitamin K" [12] Edward Adelbert Doisy (1893–1986) United States "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" [12] 1944 Joseph Erlanger (1874–1965) United States "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" [41] Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888–1963) 1945 Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) United Kingdom "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases" [42] Sir Ernst Boris Chain (1906–1979) Howard Walter Florey (1898–1968) Australia 1946 Hermann Joseph Muller (1890–1967) United States "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" [43] 1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984) United States "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" [44] Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896–1957) Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1887–1971) Argentina "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar" [44] 1948 Paul Hermann Müller (1899–1965) Switzerland "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods" [45] 1949 Walter Rudolf Hess (1881–1973) Switzerland "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs" [46] António Caetano Egas Moniz (1874–1955) Portugal "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses" [46] 1950 Philip Showalter Hench (1896–1965) United States "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects" [47] Edward Calvin Kendall (1886–1972) Tadeusz Reichstein (1897–1996) Switzerland 1951 Max Theiler (1899–1972) South Africa
United States "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" [48] 1952 Selman Abraham Waksman (1888–1973) United States "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" [49] 1953 Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981) United Kingdom "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" [50] Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899–1986) United States "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" [50] 1954 John Franklin Enders (1897–1985) United States "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue" [51] Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916–2003) Thomas Huckle Weller (1915–2008) 1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell (1903–1982) Sweden "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes" [52] 1956 André Frédéric Cournand (1895–1988) United States "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system" [53] Werner Forssmann (1904–1979) West Germany Dickinson W. Richards (1895–1973) United States 1957 Daniel Bovet (1907–1992) Italy "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles" [54] 1958 George Wells Beadle (1903–1989) United States "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" [55] Edward Lawrie Tatum (1909–1975) Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008) "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" [55] 1959 Arthur Kornberg (1918–2007) United States "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" [56] Severo Ochoa (1905–1993) United States 1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899–1985) Australia "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance" [57] Sir Peter Brian Medawar (1915–1987) United Kingdom 1961 Georg von Békésy (1899–1972) Hungary "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" [58] 1962 Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916–2004) United Kingdom "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" [59] James Dewey Watson (b. 1928) United States Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (1916–2004) New Zealand
United Kingdom 1963 Sir John Carew Eccles (1903–1997) Australia "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane" [60] Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1914–1998) United Kingdom Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917–2012) 1964 Konrad Bloch (1912–2000) United States "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism" [61] Feodor Lynen (1911–1979) West Germany 1965 François Jacob (1920–2013) France "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" [62] André Lwoff (1902–1994) Jacques Monod (1910–1976) 1966 Peyton Rous (1879–1970) United States "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" [63] Charles Brenton Huggins (1901–1997) "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer" [63] 1967 Ragnar Granit (1900–1991) Sweden
Finland "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye" [64] Haldan Keffer Hartline (1903–1983) United States George Wald (1906–1997) 1968 Robert W. Holley (1922–1993) United States "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" [65] Har Gobind Khorana (1922–2011) Marshall W. Nirenberg (1927–2010) 1969 Max Delbrück (1906–1981) United States "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" [66] Alfred D. Hershey (1908–1997) Salvador E. Luria (1912–1991) 1970 Julius Axelrod (1912–2004) United States "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" [67] Ulf von Euler (1905–1983) Sweden Sir Bernard Katz (1911–2003) United Kingdom 1971 Earl W. Sutherland Jr. (1915–1974) United States "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones" [68] 1972 Gerald M. Edelman (1929–2014) United States "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" [69] Rodney R. Porter (1917–1985) United Kingdom 1973 Karl von Frisch (1886–1982) West Germany "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns" [70] Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989) Austria Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–1988) Netherlands 1974 Albert Claude (1899–1983) United States "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell" [71] Christian de Duve (1917–2013) Belgium George E. Palade (1912–2008) United States 1975 David Baltimore (b. 1938) United States "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" [72] Renato Dulbecco (1914–2012) United Kingdom
United States Howard Martin Temin (1934–1994) United States 1976 Baruch S. Blumberg (1925–2011) United States "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" [73] D. Carleton Gajdusek (1923–2008) 1977 Roger Guillemin (1924–2024) United States "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" [74] Andrew V. Schally (b. 1926) Rosalyn Yalow (1921–2011) "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" [74] 1978 Werner Arber (b. 1929) Switzerland "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" [75] Daniel Nathans (1928–1999) United States Hamilton O. Smith (b. 1931) 1979 Allan M. Cormack (1924–1998) United States "for the development of computer assisted tomography" [76] Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield (1919–2004) United Kingdom 1980 Baruj Benacerraf (1920–2011) Venezuela "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" [77] Jean Dausset (1916–2009) France George D. Snell (1903–1996) United States 1981 Roger W. Sperry (1913–1994) United States "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" [78] David H. Hubel (1926–2013) United States "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system" [78] Torsten N. Wiesel (b. 1924) SwedenUnited States 1982 Sune K. Bergström (1916–2004) Sweden "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances" [79] Bengt I. Samuelsson (1934–2024) Sir John R. Vane (1927–2004) United Kingdom 1983 Barbara McClintock (1902–1992) United States "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" [80] 1984 Niels K. Jerne (1911–1994) DenmarkSwitzerland "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" [81] Georges J. F. Köhler (1946–1995) West GermanySwitzerland César Milstein (1927–2002) Argentina
United Kingdom 1985 Michael S. Brown (b. 1941) United States "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" [82] Joseph L. Goldstein (b. 1940) 1986 Stanley Cohen (1922–2020) United States "for their discoveries of growth factors" [83] Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012) Italy 1987 Susumu Tonegawa (b. 1939) Japan "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" [84] 1988 Sir James W. Black (1924–2010) United Kingdom "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" [85] Gertrude B. Elion (1918–1999) United States George H. Hitchings (1905–1998) 1989 J. Michael Bishop (b. 1936) United States "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" [86] Harold E. Varmus (b. 1939) 1990 Joseph E. Murray (1919–2012) United States "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" [87] E. Donnall Thomas (1920–2012) 1991 Erwin Neher (b. 1944) Germany "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" [88] Bert Sakmann (b. 1942) 1992 Edmond H. Fischer (1920–2021) Switzerland
United States "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" [89] Edwin G. Krebs (1918–2009) United States 1993 Sir Richard J. Roberts (b. 1943) United Kingdom "for their discoveries of split genes" [90] Phillip A. Sharp (b. 1944) United States 1994 Alfred G. Gilman (1941–2015) United States "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" [91] Martin Rodbell (1925–1998) 1995 Edward B. Lewis (1918–2004) United States "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" [92] Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (b. 1942) Germany Eric F. Wieschaus (b. 1947) United States 1996 Peter C. Doherty (b. 1940) Australia "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence" [93] Rolf M. Zinkernagel (b. 1944) Switzerland 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner (b. 1942) United States "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" [94] 1998 Robert F. Furchgott (1916–2009) United States "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system" [95] Louis J. Ignarro (b. 1941) Ferid Murad (1936–2023) 1999 Günter Blobel (1936–2018) United States "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell" [96] 2000 Arvid Carlsson (1923–2018) Sweden "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" [97] Paul Greengard (1925–2019) United States Eric R. Kandel (b. 1929) 2001 Leland H. Hartwell (b. 1939) United States "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" [98] Sir Tim Hunt (b. 1943) United Kingdom Sir Paul M. Nurse (b. 1949) 2002 Sydney Brenner (1927–2019) South Africa "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'" [99] H. Robert Horvitz (b. 1947) United States Sir John E. Sulston (1942–2018) United Kingdom Sir Peter Mansfield (1933–2017) United Kingdom Linda B. Buck (b. 1947) J. Robin Warren (b. 1937) Craig C. Mello (b. 1960) 2007 Mario R. Capecchi (b. 1937) United States "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells." [104] Sir Martin J. Evans (b. 1941) United Kingdom Oliver Smithies (1925–2017) United States 2008 Harald zur Hausen (1936–2023) Germany "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" [105] Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (b. 1947) France "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus" [105] Luc Montagnier (1932–2022) 2009 Elizabeth H. Blackburn (b. 1948) United States "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase" [106] Carol W. Greider (b. 1961) Jack W. Szostak (b. 1952) 2010 Sir Robert G. Edwards (1925–2013) United Kingdom "for the development of in vitro fertilization" [107] 2011 Bruce A. Beutler (b. 1957) United States "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" [108] Jules A. Hoffmann (b. 1941) France Ralph M. Steinman (1943–2011) Canada "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously)[109][110] [108] 2012 Sir John B. Gurdon (b. 1933) United Kingdom "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent" [111] Shinya Yamanaka (b. 1962) Japan 2013 James E. Rothman (b. 1950) United States "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells" [112] Randy W. Schekman (b. 1948) Thomas C. Südhof (b. 1955) United States 2014 John O'Keefe (b. 1939) United Kingdom "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain" [113] May-Britt Moser (b. 1963) Norway Edvard I. Moser (b. 1962) 2015 William C. Campbell (b. 1930) Ireland
United States "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" [114] Satoshi Ōmura (b. 1935) Japan Tu Youyou (b. 1930) China "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria" [114] 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi (b. 1945) Japan "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy" [115] 2017 Jeffrey C. Hall (b. 1945) United States "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" [116] Michael Rosbash (b. 1944) Michael W. Young (b. 1949) 2018 James P. Allison (b. 1948) United States "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation" [117] Tasuku Honjo (b. 1942) Japan 2019 William Kaelin Jr. (b. 1957) United States "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" [118] Peter J. Ratcliffe (b. 1954) United Kingdom Gregg L. Semenza (b. 1956) United States 2020 Harvey J. Alter (b. 1935) United States "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus" [119] Michael Houghton (b. 1949) United Kingdom Charles M. Rice (b. 1952) United States 2021 David Julius (b. 1955) United States "for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch" [120] Ardem Patapoutian (b. 1967) Lebanon
United States 2022 Svante Pääbo (b. 1955) Sweden "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution" [121] 2023 Katalin Karikó (b. 1955) Hungary
United States "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19" [122] | ||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 69 | https://www.livescience.com/16342-nobel-prize-medicine-history-list.html | en | Nobel Prize in Medicine: 1901-Present | [
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"Live Science Staff"
] | 2022-10-03T14:19:50+00:00 | Here's a look at past winners of the Nobel Prize in Medicine, including the three immune researchers who took home the 2011 award.. | en | livescience.com | https://www.livescience.com/16342-nobel-prize-medicine-history-list.html | Physiology or medicine was the third prize area Alfred Nobel mentioned in his will laying out his wishes for the Nobel Prize. In 2023, the Nobel Prize came with an award of 11 Swedish kronor, or nearly $1 million dollars, which is split between each winner.
Here are the winners from 1901 to today:
2023: Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19," according to the Nobel Prize organization.
2022: Svante Pääbo, "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution", according to the Nobel Prize organization.
2021: David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian, "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch," according to the Nobel Prize organization.
2020: Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice, "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus," according to the Nobel Prize organization.
2019: William G. Kaelin Jr., Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza, jointly "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability," according to the Nobel Prize organization.
2018: James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo, jointly, "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation," according to the Nobel Prize organization. Their discoveries involved two different proteins that put the brakes on a person's immune system. By figuring out how to release these brakes, the researchers were able to harness a person's own immune system to fight various types of cancer.
2017: Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm," according to NobelPrize.org.
2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of autophagy, or "self-eating," in yeast cells, revealing that human cells also partake in this odd cellular process, which has also been linked to diseases.
2015: William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura were jointly for discovering a new treatment for infections caused by roundworm parasites. Youyou Tu was awarded the other half of the Nobel for discovering a drug to fight malaria. [Read more on the 2015 Nobel Prize in Medicine]
2014: John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser and her husband Edvard I. Moser, "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain."
2013: James Rothman, Randy Schekman and Thomas Südhof, for their work in revealing how cells control the delivery and release of molecules — such as hormones, proteins and neurotransmitters.
2012: Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka, for their groundbreaking work on stem cells.
2011: Bruce A. Beutler of the United States, Jules A. Hoffmann, born in Luxembourg, and Dr. Ralph M. Steinman, of Canada, won the prize of $1.5 million (10 million kronor). Steinman was awarded half the prize and Beutler and Hoffmann shared the other half. [Read: Immune System Researchers Win Nobel Prize in Medicine]
2010: Robert G. Edwards, "for the development of in vitro fertilization."
2009: Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak, "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase."
2008: Harald zur Hausen, "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus."
2007: Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies, "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."
2006: Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello, "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA."
2005: Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren, "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease."
2004: Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck, "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system."
2003: Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield, "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging."
2002: Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston, "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death."
2001: Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul M. Nurse, "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle."
2000: Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel, "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system."
1999: Günter Blobel, "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell."
1998: Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad, "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system."
1997: Stanley B. Prusiner, "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection."
1996: Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel, "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defense."
1995: Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus, "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development."
1994: Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell, "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."
1993: Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp, "for their discoveries of split genes."
1992: Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs, "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism."
1991: Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann, "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells."
1990: Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas, "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease."
1989: J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus, "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes."
1988: Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings, "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment."
1987: Susumu Tonegawa, "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity."
1986: Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini, "for their discoveries of growth factors."
1985: Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein, "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism."
1984: Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein, "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies."
1983: Barbara McClintock, "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements."
1982: Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane, "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances."
1981: Roger W. Sperry, "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" and David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel, "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system."
1980: Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell, "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions."
1979: Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield, "for the development of computer assisted tomography."
1978: Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith, "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics."
1977: Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally, "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" and Rosalyn Yalow, "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones."
1976: Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek, "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases."
1975: David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin, "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell."
1974: Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade, "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell."
1973: Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen, "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns."
1972: Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter, "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies."
1971: Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones."
1970: Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod, "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation."
1969: Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria, "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses."
1968: Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg, "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis."
1967: Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald, "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye."
1966: Peyton Rous, "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" and Charles Brenton Huggins, "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer."
1965: François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod, "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis."
1964: Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen, "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism."
1963: Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley, "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane."
1962: Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material."
1961: Georg von Békésy, "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea."
1960: Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar, "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance."
1959: Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg, "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid."
1958: George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum, "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" and Joshua Lederberg, "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria."
1957: Daniel Bovet, "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles."
1956: André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards, "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system."
1955: Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell, "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes."
1954: John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins, "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue."
1953: Hans Adolf Krebs, "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" and Fritz Albert Lipmann "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism."
1952: Selman Abraham Waksman, "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis."
1951: Max Theiler, "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it."
1950: Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench, "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."
1949: Walter Rudolf Hess, "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs" and Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses."
1948: Paul Hermann Müller, "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods."
1947: Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" and Bernardo Alberto Houssay, "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar."
1946: Hermann Joseph Muller, "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation."
1945: Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey, "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases."
1944: Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser, "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibers."
1943: Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy, "for his discovery of vitamin K" and Edward Adelbert Doisy"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K."
1942: No Nobel Prize awarded
1941: No Nobel Prize awarded
1940: No Nobel Prize awarded
1939: Gerhard Domagk, "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil."
1938: Corneille Jean François Heymans, "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration."
1937: Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt, "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid."
1936: Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi, "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses."
1935: Hans Spemann, "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development."
1934: George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy, "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anemia."
1933: Thomas Hunt Morgan, "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity."
1932: Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian, "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons."
1931: Otto Heinrich Warburg, "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme."
1930: Karl Landsteiner, "for his discovery of human blood groups."
1929: Christiaan Eijkman, "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin" and Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins."
1928: Charles Jules Henri Nicolle, "for his work on typhus."
1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg, "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica."
1926: Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma."
1925: No Nobel Prize awarded
1924: Willem Einthoven, "for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram."
1923: Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod, "for the discovery of insulin."
1922: Archibald Vivian Hill, "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle" and Otto Fritz Meyerhof, "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle."
1921: No Nobel Prize awarded
1920: Schack August Steenberg Krogh, "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism."
1919: Jules Bordet, "for his discoveries relating to immunity."
1918: No Nobel Prize awarded
1917: No Nobel Prize awarded
1916: No Nobel Prize awarded
1915: No Nobel Prize awarded
1914: Robert Bárány, "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus."
1913: Charles Robert Richet, "in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis."
1912: Alexis Carrel, "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs."
1911: Allvar Gullstrand, "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye."
1910: Albrecht Kossel, "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances."
1909: Emil Theodor Kocher, "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland."
1908: Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich, "in recognition of their work on immunity."
1907: Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases."
1906: Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system."
1905: Robert Koch, "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis."
1904: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged."
1903: Niels Ryberg Finsen, "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science."
1902: Ronald Ross, "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it." | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 84 | https://pci.upenn.edu/katalin-kariko-and-drew-weissman-named-co-recipients-of-the-2023-nobel-prize-for-medicine/ | en | Recipients of the 2023 Nobel Prize for Medicine | [
"https://pci.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/logo-penn.png"
] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Samantha Savello"
] | 2023-10-10T18:00:00+00:00 | Penn’s Katalin Karikó, PhD, and Drew Weissman, MD, PhD, have been named winners of the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. | en | Penn Center for Innovation | https://pci.upenn.edu/katalin-kariko-and-drew-weissman-named-co-recipients-of-the-2023-nobel-prize-for-medicine/ | Penn’s Drew Weissman, MD, PhD, the Roberts Family Professor in Vaccine Research in Infectious Diseases and Katalin Karikó, PhD, adjunct professor of Neurosurgery, were jointly named winners of the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Their groundbreaking and foundational research at Penn played a vital role in the development of modified mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines that have been administered to billions of individuals globally, and helped to end the recent pandemic.
Karikó and Weissman first met at a copy machine at Penn during the late 1990s, while waiting to make copies of scientific journal articles. They quickly took an interest in each other’s research and agreed to work together to investigate the use of modified mRNA as a potentially new therapeutic modality. Their resultant collaborative research clearly established that mRNA could be precisely altered and then delivered in vivo without provoking deleterious effects from the body’s own immune system — an enormous advancement in the field of mRNA research that has opened up exciting new possibilities for vaccines and other types of therapeutic drug development.
When the COVID-19 pandemic struck, Karikó and Weissman’s foundational mRNA discoveries were instrumental in helping to make live-saving vaccines possible. Both Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna utilized Karikó and Weissman’s technology as a key component of their highly effective vaccines to protect against severe illness and death from COVID-19.
In recognition of the remarkable impact of their technology, Nobel Foundation prize administrators reached out to Karikó and Weissman on the morning of October 02, 2023 to formally notify them of the news of their award. Since 1901, less than 1,000 people have received a Nobel Prize, and only 225 have been awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Further, Karikó is one of just 61 women to become a Nobel Laureate and only the 13th woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Penn and PCI are incredibly proud to congratulate Dr. Weissman and Dr. Karikó for their incredible achievements and well-deserved honor!
There is wide range of in-depth coverage by the Philadelphia Inquirer, which you can read here:
Philadelphia Inquirer, first article
Philadelphia Inqurier, editorial
Philadelphia Inquirer, vaccines and licensing revenue
Philadelphia Inquirer, Drew Weissman’s story
Philadelphia Inquirer, Katalin Karikó’s story, commentary
Philadelphia Inquirer, Katalin Karikó’s story, health
Philadelphia Inquirer, Susan Francia’s story (Karikó’s daughter)
Video content is available here:
Video of Drew Weissman telling his parents
Video of Drew Weissman’s first reaction
Video of Katalin Karikó’s first reaction
Additional articles published in global publications are available here: | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 10 | https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/research/about-faculty/awards/nobel-prize/gregg-semenza | en | Gregg Semenza | [
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""
] | null | [] | null | Gregg Semenza received the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering how the body's cells sense and react to low oxygen levels. This discovery may lead to treatments for diseases such as cancer, diabetes and heart disease. | en | /favicon.ico | https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/research/about-faculty/awards/nobel-prize/gregg-semenza | Physician-scientist Gregg Semenza received the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering how the body's cells sense and react to low oxygen levels. This discovery may lead to treatments for diseases such as cancer, diabetes and heart disease.
Semenza shares the award with William G. Kaelin Jr., of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Peter J. Ratcliffe of Oxford University.
The Discovery
It all begins with oxygen. This life-supporting element is critical for every cell in the body to make energy, which powers a hundred trillion cells to work together in the body. However, under a number of circumstances, including some diseases, cells in the body must respond to reductions in the amount of oxygen they are exposed to.
For example, when exposed to low levels of oxygen, cells in the kidney trigger synthesis of more red blood cells, and cancer cells survive and multiply in an environment that has low oxygen levels when other types of cells do not. Semenza and others set out to understand why these events happen.
What Semenza discovered was a protein called hypoxia-inducible factor 1, or HIF-1. This protein guides the way cells sense and adapt to low oxygen.
How the Discovery Helps People
Semenza and other researchers want to apply the understanding of how HIF-1 works to development of new treatments for diseases. With some diseases, researchers are studying if HIF-1 can help stop diseased cells, such as cancer, from surviving in low oxygen environments. In other cases, such as kidney disease, researchers are testing if HIF-related treatments may be used to treat a complication of kidney disease called anemia, which causes the body to produce too few oxygen-carrying red blood cells. Such treatments could encourage red blood cells to grow, bringing life-sustaining oxygen to cells in the body.
In addition to cancer and kidney disease, this discovery of HIF-1 has the potential to result in treatments for diseases such as blood disorders, blinding eye diseases, coronary artery disease and other conditions. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 91 | https://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/our-people/nobel | en | King’s College London | [
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] | null | [] | null | en | null | Charles Barkla (1877-1944) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for research into X-rays and other emissions in 1917. Barkla was Professor of Physics at King's from 1909 to 1913.
Sir Owen Willans Richardson (1879-1959) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1928 for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him". Sir Owen was Wheatstone Professor of Physics at Kings from 1914-24.
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861-1947), was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovery of essential nutrient factors—now known as vitamins—needed in animal diets to maintain health. Sir Frederick taught physiology and toxicology at Guy's Hospital from 1894 to 1898.
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952), was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 for his research on the nervous system. Sir Charles was Professor in Systematic Physiology at St Thomas' Hospital 1887-91.
Sir Edward Appleton (1892-1965), was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for exploration of the ionosophere in 1947. Sir Edward was Wheatstone Professor of Physics at King's from 1924-36.
Max Theiler (1899-1972) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for developing a vaccine for yellow fever in 1951. He was the first African-born Nobel laureate. Dr Theiler studied at St. Thomas' Hospital. He also worked on the causes and immunology of Weil's disease, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis and poliomyelitis.
Maurice Wilkins (1916–2004) was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in using X-ray diffraction to take new images of a form of the DNA molecule. Maurice remained at King's for the rest of his career.
Archbishop Desmond Tutu (1931-2021) was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1984 in recognition of his work as Secretary-General of the South African Council of Churches.
Sir James Black (1924-2010) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of beta-blocker and anti-ulcer drugs in 1988. Sir James was Professor of Analytical Pharmacology at King's.
Mario Vargas Llosa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2010 for "his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat". Llosa was a Lecturer in Spanish American Literature in the Department of Spanish & Spanish-American Studies at King's in 1969-70, before he became a full-time writer. He became a Fellow of King's in 2005.
Michael Levitt was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013 alongside Martin Karplus and Arieh Warshel, for ‘the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems’, laying the foundation for the computer models now used to understand and predict chemical processes. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by King’s the following year.
Professor Peter Higgs was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013. Among the many honours and awards Professor Higgs has received are the Fellowship of King's in 1998 and the university's Honorary Doctorate of Science in 2009.
Professor Sir Roger Penrose was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery which showed that the general theory of relativity leads to the formation of black holes. He spent two years as a research associate at King's between 1961 and 1963 and was awarded an honorary degree by King's in 2018. | |||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 93 | https://www.facebook.com/nobelprize/videos/my-wife-said-start-breathing-nobel-laureate-michael-rosbash-describes-the-moment/10154989676599103/ | en | My wife said, “Start breathing.” Nobel Laureate Michael Rosbash describes the moment he found out he had been awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in... | [] | [] | [] | [
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] | null | [] | null | My wife said, “Start breathing.”
Nobel Laureate Michael Rosbash describes the moment he found out he had been awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in... | de | https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico | https://www.facebook.com/nobelprize/videos/my-wife-said-start-breathing-nobel-laureate-michael-rosbash-describes-the-moment/10154989676599103/ | ||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 29 | https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/en/about-us/awards-accreditations/our-nobel-laureates | en | Our Nobel Laureates | https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/favicon.ico | https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/favicon.ico | [
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] | null | [] | null | The University of Chicago Medicine is proud to have been affiliated with 12 winners of the Nobel Prize. | en | https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/favicon.ico | https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/about-us/awards-accreditations/our-nobel-laureates | A Long Tradition of Groundbreaking Medical Research
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded annually for achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace and, later, economics. The University of Chicago Medicine is proud to have been affiliated with 12 winners of this prestigious award.
The prize in Physiology or Medicine is given to those who, during the preceding year, "shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind" or who "shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine."
Read more about the Nobel laureates and their accomplishments below. | |||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 85 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/May-Britt-Moser | en | May-Britt Moser | Nobel Prize-Winning Neuroscientist | [
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] | 2014-10-08T00:00:00+00:00 | May-Britt Moser is a Norwegian neuroscientist who contributed to the discovery of grid cells in the brain and the elucidation of their role in generating a system of mental coordinates by which animals are able to navigate their environment. Moser’s work enabled scientists to gain new insight into | en | /favicon.png | Encyclopedia Britannica | https://www.britannica.com/biography/May-Britt-Moser | May-Britt Moser (born January 4, 1963, Fosnavåg, Norway) is a Norwegian neuroscientist who contributed to the discovery of grid cells in the brain and the elucidation of their role in generating a system of mental coordinates by which animals are able to navigate their environment. Moser’s work enabled scientists to gain new insight into cognitive processes (such as memory) and spatial deficits associated with human neurological conditions such as Alzheimer disease. For her discoveries concerning the neural systems that underlie spatial representation in the mammalian brain, she was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, which she shared with her husband, Norwegian neuroscientist Edvard I. Moser, and with British-American neuroscientist John O’Keefe. The Mosers were the fifth married couple to share a Nobel Prize.
May-Britt grew up on a farm in the remote western region of Norway. In the early 1980s she attended the University of Oslo, where she studied multiple subjects, including mathematics, neurobiology, and psychology. She married Edvard in 1985, and together they decided to pursue the study of brain-behaviour relationships. In the early 1990s May-Britt undertook graduate studies at Oslo, working alongside her husband in the laboratory of Norwegian researcher Per Oskar Andersen. She investigated correlations between the anatomical structure of the hippocampus and spatial learning in rats, work that culminated in a doctorate degree in neurophysiology in 1995. Over the course of the next year, she and Edvard traveled to the University of Edinburgh to study with British neuroscientist Richard Morris and to University College London, where they spent time in O’Keefe’s laboratory. In 1996 May-Britt accepted an assistant professorship at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), where Edvard also had been offered a position. Both were later made full professors at NTNU.
The Mosers investigated the neural networks of the hippocampus, attempting to identify the mechanism underlying the generation of cortical (spatial) maps. They began by examining the effects of hippocampal lesions on the activity of place cells, which had been reported by O’Keefe and his student Jonathan O. Dostrovsky in 1971 to function in cortical mapping. The Mosers’ observations drew their attention to a part of the brain known as the entorhinal cortex, which shared direct connections with CA1, an area of the hippocampus that O’Keefe and Dostrovsky had shown to play a key role in spatial processing. With the assistance of Dutch functional neuroanatomist Menno P. Witter, the Mosers were able to precisely place electrodes in the dorsocaudal medial entorhinal cortex (dMEC) of the rat brain, allowing them to record the activity of cells in response to specific behaviours. Similar to O’Keefe’s findings with place cells, the Mosers found that cells in the dMEC became active in relation to an animal’s position in its environment. But, unlike the activity of place cells, the activity of the cells that the Mosers observed occurred in a strikingly regular pattern: as rats ran freely in their enclosures, spikes of activity at each electrode were not only evenly spaced but also similar in direction and size. The regular activity formed a grid of equilateral, tessellating triangles, as revealed by spatial analyses, which inspired the name grid cell.
In later work, the Mosers discovered additional cells in the dMEC that signaled spatial information, including head direction cells, which fired preferentially in response to an animal’s head direction, and border cells, which transmitted information about the boundaries of an animal’s environment. They also found that grid cells, head direction cells, and border cells interacted with place cells in the hippocampus to determine orientation and navigation. The spatial representation system was described as an “inner GPS.”
May-Britt was a founding codirector, with Edvard, of the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience in 2007 and the Centre for Neural Computation in 2013, both at NTNU. She was a recipient of multiple awards, notably the 2013 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize for Biology or Biochemistry (shared with Edvard and O’Keefe), in addition to the Nobel Prize. | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 87 | https://www.epo.org/en/news-events/news/katalin-kariko-european-inventor-award-winner-honoured-nobel-prize | en | Katalin Karikó, European Inventor Award winner, honoured with Nobel Prize | https://www.epo.org/themes/custom/epo_org/favicon.ico | https://www.epo.org/themes/custom/epo_org/favicon.ico | [
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] | null | [] | 2023-10-02T18:26:51+02:00 | Katalin Karikó, who won the Lifetime Achievement category at the European Inventor Award in 2022, has now been awarded this year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The Nobel Assembly selected the Hungarian-American researcher and her colleague Drew Weissman for modifying messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for safe use in the human body. Their work greatly enhanced our understanding of mRNA and was crucial in developing effective mRNA vaccines to slow the global COVID-19 pandemic. | en | /themes/custom/epo_org/favicon.ico | https://www.epo.org/en/news-events/news/katalin-kariko-european-inventor-award-winner-honoured-nobel-prize | Katalin Karikó, who won the Lifetime Achievement category at the European Inventor Award in 2022, has now been awarded this year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The Nobel Assembly selected the Hungarian-American researcher and her colleague Drew Weissman for modifying messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for safe use in the human body. Their work greatly enhanced our understanding of mRNA and was crucial in developing effective mRNA vaccines to slow the global COVID-19 pandemic.
Katalin Karikó is the fifth Award finalist to be recognised for their outstanding contribution to science. She joins Peter Grünberg (2007, Physics), Shuji Nakamura (2014, Physics), Stefan Hell (2014, Chemistry) and Akira Yoshino (2019, Chemistry) in the ranks of alumni of the Award who have gone on to become Nobel Laureates.
The power of perseverance
Scientists knew that injecting synthetic mRNA into a body make it produce specific proteins on demand. In the late 80s, Karikó began research into RNA coding, aiming to make the body produce a protein that accelerates wound healing. However, mRNA was difficult to work with and the cost of development saw it fall out of favour in the scientific community in the 1990s. At one point, Karikó couldn't get funding for her mRNA work and was even demoted from her faculty position.
Despite these setbacks, she persevered and in 1997 found a new ally in immunologist Drew Weissman. Together they worked on a therapeutic mRNA-based HIV vaccine using a molecule they had created. They had unlocked a broad range of scenarios in which the molecule could feasibly be used in disease treatment and vaccination. | |||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 11 | https://becker.wustl.edu/archives-and-rare-books/exhibits-and-presentations/cori-nobel-prize-exhibit/ | en | Cori Nobel Prize Exhibit | [
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] | null | [] | 2018-04-16T17:27:26+00:00 | About the Exhibit The two Nobel Prize medals awarded to Carl and Gerty Cori in 1947 for their groundbreaking medical research have been donated to Washington University in St. Louis by their son, T… | en | Becker Medical Library | https://becker.wustl.edu/archives-and-rare-books/exhibits-and-presentations/cori-nobel-prize-exhibit/ | About the Exhibit
The two Nobel Prize medals awarded to Carl and Gerty Cori in 1947 for their groundbreaking medical research have been donated to Washington University in St. Louis by their son, Thomas Cori. Two replica medals made from the same cast were also donated, and the replicas are now on permanent display at The Center for the History of Medicine on the sixth floor of Bernard Becker Medical Library. The original medals are stored in the Archives and Rare Books Division on the seventh floor for safekeeping, but are available for viewing upon request. The exhibit also features other Nobel Prize-related items as well as instruments used in the Cori Lab.
The 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
In 1947, when the Coris were awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, Gerty Cori was the first American woman to win a Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, and the couple was the third husband-wife team to win Nobel Prizes together.
Carl and Gerty Cori received their Nobel Prize “for their discovery of the catalytic conversion of glycogen.” They shared the prize that year with Bernardo Houssay of Argentina. Carl Cori described his research collaboration with his wife in his speech at the Nobel banquet in Stockholm in December 1947: “Our efforts have been largely complementary, and one without the other would not have gone so far as in combination.”
Carl and Gerty Cori
In 1896, Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Radnitz were born in Prague. The two met in 1914 while in medical school at the German University of Prague, however, their education was interrupted by World War I. Carl was drafted into the Austrian army and he didn’t see Gerty again until after the war when they returned to school. The Coris enjoyed a milestone year in 1920 in which they published the results of their first research collaboration, received their medical degrees, got married and moved to Vienna all in the same year.
As the Coris became increasingly unsettled with the socio-political environment in Eastern Europe in the early 1920s, they began exploring career opportunities overseas. In 1922, Carl accepted the position of biochemist at the State Institute for the Study of Malignant Disease in Buffalo, New York (now known as Roswell Park Cancer Institute). Gerty was able to secure an assistant pathologist position at the institute six months later, kicking off what would become an immensely successful 35 years of research together.
After spending nine years in Buffalo and publishing more than 50 papers together, Philip Schaffer, dean of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, offered Carl the position of chair of the Department of Pharmacology in 1931. Carl accepted the appointment and Gerty joined him in his lab at Washington University later the same year.
Carl proved to be a very capable department head at the School of Medicine. He was particularly successful in recognizing talent and recruiting very gifted students, fellows and faculty to his lab. Gerty was a highly valued and meticulous researcher and earned several promotions including becoming a full professor in biological chemistry in 1947, the same year the Coris were awarded the Nobel Prize.
Unfortunately, 1947 was the same year in which the Coris learned that Gerty had developed myelosclerosis. She suffered through this disease for 10 years, never stopping her research until the last few months of her life. Gerty died in 1957 at the age of 61. Carl stayed at Washington University until he retired in 1966. He later accepted a visiting professor position at Harvard. Like Gerty, Carl continued his research until the end of his life and was still publishing papers at the age of 87. Carl died in 1984.
The Coris’ Legacy
The Coris’ most notable contribution to science was their series of discoveries that elucidated the pathway of glycogen breakdown in animal cells and the enzymic basis of its regulation. Those discoveries formed a linear sequence that fell into four parts: the Cori cycle, or the cycle of carbohydrates (1922-31); glucose-1-phosphate, which became known as Cori ester (1931-37); phosphorylase and the cellular pathway of glycogenolysis (1937-44); and the regulation of phosphorylase (1945-52). In a biographical memoir published in 1986, Sir Philip Randle noted that Carl and Gerty Cori’s research “was characterized above all else by intellectual rigour applied with equal force to experimental methods and techniques (physiological and chemical); to a profound knowledge and critical appreciation of the literature; to a generally dispassionate, though sometimes defensive, analysis of discrepancies; to a high degree of replication especially in animal experiments; and to a meticulous attention to detail especially in formulating hypotheses.”
The couple’s lasting legacy included the training of successive generations of scientists – no fewer than six other future Nobel laureates worked with Carl and Gerty Cori at their laboratory at Washington University: Christian de Duve, Arthur Kornberg, Edwin G. Krebs, Luis F. Leloir, Severo Ochoa and Earl W. Sutherland.
In 2004, the Cori Lab at Washington University was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark. A commemorative plaque marks the location at the entrance to the South Building at 4577 McKinley Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
Further Reading and Research Material at Becker Library | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 44 | https://www.jhu.edu/research/milestones/nobel-prize-winners/ | en | Nobel Prize winners | [
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] | null | [] | null | 27 people with ties to Johns Hopkins have won a Nobel Prize, including four currently on faculty—Peter Agre, Carol Greider, Adam Riess, and Ricardo Giaconni | en | /assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png | Johns Hopkins University | https://www.jhu.edu/research/milestones/nobel-prize-winners/ | Twenty-nine people associated with Johns Hopkins as a faculty member, fellow, resident, or graduate have received a Nobel Prize, including four Nobel laureates currently on the faculty—molecular biologists Peter Agre and Carol Greider, geneticist Gregg Semenza, and astrophysicist Adam Riess.
Our Nobel winners include recipients of the prize in Medicine (16), Physics (4), Chemistry (3), Economics (3), Physiology (1), and two Nobel Peace Prize honorees—among them President Woodrow Wilson, who received a doctorate from Hopkins in 1886.
A full list of our honorees:
Woodrow Wilson, Ph.D. 1886 (History)
Nobel Prize in Peace, 1919
James Franck, Professor of Physics, 1935-38
Nobel Prize in Physics, 1925
Thomas Hunt Morgan, Ph.D. 1890 (Zoology); LL.D. 1915
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1933
George Hoyt Whipple, M.D. 1905; Associate Professor in Pathology, 1910-14
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1934
Joseph Erlanger, M.D. 1899; Assistant in Physiology, 1900-01; Instructor, 1901-03; Associate, 1903-04; Associate Professor, 1904-06; LL.D. 1947
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1944
Herbert Spencer Gasser, M.D. 1915
Nobel Prize in Physiology, 1944
Vincent du Vigneaud, National Research Fellow, Pharmacology 1927-28
Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1955
Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Assistant in Physics, 1930-32; Associate, 1932-36
Nobel Prize in Physics, 1963
Francis Peyton Rous, A.B. 1900; M.D. 1905
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1966
Haldan Keffer Hartline, M.D. 1927; Professor of Biophysics, 1949-54
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1967
Simon Kuznets, Professor of Political Economy, 1954-60
Nobel Prize in Economics, 1971
Christian B. Anfinsen, Professor of Biology, 1982-1995
Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1972
Hamilton O. Smith, M.D. 1956; Assistant Professor of Microbiology, 1967-69; Associate Professor, 1969-1973; Professor, 1973-1998; Professor Emeritus 1998-present
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1978
Daniel Nathans, Assistant Professor, 1962-65; Associate Professor, 1965-67; Professor of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 1967-1999; Interim President, 1995-96
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1978
David H. Hubel, Assistant Resident, Neurology, 1954-55; Fellow, Neuroscience, 1958-59
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1981
Torsten Wiesel, Fellow, Ophthalmology, 1955-58; Assistant Professor, 1958-59
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1981
Merton H. Miller, Ph.D. 1952 (and honorary doctorate 1993)
Nobel Prize in Economics, 1990
Robert W. Fogel, Ph.D. 1963
Nobel Prize in Economics, 1993
Martin Rodbell, B.A. Biology 1949
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1994
Jody Williams, M.A. Latin American Studies (SAIS) 1984
Nobel Prize in Peace, 1997
Paul Greengard, Ph.D. Biophysics 1953
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 2000
Riccardo Giacconi, Professor of Physics and Astronomy, 1982-1997; Research Professor of Physics and Astronomy 1998-2018
Nobel Prize in Physics, 2002
Peter Agre, M.D. 1974; Postdoctoral fellow, Department of Pharmacology, 1974-75; Research Associate/Instructor, Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Medicine, 1981-83; Assistant Professor, 1984-88; Associate Professor, 1988-93; Professor of Biological Chemistry and Medicine, 1993-2005, Malaria Institute, 2008–present
Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2003
Richard Axel, M.D. 1971
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 2004
Andrew Fire, Adjunct professor of biology, 1989–2009
Nobel Prize in Medicine, 2006
Carol Greider, Daniel Nathans Professor and Director of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 1997–present
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2009
Adam Riess, Professor of Physics and Astronomy, 2006–present
Nobel Prize in Physics, 2011
Gregg Semenza, Professor of Medicine, 1990-present
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2019
William G. Kaelin Jr., Postdoctoral fellow and resident, Internal Medicine, 1983-1987
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2019
NOTE: International Physicians for The Prevention of Nuclear War Inc. of Boston, Massachusetts, was the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985. Two Johns Hopkins graduates—Bernard Lown, M.D. 1945; and James E. Muller M.D. 1969—were among the six physicians (three Americans, three Soviets) who founded that organization in 1980. Dr. Lown delivered one of the two Nobel acceptance speeches on behalf of the organization. | ||||
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] | 2024-01-17T08:00:00+00:00 | The Nobel Prize is very prestigious and is awarded every year in physics, chemistry, literature, medicine/physiology, economics and peace. | en | sweden.se | https://sweden.se/work-business/study-research/the-swedish-nobel-prize | The Swedish Nobel Prize
Great minds think differently. The Nobel Prize is a celebration of excellence.
To many, the Nobel Prize is the most prestigious award in the world in its field. In accordance with Alfred Nobel's will, the prize celebrates ‘those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind’.
Prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace exist since 1901.
Later, in 1968, Sweden’s central bank (Sveriges Riksbank) established the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel via a donation to the Nobel Foundation. Since then, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the prize, basing selections on the same principles as the Nobel Prizes.
Prize-winning discoveries include X-rays, radioactivity and penicillin. Peace laureates include Nelson Mandela and the 14th Dalai Lama. Winners in literature have thrilled readers with works such as One Hundred Years of Solitude (Gabriel García Márquez) and The Grass is Singing (Doris Lessing).
Nobel Prize winners announced in October
Every year in early October, the winners are announced. Then on 10 December, the so-called Nobel Day, award ceremonies take place in the Swedish capital of Stockholm and the Norwegian capital of Oslo.
The years 2020 and 2021 were exceptions to the rule in Sweden. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the laureates received their diplomas and medals in their countries of residence. Nobel Week then featured as a digital event, with online award ceremonies and lectures, and without the usual Stockholm banquet.
Some winner statistics
Women have received the Nobel Prize and the Prize in Economic Sciences 61 times from 1901 to 2023. One woman, Marie Curie, is a two-time recipient – she won the 1903 award in physics and the 1911 award in chemistry.
In 1909, Swede Selma Lagerlöf became the first female literature laureate.
The oldest winner to date is John B. Goodenough (1922-2023), who was 97 when he received the Prize in Chemistry in 2019.
The youngest winner to date is Malala Yousafzai, who was 17 when she received the Peace Prize in 2014.
Four winners have been forced to decline the prize: Germans Richard Kuhn (Chemistry), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry) and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology/Medicine) were forbidden by Adolf Hitler from accepting their prizes. Russian Boris Pasternak initially accepted the 1958 award in literature, but was later coerced into declining by Soviet authorities.
The three Germans later received their awards, but not the prize money.
Two winners have declined
Jean-Paul Sartre declined the 1964 Literature Prize because he had consistently declined all official honours.
In 1973, Lê Ðức Thọ and US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger were awarded the Peace Prize for negotiating the Vietnam peace agreement. But Lê Ðức Thọ declined the award, saying he could not accept the prize due to the situation in Vietnam.
A timeline of culture and science
From the first award in 1901 to the most recent ones in 2023, Nobel Prizes have been awarded 621 times. A total of 965 individuals and 27 organisations have been awarded, with some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once.
1901: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen receives the first Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of X-rays.
1903: Marie Curie becomes the first female laureate, as the joint winner in physics for her research into radioactivity. Eight years later, in 1911, Curie receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her discovery of radium.
1905: Austrian baroness and author Bertha von Suttner becomes the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, in recognition of her work with the pacifist movements in Germany and Austria. Von Suttner also knew Alfred Nobel personally and is widely credited as the person who inspired him to create the Peace Prize.
1912: Swedish inventor and industrialist Gustaf Dalén wins the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to lighthouse technology. He invented the AGA lighthouse, a type of automatic lighthouse that ran on acetylene gas. It made it possible to reduce gas consumption by 90 per cent compared with earlier constructions.
1914–1918: In the wake of World War I, only one Peace Prize is awarded. The International Committee of the Red Cross receives it in 1917, 'for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families'. The International Committee of the Red Cross will go on to receive the Nobel Peace Prize twice more, in 1944, and jointly with the League of Red Cross Societies in 1963.
1922: Albert Einstein receives the Nobel Prize in Physics – for 1921, technically. The Nobel Committee for Physics' decision to give Einstein the award a year later is shortly explained here. Einstein is awarded '...for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect'.
1945: Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter jointly receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Florey for the discovery of penicillin.
1952: Selman Abraham Waksman receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery of streptomycin – the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.
1968: The Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is introduced as a Nobel Prize category.
1975: David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Martin Temin jointly receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 'for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell'.
1983: American Barbara McClintock receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of mobile genetic elements.
1993: Toni Morrison receives the Nobel Prize in Literature. Her novels are '...characterized by visionary force and poetic import, (giving) life to an essential aspect of American reality', writes the Swedish Academy.
2004: Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose jointly receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
2010: Robert G. Edwards of the United Kingdom receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of in vitro fertilization.
2011: Swedish poet Tomas Tranströmer receives the Nobel Prize in Literature. 'Because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality', writes the Swedish Academy.
2018: In the midst of a crisis, the Swedish Academy chooses not to hand out a literature prize. The Academy cites its diminished number of active members and a reduced public confidence as the reasons. The year after, the Academy announces the Nobel Prize in Literature for 2018 – Olga Tokarczuk – in parallel with the naming of the 2019 Laureate, Peter Handke.
2019: Ethiopian prime minister Abiy Ahmed Ali receives the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to resolve border conflicts between Ethiopia and neighbouring country Eritrea. The intent of the Prize is also to recognise all stakeholders working for peace and reconciliation in Ethiopia and in the East and Northeast African regions.
Previous Nobel Peace Prize Laureates include Martin Luther King (1964), Mother Teresa (1979) and Barack Obama (2009).
2023 winners:
(countries denote place of birth)
Physiology or Medicine
Katalin Karikó (Hungary), Drew Weissman (USA)
'For their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.'
Physics
Pierre Agostini (Tunisia), Ferencz Krausz (Hungary), Anne L'Huillier (France)
'For experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.'
Chemistry
Moungi G. Bawendi (France), Louis E. Brus (USA), Alexei I. Ekimov (former Soviet Union)
'For the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots.'
Literature
Jon Fosse (Norway)
'For his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable.'
Nobel Peace Prize
Narges Mohammadi (Iran)
'For her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all.'
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
Claudia Goldin (USA)
'For having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes.' | |||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 4 | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1947/summary/ | en | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 | [
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] | null | [] | null | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 was divided, one half jointly to Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" and the other half to Bernardo Alberto Houssay "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar" | en | NobelPrize.org | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1947/summary/ | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 was divided, one half jointly to Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" and the other half to Bernardo Alberto Houssay "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"
To cite this section
MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Wed. 24 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1947/summary/>
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Nobel Prizes and laureates
Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women.
See them all presented here. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 49 | https://case.edu/medicine/faculty-and-staff/faculty-awards/nobel-laureates | en | Case Western Reserve University | [
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] | null | [] | 2023-09-02T09:12:02+00:00 | CWRU SOM have ties with at least eleven Nobel Prize holders. These individuals have been awarded the prestigious Nobel Prize in recognition of their o... | en | School of Medicine | School of Medicine | Case Western Reserve University | https://case.edu/medicine/faculty-and-staff/faculty-awards/nobel-laureates | John J.R. Macleod, MB, ChB, DPH, physiology professor at Case from 1903 to 1918, shared the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of insulin. Dr. Macleod completed much of his groundwork on diabetes in Cleveland.
Corneille J.F. Heymans, MD, who was a visiting scientist in the Department of Physiology in 1927 and 1928, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1938 for work on carotid sinus reflexes.
Frederick C. Robbins, MD, shared the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the polio virus, which led to the development of polio vaccines. He received the award two years after joining the medical school. Dr. Robbins was active at the school until his death in 2003, at which time he held the titles of medical school dean emeritus, University Professor emeritus, and emeritus director of the Center for Adolescent Health.
Earl W. Sutherland Jr., MD, who had been professor and director of pharmacology from 1953 to 1963, won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for establishing the identity and importance of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in the regulation of cell metabolism.
George H. Hitchings, PhD, who had been a biochemistry instructor from 1939 to 1942, shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research leading to the development of drugs to treat leukemia, organ transplant rejection, gout, the herpes virus and AIDS-related bacterial and pulmonary infections.
Ferid Murad, MD, PhD, a 1965 graduate of the medical school, shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
Paul C. Lauterbur, PhD, a 1951 graduate of the engineering school and a visiting professor of radiology at Case in 1993, shared the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for pioneering work in the development of magnetic resonance imaging.
Peter C. Agre, MD, who completed a fellowship in hematology at Case while a medical student at Johns Hopkins, shared the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discoveries that have clarified how salts and water are transported out of and into the cells of the body, leading to a better understanding of many diseases of the kidneys, heart, muscles and nervous system.
H. Jack Geiger, MD, a 1958 alumnus of the medical school, is a founding member and past president of Physicians for Social Responsibility, which shared the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize as part of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, and Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), which shared the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize as part of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 25 | https://ki.se/en/about-ki/prizes-and-ceremonies/prizes-and-awards/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine/nobel-prize-laureates-at-karolinska-institutet | en | Nobel Prize laureates at Karolinska Institutet | [
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] | null | [] | null | Over the years, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to five scientists from Karolinska Institutet. | en | /themes/custom/theorell/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png | https://ki.se/en/about-ki/prizes-and-ceremonies/prizes-and-awards/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine/nobel-prize-laureates-at-karolinska-institutet | Hugo Theorell 1955
For his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes.
More about Hugo Theorell on nobelprize.org
Ragnar Granit 1967
Shared prize for discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.
More about Ragnar Granit on nobelprize.org
Ulf von Euler 1970
Shared prize for discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation.
More about Ulf von Euler on nobelprize.org
Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson 1982
Shared prize for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.
More about Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson on nobelprize.org
More on Nobel Prize laureates | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 70 | https://www.cancer.org/research/we-fund-cancer-research/nobel-laureates-american-cancer-society.html | en | Nobel Laureates and the American Cancer Society | [
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] | null | [] | null | See a complete list of the 49 investigators given funding by the American Cancer Society who went on to win the Nobel Prize, considered the highest accolade any scientist can receive. | en | /content/dam/cancer-org/images/logos/acs/favicon.ico | https://www.cancer.org/research/we-fund-cancer-research/nobel-laureates-american-cancer-society.html | Developed click chemistry and bio-orthogonal chemistry. Click chemistry enables technology that can be used in the design of precision cancer therapeutics. She specifically developed click reactions that work inside living organisms. Her bio-orthogonal reactions take place without disrupting the normal chemistry of the cell. These reactions are now used globally to explore cells and track biological processes.
Discovered the molecular “switch” that controls how cells respond to changing oxygen levels. Oxygen sensing is key to many diseases – for example, cancer cells hijack the oxygen process to increase their metabolism and fuel their growth. This discovery has had a significant impact on understanding cancer and has helped establish new treatment strategies. This prize was awarded jointly to William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, MD, and Gregg L. Semenza, MD, PhD.
Discovered the molecular “switch” that controls how cells respond to changing oxygen levels. Oxygen sensing is key to many diseases – for example, cancer cells hijack the oxygen process to increase their metabolism and fuel their growth. This discovery has had a significant impact on understanding cancer and has helped establish new treatment strategies. This prize was awarded jointly to William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, MD, and Gregg L. Semenza, MD, PhD.
Defined the control of the movement of membranes in cells, which contributes greatly to the understanding of cell functioning in numerous diseases, including cancer. These internal cell membranes are key to the function of cells and the ability of cells to move, both of which are hallmarks of cancer cells.
Developed techniques for manipulating individual genes using mouse embryonic stem cells. This allowed for a more precise understanding of how individual genes worked in the mouse and accelerated the use of the mouse as a model of human cancer. This work has led to the identification of genes that are targets of cancer therapies. This prize was awarded jointly to Mario R. Capecchi, PhD, Sir Martin J. Evans, PhD, and Oliver Smithies, PhD.
Developed techniques for manipulating individual genes, using mouse embryonic stem cells. This allowed for a more precise understanding of how individual genes worked in the mouse and accelerated the use of the mouse as a model of human cancer. This work has led to the identification of genes that are targets of cancer therapies. Dr. Smithies was funded for earlier work on genetic control of protein structure and synthesis. This prize was awarded jointly to Mario R. Capecchi, PhD, Sir Martin J. Evans, PhD, and Oliver Smithies, PhD. | |||||
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wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 33 | https://erc.europa.eu/news-events/news/svante-paabo-wins-2022-nobel-prize-physiology-or-medicine | en | Svante Pääbo wins 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | [
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] | null | [] | 2024-06-26T12:00:00+00:00 | Today, Svante Pääbo, funded by the European Research Council (ERC) for over a decade, has been awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for “his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution”. | en | /themes/custom/erc_theme/ERC_FAVICON.png | ERC | https://erc.europa.eu/news-events/news/svante-paabo-wins-2022-nobel-prize-physiology-or-medicine | He is the tenth ERC grantee to win a Nobel Prize, since the ERC was created by the EU in 2007.
Mariya Gabriel, Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth, said: "Congratulations to Svante Pääbo on winning the Nobel Prize today! I’m proud that that the EU has supported this stellar scientist for a decade through the European Research Council. It shows us again how important it is to trust and invest in the brightest minds and their research.”
ERC President Prof. Maria Leptin commented: "This is wonderful news! Warm congratulations to Svante Pääbo, the new Nobel laureate! This brings the number of ERC grantees taking home a Nobel Prize up to ten since the ERC’s launch in 2007. I hope this can inspire more bright minds to go after their scientific dreams. It is essential that we fund them, giving them the freedom to pursue their blue sky research.”
For over a decade, Svante Pääbo has been funded by the EU through the ERC with grants, worth EUR 4.4 million in total. He was awarded his first ERC Advanced Grant in 2008 to investigate the genomic and phenotypic evolution of bonobos, chimpanzees and humans. In 2015, he was awarded a second ERC Advanced Grant to study genome sequences from extinct hominins. This second project led to the sequencing of multiple new Neanderthal genomes including from Croatia and Siberia, as well as new genomes of Denisovans, and genomes of early modern humans.
Of particular interest is the discovery of a first generation offspring between a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father from Denisova Cave. The research also led to the unexpected discovery that several early modern humans in Europe had close Neanderthal ancestors in their family history, which has led to the realisation that distinct groups of hominins frequently mixed when they encountered each other.
Considered the father of the scientific discipline of palaeogenomics to study ancient DNA, Svante Pääbo led research into sequencing the first Neanderthal mitochondrial genome, followed by the remarkable achievement of sequencing an entire nuclear Neanderthal genome in 2010, a species that became extinct some 30,000 years ago. He also discovered the previously unknown hominin, Denisova.
The study of ancient DNA is complicated owing to the degradation of DNA over time into short fragments as well as to issues of contamination from modern DNA. Svante Pääbo has pioneered experimental methods to enable the amplification of ancient DNA to be able to sequence entire genomes of extinct hominins, a recent example of which is a method to retrieve DNA from sediments in archaeology, which in the future could allow genetic data to be collected from archaeological sites even in the absence of human remains. He demonstrated already in the 1980s that it was possible to analyse the DNA of Egyptian mummies.
Prof. Pääbo and other scientists have used these methodologies to study the phylogeny and genetics of populations of extinct animals, such as mammoths, terrestrial sloths, cave bears and large flightless birds such as moas. Moreover, this genetic toolbox has been used to gain insight into topics relevant for human health. It helped unravel the mysteries of evolution and genetic history of pathogens, such as those causing leprosy and tuberculosis, as well as past epidemics e.g., the plague.
Prof. Pääbo’s research integrates new approaches in molecular biology, physical anthropology and bioinformatics to perform genetic research into populations over an exceptional timespan and geographical area.
This is another example of how curiosity-driven blue sky research that may, at first glance, not appear to address a societal challenge, can eventually lead to discoveries and methodologies that help to tackle issues of direct relevance for citizens and society.
His research integrates new approaches in molecular biology, physical anthropology and bioinformatics to perform genetic research into populations over an exceptional timespan and geographical area.
Prof. Pääbo has previously also been a researcher in a joint EU-funded FP6 project.
The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, announced the news today.
Background
Prof. Pääbo is a director of the Department of Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and is originally from Sweden.
Today's award follows that of nine other ERC grantees:
Prof. Konstantin Novoselov was the first ERC grantee to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on graphene. He held a Starting Grant and in 2010 was amongst the youngest Nobel prize winners in history. See ERC press release
Prof. Serge Haroche, ERC Advanced Grant holder, was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems. See ERC press release
Professors Edvard I. Moser and May-Britt Moser, both ERC Advanced Grant holders, received the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain. See ERC press release
Prof. Jean Tirole, ERC Advanced Grant holder, received the 2014 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for his work on examining competition, analysing how large companies should be regulated to prevent monopoly behaviour and protect consumers. See ERC press release
Prof. Bernard Feringa, ERC Advanced Grant holder, received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the design and synthesis of molecular machines. See ERC press release
Prof. Peter J. Ratcliffe, ERC Advanced Grant holder, received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.” See ERC press release
Prof. Giorgio Parisi, two-fold ERC Advanced Grant holder and funded for a decade, received the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics “for ground-breaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems.” See ERC press release
Prof. Benjamin List, two-fold ERC Advanced Grant holder and funded for a decade, won the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis”. See ERC press release
In addition, the ERC has funded several researchers who were already Nobel Prize laureates when they won their ERC grants.
About the ERC
The ERC, set up by the European Union in 2007, is the premier European funding organisation for excellent frontier research. It funds creative researchers of any nationality and age, to run projects based across Europe. The ERC offers four core grant schemes: Starting Grants, Consolidator Grants, Advanced Grants and Synergy Grants. With its additional Proof of Concept Grant scheme, the ERC helps grantees to bridge the gap between their pioneering research and early phases of its commercialisation. | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 66 | https://www.med.unc.edu/biochem/news/aziz-sancar-receives-2015-nobel-prize-in-chemistry/ | en | Aziz Sancar receives 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry | [
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] | null | [] | 2015-10-08T02:00:00+00:00 | Aziz Sancar, MD, PhD, the Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the UNC School of Medicine has been awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his groundbreaking work in mapping DNA repair. | en | Biochemistry and Biophysics | https://www.med.unc.edu/biochem/news/aziz-sancar-receives-2015-nobel-prize-in-chemistry/ | Aziz Sancar, MD, PhD, the Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the UNC School of Medicine has been awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his groundbreaking work in mapping DNA repair.
“My wife picked up the phone and told me the person on the line said this is very important,” Sancar said. “So I took the phone and they told me I won the Nobel Prize. I was very surprised. I had been sleeping; this was 5 a.m. So I was pretty incoherent. But I thanked them and said, ‘It’s an incredible honor.’”
Sancar, who is from Turkey and has been a professor at UNC since 1982, earned the award for his work on mapping the cellular mechanisms that underlie DNA repair, which occurs every single minute of the day in response to damage caused by outside forces, such as ultraviolet radiation and other environmental factors. In particular, Sancar mapped nucleotide excision repair, which is vital to DNA subjected to UV damage. When this repair system is defective, people exposed to sunlight develop skin cancer. Also, Sancar showed that other substances can damage the nucleotide excision repair system. His work provides the crucial basic knowledge necessary to develop better treatments that protect against DNA damage, which can result in cancer.
In addition, Sancar and his colleagues discovered how the common cancer drug cisplatin and others like it damage the DNA of cancer cells. This finding has led to further research to figure out how to better target and kill cancer cells.
“This award means a great deal to me and my lab,” said Sancar, who is a member of the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. “We’ve been working hard for many years and I think we’ve made significant contributions to our field. It’s been a great team effort.”
Sancar’s work dates back to 1974, when he was a graduate student at the University of Texas. The most recent work to come out of his lab was accomplished earlier this year when his team created a DNA repair map of the entire human genome.
“With this map, we can now say to a fellow scientist, ‘tell us the gene you’re interested in or any spot on the genome, and we’ll tell you how it is repaired,’” Sancar said. “Out of six billion base pairs, pick out a spot and we’ll tell you how it is repaired.”
Sancar shares this award with two others: Tomas Lindahl of the Francis Crick Institute and Clare Hall Laboratory in Great Britain, and Paul Modrich of Duke University School of Medicine and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
William L. Roper, MD, MPH, dean of the UNC School of Medicine, said, “It’s a tremendous honor for Dr. Sancar, this recognition of his amazing scientific accomplishment. And it’s a special day for us as a university because this is the second Nobel Prize awarded to a faculty member of UNC and the School of Medicine.
In 2007, Oliver Smithies, PhD, Weatherspoon Eminent Distinguished Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
“It’s worthy of note that today we share this with colleagues at Duke,” Roper said. “This is a great day for science in the world and science in the Triangle region of North Carolina.”
Norman Sharpless, MD, director of UNC Lineberger and Wellcome Distinguished Professor in Cancer Research, added, “This is a well-deserved honor. Aziz has studied the fundamental biochemistry of DNA repair at UNC for over 30 years, and his work has greatly enhanced our understanding of the basic biology of cancer and aging. He is a true basic scientist and has been a wonderful friend, mentor, and colleague to scientists across UNC.”
The National Institutes of Health funded this research.
Story Courtesy of media contact: Mark Derewicz, UNC School of Medicine, 984-974-1915. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 89 | https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/07/watch-live-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-awarded | en | Watch back: Three physician-scientists receive Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | [
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] | 2019-10-07T00:00:00 | The 2019 Nobel Laureates are set to be revealed starting on October 7. | en | /apple-touch-icon.png | euronews | https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/07/watch-live-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-awarded | The Nobel Prizes will be awarded this week, starting with the Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Monday.
The prize was awarded on Monday to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza “for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.”
The two Americans and one Brit are from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Oxford University, and Johns Hopkins University.
"This prize is for three physician-scientists who found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop," said Prof Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Assembly and professor at Cambridge University, who described the background of the laureates' work.
The prize amount is 9 million Swedish kronor (roughly €830,000). Each day this week, a different prize will be awarded.
The Nobel Peace Prize will be awarded on Friday.
The prize money comes from the estate of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish businessman and engineer who invented dynamite. The first Nobel prizes were awarded in 1901.
The prize in physiology or medicine was awarded last year jointly to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo, for each discovering proteins that function as a brake on the immune system.
The two discoveries showed how inhibiting breaks on the immune system can be used to treat cancer.
To date, the youngest Nobel Laureate to win the prize in physiology or medicine is Frederick G. Banting who was awarded the prize in medicine in 1923 when he was just 32-years-old. The oldest laureate is Peyton Rous who was 87 years old when he was awarded the prize in 1966.
Just 12 women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine out of 216 recipients.
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wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 0 | 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965 | en | Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico | https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico | [
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Calendar year
Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries: Decades: Years:
1965 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1965
MCMLXVAb urbe condita2718Armenian calendar1414
ԹՎ ՌՆԺԴAssyrian calendar6715Baháʼí calendar121–122Balinese saka calendar1886–1887Bengali calendar1372Berber calendar2915British Regnal year13 Eliz. 2 – 14 Eliz. 2Buddhist calendar2509Burmese calendar1327Byzantine calendar7473–7474Chinese calendar甲辰年 (Wood Dragon)
4662 or 4455
— to —
乙巳年 (Wood Snake)
4663 or 4456Coptic calendar1681–1682Discordian calendar3131Ethiopian calendar1957–1958Hebrew calendar5725–5726Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat2021–2022 - Shaka Samvat1886–1887 - Kali Yuga5065–5066Holocene calendar11965Igbo calendar965–966Iranian calendar1343–1344Islamic calendar1384–1385Japanese calendarShōwa 40
(昭和４０年)Javanese calendar1896–1897Juche calendar54Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 daysKorean calendar4298Minguo calendarROC 54
民國54年Nanakshahi calendar497Thai solar calendar2508Tibetan calendar阳木龙年
(male Wood-Dragon)
2091 or 1710 or 938
— to —
阴木蛇年
(female Wood-Snake)
2092 or 1711 or 939
1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1965th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 965th year of the 2nd millennium, the 65th year of the 20th century, and the 6th year of the 1960s decade.
Calendar year
Main article: January 1965
Main article: February 1965
January 14 – The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland and the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years.
January 20
Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in for a full term as President of the United States.
Indonesian President Sukarno announces the withdrawal of the Indonesian government from the United Nations.
January 30 – The state funeral of Sir Winston Churchill takes place in London with the largest assembly of dignitaries in the world until the 2005 funeral of Pope John Paul II.[1]
February 4 – Trofim Lysenko is removed from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the Academy of Sciences in the Soviet Union. Lysenkoist theories are now treated as pseudoscience.[2][3]
February 12 – The African and Malagasy Common Organization (Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache; OCAM) is formed as successor to the Afro-Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation (Union Africaine et Malgache de Cooperation Economique; UAMCE), formerly the African and Malagasy Union (Union Africaine et Malgache; UAM).
February 18 – The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
February 20
Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon, after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts.
Suat Hayri Ürgüplü forms the new (interim) government of Turkey (29th government).
February 21 – Malcolm X is gunned down while giving a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem.
Main article: March 1965
Main article: April 1965
March 2 – Vietnam War: Operation Rolling Thunder – The United States Air Force 2nd Air Division, United States Navy and South Vietnamese air force begin a 31⁄2-year aerial bombardment campaign against North Vietnam.
March 7
Mass in the Catholic Church worldwide is said in local languages (rather than Latin) for the first time.[4][5]
"Bloody Sunday": Some 200 Alabama State Troopers attack 525 civil rights demonstrators in Selma, Alabama, as they attempt to march to the state capitol of Montgomery.
March 8 – Vietnam War: Some 3,500 United States Marines arrive in Da Nang, South Vietnam, becoming the first American ground combat troops in Vietnam.
March 9 – The "Turnaround Tuesday" march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, under the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr., stops at the site of "Bloody Sunday", to hold a prayer service and return to Selma, in obedience to a court restraining order. On the same day, White supremacists attack three white ministers, leaving Unitarian Universalist minister James J. Reeb in a coma.
March 10 – An engagement is announced between Princess Margriet of the Netherlands and Pieter van Vollenhoven, who will become the first commoner and the first Dutchman to marry into the Dutch royal family.
March 18 – Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov leaves his Voskhod 2 spacecraft for 12 minutes, becoming the first person to walk in space.
March 20
"Poupée de cire, poupée de son", sung by France Gall (music and lyrics by Serge Gainsbourg) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1965 for Luxembourg.
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 begins.
March 23
Events of March 23, 1965: Large student demonstration in Morocco, joined by discontented masses, meets with violent police and military repression.
Gemini 3: NASA launches the United States' first 2-person crew (Gus Grissom, John Young) into Earth orbit.
The first issue of The Vigilant is published from Khartoum.
March 25 – Martin Luther King Jr. and 25,000 civil rights activists successfully end the 4-day march from Selma, Alabama, to the capitol in Montgomery.
March 28 – At least 400 are killed or missing after an earthquake triggered a series of dam failures in La Ligua, Chile.[6]
March 30 – The second ODECA charter, signed by Central American states on December 12, 1962, becomes effective.
April 3 – The world's first space nuclear power reactor, SNAP-10A, is launched by the United States from Vandenberg AFB, California. The reactor operates for 43 days and remains in low Earth orbit.
April 5 – At the 37th Academy Awards, My Fair Lady wins 8 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Rex Harrison wins an Oscar for Best Actor. Mary Poppins takes home 5 Oscars. Julie Andrews wins an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the title role. Sherman Brothers receives 2 Oscars including Best Song, "Chim Chim Cher-ee".
April 6 – The Intelsat I ("Early Bird") communications satellite is launched. It becomes operational May 2 and is placed in commercial service in June.
April 9 – The West German parliament extends the statute of limitations on Nazi war crimes.
April 18 – Consecration of Saint Clement of Ohrid Macedonian Orthodox Cathedral in Toronto, Canada.
April 23 – The Pennine Way officially opens.
April 24
The 1965 Yerevan demonstrations start in Yerevan, demanding recognition of the Armenian genocide.
The bodies of Portuguese opposition politician Humberto Delgado and his secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos are found in a forest near Villanueva del Fresno, Spain (they were killed February 12).
In the Dominican Republic, officers and civilians loyal to deposed President Juan Bosch mutiny against the right-wing junta running the country, setting up a provisional government. Forces loyal to the deposed military-imposed government stage a countercoup the next day, and civil war breaks out, although the new government retains its hold on power.
April 26 – Rede Globo is founded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
April 28
U.S. troops occupy the Dominican Republic.
Vietnam War: Prime Minister of Australia Robert Menzies announces that the country will substantially increase its number of troops in South Vietnam, supposedly at the request of the Saigon government (it is later revealed that Menzies had asked the leadership in Saigon to send the request at the behest of the Americans).
April 29 – Australia announces that it is sending an infantry battalion to support the South Vietnam government.
Main article: May 1965
Main article: June 1965
May 1
Bob Askin replaces Jack Renshaw as Premier of New South Wales.
The Battle of Dong-Yin occurs as a conflict between Taiwan and the People's Republic of China.
May 9 – Pianist Vladimir Horowitz returns to the stage after a 12-year absence, performing a legendary concert in Carnegie Hall in New York.
May 12 –West Germany and Israel establish diplomatic relations.
May 25 – Muhammad Ali knocks out Sonny Liston in the first round of their championship rematch with the "Phantom Punch" at the Central Maine Civic Center in Lewiston.
May 27 – Internazionale beats Benfica 1–0 at the San Siro, Milan and wins the 1964-65 European Cup in Association football.
May 29 – A mining accident in Dhanbad, India, kills 274.
May 31 – Scottish racing driver Jim Clark wins the Indianapolis 500, later this year winning the Formula One world driving championship.
June 1 – A coal mine explosion in Fukuoka, Japan, kills 237.
June 2 – Vietnam War: The first contingent of Australian combat troops arrives in South Vietnam.
June 7 – Kakanj mine disaster: A mining accident in Kakanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina, results in 128 deaths.
June 10 – Vietnam War – Battle of Dong Xoai: About 1,500 Viet Cong mount a mortar attack on Đồng Xoài, overrunning its military headquarters and the adjoining militia compound.
June 19
Houari Boumediene's Revolutionary Council ousts Ahmed Ben Bella, in a bloodless coup in Algeria.
Air Marshal Nguyen Cao Ky, head of the South Vietnamese Air Force, was appointed prime minister at the head of the military junta, with General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu becoming a figurehead president, ending two years of short-lived military juntas.[7][non sequitur]
June 20 – Police in Algiers break up demonstrations by people who have taken to the streets chanting slogans in support of deposed President Ahmed Ben Bella.
June 22 – The Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea is signed in Tokyo.
June 25 – A U.S. Air Force Boeing C-135 Stratolifter bound for Okinawa crashes just after takeoff at MCAS El Toro in Orange County, California, killing all 85 on board.
Main article: July 1965
Main article: August 1965
July – The Commonwealth secretariat is created.
July 14 – U.S. spacecraft Mariner 4 flies by Mars, becoming the first spacecraft to return images from the Red Planet.
July 15 – Greek Prime minister Georgios Papandreou and his government are dismissed by King Constantine II.
July 16 – The Mont Blanc Tunnel, a highway tunnel between France and Italy, is inaugurated by presidents Giuseppe Saragat and Charles de Gaulle.
July 24 – Vietnam War: Four F-4C Phantoms escorting a bombing raid at Kang Chi are targeted by antiaircraft missiles, in the first such attack against American planes in the war. One is shot down and the other 3 sustain damage.
July 26 – The Maldives receive full independence from Great Britain.
July 27 – Edward Heath becomes Leader of the British Conservative Party.
July 28 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000, and to more than double the number of men drafted per month - from 17,000 to 35,000.
July 30 – War on Poverty: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Social Security Act of 1965 into law, establishing Medicare and Medicaid.
August 7 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia, recommends the expulsion of Singapore from the Federation of Malaysia following a deterioration of PAP–UMNO relations, negotiating its separation with Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore.
August 9
Singapore is expelled from the Federation of Malaysia, which recognises it as a sovereign nation. Lee Kuan Yew announces Singapore's independence and assumes the position of Prime Minister of the new island nation – a position he holds until 1990.
An explosion at an Arkansas missile plant kills 53.
Indonesian president Sukarno collapses in public.
August 18 – Vietnam War: Operation Starlite – 5,500 United States Marines destroy a Viet Cong stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in Quảng Ngãi Province, in the first major American ground battle of the war. The Marines were tipped off by a Viet Cong deserter who said that there was an attack planned against the U.S. base at Chu Lai.
August 19 – At the conclusion of the Frankfurt Auschwitz trials, 66 ex-SS personnel receive life sentences, 15 others shorter ones.
August 21 – NASA launches Gemini 5 (Gordon Cooper, Pete Conrad) on the first 1-week space flight, as well as the first test of fuel cells for electrical power on such a mission.
August 30 – An avalanche buries a dam construction site at Saas-Fee, Switzerland, killing 90 workers.
August 31 – U.S. President Johnson signs a law penalizing the burning of draft cards with up to 5 years in prison and a $1,000 fine.
Main article: September 1965
Main article: October 1965
September 2
Pakistani troops enter the Indian sector of Kashmir, while Indian troops counter at Lahore.
The People's Republic of China announces that it will reinforce its troops on the Indian border.
Vietnam War: In a follow-up to August's Operation Starlite, United States Marines and South Vietnamese forces initiate Operation Piranha on the Batangan Peninsula, 23 miles (37 km) south of the Chu Lai Marine base.
September 8
India opens 2 additional fronts against Pakistan.
The Pakistan Navy destroys Indian Port of Dwarka. Operation Dwarka (Pakistan celebrates Victory Day annually).
September 9
U.N. Secretary General U Thant negotiates with Pakistan President Ayub Khan.
U Thant recommends China for United Nations membership.
September 14 – The fourth and final period of the Second Vatican Council opens.
September 16 – In Iraq, Prime Minister Arif Abd ar-Razzaq's attempted coup fails.
September 17 – King Constantine II of Greece forms a new government with Prime Minister Stephanos Stephanopoulos, in an attempt to end a 2-year-old political crisis.
September 18
In Denmark, Palle Sørensen shoots 4 policemen in pursuit; he is apprehended the same day.
Comet Ikeya–Seki is first sighted by Japanese astronomers.
Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin invites the leaders of India and Pakistan to meet in the Soviet Union to negotiate.
September 19 – Pakistani Forces achieve a decisive victory at the Battle of Chawinda, ultimately halting the Indian advance and successfully stabilizing the Sialkot Front, it is the world's largest tank battle since the Battle of Kursk in the Second World War between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union
September 20 – Vietnam War: An USAF F-104 Starfighter piloted by Captain Philip Eldon Smith is shot down by a Chinese MiG-19 Farmer. The pilot is held until March 15, 1973.
September 21 – Gambia, Maldives and Singapore are admitted as members of the United Nations.
September 22 – Radio Peking announces that Indian troops have dismantled their equipment on the Chinese side of the border.
September 24
Fighting resumes between Indian and Pakistani troops.
The British governor of Aden cancels the constitution and takes direct control of the protectorate, due to the bad security situation.
September 27 – The largest tanker ship at this time, Tokyo Maru, is launched in Yokohama, Japan.
September 28
Fidel Castro announces that anyone who wants to can emigrate to the United States.
Taal Volcano in Luzon, Philippines, erupts, killing hundreds.
September 30
The Indonesian army, led by General Suharto, crushes an alleged communist coup attempt (see Transition to the New Order and 30 September Movement).
The classic family sci-fi show Thunderbirds debuts on ITV in the United Kingdom.
October 3 – Fidel Castro announces that Che Guevara has resigned and left Cuba.
October 4
At least 150 are killed when a commuter train derails at the outskirts of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Prime minister Ian Smith of Rhodesia and Arthur Bottomley of the Commonwealth of Nations begin negotiations in London.
Pope Paul VI visits the United States. He appears for a Mass in Yankee Stadium and makes a speech at the United Nations.
The University of California, Irvine opens its doors.
October 5 – Pakistan severs diplomatic relations with Malaysia because of their disagreement in the UN.
October 6 – Ian Brady, a 27-year-old stock clerk from Hyde in Cheshire, is arrested for allegedly hacking to death (with a hatchet) 17-year-old apprentice electrician Edward Evans at a house on the Hattersley housing estate.
October 7 – Seven Japanese fishing boats are sunk off Guam by Super Typhoon Carmen; 209 are killed.
October 8
Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966: The Indonesian army instigates the arrest and execution of communists which last until next March.[8]
The 7 Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent are adopted at the XX International Conference in Vienna, Austria.
The International Olympic Committee admits East Germany as a member.
October 10 – The first group of Cuban refugees travels to the U.S.
October 12
Per Borten forms a government in Norway.
The U.N. General Council recommends that the United Kingdom try everything to stop a rebellion in Rhodesia.
October 13 – Congo President Joseph Kasavubu fires Prime Minister Moise Tshombe and forms a provisional government, with Évariste Kimba in a leading position.
October 15 – Vietnam War: The Catholic Worker Movement stages an anti-war protest in Manhattan. One draft card burner is arrested, the first under the new law.
October 17 – The New York World's Fair at Flushing Meadows, closes. Due to financial losses, some of the projected site park improvements fail to materialize.
October 18 – The Indonesian government outlaws the Communist Party of Indonesia.[9]
October 20 – Ludwig Erhard is re-elected Chancellor of West Germany (he had first been elected in 1963).
October 21
Comet Ikeya–Seki approaches perihelion, passing 450,000 kilometres (280,000 mi) from the sun.
The Organization of African Unity meets in Accra, Ghana.
October 22
African countries demand that the United Kingdom use force to prevent Rhodesia from declaring unilateral independence.
Colonel Christophe Soglo stages a second coup in Dahomey.
October 25 – The Soviet Union declares its support of African countries in case Rhodesia unilaterally declares independence.
October 27
Brazilian president Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco removes power from parliament, legal courts and opposition parties.
Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (30th government).
October 28 – Pope Paul VI promulgates Nostra aetate, a "Declaration on the Relation of the (Roman Catholic) Church with Non-Christian Religions" by the Second Vatican Council which includes a statement that Jews are not collectively responsible for the death of Jesus (Jewish deicide).
October 29 – An 80-kiloton nuclear device is detonated at Amchitka Island, Alaska, as part of the Vela Uniform program, code-named Project Long Shot.
October 30 – Vietnam War: Near Da Nang, United States Marines repel an intense attack by Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas. A sketch of Marine positions is found on the dead body of a 13-year-old Vietnamese boy who sold drinks to the Marines the day before.
Main article: November 1965
Main article: December 1965
November 1 – A trolleybus plunges into the Nile at Cairo, Egypt, killing 74 passengers.
November 3 – French President Charles de Gaulle announces (just short of his 75th birthday) that he will stand for re-election.
November 5 – Martial law is announced in Rhodesia. The United Nations General Assembly accepts British intent to use force against Rhodesia if necessary by a vote of 82–9.
November 6 – Freedom Flights begin: Cuba and the United States formally agree to start an airlift for Cubans who want to go to the United States (by 1971, 250,000 Cubans take advantage of this program).
November 8 – Vietnam War – Operation Hump: The United States Army 173rd Airborne is ambushed by over 1,200 Viet Cong.
November 11
In Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), the white-minority government of Ian Smith unilaterally declares de facto independence ('UDI').
United Airlines Flight 227 crashes short of the runway and catches fire at Salt Lake City International Airport, killing 43 out of 91 passengers and crew.
November 12 – A UN Security Council resolution (voted 10–0) recommends that other countries not recognize independent Rhodesia.
November 13
The SS Yarmouth Castle burns and sinks 60 miles (97 km) off Nassau, Bahamas, with the loss of 90 lives.
British theatre critic Kenneth Tynan says "fuck" during a discussion on BBC satirical programme BBC-3 for what many believed was the first time on British television. The corporation later issues a public apology.
November 14 – Vietnam War – Battle of Ia Drang: In the Ia Drang Valley of the Central Highlands in Vietnam, the first major engagement of the war between regular United States and North Vietnamese forces begins.
November 15 – U.S. racer Craig Breedlove sets a new land speed record of 600.601 mph (966.574 km/h).
November 16 – Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe from Baikonur, Kazakhstan toward Venus (on March 1, 1966, it becomes the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet).
November 20 – The United Nations Security Council recommends that all states stop trading with Rhodesia.
November 22 – The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is established as a specialized agency of the United Nations.
November 23 – Soviet general Mikhail Kazakov assumes command of the Warsaw Pact.
November 24 – Congolese lieutenant general Mobutu ousts Joseph Kasavubu and declares himself president.
November 26 – At the Hammaguir launch facility in the Sahara Desert, France launches a Diamant A rocket with its first satellite, Astérix-1 on board, becoming the third country to enter outer space.
November 27
Tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters picket the White House, then march on the Washington Monument.
Vietnam War: The Pentagon tells U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that if planned major sweep operations to neutralize Viet Cong forces during the next year are to succeed, the number of American troops in Vietnam will have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000.
November 28 – Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's call for "more flags" in Vietnam, Philippines President-elect Ferdinand Marcos announces he will send troops to help fight in South Vietnam.
November 29 – The Canadian satellite Alouette 2 is launched.
December 5
Charles de Gaulle is re-elected as French president with 10,828,421 votes.
The "Glasnost Meeting" in Moscow becomes the first spontaneous political demonstration, and the first demonstration for civil rights in the Soviet Union.
December 8
The Second Vatican Council closes.
Rhodesian prime minister Ian Smith warns that Rhodesia will resist a trade embargo by neighboring countries with force.
The Race Relations Act becomes the first legislation to address racial discrimination in the UK.
December 9 – A Charlie Brown Christmas, the first Peanuts television special, debuts on CBS in the United States. It becomes a Christmas tradition.
December 15
The Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) is formed.
Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 perform the first controlled rendezvous in Earth orbit.
December 20 – The World Food Programme is made a permanent agency of the United Nations.
December 21
The Soviet Union announces that it has shipped rockets to North Vietnam.
In West Germany, Konrad Adenauer resigns as chairman of the Christian Democratic Party.
The United Nations adopts the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
A new 1-hour German-American production of the ballet The Nutcracker, with an international cast that includes Edward Villella in the title role, makes its U.S. television debut. It is repeated annually by CBS over the next 3 years but after that is virtually forgotten until issued on DVD in 2009 by Warner Archive.
December 22
A military coup is launched in Dahomey.
A 70 mph (110 km/h) speed limit is imposed on British roads.
David Lean's film of Doctor Zhivago, starring Omar Sharif and Julie Christie, is released.
December 25 – The Yemeni Nasserist Unionist People's Organisation is founded in Ta'izz.
December 30
Ferdinand Marcos becomes President of the Philippines.
President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia announces that Zambia and the United Kingdom have agreed on a deadline before which the Rhodesian white government should be ousted.
December 31 – Bokassa takes power in the Central African Republic.
Aborigines are given the vote in Queensland, Australia.
Hainzl Industriesysteme GmbH company is founded in Austria.[10]
Tokyo officially becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from New York City.[11]
World population 1965 1960 1970 World 3,334,874,000 3,021,475,000 313,399,000 3,692,492,000 357,618,000 Africa 313,744,000 277,398,000 36,346,000 357,283,000 43,539,000 Asia 1,899,424,000 1,701,336,000 198,088,000 2,143,118,000 243,694,000 Europe 634,026,000 604,401,000 29,625,000 655,855,000 21,829,000 Latin America 250,452,000 218,300,000 32,152,000 284,856,000 34,404,000 Northern America 219,570,000 204,152,000 15,418,000 231,937,000 12,367,000 Oceania 17,657,000 15,888,000 1,769,000 19,443,000 1,786,000
January 4
Julia Ormond, British actress[12]
Yvan Attal, Israeli-born French actor and director
January 5
Vinnie Jones, British footballer-turned-actor[13]
Patrik Sjöberg, Swedish high jumper[14]
January 9
Haddaway, German singer
Farah Khan, Indian choreographer, film director
Joely Richardson, British actress
January 10 – Butch Hartman, American animator and voice actor
January 12
Nikolai Borschevsky, Russian ice hockey player
Maybrit Illner, German television journalist and presenter
Rob Zombie, American musician
January 13 – Bill Bailey, British comedian, musician and actor
January 14
Shamil Basayev, Chechen terrorist (d. 2006)
Marc Delissen, Dutch field hockey player
Bob Essensa, Canadian ice hockey player
January 15
Adam Jones, American musician, guitarist of metal band Tool
James Nesbitt, Northern Irish actor[15]
January 20 – Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh, wife of Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh
January 21 – Jam Master Jay, American DJ, rapper and producer (d. 2002)
January 22
DJ Jazzy Jeff, American disc jockey
Diane Lane, American actress
January 23 – Catherine Guillouard, French businesswoman
January 24 – Porfirio Fisac, Spanish basketball coach
January 25 – Esa Tikkanen, Finnish ice hockey player
January 26 – Natalia Yurchenko, Soviet artistic gymnast
January 27
Alan Cumming, Scottish actor
Ignacio Noé, Argentine artist
January 29
Dominik Hašek, Czech hockey player
Jo Min-su, South Korean actress
February 1
Dave Callaghan, South African cricketer
Brandon Lee, Chinese-American actor (d. 1993)
Sherilyn Fenn, American actress
Princess Stéphanie of Monaco
February 3 – Maura Tierney, American actress
February 5 – Gheorghe Hagi, Romanian footballer, manager and club owner[16]
February 6
Idania Martínez Grandales, Cuban broadcaster, journalist and professor
Jan Svěrák, Czech actor, director, and screenwriter
February 7 – Chris Rock, African-American actor, comedian, and film director
February 8 – Dicky Cheung, Hong Kong actor
February 9 – Keith Wickham, British actor
February 11 – Roberto Moya, Cuban athlete (d. 2020)
February 12 – Brett Kavanaugh, American attorney and Supreme Court Justice
February 15 – Héctor Beltrán Leyva, Mexican drug lord (d. 2018)
February 16 – Adama Barrow, Gambian politician, 3rd President of Gambia
February 17 – Michael Bay, American film director[17]
February 18 – Dr. Dre, African-American rapper and music producer
February 23
Kristin Davis, American actress[18]
Michael Dell, American computer manufacturer[19]
Vincent Chalvon-Demersay, French producer
Helena Suková, Czech tennis player[20]
February 25 – Sylvie Guillem, French ballerina
February 27 – Claudia Zobel, Filipina actress (d. 1984)
February 28 – Park Gok-ji, South Korean film editor
March 1
Mike Dean, Record producer
Stewart Elliott, Canadian jockey
Jack Tu, Taiwanese-Canadian cardiologist (d. 2018)
March 2 – Ami Bera, American politician[21]
March 3
Tedros Adhanom, Director of the World Health Organization
Dragan Stojković, Serbian footballer and coach[22]
March 4
Greg Alexander, Australian rugby league player
Paul W. S. Anderson, British filmmaker, producer and screenwriter
March 5 – Harry Bevers, Dutch politician
March 8
Mac Jack, South African educator and politician (d. 2020)
Caio Júnior, Brazilian football forward and manager (d. 2016)
March 9
Antonio Saca, 43rd President of El Salvador
Mike Pollock, American voice actor
March 11
Catherine Fulop, Venezuelan actress, model, beauty pageant contestant, and television presenter
Jesse Jackson Jr., African-American politician
Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen, British designer and television presenter
March 14 – Aamir Khan, Indian film director, producer, film and scriptwriter and actor
March 16
Utut Adianto, Indonesian chess grandmaster and politician
Mark Carney, Canadian-born economist and central banker
March 23 – Marti Pellow, Scottish singer (Wet Wet Wet)
March 24
Rob MacCachren, American racecar driver
The Undertaker, American professional wrestler
March 25
Stefka Kostadinova, Bulgarian high jumper and president of the Bulgarian Olympic Committee
Sarah Jessica Parker, American actress
March 26 – Prakash Raj, Indian actor, producer and director
March 29 – Voula Patoulidou, Greek athlete
March 30 – Piers Morgan, British journalist and television personality
March 31 – Patty Fendick, American tennis player[23]
April 1
Brian Marshall, Canadian retired track and field athlete
Bekir Bozdağ, Turkish theologian, lawyer, and politician
April 3 – Nazia Hassan, Pakistani pop singer-songwriter, lawyer and social activist (d. 2000)
April 4 – Robert Downey Jr., American actor, producer, and singer
April 6
Black Francis, American musician
Rica Reinisch, German swimmer
April 9 – Paulina Porizkova, Swedish-American model and actress
April 10
Anna-Leena Härkönen, Finnish author[24]
Jure Robič, Slovenian cyclist (d. 2010)
April 11 – Eelco van Asperen, Dutch computer scientist
April 12 – Kim Bodnia, Danish actor and director
April 15 – Linda Perry, American musician
April 16 – Martin Lawrence, American actor, comedian, and producer
April 18 – Camille Coduri, English actress
April 18 – Steven Stayner, American kidnapping victim (d. 1989)
April 19 – Suge Knight, American record producer and convicted felon
April 20 – Jovy Marcelo, Filipino race car driver (d. 1992)
April 21
Tatul Krpeyan, Armenian commander (d. 1991)
Julio Robaina, Republican politician, Mayor of Hialeah, Florida
April 23 – Leni Robredo, 14th Vice President of the Philippines
April 24 – Michel Leclerc, French director and screenwriter
April 25 – Édouard Ferrand, French politician (d. 2018)
April 26 – Kevin James, American comedian and actor
April 27 – Edwin Poots, Irish politician
April 29 – David Shafer, American politician, Georgia
April 30 – Adrian Pasdar, Iranian-American actor and voice artist
May 2 – Myriam Hernández, Chilean singer
May 3
Gary Mitchell, Irish playwright
Rob Brydon, Welsh actor, comedian, impressionist and presenter
May 7
Owen Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 1999)[25]
Norman Whiteside, Northern Irish football player
May 9 – Steve Yzerman, Canadian hockey player
May 10 – Linda Evangelista, Canadian supermodel
May 11 – Monsour del Rosario, Filipino Olympic athlete and actor
May 12 – Renée Simonsen, Danish model and writer
May 13 – José Antonio Delgado, Venezuelan mountain climber (d. 2006)
May 14 – Eoin Colfer, Irish novelist
May 16
Rodica Dunca, Romanian artistic gymnast
Krist Novoselic, American musician and activist (Nirvana)
May 17 – Trent Reznor, American rock musician (Nine Inch Nails)
May 19 – Philippe Dhondt, French singer
May 23
Manuel Sanchís Hontiyuelo, Spanish footballer[26]
Melissa McBride, American actress (The Walking Dead)
May 24
Carlos Franco, Paraguayan golfer
John C. Reilly, American actor and comedian
Shinichirō Watanabe, Japanese anime director
May 25 – Yahya Jammeh, President of the Gambia
May 29 – Emilio Sánchez, Spanish tennis player
May 30 – Guadalupe Grande, Spanish poet (d. 2021)
May 31 – Brooke Shields, American actress and model
June 1
Larisa Lazutina, Russian cross-country skier
Nigel Short, English chess player
June 2 – Steve and Mark Waugh, Australian cricketers
June 4
Mick Doohan, Australian motorcycle racer
Andrea Jaeger, American tennis player[27]
June 6
Cam Neely, Canadian ice hockey player
Megumi Ogata, Japanese voice actress and singer[28]
June 7
Mick Foley, American professional wrestler
Damien Hirst, British artist
Christine Roque, French singer
June 8
Frank Grillo, American actor[29]
Rob Pilatus, German model, dancer and singer (d. 1998)
June 10
Veronica Ferres, German actress
Elizabeth Hurley, English model and actress
June 11 – Manuel Uribe, morbidly obese Mexican (d. 2014)
June 12 – Carlos Luis Morales, Ecuadorian journalist (d. 2020)
June 13 – Infanta Cristina of Spain
June 15 – Bernard Hopkins, American boxer
June 16 – Andrea M. Ghez, American astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics[30]
June 17
Dana Eskelson, American actress[31]
Dan Jansen, American speedskater
Dara O'Kearney, Irish ultra runner and professional poker player
June 18
Kim Dickens, American actress
Hani Mohsin, Malaysian celebrity, actor and host (d. 2006)
June 21
Yang Liwei, Chinese major general, military pilot and China National Space Administration astronaut
Gabriella Selmeczi, Hungarian jurist and politician
Tim Lajcik, Czech American mixed martial artist, stuntman, actor and writer
June 22 – Anubhav Sinha, Indian film director
June 23 – Paul Arthurs, English Musician (Oasis)
June 24 – Son Hyun-joo, South Korean actor
June 25 – Jean Castex, French politician
June 26 – Jana Hybášková, Czech politician and diplomat
June 27
Frédéric Lemoine, French businessman
S. Manikavasagam, Malaysian politician
June 28 – Belayneh Dinsamo, Ethiopian long-distance runner
June 29
Véronique Laury, French businesswoman
Dado Villa-Lobos, Brazilian musician
Matthew Weiner, American television writer, director and producer[32]
June 30
Philippe Duquesne, French actor
Cho Jae-hyun, South Korean actor
Mitch Richmond, American basketball player
July 1
Teddy McCarthy, hurler and Gaelic footballer
Carl Fogarty, English motorcycle racer
Mohammed Abdul Hussein, Iraqi former footballer
July 2 – Fredrik Sejersted, Norwegian jurist
July 3
Komsan Pohkong, Thai lawyer
Shinya Hashimoto, Japanese professional wrestler (d. 2005)
Connie Nielsen, Danish actress
Tommy Flanagan, Scottish actor
July 4 – Tracy Letts, American actor, playwright and screenwriter
July 5
Kathryn Erbe, American actress
Eyran Katsenelenbogen, Israeli jazz pianist
July 7
Paula Devicq, Canadian actress
Jeremy Kyle, English radio and television presenter
July 10
Danny Boffin, Belgian footballer
Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark
Alec Mapa, American comedian
July 11 – Ernesto Hoost, Dutch kickboxer
July 12 – Mama Kandeh, Gambian politician
July 13 – Akina Nakamori, Japanese singer and actress
July 14 – Lou Savarese, American boxer
July 15 – Dafna Rechter, Israeli actress and singer
July 17
Santiago Segura, Spanish actor, screenwriter, producer and director
Rosa Gumataotao Rios, 43rd Treasurer of the United States
Alex Winter, British actor
July 18 – Eva Ionesco, French actress, film director and screenwriter
July 19
Dame Evelyn Glennie, Scottish virtuoso percussionist
Hailemariam Desalegn, 15th Prime Minister of Ethiopia
July 21 – Guðni Bergsson, Icelandic footballer
July 22 – Shawn Michaels, American professional wrestler
July 23
Grace Mugabe, First Lady of Zimbabwe
Slash (Saul Hudson), English-born American rock guitarist
July 25 – Illeana Douglas, American actress and producer[33]
July 26
Vladimir Cruz, Cuban actor
Jeremy Piven, American actor
Jimmy Dore, American comedian and political commentator
July 27
José Luis Chilavert, Paraguayan footballer[34]
Trifon Ivanov, Bulgarian footballer (d. 2016)[35]
July 28 – Daniela Mercury, Brazilian singer, songwriter, dancer, producer, actress and television host
July 29 – Chang-Rae Lee, Korean-American novelist
July 31 – J. K. Rowling, English author
August 1 – Sam Mendes, English film director
August 2
Sandra Ng, Hong Kong actress
Hisanobu Watanabe, Japanese baseball player and coach
August 4
Terri Lyne Carrington, American jazz drummer
Dennis Lehane, American crime writer
Fredrik Reinfeldt, Swedish Prime Minister[36]
August 5 – Monica Ward, Italian actress and voice actress
August 6 – David Robinson, American basketball player
August 10
Claudia Christian, American actress, writer, singer, musician, and director
Mike E. Smith, American jockey
John Starks, American basketball player
August 11 – Viola Davis, African-American actress
August 15 – Vincent Kok, Hong Kong director and actor
August 16 – Michael O'Gorman, American coxswain (d. 2018)
August 19
Kevin Dillon, American actor
Maria de Medeiros, Portuguese actress
Kyra Sedgwick, American actress
James Tomkins, Australian rower
August 22 – David Reimer, Canadian man, born male but reassigned female and raised as a girl after a botched circumcision (d. 2004)[37]
August 24 – Reggie Miller, American basketball player and commentator
August 25 – Mia Zapata, American singer (d. 1993)
August 26 – Azela Robinson, Mexican actress
August 28
Satoshi Tajiri, Japanese video game designer and Pokémon creator[38]
Amanda Tapping, Canadian actress
Shania Twain, Canadian country singer and songwriter
August 31 – Daniel Bernhardt, Swiss actor and martial artist
September 1 – Craig McLachlan, Australian actor and singer
September 2 – Lennox Lewis, British boxer
September 3
Costas Mandylor, Greek-Australian actor
Charlie Sheen, American actor and producer
September 5 – Derby Makinka, Zambian footballer (d. 1993)
September 6 – Gleisi Hoffmann, Brazilian lawyer and politician
September 7 – Jörg Pilawa, German television presenter
September 8
Tutilo Burger, German Benedictine monk and abbot
Darlene Zschech, Australian singer and worship leader
September 10 – Marco Pastors, Dutch politician
September 11
Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria
Moby, American musician
September 12
Einstein Kristiansen, Norwegian cartoonist, designer, and television host
September 14 – Dmitry Medvedev, former President of Russia
September 15 – Fernanda Torres, Brazilian actress
September 16 – Katy Kurtzman, American actress, director and producer
September 17
Kyle Chandler, American actor
Yuji Naka, Japanese video game programmer
September 19
Goldie, English record producer and DJ
Tim Scott, African-American politician and businessman
Tshering Tobgay, former Prime Minister of Bhutan
September 20 – Robert Rusler, American actor
September 21
Cheryl Hines, American actress
Johanna Vuoksenmaa, Finnish film director
David Wenham, Australian actor
Pramila Jayapal, American politician
September 23 – Mark Woodforde, Australian tennis player
September 25 – Scottie Pippen, American basketball player
September 26
Radisav Ćurčić, Serbian-Israeli basketball player[39]
Alexei Mordashov, Russian businessman
Petro Poroshenko, former President of Ukraine
September 27 – Steve Kerr, American basketball player
October 1 – Andreas Keller, German field hockey player
October 2
Gerardo Reyero, Mexican voice actor
Ferhan and Ferzan Önder, Turkish-Austrian pianists[40][41]
October 3
Adriana Calcanhotto, Brazilian singer and composer
Jan-Ove Waldner, Swedish table tennis player[42]
October 5
Mario Lemieux, Canadian ice hockey player
Patrick Roy, Canadian ice hockey player
October 6 – Steve Scalise, House Majority Whip and U.S. Representative of Louisiana's 1st district[43]
October 8
Matt Biondi, American swimmer
C. J. Ramone, American musician
October 9 – Dionicio Cerón, Mexican long-distance runner
October 10 – Chris Penn, American actor (d. 2006)
October 11
Julianne McNamara, American artistic gymnast
Lennie James, English actor, screenwriter, and playwright[44]
October 13 – Kalpana, Indian film actress (d. 2016)
October 14
Steve Coogan, British comedian and actor
Jüri Jaanson, Estonian rower and politician
October 16 – Kang Kyung-ok, South Korean artist
October 17
Aravinda de Silva, Sri Lankan cricketer
Rhys Muldoon, Australian actor, writer, and director
October 18 – Zakir Naik, Indian doctor and Islamic activist
October 19
The Renegade, American professional wrestler (d. 1999)
Ty Pennington, American television presenter
Tracy Griffith, American actress, sushi chef, and painter
October 20
Amos Mansdorf, Israeli tennis player[45]
Stefano Pioli, Italian football player and manager[46]
October 22 – Sumito Estévez, Venezuelan chef[47]
October 26
Aaron Kwok, Hong Kong singer and actor
Kelly Rowan, Canadian actress
Kenneth Rutherford, New Zealand cricketer
October 29 – Christy Clark, Canadian politician
October 30 – Zaza Urushadze, Georgian film director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2019)
October 31 – Rob Rackstraw, British actor
November 1
Patrik Ringborg, Swedish conductor
November 2
Paweł Adamowicz, Polish politician and lawyer (d. 2019)
Shah Rukh Khan, Indian actor, film/television producer and television presenter
November 4 – Wayne Static, American singer and musician (Static-X) (d. 2014)
November 7 – Sigrun Wodars, German athlete
November 8 – Patricia Poleo, Venezuelan journalist[48]
November 9 – Sir Bryn Terfel, Welsh baritone
November 10 – Eddie Irvine, Northern Irish racing driver
November 11 – Max Mutchnick, American television producer
November 12 – Ricard Zapata-Barrero, Spanish scholar of migration studies
November 13 – Rick Roberts, Canadian actor
November 19
Paulo Barreto, Brazilian cryptographer
Laurent Blanc, French football player and manager
November 20 – Yoshiki Hayashi, Japanese rock composer, pianist and drummer
November 21
Björk, Icelandic singer-songwriter and musician
Reggie Lewis, American basketball player (d. 1993)
Alexander Siddig, Sudanese-British actor
November 22 – Mads Mikkelsen, Danish actor
November 23 – Radion Gataullin, Uzbek-Russian pole-vaulter
November 24 – Shirley Henderson, Scottish actress
November 25 – Ana Paula Padrão, Brazilian journalist, chief editor, entrepreneur, writer and television presenter
November 26 – Scott Adsit, American actor
November 27 – Rachida Dati, French politician
November 29
Lauren Child, American author
Yutaka Ozaki, Japanese musician (d. 1992)
Raffaella Reggi, Italian tennis player[49]
November 30
Ben Stiller, American actor, comedian and filmmaker
Tashi Tenzing, Indian mountaineer
December 3
Steve Harris, American actor
Katarina Witt, German figure skater
Andrew Stanton, American animator, storyboard artist, film director, and screenwriter
December 5 – Johnny Rzeznik, American rock singer and guitarist
December 7
Teruyuki Kagawa, Japanese actor
Jeffrey Wright, African-American actor
December 8 – David Harewood, English actor
December 9 – Brad Savage, American actor
December 10 – Stephanie Morgenstern, Canadian actress
December 15 – Luis Fabián Artime, Argentine footballer
December 16 – J. B. Smoove, African-American actor and comedian
December 18 – John Moshoeu, South African footballer (d. 2015)
December 19 – Jessica Steen, Canadian actress
December 21
Andy Dick, American actor and comedian
Anke Engelke, German comedian, actress and voice-over actress
December 23 – Andreas Kappes, German cyclist (d. 2018)
December 27 – Salman Khan, Indian actor, television presenter
December 30
Valentina Legkostupova, Soviet and Russian pop singer, teacher and producer (d. 2020)
Robert Rep, Dutch politician
December 31
Nicholas Sparks, American author[50]
Gong Li, Chinese actress
Yklymberdi Paromov, Turkmen politician
Marga Hoek, Dutch businesswoman
January 4 – T. S. Eliot, American-British poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)[51]
January 10
Antonín Bečvář, Czechoslovak astronomer (b. 1901)
Frederick Fleet, British sailor and lookout aboard the RMS Titanic (b. 1887)
January 12 – Lorraine Hansberry, African-American playwright and writer (b. 1930)
January 14 – Jeanette MacDonald, American actress and singer (b. 1903)
January 15 – Pierre Ngendandumwe, 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Burundi (assassinated) (b. 1930)
January 20 – Alan Freed, American disc jockey (b. 1921)
January 24 – Sir Winston Churchill, British politician and statesman, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, World War II leader, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1874)[52]
January 27 – Hassan Ali Mansur, Iranian politician, 69th Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1923)
January 28
Taimur bin Feisal, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (b. 1886)
Tich Freeman, English cricketer (b. 1888)[53]
Maxime Weygand, French general (b. 1867)
January 31 – Konstantin Muraviev, 31st Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1893)
February 5 – Irving Bacon, American actor (b. 1893)
February 6 – Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern (b. 1891)
February 7 – Nance O'Neil, American stage and film actress (b. 1874)
February 9 – Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah, Indian educationist, philosopher, philanthropist, social reformer and spiritualist (b. 1874)[54]
February 13
Humberto Delgado, Portuguese general and opposition politician (b. 1906)
William Heard Kilpatrick, American mathematician and philosopher (b. 1871)
February 14 – Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht, French composer (b. 1880)
February 15 – Nat King Cole, American singer and musician (b. 1919)[55]
February 19
Forrest Taylor, American actor (b. 1883)[56]
Tom Wilson, American actor (b. 1880)
February 20 – Michał Waszyński, Polish film director and producer (b. 1904)[57]
February 21 – Malcolm X, American civil rights activist (b. 1925)[58]
February 22 – Felix Frankfurter, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1882)
February 23 – Stan Laurel, British actor (b. 1890)[59]
February 24 – Takeo Itō, Japanese general (b. 1889)
February 28 – Adolf Schärf, Austrian politician, 6th President of Austria (b. 1890)
March 5 – Salvador Castaneda Castro, 31st President of El Salvador (b. 1888)
March 6
Margaret Dumont, American actress (b. 1889)
Herbert Morrison, British politician (b. 1888)[60]
March 7 – Louise Mountbatten, queen consort of Sweden as second wife of King Gustaf VI Adolf (b. 1889)
March 13
Corrado Gini, Italian statistician (b. 1884)[61]
Vittorio Jano, Italian automobile designer (b. 1891)[62]
Fan Noli, Albanian bishop, poet and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1882)
March 14 – Marion Jones Farquhar, American tennis champion (b. 1879)
March 17
Nancy Cunard, English writer, heiress and political activist (b. 1896)
Amos Alonzo Stagg, American baseball, basketball and football player and coach (b. 1862)
March 18 – Farouk of Egypt, deposed king (b. 1920)
March 19 – Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Romanian communist leader, 47th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1901)
March 22 – Fidel Dávila, Spanish general and minister (b. 1878)
March 23 – Mae Murray, American silent film actress (b. 1885)
March 25
Giorgio Federico Ghedini, Italian composer (b. 1892)
Viola Liuzzo, American Unitarian Universalist and civil rights activist (b. 1925)
March 28
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood, member of the British royal family (b. 1897)
Jack Hoxie, American actor, rodeo performer (b. 1885)
March 30 – Philip Showalter Hench, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1896)
April 3 – Ray Enright, American film director (b. 1896)
April 9 – Sherman Minton, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1890)[63]
April 10
Linda Darnell, American actress (b. 1923)
La Belle Otero, Spanish actress, dancer and courtesan (b. 1868)
April 14
Leonard Mudie, English actor (b. 1883)[64]
Perry Smith (b. 1928) and Richard Hickock (b. 1931), American convicted murderers
April 16 – Sydney Chaplin, English actor (b. 1885)
April 18 – Guillermo González Camarena, Mexican inventor (b. 1917)
April 21
Sir Edward Victor Appleton, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
Pedro Albizu Campos, advocate of Puerto Rican independence (b. 1891)[65]
April 23 – George Adamski, Polish-American UFO writer (b. 1891)
April 24 – Louise Dresser, American actress (b. 1878)
April 27 – Edward R. Murrow, American journalist (b. 1908)[66]
April 30 – Helen Chandler, American actress (b. 1906)
May 1 – Spike Jones, American musician and bandleader (b. 1911)
May 6 – Oren E. Long, American politician, 10th Governor of Hawai'i (b. 1889)
May 7
Charles Sheeler, American photographer (b. 1883)
Alf Bjørnskau Bastiansen, Norwegian priest and politician (b. 1883)
May 9 – Leopold Figl, 14th Chancellor of Austria and acting President of Austria (b. 1902)
May 10 – Hubertus van Mook, Dutch Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1894)[67]
May 14 – Frances Perkins, first woman appointed as a United States presidential cabinet member (Labor) (b. 1880)
May 15 – Yisrael Bar-Yehuda, Zionist activist and Israel politician (b. 1895)
May 18 – Eli Cohen, Israeli spy (b. 1924)
May 19 – Maria Dąbrowska, Polish writer (b. 1889)
May 21 – Sir Geoffrey de Havilland, British aviation pioneer and aircraft company founder (b. 1882)[68]
May 23
Rosina Anselmi, Italian actress (b. 1880)
David Smith, American sculptor (b. 1906)
May 24 – Sonny Boy Williamson, American blues musician (b. 1899)
May 27 – John Rinehart Blue, American military officer, educator, businessperson, and politician (b. 1905)[69]
June 1 – Curly Lambeau, American football player and coach (b. 1898)
June 5
Eleanor Farjeon, British author of children's literature (b. 1881)
Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland (b. 1884)
June 7 – Judy Holliday, American actress, comedian, and singer (b. 1921)
June 11 – José Mendes Cabeçadas, Portuguese navy officer, 94th Prime Minister of Portugal and 9th President of Portugal (b. 1883)
June 13 – Martin Buber, Austrian-Israeli philosopher (b. 1878)
June 15 – Steve Cochran, American actor (b. 1917)
June 19 – James Collip, Canadian biochemist (b. 1892)
June 20 – Bernard Baruch, American financier and presidential adviser (b. 1870)
June 22 – David O. Selznick, American film producer (b. 1902)
June 23 – Mary Boland, American actress (b. 1882)
June 28 – Red Nichols, American jazz cornettist (b. 1905)
June 30 – Bessie Barriscale, American actress (b. 1884)
July 1 – Wally Hammond, English cricketer (b. 1903)
July 7 – Moshe Sharett, 2nd Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1894)
July 8 – T. S. Stribling, American novelist (b. 1881)[70]
July 11 – Ray Collins, American actor (b. 1889)
July 13 – Laureano Gómez, 43rd President of Colombia (b. 1889)
July 14
Adlai Stevenson, American politician (b. 1900)
Max Woosnam, English sportsman (b. 1892)
July 19
Clyde Beatty, American animal trainer (b. 1903)
Ingrid Jonker, South African Afrikaans poet (b. 1933)
Syngman Rhee, Korean statesman, 1st President of South Korea (b. 1875)
July 24 – Constance Bennett, American actress (b. 1904)
July 28 – Rampo Edogawa, Japanese author and critic (b. 1894)
July 30
Pier Ruggero Piccio, Italian World War I fighter ace, air force general (b. 1880)[71]
Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Japanese writer (b. 1886)
August 1 – John Miller, American Olympic rower - Men's eights (b. 1903)
August 6
Nancy Carroll, American actress (b. 1903)
Everett Sloane, American actor (b. 1909)
August 8 – Shirley Jackson, American author (b. 1916)
August 9 – Creighton Hale, American actor (b. 1882)
August 13 – Hayato Ikeda, Japanese politician, 38th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1899)
August 25 – Johnny Hayes, American Olympic athlete (b. 1886)
August 27 – Le Corbusier, Swiss architect (b. 1887)
August 28
Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, Iraqi politician, 9th Prime Minister of Iraq (b. 1892)
Giulio Racah, Israeli physicist (b. 1909)
August 29 – Paul Waner, American baseball player (b. 1903)
September 4
Tommy Hampson, British Olympic athlete (b. 1907)
Albert Schweitzer, Alsatian physician and missionary, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1875)
September 8
Dorothy Dandridge, American actress (b. 1922)
Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
September 12 – Lucian Truscott, American general (b. 1895)
September 16 – Fred Quimby, American animated film producer (b. 1886)
September 17 – Alejandro Casona, Spanish poet and playwright (b. 1903)
September 22 – Othmar Ammann, Swiss-born American engineer (b. 1879)[72]
September 27 – Clara Bow, American silent film actress (b. 1905)
October 1 – Anton Boisen, American founder of the clinical pastoral education movement (b. 1876)[73]
October 3 – Zachary Scott, American actor (b. 1914)
October 8 – Thomas B. Costain, Canadian author and journalist (b. 1885)[74]
October 11
Dorothea Lange, American photographer (b. 1895)
Walther Stampfli, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1884)
October 12 – Samir Al-Rifai, 6-time Prime Minister of Jordan (b. 1901)
October 13 – Paul Hermann Müller, Swiss chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899)
October 14 – Randall Jarrell, American poet (b. 1914)
October 15 – Abraham Fraenkel, Israeli mathematician and recipient of the Israel Prize (b. 1891)
October 17 – Bart King, American cricketer (b. 1873)[75]
October 18
Oscar Beregi, Hungarian actor (b. 1876)
Henry Travers, English actor (b. 1874)
October 21
Bill Black, American musician and bandleader (b. 1926)
Marie McDonald, American actress (b. 1923)
October 22 – Paul Tillich, German American Christian existentialist philosopher and theologian (b. 1886)
October 23 – Luis de la Puente Uceda, Peruvian guerrilla leader (b. 1926)
October 24 – Hans Meerwein, German chemist (b. 1879)
October 26 – Sylvia Likens, American murder victim (b. 1949)
October 29 – Miller Anderson, American Olympic diver (b. 1922)
October 30 – Arthur Schlesinger, Sr., American historian (b. 1888)[76]
October 31 – Rita Johnson, American actress (b. 1913)
November 2
Félix Paiva, 28th President of Paraguay (b. 1877)
H.V. Evatt, Australian politician, judge (b. 1894)
November 6
Edgard Varèse, French-born American composer (b. 1883)
Clarence Williams, American musician (b. 1893)
November 8
Dorothy Kilgallen, American newspaper columnist and television personality (b. 1913)
Emma Gramatica, Italian actress (b. 1874)
Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, second caliph (b. 1889)
November 12 – Taher Saifuddin, Indian Bohra spiritual leader (b. 1888)[77]
November 16
Harry Blackstone Sr., American magician and illusionist (b. 1885)[78]
W. T. Cosgrave, Irish politician, president of the Provisional Government and the Executive Council of the Irish Free State (b. 1880)
November 18
Khalid al-Azm, 5-time Prime Minister of Syria and acting President of Syria (b. 1903)
Henry A. Wallace, 33rd Vice President of the United States (b. 1888)
November 24 – Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1895)
November 25 – Dame Myra Hess, English pianist (b. 1890)
December 5 – Joseph Erlanger, American physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)
December 9 – Branch Rickey, American baseball executive (b. 1881)
December 10 – Henry Cowell, American composer (b. 1897)
December 11 – George Constantinescu, Romanian scientist (b. 1881)
December 15 – Joseph Bamina, 8th Prime Minister of Burundi (executed) (b. 1925)
December 16
W. Somerset Maugham, English writer (b. 1874)
Tito Schipa, Italian tenor (b. 1889)
December 24 – William M. Branham, American minister (b. 1909)
December 27 – Edgar Ende, German painter (b. 1901)
December 29 – Kosaku Yamada, Japanese composer and conductor (b. 1886) | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 0 | 92 | https://www.marefa.org/1965 | en | المعرفة | [
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wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 53 | https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/2/katalin-kariko-drew-weissman-win-nobel-prize-in-medicine | en | Katalin Kariko, Drew Weissman win Nobel Prize in medicine for mRNA vaccines | [
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] | 2023-10-02T00:00:00 | The duo win the prestigious prize for the research that led directly to the first mRNA vaccines to fight COVID-19. | en | /favicon_aje.ico | Al Jazeera | https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/2/katalin-kariko-drew-weissman-win-nobel-prize-in-medicine | Hungarian-born Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman of the US have won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their research that led directly to the first mRNA vaccines to fight COVID-19, made by Pfizer and Moderna, according to the awarding body.
“The laureates contributed to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times,” the jury said in Sweden’s capital Stockholm on Monday.
Katalin Kariko is a professor at Sagan’s University in Hungary and an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Drew Weissman conducted his prizewinning research together with Kariko at the University of Pennsylvania.
The pair will receive their prize, consisting of a diploma, a gold medal and a $1m cheque, from King Carl XVI Gustaf at a formal ceremony in Stockholm on December 10, the anniversary of the 1896 death of scientist Alfred Nobel who created the prizes in his last will and testament.
The frontrunners for this year’s award in medicine included Kevan Shokat, an American biologist who figured out how to block the KRAS cancer gene behind a third of cancers, including challenging-to-treat lung, colon, and pancreatic tumours.
Two American biologists, Stanislas Leibler and Michael Elowitz, were also in the run for their work on synthetic gene circuits which established the field of synthetic biology.
It enables scientists to redesign organisms by engineering them to have new abilities.
The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was won last year by Swedish scientist Svante Paabo for discoveries in human evolution that unlocked secrets of Neanderthal DNA which provided key insights into our immune system, including our vulnerability to severe COVID-19.
The physics prize will be announced on Tuesday, chemistry on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced on Friday and the economics award on October 9. | ||||
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] | null | [] | null | /favicon.ico | null | The Nobel Laureates of AAI
by Charles Richter and John S. Emrich
December 2022
The story of the Nobel Prizes begins in 1850 in the Paris laboratory of the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero, where a young Alfred Nobel first encountered nitroglycerine. Sobrero had discovered the unstable and highly explosive chemical three years earlier and Nobel, against Sobrero’s advice, sought to find commercial uses for it. Eventually, after causing an accidental explosion that killed his younger brother, Nobel developed a stable, solid compound of nitroglycerine that he called dynamite. His invention transformed mining and engineering, allowing for feats of construction that would have been impossible without such explosive power.
Of course, dynamite also had military applications. Nobel had somewhat naively believed that dynamite was so frighteningly powerful that it would make war obsolete. According to his biographer, the truth was driven home in 1888 when Nobel opened a newspaper and read his own obituary, which called him a “merchant of death.” The newspaper writer had confused Alfred Nobel with his brother Ludvig, who had in fact died. Not wanting to be remembered as a war profiteer, he decided to use his wealth for good and thus established the Nobel Prizes to recognize “those who have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.” Unfortunately, no copy of the alleged obituary has ever been located. Nobel never spoke publicly about the actual inspiration behind the prizes.
After a long career of invention and engineering, Nobel stipulated in his will that 94 percent of his estate would be invested, with the interest funding the prizes. The initial five categories of achievement were physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace, and were to be awarded with “no consideration…given to nationality.” The arrangement angered his family members, who expected to inherit the sizable fortune, as well as many of his fellow Scandinavians, who were incensed that awardees from other countries would be considered.
Immunology Recognized
Alfred Nobel died in 1896, and the first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901. The very first prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Emil von Behring for his work on serum therapy, which had laid the foundation for the early field of immunology. Future prizes would confirm the centrality of immunological research to the larger biomedical field and to public health in the world at large.
Since 1901, Nobel Prizes have been awarded to 27 AAI members for their innovation and achievements in immunology and related disciplines. They range from early 20th century discoveries elucidating fundamental properties of blood to more recent breakthroughs that have led to better understanding and successful clinical treatments of both ancient scourges like cancer and novel diseases such as COVID-19. Four laureates spanning nearly 80 years of the association have served as AAI Presidents: Karl Landsteiner (AAI 1922, president 1927–28), John F. Enders (AAI 1936, president 1952–53), Baruj Benacerraf (1957, president 1973–74), and James P. Allison (AAI 1978, president 2001–02). Immunologists continue to make important scientific advances and discoveries with broad reaching possibilities, offering the potential every year for another AAI member to be given this honor. No more than 15 years have ever elapsed between instances of the prize being bestowed on an immunologist, and on two occasions AAI members have been honored in successive years.
Here we present brief profiles of some of the AAI Nobel laureates, representing a selection of the immunological developments to be recognized since 1919. In a previous article, the work of Enders, Thomas Weller (AAI 1943), and Frederick Robbins (AAI 1952) on culturing the poliovirus was featured. Full profiles of all laureates are available on the AAI website at www.aai.org/Nobel.
Bordet (1919)
Jules Bordet (AAI 1960) was the first AAI member to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for his discoveries relating to immunity.” His peers had previously nominated Bordet in 1902 along with Emile Roux (who never won the prize himself), and Bordet had received additional nominations each year since 1908. Although he won the 1919 prize, an obscure rule in Nobel’s will meant that he would not receive it until the next year. Bordet did not even know he had won until 1920, when the announcement was made while he was traveling in the United States. In the award ceremony, the Nobel committee recognized the critical importance of immunology as a field as well as Bordet’s specific contributions, particularly his discovery of complement and his development of complement fixation tests that led to a wide range of further discoveries and diagnostics.
Landsteiner (1930)
Karl Landsteiner was the first Nobel Laureate to be an active AAI member at the time of the award, which was given in 1930 “for his discovery of human blood groups.” Although Landsteiner had made his initial findings in 1900, the importance of blood groups was not widely realized until 1910. When The Journal of Immunology was founded in 1916, Landsteiner’s impact was obvious in the many studies on blood groupings that were published in the early volumes. The Nobel committee also acknowledged the legal and forensic doorways that blood typing opened, as now blood samples could be used to rule out crime suspects or potential fathers in a paternity dispute.
Stanley (1946)
Wendell Stanley (AAI 1957) holds the distinction of being the only member of AAI to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which he shared with John Howard Northrop in 1946 “for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form.” Prior to Stanley’s research, the physical nature of viruses was unknown. In the 1930s, he managed to crystalize the tobacco mosaic virus, ending the debate and demonstrating that viruses were particles too small to be filtered or seen by the equipment of the day. Further experimentation showed that viruses were composed of proteins and RNA, which explained how they are replicated. Stanley’s work transformed the field of virology and was a key step in understanding how to produce immunity to viruses. Later in his career, Stanley turned his attention to cancer, and announced to a skeptical audience at the 1956 National Cancer Conference: “I believe the time has come when we should assume that viruses are responsible for most, if not all, kinds of cancer.”
Edelman and Porter (1972)
Gerald Edelman (AAI 1970) and Rodney Porter (AAI 1973) shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.” Working independently in 1959, both scientists had broken antibody molecules into fragments to see how their properties would be altered. Porter split an antibody with the enzyme papain, and found that it divided into three fragments, two of which retained the ability to combine with its antigen. Edelman separated the antibody into several chains with no such capability. The well-known Y-shaped model of the antibody comes from Porter’s explanation that the chains Edelman found were arranged into branches, and it is the specific arrangement of elements that enables reactivity to antigens.
The Nobel Committee’s press release for the award contained a rather back-handed compliment to the field: when Edelman and Porter “provided a clear picture of the structure and mode of action of a group of biologically particularly important substances… they laid a firm foundation for truly rational research, something that was previously largely lacking in immunology.”
Baltimore (1975)
David Baltimore (AAI 1984) received the 1975 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, sharing it with Renato Dulbecco and Howard Temin “for their discoveries concerning the interaction of tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell.” In 1970, following Dulbecco’s discovery that genetic material from DNA tumor viruses actually remains in and is replicated by host cells, Baltimore and Tenin both found an enzyme in RNA tumor viruses that could form DNA from an RNA template. This enzyme became known as reverse transcriptase.
The discovery of reverse transcriptase allowed for the development of several new microbiological advances and technologies, including enrichment of cellular mRNA, molecular cloning, and the discovery of oncogenes.
Benacerraf, Dausset, and Snell (1980)
Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset (AAI 1975), and George Snell were awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.” Independently, the three scientists made key contributions that built on one another: Snell discovered the role of the histocompatibility gene H-2 in transplant rejection; Dausset showed the existence of H-2 in humans; and Benacerraf discovered the immune response (Ir) genes. Together, these findings elucidated the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which is a component of the immune system of all vertebrates.
Jerne, Kohler, and Milstein (1984)
Niels Jerne (AAI 1965) won the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system,” sharing the prize with Georges Köhler (AAI 1985) and César Milstein (AAI 1979), who were honored for “the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies.” Jerne “outlined the development of modern immunology” in three crucial theories: (1) that specific antibody response is predetermined in the womb; (2) that lymphocytes “learn” to distinguish self from non-self in the thymus where they are exposed to histocompatibility antigens; and (3) that antibodies can stimulate the production of anti-antibodies in a cascading manner that finds equilibrium under normal conditions. The third of these, known as the “Network Theory,” provided the foundation for numerous translational applications ranging from allergy and infectious disease treatment to transplantation and autoimmune disorder management.
Köhler and Milstein developed the hybridoma technique for producing monoclonal antibodies by fusing antigen-immunized cells to immortalized myeloma cells, effectively creating a factory for antigen-specific antibodies. Without their innovation, we would not have had one of the most important treatments for immunocompromised and immunosuppressed people during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Doherty and Zinkernagel (1996)
The 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine went to Peter Doherty (AAI 1976) and Rolf Zinkernagel (AAI 1976, DFAAI 2019) “for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defense.” Their research showed that when a cell has been infected by a virus, a lymphocyte must recognize two factors in that cell before killing it: MHC antigens and the virus. This simultaneous recognition of and distinction between both self and non-self factors is one of the checks that limits the cellular immune system from activating inappropriately. Understanding that the strongest T cell responses are elicited by “altered self” targets led to advances in transplantation, vaccine development, and treatment of autoimmune and infectious diseases.
Prusiner (1997)
Stanley Prusiner (AAI 1981) received the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for his discovery of Prions—a new biological principle of infection.” When one of his patients died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Prusiner decided to identify the mysterious infectious agent that was neither bacterium nor virus. Knowing that the CJD and similar diseases such as kuru and scrapie were transmitted via brain tissue, he eventually produced from hamster brains a preparation containing the agent: a single protein he named a proteinaceous infectious particle, or “prion” for short. Prusiner’s 1982 discovery came just in time to help inform the management of the “mad cow disease” epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) in the United Kingdom.
Allison and Honjo (2018)
The most recent Nobel laureates in AAI are James Allison and Tasuku Honjo (AAI 1988), who won the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation.” Curing cancer has always been one of the most sought-after goals in medical science, and the immunotherapy that Allison and Honjo made possible is one of the most promising developments in history. Working with the T cell protein CTLA-4, understood to act as a “brake” on the immune system, Allison discovered a way of “releasing the brake” and letting the T cells attack tumor cells when they otherwise would not. Honjo identified a second brake protein that worked differently but also proved effective in attacking cancer.
Allison and Honjo certainly will not be the last AAI members to be recognized by the Nobel Committee, as the field continues to produce important research with wide applications in both basic and translational realms.
Other Nominations
Although the Nobel nominations are sealed for 50 years, the available records show that many other AAI members have been recommended for the award, some several times. Among the presidents of AAI, John Kolmer (AAI 1913, president 1917–18), Hans Zinsser (AAI 1917, president 1919–20), Rufus Cole (AAI 1917, president 1920–21), Frederick Novy (AAI 1920, president 1924–25), Ludvig Hektoen (AAI 1919, president 1926–27), Karl F. Meyer (AAI 1922, president 1940–41), Thomas Francis Jr. (AAI 1930, president 1949–50), and Colin MacLeod (AAI 1937, president 1951–52) were all nominated once. Thomas Rivers (AAI 1921, president 1933–34) received nominations in two years, and Alphonse Dochez (AAI 1920, president 1931–32) in three. The two past presidents with the most frequent nominations are Michael Heidelberger (AAI 1935, president 1946–47, 1948–49), nominated 18 times between 1937 and 1962, and Oswald T. Avery (AAI 1920, president 1929–30), with 18 between 1932 and 1957.
Nearly all of these nominations were in Physiology or Medicine, but occasionally a member has been nominated for the Chemistry prize as well. Understandably, the Nobel Committee issues the prizes to scientists in a wide range of fields, but hardly a year has gone by that an immunologist has not been considered for the highest honor in science.
For more in-depth profiles of every one of the 27 AAI Nobel laureates, including their background, research, and influences, visit the AAI History site at www.aai.org/Nobel.
References
Andrews, Evan. “Did a Premature Obituary Inspire The Nobel Prize?” History.com. December 9, 2016. https://www.history.com/news/did-a-premature-obituary-inspire-the-nobel-prize.
Coffin, John M. and Hung Fan, “The Discovery of Reverse Transcriptase.” Annual Review of Virology 3, no. 1 29-51.
Emrich, John S. and Charles Richter. “Polio: Part II – The Basic Research Breakthrough.” AAI Newsletter, February 2021.
Roopenian, Derry. “A Methods Paper That Led to Much More.” The Journal of Immunology 192, no. 1 3-4.
Schwarcz, Joe. “How Dynamite Spawned The Nobel Prizes.” McGill University Office for Science and Society. October 8, 2021. https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/history/how-dynamite-spawned-nobel-prizes. | |||||
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Last update: Thu May 2 07:14:11 MDT 2024
Volume 81, Number ??, 1990
Volume 81, Number 1, March, 1990
Volume 81, Number 2, June, 1990
Volume 81, Number 3, September, 1990
Volume 81, Number 4, December, 1990
Volume 82, Number ??, 1991
Volume 82, Number 1, March, 1991
Volume 82, Number 2, June, 1991
Volume 82, Number 3, September, 1991
Volume 82, Number 4, December, 1991
Volume 83, Number ??, 1992
Volume 83, Number 1, March, 1992
Volume 83, Number 2, June, 1992
Volume 83, Number 3, September, 1992
Volume 83, Number 4, December, 1992
Volume 84, Number ??, 1993
Volume 84, Number 1, March, 1993
Volume 84, Number 2, June, 1993
Volume 84, Number 3, September, 1993
Volume 84, Number 4, December, 1993
Volume 85, Number ??, 1994
Volume 85, Number 1, March, 1994
Volume 85, Number 2, June, 1994
Volume 85, Number 3, September, 1994
Volume 85, Number 4, December, 1994
Volume 86, Number ??, 1995
Volume 86, Number 1, March, 1995
Volume 86, Number 2, June, 1995
Volume 86, Number 3, September, 1995
Volume 86, Number 4, December, 1995
Volume 87, Number ??, 1996
Volume 87, Number 1, March, 1996
Volume 87, Number 2, June, 1996
Volume 87, Number 3, September, 1996
Volume 87, Number 4, December, 1996
Volume 88, Number ??, 1997
Volume 88, Number 1, March, 1997
Volume 88, Number 2, June, 1997
Volume 88, Number 3, September, 1997
Volume 88, Number 4, December, 1997
Volume 89, Number ??, 1998
Volume 89, Number 1, March, 1998
Volume 89, Number 2, June, 1998
Volume 89, Number 3, September, 1998
Volume 89, Number 4, December, 1998
Volume 90, Number ??, 1999
Volume 90, Number 1, March, 1999
Volume 90, Number 2, June, 1999
Volume 90, Number 3, September, 1999
Volume 90, Number 4, December, 1999
Isis
Volume 81, Number ??, 1990
John Neu Current Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences 1990 1--268 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i--xvi
Isis
Volume 81, Number 1, March, 1990
Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--7 Stephen C. McCluskey Gregory of Tours, Monastic Timekeeping, and Early Christian Attitudes to Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8--22 Domenico Bertoloni Meli The Relativization of Centrifugal Force 23--43 Paolo Palladino Stereochemistry and the Nature of Life: Mechanist, Vitalist, and Evolutionary Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44--67 Keith Hutchison Sunspots, Galileo, and the Orbit of the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68--74 Thomas P. Hughes and John Henry Letters to the Editor . . . . . . . . . 75--76 Owen Hannaway Book Review: \booktitleMersenne and the Learning of the Schools . . . . . . . . 77--80 Susan J. Douglas Book Review: \booktitleThe Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology . . . . . . . . . 80--83 Helge Kragh Book Review: \booktitleLohn und Strafe in der Wissenschaft: Naturforscher im Urteil der Geschichte by Franz Stuhlhofer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84--85 Michael M. Sokal Book Review: \booktitleNew York Intellect: A History of Intellectual Life in New York City, from 1750 to the Beginning of Our Own Time by Thomas Bender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85--85 David S. Lux Book Review: \booktitleLyon: Cité de savants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85--86 Christopher Cullen Book Review: \booktitleTime, Science, and Society in China and the West by J. T. Fraser; N. Lawrence; F. C. Haber . . 86--87 Ronald L. Calinger Book Review: \booktitleMathematics and the Search for Knowledge by Morris Kline 87--88 Joella Yoder Book Review: \booktitleTales of Physicists and Mathematicians by Semyon Grigorevich Gindikin; Alan Shuchat . . . 88--89 John Lyon Book Review: \booktitleThe Physicist as Artist: The Landscapes of Pierre Duhem by Stanley L. Jaki . . . . . . . . . . . 89--90 A. J. Meadows Book Review: \booktitleAstronomical Centers of the World by Kevin Krisciunas 90--91 Steven J. Dick Book Review: \booktitleDunsink Observatory, 1785--1985: A Bicentennial History by Patrick A. Wayman . . . . . . 91--92 David J. Rhees Book Review: \booktitleA Material World: An Exhibition at the National Museum of American History by Robert Friedel . . . 92--93 Lewis Pyenson Book Review: \booktitleThe Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850--1940 by Daniel R. Headrick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93--93 George Wise Book Review: \booktitleThe Challenge of New Technology: Innovation in British Industry since 1850 by Jonathan Liebenau 93--94 James Evans Book Review: \booktitleAncient Astronomy and Civilization by Norriss S. Hetherington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94--95 Ralph Allen Book Review: \booktitleThe Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys by Robert Maddin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95--96 John Scarborough Book Review: \booktitleShort Handbook of Hippocratic Medicine by Paul Potter . . 96--97 Catherine Osborne Book Review: \booktitleMatter, Space, and Motion: Theories in Antiquity and Their Sequel by Richard Sorabji . . . . 97--98 Pradip Kumar Majumdar Book Review: \booktitleMathematics in the Making in Ancient India: Reprints of ``On the 'Sulva-sutras'' and ``Baudhyayana 'Sulva-sutra'' by G. Thibaut; Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya . . . 98--99 Richard C. Dales Book Review: \booktitleThe Medieval English Universities: Oxford and Cambridge to c. 1500 by Alan B. Cobban 99--99 Darrel W. Amundsen Book Review: \booktitleDoctors and Medicine in Medieval England, 1340--1530 by Robert S. Gottfried . . . . . . . . . 100--101 Sharon Gibbs Thibodeau Book Review: \booktitleIslamic Astronomical Instruments by David A. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101--102 Emilie Savage-Smith Book Review: \booktitleFrom Deferent to Equant: A Volume of Studies in the History of Science in the Ancient and Medieval Near East in Honor of E. S. Kennedy by David A. King; George Saliba 102--103 Brian Vickers Book Review: \booktitlePicatrix: The Latin Version of the Ghayat al-\dhakim by David Pingree . . . . . . . . . . . . 103--104 Richard Kremer Book Review: \booktitleSundials and Related Instruments by David J. Bryden; \booktitleThe Ivory Sundials of Nuremberg, 1500--1700 by Penelope Gouk 104--105 Y. Tzvi Langermann Book Review: \booktitleJewish Thought and the Scientific Revolution of the Sixteenth Century: David Gans (1541--1613) and His Times by André Neher; David Maisel . . . . . . . . . . 105--107 André Goddu Book Review: \booktitleDescartes's Theory of Light and Refraction: A Discourse on Method by A. Mark Smith . . 107--108 Gale E. Christianson Book Review: \booktitleLet Newton Be! by John Fauvel; Raymond Flood; Michael Shortland; Robin Wilson . . . . . . . . 109--109 Anita Guerrini Book Review: \booktitleNewton's Dream by Marcia Sweet Stayer . . . . . . . . . . 109--110 Don G. Bates Book Review: \booktitleThomae Sydenham Methodus curandi febres, propriis observationibus superstructa: The Latin Text of the 1666 and 1668 Editions with English Translation from R. G. Latham (1848) by Thomas Sydenham . . . . . . . 110--111 Joseph T. Ross Book Review: \booktitleDas Lob der Sternkunst: Astronomie in der deutschen Aufklärung by Rainer Baasner . . . . . . 111--112 G. H. W. Vanpaemel Book Review: \booktitleSchets der Leere van Lavoisier door Martinus van Marum by Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier; Martinus van Marum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113--113 Markwart Michler Book Review: \booktitleJohannes Gessners Pariser Tagebuch, 1727 by Johannes Gessner; Urs Boschung . . . . . . . . . 113--114 Londa Schiebinger Book Review: \booktitle'Tis Nature's Fault: Unauthorized Sexuality during the Enlightenment by Robert Purks Maccubbin; \booktitleSexual Underworlds of the Enlightenment by G. S. Rousseau; Roy Porter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114--115 David J. Jeremy Book Review: \booktitleInventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660--1800 by Christine MacLeod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115--116 Steven Lubar Book Review: \booktitleContinuity, Chance and Change: The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England by E. A. Wrigley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116--117 Frank M. Turner Book Review: \booktitleScience and Religion: Baden Powell and the Anglican Debate, 1800--1860 by Pietro Corsi . . . 117--118 Susan Sheets-Pyenson Book Review: \booktitleInventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation by Suzanne Zeller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118--119 Mott T. Greene Book Review: \booktitleControversy in Victorian Geology: The Cambrian-Silurian Dispute by James A. Secord . . . . . . . 119--120 Leslie J. Burlingame Book Review: \booktitleThe Age of Lamarck: Evolutionary Theories in France, 1790--1830 by Pietro Corsi; Jonathan Mandelbaum . . . . . . . . . . 120--122 Robert I. Bowman Book Review: \booktitleGalápagos: Discovery on Darwin's Islands by David W. Steadman; Steven Zousmer . . . . . . 122--123 Arthur P. Molella Book Review: \booktitleG. T. Fechner and Psychology by Josef Bro\vzek; Horst Grundlach; \booktitleIndex Psychophysicus: Bio- und bibliographischer Index zu Fechners Elementen der Psychophysik und den Parerga by Horst Grundlach . . . . . . . 124--124 Bonnie Ellen Blustein Book Review: \booktitleBefore Freud: Neurasthenia and the American Medical Community, 1870--1910 by F. G. Gosling 124--125 Barbara Melosh Book Review: \booktitlePrivate Matters: American Attitudes toward Childbearing and Infant Nurture in the Urban North, 1800--1860 by Sylvia D. Hoffert . . . . 125--127 Sam Bass Warner, Jr. Book Review: \booktitleTechnology and the Rise of the Networked City in Europe and America by Joel A. Tarr; Gabriel Dupuy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127--128 Yakov M. Rabkin Book Review: \booktitleThe Communist Party and Soviet Science by Stephen Fortescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128--129 Jack M. Holl Book Review: \booktitleNucleus: The History of Atomic Energy Canada, Limited by Robert Bothwell . . . . . . . . . . . 129--130 Finn Aaserud Book Review: \booktitleHarmony and Unity: The Life of Niels Bohr by Niels Blædel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130--131 David Cahan Book Review: \booktitleThe Comparative Reception of Relativity by Thomas F. Glick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131--132 Walter Moore Book Review: \booktitleJanossy Lajos (1912--1978) es Erwin Schrödinger (1887--1961) levelse by Peter Kirdly; Maria Narayne Ziegler . . . . . . . . . 132--133 Allan M. Winkler Book Review: \booktitleMaking Weapons, Talking Peace: A Physicist's Odyssey from Hiroshima to Geneva by Herbert F. York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133--134 Catherine Westfall Book Review: \booktitleThe Privilege of Being a Physicist by Victor F. Weisskopf 134--134 Joseph S. Fruton Book Review: \booktitleOtto Folin: America's First Clinical Biochemist by Samuel Meites . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134--135 Pauline M. H. Mazumdar Book Review: \booktitleMilestones in Immunology: A Historical Exploration by Debra Jan Bibel . . . . . . . . . . . . 135--136 Leon Gortler Book Review: \booktitleAcademic Scientists and the Pharmaceutical Industry: Cooperative Research in Twentieth--Century America by John P. Swann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136--137 George W. Stocking, Jr. Book Review: \booktitleMalinowski between Two Worlds: The Polish Roots of an Anthropological Tradition by Roy Ellen; Ernest Gellner; Graznya Kubica; Janusz Mucha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137--138 Deborah J. Coon Book Review: \booktitleThe Rise of Experimentation in American Psychology by Jill G. Morawski . . . . . . . . . . 138--140 Geoff Gregory Book Review: \booktitleThe ``Discovery'' of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Lessons in the Practice of Political Medicine by Abraham B. Bergman . . . . . . . . . . . 140--140 W. F. Bynum Book Review: \booktitleGrand Rounds: One Hundred Years of Internal Medicine by Russell C. Maulitz; Diana E. Long . . . 141--141 Edward T. Morman Book Review: \booktitleThe Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture by James T. Patterson . . . . . 141--142 Gail E. Farr Book Review: \booktitleOrdered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850--1945 by Susan M. Reverby . . . . . 142--144 Steve Woolgar Book Review: \booktitleThe Artificial Intelligence Debate: False Starts, Real Foundations by Stephen R. Graubard . . . 144--145 Mark Levinson Book Review: \booktitleIUTAM: A Short History by Stephen Juhasz . . . . . . . 145--146 Joseph N. Tatarewicz Book Review: \booktitleThe Final Frontier: The Rise and Fall of the American Rocket State by Dale Carter . . 146--147 Edward C. Ezell Book Review: \booktitleBefore Lift-Off: The Making of a Space Shuttle Crew by Henry S. F. Cooper, Jr. . . . . . . . . 147--148 Andrew Scull Book Review: \booktitleThe System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor by Andrew Abbott . . . . . 148--149 John Dupré Book Review: \booktitleEvolution as Entropy: Toward a Unified Theory of Biology by Daniel R. Brooks; E. O. Wiley 149--150 Michael Lynch Book Review: \booktitleContemporary Science and Natural Explanation: Commonsense Conceptions of Causality by Denis J. Hilton . . . . . . . . . . . . 150--151 Tian Yu Cao Book Review: \booktitleThe Description of Nature: Niels Bohr and the Philosophy of Quantum Physics by John Honner . . . 151--152 Paul C. L. Tang Book Review: \booktitleIntroductory Readings in the Philosophy of Science by E. D. Klemke; Robert Hollinger; A. David Kline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152--153 Lindley Darden Book Review: \booktitleComputational Philosophy of Science by Paul Thagard 153--154 Hans Poser Book Review: \booktitleStruktur und Dynamik wissenschaftlicher Theorien: Beiträge zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Wissenschaftstheorie aus der bulgarischen Forschung by Christfried Tögel; Hristo Smolenov; Anguel Stefanov 154--155 David Bloor Book Review: \booktitleKnowledge and Reflexivity: New Frontiers in the Sociology of Knowledge by Steve Woolgar 155--156 Roy G. Neville Book Review: \booktitleChemical Literature, 1700--1860: A Bibliography with Annotations, Detailed Descriptions, Comparisons and Locations by William A. Cole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156--157 Ron Amundson Book Review: \booktitleDictionary of Concepts in the Philosophy of Science by Paul T. Durbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157--158 Robert W. Karrow, Jr. Book Review: \booktitleScholar's Guide to Washington, D.C., for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (Maps, Charts, Aerial Photographs, Satellite Images, Cartographic Literature, and Geographic Information Systems) by Ralph E. Ehrenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158--159 Jan Sapp Book Review: \booktitleA Guide to the Genetics Collection of the American Philosophical Society by Bentley Glass 159--159 Muriel Blaisdell Book Review: \booktitleA History of the Hope Entomological Collections in the University Museum, Oxford, with Lists of Archives and Collections by Audrey Z. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159--160 Anne Millbrooke Book Review: \booktitleA Chronology of Geological Thinking from Antiquity to 1899 by Susan J. Thompson . . . . . . . 160--161 Jeffrey A. Johnson Book Review: \booktitleBerlinische Lebensbilder by Wilhelm Treue; Gerhard Hildebrandt; Rolf Winau; Wolfgang Treue; Karlfried Gründer . . . . . . . . . . . . 161--163 Lynn K. Nyhart Book Review: \booktitleGöttinger Biologen 1737--1945: Eine biographisch-bibliographische Liste by Gerhard Wagenitz . . . . . . . . . . . . 163--163 Jane Maienschein Book Review: \booktitleInformation Sources in the Life Sciences by H. V. Wyatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164--164 Anonymous Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164--173 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174--180
Isis
Volume 81, Number 2, June, 1990
Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181--187 Larry Owens MIT and the Federal ``Angel'': Academic R&D and Federal--Private Cooperation before World War II . . . . . . . . . . 188--213 Neal C. Gillespie Divine Design and the Industrial Revolution: William Paley's Abortive Reform of Natural Theology . . . . . . . 214--229 Mario Biagioli Galileo the Emblem Maker . . . . . . . . 230--258 C. E. Perrin Chemistry as Peer of Physics: A Response to Donovan and Melhado on Lavoisier . . 259--270 Arthur Donovan Lavoisier as Chemist and Experimental Physicist: A Reply to Perrin . . . . . . 270--272 Evan M. Melhado On the Historiography of Science: A Reply to Perrin . . . . . . . . . . . . 273--276 I. Bernard Cohen Eloge: Dorothy Stimson, 10 October 1890--19 September 1988 . . . . . . . . 277--278 Klaus Hentschel Letters to the Editor . . . . . . . . . 279--280 David Knight Book Review: \booktitleAnnals of Science: An International Review of the History of Science and Technology from the Thirteenth Century by G. L'E. Turner 281--282 David B. Wilson Book Review: \booktitleBritish Journal for the History of Science by John Brooke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282--285 Thomas Broman Book Review: \booktitleHistory of Science by R. S. Porter . . . . . . . . 285--287 Robert Fox Book Review: \booktitleIsis: An International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences by Ronald L. Numbers . . . . 287--288 I. Bernard Cohen Book Review: \booktitleOsiris: A Research Journal Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences by Arnold Thackray . . . . . . . . . . . 288--289 James A. Secord Book Review: \booktitleScience in Context by Robert S. Cohen; Yehuda Elkana; Simon Schaffer; Gad Freudenthal 289--290 Rachel Laudan Book Review: \booktitleStudies in History and Philosophy of Science by Nicholas Jardine . . . . . . . . . . . . 290--292 John M. Eyler Book Review: \booktitleBulletin of the History of Medicine by Caroline Hannaway; \booktitleJournal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences by Robert U. Massey; \booktitleMedical History by William F. Bynum; Vivian Nutton; \booktitleSocial History of Medicine by Anne Digby; Richard Smith; Lynda Bryder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292--293 Robert Friedel Book Review: \booktitleTechnology and Culture: The International Quarterly of the Society for the History of Technology by Robert C. Post; \booktitleHistory of Technology by A. Rupert Hall; Norman A. F. Smith; \booktitleHistory and Technology: An International Journal by Pietro Redondi 294--296 Craig G. Fraser Book Review: \booktitleArchive for History of Exact Sciences by Clifford Truesdell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296--297 Robin E. Rider Book Review: \booktitleHistoria Mathematica by Eberhard Knobloch . . . . 297--298 Albert Van Helden Book Review: \booktitleJournal for the History of Astronomy by M. A. Hoskin . . 298--299 Joe D. Burchfield Book Review: \booktitleHistorical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences by J. L. Heilbron . . . . . . . 299--300 Jeffrey L. Sturchio Book Review: \booktitleAmbix. Journal of the Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry by Michael A. Sutton . . . 300--302 David Oldroyd Book Review: \booktitleEarth Sciences History by Gerald M. Friedman . . . . . 302--303 John Farley Book Review: \booktitleJournal of the History of Biology by Everett Mendelsohn; \booktitleStudies in History of Biology by William Coleman; Camille Limoges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303--304 Lester D. Stephens Book Review: \booktitleArchives of Natural History by Alwyne Wheeler . . . 304--305 Joan Mark Book Review: \booktitleHistory of Anthropology by George W. Stocking . . . 305--306 Hamilton Cravens Book Review: \booktitleJournal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences by Barbara Ross; \booktitleHistory of the Human Sciences by Arthur Still; Irving Velody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306--308 William R. Shea Book Review: \booktitleStoria della scienza moderna e contemporanea by Paolo Rossi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309--309 James MacLachlan Book Review: \booktitleThe History of Science and Technology: A Narrative Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310--311 Fabio Bevilacqua Book Review: \booktitleStoricit\`a e attualit\`a della cultura scientifica e insegnamento delle scienze by C.I.D.I. di Firenze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311--312 Carlene E. Stephens Book Review: \booktitleTime in History: The Evolution of Our General Awareness of Time and Temporal Perspective by G. J. Whitrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312--313 Fred Matthews Book Review: \booktitleThat Noble Dream: The ``Objectivity Question'' and the American Historical Profession by Peter Novick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313--314 G. L'E. Turner Book Review: \booktitleInstrument in de Wetenschap: Bijdragen tot de Instrumentgerichte Wetenschapsgeschiedenis by Marian Fournier; Bert Theunissen . . . . . . . 314--315 John S. Major Book Review: \booktitleScience and Technology in Chinese Civilization by Cheng-Yih Chen; Roger Cliff; Kuei-Mei Chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315--316 Judith Farquhar Book Review: \booktitleTraditional Medicine in Contemporary China by Nathan Sivin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316--317 Donald S. Allen Book Review: \booktitleEmpire of Reason: Exact Sciences in Indonesia, 1840--1940 by Lewis Pyenson . . . . . . . . . . . . 317--318 Susan Sheets-Pyenson Book Review: \booktitleNature in Its Greatest Extent: Western Science in the Pacific by Roy MacLeod; Philip F. Rehbock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318--318 Silvio A. Bedini Book Review: \booktitleEl grabado en la ciencia hispánica by José Maria López Piñero 318--319 James R. Hofmann Book Review: \booktitleThe How and the Why: An Essay on the Origins and Development of Physical Theory by David Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319--320 Alberto Elena Book Review: \booktitleHistoria del interés anglosajón por la geología de España by Estanislao Ribera i Faig . . . . . . 320--321 David C. Smith Book Review: \booktitleThe College of Agriculture at Penn State: A Tradition of Excellence by Michael Bezilla . . . . 321--322 John Opie Book Review: \booktitleThe Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History by Donald Worster 322--323 Margaret W. Rossiter Book Review: \booktitleToward a Well-Fed World by Don Paarlberg . . . . . . . . . 323--323 Rima D. Apple Book Review: \booktitleRevolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet by Harvey A. Levenstein 323--324 Lindsay Granshaw Book Review: \booktitleThe Health of a City: Oxford, 1790--1974 by Jessie Parfit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324--325 Hugh G. J. Aitken Book Review: \booktitleThe Carrier Wave: New Information Technology and the Geography of Innovation, 1846--2003 by Peter Hall; Paschal Preston . . . . . . 325--327 Dorinda Outram Book Review: \booktitleCultural History: Between Practices and Representations by Roger Chartier; Lydia G. Cochrane . . . 327--328 Ronald Rainger Book Review: \booktitlePower and Society: Greater New York at the Turn of the Century by David C. Hammack . . . . 328--329 Edmund N. Todd Book Review: \booktitleAnother Germany: A Reconsideration of the Imperial Era by Jack R. Dukes; Joachim Remak . . . . . . 329--330 Stephen McCluskey Book Review: \booktitleRecords in Stone: Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom by C. L. N. Ruggles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330--331 Alexander Jones Book Review: \booktitleDie Astronomie der Griechen: Eine Einführung by B. L. van der Waerden . . . . . . . . . . . . 331--332 John Scarborough Book Review: \booktitleLes lapidaires grecs: Lapidaire Orphique; Kérygmes lapidaires d'Orphée; Socrate et Denys; Lapidaire nautique; Damigéron--Evax by Robert Halleux; Jacques Schamp . . . . . 332--334 David E. Hahm Book Review: \booktitleJohn Philoponus' Criticism of Aristotle's Theory of Aether by Christian Wildberg . . . . . . 334--335 Joan Cadden Book Review: \booktitleSexuality and Medicine in the Middle Ages by Danielle Jacquart; Claude Thomasset; Matthew Adamson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335--336 Gregg De Young Book Review: \booktitleLa théorie des parall\`eles en pays d'Islam: Contribution \`a la préhistoire des géométries non-euclidiennes by K. Jaouiche 336--337 K. Jaouiche Book Review: \booktitleEntre arithmétique et alg\`ebre: Recherches sur l'histoire des mathématiques arabes by Roshdi Rashed 337--338 Katharine Park Book Review: \booktitleThe Witness and the Other World: Exotic European Travel Writing, 400--1600 by Mary B. Campbell 338--339 Ursula Lamb Book Review: \booktitleEl arte de navegar en la España del Renacimiento by José Maria López Piñero . . . . . . . . . . 339--340 Gary Hatfield Book Review: \booktitleTheories at Work: On the Structure and Functioning of Theories in Science, in Particular during the Copernican Revolution by Marinus Dirk Stafleu . . . . . . . . . . 340--341 A. G. Keller Book Review: \booktitleUn autor aragonés para ``Los veintiun libros de los ingenios y de las máquinas.'' by Juan A. Frago Gracia; José García--Diego . . . . . 341--342 Karen Reeds Book Review: \booktitleWilliam Turner: Tudor Naturalist, Physician, and Divine by Whitney R. D. Jones . . . . . . . . . 342--343 Ronald C. Sawyer Book Review: \booktitleKabbalah, Magic, and Science: The Cultural Universe of a Sixteenth-Century Jewish Physician by David B. Ruderman . . . . . . . . . . . 343--344 Maurice A. Finocchiaro Book Review: \booktitleCarteggio by Benedetto Castelli; Massimo Bucciantini 344--345 Owen Gingerich Book Review: \booktitleKepler's Physical Astronomy by Bruce Stephenson . . . . . 345--346 Judith V. Grabiner Book Review: \booktitleThe Origins of the Infinitesimal Calculus by Margaret E. Baron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346--347 Ronald Calinger Book Review: \booktitle300 Jahre ``Nova methodus'' von G. W. Leibniz (1684--1984): Symposion der Leibniz-Gesellschaft im Congresscentrum ``Leewenhorst'' in Noordwijkerhout, Niederlande, 28. bis 30. August 1984 by Albert Heinekamp . . . . . . . . . . . . 347--349 E. J. Aiton Book Review: \booktitleG. W. Leibniz: Iter italicum (mars 1689--mars 1690): La dynamique de la République des lettres: Nombreux textes inédits by André Robinet 349--349 Roy G. Neville Book Review: \booktitleJohann Christoph Ettner: Eine beschreibende Bibliographie by James N. Hardin . . . . . . . . . . . 349--350 Pierre Kerszberg Book Review: \booktitlePhysik und Physikotheologie des jungen Kant: Die Vorgeschichte seiner Allgemeinen Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels by Hans-Joachim Waschkies . . . . . . . 350--351 Grant West Book Review: \booktitleThe Ideal and the Real: An Outline of Kant's Theory of Space, Time, and Mathematical Construction by A. T. Winterbourne . . . 351--352 D. J. Struik Book Review: \booktitleOptica in de eeuw van Euler: Opvattingen over de Natuur van het Licht, 1700--1795 by Casper Hakfoort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352--354 Shirley A. Roe Book Review: \booktitleNature's Enigma: The Problem of the Polyp in the Letters of Bonnet, Trembley, and Réaumur by Virginia P. Dawson . . . . . . . . . . . 354--355 Frederick Gregory Book Review: \booktitleIdeas for a Philosophy of Nature as Introduction to the Study of This Science, 1797: Second Edition, 1803 by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling; Errol E. Harris; Peter Heath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355--356 Stuart Walker Strickland Book Review: \booktitleApproaches to Organic Form: Permutations in Science and Culture by Frederick Burwick . . . . 356--357 Walter D. Wetzels Book Review: \booktitleRomanticism in National Context by Roy Porter; Mikulas Teich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357--358 W. H. Brock Book Review: \booktitleEnergy and Entropy: Science and Culture in Victorian Britain by Patrick Brantlinger 358--359 Nancy Sahli Book Review: \booktitleConsuming Desire: Sexual Science and the Emergence of a Culture of Abundance, 1871--1914 by Lawrence Birken . . . . . . . . . . . . 359--360 Michael J. Crowe Book Review: \booktitleThe Peripatetic Astronomer: Charles Piazzi Smyth by H. A. Brück; M. T. Brück . . . . . . . . . . 360--362 John Worrall Book Review: \booktitleThe Rise of the Wave Theory of Light: Optical Theory and Experiment in the Early Nineteenth Century by Jed Z. Buchwald . . . . . . . 362--363 Dieter Hoffmann Book Review: \booktitleBetrachtungen über die bewegende Kraft des Feuers und die zur Entwicklung dieser Kraft geeigneten Maschinen by Sadi Carnot; Robert Fox; Wilhelm Ostwald . . . . . . . . . . . . 363--364 A. J. Rocke Book Review: \booktitleHauswirtschaftliche Briefe: Erstes bis drittes Dutzend by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge . . . . . . . . . . . . 364--364 Anne Millbrooke Book Review: \booktitleGeorge William Featherstonhaugh: The First U.S. Government Geologist by Edmund Berkeley; Dorothy Smith Berkeley . . . . . . . . . 364--365 Mark A. Noll Book Review: \booktitleDarwin and the Divine in America: Protestant Intellectuals and Organic Evolution, 1859--1900 by Jon H. Roberts . . . . . . 365--366 Elizabeth Barnaby Keeney Book Review: \booktitleAsa Gray: American Botanist, Friend of Darwin by A. Hunter Dupree . . . . . . . . . . . . 366--368 Sally Gregory Kohlstedt Book Review: \booktitleCathedrals of Science: The Development of Colonial Natural History Museums during the Late Nineteenth Century by Susan Sheets-Pyenson . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368--369 Eugene Cittadino Book Review: \booktitlePacific Visions: California Scientists and the Environment, 1850--1915 by Michael L. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369--370 Martha Hildreth Book Review: \booktitleConsole and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century by Jan Goldstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370--371 Charles E. Rosenberg Book Review: \booktitle``I Have Done My Duty'': Florence Nightingale in the Crimean War, 1854--56 by Sue M. Goldie 371--371 Seymour H. Mauskopf Book Review: \booktitleOrfila: Saber y poder médico by Rafael Huertas . . . . . 371--372 John Jay TePaske Book Review: \booktitleBeauperthuy: De Cumaná a la Academia de Ciencias de Paris by Walewska Lemoine; María Matilde Suárez 372--373 Ruth R. Harris Book Review: \booktitleGranville Sharp Pattison: Anatomist and Antagonist, 1791--1851 by F. L. M. Pattison . . . . 373--374 Theodore M. Porter Book Review: \booktitleThe Politics of Numbers by William Alonso; Paul Starr 374--375 Thomas Drucker Book Review: \booktitleEnigmas of Chance: An Autobiography by Mark Kac . . 375--376 Silvan S. Schweber Book Review: \booktitleSymmetries, Asymmetries, and the World of Particles by T. D. Lee; \booktitleThirty Years since Parity Nonconservation: A Symposium for T. D. Lee by Robert Novick 376--377 Suzanne Gieser Book Review: \booktitleBeyond the Atom: The Philosophical Thought of Wolfgang Pauli by K. V. Laurikainen . . . . . . . 377--378 Jan Faye Book Review: \booktitleNiels Bohr's Philosophy of Physics by Dugald Murdoch 378--379 Yakov M. Rabkin Book Review: \booktitleIdeals and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam by Abdus Salam; C. H. Lai . . . . 380--381 Andy Pickering Book Review: \booktitleBeamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists by Sharon Traweek . . . . . . 381--382 James R. Hansen Book Review: \booktitleAppropriating the Weather: Vilhelm Bjerknes and the Construction of a Modern Meterology by Robert Marc Friedman . . . . . . . . . . 382--383 Michael T. Ghiselin Book Review: \booktitleThe Role of Behavior in Evolution by H. C. Plotkin 383--383 Victoria A. Harden Book Review: \booktitleAIDS: The Burdens of History by Elizabeth Fee; Daniel M. Fox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383--384 Sheila Faith Weiss Book Review: \booktitleRasse, Blut und Gene: Geschichte der Eugenik und Rassenhygiene in Deutschland by Peter Weingart; Jürgen Kroll; Kurt Bayertz . . 384--386 Roger E. Bilstein Book Review: \booktitleFrom the Ground Up: The Autobiography of an Aeronautical Engineer by Fred E. Weick; James R. Hansen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386--387 Edwin T. Layton, Jr. Book Review: \booktitleThe Master Spirit of the Age: Canadian Engineers and the Politics of Professionalism by J. Rodney Millard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387--387 G. Allen Greb Book Review: \booktitleStemming the Tide: Arms Control in the Johnson Years by Glenn T. Seaborg; Benjamin S. Loeb 388--389 Thomas R. DeGregori Book Review: \booktitleScience, Technology, and Development by Atul Wad 389--390 Gale Avrith Book Review: \booktitleRuth Benedict: Stranger in This Land by Margaret M. Caffrey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390--391 Guy Alchon Book Review: \booktitleMemoirs of an Unregulated Economist by George J. Stigler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392--393 John D. Norton Book Review: \booktitleConceptions of Space and Time: Sources, Evolution, Directions by Murad D. Akhundov; Charles Rougle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393--394 A. M. Ungar Book Review: \booktitleRationality by Harold I. Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . 394--394 Joseph C. Pitt Book Review: \booktitleEmpirical Knowledge by Alan H. Goldman . . . . . . 395--395 Scott A. Kleiner Book Review: \booktitleThe Philosophies of Science: An Introductory Survey by Rom Harre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395--396 Edward B. Davis Book Review: \booktitlePhysics, Philosophy, and Theology: A Common Quest for Understanding by Robert John Russell; William R. Stoeger; George V. Coyne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396--397 Michael Aaron Dennis Book Review: \booktitleScience: The Very Idea by Steve Woolgar . . . . . . . . . 397--398 Mordechai Feingold Book Review: \booktitleThe Archives of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . 398--399 Faye Marie Getz Book Review: \booktitleBibliographie des textes médicaux latins: Antiquité et haut moyen âge by Centre Jean-Palerne . . . . 399--400 Michael S. Mahoney Book Review: \booktitleHistorical Dictionary of Data Processing by James W. Cortada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400--401 David Vampola Book Review: \booktitleLes professeurs du Coll\`ege de France: Dictionnaire biographique 1901--1939 by Christophe Charle; Eva Telk\`es; \booktitleL'enseignement technique de la Révolution \`a nos jours. Volume I: 1789--1926 by Thér\`ese Charmasson; Anne-Marie Lelorrain; Yannick Ripa . . . 401--402 Robert Bud Book Review: \booktitleArchives of the British Chemical Industry, 1750--1914: A Handlist by Peter J. T. Morris; Colin A. Russell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402--403 Anonymous Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404--408 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409--416
Isis
Volume 81, Number 3, September, 1990
Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417--423 Sally Gregory Kohlstedt Parlors, Primers, and Public Schooling: Education for Science in Nineteenth-Century America . . . . . . . 424--445 Gregg Mitman Evolution as Gospel: William Patten, the Language of Democracy, and the Great War 446--463 Roshdi Rashed A Pioneer in Anaclastics: Ibn Sahl on Burning Mirrors and Lenses . . . . . . . 464--491 Jan Golinski The Theory of Practice and the Practice of Theory: Sociological Approaches in the History of Science . . . . . . . . . 492--505 Stephen G. Brush and Michael M. Sokal and Albert Moyer Annual Meeting of the History of Science Society, Gainesville, Florida, 26--29 October 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506--512 Anonymous Contributors to the History of Science Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512--513 John Greene Eloge: John Garrett Burke (12 August 1917--21 February 1989) . . . . . . . . 514--516 Robert Schulmann and John Stachel Letters to the Editor . . . . . . . . . 517--518 Robert Seidel Book Reviews: Books on the Bomb. \booktitleAtomic Bomb Scientists: Memoirs, 1939-1945 by Joseph J. Ermenc. \booktitleThe End of the World That Was: Six Lives in the Atomic Age by Peter Goldman. \booktitleManhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb by Vincent C. Jones. \booktitleDay of the Bomb: Countdown to Hiroshima by Dan Kurzman. \booktitleThe General and the Bomb: A Biography of General Leslie R. Groves, Director of the Manhattan Project by William Lawren. \booktitleTime Bomb: Fermi, Heisenberg, and the Race for the Atomic Bomb by Malcolm C. MacPherson. \booktitleThe Making of the Atomic Age by Alwyn McKay. \booktitleThe Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made by K. D. Nichols. \booktitleThe Making of the Atomic Bomb by Richard Rhodes. \booktitleStallion Gate by Martin Cruz Smith. \booktitleThe Atomic Scientists: A Biographical History by Henry A. Boorse. Lloyd Motz, and Jefferson Hane Weaver. \booktitleForging the Atomic Shield: Excerpts from the Office Diary of Gordon E. Dean by Gordon E. Dean and Roger M. Anders. \booktitleThe Nuclear Oracles: A Political History of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, 1947-1977 by Richard T. Sylves. \booktitleBetter a Shield Than a Sword by Edward Teller. \booktitleKlaus Fuchs, Atom Spy by Robert Chadwell Williams. \booktitleJustice Downwind: America's Atomic Testing Program in the 1950s by Howard Ball. \booktitleThe Atomic Papers: A Citizen's Guide to Selected Books and Articles on the Bomb, the Arms Race, Nuclear Power, the Peace Movement, and Related Issues by Grant Burns. \booktitlePhysics, Technology and the Nuclear Arms Race by D. W. Hafemeister and D. Schroeer. \booktitleUnder the Cloud: The Decades of Nuclear Testing by Richard L. Miller. \booktitleBombs in the Backyard: Atomic Testing and American Politics by A. Costandina Titus. \booktitleNuclear Fear: A History of Images by Spencer R. Weart . . . . . 519--537 David C. Lindberg Book Review: \booktitleThe Savior of Science by Stanley L. Jaki . . . . . . . 538--539 Lisa C. Heinz Book Review: \booktitleThe Ends of Science: An Essay in Scientific Authority by Harry Redner . . . . . . . 539--540 Willem D. Hackmann Book Review: \booktitleWorstelende Wetenschap: Aspecten van wetenschapsbeoefening in Zeeland van de zestiende tot in de negentiende eeuw . . 540--541 Pauline M. H. Mazumdar Book Review: \booktitleSciences et médecine au Québec: Perspectives sociohistoriques by Marcel Fournier; Yves Gingras; Othmar Keel . . . . . . . 541--542 Russell Moseley Book Review: \booktitleThe Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Britain, 1850--1920 by Peter Alter; Angela Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542--543 Lindsay Granshaw Book Review: \booktitleThe College of Physicians of Philadelphia: A Bicentennial History by Whitfield J. Bell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543--544 David Philip Miller Book Review: \booktitleA Bicentenary History of the Linnean Society of London by A. T. Gage; W. T. Stearn . . . . . . 544--545 Ronald Calinger Book Review: \booktitleThe History of Mathematics: An Introduction by David M. Burton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545--546 Joan L. Richards Book Review: \booktitleHistory in Mathematics Education by Ivor Grattan-Guinness . . . . . . . . . . . . 546--547 Mott T. Greene Book Review: \booktitleTheories of the Earth and Universe: A History of Dogma in the Earth Sciences by S. Warren Carey 547--549 Toby A. Appel Book Review: \booktitleHistoire du concept d'esp\`ece dans les sciences de la vie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549--549 Shigehisa Kuriyama Book Review: \booktitleFragments for a History of the Human Body by Michel Feher; Ramona Naddaff; Nadia Tazi . . . 550--551 Diane Paul Book Review: \booktitleGenethics: The Clash between the New Genetics and Human Values by David Suzuki; Peter Knudtson 551--552 Frank N. Egerton Book Review: \booktitleEcological Economics: Energy, Environment, and Society by Juan Martinez-Alier; Klaus Schlupmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552--552 Harold J. Cook Book Review: \booktitleInleiding tot de Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde by G. A. Lindeboom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553--554 Thomas Broman Book Review: \booktitleProblems and Methods in the History of Medicine by Roy Porter; Andrew Wear . . . . . . . . 554--555 Janet A. Tighe Book Review: \booktitleHomicidal Insanity, 1800--1985 by Janet Colaizzi 555--556 James R. Hansen Book Review: \booktitleThe Evolution of Technology by George Basalla . . . . . . 556--557 Hugh G. J. Aitken Book Review: \booktitleThe Development of Large Technical Systems by Renate Mayntz; Thomas P. Hughes . . . . . . . . 557--558 William H. TeBrake Book Review: \booktitleThe Age of Water: The Urban Environment in the North of France, A.D. 300--1800 by André E. Guillerme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558--559 Werner Sollors Book Review: \booktitleThe Railroad in American Art: Representations of Technological Change by Susan Danly; Leo Marx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559--561 Bernard R. Goldstein Book Review: \booktitleMULAPIN: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform by Hermann Hunger; David Pingree . . . . . 561--562 Asger Aaboe Book Review: \booktitleA Scientific Humanist: Studies in Memory of Abraham Sachs by Erle Leichty; Maria deJ. Ellis; Pamela Gerardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562--563 Patrick E. McGovern Book Review: \booktitleThe Royal Purple and the Biblical Blue (Argaman and Tekhelet): The Study of Chief Rabbi Dr. Isaac Herzog on the Dye Industries in Ancient Israel and Recent Scientific Contributions by Ehud Spanier . . . . . 563--565 Darrel W. Amundsen Book Review: \booktitleDoctors and Diseases in the Roman Empire by Ralph Jackson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565--566 Richard C. Taylor Book Review: \booktitleLa diffusione delle scienze islamische nel Medio Evo europeo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566--567 Linda Ehrsam Voigts Book Review: \booktitleChaucer's Universe by J. D. North . . . . . . . . 567--569 Bruce Eastwood Book Review: \booktitleCummian's Letter De controversia Paschali, Together with a Related Irish Computistical Tract by Maura Walsh; Dáibhí Ó Cróinín . . . . . . . . 569--569 Robert S. Westman Book Review: \booktitle``Astrologi hallucinati'': Stars and the End of the World in Luther's Time by Paola Zambelli 569--571 William R. Shea Book Review: \booktitleCorrespondance du P. Marin Mersenne, religieux minime. Volume XVII: Supplements, tables et bibliographie by P. Marin Mersenne; Armand Beaulieu . . . . . . . . . . . . 571--572 Albert Van Helden Book Review: \booktitleJean Picard et les débuts de l'astronomie de précision au XVIIe si\`ecle by Guy Picolet . . . . . 572--573 Michael S. Mahoney Book Review: \booktitleUnrolling Time: Christiaan Huygens and the Mathematization of Nature by Joella G. Yoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573--574 Gary Hatfield Book Review: \booktitleScottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768--1800: A Contribution to the History of Critical Philosophy by Manfred Kuehn . . . . . . 574--575 Frederick Gregory Book Review: \booktitleTexte zur Systematologie und zur Theorie der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis by Johann Heinrich Lambert; Geo Siegwart; Horst D. Brandt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575--576 Marc Rothenberg Book Review: \booktitleJournal of a Voyage with Bering, 1741--1742 by Georg Wilhelm Steller; O. W. Frost; Margritt A. Engel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576--576 Janet R. Fireman Book Review: \booktitleLa ilusión quebrada: Botánica, sanidad y política científica en la España Ilustrada by Francisco Javier Puerto Sarmiento . . . 576--577 David R. Ringrose Book Review: \booktitleDe Palas a Minerva: La formación científica y la estructura institucional de los ingenieros militares en el siglo XVIII by Horacio Capel; Joan Eugeni Sánchez; Omar Moncada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577--578 Russell C. Maulitz Book Review: \booktitleProfessional and Popular Medicine in France, 1770--1830: The Social World of Medical Practice by Matthew Ramsey . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579--580 Simon Baatz Book Review: \booktitleThe European Journals of William Maclure by William Maclure; John S. Doskey . . . . . . . . 580--581 Ellis L. Yochelson Book Review: \booktitleThe Field Naturalist: John Macoun, the Geological Survey, and Natural Science by W. A. Waiser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581--582 Mark R. Finlay Book Review: \booktitleJustus von Liebig und Julius Eugen Schlossberger in ihren Briefen von 1844--1860: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Geschichte physiologischen Chemie in Tübingen by Justus von Liebig; Julius Eugen Schlossberger; Fritz Hesse; Emil Heuser; \booktitleEntwicklung und Institutionalisierung der Agriculturchemie im 19. Jahrhundert: Liebig und die Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchsstationen by Ursula Schling-Brodersen . . . . . . . . . . . 582--584 Erwin N. Hiebert Book Review: \booktitleAus meinem Leben by Emil Fischer; Bernhard Witkop . . . . 584--585 Calvin Jongsma Book Review: \booktitleMathematical Visions: The Pursuit of Geometry in Victorian England by Joan L. Richards 585--586 M. J. S. Hodge Book Review: \booktitleThe Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Volume IV: 1847--1850 by Charles Darwin; Frederick Burkhardt; Sydney Smith . . . 586--588 Lorraine Daston Book Review: \booktitleDéchiffrer la France: La statistique départementale \`a l'époque napoléonienne by Marie--Noëlle Bourguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588--589 Theodore M. Porter Book Review: \booktitleHistoire du calcul économique en France by François Etner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589--590 Neal C. Gillespie Book Review: \booktitleJosiah Nott of Mobile: Southerner, Physician, and Racial Theorist by Reginald Horsman . . 590--591 Barbara A. Kimmelman Book Review: \booktitleWhite Trash: The Eugenic Family Studies, 1877--1919 by Nicole Hahn Rafter . . . . . . . . . . . 591--592 Howard P. Segal Book Review: \booktitleNuts and Bolts of the Past: A History of American Technology, 1776--1860 by David Freeman Hawke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592--593 Thomas J. Misa Book Review: \booktitleAndrew Carnegie by Joseph Frazier Wall . . . . . . . . . 593--594 Douglas R. Weiner Book Review: \booktitleScientific Management, Socialist Discipline, and Soviet Power by Mark R. Beissinger . . . 594--595 Peter J. Kuznick Book Review: \booktitleScience, Politics, and the Cold War by Greta Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596--597 Dugald Murdoch Book Review: \booktitleEinstein versus Bohr: The Continuing Controversies in Physics by Mendel Sachs . . . . . . . . 597--597 Robert Marc Friedman Book Review: \booktitlePhysical Chemistry of Colloids and Macromolecules by Bengt Rånby . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597--598 Peter J. T. Morris Book Review: \booktitlePetrochemicals: The Rise of an Industry by Peter H. Spitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599--600 Keith R. Benson Book Review: \booktitleControlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology by Philip J. Pauly . . . . . 600--601 Ronald C. Tobey Book Review: \booktitleA Sense of Place: The Life and Work of Forrest Shreve by Janice Emily Bowers . . . . . . . . . . 601--602 Ernst Mayr Book Review: \booktitleArguments on Evolution: A Paleontologist's Perspective by Antoni Hoffman . . . . . 602--602 Philip Kitcher Book Review: \booktitleDid Darwin Get It Right? Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution by John Maynard Smith . . . . 603--604 Elizabeth Hunt Book Review: \booktitleMechanical Man: John Broadus Watson and the Beginnings of Behaviorism by Kerry W. Buckley . . . 604--605 Mitchell G. Ash Book Review: \booktitleDie Professionalisierung der deutschen Psychologie im Nationalsozialismus by Ulfried Geuter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605--606 Regna Darnell Book Review: \booktitleThe Culture Facade: Art, Science, and Politics in the Work of Oscar Lewis by Susan M. Rigdon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606--607 Edward Manier Book Review: \booktitleA Phylogenetic Fantasy: Overview of the Transference Neuroses by Sigmund Freud; Ilse Grubrich-Simitis; Axel Hoffer; Peter T. Hoffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607--608 Edward T. Morman Book Review: \booktitleIntegrating the City of Medicine: Blacks in Philadelphia Health Care, 1910--1965 by David McBride 608--609 Audrey B. Davis Book Review: \booktitleThe Health Century by Edward Shorter . . . . . . . 609--610 Daniel H. Bays Book Review: \booktitleThe Stubborn Earth: American Agriculturalists on Chinese Soil, 1898--1937 by Randall E. Stross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610--611 Carolyn Marvin Book Review: \booktitleInventing American Broadcasting, 1899--1922 by Susan J. Douglas . . . . . . . . . . . . 611--613 John Kenly Smith, Jr. Book Review: \booktitleFrom Monopoly to Competition: The Transformation of Alcoa, 1888--1986 by George David Smith 613--613 Rachel Laudan Book Review: \booktitleHistoricism and Knowledge by Robert D'Amico . . . . . . 613--614 Thomas Nickles Book Review: \booktitleRelativism and Realism in Science by Robert Nola . . . 614--615 Michal McMahon Book Review: \booktitleContemporary Moral Controversies in Technology by A. Pablo Iannone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615--616 Peter C. John Book Review: \booktitleDie organismische Kosmologie von Alfred N. Whitehead: Zur Revision des Selbstverständnisses neuzeitlicher Philosophie und Wissenschaft durch eine neue Philosophie der Natur by Alois Rust . . . . . . . . 616--617 Michael W. Apple Book Review: \booktitleGramsci and the History of Dialectical Thought by Maurice A. Finocchiaro . . . . . . . . . 617--618 Nico Stehr Book Review: \booktitleKnowing Everything about Nothing: Specialization and Change in Research Careers by John Ziman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618--619 Clark A. Elliott Book Review: \booktitleScience in Society: An Annotated Guide to Resources by Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology . . 619--619 D. E. Mungello Book Review: \booktitleWestern Books on China Published up to 1850 in the Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London: A Descriptive Catalogue by John Lust . . . 619--620 Joe D. Burchfield Book Review: \booktitleVictorian Britain: An Encyclopedia by Sally Mitchell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620--621 Daniel Nelson Book Review: \booktitleA Historical Dictionary of American Industrial Language by William H. Mulligan . . . . 621--622 Pamela E. Mack Book Review: \booktitleNASA Historical Data Book. (The NASA Historical Series.) by Jane Van Nimmen; Leonard C. Bruno; Robert L. Rosholt; Linda Neuman Ezell 622--622 Anonymous Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623--625 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626--630
Isis
Volume 81, Number 4, December, 1990
Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631--637 Robert E. Kohler The Ph.D. Machine: Building on the Collegiate Base . . . . . . . . . . . . 638--662 Peter Dear Miracles, Experiments, and the Ordinary Course of Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . 663--683 Edgar S. Laird Robert Grosseteste, Albumasar, and Medieval Tidal Theory . . . . . . . . . 684--694 Ronald H. Naylor Galileo's Method of Analysis and Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695--707 William R. Shea Eloge: Pierre Costabel, 24 October 1912--20 November 1989 . . . . . . . . . 708--709 Alan Mackay and Maurice Crosland and Jack Neufeld and Walter A. McDougall Letters to the Editor . . . . . . . . . 710--712 J. T. Vallance Marshall Clagett's Greek Science in Antiquity: Thirty-Five Years Later . . . 713--721 Nathan Sivin Book Review: \booktitleMedicine in China 722--731 Yaron Ezrahi Book Review: \booktitleThe Nature of Power by Barry Barnes . . . . . . . . . 732--733 Ian Hacking Book Review: \booktitleTheory and Experiment: Recent Insights and New Perspectives on Their Relation by Diderik Batens; Jean Paul van Bendegem 733--733 Richard Olson Book Review: \booktitleScience and the Human Prospect by Ronald C. Pine . . . . 733--734 James Moore Book Review: \booktitleScience and Religious Thought: A Darwinism Case Study by Walter J. Wilkins . . . . . . . 734--735 Evan M. Melhado Book Review: \booktitleLes chemins du savoir en Su\`ede de la foundation de l'université d'Upsal \`a Jacob Berzelius: Etudes et portraits by Sten Lindroth; Jean--François Battail . . . . . . . . . 735--736 David Wade Chambers Book Review: \booktitleHistoria de las ciencias by Antonio Lafuente; Juan J. Saldaña; \booktitleEl perfil de la ciencia en América by Juan José Saldaña . . 736--737 Theodore S. Feldman Book Review: \booktitleLes savants gén\`evois dans l'Europe intellectuelle: Du XVIIe au milieu du XIXe si\`ecle by Jacques Trembley . . . . . . . . . . . . 737--738 Eric Mills Book Review: \booktitle100 Years Exploring Life 1888--1988: The Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole by Jane Maienschein . . . . . . . . . . . . 738--739 Jeffrey A. Johnson Book Review: \booktitleNaturwissenschaften in Göttingen: Eine Vortragsreihe by Hans-Heinrich Voigt . . . . . . . . . . 739--740 Eckhard Bolenz Book Review: \booktitleIngenieurausbildung im Königreich Württemberg: Vorgeschichte, Einrichtung und Ausbau der Technischen Hochschule Stuttgart und ihrer Ingenieurwissenschaften bis 1900--Eine Verknüpfung von Institutions- und Disziplingeschichte by Gerhard Zweckbronner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740--741 Willem D. Hackmann Book Review: \booktitleEarly Scientific Instruments: Europe, 1400--1800 by Anthony Turner . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742--743 Giovanni Battimelli Book Review: \booktitleAtti dell'VIII Congresso Nazionale di Storia della Fisica by Fabio Bevilacqua . . . . . . . 743--744 Stephen G. Brush Book Review: \booktitleA Companion to the Physical Sciences by David Knight 744--744 Patricia Hilts Book Review: \booktitleScience and Civilisation in China. Volume V: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 9: Textile Technology: Spinning and Reeling by Joseph Needham; Dieter Kuhn 744--745 James R. Bartholomew Book Review: \booktitleThe Green Archipelago: Forestry in Preindustrial Japan by Conrad Totman . . . . . . . . . 745--746 Sander Gilman Book Review: \booktitleThe Normal and the Pathological by Georges Canguilhem; Carolyn R. Fawcett; Robert S. Cohen . . 746--748 Guenter B. Risse Book Review: \booktitleImperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies by David Arnold; \booktitleDisease, Medicine, and Empire: Perspectives on Western Medicine and the Experience of European Expansion by Roy MacLeod; Milton Lewis . . . . . . 748--749 Faye M. Getz Book Review: \booktitlePoisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History by Mary Kilbourne Matossian . . . . . . . . 749--750 Joel D. Howell Book Review: \booktitleDoctors: The Biography of Medicine by Sherwin B. Nuland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750--751 Jack D. Pressman Book Review: \booktitleA Social History of Madness: The World through the Eyes of the Insane by Roy Porter . . . . . . 751--752 Deborah Fitzgerald Book Review: \booktitleThreshing in the Midwest, 1820--1940: A Study of Traditional Culture and Technological Change by J. Sanford Rikoon . . . . . . 752--753 Richard Lemay Book Review: \booktitleHoroscopes and History by J. D. North . . . . . . . . . 753--754 Mary Ellen Bowden Book Review: \booktitleA History of Western Astrology by Jim Tester . . . . 754--756 Bert S. Hall Book Review: \booktitleLes mécaniques, ou l'élévateur des corps lourds. The Arabic Text of Qus\dta Ibn Luqa by Heron of Alexandria; B. Carra de Vaux . . . . . . 756--757 G. J. Toomer Book Review: \booktitleLas hipótesis de los planetas by Claudio Ptolomeo . . . . 757--758 Jackson P. Hershbell Book Review: \booktitleEinführung in die antiken Naturwissenschaften by Alfred Stückelberger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758--759 Richard C. Dales Book Review: \booktitlePhiloponus against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World by Johannes Philoponus; Christian Wildberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759--759 Anthony Preus Book Review: \booktitleAlfred of Sareshel's Commentary on the Metheora of Aristotle by James K. Otte . . . . . . . 759--760 André Goddu Book Review: \booktitleDialectic and Its Place in the Development of Medieval Logic by Eleonore Stump . . . . . . . . 760--761 Gerhard Brey Book Review: \booktitleLexikon der mittelalterlichen Zahlenbedeutungen by Heinz Meyer; Rudolf Suntrup . . . . . . 761--762 David A. King Book Review: \booktitleIslamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use by Emilie Savage-Smith; Andrea P. A. Belloli . . . 762--764 Robin E. Rider Book Review: \booktitleMathematics from Manuscript to Print, 1300--1600 by Cynthia Hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764--764 Warren Van Egmond Book Review: \booktitleDas Bamberger Blockbuch: Inc. typ. 1c 144 der Staatsbibliothek Bamberg: Ein xylographisches Rechenbuch aus dem 15. Jahrhundert by Kurt Vogel; Bernhard Schemmel; \booktitleDas Bamberger Rechenbuch von 1483 by Ulrich Wagner . . 764--765 Michael S. Mahoney Book Review: \booktitleThe Early Theory of Equations: On Their Nature and Constitution: Translations of Three Treatises by Vi\`ete, Girard, and De Beaune by Robert Schmidt; Ellen Black; \booktitleLa nouvelle alg\`ebre de M. Vi\`ete: Précédeé de Introduction en l'art analytique by J.-L. de Vaulézard . . . . 765--766 Karen Reeds Book Review: \booktitleAlbrecht Dürer and the Animal and Plant Studies of the Renaissance by Fritz Koreny; Pamela Marwood; Yehuda Shapiro . . . . . . . . 766--768 Irving A. Kelter Book Review: \booktitleLos temas polémicos de la medicina renacentista: Las Controversias (1556) de Francisco Valles by José Maria López Piñero; Francisco Calero . . . . . . . . . . . . 768--769 I. Bernard Cohen Book Review: \booktitleA hombros de gigantes: Estudios sobre la primera revolución científica by Alberto Elena . . 769--770 Paula Findlen Book Review: \booktitleThe Medical Revolution of the Seventeenth Century by Roger French; Andrew Wear . . . . . . . 770--771 Curtis Wilson Book Review: \booktitleGesammelte Werke. Volume XX, Part 1: Manuscripta Astronomica (I) by Johannes Kepler; Volker Bialas; Friederike Boockmann . . 771--772 Steven Nadler Book Review: \booktitleOccult Powers and Hypotheses: Cartesian Natural Philosophy under Louis XIV by Desmond M. Clarke . . 772--773 Margaret J. Osler Book Review: \booktitleThomas Hobbes: The Unity of Scientific and Moral Wisdom by Gary B. Herbert . . . . . . . . . . . 773--774 Ivo Schneider Book Review: \booktitleBlaise Pascal, 1623--1662 by Hans Loeffel . . . . . . . 774--774 Gerald M. Friedman Book Review: \booktitleDe solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus: Über Gesteine, Minerale und Kristalle, Fossilien, Schichten und Berge by Nicolaus Steno; Karl Mieleitner; Eginhard Fabian . . . . 775--776 Ronald Calinger Book Review: \booktitleLeibniz: A Biography by E. J. Aiton . . . . . . . . 776--777 Eric R. Meyer Book Review: \booktitleThe History of the King's School, Grantham: 660 Years of a Grammar School by S. J. Branson; \booktitleÜber die Gravitation\ldots: Texte zu den philosophischen Grundlagen der klassischen Mechanik by Isaac Newton; Gernot Böhme . . . . . . . . . . 777--778 Margaret C. Jacob Book Review: \booktitleEcho's van een wetenschappelijke revolutie: De mechanistische natuurwetenschap aan de Leuvense Artesfaculteit (1650--1797) by G. Vanpaemel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778--778 Gerd Buchdahl Book Review: \booktitleSpace, Time, and Thought in Kant by Arthur Melnick . . . 779--779 Paul J. Korshin Book Review: \booktitleUnder the Banner of Science: Erasmus Darwin and His Age by Maureen McNeil . . . . . . . . . . . 780--781 Myles W. Jackson Book Review: \booktitleGoethe und Soemmerring: Briefwechsel, 1784--1828 by Manfred Wenzel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781--781 Marsha L. Richmond Book Review: \booktitleAus meinem Leben: Autobiographische Bekanntnisse by Alexander von Humboldt; Kurt-R. Biermann; \booktitleAlexander von Humboldt by Kurt Schleucher . . . . . . 781--783 Sandra Herbert Book Review: \booktitleCharles Darwin's Beagle Diary by Richard Darwin Keynes 783--784 Leslie J. Burlingame Book Review: \booktitleThe Non-Darwinian Revolution: Reinterpreting a Historical Myth by Peter J. Bowler . . . . . . . . 784--785 George W. Stocking, Jr. Book Review: \booktitleEug\`ene Dubois and the Ape-Man from Java: The History of the First ``Missing Link'' and Its Discoverer by Bert Theunissen . . . . . 785--786 Ann B. Shteir Book Review: \booktitleThe Romance of Victorian Natural History by Lynn L. Merrill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786--787 Elizabeth Fee Book Review: \booktitleSexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood by Cynthia Eagle Russett . . . . . . . . 787--788 John P. McKay Book Review: \booktitleDisenchanted Night: The Industrialization of Light in the Nineteenth Century by Wolfgang Schivelbusch; Angela Davies . . . . . . 788--790 Thomas P. Hughes Book Review: \booktitleThe Papers of Thomas A. Edison. Volume I: The Making of an Inventor, February 1847--June 1873 by Reese V. Jenkins . . . . . . . . . . 790--791 A. Bowdoin Van Riper Book Review: \booktitleAn Ancient Air: A Biography of John Stringfellow of Chard, the Victorian Aeronautical Pioneer by Harald Penrose . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792--792 Paul Weindling Book Review: \booktitleDie ``Volksheilstätten--Bewegung'' in Deutschland um 1900: Zur Ideengeschichte der Sanatoriumstherapie für Tuberkulöse by Wolfgang Seeliger . . . . . . . . . . . 792--793 Steven Stowe Book Review: \booktitleDisease and Distinctiveness in the American South by Todd L. Savitt; James Harvey Young; \booktitleScience and Medicine in the Old South by Ronald L. Numbers; Todd L. Savitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793--794 Susan E. Lederer Book Review: \booktitleDisease in the Popular American Press: The Case of Diphtheria, Typhoid Fever, and Syphilis, 1870--1920 by Terra Ziporyn . . . . . . 794--795 Edward Yoxen Book Review: \booktitleThe Politics of British Science by Martin Ince . . . . . 795--796 Steven J. Dick Book Review: \booktitleHistory of the Royal Astronomical Society. Volume II: 1920--1980 by R. J. Tayler . . . . . . . 796--797 Anthony N. Stranges Book Review: \booktitleLife of a Scientist: An Autobiographical Account of the Development of Molecular Orbital Theory with an Introductory Memoir by Friedrich Hund by Robert S. Mulliken; Bernard J. Ransil . . . . . . . . . . . 797--797 Paul W. Henriksen Book Review: \booktitleThe Collected Papers of Peter J. W. Debye by Peter J. W. Debye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798--798 Donald Worster Book Review: \booktitleEcology in the Twentieth Century: A History by Anna Bramwell; \booktitleThe Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics by Roderick Frazier Nash . . . . 798--800 Benjamin Harris Book Review: \booktitleJames J. Gibson and the Psychology of Perception by Edward S. Reed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800--801 Joan Mark Book Review: \booktitleDaughters of the Desert: Women Anthropologists and the Native American Southwest, 1880--1980: An Illustrated Catalogue by Barbara Babcock; Nancy J. Parezo . . . . . . . . 801--802 Charles Webster Book Review: \booktitleMoney, Power, and Health Care by Evan M. Melhado; Walter Feinberg; Harold M. Swartz . . . . . . . 802--803 Mariamne H. Whatley Book Review: \booktitleConception in the Test Tube: The IVF Story: How Australia Leads the World by Harry Kannegiesser 803--804 Paul B. Israel Book Review: \booktitleThe History of N. V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken. Volume I: A Company of Many Parts by A. Heerding; Derek S. Jordan . . . . . . . 804--805 Pamela E. Mack Book Review: \booktitleRAND's Role in the Evolution of Balloon and Satellite Observation Systems and Related U.S. Space Technology by Merton E. Davies; William R. Harris . . . . . . . . . . . 805--805 Jane R. Camerini Book Review: \booktitleDes mots et des lieux: La dynamique du discours géographique by Vincent Berdoulay . . . . 805--806 Thomas Nickles Book Review: \booktitleSocial Epistemology by Steve Fuller . . . . . . 806--808 David L. Hull Book Review: \booktitleReconstructing the Past: Parsimony, Evolution, and Inference by Elliott Sober . . . . . . . 808--809 Robert DiSalle Book Review: \booktitleEinstein's Revolution: A Study in Heuristic by Elie Zahar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809--810 Hans Aarsleff Book Review: \booktitleSchools of Thought: The Development of Linguistics from Bopp to Saussure by Olga Amsterdamska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810--811 David Philip Miller Book Review: \booktitleSir Joseph Banks (1743--1820): A Guide to Biographical and Bibliographical Sources by Harold B. Carter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811--812 Lawrence M. Principe Book Review: \booktitleMetaphysische, experimentelle und utilitaristische Traditionen in der Antimonliteratur zur Zeit der ``wissenschaftlichen Revolution'' (1520--1820): Eine kommentierte Auswahl-Bibliographie by Hermann Fischer . . . . . . . . . . . . 812--813 Shirley A. Roe Book Review: \booktitleThe Encyclopedists as Individuals: A Biographical Dictionary of the Authors of the Encyclopédie by Frank A. Kafker; Serena L. Kafker . . . . . . . . . . . . 813--814 Jack Brown Book Review: \booktitleThe Franklin Institute and the Making of Industrial America by Stephanie A. Morris . . . . . 814--815 Martin S. Pernick Book Review: \booktitleMedicine and Film: A Checklist, Survey, and Research Resource by Michael Shortland . . . . . 815--816 Anonymous Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816--818 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819--854 Anonymous Volume Information . . . . . . . . . . . 829--853
Isis
Volume 82, Number ??, 1991
John Neu Current Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--271 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i--xvi
Isis
Volume 82, Number 1, March, 1991
Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--7 M. Susan Lindee The American Career of Jane Marcet's Conversations on Chemistry, 1806--1853 8--23 Richard Yeo Reading Encyclopedias: Science and the Organization of Knowledge in British Dictionaries of Arts and Sciences, 1730--1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24--49 Paolo Mancosu and Ezio Vailati Torricelli's Infinitely Long Solid and Its Philosophical Reception in the Seventeenth Century . . . . . . . . . . 50--70 Paul Forman Independence, Not Transcendence, for the Historian of Science . . . . . . . . . . 71--86 David Pingree Eloge: Otto Neugebauer, 26 May 1899--19 February 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87--88 John G. McEvoy and Maurice Crosland and C. Truesdell and Craig Fraser and Gideon Freudenthal and Gad Freudenthal Letters to the Editor . . . . . . . . . 89--90 Anonymous Correction: Journal of the History of Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90--90 John Pickstone Book Review: \booktitleThe Care of Strangers: The Rise of America's Hospital System . . . . . . . . . . . . 91--94 Charles C. Gillispie Book Review: \booktitleCompanion to the History of Modern Science . . . . . . . 94--98 William H. McNeill Book Review: \booktitleHealth and the Rise of Civilization by Mark Nathan Cohen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99--100 Robert E. Schofield Book Review: \booktitleChildren of Prometheus: A History of Science and Technology by James MacLachlan . . . . . 100--101 Harriet Zuckerman Book Review: \booktitleScientific Genius: A Psychology of Science by Dean Keith Simonton . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101--102 Peter Dear Book Review: \booktitleThe Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences by David Gooding; Trevor Pinch; Simon Schaffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102--103 Davis Baird Book Review: \booktitleThe Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life by Gerd Gigerenzer; Zeno Swijtink; Theodore Porter; Lorraine Daston; John Beatty; Lorenz Krüger . . . 103--105 John J. Paul Book Review: \booktitleMachines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance by Michael Adas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105--106 I. Bernard Cohen Book Review: \booktitleRevolution in History by Roy Porter; Mikulás Teich; \booktitleRevolutions in Science: Their Meaning and Relevance by William R. Shea 106--107 Richard J. Samuels Book Review: \booktitleThe Formation of Science in Japan: Building a Research Tradition by James R. Bartholomew . . . 107--108 Martin Rudwick Book Review: \booktitleCatastrophic Episodes in Earth History by Claude C. Albritton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108--109 Michael A. Osborne Book Review: \booktitleAux sources de la biologie: Volume III: L'anatomie by Réjane Bernier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109--109 Alan Rauch Book Review: \booktitleA Concise History of Veterinary Medicine by D. Karasszon; E. Farkas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109--110 Gerard J. Tango Book Review: \booktitleTechnology and War: From 2000 B.C. to the Present by Martin van Creveld . . . . . . . . . . . 110--111 R. J. Hankinson Book Review: \booktitleCosmic Problems: Essays on Greek and Roman Philosophy of Nature by David Furley . . . . . . . . . 111--112 Joshua Lipton Book Review: \booktitleLe ciel des Romains by A. Le Boeuffle . . . . . . . 112--113 Liba C. Taub Book Review: \booktitleThe Criterion of Truth: Essays Written in Honor of George Kerferd, together with a Text and Translation (With Annotations) of Ptolemy's ``On the Kriterion and Hegemonikon'' by Pamela Huby; Gordon Neal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113--114 Eyjolfur Kjalar Emilsson Book Review: \booktitlePlotinus: The Experience of Unity by Gary M. Gurtler 114--115 Alan C. Bowen Book Review: \booktitleBook 7 of the Collection by Pappus of Alexandria; Alexander Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . 115--116 David A. King Book Review: \booktitleThe Astronomical Works of Gregory Chioniades. Volume I: Zij al-$ \subset $Ala$ \supset $ i by Gregory Chioniades; David Pingree; An Eleventh-Century Manual of Arabo-Byzantine Astronomy by Alexander Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116--118 E. S. Kennedy Book Review: \booktitleLos tratados de construcción uso de la azafea de Azarquiel by Roser Puig Aguilar . . . . 118--118 Gad Freudenthal Book Review: \booktitleTorah and Sophia: The Life and Thought of Shem Tov ibn Falaquera by Raphael Jospe . . . . . . . 118--119 George Ovitt, Jr. Book Review: \booktitleHildegard of Bingen, 1098--1179: A Visionary Life by Sabina Flanagan; \booktitleSt. Francis of Assisi and Nature: Tradition and Innovation in Western Christian Attitudes toward the Environment by Roger D. Sorrell . . . . . . . . . . . . 119--121 O. A. W. Dilke Book Review: \booktitleLa ``Descriptio mappe mundi'' de Hugues de Saint-Victor by Hugo of Saint-Victor; Patrick Gautier Dalché; John de Foxton's Liber Cosmographiae (1408): An Edition and Codicological Study by John de Foxton; John B. Friedman . . . . . . . . . . . . 121--123 Steven J. Livesey Book Review: \booktitleCompendium of the Study of Theology by Roger Bacon; Thomas S. Maloney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123--124 H. L. L. Busard Book Review: \booktitleGeometria speculativa by Thomas Bradwardine; George Molland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124--125 Peter Murray Jones Book Review: \booktitleArnaldi de Villanova opera medica omnia. Volume IV: Tractatus de consideracionibus operis medicine sive de flebotomia by Arnald of Villanova; Luke Demaitre; Pedro Gil-Sotres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125--125 André L. Goddu Book Review: \booktitleDie aristotelisch-scholastische Theorie der Bewegung: Studien zum Kommentar Alberts von Sachsen zur Physik des Aristoteles by Jürgen Sarnowsky . . . . . . . . . . . 125--127 Jill Kraye Book Review: \booktitleSchooling in Renaissance Italy: Literacy and Learning, 1300--1600 by Paul F. Grendler 127--128 Paul W. Knoll Book Review: \booktitleRenaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470--1543 by Harold B. Segel . . . . . 128--129 Richard L. Kremer Book Review: \booktitleEntstehung und Ausbreitung der copernicanischen Lehre by Ernst Zinner; Heribert M. Nobis; Felix Schmeidler . . . . . . . . . . . . 129--130 Luke E. Demaitre Book Review: \booktitleL'espressione e l'immagine: Introduzione a Paracelso by Giancarlo Zanier . . . . . . . . . . . . 130--131 Jole Shackelford Book Review: \booktitleThe Isenheim Altarpiece: God's Medicine and the Painter's Vision by Andree Hayum . . . . 131--131 Bruce T. Moran Book Review: \booktitleAuthority, Liberty and Automatic Machinery in Early Modern Europe by Otto Mayr . . . . . . . 132--133 Anita Guerrini Book Review: \booktitleThe Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science by Londa L. Schiebinger . . . . 133--134 Lesley B. Cormack Book Review: \booktitleJohn Dee's Natural Philosophy: Between Science and Religion by Nicholas H. Clulee . . . . . 134--135 Kr. Peder Moesgaard Book Review: \booktitleThe Wittich Connection: Conflict and Priority in Late Sixteenth-Century Cosmology by Owen Gingerich; Robert S. Westman . . . . . . 135--136 Warren Van Egmond Book Review: \booktitleMathematica by Tommaso Campanella; Armando Brissoni . . 136--136 Gary Hatfield Book Review: \booktitleIl dualismo da Cartesio a Leibniz: Cartesio, Cordemoy, La Forge, Malebranche, Leibniz by Salvatore Nicolosi . . . . . . . . . . . 136--137 Alan Gabbey Book Review: \booktitleCourt traité des premiers principes: Le ``Short Tract on First Principles'' de 1630--1631: La naissance de Thomas Hobbes \`a la pensée moderne by Thomas Hobbes; Jean Bernhardt 137--138 P. B. Wood Book Review: \booktitleEssays on the Law of Nature: The Latin Text with a Translation, Introduction and Notes, together with Transcripts of Locke's Shorthand in His Journal for 1676 by John Locke; W. von Leyden . . . . . . . 138--139 Christoph Meinel Book Review: \booktitleNeu-eröffnete chymische Artzney- und Werck-Schul by Christoph Glaser; Hans-Joachim Poeckern 139--140 Donald R. Kelley Book Review: \booktitleVico Revisited: Orthodoxy, Naturalism, and Science in the Scienza nuova by Gino Bedani . . . . 140--141 L. W. B. Brockliss Book Review: \booktitleCambridge in the Age of the Enlightenment: Science, Religion, and Politics from the Restoration to the French Revolution by John Gascoigne . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141--142 C. de Pater Book Review: \booktitleGeorge Berkeley, 1685--1753 by Wolfgang Breidert . . . . 142--143 Margaret J. Osler Book Review: \booktitleParticles and Ideas: Bishop Berkeley's Corpuscularian Philosophy by Gabriel Moked . . . . . . 143--144 Albert Van Helden Book Review: \booktitleWelzijn, wijsbegeerte, en wetenschap by Willem Jacob's Gravesande; C. de Pater . . . . 144--145 Shigehisa Kuriyama Book Review: \booktitleAlbinus on Anatomy by Bernard Siegfried Albinus; Robert Beverly Hale; Terence Coyle . . . 145--146 R. W. Home Book Review: \booktitleUn physicien au si\`ecle des lumi\`eres: L'Abbé Nollet, 1700--1770 by Jean Torlais . . . . . . . 146--147 Guenter B. Risse Book Review: \booktitleGeorg Christian Gottlieb Wedekind, 1761--1831: Werdegang und Schicksal eines Arztes im Zeitalter der Aufklärung und der Französischen Revolution. Mit einem Anhang: Wedekinds Diätetikvorlesung von 1789/90 by Martin Weber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147--148 William R. Woodward Book Review: \booktitleStructures of Knowing: Psychologies of the Nineteenth Century by Katherine Arens . . . . . . . 148--149 I. Grattan-Guinness Book Review: \booktitleMathematisch-physikalische und philosophische Schriften, 1842--1843 by Bernard Bolzano; Gotffried Gabriel; Matthias Gatzemeier; Friedrich Kambartel 149--149 James R. Hofmann Book Review: \booktitleJames Joule: A Biography by Donald S. L. Cardwell . . . 149--150 Kathleen G. Dugan Book Review: \booktitleAn American Scientist in Early Meiji Japan: The Autobiographical Notes of Thomas C. Mendenhall by Thomas C. Mendenhall; Richard Rubinger . . . . . . . . . . . . 151--151 R. Steven Turner Book Review: \booktitleAn Institute for an Empire: The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, 1871--1918 by David Cahan 151--152 Evelleen Richards Book Review: \booktitleThe Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London by Adrian Desmond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152--153 Bernard Lightman Book Review: \booktitleEvolution and Ethics: T. H. Huxley's Evolution and Ethics with New Essays on Its Victorian and Sociobiological Context by Thomas Henry Huxley; James Paradis; George C. Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154--155 Pauline M. H. Mazumdar Book Review: \booktitleRobert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology by Thomas D. Brock . . . . . . . . . . . . 155--156 Ann La Berge Book Review: \booktitleDoctors, Bureaucrats, and Public Health in France, 1888--1902 by Martha L. Hildreth 156--157 Jonathan Harwood Book Review: \booktitleDie Universität Göttingen unter dem Nationalsozialismus: Das Verdrängte Kapitel ihrer 250-jährigen Geschichte by Heinrich Becker; Hans-Joachim Dahms; Cornelia Wegeler . . 157--158 Mark Walker Book Review: \booktitleWissenschaft für Macht und Markt: Kernforschung und Mikroelektronik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland by Michael Eckert; Maria Osietzki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158--159 S. S. Schweber Book Review: \booktitleGesammelte Werke/Collected Works by Werner Heisenberg; W. Blum; H.-P. Dürr; H. Rechenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159--160 Richard Gillespie Book Review: \booktitleRace to the Stratosphere: Manned Scientific Ballooning in America by David H. DeVorkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160--161 Eric Elliott Book Review: \booktitleSvante Arrhenius' Beziehungen zu österreichischen Gelehrten: Briefe aus Österreich an Svante Arrhenius (1891--1926) by Alois Kernbauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161--162 William Montgomery Book Review: \booktitleJulius Schaxel an Ernst Haeckel, 1906--1917 by Julius Schaxel; Erika Krausse; Doris Posselt 162--162 Ronald C. Tobey Book Review: \booktitleSaving America's Wildlife by Thomas R. Dunlap . . . . . . 162--163 Gregg Mitman Book Review: \booktitlePrimate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science by Donna Haraway . . . . 163--165 Vanessa Northington Gamble Book Review: \booktitleCharles Richard Drew: The Man and the Myth by Charles E. Wynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165--166 Dainian Fan Book Review: \booktitleMedicine in Rural China: A Personal Account by C. C. Chen; Frederica M. Bunge . . . . . . . . . . . 166--167 Leslie J. Reagan Book Review: \booktitleAbortion in England, 1900--1967 by Barbara Brookes; \booktitleAbortion, Doctors, and the Law: Some Aspects of the Legal Regulation of Abortion in England from 1803 to 1982 by John Keown . . . . . . . 167--168 Paul Ceruzzi Book Review: \booktitleThe Early British Conferences by M. R. Williams; Martin Campbell-Kelly . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168--169 John Staudenmaier Book Review: \booktitleThe Tragedy of Technology: Human Liberation versus Domination in the Late Twentieth Century by Stephen Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . 170--171 Patricia J. Hilden Book Review: \booktitleMade in America: Science, Technology, and American Modernist Poets by Lisa M. Steinman . . 171--172 Phillip R. Sloan Book Review: \booktitleMichel Foucault by David R. Shumway . . . . . . . . . . 172--173 Irving H. Anellis Book Review: \booktitleThe Philosophy of Set Theory: A Historical Introduction to Cantor's Paradise by Mary Tiles . . . . 173--174 Jeffrey Bub Book Review: \booktitleThe Structure and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics by R. I. G. Hughes . . . . . . . . . . . . 174--175 Diana Barkan Book Review: \booktitleMethodological Aspects of the Development of Low Temperature Physics, 1881--1956: Concepts Out of Context(s) by Kostas Gavroglu; Yorgos Goudaroulis . . . . . . 175--177 Patrick A. Heelan Book Review: \booktitleOn the Logic of the Social Sciences by Jürgen Habermas; Shierry Weber Nicholsen; Jerry A. Stark; \booktitleThe Material Realization of Science: A Philosophical View on the Experimental Natural Sciences, Developed in Discussion with Habermas by Hans Radder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177--178 Peter Sobol Book Review: \booktitleAnimal Consciousness by Daisie Radner; Michael Radner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178--179 Michael M. Sokal Book Review: \booktitlePhrenology in the British Isles: An Annotated Historical Biobibliography and Index by Roger Cooter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179--180 Mordechai Feingold Book Review: \booktitleA Catalogue of Seventeenth-Century Printed Books in the National Library of Medicine by Peter Krivatsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180--180 Dorothy E. Porter Book Review: \booktitleEighteenth-Century Medics: Subscriptions, Licences, Apprenticeships by P. J. Wallis; R. V. Wallis; J. L. L. Burnby; T. D. Whittet . . . . . . . . . 180--181 Anonymous Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181--184 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185--190
Isis
Volume 82, Number 2, June, 1991
Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191--197 Lissa Roberts A Word and the World: The Significance of Naming the Calorimeter . . . . . . . 198--222 Simon Baatz ``Squinting at Silliman'': Scientific Periodicals in the Early American Republic, 1810--1833 . . . . . . . . . . 223--244 Frank J. Sulloway Reassessing Freud's Case Histories: The Social Construction of Psychoanalysis 245--275 Michael M. Sokal and Albert Moyer Annual Meeting of the History of Science Society, Seattle, Washington, 25--28 October 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276--280 Paul Forman Sarton Medal Citation . . . . . . . . . 281--283 Anonymous Contributors to the History of Science Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283--284 James E. McClellan, III Book Review: \booktitleArchives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences by R. Halleux . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285--286 Caroline Hannaway Book Review: \booktitleClio Medica: Acta Academiae Internationalis Historiae Medicinae by A. M. Luyendijk-Elshout . . 286--287 Gregg Mitman Book Review: \booktitleHistory and Philosophy of the Life Sciences by Mirko D. Grmek; Bernandino Fantini . . . . . . 288--289 John Stenhouse Book Review: \booktitleHistorical Records of Australian Science by R. W. Home; \booktitleMetascience: Biannual Review of the Australasian Association for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Science by W. R. Albury . . . 289--290 Yung Sik Kim Book Review: \booktitleHan'guk Kwahaksa Hakhoe-ji: Journal of the Korean History of Science Society by Song Sang-yong; \booktitleHistoria Scientiarum: The International Journal of the History of Science Society of Japan by Jun Fujimura; \booktitleKagakusi Kenkyu: Journal of History of Science, Japan by Ichiro Yabe; \booktitleZiran Kexueshi Yanjiu (Studies in the History of Natural Sciences) by Lin Wenjao . . . . 291--293 John J. Paul Book Review: \booktitleIndian Journal of History of Science by S. K. Mukherjee; Indian Journal of History of Medicine; Bulletin of the Institute of History of Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293--294 Gad Freudenthal Book Review: \booktitleKoroth: A Bulletin Devoted to the History of Medicine and Science by Joshua O. Leibowitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295--296 Emilie Savage-Smith Book Review: \booktitleArabic Sciences and Philosophy: A Historical Journal by Basim Musallam; \booktitleJournal for the History of Arabic Science by Ahmad Y. al-Hassan; Khaled Maghout; Roshdi Rashed; \booktitleZeitschrift fur Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften by Fuat Sezgin . . . . . 296--298 Paul R. Josephson Book Review: \booktitleVoprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniia i Tekhniki by B. I. Kozlov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298--300 Erna Hilfstein Book Review: \booktitleKwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki by Tadeusz Bie\'nkowski; \booktitleOrganon by Bogdan Suchodolski . . . . . . . . . . . 300--301 Kathleen Ahonen Book Review: \booktitleHippokrates: Annales Societatis Historiae Medicinae Fennicae by Kalle Achté; \booktitleScience Studies: A Scandinavian Journal Published by the Finnish Society for Science Studies by Marja Alestalo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301--302 Robert Marc Friedman Book Review: \booktitleLychnos: Lärdomshistoriska Samfundets Årsbok by Gunnar Eriksson . . . . . . . . . . . . 302--304 Victor Thoren Book Review: \booktitleCentaurus: International Magazine of the History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology by Kirsti Andersen; Ole Knudsen; Kurt Mòller Pedersen; Olaf Pedersen . . . . . . . . 304--304 Harold J. Cook Book Review: \booktitleJanus: Revue Internationale de l'Histoire des Sciences, de la Médecine, de la Pharmacie et de la Technique by H. A. M. Snelders; M. J. van Lieburg; E. M. Bruins; \booktitleTijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde, Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde, en Techniek by A. M. Luyendijk-Elshout; \booktitleTractrix: Yearbook for the History of Science, Medicine, Technology, and Mathematics by H. Floris Cohen; Bert Theunissen . . . . . . . . . 304--306 David Cahan Book Review: \booktitleBerichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte by Fritz Krafft; \booktitleNTM: Schriftenreihe für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Technik und Medizin by Rolf Sonnemann; Dietrich Tutzke; Hans Wussing; Renate Tobies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306--309 Paul Weindling Book Review: \booktitleMedizinhistorisches Journal: Internationale Vierteljahresschrift für Wissenschaftsgeschichte by Gunter Mann; Werner F. Kümmel; Ulrich Tröhler; Ursula Weisser; \booktitleSudhoffs Archiv: Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftsgeschichte by Peter Dilg; Menso Folkerts; Gundolf Keil; Fritz Krafft; Rolf Winau; Paul Unschuld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309--311 Otto Mayr Book Review: \booktitleTechnikgeschichte by K. Mauel; R. Reith . . . . . . . . . 311--313 Antoinette Emch-Dériaz Book Review: \booktitleGesnerus by Carl Haffter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313--314 Maurice A. Finocchiaro Book Review: \booktitleBolletino di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche by Enrico Giusti; \booktitleNuncius: Annali di Storia della Scienza by Paolo Galluzzi; \booktitlePhysis: Rivista Internazionale di Storia della Scienza by Vincenzo Cappelletti; Guido Cimino; \booktitleRivista de Storia della Scienza by Giorgio Tecce . . . . . . . . 314--317 Mary Jo Nye Book Review: \booktitleRevue de Synth\`ese by Dominique Bourel; Eric Brian; Roger Chartier; Joël Cornette; Ernest Coumet; Henri-Jean Martin; Jacques Merleau-Ponty; Pierre Monzani; Jean-Claude Perrot; Roshdi Rashed; Daniel Roche; \booktitleRevue d'Histoire des Sciences by Michel Blay; \booktitleSciences et Techniques en Perspective by Jean Dhombres . . . . . . 317--319 Michael R. McVaugh Book Review: \booktitleAsclepio: Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia by Agustín Albarracín Teulón; \booktitleDynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam by Esteban Rodríguez Ocaña 319--320 Thomas F. Glick Book Review: \booktitleLlull: Revista de la Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Técnicas by Mariano Hormigón; Sylva Clius: Revista de Historia de la Ciencia by Javier Ordóñez 320--321 Carlos S. Alvarado Book Review: \booktitleRevista de Historia de la Psicología by Helio Carpintero; Archivo Latinoamericano de Historia de la Psicología y Ciencias Afines by Hannes Stubbe; Ramón León . . . 321--323 David Wade Chambers Book Review: \booktitleQuipu: Revista Latinoamericana de Historia de las Ciencias y la Tecnología by Juan José Saldaña . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323--324 Susan Sheets-Pyenson Book Review: \booktitleScientia Canadensis by James Hull . . . . . . . . 324--325 Pnina G. Abir-Am Book Review: \booktitleWhat Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery 326--343 William A. Smeaton Book Review: \booktitleÉtudes sur/Studies on Hél\`ene Metzger by Gad Freudenthal 344--345 Gregg De Young Book Review: \booktitleWissenschaftsgeschichte en miniature: Neun Kapitel aus der Entwicklung der Mathematik und der Naturwissenschaften by Hans Wussing; Horst Remane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345--345 Ivo H. Schneider Book Review: \booktitleFrom Ancient Omens to Statistical Mechanics: Essays on the Exact Sciences Presented to Asger Aaboe by J. L. Berggren; B. R. Goldstein 345--346 Olaf Pedersen Book Review: \booktitleEmpires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures by Anthony F. Aveni . . . . . . . . . . . . 346--348 David A. King Book Review: \booktitleAstronomy of Islamic Times for the Twenty-First Century by Mohammad Ilyas . . . . . . . 348--349 James R. Hofmann Book Review: \booktitleReading the Mind of God: In Search of the Principle of Universality by James Trefil . . . . . . 349--350 Seymour L. Chapin Book Review: \booktitleLa figure de la Terre du XVIIIe si\`ecle \`a l'\`ere spatiale by Henri Lacombe; Pierre Costabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350--351 Eginhard Fabian Book Review: \booktitleDie Symmetrie der Kristalle: Von René-Just Haüy zur kristallographischen Schule in Zürich by J. J. Burckhardt; Erhard Scholz . . . . 351--352 James D. Proctor Book Review: \booktitleAmericans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography by Michael Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . 352--353 James Urry Book Review: \booktitleThe Invention of Primitive Society: Transformations of an Illusion by Adam Kuper . . . . . . . . . 353--354 Timothy Alborn Book Review: \booktitleMore Heat than Light: Economics as Social Physics, Physics as Nature's Economics by Philip Mirowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354--355 Paula Findlen Book Review: \booktitleMedicine at the Courts of Europe, 1500--1837 by Vivian Nutton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355--355 Henry D. Shapiro Book Review: \booktitleThe Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance by Henry Petroski . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355--356 Pamela Gossin Book Review: \booktitleLiterature and Science: Theory and Practice by Stuart Peterfreund; \booktitleScience and the Human Spirit: Contexts for Writing and Learning by Fred D. White . . . . . . . 356--358 G. S. Rousseau Book Review: \booktitleMetaphors of Mind in Fiction and Psychology by Michael S. Kearns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358--359 Alan C. Bowen Book Review: \booktitleThe Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries: Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World by David Ulansey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359--360 Sabetai Unguru Book Review: \booktitleL'héritage épistémologique d'Eudoxe de Cnide: Un essai de reconstitution by Jean-Louis Gardies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360--362 Anthony Preus Book Review: \booktitleAristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity by Mary Louise Gill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362--363 Sten Ebbesen Book Review: \booktitleAristotle's Categories and Porphyry by Christos Evangeliou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363--364 Alexander Jones Book Review: \booktitlePythagoras Revived: Mathematics and Philosophy in Late Antiquity by Dominic J. O'Meara . . 364--365 R. J. Hankinson Book Review: \booktitleDas Prognosticon wurde nicht vor, sondern nach den Epidemienbüchern III und I verfasst: Zweiter Beitrag zur Chronologie der echten Hippokratischen Schriften by Charles Lichtenthaeler; \booktitleMedecine et philosophie au temps d'Hippocrate by Bernard Vitrac . . 365--366 Gary B. Ferngren Book Review: \booktitleHerophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria by Heinrich von Staden . . . . . . . . . . 366--367 Helen S. Lang Book Review: \booktitleMedieval Discussions of the Eternity of the World by Richard C. Dales . . . . . . . . . . 367--368 Mich\`ele Mertens Book Review: \booktitleThe Alchemical Corpus Attributed to Raymond Lull by Michela Pereira . . . . . . . . . . . . 368--369 W. R. Laird Book Review: \booktitleSacralizing the Secular: The Renaissance Origins of Modernity by Stephen A. McKnight . . . . 369--371 James J. Bono Book Review: \booktitleThat Nothing Is Known (Quod nihil scitur) by Francisco Sanches; Elaine Limbrick; Douglas F. S. Thomson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371--372 Nicholas H. Clulee Book Review: \booktitleThe Renaissance Drama of Knowledge: Giordano Bruno in England by Hilary Gatti . . . . . . . . 372--373 J. D. North Book Review: \booktitleProphecy and Power: Astrology in Early Modern England by Patrick Curry . . . . . . . . . . . . 373--374 Charles Webster Book Review: \booktitleEstablishing the New Science: The Experience of the Early Royal Society by Michael Hunter . . . . 375--376 Eric R. Meyer Book Review: \booktitleIsaac Newton by Ivo Schneider . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376--377 Roger Ariew Book Review: \booktitleLeibniz's Metaphysics: A Historical and Comparative Study by Catherine Wilson 377--377 Roy Porter Book Review: \booktitleHuman Nature, Cultural Diversity, and the French Enlightenment by Henry Vyverberg . . . . 378--378 Alberto Elena Book Review: \booktitleLes savants en Révolution, 1789--1799 by Nicole Dhombres 378--379 Adam Apt Book Review: \booktitleNevil Maskelyne: The Seaman's Astronomer by Derek Howse 379--380 Antonio E. Ten Book Review: \booktitleEl observatorio de Cádiz (1753--1831) by Antonio Lafuente; Manuel Sellés . . . . . . . . . 380--381 Roger Hahn Book Review: \booktitleRuggiero Giuseppe Boscovich nella scienza e nella storia del '700 by Germano Paoli . . . . . . . 381--382 John G. McEvoy Book Review: \booktitleEighteenth-Century Chemistry as an Investigative Enterprise by Frederic Lawrence Holmes . . . . . . . . 382--382 Guenter B. Risse Book Review: \booktitleClinical Consultations and Letters by Ippolito Francesco Albertini, Francesco Torti, and Other Physicians: University of Bologna MS 2089-1 by Saul Jarcho . . . . 383--383 Chandos Michael Brown Book Review: \booktitleThomas Jefferson: Statesman of Science by Silvio A. Bedini 383--384 Robert V. Bruce Book Review: \booktitleBenjamin Silliman: A Life in the Young Republic by Chandos Michael Brown . . . . . . . . 384--386 Miranda Hughes Book Review: \booktitleCharles Darwin in Australia by F. W. Nicholas; J. M. Nicholas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386--386 Ralph Colp, Jr. Book Review: \booktitleKliment Timiryazev by S. P. Landau-Tylkina; G. G. Egorov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386--387 Barry W. Butcher Book Review: \booktitleThe Contented Botanist: Letters of W. H. Harvey about Australia and the Pacific by William H. Harvey; Sophie C. Ducker . . . . . . . . 387--387 Michael MacDonald Book Review: \booktitleIllustrations of Madness by John Haslam; Roy Porter; \booktitleObservations on Maniacal Disorders by William Pargeter; Stanley W. Jackson; \booktitleAn Essay, Medical, Philosophical, and Chemical on Drunkenness and Its Effects on the Human Body by Thomas Trotter . . . . . . . . . 387--388 Curtis M. Hinsley Book Review: \booktitleA Stranger in Her Native Land: Alice Fletcher and the American Indians by Joan Mark . . . . . 389--389 Ian Christopher Fletcher Book Review: \booktitleThe Artist as Anthropologist: The Representation of Type and Character in Victorian Art by Mary Cowling; \booktitleNature into Art: Cultural Transformations in Nineteenth-Century Britain by Carl Woodring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389--391 Dennis R. Dean Book Review: \booktitleIn Pursuit of a Scientific Culture: Science, Art, and Society in the Victorian Age by Peter Allan Dale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391--393 Paul K. Hoch Book Review: \booktitleScience, Politics and the Public Good: Essays in Honour of Margaret Gowing by Nicolaas A. Rupke . . 393--394 Jonathan Coopersmith Book Review: \booktitleSoviet Science on the Edge of Reform by Harley D. Balzer 394--394 Mark Walker Book Review: \booktitleWissenschaft und Nationalsozialismus: Eine Ringvorlesung an der Universität-Gesamthochschule-Siegen by Rainer Geissler; Wolfgang Popp . . . . . 394--395 Stephen J. Cross Book Review: \booktitleThe Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science by Gerald Jonas; \booktitleThe Politics of Philanthropy: Abraham Flexner and Medical Education by Steven C. Wheatley . . . . . . . . . . . 395--396 George H. Bindon Book Review: \booktitleShaping Science and Industry: A History of Australia's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1926--49 by C. B. Schedvin . . 396--398 George E. Webb Book Review: \booktitleSandia National Laboratories: The Postwar Decade by Necah Stewart Furman . . . . . . . . . . 398--399 A. Hunter Dupree Book Review: \booktitleAtoms for Peace and War, 1953--1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission by Richard G. Hewlett; Jack M. Holl . . . . . . . . . 399--399 Norriss S. Hetherington Book Review: \booktitleOrders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915--1990 by Roger E. Bilstein; \booktitleWhere No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions by William David Compton; \booktitleThe First Twenty-Five Years in Space: A Symposium by Allan A. Needell 400--401 I. Grattan-Guinness Book Review: \booktitleNorbert Wiener, 1894--1964 by P. R. Masani . . . . . . . 401--402 Ronald E. Doel Book Review: \booktitleZur Geschichte der Festkörperphysik: Farbzentrenforschung bis 1940 by Jürgen Teichmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402--403 Linda Wessels Book Review: \booktitleThe Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume V: Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics by Jagdish Mehra; Helmut Rechenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404--405 W. H. Brock Book Review: \booktitleUne chimie qui guérit: Histoire de la découverte des sulfamides by Daniel Bovet . . . . . . . 405--406 Hugh R. Slotten Book Review: \booktitleChemical Warfare, Chemical Disarmament by Valerie Adams 407--407 Jane Maienschein Book Review: \booktitleBiological Oceanography: An Early History, 1870--1960 by Eric L. Mills . . . . . . 407--408 Marga Vicedo Book Review: \booktitleDangerous Diagnostics: The Social Power of Biological Information by Dorothy Nelkin; Laurence Tancredi; \booktitleBrainstorming: The Science and Politics of Opiate Research by Solomon H. Snyder; \booktitleGene Dreams: Wall Street, Academia, and the Rise of Biotechnology by Robert Teitelman . . . 408--409 Douglas R. Givens Book Review: \booktitlePortraits in American Archaeology: Remembrances of Some Distinguished Americanists by Gordon Randolph Willey . . . . . . . . . 409--410 Morris J. Vogel Book Review: \booktitleIn Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century by Rosemary Stevens 410--411 William Johnston Book Review: \booktitleWhite Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa by Randall M. Packard 411--412 Margaret Humphreys Book Review: \booktitlePlagues and Politics: The Story of the United States Public Health Service by Fitzhugh Mullan 412--413 Kathleen W. Jones Book Review: \booktitleBefore It's Too Late: The Child Guidance Movement in the United States, 1922--1945 by Margo Horn; \booktitleThe Century of the Child: The Mental Hygiene Movement and Social Policy in the United States and Canada by Theresa R. Richardson . . . . . . . . 413--415 Leila Zenderland Book Review: \booktitleSchools as Sorters: Lewis M. Terman, Applied Psychology, and the Intelligence Testing Movement, 1890--1930 by Paul Davis Chapman; \booktitleLewis M. Terman: Pioneer in Psychological Testing by Henry L. Minton . . . . . . . . . . . . 415--416 John P. Swann Book Review: \booktitleEli Lilly: A Life, 1885--1977 by James H. Madison . . 416--417 A. Michal McMahon Book Review: \booktitleA History of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1871--1971 by W. J. Reader; Rachel Lawrence; Sheila Nemet; Geoffrey Tweedale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417--418 Peter Sobol Book Review: \booktitleA Catalogue of the Pre-1500 Western Manuscript Books at the Newberry Library by Paul Saenger . . 418--419 Sara Schechner Genuth Book Review: \booktitleUnion Catalogue of Printed Books of the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries in European Astronomical Observatories by Giovanna Grassi . . . . . . . . . . . . 419--419 William Andrewes Book Review: \booktitleThe Great Age of the Microscope: The Collection of the Royal Microscopical Society through 150 Years by Gerard L'E. Turner . . . . . . 419--420 Michael J. Crowe Book Review: \booktitleBibliography of Astronomers: Books and Pamphlets in English by and about Astronomers. Volume I: The Spirit of the Nineteenth Century by Paul Luther . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420--420 Seymour H. Mauskopf Book Review: \booktitleAnimal Magnetism, Early Hypnotism, and Psychical Research, 1766--1925: An Annotated Bibliography by Adam Crabtree . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421--421 Edwin T. Layton Book Review: \booktitleThe History of Engineering Science: An Annotated Bibliography by David F. Channell . . . 421--422 Bruce J. Caldwell Book Review: \booktitleEconomic Methodology: A Bibliography with References to Works in the Philosophy of Science, 1860--1988 by De | ||||||||
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] | null | [] | null | en | /assets/favicon-b9324049b274f9f814afe4a06df128846ecfa709bd338b438215caf6ad1d16e0.ico | null | The Rush Family papers includes material from Benjamin Rush, physician, social activist, educator, writer and patriot; his brother Jacob Rush, lawyer, Supreme Court judge, and patriot; and Benjamin’s son James Rush, physician and Treasurer of the United States Mint. These American men were “strong characters, zealous patriots during the stirring period in which they lived, tenacious of their convictions and of the high standard of individual duty which they set for others, and typified in themselves,” (Richards, page 53).
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Rush, a physician, social activist, educator, writer, and patriot, was born on December 24, 1745 at Byberry, Pennsylvania, the fourth child of John and Susanna (Hall) Rush. He was educated at the College of New Jersey, now called Princeton University, graduating at age 15; and the University of Edinburgh in Scotland where he earned his degree of Medical Doctor in June 1768. Prior to traveling to Scotland, Rush studied under Dr. John Redmond of Philadelphia and took classes at the College of Philadelphia, now called the University of Pennsylvania, taught by Dr. William Shippen, Jr. and Dr. John Morgan in 1754. He began practicing medicine when he returned to Philadelphia.
In 1775, Rush met and fell in love with Julia Stockton of Princeton, New Jersey and they were married in January 1776. They had thirteen children, four of whom died in infancy. Benjamin and Julia Rush’s children were: John, Anne Emily (1779-1850), Richard (1780-1859), Susannah (died in infancy), Elizabeth (died in infancy), Mary, James (1786-1869), William (died in infancy), Benjamin (died in infancy), Benjamin (1791-1824), Julia (1792-1860), Samuel (1795-1859), and William.
As a physician, the role for which Rush is best known, he was dedicated and untiring. He founded the Philadelphia Dispensary for the Relief of the Poor and through his “thirty years of service as a senior physician at the Pennsylvania Hospital,” the staff of which he joined in 1783, he instituted many “reforms … in the care of the mentally ill” (Princeton University). He is the author of Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind. He wrote “prolifically on the subject of medicine and medical practice, developing a reputation as a man of literature as well as medicine,” (Dickinson College). His treatments of purging and bloodletting during the yellow fever epidemic of 1793 created great controversy. “In the devastating yellow fever epidemics which afflicted Philadelphia in the 1790s, Rush labored among the sick and dying, morning and night, was felled by the disease himself, and never doubted that his prescriptions of heroic purging and bleeding had saved hundreds of lives,” (Rush, page xvi). However, “it was said of him that his purges were meant for a horse, not a man, and that he had waded through the epidemic in a bath of his patients’ blood. He was even charged with murdering them by his excessive bloodletting,” (Binger, page 227). Soon after the epidemics, Rush sued William Cobbett, also known as “Peter Porcupine” for slander. Although Rush won this suit, many were not convinced and Cobbett continued his attacks on Rush, claiming “to have established mathematically that Rush had killed more patients than he cured,” (Binger, page 247). In the years following the epidemic, Rush’s prominence in the community outweighed the controversy and “in his later years, Benjamin Rush’s reputation and fame spread beyond the parochial confines of his native state and even across the Atlantic.” (Binger, page 284).
Benjamin Rush was also “a social activist, a prominent advocate for the abolition of slavery, an advocate for scientific education for the masses, including women, and for public clinics to treat the poor,” (U.S. History). Furthermore, he favored “universal education and health care; he advocated prison reform, the abolition of … capital punishment, temperance, and better treatment of mental illness” (Dickinson College). He served as a member of American Philosophical Society and as a member of the Sons of Liberty in Philadelphia. He helped organize the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, serving, for a period of time, as president. He also became a member of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons. As a Renaissance man, politics did not escape Rush’s notice. In 1776, Rush was elected to and represented Pennsylvania at the Continental Congress and he signed the Declaration of Independence. In 1777, he was appointed surgeon-general of the Continental Army, but quickly resigned because he “became outraged by the conditions he found in army hospitals and, failing to get the remedial action he sought from the director general, Dr. Shippen (his former teacher), he sent a protest to General Washington, accusing Dr. Shippen of maladministration,” (Princeton University). When Congress ruled in favor of Shippen, Rush’s military career ended. Rush supported a federal constitution and in 1787, he voiced his opinions “to advocate the ratification of the federal constitution; his actions let to an appointment to the ratifying convention for the state,” (Dickinson College). He was appointed treasurer of the United States Mint and served from 1797 until his death in 1813.
Education was also important to Rush. Appointed chair of Chemistry at the College of Philadelphia in 1769, Rush became “at the age of twenty-three the first professor of chemistry in America,” (Princeton University). He also served as professor of medical theory and clinical practice at the College of Pennsylvania, and “all told, he taught more than three thousand medical students, who carried his influence to every corner of the growing nation,” (Princeton University). In 1783, he founded Dickinson College, and “serv[ed] as one of the most influential trustees of the College from its founding until his death.” (Dickinson College). According to Carl Binger, “on September 9, 1783, six days after the peace treaty with England went into effect, the Legislature passed an act to establish the College at Carlisle in Cumberland County,” (Binger, page 166) making Dickinson College the first institution of higher education in the United States. He also served as a charter trustee of Franklin College, now Franklin and Marshall College, and as an incorporator of the Young Ladies Academy in Philadelphia.
Benjamin Rush died on April 19, 1813 at age 67. Despite disagreeing with some of Rush’s tactics, Thomas Jefferson, at the time of Rush’s death, wrote in a letter to John Adams, “a better man than Rush could not have left us, more benevolent, more learned, of finer genius or more honest,” (Binger, page 296). John Adams similarly honored Rush saying, “as a man of Science, Letters, Task, Sense, Phylosophy, Patriotism, Religion, Morality, Merit, Usefulness, taken all together, Rush has not left his equal in America, nor that I know of in the world,” (Binger, page 296).
Jacob Rush
Jacob Rush, brother of Benjamin Rush and son of John and Susan Harvey Rush, was born November 24, 1747 in Byberry Township, Philadelphia County. He obtained his education from Francis Allison at a school in New London, Chester County, the Academy at Nottingham, Cecil County, MD, and the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), earning the degree of Doctor of Laws. He was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar on February 7, 1769 and to the Bar in Berks County on May 10, 1769.
Rush was elected as a member of the Assembly from Philadelphia County in 1782 and served until his resignation on March 20, 1784 when he was appointed “by the Supreme Executive Council to the Supreme Bench, in the room of John Evans, deceased,” (Richards, page 56). After the judiciary system was changed by State constitution in 1790, Rush was commissioned President of the Third Circuit on August 17, 1791. According to Richards, Rush was a strong Federalist, believe in “the maintenance of social order by the literal and rigid enforcement of the Act of 1794, against vice and immorality—contemptuously referred to as the Blue Law—passed during his administration,” (Richards, page 66).
The judicial circuits were reorganized in 1806, and Rush was commissioned president of the district of the City and County of Philadelphia. Rush served on the Bench of the District Court of Philadelphia from 1811 until his death.
Rush had married Mary Rench in 1777. They had four daughters who survived both Rush and his wife who died on August 31, 1806. Rush died on January 5, 1820 at the age of 73. It was said that “his uprightness of conduct and unquestionable abilities always secured him the respect and confidence, if not the attachment of his associates, the members of the Bar and the entire community,” (Richards, page 60).
James Rush
James Rush, born March 1, 1786, was the seventh son of Dr. Benjamin Rush. He studied medicine at Princeton University and the University of Edinburgh. He also earned his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1809. He did not practice medicine regularly and in 1813 was appointed Treasurer of the United States Mint where he served until 1830.
James Rush married Phoebe Anne Ridgeway (1799-1857) a Philadelphia heiress and he inherited her fortune after her death in 1857. In his will, Rush left the bulk of his estate to the Library Company of Philadelphia for the building of the Ridgeway Branch. He was the author of The Philosophy of the Human Voice and “achieved a high reputation as a physician, but later in life secluded himself among his books,” (Scharf, page 1186).
Bibliography:
Binger, Carl, M.D. Revolutionary Doctor: Benjamin Rush, 1746-1813. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1996.
Dickinson College. Benjamin Rush (1745-1813). http://chronicles.dickinson.edu/encyclo/r/ed_rushB.html (accessed March 2, 2010).
Princeton University. Campus Companion. http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/rush_benjamin.html (accessed March 2, 2010).
Richards, Louis. “Honorable Jacob Rush of the Pennsylvania Judiciary,” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 39, No. 1 (1915).
Rush, Benjamin. My Dearest Julia: the love letters of Dr. Benjamin Rush to Julia Stockton. New York: Neale Watson Academic Publications, Inc., 1979.
Sharf, J. Thomas and Thompson Westcott. History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Volume 2. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts & Co., 1884.
U.S. History. Biographical Sketch of Benjamin Rush. http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/rush.htm (accessed March 2, 2010).
This collection contains papers of Dr. Benjamin Rush, Judge Jacob Rush, Dr. James Rush, John Rush, Richard Rush, William Rush, and small portions of materials from other Rush family members. The bulk of the collection is the papers of Dr. Benjamin Rush and his son Dr. James Rush. Judge Jacob, John, Richard and William are represented, but to a much lesser degree. The other Rush family members are represented in a very limited manner. The collection is arranged in four series: “Benjamin Rush papers,” “James Rush papers,” “Other Rush family papers,” and “Miscellaneous documents.” Researchers interested in the history of medical education will find this collection to be of great value.
Because segments of this collection were cataloged to the item level, catalog numbers, when known, are attached to the folder/volume information. These numbers should be used only when research begins with the card catalog.
The “Benjamin Rush papers” includes “Correspondence,” “Property and Land records,” “Financial records,” “Notes, thoughts, letters, diplomas and certificates,” “Medical research and notes,” “Writings by Benjamin Rush,” “Professorship at the University of Pennsylvania,” and “Collected Writings and notes by others.”
The “Correspondence” section consists of 45 volumes of bound correspondence as well as 85 folders of loose correspondence. The bulk of the “Correspondence” section contains incoming correspondence [2,700 items in 26 volumes, alphabetically arranged] from doctors, patients, and students concerning medicine, giving case histories, and requesting advice on treatment. For the most part, Rush’s own thoughts are not reflected in this material, however Rush's response is sometimes noted on the letter. These letters reflect the scope of Rush’s influence, the many issues with which he was involved, and the issues in which he was most interested. Among the correspondents in this series are: Ashton Alexander, James M. Anderson, Jr., Dr. Charles Browne, William Engle, Edward Fisher, Henry Muhlenberg, Nathaniel Potter, Benjamin Vaughan, and John Vaughan.
It is important for a researcher to know, however, that strict attention to alphabetization was not attended during the binding of these volumes and therefore, perusal of the entire volume is recommended. Volumes 1 to 20 are general correspondence arranged alphabetically from A to Z. Volumes 21 to 26 are also general correspondence with four additional distinct sets of alphabetical arrangement. As a result, a researcher will need to consult at least five volumes to determine if the individual of interest is represented in the collection. Volumes 1, 2 and 2a were disbound and the letters were placed in folders with the volume number and page number on the folder.
Some of the letters were separated into special groups and are of a more personal nature, relating to private affairs and interests of Rush and his correspondents, and reform activities, as well as medicine. The major correspondents include Jeremy Belknap, Edward and Charles Dilly, Elizabeth Graeme Fergusson, James E. B. Finley, Thomas Hall, David Hosack, John Coakly Lettsom, Edward Miller, David Ramsay, Granville Sharp, and Noah Webster. Included are some of the Rush's own letter drafts.
Other volumes include topics such as Drs. Barton, Cox, Hosack, and Miller; Lettsom, Percival, Sharp, etc.; Controversial; the Yellow Fever Epidemics of 1793 and 1798; Elizabeth Graeme Fergusson letters and poems; Dickinson College; Rush family letters and land papers; and letters regarding nation building. Box 1 contains letters that were removed from bound volumes, probably for the purpose of exhibit. Because they cannot safely be re-inserted into bound volumes, they are stored and described separately. Finally, there are 85 folders of loose correspondence that seem to have been acquired separately or later and were not bound into the volumes. Again, these letters are stored and described separately.
Subject groupings include Dickinson College, consisting of Rush's correspondence with John Montgomery, Charles Nisbet, John Armstrong and others relating to the establishment and administration of the college; Northumberland County land papers containing Rush's letters to William Plunkett; Yellow Fever correspondence with letters from patients and reports from other doctors on the onset, progress, and cure of outbreaks outside of Philadelphia; and letters and papers relating to Rush's disputes with Elias Boudinot and others.
The Yellow Fever letters were very intentionally combined with the first page of the volume stating, “Notes and letters addressed to Benjamin Rush during the prevalence of the yellow fever in Philadelphia in the year 1793. Collected with the view of showing some of the symptoms of that disease and the great distress which at that time pervaded the city, and of the fear which prevailed throughout the country.”
On very few occasions, the correspondence is not directed to Dr. Benjamin Rush, but to his wife, Julia, or other doctors.
The “Property and Land records,” document land owned and sold by Benjamin Rush. According to Goodman, Rush speculated in land and purchased land in Lycoming, Northumberland, and Mifflin counties in central Pennsylvania. Indeed, in “1794-95, many land deals were executed [as] the Loyalsock district [Northumberland County] lured Joseph Priestly,” an area in which Rush owned approximately 3,100 acres. Records in this section include deeds and deed polls related to Joseph Priestley, some of which may, in fact, refer to a plan for “Englishmen to purchase land north of Northumberland, Pennsylvania, in the hopes of establishing a Dissenter Colony [which] never materialized,”(PA Dept. of General Services). Benjamin Rush’s connection to this plan is unclear beyond his friendship with Joseph Priestley.
“Financial records,” include daybooks; journals; ledgers; receipt, account and bank books; and estate records. The daybooks, journals and ledgers document Rush’s medical practice and need to be used in tandem. These volumes provide information on Rush as a doctor as well as a business man. Extensive patient information (including name, date, illness, treatment, residence, occupation and financial responsibilities for the medical treatment) is contained within these records and will prove valuable to researchers interested in the history of medicine and social history. Receipt, account and bank books and estate records include two receipt books, a bank book, and a family and private account book, as well as information regarding Benjamin Rush’s estate. It appears that Julia Rush continued to add to the receipt books following Rush’s death. The Daybooks range in date from 1772 to 1996, however, the years 1780 and 1786 to 1789 are not included. The volumes are arranged chronologically and the contents within each volume are arranged by date and list the patients seen each day. Entries include the name of the person treated and the treatment. The last daybook in the collection ends with 1796 and is almost illegible. With the exception of the inoculations, there is no further record of treatments given.
The ledgers, dating from 1769-1814, include the name of the person, who was treated (self, wife, child, or servant of a head of household), year and month of treatment, and reference to a page in the journal from which the information was taken. Each entry also includes the charge made, and the date, amount and method of payment.
Journal entries, dating from 1769 to 1815, are arranged by month and include name of the person, who was treated (self, wife, child, or servant of a head of household), treatment given, and charge for treatment. Under the heading “Cash,” researchers will find lists of payments made to Rush with references to the ledger entries. Journals A-E follow this model. Journal F begins in the same model as Journals A-E, but in August 1775, record keeping changes and includes references such as “sundries as per day book” with dates of treatment or later in 1795, simply “medicine and attendance.” Starting in January 1796, entries include the name of the person, who was treated (self, wife, child, or servant of head of household), ledger reference, amount of charge and a visit code. Journals G-H continue the visit code system begun in 1796 and do not include a record of treatment given (as do the Day Books).
Also included are three volumes entitled, “Index to Ledgers A-C: Alphabetical list of patients.” There is no indication as to when the index was made, but it was started in one hand and continued in other hands. It appears to refer only to Ledgers A-C and gives a ledger reference which in turn gives a journal reference. From the journal reference, it is possible to determine the date of treatment, at which point a researcher may access the day books. For patients appearing in Ledgers D-E, if the month of treatment is known, researchers are advised to begin with the journal of the proper date and search the month until the desired entry is found. The entry will then give a reference to the ledger. If the approximate time of treatment is unknown, researchers will need to search through both Ledgers D and E. The date given at the top of each page refers only to the year in which the account was begun. Although Ledger D was begun in 1795, it includes charges made as late as 1812 despite the fact that Ledger E was begun in 1806.
It is apparent that entries were made daily in the daybooks. At the end of each month or so, the daybook entries were summarized for the journals. The ledgers were probably compiled yearly, although records of payment must have been made as received. Evidently, the press of business in 1795 made such a complicated system too burdensome. Journal entries cease to include the treatment given and appear to have been made in greater haste and possibly more frequently. It is also possible that entries were made directly into journals as no daybooks exist after 1796. Researchers should be aware that information as to the residence, occupation or family relationship of a patient may appear in a daybook, ledger, journal or index and any one of the volumes may contain more complete information. In order to gain the most information regarding the patient—including residence, occupation, family relationship, illness, and treatment—it is necessary to use all relevant volumes.
In addition to the standard financial entries of the daybooks, ledgers, journals and indexes, the fronts and backs of both daybooks and journal contain miscellaneous information such as lists of apprentices and lists of people inoculated. In several volumes, Rush summarized his income for the year or for several years.
“Notes, thoughts, letters, diplomas and certificates,” reflects Benjamin Rush’s viewpoints on many topics of the day. In this section, researchers will find Rush’s notes for speeches and notes regarding the Continental Congress from 1777 to 1780 as well as notes, letters, facts, observations, and thoughts on, in his terminology, a “variety of subjects.” Both “Letters, facts and observations” and “Letters and Thoughts” contain a typed index of people and topics addressed in the volume, with coordinating page numbers. The notes on the Continental Congress include three volumes in one, and include Notes on Congress, Daybook and Journal, and Accounts on the Bank of North America, etc. These volumes also include a typed index of people and topics addressed in the volume, with coordinating page numbers. An address on education may prove interesting to those researching Rush’s founding of Dickinson College as well as other education reforms. Certificates and diplomas are also included in two oversized boxes.
“Medical research and notes,” contains Rush’s notes on medicine, in his own hand. Included are a quack recipe book from 1780 to 1812, three volumes entitled “Medical Notes,” covering the years 1789 to 1809, Rush’s accounts of epidemic diseases, in four volumes (volume two is not present), ranging from 1779 to 1813; and notes on patients older than 80 years. Rush’s accounts of epidemic diseases cover the time frame of the two most serious yellow fever outbreaks in Philadelphia, 1793 and 1798 and, in diary form, record the developments of epidemic diseases from 1779 to 1813. Within Rush’s “Quack recipe book” is a copy of a letter to Mr. Monroe (James Monroe, who served as Secretary of War under President James Madison during the War of 1812) with hints for keeping the American military healthy. These materials, unquestionably, will be of great value to any researcher interested in Rush as a physician as well as students of history of medicine.
“Writings by Benjamin Rush,” includes several volumes that may or may not have been intended for publication. None of the included volumes, however, were published, and it is important to note that Rush’s most well-known writing, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind, is not available in this collection. The bulk of this series includes Rush’s transcriptions of lectures from his education in medicine at the University of Edinburgh under the tutelage of William Cullen, M.D. Together, with Rush’s own lectures while a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, found in the next series, the history of medical education in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century is highly documented. Cullen’s lectures focus on the institutes of physic, chemistry, the practice of physic, clinical lectures, and the practice of medicine. Also in this series are “The Espousals of Plants or a Compendium of the Sexual or Linnean System of Botany,” “Work on Hygiene,” and a portion of Rush’s autobiography, in his own hand. The autobiography contains only pages 367 to 383, and is apparently volume nine of his complete autobiography, which is held by the American Philosophical Society.
Rush’s “Professorship at the University of Pennsylvania,” is documented through lists of students, lectures, and student work. The bulk of the series contains Rush’s lectures on medicine, in his own hand. The original arrangement of these lectures has been maintained—the lectures are arranged by the class being taught, followed by lectures which are not attributed to a specific class. Topics of Rush’s lectures include, but are not limited to, courses in the practice of medicine, physiology, pathology, and fevers. In conjunction with Rush’s transcriptions of Cullen’s lectures (in previous series), researchers will find extensive information on medical education in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These lectures provide insight into Rush’s medical methodology as well as his teaching methodology. Also included are several thesis written by Rush’s students. Topics addressed include tetanus, dysentery, pneumonia biliosa, modus operand of cold, respiration, mania, and conception. Of note is a volume with drafts of "Lectures on Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and Medicine for the Young Ladies Academy," dating from October 1787. Titles of lectures taken from the lecture envelopes may not always match that which is in the card catalog, and therefore, researchers who start with the card catalog should search the finding aid for the catalog number which is attached to each lecture in the guide.
“Collected Writings and notes by others” includes works by Charles Nisbit, who served as the first president of Dickinson college; Dr. Sayre; Moses Willard; James Woodhouse, a former student of Rush who succeeded him to the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania; Simon Williams; S. Mitchell; Dr. Thomas Bond, a founder and trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, a founder of the American Philosophical Society, and the founder of the Pennsylvania Hospital; David Watson; Reverend Dr. Samuel Davies, president of College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) from 1759-1761; General Edward Stevens; Thomas Hall; and Richard Nisbett, “an insane man in the Pennsylvania Hospital.” Writings include sermons, cases studies, medical treatises, an autobiography and poetry.
The “James Rush papers” consists of diaries, commonplace books on a variety of topics, writings by Dr. James Rush, correspondence, medical practice material, records of Rush as a student and a lecturer, and financial records. These materials demonstrate Rush’s role in his world as a doctor, author, lecturer and philanthropist. According to Goodman, Phoebe Ridgway Rush, when she married Dr. James Rush, was “the belle of Philadelphia society,” evidence of which is contained within the “Correspondence” series where Dr. James and Mrs. Phoebe Rush's invitations, acceptances and rejections of social events are extensive.
James Rush’s “Diaries” run from 1809 to 1810 and from 1830 to 1847. During the period of 1809 to 1810, Rush was studying in Scotland. From 1845 to 1847, Rush was traveling through Europe. The diaries are arranged in chronological order.
Rush’s “Commonplace books” contain notes on medicine, the United States Mint, fine art, literature, and memos for construction of his Chestnut St. house. The volume on his Chestnut Street house includes architectural sketches of ideas for the home. For related records, see the account book for the House on Chestnut Street which is contained in James Rush’s “Financial records.” The commonplace books are arranged alphabetically.
“Writings by Dr. James Rush,” includes notes, drafts, and printer's copies for James Rush's published works as well as writings that were not published. Rush’s writings are arranged chronologically. Included in the non-published material is a valedictory address, an oration, a composition, “College Tune,” “A Short Account of Gothic Architecture,” “Notes on the Nature of Sheridan,” “Hints for a New System of Medicine,” anecdotes, facts, thoughts, verses, and manuscripts. Of note in this series is a manuscript of a biographical sketch of Dr. Benjamin Rush. In regards to published works, Rush was the author of The Philosophy of the Human Voice, 1827; Hamlet, A Prelude in Five Acts, 1834; Brief Outline of an Analysis of the Human Intellect, 1865; and Rhymes and Contrast on Wisdom and Folly, 1869.
The “Correspondence” series includes general correspondence in bound volumes, general correspondence (unbound), and Dr. James and Mrs. Phoebe Rush’s invitations, acceptances and rejections of social events. The general correspondence in bound volumes consists of incoming correspondence [900 items in 6 volumes], alphabetically arranged by sender, and is a miscellany of letters from friends, orators and elocutionists, patients, and people (often family) requesting money. There is also a small selection of James Rush’s own letters in a volume of first copies of letters, 1835-1843. The general correspondence (unbound) contains the same type of letters as the bound volumes. These letters are arranged alphabetically by sender. Included in this grouping are six folders of letters from Dr. Benjamin and six folders of letters from Dr. Benjamin and Mrs. Julia Rush to James Rush. The last grouping of correspondence contains Dr. James and Mrs. Phoebe Rush’s invitations, acceptances and rejections of social events. This group of letters is extensive, but contains very little content: full names are rarely recorded and dates are incomplete. An example of the bulk of this material is: “Dr. Jacob Rush regrets that he will be unable to accept Mrs. Rush’s polite invitation for Friday, the 14th.” Included are a fair number of invitations to funerals, which generally, but not always, include the date of the person’s death, family members of the deceased, and a location for interment. This group of material is indicative of the Rush’s place in society and their relationship with many of Philadelphia’s prominent residents.
James Rush’s “Medical Practice” is documented by six volumes including a record of deaths of patients of James Rush, a practical register, notes on nosological or observatory medicine, information on his dispute with the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, medical notes, and St. George’s Hospital Cases, etc. Of interest in these volumes are Rush’s notes on his patients which indicate his methodology as a physician.
Throughout his life, James Rush was a student and a lecturer. His notes as a student represent his medical education at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland in 1809. After his father’s death until at least 1818, James Rush read his father’s lectures to students. He appears to have written his own introductory lecture which probably preceded the reading of Dr. Benjamin Rush’s lectures. One lecture on Asiastic Spasmodic Cholera is dated 1832, and it is unknown to whom this lecture was addressed. Another lecture on Materia Medica is not dated and is attributed to James Rush. These lectures are arranged chronologically.
James Rush’s “Financial records” include accounts for his house on Chestnut Street, financial and other memoranda, marketting [sic] accounts, and the catalogue of his library which was given to the Library Company of Philadelphia upon his death in 1869. James Rush’s home on Chestnut Street was built for him and these accounts describe the cost of building a home in the mid 1800s. The marketting [sic] accounts document the food and household purchases of the Rush family from 1857 to 1867.
The series, “Other Rush family papers” includes the papers of Judge Jacob Rush, John Rush, Richard Rush, and William Rush, in addition to correspondence, diaries, genealogies, and diplomas of many Rushes.
The Judge Jacob Rush papers document, to a small degree, Benjamin Rush’s brother’s career as judge. Included are nine volumes of Charges to the Grand Jury which Judge Rush, “delivered … to the grand jury, in the fashion of the times, upon topics of the most general character, these deliverances being in substance lectures upon the various duties and obligations of the citizen in law and morals,” (Historical Society of Berks County, page 37).
The John Rush papers include letters from John Rush to his father, Dr. Benjamin Rush, as well other documents, particularly on land purchases. John Rush earned his degree in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania (diploma included) in 1804 and served in the United States Navy in 1802 and again from 1805 to 1808, when he commanded gunboats in Boston and New Orleans. According to Binger, “on October 1, 1807, he fought a duel with Lieutenant Benjamin Taylor, in command of Gunboat No. 15 at the New Orleans Station [and] Taylor was killed,” (Binger, page 282). Apparently, Taylor had been a good friend of Rush’s and after a brief arrest, he was able to return to duty, however, he continued to run into trouble and eventually, in 1810, he tried to commit suicide, was described as “insane,” and was “brought home in February 1810 in a state of deep melancholy,” (Binger, page 282). He was treated by his father in the Pennsylvania Hospital until Dr. Benjamin Rush’s death in 1813, and remained in the Pennsylvania Hospital until his own death in 1837.
The Richard Rush papers include letters from much of Richard’s professional life from 1801 to 1849. One volume of letters documents Richard’s auspicious career as Attorney General of Pennsylvania during the year 1811. His papers also contain a manuscript for the book, Residence at the Court of London, which was published in 1872 and describes Richard’s experiences as Minister from the United States from 1817 to 1825.
The William Rush papers consists of four folders of letters from William to his mother Julia Rush from 1823 to 1832 and one volume, Examinations on Materia Medica in the Philadelphia School of Medicine, given by him as lecturer on materia medica and therapeutics at the Philadelphia School of Medicine, in 1832.
Correspondence, diaries, genealogies and diplomas consist of material created by various Rush family members. These materials are arranged chronologically. Included are Cassie Murray Rush’s diary from 1876 in which she describes a visit to the Centennial; Phoebe Anne Rush's music book presented to her in 1820 by Frank Johnson, a black Philadelphia musician; The “Miscellaneous documents” series contains materials that cannot be attributed to any one member of the Rush family. Materials include letters, poems, tickets, manuscripts, and the size of G. Colburn’s head. These materials are largely undated and are not addressed to anyone.
Bibliography:
Binger, Carl, M.D. "Revolutionary Doctor, Benjamin Rush, 1746-1813". W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.: New York, 1966.
Goodman, Nathan G. Benjamin Rush: Physician and Citizen, 1746-1813. University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia, 1934.
Historical Society of Berks County. Transactions of the Historical Society of Berks County, Volume I. B.F. Owen & Co.: Reading, PA, 1904.
Pennsylvania. Department of General Services. http://www.dgs.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_6_2_36586_4287_472644_43/ | ||||
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] | null | [] | null | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 was awarded jointly to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19" | en | NobelPrize.org | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/press-release/ | Press release
English
English (pdf)
Swedish
Swedish (pdf)
Press release
2023-10-02
The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet
has today decided to award
the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
jointly to
Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman
for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
The discoveries by the two Nobel Laureates were critical for developing effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 during the pandemic that began in early 2020. Through their groundbreaking findings, which have fundamentally changed our understanding of how mRNA interacts with our immune system, the laureates contributed to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times.
Vaccines before the pandemic
Vaccination stimulates the formation of an immune response to a particular pathogen. This gives the body a head start in the fight against disease in the event of a later exposure. Vaccines based on killed or weakened viruses have long been available, exemplified by the vaccines against polio, measles, and yellow fever. In 1951, Max Theiler was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for developing the yellow fever vaccine.
Thanks to the progress in molecular biology in recent decades, vaccines based on individual viral components, rather than whole viruses, have been developed. Parts of the viral genetic code, usually encoding proteins found on the virus surface, are used to make proteins that stimulate the formation of virus-blocking antibodies. Examples are the vaccines against the hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus. Alternatively, parts of the viral genetic code can be moved to a harmless carrier virus, a “vector.” This method is used in vaccines against the Ebola virus. When vector vaccines are injected, the selected viral protein is produced in our cells, stimulating an immune response against the targeted virus.
Producing whole virus-, protein- and vector-based vaccines requires large-scale cell culture. This resource-intensive process limits the possibilities for rapid vaccine production in response to outbreaks and pandemics. Therefore, researchers have long attempted to develop vaccine technologies independent of cell culture, but this proved challenging.
mRNA vaccines: A promising idea
In our cells, genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to messenger RNA (mRNA), which is used as a template for protein production. During the 1980s, efficient methods for producing mRNA without cell culture were introduced, called in vitro transcription. This decisive step accelerated the development of molecular biology applications in several fields. Ideas of using mRNA technologies for vaccine and therapeutic purposes also took off, but roadblocks lay ahead. In vitro transcribed mRNA was considered unstable and challenging to deliver, requiring the development of sophisticated carrier lipid systems to encapsulate the mRNA. Moreover, in vitro-produced mRNA gave rise to inflammatory reactions. Enthusiasm for developing the mRNA technology for clinical purposes was, therefore, initially limited.
These obstacles did not discourage the Hungarian biochemist Katalin Karikó, who was devoted to developing methods to use mRNA for therapy. During the early 1990s, when she was an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania, she remained true to her vision of realizing mRNA as a therapeutic despite encountering difficulties in convincing research funders of the significance of her project. A new colleague of Karikó at her university was the immunologist Drew Weissman. He was interested in dendritic cells, which have important functions in immune surveillance and the activation of vaccine-induced immune responses. Spurred by new ideas, a fruitful collaboration between the two soon began, focusing on how different RNA types interact with the immune system.
The breakthrough
Karikó and Weissman noticed that dendritic cells recognize in vitro transcribed mRNA as a foreign substance, which leads to their activation and the release of inflammatory signaling molecules. They wondered why the in vitro transcribed mRNA was recognized as foreign while mRNA from mammalian cells did not give rise to the same reaction. Karikó and Weissman realized that some critical properties must distinguish the different types of mRNA.
RNA contains four bases, abbreviated A, U, G, and C, corresponding to A, T, G, and C in DNA, the letters of the genetic code. Karikó and Weissman knew that bases in RNA from mammalian cells are frequently chemically modified, while in vitro transcribed mRNA is not. They wondered if the absence of altered bases in the in vitro transcribed RNA could explain the unwanted inflammatory reaction. To investigate this, they produced different variants of mRNA, each with unique chemical alterations in their bases, which they delivered to dendritic cells. The results were striking: The inflammatory response was almost abolished when base modifications were included in the mRNA. This was a paradigm change in our understanding of how cells recognize and respond to different forms of mRNA. Karikó and Weissman immediately understood that their discovery had profound significance for using mRNA as therapy. These seminal results were published in 2005, fifteen years before the COVID-19 pandemic.
In further studies published in 2008 and 2010, Karikó and Weissman showed that the delivery of mRNA generated with base modifications markedly increased protein production compared to unmodified mRNA. The effect was due to the reduced activation of an enzyme that regulates protein production. Through their discoveries that base modifications both reduced inflammatory responses and increased protein production, Karikó and Weissman had eliminated critical obstacles on the way to clinical applications of mRNA.
mRNA vaccines realized their potential
Interest in mRNA technology began to pick up, and in 2010, several companies were working on developing the method. Vaccines against Zika virus and MERS-CoV were pursued; the latter is closely related to SARS-CoV-2. After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, two base-modified mRNA vaccines encoding the SARS-CoV-2 surface protein were developed at record speed. Protective effects of around 95% were reported, and both vaccines were approved as early as December 2020.
The impressive flexibility and speed with which mRNA vaccines can be developed pave the way for using the new platform also for vaccines against other infectious diseases. In the future, the technology may also be used to deliver therapeutic proteins and treat some cancer types.
Several other vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, based on different methodologies, were also rapidly introduced, and together, more than 13 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses have been given globally. The vaccines have saved millions of lives and prevented severe disease in many more, allowing societies to open and return to normal conditions. Through their fundamental discoveries of the importance of base modifications in mRNA, this year’s Nobel laureates critically contributed to this transformative development during one of the biggest health crises of our time.
Key publications
Karikó, K., Buckstein, M., Ni, H. and Weissman, D. Suppression of RNA Recognition by Toll-like Receptors: The impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA. Immunity 23, 165–175 (2005).
Karikó, K., Muramatsu, H., Welsh, F.A., Ludwig, J., Kato, H., Akira, S. and Weissman, D. Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological stability. Mol Ther 16, 1833–1840 (2008).
Anderson, B.R., Muramatsu, H., Nallagatla, S.R., Bevilacqua, P.C., Sansing, L.H., Weissman, D. and Karikó, K. Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA enhances translation by diminishing PKR activation. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, 5884–5892 (2010).
Read more about this year’s prize
Scientific background: Discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
Katalin Karikó was born in 1955 in Szolnok, Hungary. She received her PhD from Szeged’s University in 1982 and performed postdoctoral research at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Szeged until 1985. She then conducted postdoctoral research at Temple University, Philadelphia, and the University of Health Science, Bethesda. In 1989, she was appointed Assistant Professor at the University of Pennsylvania, where she remained until 2013. After that, she became vice president and later senior vice president at BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals. Since 2021, she has been a Professor at Szeged University and an Adjunct Professor at Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.
Drew Weissman was born in 1959 in Lexington, Massachusetts, USA. He received his MD, PhD degrees from Boston University in 1987. He did his clinical training at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center at Harvard Medical School and postdoctoral research at the National Institutes of Health. In 1997, Weissman established his research group at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. He is the Roberts Family Professor in Vaccine Research and Director of the Penn Institute for RNA Innovations.
Illustrations: © The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine. Illustrator: Mattias Karlén
The Nobel Assembly, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institutet, awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Its Nobel Committee evaluates the nominations. Since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded to scientists who have made the most important discoveries for the benefit of humankind.
Nobel Prize® is the registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation | |||||
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] | null | [] | null | en | /oor/themes/custom/vanderbilt_d8/favicon.ico | https://www.vumc.org/oor/nobel-prize-winners | Biomedical research at Vanderbilt has long been recognized for its contributions to the advancement of medicine.
The School of Medicine claims two Nobel laureates: Earl W. Sutherland Jr., in 1971, for his discovery of the metabolic regulating compound cyclic AMP, and Stanley Cohen, in 1986, for his discovery with a colleague of epidermal growth factor.
Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
Dr. Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. was born in 1915 in Burlingame, Kansas. Sutherland received his bachelor’s degree in chemistry in 1937 from Washburn University (Topeka, KS) and earned his medical degree in 1942 from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. After serving as a doctor in World War II, he returned to Washington University as a researcher in the pharmacology laboratory of Nobel laureate Carl Ferdinand Cori. In 1953, he became director of the department of pharmacology at Case Western Reserve University (then Western Reserve University) in Cleveland, OH where he discovered the role of cyclic AMP in mediating the action of certain hormones. In 1963, desiring to limit his duties to research, Sutherland moved to Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, where he was a professor of physiology until 1973. At the time of his death in 1974, Sutherland was a distinguished professor of biochemistry at University of Miami Medical School.
In 1956 Sutherland and Dr. T. W. Rall discovered cyclic AMP. Sutherland’s further research demonstrated the ubiquitous nature and prime importance of this chemical and its associated compounds, notably adenyl cyclase, in all living things. As the result of Sutherland’s work and that of those who followed his lead, it became known that hormones are not the sole regulatory substances in the chemistry of living organisms, as had previously been believed. In many cases, necessary cellular reactions are triggered by cyclic AMP, the almost universal “second messenger,” responding to the hormonal signal. Sutherland’s work on hormones opened up new paths of research into diabetes, cancer, and cholera.
A professor of physiology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center from 1963 to 1973. He won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 “for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones,” especially epinephrine, via second messengers (such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic AMP). In addition to the Nobel Prize, Sutherland won the Albert Lasker Award for basic medical research in 1970 and received the National Medal of Science in 1973. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1966.
Stanley Cohen
Stanley Cohen was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1922. Both his mother and father were Russian-Jewish emigrants who came to America in the early 1900s. His father was a tailor and his mother a homemaker. Though of limited education themselves, Dr. Cohen wrote in his biography that his parents instilled in me the values of intellectual achievement and the use of whatever talents I possessed. He was educated in the Brooklyn public school system, but earned a full scholarship to Brooklyn College, where he received his bachelor’s degree in 1943 with a double-major in chemistry and zoology. After working as a bacteriologist at a milk processing plant to earn money, he received his M.A. in zoology from Oberlin College in 1945. He earned a Ph.D. from the department of biochemistry at the University of Michigan in 1948.
After a short stint at Colorado, he went to Washington University in 1952 to work with Martin Kamen in the Department of Radiology at Washington University as a postdoctoral fellow of the American Cancer Society. He learned isotope methodology while studying carbon dioxide fixation in frog eggs and embryos. In 1953 He became associated with the Department of Zoology under the leadership of Viktor Hamburger at Washington University and joined Rita Levi-Montalcini to isolate a Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) that Dr. Levi-Montalcini had discovered in certain mouse tumors and to become educated in the field of experimental embryology. Cohen isolated nerve growth factor and then went on to discover epidermal growth factor. He continued his research on cellular growth factors after moving to Vanderbilt University in 1959 as an Assistant Professor in the Biochemistry Department, exploring the chemistry and biology of epidermal growth factor (EGF). His research on cellular growth factors has proven fundamental to understanding the development of cancer and designing anti-cancer drugs. In 1986 he and Dr. Levi-Montalcini were awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology. Cohen also received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University. Dr. Cohen remains active in Vanderbilt School of Medicine activities. | ||||
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For a list of laureates, see List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine.
Award
Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineAwarded forDiscoveries in physiology or medicine that led to benefit for humankindLocationStockholm, SwedenPresented byNobel Assembly at Karolinska InstitutetReward(s)11 million SEK (2023)[1]First awarded1901Currently held byKatalin Karikó and Drew Weissman (2023)Websitenobelprize .org /prizes /medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Medicine or Physiology, Chemistry, Literature, and Peace.
The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, 10 December. As of 2023, 115 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 227 laureates, 214 men and 13 women. The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist, Emil von Behring, for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria. The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Gerty Cori, received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose, important in many aspects of medicine, including treatment of diabetes. The most recent Nobel prize was announced by the Karolinska Institute on 2 October 2023, and has been awarded to Hungarian-American Katalin Karikó and American Drew Weissman, for their discoveries leading to development of an effective COVID-19 vaccine.[2]
The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; the reverse side is unique to this medal.
Some awards have been controversial. This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy, bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment. Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award. The 1952 prize to Selman Waksman was litigated in court, and half the patent rights were awarded to his co-discoverer Albert Schatz who was not recognised by the prize. Nobel prizes cannot be awarded posthumously. Also, no more than three recipients can receive a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, a limitation that is sometimes discussed because of an increasing trend for larger teams to conduct important scientific projects.
Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers.[3] He was a chemist, engineer and inventor who amassed a fortune during his lifetime, most of it from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous.[4] He was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own labs in France and Italy to conduct experiments in blood transfusions. Keeping abreast of scientific findings, he was generous in his donations to Ivan Pavlov's laboratory in Russia and was optimistic about the progress resulting from scientific discoveries made in laboratories.[5]
In 1888, Nobel was surprised to read his own obituary, titled "The merchant of death is dead", in a French newspaper. As it happened, it was Nobel's brother Ludvig who had died, but Nobel, unhappy with the content of the obituary and concerned that his legacy would reflect poorly on him, was inspired to change his will.[6] In his last will, Nobel requested that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.[7] Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died in 1896 at the age of 63.[8] Because his will was contested, it was not approved by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) until 26 April 1897.[9]
After Nobel's death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to manage the assets of the bequest.[10] In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by Swedish King Oscar II.[11][12] According to Nobel's will, the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, a medical school and research centre, is responsible for the Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[13] Today, the prize is commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine.[14]
It was important to Nobel that the prize be awarded for a "discovery" and that it be of "greatest benefit on mankind".[15] Per the provisions of the will, only select persons are eligible to nominate individuals for the award. These include members of academies around the world, professors of medicine in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and Finland, as well as professors of selected universities and research institutions in other countries. Past Nobel laureates may also nominate.[16] Until 1977, all professors of Karolinska Institute together decided on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. That year, changes in Swedish law forced the institute to make public any documents pertaining to the Nobel Prize, and it was considered necessary to establish a legally independent body for the Prize work. Therefore, the Nobel Assembly was constituted, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institute. It elects the Nobel Committee with five members who evaluate the nominees, the Secretary who is in charge of the organisation, and each year ten adjunct members to assist in the evaluation of candidates. In 1968, a provision was added that no more than three persons may share a Nobel prize.[17]
True to its mandate, the committee has chosen researchers working in the basic sciences over those who have made applied science contributions. Harvey Cushing, a pioneering American neurosurgeon who identified Cushing's syndrome, was not awarded the prize, nor was Sigmund Freud, as his psychoanalysis lacks hypotheses that can be experimentally confirmed.[18] The public expected Jonas Salk or Albert Sabin to receive the prize for their development of the polio vaccines, but instead the award went to John Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins whose basic discovery that the polio virus could reproduce in monkey cells in laboratory preparations made the vaccines possible.[19]
Through the 1930s, there were frequent prize laureates in classical physiology, but after that, the field began fragmenting into specialities. The last classical physiology laureates were John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin, and Andrew Huxley in 1963 for their findings regarding "unitary electrical events in the central and peripheral nervous system."[20]
A Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.[21] These are awarded during the prize ceremony at the Stockholm Concert Hall.
The Physiology and Medicine medal has a portrait of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse.[22] The medal was designed by Erik Lindberg.[22] The reverse of the medal depicts the 'Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst'.[23] It is inscribed "Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes" ("It is beneficial to have improved (human) life through discovered arts") an adaptation of "inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes" from line 663 from book 6 of the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil.[23] A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "REG. UNIVERSITAS MED. CHIR. CAROL." denoting the Karolinska Institute is also inscribed on the reverse.[23]
Between 1902 and 2010 the Nobel Prize medals were struck by the Myntverket, the Swedish royal mint, located in Eskilstuna. In 2011 the medals were made by the Det Norske Myntverket in Kongsberg. The medals have been made by Svenska Medalj in Eskilstuna since 2012.[22]
Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the King of Sweden. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it. In the case of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, that is the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute. Well-known artists and calligraphers from Sweden are commissioned to create it.[24] The diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and a citation as to why they received the prize.[24]
At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from the Nobel Foundation. For example, in 2009 the total cash awarded was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million),[25] but in 2012, the amount was 8 million Swedish Krona, or US$1.1 million.[26] If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients, but if there are three, the awarding committee may opt to divide the grant equally, or award half to one recipient and a quarter to each of the two others.[27][28][29][30]
The awards are bestowed at a gala ceremony followed by a banquet.[31] The Nobel Banquet is an extravagant affair with the menu, planned months ahead of time, kept secret until the day of the event. The Nobel Foundation chooses the menu after tasting and testing selections submitted by selected chefs of international repute. Currently, it is a three-course dinner, although it was originally six courses in 1901. Each Nobel Prize laureate may bring up to 16 guests. Sweden's royal family attends, and typically the Prime Minister and other members of the government attend as well as representatives of the Nobel family.[32]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine.
The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil Adolf von Behring.[33] Behring's discovery of serum therapy in the development of the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines put "in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths".[34][35] In 1902, the award went to Ronald Ross for his work on malaria, "by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it".[36] He identified the mosquito as the transmitter of malaria, and worked tirelessly on measures to prevent malaria worldwide.[37][38] The 1903 prize was awarded to Niels Ryberg Finsen, the first Faroese laureate, "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science".[39][40] He died within a year after receiving the prize at the age of 43.[41] Ivan Pavlov, whose work Nobel admired and supported, received the prize in 1904 for his work on the physiology of digestion.[42]
Subsequently, those selecting the recipients have exercised wide latitude in determining what falls under the umbrella of Physiology or Medicine. The awarding of the prize in 1973 to Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz, and Karl von Frisch for their observations of animal behavioural patterns could be considered a prize in the behavioural sciences rather than medicine or physiology.[14] Tinbergen expressed surprise in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech at "the unconventional decision of the Nobel Foundation to award this year's prize 'for Physiology or Medicine' to three men who had until recently been regarded as 'mere animal watchers'".[44]
Laureates have been awarded the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2010 , eight Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction through G proteins and second messengers. 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology[45] and 13 have been awarded for contributions in Intermediary metabolism.[46] The 100 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 195 individuals through 2009.[47][48]
Thirteen women have received the prize: Gerty Cori (1947), Rosalyn Yalow (1977), Barbara McClintock (1983), Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986), Gertrude B. Elion (1988), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1995), Linda B. Buck (2004), Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (2008), Elizabeth H. Blackburn (2009), Carol W. Greider (2009), May-Britt Moser (2014), Youyou Tu (2015) and Katalin Karikó (2023).[49] Only one woman, Barbara McClintock, has received an unshared prize in this category, for the discovery of genetic transposition.[47][50]
Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies were awarded the prize in 2007 for the discovery of a gene targeting procedure (a type of genetic recombination) for introducing homologous recombination in mice, employing embryonic stem cells through the development of the knockout mouse.[51][52] In 2009, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak of the United States for discovering the process by which chromosomes are protected by telomeres (regions of repetitive DNA at the ends of chromosomes) and the enzyme telomerase.[53]
Rita Levi-Montalcini, an Italian neurologist, who together with colleague Stanley Cohen, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of Nerve growth factor (NGF), was the first Nobel laureate to reach the 100th birthday.[48]
There have been 38 times when the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to a single individual, 31 times when it was shared by two, and 33 times there were three laureates (the maximum allowed).
Because of the length of time that may pass before the significance of a discovery becomes apparent, some prizes are awarded many years after the initial discovery. Barbara McClintock made her discoveries in 1944, before the structure of the DNA molecule was known; she was not awarded the prize until 1983. Similarly, in 1916 Peyton Rous discovered the role of tumor viruses in chickens, but was not awarded the prize until 50 years later, in 1966.[54] Nobel laureate Carol Greider's research leading to the prize was conducted over 20 years before. She noted that the passage of time is an advantage in the medical sciences, as it may take many years for the significance of a discovery to become apparent.[55]
In 2011, Canadian immunologist Ralph M. Steinman was awarded the prize; however, unbeknownst to the committee, he had died three days before the announcement. The committee decided that since the prize was awarded "in good faith," it would be allowed to stand.
Main article: Nobel Prize controversies
Some of the awards have been controversial. The person who was deserving of the 1923 prize for the discovery of insulin as a central hormone for controlling diabetes (awarded only a year after its discovery)[56] has been heatedly debated. It was shared between Frederick Banting and John Macleod; this infuriated Banting who regarded Macleod's involvement as minimal. Macleod was the department head at the University of Toronto but otherwise was not directly involved in the findings. Banting thought his laboratory partner Charles Best, who had shared in the laboratory work of discovery, should have shared the prize with him as well. In fairness, he decided to give half of his prize money to Best. Macleod on his part felt the biochemist James Collip, who joined the laboratory team later, deserved to be included in the award and shared his prize money with him.[56] Some maintain that Nicolae Paulescu, a Romanian professor of physiology at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest, was the first to isolate insulin, in 1916, although his pancrein was an impure aqueous extract unfit for human treatment similar to the one used previously by Israel Kleiner.[57][58][59] When Banting published the paper that brought him the Nobel,[60] Paulescu already held a patent for his discovery (10 April 1922, patent no. 6254 (8322) "Pancreina şi procedeul fabricaţiei ei"/"Pancrein and the process of making it", from the Romanian Ministry of Industry and Trade).[61][62][63]
The Spanish neurophysiologist Fernando de Castro (1896–1967) was the first to describe arterial chemoreceptors and circumscribe them to the carotid body for the respiratory reflexes in 1926–1928. For many experts, this direct disciple of Santiago Ramón y Cajal deserved to share the Nobel Prize 1938 with the awarded Corneille Heymans, but at that time Spain was immersed in the Spanish Civil War and it seems that the Nobel Board even doubted if he was alive or not, being at the front since almost the beginning of the conflict. Heymans himself recognised the merits of De Castro for the Nobel Prize in different occasions, including a famous talk in Montevideo (Uruguay).[64]
In 1949, despite protests from the medical establishment, the Portuguese neurologist António Egas Moniz received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the prefrontal leucotomy, which he promoted by declaring the procedure's success just 10 days postoperative. Due largely to the publicity surrounding the award, it was prescribed without regard for modern medical ethics. Favourable results were reported by such publications as The New York Times. It is estimated that around 40,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States before the procedure's popularity faded.[65] Rosemary Kennedy, the sister of John F. Kennedy, was subjected to the procedure by their father; it incapacitated her to the extent that she needed to be institutionalised for the rest of her life.[66][67]
The 1952 prize, awarded solely to Selman Waksman for his discovery of streptomycin, omitted the recognition some felt due to his co-discoverer Albert Schatz.[68][69] There was litigation brought by Schatz against Waksman over the details and credit of the streptomycin discovery; Schatz was awarded a substantial settlement, and, together with Waksman, Schatz was to be officially recognised as a co-discoverer of streptomycin as concerned patent rights. He is not a Nobel Prize laureate.[68]
The 1962 Prize awarded to James D. Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins—for their work on DNA structure and properties—did not recognise contributing work from others, such as Alec Stokes and Herbert Wilson. In addition, Erwin Chargaff, Oswald Avery, and Rosalind Franklin (whose key DNA x-ray crystallography work was the most detailed yet least acknowledged among the three)[70][page needed] contributed directly to the ability of Watson and Crick to solve the structure of the DNA molecule. Avery died in 1955, Franklin died in 1958 and posthumous nominations for the Nobel Prize are not permitted. Files of Nobel Prize nominations show Franklin was not nominated when she was alive.[71] As a result of Watson's misrepresentations of Franklin and her role in the discovery of the double helix in his book The Double Helix, Franklin has come to be portrayed as a classic victim of sexism in science.[72][73] Chargaff, for his part, was not quiet about his exclusion from the prize, bitterly writing to other scientists about his disillusionment regarding the field of molecular biology.[74]
The 2008 award went to Harald zur Hausen in recognition of his discovery that human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer, and to Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for discovering the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[75] Whether Robert Gallo or Luc Montagnier deserved more credit for the discovery of the virus that causes AIDS has been a matter of considerable controversy. As it was, Gallo was left out and not awarded a prize.[76][77] Additionally, there was a scandal when it was learned that Harald zur Hausen was being investigated for having a financial interest in vaccines for the cervical cancer that HPV can cause. AstraZeneca, which had a stake in two lucrative HPV vaccines could benefit financially from the prize, had agreed to sponsor Nobel Media and Nobel Web. According to Times Online, two senior figures in the selection process that chose zur Hausen also had strong links with AstraZeneca.[78]
The provision that restricts the maximum number of nominees to three for any one prize, introduced in 1968, has caused considerable controversy.[17][79] From the 1950s onward, there has been an increasing trend to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to more than one person. There were 59 people who received the prize in the first 50 years of the last century, while 113 individuals received it between 1951 and 2000. This increase could be attributed to the rise of the international scientific community after World War II, resulting in more persons being responsible for the discovery, and nominated for, a particular prize. Also, current biomedical research is more often carried out by teams rather than by scientists working alone, making it unlikely that any one scientist, or even a few, is primarily responsible for a discovery;[19] this has meant that a prize nomination that would have to include more than three contributors is automatically excluded from consideration.[54] Also, deserving contributors may not be nominated at all because the restriction results in a cut-off point of three nominees per prize, leading to controversial exclusions.[15]
There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). Most of these occurred during either World War I (1914–1918) or World War II (1939–1945).[48] In 1939, Nazi Germany forbade Gerhard Domagk from accepting his prize.[80] He was later able to receive the diploma and medal but not the money.[48][81]
List of medicine awards
List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Doherty, Peter (2008). The Beginner's Guide to Winning the Nobel Prize: Advice for Young Scientists. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13897-0.
Leroy, Francis (2003). A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4.
Rifkind, David; Freeman, Geraldine L. (2005). The Nobel Prize winning discoveries in infectious diseases. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-369353-2. | ||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 9 | https://www.brandeis.edu/stories/2023/december/nobel-prize-2023-ceremony-weissman.html | en | Drew Weissman ’81, GSAS MA’81, P’15, H’23, awarded Nobel Prize | [
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] | null | [] | null | en | https://www.brandeis.edu/stories/2023/december/nobel-prize-2023-ceremony-weissman.html | In an elegant ceremony Dec. 10 in Stockholm, Sweden, immunologist Drew Weissman ’81, GSAS MA’81, P’15, H’23, and his research partner Katalin Karikó, H’23, received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their research that led to the development of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Through years of painstaking research, Weissman and Karikó found that by engineering a modified version of messenger RNA — which transports instructions to cells regarding the production of proteins — and then developing a system to deliver it, they could trick the immune system into thinking the body is infected with a virus and produce antibodies to create at least partial immunity.
Along with this year's Nobel Prize winners in physics, chemistry, and literature, Weissman and Karikó entered Stockholm Concert Hall to music by Amadeus Mozart performed by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. They each took their seats on stage, Weissman in a blacktail tuxedo and Karikó in a glittering black evening dress.
They were introduced in a speech by Professor Gunilla Karlsson Hedestam, a member of the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, and chair of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine.
Messenger RNA was first defined by François Jacob and Jacques Monod in 1961, a discovery that was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965, Hedestam said. Although the identity and function of mRNA has been known for over 60 years, and mRNA is routinely used in most modern medical research laboratories, the term has remained largely obscure outside the scientific community — until recently, she said.
“Terms like mRNA, virus variants, antibodies, B cells and T cells are now well-known to most people, and surveys demonstrate that the public’s trust in scientific research increased during the pandemic. The basic research performed by the 2023 laureates no doubt contributed to this,” Hedestam said.“This year’s prize is very much in the spirit of Alfred Nobel’s will: a contribution to the greatest benefit of humankind.”
Surrounded by elaborate flower arrangements, and in front of a bust of Alfred Nobel, first Weissman and then Karikó stepped forward to receive the prize from the King of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf. The opulent concert hall filled with warm applause. Each Nobel prize winner receives a diploma featuring a unique work of art, a share of 11 million Swedish Krona (equal to about $1 million), and the iconic Nobel Prize medal.
The ceremony, which commenced at 4 p.m. in Stockholm, was followed by an equally dazzling banquet reception in Stockholm City Hall. Sunday’s events concluded a weeklong celebration of the prizes in Sweden, including a roundtable discussion among the prizewinners, panels on a variety of topics in science and society, lectures delivered by each winner, and a concert.
In brief remarks at the banquet, Karikó thanked the Nobel Foundation on behalf of herself and Weissman.
“It is a great privilege for us to belong to this most outstanding group of scientists who have received this award,” Karikó said. “Importantly to us, this award also recognizes the fellow scientists who worked diligently over decades to help build the foundation for our work that led to the development of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.”
Weissman graduated from Brandeis with bachelor’s and master’s degrees and went on to earn his PhD and MD from Boston University. After graduate school, Weissman completed a residency at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and a fellowship at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), where he worked on HIV research under the supervision of Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and former chief medical adviser to President Joe Biden.
Since 1997, he has been a professor of medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, where he met Karikó, a biochemist, and their partnership began.
They published a landmark paper in the journal Immunity in 2005, but it was not until 2020 that their work became globally renowned as the groundwork for the development of the BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines.
A student of biochemistry and enzymology during his time on campus, Weissman delivered the Commencement address at Brandeis in 2023.
“It is here that I honed my critical thinking skills, starting as a freshman in Shapiro Hall, and nurtured my passion for scientific exploration in Professor Gerry Fasman's biochemistry lab,” he said at the time. “I learned the value of collaboration and open-mindedness while being an active student, campus member, and part-time activist.” | |||||||
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] | null | General Awareness Complete.doc - Free ebook download as Word Doc (.doc), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. Nobel Prize 2013 winners recognized for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology/medicine, literature and economics. The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons won the Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to eliminate chemical weapons. Several other awards were also announced for individuals in fields such as journalism, science, rights advocacy and more. | en | https://s-f.scribdassets.com/scribd.ico?f9b4e3081?v=5 | Scribd | https://www.scribd.com/document/182976917/General-Awareness-Complete-doc | |||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 32 | https://case.edu/medicine/faculty-and-staff/faculty-awards/nobel-laureates | en | Case Western Reserve University | [
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] | null | [] | 2023-09-02T09:12:02+00:00 | CWRU SOM have ties with at least eleven Nobel Prize holders. These individuals have been awarded the prestigious Nobel Prize in recognition of their o... | en | School of Medicine | School of Medicine | Case Western Reserve University | https://case.edu/medicine/faculty-and-staff/faculty-awards/nobel-laureates | John J.R. Macleod, MB, ChB, DPH, physiology professor at Case from 1903 to 1918, shared the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of insulin. Dr. Macleod completed much of his groundwork on diabetes in Cleveland.
Corneille J.F. Heymans, MD, who was a visiting scientist in the Department of Physiology in 1927 and 1928, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1938 for work on carotid sinus reflexes.
Frederick C. Robbins, MD, shared the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the polio virus, which led to the development of polio vaccines. He received the award two years after joining the medical school. Dr. Robbins was active at the school until his death in 2003, at which time he held the titles of medical school dean emeritus, University Professor emeritus, and emeritus director of the Center for Adolescent Health.
Earl W. Sutherland Jr., MD, who had been professor and director of pharmacology from 1953 to 1963, won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for establishing the identity and importance of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in the regulation of cell metabolism.
George H. Hitchings, PhD, who had been a biochemistry instructor from 1939 to 1942, shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research leading to the development of drugs to treat leukemia, organ transplant rejection, gout, the herpes virus and AIDS-related bacterial and pulmonary infections.
Ferid Murad, MD, PhD, a 1965 graduate of the medical school, shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
Paul C. Lauterbur, PhD, a 1951 graduate of the engineering school and a visiting professor of radiology at Case in 1993, shared the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for pioneering work in the development of magnetic resonance imaging.
Peter C. Agre, MD, who completed a fellowship in hematology at Case while a medical student at Johns Hopkins, shared the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discoveries that have clarified how salts and water are transported out of and into the cells of the body, leading to a better understanding of many diseases of the kidneys, heart, muscles and nervous system.
H. Jack Geiger, MD, a 1958 alumnus of the medical school, is a founding member and past president of Physicians for Social Responsibility, which shared the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize as part of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, and Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), which shared the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize as part of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. | |||||
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] | null | [] | 2020-10-26T13:26:46+00:00 | Drs. Carl and Gerty Cori. In 1947, Gerty Cori became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and the first American woman to wi... | en | Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research | https://endocrinology.wustl.edu/about/our-history/ | The long and rich tradition in endocrine-metabolic research at Washington University School of Medicine can be traced to the Nobel Prize-winning work of the late Drs. Carl and Gerty Cori.
Among their many trainees who rose to leadership positions in endocrine-metabolic research were Drs. William H. Daughaday and David M. Kipnis, who molded and led the Metabolism Division, now known as the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research to prominence in the 1950s-1970s. That tradition continues. The current endocrine-metabolic faculty is large (numbering about 50 in the departments of Medicine and Pediatrics alone). Their research and clinical interests are diverse, providing opportunities for broadly based training. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 68 | https://www.dw.com/en/katalin-kariko-and-drew-weissman-win-nobel-prize-in-medicine/a-66978845 | en | Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman win Nobel Prize in Medicine – DW – 10 | [
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] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Carla Bleiker"
] | 2023-10-02T09:50:37.928000+00:00 | Kariko and Weissman have been working together on mRNA vaccines for more than 20 years. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine honors their contribution to the rapid development of COVID-19 immunizations. | en | /images/icons/favicon-16x16.png | dw.com | https://www.dw.com/en/katalin-kariko-and-drew-weissman-win-nobel-prize-in-medicine/a-66978845 | The Nobel Prize in Medicine 2023 goes to Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman for their work that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.
Through their findings on how mRNA interacts with our immune system Hungary's Kariko and US' Weissman "contributed to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times," the Nobel jury in Stockholm said.
It's the second year in a row that the medicine Nobel Prize is awarded to researchers who have been tackling questions regarding the novel coronavirus pandemic. In 2022, the award went to Swedish scientist Svante Paabo whose discoveries concerning Neanderthal DNA provided key insights into the human immune system, including vulnerability to severe COVID-19.
"I think that Drs. Kariko and Weissman are very deserving of this recognition. Their fundamental work on nucleotide chemistry and its effect on innate immune responses was a key factor in mRNA commercialization. Without that, scale up and delivery of the COVID-19 vaccines would not have been possible," Barney Graham, professor of Medicine and Immunology at the Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta, told DW.
The 13th woman to win in the prize's history
The Nobel committee contacted both Kariko and Weissman by phone prior to the public announcement. Kariko was reportedly "overwhelmed" on receiving the news, while Weissman was "enormously grateful."
The Nobel Prize is considered the most prestigious award in the fields in which it is conferred. The prize money this year was increased by 1 million to 11 million kronor (just over $1 million) due to the Swedish currency having significantly depreciated this year.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded 114 times since the inaugural one in 1901. There have been 227 recipients including this year's winners, but Kariko is only the 13th woman to receive the accolade. The number of female Nobel laureates in the natural sciences is low, because for a long time women weren't allowed to study medicine, physics or chemistry. Even once they were, many saw women as unfit, and female researchers' work received a lot less recognition than that of their male colleagues — a problem that female scientists still sometimes encounter today.
How mRNA research contributed to faster vaccine development
In human cells, genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to messenger RNA (mRNA), which is used as a template for protein production. mRNA vaccines work by triggering the production of proteins that stimulate the formation of virus-blocking antibodies in our cells.
In the 1980s researchers were able to produce mRNA "in vitro," i.e. without having to first create large-scale cell cultures in a resource-intensive process. The resulting in vitro mRNA, however, was highly unstable and triggered the immune system, leading to inflammatory responses in the body.
Kariko and Weissman found out that mRNA with chemically modified bases did not lead to inflammatory reactions. Subsequent to publishing their discovery in 2005, they also found that using mRNA with altered bases significantly increased protein production.
Kariko and Weissman's discoveries would turn out to be invaluable during the COVID-19 pandemic; in part thanks to their research findings, two base-modified mRNA vaccines were developed at record speed.
How mRNA research advances could help with cancer treatment
The duo has been working as a team at the University of Pennsylvania in the US for more than 20 years and have won numerous awards for their work contributing to the development of mRNA vaccines, including the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, the Breakthrough Prize, the Princess of Asturias Award, the Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, the VinFuture Grand Prize, and the Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science.
In December 2020 they received their COVID-19 shots together. On that occasion, Kariko expressed her happiness about their contribution to the development of the crucial vaccines.
"I always wanted to do something to help patients," Kariko said. "I wasn’t thinking about a vaccine or infectious disease; I was always thinking about developing mRNA for therapeutics. I’m hopeful, now that there is so much interest and excitement for this research, that it will be possible to develop and test this mRNA vaccine technology for prevention and treatment of other diseases too."
Since then mRNA research has progressed significantly. In spring 2023 scientists in the US published the results from the trial of a new mRNA vaccine designed to prevent the return of pancreatic cancer in patients who have previously battled the disease. For the study published in the journal Nature, the researchers used customized mRNA vaccines to treat 16 pancreatic cancer patients who had previously had their tumors surgically removed. By the end of the 18-month trial period, half of the patients had not relapsed. For a cancer that usually returns within a few months of surgery, this represents a significant advance.
Weissman, who was not involved in the study, told DW at the time that he "[knew] they were looking at a bunch of different types of cancer" and that he was "surprised that pancreatic was one it worked so well in."
Making her mother proud
After the announcement, Kariko told broadcaster Swedish Radio that her mother would always listen to the Nobel Prize announcements.
"She listened when I was not even a professor, like 10 years ago," Kariko told the station. "She always listened, saying: 'Maybe your name will be said.' I was just laughing because I never [got] a grant and never had a team."
Kariko's mother has since passed away, but the researcher speculated that she might be "listening from above."
Weissman received the good news from Kariko, because the Nobel Prize committee didn't have his phone number.
"We weren't sure if somebody was playing a prank on us," remarked Weissman to Swedish Radio.
Sushmitha Ramakrishnan contributed reporting.
Edited by: Frank Lee | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 24 | https://med.stanford.edu/nobel.html | en | Nobel | https://med.stanford.edu/etc/clientlibs/sm/images/favicon.ico | https://med.stanford.edu/etc/clientlibs/sm/images/favicon.ico | [
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] | null | [] | null | en | /etc/clientlibs/sm/images/SM-Shield-152x152.png | Nobel Prize | null | Carolyn Bertozzi wins Nobel in chemistry | Stanford News
Stanford chemist Carolyn Bertozzi was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for her development of bioorthogonal reactions, which allow scientists to explore cells and track biological processes without disrupting the normal chemistry of the cell.
Ready for the Nobels? Warm up with this quiz on Stanford Medicine's laureates
Test your knowledge about the eight Stanford Medicine researchers who have been awarded a Nobel Prize in the medical school's 110-year history.
An early morning phone call, then an onslaught of cameras
Michael Levitt, PhD, handles the multitude of phone calls, emails, interviews and parties during his first day as a Nobel Prize winner. | |||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 48 | https://www.biotechniques.com/molecular-biology/who-won-the-2023-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine/ | en | Who won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine? | [
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] | null | [
"Aisha Al-Janabi"
] | 2023-10-04T15:03:31+00:00 | The winners of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 2023 have been announced as the pair behind foundational research for the COVID-19 vaccines. | https://www.biotechniques.com/wp-content/themes/biotechniques/favicon.ico | BioTechniques | https://www.biotechniques.com/molecular-biology/who-won-the-2023-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine/ | The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Katalin Karikó (Szeged University, Hungary) and Drew Weissman (University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA) for their foundational work in mRNA vaccines, which enabled the rapid development of the COVID-19 vaccines. Their discovery of the importance of nucleoside base modification in the immune acceptance and subsequent translation of synthetic mRNA, opened the gateway for a series of dramatic developments in vaccinology.
A brief history of vaccines
Vaccinology has a long and storied history, dating back to the inoculation of James Phipps with material from a cowpox sore by Edward Jenner to successfully protect him from smallpox in 1796. While this experiment gave the field its name, theories and practices focused on infection with one disease to protect from another have existed for far longer, with some sources suggesting that they took place as early as the B.C. era.
For a long time, the principle underlying vaccines remained largely unchanged, relying on dead or disabled pathogens to stimulate an immune response from which the patient acquired a lasting immunity. This continued until it was identified that the delivery of a single protein component of a pathogen could effectively stimulate an immune response and be used as the basis for a vaccine, as exemplified by the hepatitis B vaccine.
The next step for vaccinology was conceptualized as the delivery of genetic information that encoded for viral surface proteins, encased in a harmless viral envelope, into the patient’s cells. This approach would leverage the cell’s protein-producing machinery to express the antigens themselves and stimulate an immune response.
DNA was chiefly the genetic language selected for early investigations into this approach due to its favorable stability compared to RNA. However, candidates relying on DNA did not translate positive results from animal models into humans, likely due to the need for it to be delivered through the cell wall and into the nucleus for it to be effective. Furthermore, this approach gives rise to safety concerns surrounding the potential integration of viral DNA into the recipient’s genome.
Scientists just want to have fun: the 33rd First Annual Ig Nobel Prizes
This year’s Ig Nobel Prize ceremony was packed with educational entertainment, which was truly hilarious.
Managing mRNA and a meeting of minds
Approaches using mRNA had been touted since the development of in vitro transcription in the 1980s, which enabled the production of synthetic mRNA without the need for cell culture. This development constituted a significant saving in the time and resources needed to produce a vaccine, as it bypassed the need for cell culture. However, initial studies of these mRNA-based vaccines revealed that they led to significant inflammation and poor rates of translation once transfected into cells.
Undeterred by the poor stability and inflammatory side effects of mRNA, Karikó continued to believe in the therapeutic promise of mRNA, persevering in her research into these molecules despite prevailing opinions at the time making the acquisition of funding highly challenging. During this period in the early 1990s, she met Weissman, an expert on dendritic cells – key cells of the immune system that are involved in vaccine-induced immune responses. Together they set out to investigate how different types of RNA interact with immune cells.
During their investigations, the pair identified that in vitro transcribed RNA stimulated the release of inflammatory signals from dendritic cells, which recognized the material as foreign. However, mammalian-derived RNA did not trigger the same response, prompting them to consider the differences between these types of RNA.
Karikó and Weissman realized that perhaps the in vitro transcribed RNA was too perfect, too synthetic and lacked the frequent chemical modifications that litter mammalian RNA transcribed in vivo. To confirm this hypothesis, they synthesized RNA with the chemically altered bases observed in nature, such as pseudouridine and N6-methyladenosine, and added them to dendritic cells.
The change observed was stark: inflammatory responses were significantly dampened, with different combinations of base modifications enabling the RNA to escape detection by the various receptors of dendritic cells. However, only modifications of the uridine bases led to the total avoidance of an inflammatory response from dendritic cells. Taken by the potential therapeutic impact of these findings, Karikó and Weissman published them in a paper in 2005.
Further investigations, accompanied by papers published in 2008 and 2010, identified that using modified mRNA also leads to a significant improvement in its translation and therefore protein production. This, they revealed, was in part due to the fact that the modifications prevented the activation of protein kinase R, which blocks transcription pathways and is stimulated by in vitro transcribed RNA.
The future of lipid nanoparticles and mRNA cancer vaccines
mRNA vaccines would not have been possible without breakthroughs in lipid nanoparticles, both of which researchers are now developing for cancer therapeutics.
The advent of mRNA vaccines
This series of discoveries made the prospect of mRNA therapeutics dramatically more desirable. Concerns surrounding efficacy and inflammation had been addressed and it didn’t take long for breakthroughs in vaccine development using this approach to follow. After initial developments in the cancer research space, the first mRNA vaccine for an infectious disease, rabies, reached clinical trials in 2017. This was shortly followed by clinical trials from Moderna (MA, USA) for mRNA-based vaccines against Zika virus, a series of influenza viruses and MERS-CoV.
MERS-CoV is closely related to SARS-CoV-2 and the vaccine developed for it hinged around a section of mRNA that coded for the virus’s spike protein. With these developments and existing templates for vaccines in place when SARS-CoV-2 led to the COVID-19 pandemic, the stage was set for the rapid development of the COVID-19 vaccines and within a year of the pandemic being declared, vaccines were approved and being administered.
Without the vital work of Karikó and Weissman, the foundations on which the COVID-19 vaccines were built would not have been in place and countless more lives may have been lost to the virus. It is for this essential work, their unwavering commitment to their field and the quality of their research that they have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 53 | https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/nobel-laureates | en | Nobel Laureates | [
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"Nobel laureates"
] | null | [] | 2015-03-25T11:11:24-04:00 | 162 NIH supported researchers have been sole or shared recipients of 95 Nobel Prizes. | en | https://www.nih.gov/favicon.ico | National Institutes of Health (NIH) | https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/nobel-laureates | Laureates Field Year Supporting NIH Institute(s) Katalin Karikó, Ph.D., U.S.A. and Drew Weissman, M.D., Ph.D., U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 2023 NHLBI, NIAID, NIDCR, NINDS Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Ph.D., U.S.A. and K. Barry Sharpless, Ph.D., U.S.A. (Shared with Morten Meldal, Ph.D., Denmark) Chemistry 2022
NCI, NIAID, NIGMS
David Card, Ph.D., U.S.A. and Joshua D. Angrist, Ph.D., U.S.A. (Shared with Guido W. Imbens, Ph.D., U.S.A.) Economic Sciences 2021 NIA, NICHD David W.C. MacMillan, Ph.D., U.S.A. (Shared with Benjamin List, Ph.D., Germany) Chemistry 2021 NIGMS David Julius, Ph.D., U.S.A. and Ardem Patapoutian, Ph.D., U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 2021 NHLBI, NIDCR, NINDS, NIGMS Jennifer A. Doudna, Ph.D., U.S.A. (Shared with Emmanuelle Charpentier, Ph.D, Germany) Chemistry 2020 NHGRI, NIAID, NIGMS *Harvey J. Alter, M.D., U.S.A., and Charles M. Rice, Ph.D., U.S.A. (Shared with Michael Houghton, Ph.D., Canada) Physiology or Medicine 2020 CC, NIAID Esther Duflo, Ph.D., U.S.A., and Michael Kremer, Ph.D. U.S.A. (Shared with Abhijit Banerjee, Ph.D., U.S.A) Economic Sciences 2019 NIA, NICHD Gregg L. Semenza, M.D., Ph.D., U.S.A., and William G. Kaelin Jr., M.D. U.S.A. (Shared with Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, M.D., U.K.) Physiology or Medicine 2019 NCI, NHLBI, NIDCR, NIDDK, NIGMS Frances H. Arnold, Ph.D., U.S.A., and George P. Smith, Ph.D., U.S.A. (Shared with Gregory P. Winter, Ph.D., U.K.) Chemistry 2018 NCI, NIAID, NIGMS, NIMH James P. Allison, Ph.D., U.S.A. (Shared with Tasuku Honjo, M.D., Ph.D., Japan) Physiology or Medicine 2018 NCI, NIAID Joachim Frank, Ph.D., U.S.A. (Shared with Jacques Dubochet, Ph.D., Switzerland, and Richard Henderson, Ph.D., U.K.) Chemistry 2017 NIGMS Jeffrey C. Hall, Ph.D., U.S.A, Michael Rosbash, Ph.D., U.S.A., and Michael W. Young, Ph.D., U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 2017 NHLBI, NIA, NIDA, NIGMS, NINDS, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart, U.S.A. (Shared with Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Ph.D., France and Bernard L. Feringa, Ph.D., Netherlands) Chemistry 2016 NCI Angus Deaton, U.S.A. Economic Sciences 2015 NIA Paul Modrich, U.S.A., and Aziz Sancar, U.S.A. (shared with Tomas Lindahl, U.K.) Chemistry 2015 NCI, NIEHS, NIGMS William E. Moerner, U.S.A. (shared with E. Betzig, U.S.A. and S.W. Hell, Germany) Chemistry 2014 NCRR,NHGRI, NIGMS, Martin Karplus, U.S.A. & France, Michael Levitt, U.S.A., and Arieh Warshel, U.S.A. Chemistry 2013 NCI, NEI, NIGMS James E. Rothman, U.S.A., Randy W. Schekman, U.S.A., and Thomas C. Südhof, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 2013 NCI, NHGRI, NHLBI, NIAMS, NIDDK, NIGMS, NIMH, NINDS Robert J. Lefkowitz, U.S.A., and Brian K. Kobilka, U.S.A. Chemistry 2012 NHLBI, NIDA, NIGMS, NINDS Bruce A. Beutler, U.S.A., Jules A. Hoffmann, U.S.A., and Ralph M. Steinman, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 2011 NCI, NIAID, NIDDK, NIGMS Ei-ichi Negishi, U.S.A. (shared with R. F. Heck, U.S.A. and A. Suzuki, Japan) Chemistry 2010 NIGMS Thomas A. Steitz, U.S.A., Ada E. Yonath, Israel, and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, U.K. Chemistry 2009 NCRR, NIAID, NIGMS Elizabeth H. Blackburn, U.S.A., Carol W. Greider, U.S.A., and Jack W. Szostak, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 2009 NCI, NIA, NIDCR, NIGMS, Martin Chalfie, U.S.A., Roger Y. Tsien, U.S.A., and Osamu Shimomura, U.S.A. Chemistry 2008 NIA, NEI, NIAID, NIGMS, NINDS Mario R. Capecchi, U.S.A., and Oliver Smithies, U.S.A. (shared with M. J. Evans, U.K.) Physiology or Medicine 2007 NCI, NHLBI, NICHD, NIDDK, NIGMS Roger D. Kornberg, U.S.A. Chemistry 2006 NCI, NIAID, NIGMS Andrew Z. Fire, U.S.A., and Craig C. Mello, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 2006 NICHD, NIGMS Robert H. Grubbs, U.S.A., and Richard R. Schrock, U.S.A. (shared with Y. Chauvin, France) Chemistry 2005 NIGMS Richard Axel, U.S.A., and Linda B. Buck, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 2004 NCI, NIAID, NIDCD, NIDDK, NIMH, NINDS Irwin A. Rose, U.S.A., and Avram Hershko, Israel (shared with A. Ciechanover, Israel) Chemistry 2004 NCI, NIAAA, NIAMS, NIDDK, NIGMS Roderick MacKinnon, U.S.A., and Peter Agre, U.S.A. Chemistry 2003 NCRR,NEI, NHLBI, NIAAA, NIDDK, NIGMS, NINDS Paul C. Lauterbur, U.S.A. (shared with P. Mansfield, U.K.) Physiology or Medicine 2003 NCRR, NCI, NHLBI, NIGMS, NIMH John B. Fenn, U.S.A. (shared with K. Tanaka, Japan and K. Wüthrich, Switzerland) Chemistry 2002 NIGMS H. Robert Horvitz, U.S.A. (shared with S. Brenner, U.S.A. and J.E. Sulston, U.K.) Physiology or Medicine 2002 NCI, NICHD, NIGMS Leland H. Hartwell, U.S.A. (shared with P.M. Nurse and R.T. Hunt, U.K.) Physiology or Medicine 2001 NCI, NCRR, NIGMS K. Barry Sharpless, U.S.A. (shared with W.S. Knowles, U.S.A. and R. Noyori, Japan) Chemistry 2001 NHLBI, NIGMS Paul Greengard, U.S.A., and Eric R. Kandel, U.S.A. (shared with A. Carlsson, Sweden) Physiology or Medicine 2000 NCRR, NHLBI, NIA, NIAAA, NIAMS, NIDA, NIGMS, NIMH, NINDS James J. Heckman, U.S.A. and Daniel L. McFadden Economic Sciences 2000 NIA, NICHD, NIMH Günter Blobel, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1999 NCI, NIGMS Robert Furchgott, U.S.A., Louis Ignarro, U.S.A., and Ferid Murad, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1998 NHLBI, NIAMS, NICHD, NIDDK, NIGMS, NINDS Paul D. Boyer, U.S.A. and Jens C. Skou, Denmark Chemistry 1997 NIDDK, NIGMS, NINDS Stanley B. Prusiner, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1997 NCRR, NIA, NIGMS, NINDS Peter C. Doherty, U.S.A., and Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Switzerland Physiology or Medicine 1996 NIAID Edward B. Lewis, U.S.A., and Eric F. Wieschaus, U.S.A. (shared with C. Nusslein-Volhard, Germany) Physiology or Medicine 1995 NICHD, NIGMS Alfred G. Gilman, U.S.A., and *Martin Rodbell, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1994 NIEHS, NIDDK, NIGMS, NINDS George A. Olah, U.S.A. Chemistry 1994 NCI, NIGMS Phillip A. Sharp, U.S.A., and Richard Roberts, U.K. Physiology or Medicine 1993 NCI, NCRR, NHGRI, NIAID, NIGMS, NLM Robert W. Fogel, Ph.D. Economic Sciences 1993 NIA Kary B. Mullis, U.S.A., and Michael Smith, Canada Chemistry 1993 NHBLI, NIAID, NIGMS Edwin G. Krebs, U.S.A., and Edmond H. Fischer, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1992 NIAMS, NIDDK, NIGMS Gary Becker, U.S.A. Economic Sciences 1992 NICHD Elias J. Corey, U.S.A. Chemistry 1990 NCI, NCRR, NHLBI, NIAID, NIGMS E. Donnall Thomas, U.S.A., and Joseph E. Murray, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1990 NCI, NHLBI, NIAID, NIDDK Sidney Altman, U.S.A., and Thomas Cech, U.S.A. Chemistry 1989 NCI, NICHD, NIGMS J. Michael Bishop, U.S.A, and Harold E. Varmus, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1989 NCI, NIAID Susumu Tonegawa, Japan Physiology or Medicine 1987 NIAID Donald J. Cram, U.S.A. (shared with C.J. Pedersen, U.S.A., and J.-M Lehn, France) Chemistry 1987 NIGMS Stanley Cohen, U.S.A., and Rita Levi-Montalcini, U.S.A./Italy Physiology or Medicine 1986 NICHD, NIGMS, NIMH, NINDS Herbert A. Hauptman, U.S.A. (shared with J. Karle, U.S.A.) Chemistry 1985 DRR, NIDDK, NHLBI, NIGMS Michael S. Brown, U.S.A., and Joseph L. Goldstein, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1985 DRR, NHLBI, NIGMS R. Bruce Merrifield, U.S.A. Chemistry 1984 NIDDK Henry Taube, U.S.A. Chemistry 1983 NIGMS Sune Bergstrom, Sweden, and John R. Vane, U.K. (shared with B. Samuelsson, Sweden) Physiology or Medicine 1982 DRG, NHLBI, NICHD, NIGMS, NIMH, NLM Aaron Klug, U.K. Chemistry 1982 NIAID Roald Hoffmann, U.S.A. (shared with K. Fukui, Japan) Chemistry 1981 NIGMS David H. Hubel, U.S.A., and Torsten N. Wiesel, U.S.A./Sweden (shared with R. W. Sperry, U.S.A.) Physiology or Medicine 1981 DRR, NEI, NIGMS, NINDS Paul Berg, U.S.A., and Walter Gilbert, U.S.A. (shared with F. Sanger, U.K.) Chemistry 1980 NCI, NIDDK, NIGMS Baruj Benacerraf, U.S.A., George D. Snell, U.S.A., and Jean Dausset, France Physiology or Medicine 1980 NCI, NIAID Herbert C. Brown, U.S.A. (shared with G. Wittig, W. Germany) Chemistry 1979 NIGMS Hamilton O. Smith, U.S.A., and Daniel Nathans, U.S.A. (shared with W. Arber, Switzerland) Physiology or Medicine 1978 NCI, NIAID, NIGMS Roger C. L. Guillemin, U.S.A., and Andrew V. Schally, U.S.A. (shared with R. S. Yalow, U.S.A.) Physiology or Medicine 1977 DRR, NICHD, NIDDK, NIGMS *D. Carleton Gajdusek, U.S.A., and Baruch S. Blumberg, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1976 NCI, NHLBI, NINDS, William N. Lipscomb, U.S.A Chemistry 1976 DRG, NIGMS David Baltimore, U.S.A., Renato Dulbecco, U.S.A., and Howard M. Temin, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1975 NCI, NIAID Albert Claude, Belgium, George E. Palade, U.S.A., and Christian de Duve, Belgium Physiology or Medicine 1974 NCI, NHLBI, NIA, NICHD, NIGMS Gerald M. Edelman, U.S.A. and Rodney R. Porter, U.K. Physiology or Medicine 1972 NIAID, NICHD, NIDDK *Christian B. Anfinsen, U.S.A., Stanford Moore, U.S.A., and William H. Stein, U.S.A. Chemistry 1972 NHLBI, NIDDK, NIGMS, NINDS Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., U.S.A Physiology or Medicine 1971 NHLBI, NIDDK, NIGMS Luis Leloir, Argentina Chemistry 1970 NIAID, NIGMS Lars Onsager, U.S.A. Chemistry 1968 NIGMS Jacques L. Monod, France (shared with F. Jacob and A. Lwoff, France) Physiology or Medicine 1965 NIAID Robert B. Woodward, U.S.A. Chemistry 1965 DRG, NHLBI, NIDDK, NIGMS Konrad Bloch, U.S.A. (shared with F. Lynen, Germany) Physiology or Medicine 1964 DRG, NHLBI, NIGMS James D. Watson, U.S.A. (shared with F. H. C. Crick and M. H. F. Wilkins, U.K.) Physiology or Medicine 1962 DRR, NCI, NIAID, NIDDK, NIGMS John C. Kendrew, U.K. (shared with M. F. Perutz, U.K.) Chemistry 1962 NIDDK Melvin Calvin, U.S.A. Chemistry 1961 DRG, NCI Peter B. Medawar, U.K. (shared with F. M. Burnet, Australia) Physiology or Medicine 1960 NIAID Arthur Kornberg, U.S.A., and Severo Ochoa, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1959 DRG, NCI, NIA, NIAID, NIDDK, NIGMS George W. Beadle, U.S.A., Joshua Lederberg, U.S.A., and Edward L. Tatum, U.S.A. Physiology or Medicine 1958 DRR, NCI, NHLBI, NIAID, NICHD, NIGMS, NINDS Dickinson W. Richards, Jr., U.S.A. (shared with A. Cournand, U.S.A., and W. Forssmann, Germany) Physiology or Medicine 1956 NCI, NHLBI, NIDDK, NIGMS Vincent du Vigneaud, U.S.A. Chemistry 1955 DRG, NCI, NHLBI, NIGMS Thomas H. Weller, U.S.A. (shared with J. F. Enders and F. C. Robbins, U.S.A.) Physiology or Medicine 1954 NIAID, NIGMS Linus C. Pauling, U.S.A. Chemistry 1954 DRG, NCI, NHLBI, NIAID, NIGMS Fritz A. Lipmann, U.S.A. (shared with H. A. Krebs, U.K.) Physiology or Medicine 1953 NCI, NIGMS Philip S. Hench, U.S.A. (shared with E. C. Kendall, U.S.A., and T. Reichstein, Switzerland) Physiology or Medicine 1950 NIGMS | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 5 | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1953/award-video/ | en | The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony 1953 | [
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] | null | [] | null | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 was divided equally between Hans Adolf Krebs "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" and Fritz Albert Lipmann "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" | en | NobelPrize.org | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1953/award-video/ | While the rain poured down outside on a gloomy afternoon in Stockholm, 10 December 1953, inside the Stockholm Concert Hall the lights glittered on a festively dressed audience including the Swedish Royal family: King Gustaf VI Adolf, Queen Louise, Princesses Sibylla and Margaretha and Prince Bertil. The Nobel Laureates entered the scene. After Birger Ekeberg delivered his presentation speech, each Nobel Laureate was introduced and the Prize awarded. Professor Erik Hultén introduced the Physics Nobel Laureate, Frits Zernike; the Chemistry Nobel Laureate, Hermann Staudinger, was introduced by Professor Arne Fredga; Professor Einar Hammarsten introduced the Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine, Hans Krebs and Fritz Lipmann; and author Sigfrid Siwertz spoke for the absent Nobel Laureate in Literature, Sir Winston Churchill; Lady Clementine Churchill received the Nobel Prize on behalf of her husband. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 45 | https://news.stanford.edu/university-news/topic/awards-honors-and-appointments/nobel-prize | en | Nobel Prize | [
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] | null | [] | null | en | https://news.stanford.edu/university-news/topic/awards-honors-and-appointments/nobel-prize | Stanford University is home to 20 living Nobel laureates.
Sixteen additional Stanford laureates are deceased. The business of “claiming” laureates can be controversial: Where and when was a winner’s work done? Stanford, for example, lists but does not claim laureates who are not on the faculty, even if they have a significant Stanford connection. And Stanford does not list winners with a more fleeting or tenuous connection. John Steinbeck, the 1962 literature winner, for instance, did not make the cut although he attended Stanford – receiving a “C” in freshman English in 1919 and dropping out in 1921, only to reenter the university as a journalism major in 1923 and drop out again in 1925.
About the Nobel Prize
Carolyn Bertozzi
Chemistry (2022) Carolyn Bertozzi, the Baker Family Director of Sarafan ChEM-H, the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences, and professor, by courtesy, of chemical and systems biology and of radiology, won the 2022 Nobel Prize in chemistry. She shares the prize with K. Barry Sharpless, PhD ’68, of Scripps Research and Morton Meldal of the University of Copenhagen. They were cited “for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry.”
Guido Imbens
Economic Sciences (2021) Guido Imbens, the Applied Econometrics Professor at Stanford Graduate School of Business, professor of economics in the School of Humanities and Sciences, and senior fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, won the 2021 Nobel Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences. He shares the prize with Josh Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and David Card of the University of California, Berkeley. Imbens and Angrist were honored for “their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships.” David Card was honored for “his empirical contributions to labour economics.”
Paul Milgrom
Economic Sciences (2020) Paul Milgrom, the Shirley R. and Leonard W. Ely, Jr. Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences, won the 2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He shares the prize with Robert Wilson, also of Stanford University. The pair were honored “for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats.”
Robert Wilson
Economic Sciences (2020) Robert Wilson, the Adams Distinguished Professor of Management, Emeritus, at Stanford Graduate School of Business, won the 2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He shares the prize with Paul Milgrom, also of Stanford University. The pair were honored “for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats.”
W.E. Moerner
Chemistry (2014) W.E. Moerner, the Harry S. Mosher Professor of Chemistry at Stanford, won the 2014 Nobel Prize in chemistry. He shares the prize with Eric Betzig, of Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Stefan W. Hell, of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, in Germany. The three were honored “for having bypassed a presumed scientific limitation stipulating that an optical microscope can never yield a resolution better than 0.2 micrometers.”
Michael Levitt
Chemistry (2013) Michael Levitt, the Robert W. and Vivian K. Cahill Professor in Cancer Research in the School of Medicine and professor of structural biology, won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He shares the prize with Martin Karplus of Université de Strasbourg, France, and Harvard University, and Arieh Warshel of the University of Southern California. The three were honored “for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems.”
Thomas Südhof
Medicine (2013) Thomas Südhof, the Avram Goldstein Professor in the School of Medicine and professor of molecular and cellular physiology, won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He shares the award with James Rothman of Yale University and Randy Schekman of UC-Berkeley. The three are honored “for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells.”
Brian Kobilka
Chemistry (2012) Brian Kobilka, MD, the Hélène Irwin Fagan Chair in Cardiology in the School of Medicine and professor of molecular and cellular physiology, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on G-protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs.
Alvin Roth
Economic Sciences (2012) Roth, PhD ’74, the Craig and Susan McCaw Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences, a professor of economics and a senior fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, is a pioneer in the field of game theory and experimental economics and in their application to the design of new economic institutions. He was cited with Lloyd S. Shapley “for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design.”
Thomas J. Sargent
Economic Sciences (2011) Thomas J. Sargent, senior fellow (adjunct) at the Hoover Institution, shared the 2011 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel with Christopher A. Sims for research that shed light on the cause-and-effect relationship between the economy and policy instruments such as interest rates and government spending.
Andrew Fire
Medicine (2006) Andrew Fire, the George D. Smith Professor in Molecular and Genetic Medicine and Professor of Pathology and Genetics, along with Craig Mello of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, won the Nobel Prize Physiology or Medicine in 2006. They were cited “for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA.”
Roger Kornberg
Chemistry (2006) Roger Kornberg, the Mrs. George A. Winzer Professor in Medicine and professor of structural biology, won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in understanding how DNA is converted into RNA, a process known as transcription. In 2001 Kornberg published the first molecular snapshot of the protein machinery responsible – RNA polymerase – in action. The finding helped explain how cells express all the information in the human genome, and how that expression sometimes goes awry, leading to cancer, birth defects and other disorders.
A. Michael Spence
Economic Sciences (2001) A. Michael Spence, Philip H. Knight Professor, Emeritus, and former dean of Stanford Graduate School of Business; awarded the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences “for analyses of markets with asymmetric information.”
Joseph E. Stiglitz
Economic Sciences (2001) Joseph E. Stiglitz, Joan Kenney Professor of Economics, Emeritus; at Stanford 1974-1976 and 1988-2001. Awarded the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences “for analyses of markets with asymmetric information.”
Carl Wieman
Physics (2001) Carl Wieman, the Cheriton Professor in the School of Engineering, Emeritus, and professor emeritus of physics and of education, won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics. He shares the award with Wolfgang Ketterle, John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics at MIT, and Eric A. Cornell, senior scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and professor adjoint at the University of Colorado-Boulder and Stanford alumnus (1985). The three were honored “for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates.”
Robert Laughlin
Physics (1998) Robert Laughlin, the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences; professor of physics and applied physics. Awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in physics with Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui “for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.”
Steven Chu
Physics (1997) Steven Chu, the William R. Kenan Jr. Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences and professor of physics and of molecular and cellular physiology. Awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize in physics with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips “for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.”
Myron S. Scholes
Economic Sciences (1997) Myron S. Scholes, the Frank E. Buck Professor of Finance, Emeritus, at Stanford Graduate School of Business. Awarded the 1997 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel with Robert C. Merton “for a new method to determine the value of derivatives.”
Douglas Osheroff
Physics (1996) Douglas Osheroff, the J. G. Jackson and C. J. Wood Professor of Physics, Emeritus. Awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in physics with David M. Lee and Robert C. Richardson “for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.”
William F. Sharpe
Economic Sciences (1990) William F. Sharpe, the STANCO 25 Professor at Stanford Graduate School of Business, Emeritus. Awarded the 1990 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel with Harry M. Markowitz and Merton H. Miller “for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics.”
Deceased
Kenneth J. Arrow
Economic Sciences (1972); died 2017; with John R. Hicks “for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory.” Arrow, the Joan Kenney Professor of Economics and Professor of Operations Research, Emeritus, was a member of the Stanford faculty from 1949 to 1968. He returned to Stanford in 1979 and became emeritus in 1991.
Gary Becker
Economic Sciences (1992); died 2014; “for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behavior and interaction, including nonmarket behavior.” Becker was a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution from 1990 until he died. He was also a professor at the University of Chicago.
Paul Berg
Chemistry (1980); died 2023; “for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA.” The other half of the award went to Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger “for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.” Berg, a professor of biochemistry, came to Stanford in 1959 and became emeritus in 2000.
Felix Bloch
Physics (1952); died 1983; with Edward Mills Purcell “for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith.” Bloch, a professor of physics, came to Stanford in 1934 and became emeritus in 1971.
Paul Flory
Chemistry (1974); died 1985; “for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules.” Flory, a professor of chemistry, came to Stanford in 1961 and became emeritus in 1975.
Milton Friedman
Economics (1976); died 2006; awarded the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel “for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy.” Friedman was a senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution from 1977 until he died. He was also a professor emeritus at the University of Chicago.
Robert Hofstadter
Physics (1961); died 1990; “for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons.” Hofstadter, a professor of physics, came to Stanford in 1950 and became emeritus in 1985.
Arthur Kornberg
Medicine (1959) died 2007; Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Severo Ochoa “for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid.” Kornberg, a professor of biochemistry at the School of Medicine, came to Stanford in 1959 and became emeritus in 1988.
Douglass North
Economic sciences (1993); died 2015; with Robert W. Fogel “for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change.” North was the Bartlett Burnap Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution from 1997 to 2015.
Linus C. Pauling
Chemistry (1954); peace (1962); died 1994; at the time of the awards at the California Institute of Technology; chemistry: “for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances”; peace: for his efforts to bring about an international ban on nuclear testing and to promote world peace. Pauling, a professor of chemistry, came to Stanford in 1969 and became emeritus in 1975.
Martin Perl
Physics (1995); died 2014; “for the discovery of the tau lepton.” He shared the award “for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics” with Frederick Reines, who was cited “for the detection of the neutrino.” Perl, who came to Stanford in 1963, was a professor at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory until he died.
Burton Richter
Physics (1976); died 2018; with Samuel C.C. Ting “for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind.” Richter came to Stanford as a research associate in 1956 and joined the faculty in 1960. He became emeritus in 2006. He was director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (now SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory) from 1984 to 1999.
Arthur L. Schawlow
Physics (1981); died 1999; with Nicolaas Bloembergen “for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy.” Schawlow, a professor of physics, came to Stanford in 1961 and became emeritus in 1991.
William Shockley
Physics (1956); died 1989; at the time of the award at the Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments; with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.” Shockley, a professor of electrical engineering, came to Stanford in 1963 and became emeritus in 1975.
Henry Taube
Chemistry (1983); died 2005; “for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes.” Taube, a professor of chemistry, came to Stanford in 1962 and became emeritus in 2001.
Richard E. Taylor
Physics (1990); died 2018; with Jerome I. Friedman and Henry W. Kendall “for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.” Taylor, who earned his PhD at Stanford in 1962, spent his career as a particle physicist at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University.
Other Nobel Connections
Ben Bernanke, economic sciences (2022), was on the economics faculty of Stanford Graduate School of Business 1979-1985. He shared the award with Douglas W. Diamond and Philip H. Dybvig “for research on banks and financial crises.”
Eric A. Cornell shared the 2001 physics prize with Carl E. Wieman and Wolfgang Ketterle “for creating Bose-Einstein condensation using laser cooling and evaporation techniques.” Cornell, a senior scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and professor adjoint at the University of Colorado-Boulder, received his bachelor’s degree in physics from Stanford in 1985. Wieman received his doctorate from Stanford in 1977 and is a professor emeritus of physics and of education at Stanford University.
Louise Glück, literature (2020), at the time of the award was the Mohr Visiting Poet in the Creative Writing Program, a position she held from 2017 to 2020. She was cited “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal.” Glück died in 2023.
Robert H. Grubbs, chemistry (2005), was an NIH postdoctoral fellow at Stanford in 1968-69 working with chemistry Professor James Collman. Grubbs, a professor of chemistry at Caltech, was cited with Yves Chauvin and Richard R. Schrock “for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis.” Grubbs died in 2021.
Theodor Hänsch, physics (2005), was at Stanford from 1970 to 1986 (postdoc–professor). Since 1986 at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and the Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, he was cited with John L. Hall “for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique.” They share the Nobel Prize with Roy J. Glauber.
John C. Harsanyi, economic sciences (1994), earned a Stanford degree: PhD ’59 in economics. The University of California-Berkeley professor was cited with John F. Nash and Reinhard Selten “for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games.” Harsanyi died in 2000.
Dudley Herschbach, chemistry (1986), holds two Stanford degrees: BS ’54 in mathematics and MS ’55 in chemistry. The Harvard professor was cited with Yuan T. Lee and John C. Polanyi “for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes.”
Bengt Holmström, economic sciences (2016), holds two Stanford degrees: MS ’75 in operations research and PhD ’78 in business. The MIT professor was cited with Oliver Hart “for their contributions to contract theory.”
Paul Krugman, economic sciences (2008), of Princeton University is a former member of the Stanford faculty. He was cited “for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity.” Krugman was at Stanford from 1994 to 1996 (visiting professor in 1993-94).
Willis E. Lamb Jr., physics (1955), was a professor at Stanford at the time of his award; he left for Oxford University in 1956. Lamb was cited “for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum.” Lamb died in 2008.
Joshua Lederberg, physiology or medicine (1958), of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, at the time of his award, was chair of genetics at Stanford for several years. Lederberg shared the 1958 prize with two professors who left Stanford before they became Nobelists: George Beadle and Edward Tatum. Lederberg was cited “for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria.” Beadle and Tatum were cited “for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events.” Lederberg died in 2008; Beadle in 1989; Tatum in 1975.
Paul Modrich, chemistry (2015), received his PhD in biochemistry from Stanford in 1973. The professor of biochemistry at Duke University School of Medicine was cited with Tomas Lindahl and Aziz Sancar “for mechanistic studies of DNA repair.”
Ferid Murad, physiology or medicine (1998), of the University of Texas Medical School at Houston, was a former professor of medicine at Stanford. He was cited with Robert F. Furchgott and Louis J. Ignarro “for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.” Murad died in 2023.
James E. Rothman, physiology or medicine (2013), of Yale University was a member of the Stanford faculty from 1978 to 1988. He was cited with Thomas C. Südhof, professor of molecular and cellular physiology at Stanford, and Randy W. Schekman “for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells.”
Randy W. Schekman, physiology or medicine (2013), holds a Stanford degree: PhD ’75 in biochemistry. Schekman is a professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He was cited with Thomas C. Südhof, professor of molecular and cellular physiology at Stanford, and James E. Rothman “for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells.”
Melvin Schwartz, physics (1988), was a consulting professor at Stanford at the time of his award; he was a faculty member from 1966 to 1983. He shared the award with Leon M. Lederman and Jack Steinberger “for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.” Schwartz died in 2006.
K. Barry Sharpless, chemistry (2001, 2022), earned a Stanford degree: PhD ’68 in chemistry. The Scripps Research Institute professor was cited in 2001 “for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions.” He was cited in 2022 for work with Carolyn Bertozzi of Stanford and Morton Meldal of the University of Copenhagen “for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry.”
Oliver Williamson, economic sciences (2009), held a Stanford degree: MBA ’60. A professor at the University of California, Berkeley, he was cited “for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm.” He shared the award with Elinor Ostrom. Williamson died in 2020.
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985. Herbert L. Abrams, professor emeritus of radiology, was a co-founder (1980) and member of that organization. Abrams died in 2016.
The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former U.S. Vice President Al Gore “for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change.” Six Stanford scholars were lead authors of several major IPPC reports. The Stanford researchers, among roughly 2,000 scientists and policy experts from around the world who have contributed to the IPCC’s work, are Chris Field, professor of biology and of Earth system science; Thomas Heller, professor of law (now emeritus); Michael Mastrandrea, senior research scholar at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment; Terry Root, senior fellow at the Woods Institute (now emerita); Stephen Schneider (d. 2010), professor of biology and senior fellow at the Woods Institute; and John Weyant, professor (research) of management science and engineering.
The 2022 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to human rights advocate Ales Bialiatski from Belarus, the Russian human rights organization Memorial, and the Ukrainian human rights organization Center for Civil Liberties. The recognition of these human rights organizations is particularly meaningful for the community of fellows at Stanford’s Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, based at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, who share a personal connection to the leadership of both organizations. Oleksandra Matviichuk, a 2018 graduate of the Ukrainian Emerging Leaders program, is head of the Center for Civil Liberties in Ukraine. Anna Dobrovolskaya and Tonya Lokshina, who graduated from the Draper Hills Summer Fellow program in 2019 and 2005, led Russia-based Memorial before it was forced to close by the Russian government in December 2021. | |||||||
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A digital story about the Nobel Laureates of the Max Planck Society in eight chapters. more
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace efforts. Internationally, the Nobel Prize is considered to be the highest distinction in the various disciplines. The prize, which was instituted by Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel, is to be distributed to “those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind”, according to his will. Since 2001, the prize amount, which is derived from the income in interests on the Foundation’s investments, is set to 10 million Swedish kronor per category. To date, the following scientists from the Max Planck Society and its predecessor the Kaiser Wilhelm Society have been awarded the Nobel Prize.
In retrospect, the research awarded in this way reflects an important piece of scientific history since the beginning of the 20th century. The relevance of many of the works is particularly evident in the long term. The Max Planck Society counts 31 award winners in the natural science disciplines. In the year the prize was awarded, they were scientific members of the Max Planck Society or of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society as its predecessor.
Other scientists were no longer or not yet Scientific Members at the time the prize was awarded, but had carried out the most important part of their research in the Max Planck Society or had left a lasting mark on it through their commitment to research and administration.
2023 - Nobel Prize in Physics
Prof. Dr. Ferenc Krausz
Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching
(*1962)
Ferenc Krausz, Director at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and Professor at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, together with Pierre Agostini and Anne L'Huillier, has been honoured with the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics. The Nobel Committee is honouring the two reserachers for the foundation of attosecond physics. An attosecond is the billionth part of a billionth of a second. Laser pulses lasting only a few attoseconds can be used to track the movements of individual electrons. This not only provides fundamental insights into the behaviour of electrons in atoms, molecules and solids, but could also help to develop electronic components more quickly.
More information in the Digital Story
2022 - Nobel Prize in Medicine
Prof. Dr. Svante Pääbo
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig
(*1955)
The Nobel Prize in Medicine 2022 was awarded to Svante Pääbo "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution". Pääbo succeeded in making the genetic material of extinct early humans available with more efficient extraction and sequencing methods. In 2010, he and his team were able to reconstruct a first version of the Neanderthal genome from bones that are tens of thousands of years old. He thus laid the foundation for the new discipline of palaeogenetics, which has revolutionised our understanding of the evolutionary history of modern humans within just a few years.
More information in the Digital Story
2021 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Prof. Dr. Benjamin List
Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr
(*1968)
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021 was awarded jointly to Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis." The two researchers had discovered that small organic molecules also mediate chemical reactions. Previously, it was assumed that only enzymes and metals, including often toxic heavy metals or expensive and rare precious metals, could accelerate chemical reactions and steer them in a desired direction. It is particularly interesting that the small organic molecules are suitable for so-called asymmetric synthesis: In this process, only one of two enantiomers is formed - these are molecules that are like the left and right hand, i.e. cannot be spatially aligned. Such molecules are involved in all biological processes and also play an important role as medical agents.
More information in the Digital Story
2021 - Nobel Prize in Physics
Prof. Klaus Hasselmann
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg
(*1931)
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 was awarded "for pioneering contributions to the understanding of complex systems". One half goes jointly to Klaus Hasselmann and Syukuro Manabe "for the physical modelling of the Earth's climate, the quantification of fluctuations and the reliable prediction of global warming" and the other half to Giorgio Parisi "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales".
More information in the Digital Story
2020 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Prof. Emmanuelle Charpentier , Ph.D.
Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens, Berlin
(*1968)
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 was awarded jointly to Emmanuelle Charpentier from the Max Planck Research Unit for the Science of Pathogens (at the time of the awarded research at the University of Vienna and Umeå University) and Jennifer A. Doudna "for the development of a method for genome editing." The two award winners have described how the CRISPR-Cas9 system targets DNA and how it can be used as a versatile genetic tool to alter the genome. They have contributed significantly to the development of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology into a powerful and versatile tool that can be used to efficiently alter any gene sequence in the cells of living organisms.
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2020 - Nobel Prize in Physics
Prof. Dr. Reinhard Genzel
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching
(*1952)
Reinhard Genzel, Director at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, received the Nobel Prize for Physics 2020 together with Roger Penrose and Andrea Ghez. The Royal Swedish Academy honours the scientists for their black hole research. Using high-precision methods, the group around Genzel also observed bursts of brightness from gas in the immediate vicinity of the black hole and a gravitational redshift caused by this mass monster in the light of a passing star.
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2014 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Prof. Dr. Stefan W. Hell
Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen
(*1962)
In 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry went to three researchers: Stefan W. Hell (Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen), Eric Betzig (Howard Hughes Medical Institute) and William E. Moerner (Standford University) in honour for their contributions to nano-optics, with which they have overcome the physical resolution limit of optical microscopy and imaging with a chemical trick.
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2007 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Ertl
Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin
(*1936)
In 2007, Gerhard Ertl was honoured for his work on chemical processes on solid surfaces. His studies formed the basis for our understanding of industrial catalysts and catalytic processes. This means that today we are able to understand very different processes, such as the function of fuel cells or of catalysts in cars. Chemical reactions on catalytic surfaces play a vital role in many industrial operations, such as the production of artificial fertilizers.
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2005 - Nobel Prize in Physics
Prof. Dr. Theodor Hänsch
Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching
(*1941)
In 2005, Theodor W. Hänsch and the Americans Roy J. Glauber and John L. Hall were honoured for their research on spectroscopy. Hänsch and Hall received the coveted prize “for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique”. The scientists developed an optical frequency comb generator, which made it possible, for the first time, to count the number of light oscillations per second accurately. Such optical frequency measurements may be million-fold more accurate than determining the light wavelengths using conventional spectroscopy.
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1995 - Nobel Prize in Medicine
Prof. Dr. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen
(*1942)
Biologist Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard received the distinction together with Edward B. Lewis and Eric F. Wieschaus for their research on the genetic control of early embryonic development. Using the egg of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus identified and classified genes that determine the body plan and the formation of body segments. They developed the gradient theory, which describes how gradients in the egg and in the embryo control the gene expression, drawing parallels in embryonic development between insects and vertebrates.
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1995 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul Crutzen
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz
(1933 - 2021)
The work of Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland in atmospheric chemistry has largely contributed to explaining the chemical processes that cause ozone to form and decompose. They demonstrated, among other things, how sensitive the ozone layer is to the anthropogenic emission of air pollutants.
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1991 - Nobel Prize in Medicine
Prof. Dr. Erwin Neher
Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen
(*1944)
Prof. Dr. Bert Sakmann
Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg
(*1942)
Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann were awarded the Nobel Prize “for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells”. They were the first to prove that the cell envelope contains tiny ion channels which regulate many functions in the body. Sakmann and Neher developed the Patch Clamp Technique, which they used to study electric signals and the opening and closing of excitable cells, as well as to explore the transmission of signals within the cell and between cells.
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1988 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Prof. Dr. Robert Huber
Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried
(*1937)
Prof. Dr. Hartmut Michel
Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main
(*1948)
Johann Deisenhofer
(*1943)
In 1988, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel and Johann Deisenhofer were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their joint studies and determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre. This allowed them to gain fundamental insights about photosynthesis – a process that is a condition for life on earth. The scientists were the first to succeed in unravelling the makeup of a membrane-bound protein, revealing the structure of the molecule, atom by atom. The protein is taken from a bacterium which, like green plants and algae, uses light energy from the sun to build organic substances.
More information (Robert Huber) in the Digital Story
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1986 - Nobel Prize in Physics
Ernst Ruska
Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin
(1906-1988)
One half of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Ernst Ruska for his “fundamental work in electron optics and for the design of the first electron microscope” (the other half was awarded jointly to Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, IBM Research Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland, for their design of the scanning tunnelling microscope). Ernst Ruska’s invention is one of the most important of this century. Its development began with work carried out by Ruska as a young student at the Berlin Technical University at the end of the 1920s. He found that a magnetic coil could act as a lens that could be used to obtain an image of an object irradiated with electrons. By coupling two such electron lenses, he produced a primitive microscope. Ruska very quickly improved various details and in 1933 was able to construct the first electron microscope with a performance clearly superior to that of conventional light microscopes. The scientist subsequently contributed actively to the development of commercial mass-produced electron microscopes which rapidly found application within many areas of science.
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1985 - Nobel Prize in Physics
Klaus von Klitzing
Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart
(*1943)
Klaus von Klitzing was awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the “quantised Hall effect”. He discovered that the unit for electric resistance (ohm) is accurately determined by Planck’s energy quantum h and the charge of the electrons e, and therefore constitutes a universal natural constant. The von Klitzing constant is a universal standard and highly accurate means of measuring resistance.
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1973 - Nobel Prize in Medicine
Konrad Lorenz
(1903-1989)
Konrad Lorenz, Karl von Frisch and Nikolaas Tinbergen were awarded the Nobel Prize jointly “for their discoveries concerning the organisation and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns”. Lorenz combined his observations of animals in a concise physiological theory of instinctive activities, thereby paving the way for comparing the behaviour of different species. More consistently than scientists before him, Lorenz focused on two genetic particularities in his work: innate triggers of behaviour patterns (“key stimuli” and “innate releasing mechanisms”) and an early critical period of development in various animal species, in which an “imprinting process” elicits an irreversible behaviour pattern.
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1967 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Manfred Eigen
(1927 - 2019)
Manfred Eigen shared the Nobel Prize with Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter “for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy”. Eigen developed the relaxation methods for the study of faster reactions in the range of nanoseconds. The common characteristic of this method is that a chemical system in equilibrium is disturbed by singular (pressure, temperature, electromagnetic field) or periodic (sound waves) fast influences. This will cause small changes in concentration which vanish (comparatively slowly, given their smallness) as the equilibrium is re-established. Eigen developed these relaxation measurements to unsurpassed mastery and thus solved important questions in biochemistry, such as that of the control of enzymatic activities, which in turn regulate many metabolic processes in the cell.
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1964 - Nobel Prize in Medicine
Feodor Lynen
(1911-1979)
Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen received the Nobel Prize jointly “for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism”. By succeeding in isolating activated acetic acid (acetyl coenzyme A) in yeast, Lynen established the basis for clinical research on lipid metabolism disorders, for example in Diabetes mellitus, or in the onset of atherosclerosis.
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1963 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Karl Ziegler
(1898-1973)
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta “for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers”. The discovery of organometallic compound catalysts made of aluminium and titanium, the Ziegler-Natta catalysts, transformed both chemistry as a science and the chemical industry and its technology. Using the catalysts, ethylene could, for the first time, be polymerised into polyethylene at atmospheric pressure. Until then, this had only been possible under extreme conditions (a pressure of 1000 at and temperatures of 200 degrees Celsius). Today, a global annual production of several billion tonnes makes polyethylene one of the most commonly used plastics. Due to its sought-after properties, it is very versatile.
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1954 - Nobel Prize in Physics
Walther Bothe
(1891-1957)
Walther Bothe received the Nobel Prize for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith. He shared the prize with Max Born. The coincidence measurements proved the penetration of extraterrestrial radiation – cosmic radiation. When studying cosmic radiation, Bothe used Geiger-Müller tubes that were set up so that they only displayed a discharge if a particle passed through them linearly; this meant that it could be established from which direction the charged particles were coming. Indeed, the particles generally fell vertically towards the earth’s surface, however their incidence intensity would shrink to zero if the device was instead pointed towards the horizon. This seems logical, since particles which do not fall vertically would have to penetrate a much thicker air layer. The thicker the air layer, the fewer the particles that penetrate it – only those particles particularly rich in energy “make it through”.
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1944 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Otto Hahn
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, Berlin (Today: Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz)
(1879–1968)
Otto Hahn received the prize “for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei”. It was the unplanned result of a joint research project with physicist Lise Meitner to investigate radioactive decay phenomena and the possible generation of transuranics by bombarding uranium atomic nuclei with neutrons. Meitner had fled Nazi Germany a few months before the discovery in 1938. But from exile, she provided the physical explanation of the chemical measurement results of Otto Hahn and Fritz Straßmann. Otto Hahn was one of the pioneers of radiochemistry research, which began around 1900. After the Second World War and in the wake of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, he and other Nobel Prize winners appealed to politicians to use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes. He was President of the Max Planck Society from 1948 to 1960.
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1939 -Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Adolf Butenandt
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biochemistry, Berlin (Today: Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried)
(1903-1995)
Adolf Butenandt shares the 1939 prize “for his work on sex hormones” with Leopold Ružička. Because Adolf Hitler had forbidden Germans to accept the Nobel Prize, Butenandt did not accept the award (without prize money) until 1949. Butenandt had been working on steroid hormones since the 1920s. He isolated the sex hormones oestrone, progesterone, and androsterone and elucidated their chemical structures. His research paved the way to hormone treatments and the development of the birth control pill. After the Second World War, Adolf Butenandt left a lasting mark on the West German scientific system. He was also President of the Max Planck Society from 1960 to 1972.
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1938 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard Kuhn
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg (Today: Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg)
(1900–1967)
For 1938, the prize went to biochemist Richard Kuhn for his work on carotenoids and vitamins. Like Adolf Butenandt, Kuhn did not accept the prize until 1949 because Adolf Hitler had forbidden Germans from doing so. Since the early 1930s, Kuhn had devoted himself to natural product chemistry and was able to elucidate and synthesize the structures of vitamins A and B12. Kuhn’s behaviour during National Socialism is viewed very critically today because from 1941, he participated in poison gas research and denounced his Jewish colleagues.
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1936 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Peter J. W. Debye
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, Berlin (Today: Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich)
(1884–1966)
Physicist Peter Debye received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for “his investigations on dipole moments as well as on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases”. He was one of the pioneers of quantum mechanics and the application of this to problems in solid-state physics. Among other things, he developed the theory of substance-specific heat on crystals and investigated the thermal conductivity of crystals. To this end, he also conducted experiments near absolute zero and operated one of the first refrigeration laboratories at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin of which he was also the Director. In 1940, Debye vacated his post because he did not want to take German citizenship (this was a condition of the Nazi regime to be allowed to continue in office as a Dutch native). He emigrated to the US, where he continued his career at Cornell University.
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1931 - Nobel Prize in Medicine
Otto Heinrich Warburg
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Cell Physiology, Berlin
(1883–1970)
The Nobel Commission awarded Otto Heinrich Warburg the prize “for the discovery of the nature and function of the respiratory enzyme”. They thus honoured his fundamental research on metabolic processes in plant and animal cells. In his banquet speech at the award ceremony, Warburg himself summed up the essence of his work: “Traces of a heavy metal compound transfer oxygen in living cells and thus free up the forces for what happens in the organic world”. Warburg was also interested in metabolic processes in cancer cells and developed novel standard measuring instruments for the biochemical laboratory. Although a member of a Jewish family, he was able to continue working at his Institute for cell physiology during the Nazi regime. It became the Max Planck Institute in 1953 and was closed after his death.
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1921 - Nobel Prize in Physics
Albert Einstein
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, Berlin (Today: Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich)
(1879–1955)
Albert Einstein received the prize “for his services to theoretical physics, especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”, which he described in 1905. Contrary to the prevailing theory of James Maxwell – but in agreement with the radiation formula of Max Planck – Einstein assumed that light consisted of particles (photons) that could change the energy of electrons upon impact. This was an important step on the way to quantum mechanics.
However, Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, which he published in 1915 as Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin and which made him the most famous physicist of the 20th century, was not considered for the Nobel Prize. After the National Socialists came to power, Einstein, who had already been subjected to anti-Semitic attacks for years, did not return from a trip to the US. He applied for expatriation – without notable professional colleagues showing solidarity with him. In 1949, Einstein declined an invitation to become an External Scientific Member of the Max Planck Society citing the atrocities of National Socialism and the lack of sense of guilt in Germany.
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1918 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Fritz Haber
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Berlin (Today: Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society)
(1868–1934)
“For the synthesis of ammonia from its elements” as they occur in the ambient air, Fritz Haber received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry at the end of the First World War. The committee paid tribute to him as a researcher who had solved the problem of the world food supply. Thanks to Haber’s process, which was brought to industrial maturity together with Carl Bosch, ammonia was now available in inexhaustible quantities. It provided the basis for the production of artificial fertilisers, the use of which revolutionized agriculture and made it many times more productive. However, Haber was also placed on the war crimes list of the victorious Allied powers in 1918 because he had developed poison gas weapons for the German troops in violation of the Hague Convention and had promoted the gas war side by side with the military. In 1933 Haber, who came from a Jewish family, resigned as Director of the Institute in protest against the new Nazi laws on the dismissal of Jews and fled to Switzerland in order to escape the National Socialists.
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1915 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard Willstätter
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, Berlin (Today: Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz)
(1872–1942)
Richard Willstätter was awarded the Nobel Prize “for his studies of pigments, especially chlorophyll, in the plant kingdom”. His work provided fundamental insights into the composition of leaf and flower pigments. He identified magnesium as the central component of chlorophyll and the most important for photosynthesis. He did further work in anaesthesia, analgesics, and enzyme research. During the First World War, he developed a gas mask filter. Willstätter received a call to the University of Munich in September 1915, which he accepted in 1916. In 1924, he resigned from his professorship in protest against anti-Semitic movements at the university and emigrated to Switzerland during the Nazi regime.
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] | 2012-06-25T00:00:00+00:00 | The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine is awarded, according to the will of Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel, “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind” in the fields of physiology or medicine. It is conferred by the | en | /favicon.png | Encyclopedia Britannica | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Winners-of-the-Nobel-Prize-for-Physiology-or-Medicine-1856944 | 1901 Emil von Behring Germany work on serum therapy 1902 Sir Ronald Ross U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light 1904 Ivan Pavlov Russia work on the physiology of digestion 1905 Robert Koch Germany tuberculosis research 1906 Camillo Golgi Italy work on the structure of the nervous system Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain work on the structure of the nervous system 1907 Alphonse Laveran France discovery of the role of protozoans in diseases 1908 Paul Ehrlich Germany work on immunity Élie Metchnikoff Russia work on immunity 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland 1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany researches in cellular chemistry 1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye 1912 Alexis Carrel France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs 1913 Charles Richet France work on anaphylaxis 1914 Robert Bárány Austria-Hungary work on vestibular apparatus 1919 Jules Bordet Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum 1920 August Krogh Denmark discovery of the capillary motor-regulating mechanism 1922 A.V. Hill U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in muscles Otto Meyerhof Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles 1923 Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canada discovery of insulin J.J.R. Macleod U.K. discovery of insulin 1924 Willem Einthoven Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism 1926 Johannes Fibiger Denmark contributions to cancer research 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica 1928 Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle France work on typhus 1929 Christiaan Eijkman Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitamin Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins 1930 Karl Landsteiner U.S. discovery of human blood groups 1931 Otto Warburg Germany discovery of the nature and action of the respiratory enzyme 1932 Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons Sir Charles Scott Sherrington U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan U.S. heredity transmission functions of chromosomes 1934 George Richards Minot U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia William P. Murphy U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia George H. Whipple U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia 1935 Hans Spemann Germany organizer effect in embryos 1936 Sir Henry Dale U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses Otto Loewi Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses 1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi Hungary work on biological combustion 1938 Corneille Heymans Belgium discovery of the role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation 1939 Gerhard Domagk (declined) Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil 1943 Henrik Dam Denmark discovery of vitamin K Edward Adelbert Doisy U.S. discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K 1944 Joseph Erlanger U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres Herbert Spencer Gasser U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres 1945 Sir Ernst Boris Chain U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value Sir Alexander Fleming U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value 1946 Hermann Joseph Muller U.S. production of mutations by X-radiation 1947 Carl and Gerty Cori U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted Bernardo Alberto Houssay Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism 1948 Paul Hermann Müller Switzerland properties of DDT 1949 António Egas Moniz Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses Walter Rudolf Hess Switzerland discovery of functions of the interbrain 1950 Philip Showalter Hench U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects Edward Calvin Kendall U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects Tadeus Reichstein Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects 1951 Max Theiler South Africa yellow fever discoveries 1952 Selman Abraham Waksman U.S. discovery of streptomycin 1953 Sir Hans Adolf Krebs U.K. discovery of the citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates Fritz Albert Lipmann U.S. discovery of coenzyme A in metabolism of carbohydrates 1954 John Franklin Enders U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures Frederick Chapman Robbins U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures Thomas H. Weller U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures 1955 Axel Hugo Teodor Theorell Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes 1956 André F. Cournand U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes Werner Forssmann West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes Dickinson Woodruff Richards U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes 1957 Daniel Bovet Italy production of synthetic curare 1958 George Wells Beadle U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes Joshua Lederberg U.S. genetic recombination Edward L. Tatum U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes 1959 Arthur Kornberg U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially Severo Ochoa U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially 1960 Sir Macfarlane Burnet Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplants Sir Peter B. Medawar U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplants 1961 Georg von Békésy U.S. functions of the inner ear 1962 Francis Harry Compton Crick U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA James Dewey Watson U.S. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA Maurice Wilkins U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA 1963 Sir John Carew Eccles Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre Sir Alan Hodgkin U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre 1964 Konrad Bloch U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism Feodor Lynen West Germany discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism 1965 François Jacob France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells André Lwoff France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells Jacques Monod France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells 1966 Charles B. Huggins U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer Peyton Rous U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer 1967 Ragnar Arthur Granit Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye Haldan Keffer Hartline U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye George Wald U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye 1968 Robert William Holley U.S. deciphering the genetic code Har Gobind Khorana U.S. deciphering the genetic code Marshall Warren Nirenberg U.S. deciphering the genetic code 1969 Max Delbrück U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases A.D. Hershey U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases Salvador Luria U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases 1970 Julius Axelrod U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission Ulf von Euler Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission Sir Bernard Katz U.K. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission 1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. U.S. action of hormones 1972 Gerald Maurice Edelman U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodies Rodney Robert Porter U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies 1973 Karl von Frisch Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns Konrad Lorenz Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns Nikolaas Tinbergen U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patterns 1974 Albert Claude U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells Christian René de Duve Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cells George E. Palade U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells 1975 David Baltimore U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Renato Dulbecco U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Howard Martin Temin U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell 1976 Baruch S. Blumberg U.S. studies of the origin and spread of infectious diseases D. Carleton Gajdusek U.S. studies of the origin and spread of infectious diseases 1977 Roger Charles Louis Guillemin U.S. research on pituitary hormones Andrew Victor Schally U.S. research on pituitary hormones Rosalyn S. Yalow U.S. development of radioimmunoassay 1978 Werner Arber Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA Daniel Nathans U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA Hamilton Othanel Smith U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA 1979 Allan MacLeod Cormack U.S. development of the CAT scan Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield U.K. development of the CAT scan 1980 Baruj Benacerraf U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances George Davis Snell U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances 1981 David Hunter Hubel U.S. processing of visual information by the brain Roger Wolcott Sperry U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheres Torsten Nils Wiesel Sweden processing of visual information by the brain 1982 Sune K. Bergström Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins John Robert Vane U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins 1983 Barbara McClintock U.S. discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity 1984 Niels K. Jerne U.K.-Denmark theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies Georges J.F. Köhler West Germany theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies César Milstein Argentina theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies 1985 Michael S. Brown U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism Joseph L. Goldstein U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism 1986 Stanley Cohen U.S. discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells 1987 Tonegawa Susumu Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies 1988 Sir James Black U.K. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease Gertrude Belle Elion U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease George Herbert Hitchings U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease 1989 J. Michael Bishop U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes) Harold Varmus U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes) 1990 Joseph E. Murray U.S. development of kidney and bone marrow transplants E. Donnall Thomas U.S. development of kidney and bone marrow transplants 1991 Erwin Neher Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases Bert Sakmann Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases 1992 Edmond H. Fischer U.S. discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinases Edwin Gerhard Krebs U.S. discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinases 1993 Richard J. Roberts U.K. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure Phillip A. Sharp U.S. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure 1994 Alfred G. Gilman U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins Martin Rodbell U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins 1995 Edward B. Lewis U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany identification of genes that control the body's early structural development Eric F. Wieschaus U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development 1996 Peter C. Doherty Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells Rolf M. Zinkernagel Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein 1998 Robert F. Furchgott U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system Louis J. Ignarro U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system Ferid Murad U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system 1999 Günter Blobel U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization 2000 Arvid Carlsson Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain Paul Greengard U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain Eric Kandel U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain 2001 Leland H. Hartwell U.S. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle R. Timothy Hunt U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle Sir Paul M. Nurse U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle 2002 Sydney Brenner U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) H. Robert Horvitz U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) John E. Sulston U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) 2003 Paul Lauterbur U.S. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Sir Peter Mansfield U.K. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 2004 Richard Axel U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system Linda B. Buck U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system 2005 Barry J. Marshall Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease J. Robin Warren Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease 2006 Andrew Z. Fire U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA Craig C. Mello U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA 2007 Mario R. Capecchi U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Sir Martin J. Evans U.K. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Oliver Smithies U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells 2008 Françoise Barré-Sinoussi France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus Luc Montagnier France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus Harald zur Hausen Germany discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer 2009 Elizabeth H. Blackburn U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase 2010 Robert Edwards U.K. development of in vitro fertilization Ralph M. Steinman Canada discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity 2012 Sir John Bertrand Gurdon U.K. discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent Shinya Yamanaka Japan discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent 2013 James E. Rothman U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells Randy W. Schekman U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells Thomas C. Südhof Germany/U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells 2014 Edvard I. Moser Norway discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain May-Britt Moser Norway discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain John O'Keefe U.S./U.K. discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain 2015 William C. Campbell Ireland discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Ōmura Satoshi Japan discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Tu Youyou China discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi Japan discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy 2017 Jeffrey C. Hall U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael Rosbash U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael W. Young U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm 2018 James P. Allison U.S. discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation Honjo Tasuku Japan discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation 2019 William G. Kaelin, Jr. U.S. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Peter J. Ratcliffe U.K. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Gregg L. Semenza U.S. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability 2020 Harvey J. Alter U.S. discovery of hepatitis C virus Michael Houghton U.K. discovery of hepatitis C virus Charles M. Rice U.S. discovery of hepatitis C virus 2021 David Julius U.S. discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch Ardem Patapoutian Leb./U.S. discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch 2022 Svante Pääbo Sweden discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution 2023 Katalin Karikó Hungary/U.S. discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 92 | https://time.com/6319654/nobel-prize-awarded-to-mrna-pioneers/ | en | Nobel Prize Awarded to Work Behind COVID-19 Vaccine | [
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"Alice Park"
] | 2023-10-02T18:19:12+00:00 | Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman discovered a key step toward making mRNA vaccines, leading to the COVID-19 vaccine and the Nobel Prize. | en | /favicon.ico | TIME | https://time.com/6319654/nobel-prize-awarded-to-mrna-pioneers/ | It was an unlikely collaboration, and it began in an unlikely place, but the partnership that Katalin Kariko and Dr. Drew Weissman formed in the 1990s at the University of Pennsylvania has now led to a shared Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
Kariko and Weissman were awarded the Nobel for their work in tweaking the genetic material mRNA to make it more amenable to working in vaccines. Their discovery led to the first approved mRNA vaccines, targeting the COVID-19 virus, in 2020. And that success is seeding mRNA-based strategies across a number of different conditions, including other infectious diseases as well as cancer.
Kariko’s husband answered the call from Stockholm early in the morning on Oct. 2 at their home in a Philadelphia suburb. She told nobelprize.org that she initially thought “somebody was just joking.” While she said the conversation involved detailed scientific information that would have been hard to fake, “you never know in these days,” she said.
True to their long-time partnership, Kariko then called Weissman to break the good news. In fact, the early morning call likely reminded him of years of similar emails he and Kariko would exchange at dawn when they were working to crack the problem of turning mRNA into reliable therapies.
That collaboration began at the copy machine between their offices at the University of Pennsylvania. Kariko was obsessed with mRNA, which is the part of DNA that codes for proteins, convinced that it would be the key to developing new treatments for heart disease, stroke and other conditions. Few scientists at the time agreed, since RNA was much less stable than DNA, and despite years of dedicated, unflagging research, Kariko had little to show in the form of results.
Then came the chance meeting with Weissman at the copier in 1997. Weissman is an immunologist and physician and had come to Penn from the National Institutes of Health to continue developing a vaccine against HIV. The more gregarious Kariko tried to sell her colleague on the merits of mRNA, and Weissman listened.
To make mRNA a useful tool for treating people, however, Kariko needed to find a way to suppress its tendency to aggravate the immune system, which ended up creating a dangerous inflammatory reaction and destroying the very mRNA that was supposed to be therapeutic. Their personalities couldn't be more different—according to Kariko, Weissman said she tended to zig and zag to generate ideas, while he preferred the more straightforward approach. Still, “we worked side by side," said Weissman. But their research wasn't popular, either with the leadership at the university, or with the scientific community. "We couldn’t get funding [for our research] we couldn’t get publications [for our work], we couldn’t get people to notice RNA as something interesting,” Weissman said during a press briefing after the Nobel announcement. “RNA had failed in clinical trials, and pretty much everybody had given up on it.”
But the over the next decade or so, Kariko and Weissman tenaciously proved the doubters wrong. They eventually figured out that changing one portion of the mRNA code would make it less likely to stimulate the immune system. Not only that, the change also led cells in animals to produce more of the desired protein coded for by the mRNA—exactly what they needed to turn mRNA into a robust vaccine or other treatment.
But even when the scientists published what they thought was their ground-breaking finding in 2005, the scientific community barely noticed. Doubters still prevailed, and Kariko was “kicked out from Penn, and forced to retire,” she said. Eventually, she was hired by BioNTech, a German biotech that shared Kariko’s vision about the promise of mRNA technology. When reached for comment, a spokesperson at Penn did not directly address the circumstances of Kariko's leaving the university.
That faith was finally borne out when two mRNA-based vaccines, including one made by BioNTech and Pfizer and another by U.S. biotech Moderna, became the first to be authorized and approved to treat SARS-CoV-2, and remain the foundation for the pandemic response. Kariko’s conviction was finally justified—more than two decades later—that mRNA would make an efficient, and potentially more powerful platform for treating disease. Now, researchers are developing mRNA-based vaccines to target other infectious diseases such as mpox and influenza, and the strategy is even showing promise against cancer, as a way to train the immune system to recognize tumors. Because the technology is still so new, scientists are still learning about any side effects of the platform—mRNA vaccines have so far been linked to a slightly higher risk of some heart inflammation, for example—but given that millions of people have received the shots, so far the benefits appear to outweigh the risks. | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 90 | https://honorsandawards.iu.edu/awards/research-creative/nobel-prize.html | en | Nobel Prize: Research & Creative Activity: Awards: University Honors & Awards : Indiana University | [
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"Indiana University Nobel prize winner",
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] | null | [] | null | Nobel Prize winners connected to Indiana University | en | https://assets.iu.edu/favicon.ico | University Honors & Awards | https://honorsandawards.iu.edu//awards/research-creative/nobel-prize.html | The Nobel Prize is one of the most well-known awards in the world and brings worldwide recognition to winners and their affiliated institutions. The prize has been administered annually by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm since its creation in 1901. These international awards for achievements are given in the categories of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the founder of the Nobel Prize. Each prize consists of a medal, a diploma, and a cash award.
Truly, these honorees are some of the most brilliant thinkers and creators whose works vastly improve our understanding of the world and how we interact with it. | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 0 | 89 | https://www.academia.edu/8773222/Introduction_to_Pharmacology | en | Introduction to Pharmacology | http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif | http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif | [
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg",
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"Abdulrahman Bello (DVM, MSc, PhD)",
"Abdulrahman Bello (DVM"
] | 2014-10-14T00:00:00 | The topic of pharmacology usually escapes the attention of many college students by virtue of the fact that pharmacology itself is rarely taught on the undergraduate level. It generally is reserved for postbaccalaureate students who are enrolled in | https://www.academia.edu/8773222/Introduction_to_Pharmacology | Clinico - Basic PHARMACOLOGY has been written in view of changing examination pattern from subjective type to MCQ type, esp.in Karachi. It has been compiled in a very comprehensive way with the aim of encompassing all details about Pharmacology & Therapeutics, & it will best serve as a review for students of MBBS, BDS, USMLE, MCPS, FCPS, M Phil, PhD, FRCS, MRCP, B Pharm, D Pharm, & MSc in the final weeks of examination, & also for doctors practicing privately or, in hospitals. Format of this book * Basic format for the description of each drug or groups of drugs remains the same, which consists of: 1. Classification ——— update & unmatchable. 2. Mechanism of action —— given in a concept - making, easy, arrow - form. 3. Pharmacological effects —— described under subheads of systems & organs. 4. Clinical uses. 5. Adverse effects —— also described under subheads of systems & organs. 6. Contraindications. 7. Dosage. * A brief description about system or disease has been given, that is affected by a group of drugs. * Proprietary names are given to get you familiar with market names of drugs. * Self - assessment questions are given at the end of every chapter one-best type of MCQs This book is useful for answering 1. MCQs * All topics have been discussed in a very comprehensive way, making sure that any MCQ asked in pharmacology will be answered correctly. * In addition, T/F types MCQs are given at the end of every chapter, & two additional chapters at the end of book 2. Short & long questions * Format of the book adopted is such that any short or long question in Pharmacology will be answered. * Also comparisons of important drugs are given in chapter 27, Comparative Pharmacology, which will ensure answering of comparative questions. 3. Viva * Each drug or group of drugs has been discussed in appropriate subheadings with numbering of matter, which will ensure better answering in Viva. * What one should memorize for viva exam. is also given in chapter 31, Get Thru Pharmacology Viva. * In addition, viva for practical exam. is given in chapter 28, Practical Pharmacology. Thanks Our thanks are due to the following persons for every sort of co-operation they have provided: Dr. Syeda Ghazala Arfa, Dr. Shumaila Bano, M. Ashar Khan, M. Shafiq, Dr. Naved Akthar, M. Aamir Pervez, Dr. Sarwar Hussain, Khurram & Brothers, Dr. Lubna, Dr. Nuzhat Shama, Dr. Azharuddin, Dr. Azhar Iqbal, Dr. Mumtaz, Dr. Kamal, Dr. Shahid, & Dr. Farah Yasmeen. Suggestions Any suggestion for the improvement of this book will be acknowledged with thanks. Dr. Muhammad Shamim 21st January, 2009 | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize | en | Nobel Prize | [
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Award
Nobel PrizeAwarded forContributions that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind in the areas of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Economics and Peace.Country
Sweden (all prizes except the Peace Prize)
Norway (Peace Prize only)
Presented byReward(s)A gold-plated green gold medal, a diploma, and a monetary award of 11 million SEK[2][3]First awarded10 December 1901; 122 years ago ( )Number of laureates621 prizes to 992 laureates (as of 2024 )[2]Websitenobelprize .org
The Nobel Prizes ( noh-BEL; Swedish: Nobelpriset [nʊˈbɛ̂lːˌpriːsɛt]; Norwegian: Nobelprisen Norwegian: [nʊˈbɛ̀lːˌpriːsn̩] ⓘ) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died. Prizes were first awarded in 1901 by the Nobel Foundation.[2] Nobel's will indicated that the awards should be granted in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. A sixth prize for Economic Sciences, endowed by Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, and first presented in 1969, is also frequently included, as it is also administered by the Nobel Foundation.[2][4][5] The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields.[6][7]
The prize ceremonies take place annually. Each recipient, known as a laureate, receives a green gold medal plated with 24 karat gold, a diploma, and a monetary award. As of 2023, the Nobel Prize monetary award is 11,000,000 SEK, amounting to ~$1,035,000.[3] A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organisations of more than three people.[8] Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously, but if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize is presented.[9]
The Nobel Prizes, beginning in 1901, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, beginning in 1969, have been awarded 609 times to 975 people and 25 organisations. Five individuals and two organisations have received more than one Nobel Prize.[10]
Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers.[11] He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor. In 1894, Nobel purchased the Bofors iron and steel mill, which he made into a major armaments manufacturer. Nobel also invented ballistite. This invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder cordite. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a patent infringement lawsuit over cordite. Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth coming from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous.[12]
There is a popular story about how, in 1888, Nobel was astonished to read his own obituary, titled "The Merchant of Death Is Dead", in a French newspaper. It was Alfred's brother Ludvig who had died; the obituary was eight years premature. The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered. This inspired him to change his will.[13] Historians have been unable to verify this story and some dismiss the story as a myth.[14][15] On 10 December 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in San Remo, Italy, from a cerebral haemorrhage. He was 63 years old.[16]
Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[17][18] To widespread astonishment, Nobel's last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace.[19] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million SEK (c. US$186 million, €150 million in 2008), to establish the five Nobel Prizes.[20][21] Owing to skepticism surrounding the will, it was not approved by the Storting in Norway until 26 April 1897.[22] The executors of the will, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of the fortune and to organise the awarding of prizes.[23]
Nobel's instructions named a Norwegian Nobel Committee to award the Peace Prize, the members of which were appointed shortly after the will was approved in April 1897. Soon thereafter, the other prize-awarding organisations were designated. These were Karolinska Institute on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June.[24] The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded; and, in 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.[19]
Main article: Nobel Foundation
According to his will and testament read in Stockholm on 30 December 1896, a foundation established by Alfred Nobel would reward those who serve humanity. The Nobel Prize was funded by Alfred Nobel's personal fortune. According to the official sources, Alfred Nobel bequeathed most of his fortune to the Nobel Foundation that now forms the economic base of the Nobel Prize.[25]
The Nobel Foundation was founded as a private organisation on 29 June 1900. Its function is to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes.[26] In accordance with Nobel's will, the primary task of the foundation is to manage the fortune Nobel left. Robert and Ludvig Nobel were involved in the oil business in Azerbaijan, and according to Swedish historian E. Bargengren, who accessed the Nobel family archive, it was this "decision to allow withdrawal of Alfred's money from Baku that became the decisive factor that enabled the Nobel Prizes to be established".[27] Another important task of the Nobel Foundation is to market the prizes internationally and to oversee informal administration related to the prizes. The foundation is not involved in the process of selecting the Nobel laureates.[28][29] In many ways, the Nobel Foundation is similar to an investment company, in that it invests Nobel's money to create a solid funding base for the prizes and the administrative activities. The Nobel Foundation is exempt from all taxes in Sweden (since 1946) and from investment taxes in the United States (since 1953).[30] Since the 1980s, the foundation's investments have become more profitable and as of 31 December 2007, the assets controlled by the Nobel Foundation amounted to 3.628 billion Swedish kronor (c. US$560 million).[31]
According to the statutes, the foundation consists of a board of five Swedish or Norwegian citizens, with its seat in Stockholm. The chairman of the board is appointed by the Swedish King in Council, with the other four members appointed by the trustees of the prize-awarding institutions. An Executive director is chosen from among the board members, a deputy director is appointed by the King in Council, and two deputies are appointed by the trustees. However, since 1995, all the members of the board have been chosen by the trustees, and the executive director and the deputy director appointed by the board itself. As well as the board, the Nobel Foundation is made up of the prize-awarding institutions (the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute, the Swedish Academy, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee), the trustees of these institutions, and auditors.[31]
The capital of the Nobel Foundation today is invested 50% in shares, 20% bonds and 30% other investments (e.g. hedge funds or real estate). The distribution can vary by 10 percent.[32] At the beginning of 2008, 64% of the funds were invested mainly in American and European stocks, 20% in bonds, plus 12% in real estate and hedge funds.[33]
In 2011, the total annual cost was approximately 120 million kronor, with 50 million kronor as the prize money. Further costs to pay institutions and persons engaged in giving the prizes were 27.4 million kronor. The events during the Nobel week in Stockholm and Oslo cost 20.2 million kronor. The administration, Nobel symposium, and similar items had costs of 22.4 million kronor. The cost of the Economic Sciences prize of 16.5 Million kronor is paid by the Sveriges Riksbank.[32]
Once the Nobel Foundation and its guidelines were in place, the Nobel Committees began collecting nominations for the inaugural prizes. Subsequently, they sent a list of preliminary candidates to the prize-awarding institutions.
The Nobel Committee's Physics Prize shortlist cited Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of X-rays and Philipp Lenard's work on cathode rays. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize.[34][35] In the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists had made significant contributions. Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the academy "was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize".[36] The academy received 20 nominations, eleven of them for Jacobus van 't Hoff.[37] Van 't Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in chemical thermodynamics.[38][39]
The Swedish Academy chose the poet Sully Prudhomme for the first Nobel Prize in Literature. A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists, and literary critics protested against this decision, having expected Leo Tolstoy to be awarded.[40] Some, including Burton Feldman, have criticised this prize because they consider Prudhomme a mediocre poet. Feldman's explanation is that most of the academy members preferred Victorian literature and thus selected a Victorian poet.[41] The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist Emil von Behring. During the 1890s, von Behring developed an antitoxin to treat diphtheria, which until then had been causing thousands of deaths each year.[42][43]
The first Nobel Peace Prize went to the Swiss Jean Henri Dunant for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiating the Geneva Convention, and jointly given to French pacifist Frédéric Passy, founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization.
In 1938 and 1939, Adolf Hitler's Third Reich forbade three laureates from Germany (Richard Kuhn, Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt, and Gerhard Domagk) from accepting their prizes.[44] They were all later able to receive the diploma and medal.[45] Even though Sweden was officially neutral during the Second World War, the prizes were awarded irregularly. In 1939, the Peace Prize was not awarded. No prize was awarded in any category from 1940 to 1942, due to the occupation of Norway by Germany. In the subsequent year, all prizes were awarded except those for literature and peace.[46]
During the occupation of Norway, three members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee fled into exile. The remaining members escaped persecution from the Germans when the Nobel Foundation stated that the committee building in Oslo was Swedish property. Thus it was a safe haven from the German military, which was not at war with Sweden.[47] These members kept the work of the committee going, but did not award any prizes. In 1944, the Nobel Foundation, together with the three members in exile, made sure that nominations were submitted for the Peace Prize and that the prize could be awarded once again.[44]
In 1968, Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honour of Alfred Nobel. The following year, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded for the first time. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible for selecting laureates. The first laureates for the Economics Prize were Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes".[48][49] The board of the Nobel Foundation decided that after this addition, it would allow no further new prizes.[50]
The award process is similar for all of the Nobel Prizes, the main difference being who can make nominations for each of them.[51]
Nomination forms are sent by the Nobel Committee to about 3,000 individuals, usually in September the year before the prizes are awarded. These individuals are generally prominent academics working in a relevant area. Regarding the Peace Prize, inquiries are also sent to governments, former Peace Prize laureates, and current or former members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The deadline for the return of the nomination forms is 31 January of the year of the award.[51][52] The Nobel Committee nominates about 300 potential laureates from these forms and additional names.[53] The nominees are not publicly named, nor are they told that they are being considered for the prize. All nomination records for a prize are sealed for 50 years from the awarding of the prize.[54][55]
The Nobel Committee then prepares a report reflecting the advice of experts in the relevant fields. This, along with the list of preliminary candidates, is submitted to the prize-awarding institutions.[56] There are four awarding institutions for the six prizes awarded:
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences – Chemistry; Physics; Economics
Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute – Physiology / Medicine
Swedish Academy – Literature
Norwegian Nobel Committee – Peace
The institutions meet to choose the laureate or laureates in each field by a majority vote. Their decision, which cannot be appealed, is announced immediately after the vote.[57] A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected per award. Except for the Peace Prize, which can be awarded to institutions, the awards can only be given to individuals.[58] The winners are announced by the awarding institutions during the first two weeks of October.
Although posthumous nominations are not presently permitted, individuals who died in the months between their nomination and the decision of the prize committee were originally eligible to receive the prize. This has occurred twice: the 1931 Literature Prize awarded to Erik Axel Karlfeldt, and the 1961 Peace Prize awarded to UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld. Since 1974, laureates must be thought alive at the time of the October announcement. There has been one laureate, William Vickrey, who in 1996 died after the prize (in Economics) was announced but before it could be presented.[59] On 3 October 2011, the laureates for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine were announced; however, the committee was not aware that one of the laureates, Ralph M. Steinman, had died three days earlier. The committee was debating about Steinman's prize, since the rule is that the prize is not awarded posthumously.[9] The committee later decided that as the decision to award Steinman the prize "was made in good faith", it would remain unchanged, and the prize would be awarded.[60]
Nobel's will provided for prizes to be awarded in recognition of discoveries made "during the preceding year". Early on, the awards usually recognised recent discoveries.[61] However, some of those early discoveries were later discredited. For example, Johannes Fibiger was awarded the 1926 Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his purported discovery of a parasite that caused cancer.[62] To avoid repeating this embarrassment, the awards increasingly recognised scientific discoveries that had withstood the test of time.[63][64][65] According to Ralf Pettersson, former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine, "the criterion 'the previous year' is interpreted by the Nobel Assembly as the year when the full impact of the discovery has become evident."[64]
The interval between the award and the accomplishment it recognises varies from discipline to discipline. The Literature Prize is typically awarded to recognise a cumulative lifetime body of work rather than a single achievement.[66][67] The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For example, 2008 laureate Martti Ahtisaari was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts.[68][69] However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events.[70] For instance, Kofi Annan was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations.[71] Similarly Yasser Arafat, Yitzhak Rabin, and Shimon Peres received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the Oslo Accords.[72] A controversy was caused by awarding the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize to Barack Obama during his first year as US president.[73][74]
Awards for physics, chemistry, and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted. Sometimes, this takes decades – for example, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar shared the 1983 Physics Prize for his 1930s work on stellar structure and evolution.[75][76] Not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognised. Some discoveries can never be considered for a prize if their impact is realised after the discoverers have died.[77][78][79]
Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The recipients' lectures are normally held in the days prior to the award ceremony. The Peace Prize and its recipients' lectures are presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on 10 December. The award ceremonies and the associated banquets are typically major international events.[80][81] The Prizes awarded in Sweden's ceremonies are held at the Stockholm Concert Hall, with the Nobel banquet following immediately at Stockholm City Hall. The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946), at the auditorium of the University of Oslo (1947–1989), and at Oslo City Hall (1990–present).[82]
The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm occurs when each Nobel laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of the King of Sweden. In Oslo, the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway and the Norwegian royal family.[81][83] At first, King Oscar II did not approve of awarding grand prizes to foreigners.[84]
Main article: Nobel Banquet
After the award ceremony in Sweden, a banquet is held in the Blue Hall at the Stockholm City Hall, which is attended by the Swedish Royal Family and around 1,300 guests. The Nobel Peace Prize banquet is held in Norway at the Oslo Grand Hotel after the award ceremony. Apart from the laureate, guests include the president of the Storting, on occasion the Swedish prime minister, and, since 2006, the King and Queen of Norway. In total, about 250 guests attend.
According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, each laureate is required to give a public lecture on a subject related to the topic of their prize.[85] The Nobel lecture as a rhetorical genre took decades to reach its current format.[86] These lectures normally occur during Nobel Week (the week leading up to the award ceremony and banquet, which begins with the laureates arriving in Stockholm and normally ends with the Nobel banquet), but this is not mandatory. The laureate is only obliged to give the lecture within six months of receiving the prize, but some have happened even later. For example, US President Theodore Roosevelt received the Peace Prize in 1906 but gave his lecture in 1910, after his term in office.[87] The lectures are organised by the same association which selected the laureates.[88]
Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify human life.
— Yitzhak Rabin, 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture[89]
Main article: Nobel Prize medal
The Nobel Foundation announced on 30 May 2012 that it had awarded the contract for the production of the five (Swedish) Nobel Prize medals to Svenska Medalj AB. Between 1902 and 2010, the Nobel Prize medals were minted by Myntverket (the Swedish Mint), Sweden's oldest company, which ceased operations in 2011 after 107 years. In 2011, the Mint of Norway, located in Kongsberg, made the medals. The Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation.[90]
Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse. The medals for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death. Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Peace Prize medal and the medal for the Economics Prize, but with a slightly different design. For instance, the laureate's name is engraved on the rim of the Economics medal.[91] The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the medals for chemistry and physics share the same design.[92]
All medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold. Since then, they have been struck in 18 carat green gold plated with 24 carat gold. The weight of each medal varies with the value of gold, but averages about 175 grams (0.386 lb) for each medal. The diameter is 66 millimetres (2.6 in) and the thickness varies between 5.2 millimetres (0.20 in) and 2.4 millimetres (0.094 in).[93] Because of the high value of their gold content and tendency to be on public display, Nobel medals are subject to medal theft.[94][95][96] During World War II, the medals of German scientists Max von Laue and James Franck were sent to Copenhagen for safekeeping. When Germany invaded Denmark, Hungarian chemist (and Nobel laureate himself) George de Hevesy dissolved them in aqua regia (nitro-hydrochloric acid), to prevent confiscation by Nazi Germany and to prevent legal problems for the holders. After the war, the gold was recovered from solution, and the medals re-cast.[97]
Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden, or in the case of the peace prize, the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureates that receive them.[91] The diploma contains a picture and text in Swedish which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. None of the Nobel Peace Prize laureates has ever had a citation on their diplomas.[98][99]
The laureates are given a sum of money when they receive their prizes, in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded.[91] The amount of prize money depends upon how much money the Nobel Foundation can award each year. The purse has increased since the 1980s, when the prize money was 880,000 SEK per prize (c. 2.6 million SEK altogether, US$350,000 today). In 2009, the monetary award was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million).[100][101] In June 2012, it was lowered to 8 million SEK.[102] If two laureates share the prize in a category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients. If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the others.[103][104][105] It is common for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural, or humanitarian causes.[106][107]
Youngest person to receive a Nobel Prize:
Malala Yousafzai; at the age of 17, received Nobel Peace Prize (2014).
Oldest person to receive a Nobel Prize:
John B. Goodenough; at the age of 97, received Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2019).
Only person to receive more than one unshared Nobel Prize:
Linus Pauling; received the prize twice. Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1954) and Nobel Peace Prize (1962).
Country with most Nobel laureates:
United States; 403 Nobel laureates, as of 2022.
Laureates who have received multiple Nobel Prizes: (by date of second Prize)
Marie Curie; received the prize twice. Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911).
International Committee of the Red Cross; received the prize thrice. Nobel Peace Prize (1917, 1944, 1963).
Linus Pauling; received the prize twice. Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1954) and Nobel Peace Prize (1962).
John Bardeen; received the prize twice. Nobel Prize in Physics (1956, 1972).
Frederick Sanger; received the prize twice. Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1958, 1980).
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; received the prize twice. Nobel Peace Prize (1954, 1981).
Karl Barry Sharpless; received the prize twice. Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2001, 2022).
Posthumous Nobel Prizes laureates:
Erik Axel Karlfeldt; received Nobel Prize in Literature (1931).
Dag Hammarskjöld; received Nobel Peace Prize (1961).
Ralph M. Steinman; received Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2011).
Married couples to receive Nobel Prizes:[108]
Marie Curie, Pierre Curie (along with Henri Becquerel). Received Nobel Prize in Physics (1903).
Irène Joliot-Curie, Frédéric Joliot. Received Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1935).
Gerty Cori, Carl Cori. Received Nobel Prize in Medicine (1947).
Gunnar Myrdal received Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics Sciences (1974), Alva Myrdal received Nobel Peace Prize (1982).
May-Britt Moser, Edvard I. Moser. Received Nobel Prize in Medicine (2014)
Esther Duflo, Abhijit Banerjee (along with Michael Kremer). Received Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics Sciences (2019).[109]
Years without prizes:
Physics: 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941, 1942
Chemistry: 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1942
Physiology or Medicine: 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941, 1942
Literature: 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943
Peace: 1914, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1966, 1967, 1972
Five people have received two Nobel Prizes. Marie Curie received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on radioactivity and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure radium,[110] making her the only person to be awarded a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Linus Pauling was awarded the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the chemical bond and its application to the structure of complex substances. Pauling was also awarded the Peace Prize in 1962 for his activism against nuclear weapons, making him the only laureate of two unshared prizes. John Bardeen received the Physics Prize twice: in 1956 for the invention of the transistor and in 1972 for the theory of superconductivity.[111] Frederick Sanger received the prize twice in Chemistry: in 1958 for determining the structure of the insulin molecule and in 1980 for inventing a method of determining base sequences in DNA.[112][113] Karl Barry Sharpless was awarded the 2001 Chemistry Prize for his research into chirally catalysed oxidation reactions, and the 2022 Chemistry Prize for click chemistry.
Two organisations have received the Peace Prize multiple times. The International Committee of the Red Cross received it three times: in 1917 and 1944 for its work during the world wars; and in 1963 during the year of its centenary.[114][115][116] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been awarded the Peace Prize twice for assisting refugees: in 1954 and 1981.[117]
The Curie family has received the most prizes, with four prizes awarded to five individual laureates. Marie Curie received the prizes in Physics (in 1903) and Chemistry (in 1911). Her husband, Pierre Curie, shared the 1903 Physics prize with her.[118] Their daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, received the Chemistry Prize in 1935 together with her husband Frédéric Joliot-Curie. In addition, the husband of Marie Curie's second daughter, Henry Labouisse, was the director of UNICEF when he accepted the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 on that organisation's behalf.[119]
Although no family matches the Curie family's record, there have been several with two laureates. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the husband-and-wife team of Gerty Cori and Carl Ferdinand Cori in 1947,[120] and to the husband-and-wife team of May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser in 2014 (along with John O'Keefe).[121] The Physics Prize in 1906 was won by J. J. Thomson for showing that electrons are particles, and in 1937 by his son, George Paget Thomson, for showing that they also have the properties of waves.[122] William Henry Bragg and his son, William Lawrence Bragg, shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing X-ray crystallography.[123] Niels Bohr was awarded the Physics Prize in 1922, as was his son, Aage Bohr, in 1975.[119][124][125] The Physics Prize was awarded to Manne Siegbahn in 1924, followed by his son, Kai Siegbahn, in 1981.[119][126] Hans von Euler-Chelpin, who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of Ulf von Euler, who was awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1970.[119] C. V. Raman was awarded the Physics Prize in 1930 and was the uncle of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who was awarded the same prize in 1983.[127][128] Arthur Kornberg received the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1959; Kornberg's son Roger later received the Chemistry Prize in 2006.[129] Arthur Schawlow received the 1981 Physics prize, and was married to the sister of 1964 Physics laureate Charles Townes.[130] Two members of the Hodgkin family received Nobels in consecutive years: Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin shared in the Nobel for Physiology or Medicine in 1963, followed by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, the wife of his first cousin, who won solo for Chemistry in 1964. Jan Tinbergen, who was awarded the first Economics Prize in 1969, was the brother of Nikolaas Tinbergen, who received the 1973 Physiology or Medicine Prize.[119] Gunnar Myrdal, who was awarded the Economics Prize in 1974, was the husband of Alva Myrdal, Peace Prize laureate in 1982.[119] Economics laureates Paul Samuelson (1970) and Kenneth Arrow (1972; shared) were brothers-in-law. Frits Zernike, who was awarded the 1953 Physics Prize, was the great-uncle of 1999 Physics laureate Gerard 't Hooft.[131] In 2019, married couple Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo were awarded the Economics Prize.[132] Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard was awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995, and her nephew Benjamin List received the Chemistry Prize in 2021.[133] Sune Bergström was awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1982, and his son Svante Pääbo was awarded the same prize in 2022. Edwin McMillan, who shared the Prize in Chemistry in 1951, was the uncle of John Clauser, who was awarded the Prize in Physics in 2022.
Main article: Nobel Prize controversies
Among other criticisms, the Nobel Committees have been accused of having a political agenda, and of omitting more deserving candidates. They have also been accused of Eurocentrism, especially for the Literature Prize.[134][135][136]
Peace Prize
Among the most criticised Nobel Peace Prizes was the one awarded to Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ. This led to the resignation of two Norwegian Nobel Committee members.[137] Kissinger and Thọ were awarded the prize for negotiating a ceasefire between North Vietnam and the United States in January 1973 during the Vietnam War. However, when the award was announced, both sides were still engaging in hostilities.[138] Critics sympathetic to the North announced that Kissinger was not a peace-maker but the opposite, responsible for widening the war. Those hostile to the North and what they considered its deceptive practices during negotiations were deprived of a chance to criticise Lê Đức Thọ, as he declined the award.[54][139] The satirist and musician Tom Lehrer has remarked that "political satire became obsolete when Henry Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize."[140]
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, and Yitzhak Rabin received the Peace Prize in 1994 for their efforts in making peace between Israel and Palestine.[54][141] Immediately after the award was announced, one of the five Norwegian Nobel Committee members denounced Arafat as a terrorist and resigned.[142] Additional misgivings about Arafat were widely expressed in various newspapers.[143]
Another controversial Peace Prize was that awarded to Barack Obama in 2009.[144] Nominations had closed only eleven days after Obama took office as President of the United States, but the actual evaluation occurred over the next eight months.[145] Obama himself stated that he did not feel deserving of the award, or worthy of the company in which it would place him.[146][147] Past Peace Prize laureates were divided, some saying that Obama deserved the award, and others saying he had not secured the achievements to yet merit such an accolade. Obama's award, along with the previous Peace Prizes for Jimmy Carter and Al Gore, also prompted accusations of a liberal bias.[148]
Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded Peace Prize in 1993 however in 2015 when she came into power in Myanmar, she was criticized for being silent on human rights violation under her rule and especially over the Rohingya genocide and calls were made to strip of her from Nobel Peace Prize.[149][150]
Literature Prize
The award of the 2004 Literature Prize to Elfriede Jelinek drew a protest from a member of the Swedish Academy, Knut Ahnlund. Ahnlund resigned, alleging that the selection of Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage to all progressive forces, it has also confused the general view of literature as an art". He alleged that Jelinek's works were "a mass of text shovelled together without artistic structure".[151][152] The 2009 Literature Prize to Herta Müller also generated criticism. According to The Washington Post, many US literary critics and professors were ignorant of her work.[153] This made those critics feel the prizes were too Eurocentric.[154] The 2019 Literature Prize to Peter Handke received heavy criticisms from various authors, such as Salman Rushdie and Hari Kunzru, and was condemned by the governments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Turkey, due to his history of Bosnian genocide denialism and his support for Slobodan Milošević.[155][156][157]
Science prizes
In 1949, the neurologist António Egas Moniz received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the prefrontal leucotomy. The previous year, Walter Freeman had developed a version of the procedure which was faster and easier to carry out. Due in part to the publicity surrounding the original procedure, Freeman's procedure was prescribed without due consideration or regard for modern medical ethics. Endorsed by such influential publications as The New England Journal of Medicine, leucotomy or "lobotomy" became so popular that about 5,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States in the three years immediately following Moniz's receipt of the Prize.[158][159]
Although Mahatma Gandhi, an icon of nonviolence in the 20th century, was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize five times, in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and a few days before he was assassinated on 30 January 1948, he was never awarded the prize.[160][161][162]
In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the Norwegian Nobel Committee decided to make no award that year on the grounds that "there was no suitable living candidate".[160][163]
In 1989, this omission was publicly regretted, when the 14th Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize, the chairman of the committee said that it was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".[164]
Geir Lundestad, 2006 Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee, said,
The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace Prize. Whether the Nobel committee can do without Gandhi, is the question.[165][166]
Other high-profile individuals with widely recognised contributions to peace have been overlooked. In 2009, an article in Foreign Policy magazine identified seven people who "never won the prize, but should have". The list consisted of Gandhi, Eleanor Roosevelt, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Sari Nusseibeh, Corazon Aquino, and Liu Xiaobo.[162] Liu Xiaobo would go on to win the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize while imprisoned.
In 1965, UN Secretary General U Thant was informed by the Norwegian Permanent Representative to the UN that he would be awarded that year's prize and asked whether or not he would accept. He consulted staff and later replied that he would. At the same time, Chairman Gunnar Jahn of the Nobel Peace prize committee, lobbied heavily against giving U Thant the prize and the prize was at the last minute awarded to UNICEF. The rest of the committee all wanted the prize to go to U Thant, for his work in defusing the Cuban Missile Crisis, ending the war in the Congo, and his ongoing work to mediate an end to the Vietnam War. The disagreement lasted three years and in 1966 and 1967 no prize was given, with Gunnar Jahn effectively vetoing an award to U Thant.[167][168]
The Literature Prize also has controversial omissions. Adam Kirsch has suggested that many notable writers have missed out on the award for political or extra-literary reasons. The heavy focus on European and Swedish authors has been a subject of criticism.[169][170] The Eurocentric nature of the award was acknowledged by Peter Englund, the 2009 Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, as a problem with the award and was attributed to the tendency for the academy to relate more to European authors.[171] This tendency towards European authors still leaves many European writers on a list of notable writers that have been overlooked for the Literature Prize, including Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, J. R. R. Tolkien, Émile Zola, Marcel Proust, Vladimir Nabokov, James Joyce, August Strindberg, Simon Vestdijk, Karel Čapek, the New World's Jorge Luis Borges, Ezra Pound, John Updike, Arthur Miller, Mark Twain, and Africa's Chinua Achebe.[172]
Candidates can receive multiple nominations the same year. Gaston Ramon received a total of 155[173] nominations in physiology or medicine from 1930 to 1953, the last year with public nomination data for that award as of 2016 . He died in 1963 without being awarded. Pierre Paul Émile Roux received 115[174] nominations in physiology or medicine, and Arnold Sommerfeld received 84[175] in physics. These are the three most nominated scientists without awards in the data published as of 2016 .[176] Otto Stern received 79[177] nominations in physics 1925–1943 before being awarded in 1943.[178]
The strict rule against awarding a prize to more than three people is also controversial.[179] When a prize is awarded to recognise an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, one or more will miss out. For example, in 2002, the prize was awarded to Koichi Tanaka and John Fenn for the development of mass spectrometry in protein chemistry, an award that did not recognise the achievements of Franz Hillenkamp and Michael Karas of the Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Frankfurt.[180][181]
According to one of the nominees for the prize in physics, the three person limit deprived him and two other members of his team of the honor in 2013: the team of Carl Hagen, Gerald Guralnik, and Tom Kibble published a paper in 1964 that gave answers to how the cosmos began, but did not share the 2013 Physics Prize awarded to Peter Higgs and François Englert, who had also published papers in 1964 concerning the subject. All five physicists arrived at the same conclusion, albeit from different angles. Hagen contends that an equitable solution is to either abandon the three limit restriction, or expand the time period of recognition for a given achievement to two years.[182]
Similarly, the prohibition of posthumous awards fails to recognise achievements by an individual or collaborator who dies before the prize is awarded. The Economics Prize was not awarded to Fischer Black, who died in 1995, when his co-author Myron Scholes received the honor in 1997 for their landmark work on option pricing along with Robert C. Merton, another pioneer in the development of valuation of stock options. In the announcement of the award that year, the Nobel committee prominently mentioned Black's key role.
Political subterfuge may also deny proper recognition. Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann, who co-discovered nuclear fission along with Otto Hahn, may have been denied a share of Hahn's 1944 Nobel Chemistry Award due to having fled Germany when the Nazis came to power.[183] The Meitner and Strassmann roles in the research was not fully recognised until years later, when they joined Hahn in receiving the 1966 Enrico Fermi Award.
Alfred Nobel left his fortune to finance annual prizes to be awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind".[184] He stated that the Nobel Prizes in Physics should be given "to the person who shall have made the most important 'discovery' or 'invention' within the field of physics". Nobel did not emphasise discoveries, but they have historically been held in higher respect by the Nobel Prize Committee than inventions: 77% of the Physics Prizes have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23% to inventions. Christoph Bartneck and Matthias Rauterberg, in papers published in Nature and Technoetic Arts, have argued this emphasis on discoveries has moved the Nobel Prize away from its original intention of rewarding the greatest contribution to society.[185][186]
In terms of the most prestigious awards in STEM fields, only a small proportion have been awarded to women. Out of 210 laureates in Physics, 181 in Chemistry and 216 in Medicine between 1901 and 2018, there were only three female laureates in physics, five in chemistry and 12 in medicine.[187][188][189][190] Factors proposed to contribute to the discrepancy between this and the roughly equal human sex ratio include biased nominations, fewer women than men being active in the relevant fields, Nobel Prizes typically being awarded decades after the research was done (reflecting a time when gender bias in the relevant fields was greater), a greater delay in awarding Nobel Prizes for women's achievements making longevity a more important factor for women (one cannot be nominated for the Nobel Prize posthumously), and a tendency to omit women from jointly awarded Nobel Prizes.[191][192][193][194][195][196] Despite these factors, Marie Curie is to date the only person awarded Nobel Prizes in two different sciences (Physics in 1903, Chemistry in 1911); she is one of only three people who have received two Nobel Prizes in sciences (see Multiple laureates below). Malala Yousafzai is the youngest person ever to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. When she received it in 2014, she was only 17 years old.[197]
Peter Nobel describes the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel as a "false Nobel prize" that dishonours his relative Alfred Nobel, after whom the prize is named, and considers economics to be a pseudoscience.[198][199]
Two laureates have voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Literature Prize, but refused, stating, "A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honourable form."[200] Lê Đức Thọ, chosen for the 1973 Peace Prize for his role in the Paris Peace Accords, declined, stating that there was no actual peace in Vietnam.[201] George Bernard Shaw attempted to decline the prize money while accepting the 1925 Literature Prize; eventually it was agreed to use it to found the Anglo-Swedish Literary Foundation.[202]
During the Third Reich, Adolf Hitler hindered Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt, and Gerhard Domagk from accepting their prizes. All of them were awarded their diplomas and gold medals after World War II.[203][204]
In 1958, Boris Pasternak declined his prize for literature due to fear of what the Soviet Union government might do if he travelled to Stockholm to accept his prize. In return, the Swedish Academy refused his refusal, saying "this refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award."[201] The academy announced with regret that the presentation of the Literature Prize could not take place that year, holding it back until 1989 when Pasternak's son accepted the prize on his behalf.[205][206]
Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, but her children accepted the prize because she had been placed under house arrest in Burma; Suu Kyi delivered her speech two decades later, in 2012.[207] Liu Xiaobo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 while he and his wife were under house arrest in China as political prisoners, and he was unable to accept the prize in his lifetime.
Being a symbol of scientific or literary achievement that is recognisable worldwide, the Nobel Prize is often depicted in fiction. This includes films such as The Prize (1963), Nobel Son (2007), and The Wife (2017) about fictional Nobel laureates, as well as fictionalised accounts of stories surrounding real prizes such as Nobel Chor, a 2012 film based on the theft of Rabindranath Tagore's prize. It has also been depicted in television shows such as The Big Bang Theory.[208][209]
The statue and memorial symbol Planet of Alfred Nobel was opened in Alfred Nobel University of Economics and Law in Dnipro, Ukraine in 2008. On the globe, there are 802 Nobel laureates' reliefs made of a composite alloy obtained when disposing of military strategic missiles.[210]
Despite the symbolism of intellectual achievement, some recipients have embraced unsupported and pseudoscientific concepts, including various health benefits of vitamin C and other dietary supplements, homeopathy, HIV/AIDS denialism, and various claims about race and intelligence.[211] This is sometimes referred to as Nobel disease.
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This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from A Complex Formula: Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in Asia, 23, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
Pais, Abraham (1983). Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-520438-4. OCLC 8195995. | ||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 23 | https://www.leopoldina.org/en/press-1/news/nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-2023/ | en | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 | [
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In her research on the inflammatory processes triggered by synthetic mRNA, Katalin Karikó observed that the inflammatory reaction could be avoided if pseudouridine, with its different spatial arrangement, was incorporated into the mRNA instead of the nucleoside building block uridine. Embedded in nanolipid particles, an mRNA modified in this manner forms the basis for the mRNA vaccines used worldwide since the end of 2020, which have meanwhile immunised millions of people against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. With this research, Katalin Karikó has laid the foundation for a new technology.
Karikó has been a professor at the University of Szeged in Hungary since 2021 and an adjunct professor of neurosurgery at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. The scientist has received several awards for her scientific achievements, including the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science from the Franklin Institute in 2022 and the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize from the Paul Ehrlich Foundation. In 2021, she was honoured with the German Future Prize together with Ugur Sahin, Özlem Türeci and Christoph Huber. Karikó has been a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 2022.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is currently endowed with a total of eleven million Swedish kronor (equivalent to around 952,000 euros). All Nobel Prizes are traditionally bestowed on the laureates on 10 December, the anniversary of founder Alfred Nobel’s death.
The Leopoldina has around 1,700 members, with a current 37 Nobel laureates among them. | ||||
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seven occasions produced research deemed worthy of the greatest honor in science: the Nobel Prize. | /apple-touch-icon.png | null | 2023: mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19
The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman ”for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.” The press release and video announcement of the prize mention the importance of earlier work that introduced the “promising idea” of mRNA vaccines. This included the demonstration “40 years ago that large amounts of mRNA can be produced without cells, for example, using the T7 in vitro transcription system.” The T7 system was developed in the 1980s by F. William Studier, then a senior biophysicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory, in collaboration with colleagues in the Biology Department. The T7 system has been used by researchers and companies around the world to make mRNA and proteins for research and for products. Karikó and Weissman used T7 in their research to show how modifying mRNA could make it more stable for use in vaccines. And Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna, makers of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, use T7-derived components in the production of their life-saving shots. Details…
2015: Neutrino Experiments
Physicists Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald were awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in physics for their roles in demonstrating the “flavor-changing” property of neutrinos. Kajita presented the discovery that neutrinos from the atmosphere switch between two identities (“flavors”) on their way to the Super-Kamiokande detector in Japan, while McDonald led experiments showing that neutrinos from the Sun were not disappearing on their way to Earth, but rather changing their flavor before arriving at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) in Canada. Brookhaven Lab scientists made important contributions to both of these neutrino experiments, fueled by the Lab’s legacy in the study of these abundant yet elusive subatomic particles. Details...
2013: Higgs Boson
The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Peter Higgs and Francois Englert for their prediction of the Higgs particle and the mechanism by which it gives mass to the building blocks of our universe. This amazing particle, discovered at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012, makes possible our very existence. More than 100 scientists, technicians and engineers at Brookhaven National Laboratory have played significant roles in designing, building and conducting the experiments that led to the Higgs discovery. For example, Brookhaven scientists and engineers built 20 of the superconducting magnets that make up the 17-mile circular LHC accelerator, drawing on experience gained by building our own Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Brookhaven Lab led the U.S. effort on the ATLAS Experiment, one of LHC's two large Higgs-tracking detectors. Many essential components of ATLAS were designed and constructed by physicists, engineers and technicians at Brookhaven and Stony Brook University. And Brookhaven serves as a central hub for collecting, analyzing, and distributing the data from the ATLAS to the physicists around the world who brought the Higgs out of hiding. Details...
2008: Crystal Structure of Green Fluorescent Protein
Roger Y. Tsien, University of California, San Diego, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Green fluorescent protein (GFP), which glows green under ultraviolet light, has become a ubiquitous tool in bioscience. It turns out that the structure of GFP was first solved with the help of x-ray studies at Brookhaven’s National Synchrotron Light Source. Tsien was an author on that seminal paper.
2004: Studies of the “Strong” Force
Frank Wilczek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nobel Prize in Physics
Wilcek's work as a theoretical physicist brought him to Brookhaven Lab several times. His first connection with the lab began in 1976, when he worked as an assistant visiting physicist from June to July. He returned in 1978 to serve on Brookhaven's High Energy Advisory Committee until 1982 and, during that time, also worked briefly as a guest research collaborator in the Physics Department. Additionally, Wilczek was appointed a Leland J. Haworth Distinguished Scientist at the lab from September 1994 until June 1997, and continues to provide advice to Brookhaven scientists on an informal basis.
1996: Discovery of Superfluidity in a Rare Form of Helium
David Lee, Cornell University, Nobel Prize in Physics
Two Brookhaven-related theoretical physicists — Victor Emery in the Physics Department and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Andrew Sessler — wrote a paper in 1960 that helped start pioneering experiments in liquid helium-3. In 1966, Lee spent a sabbatical year at Brookhaven, working on some of the techniques later used in his prize-winning research.
1994: Development of Neutron Spectroscopy
Bertram N. Brockhouse, Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, Canada, Nobel Prize in Physics
In late 1952, Brockhouse was working at the National Research Experimental reactor at Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories in Ontario, when the machine was temporarily shut down because of an accident. For the next 10 months, Brockhouse served as the first foreign guest scientist in the Reactor Department at Brookhaven National Laboratory. During this time, he studied multiple scattering by flat specimens and magnetic scattering by zinc ferrite, powder magnetic diffraction of copper oxide, the development of improved monochromator crystals, the scattering by liquid aluminum, and a measurement of the incoherent cross sections of copper and gold. Brockhouse did not perform any actual spectroscopic work while at Brookhaven, but he still credits it as an important part of his scientific career.
1993: Discovery of the First Binary Pulsar
Joseph Taylor, Princeton University, Nobel Prize in Physics
Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse of Princeton University shared the Nobel Prize in physics for their 1974 discovery of the first binary pulsar. Taylor, a former Brookhaven summer student, was elected in 1987 to the Board of Trustees of Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI), which managed Brookhaven for the U.S. Department of Energy from 1947 to 1997. The 1989 Nobel in physics was shared by Norman Ramsey, one of AUI's founders and the first chairman of Brookhaven's Physics Department. Ramsey's prize was awarded for his invention of the separated oscillatory fields method for precisely measuring movements within an atom, an advance that provided the basis for the world time standard-keeping cesium atomic clock.
1992: Theory of Electron Transfer Reactions in Chemical Systems
Rudolph A. Marcus, California Institute of Technology, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Some of the early definitive tests of Marcus’s Nobel Prize-winning theoretical work were conducted at Brookhaven. Marcus, a Canadian-born chemist, was on the faculty of Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn from 1951 to 1964. He started working on his electron-transfer theory in the early 1950s and soon discovered that, out east, Brookhaven had a strong experimental program on electron-transfer reactions. Beginning in 1958, Marcus held a series of formal appointments at Brookhaven Lab, including consultant, visiting senior chemist, and research collaborator. Of Marcus’s papers describing electron transfer, seven include Brookhaven Lab under his byline, and four are coauthored with former Brookhaven Chemistry Chairman Norman Sutin. Marcus acknowledged Brookhaven in an article on his work in the July 1986 issue of the Journal of Physical Chemistry: “Frequent visits to the Chemistry Department of the Brookhaven National Laboratory during this period and discussions there of experiments with Dick Dodson and Norman Sutin served as a considerable stimulus.”
1989: Separated Oscillatory Fields Method
Norman Ramsey, Harvard University, Nobel Prize in Physics
Ramsey participated in the founding of Brookhaven National Laboratory and served as the first chair of the Physics Department.
1983: Genetic Transposition
Barbara McClintock, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Nobel Prize in Medicine
In the summer of 1979, a corn crop consisting of McClintock’s transposable element stocks was grown at Brookhaven National Laboratory, by arrangement with lab biologists Frances and Ben Burr.
1981: Increasing Understanding of Chemical Reactions
Roald Hoffmann, Cornell University, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
A Brookhaven summer student from 1957, Roald Hoffmann went on to share the 1981 Nobel in chemistry for his theoretical work in the behavior of atoms and molecules. | ||||||
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] | null | [] | 2022-04-24T14:35:18+00:00 | Ardem Patapoutian talks about his path at Scripps Research and the Nobel Prize. | en | Scripps Research Magazine | https://magazine.scripps.edu/profiles/2022/online-exclusive/qa-with-ardem-patapoutian/ | It was a moment most scientists only dream of: on October 4, 2021, Ardem Patapoutian was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering how cells, which largely respond to chemical signals, also respond to physical input. His finding of two new cellular sensors for sensing mechanical force opened a vast new area of research with implications on everything from chronic pain to malaria.
There was one problem. No one could reach him since his phone was on mute and it was 2 a.m. in San Diego. Finally, the committee in Stockholm connected to his 94-year-old father’s landline in Los Angeles. As a listed close contact, his father’s number bypassed Patapoutian’s phone’s silent mode and shared the good news, a few minutes before it was publicly announced.
The rest of the day was, understandably, surreal. It was his wife’s birthday, so he baked a cake. His 21-year-old car finally gave out and had to get towed. And, around the world, hundreds of people reached out to congratulate him. We sat down with Patapoutian after the flurry of Nobel Prize activities to learn more about his research, what inspires him and how a close call with militants set him on a path to science.
Q: Starting at the beginning, how did your experiences growing up shape who you are as a scientist?
I grew up in an Armenian community in Lebanon and I was about seven years old when the Civil War started. It was tough times. We almost never went out at night. We were always worried about bombs falling. Even though Lebanon is a very special place and I have many fond memories of being in the beautiful countryside, it’s juxtaposed with terrible memories of war. For example, when I was walking back from a party from East Beirut to West Beirut at age 18, militants thought I was suspicious, so they held me for a day and asked me all kinds of questions at gunpoint. Eventually they realized I was harmless, but it was very terrifying. That experience led me to leave Lebanon. I have not been back since.I came to Los Angeles shortly after, where I would eventually find my way into science. It was, at the time, a big shock. I thought I knew how to speak English and didn’t realize how dialect is difficult to understand. I didn’t have the financial means to go to college immediately. I held multiple jobs. I grew up really fast. I think if you live by yourself in a new country, you go from being a kid to an adult within a month or two. I also quickly realized how different it was here, and how privileged it was to have electricity all day long and other things that we take for granted. I think I’ve tried not to take things for granted based on these experiences and that’s served me very well in life and later in science.
I came to Los Angeles shortly after, where I would eventually find my way into science. It was, at the time, a big shock. I thought I knew how to speak English and didn’t realize how dialect is difficult to understand. I didn’t have the financial means to go to college immediately. I held multiple jobs. I grew up really fast. I think if you live by yourself in a new country, you go from being a kid to an adult within a month or two. I also quickly realized how different it was here, and how privileged it was to have electricity all day long and other things that we take for granted. I think I’ve tried not to take things for granted based on these experiences and that’s served me very well in life and later in science.
Q: How did you get started in scientific research?
When I came to the U.S., I didn’t even realize that science as a career was a possibility. My idea was to go to medical school. As a premed at UCLA, the only reason I worked in a laboratory was to get a letter of recommendation for medical school. But once I started working in the lab, I absolutely fell in love with doing science, the international group of interesting people and especially the culture of discovering new things and asking questions that no one’s asked before. I immediately realized this is my calling and I should let go of my dreams to go to medical school and do this instead. And I’m very glad I did it. I find it very interesting because it’s such a random way of finding your calling.
Q: When you made that shift, was your family supportive or interested in science?
My mom had a master’s degree in biology and she taught science. Like many parents, including immigrant parents, they were really keen on me going to medical school, so they were a bit disappointed at the time when I decided to go into science. I have an 18-year-old son now, and I talk to him a lot about exploring options to find his calling because it’s a wonderful thing to do something that you really love and would probably do it even if no one paid you. I would say to fellow parents, even when it’s hard: let kids explore. What you think might not be practical, might end up being very practical and very good for them.
Q: After UCLA you studied at Caltech and then UCSF before going to Scripps Research in 2000 to start your lab. Could you describe the research you did that led to the Nobel Prize?
My lab discovered cellular receptors called PIEZOs. While most of your cells in your bodies communicate through chemicals, PIEZOS do something very special: they sense mechanical force or physical force. It was known that there were molecules and proteins that sense mechanical force, but the identity of the receptors was not known. What’s exciting about PIEZOs is that they play very important roles in almost every process in our body that depends on pressure sensing. This includes touch, proprioception and pain, as well as sensing pressure in internal organs, such as blood pressure, stomach stretch, bladder stretch, et cetera.
Q: Could you tell us about the moment when your lab discovered PIEZOs?
There was certainly a feeling of “eureka,” but the discovery actually happened in phases. It started with laborious work by my postdoctoral fellow, Bertrand Coste. Before that eureka moment, it took him almost two years to get to that point, which was frustrating and difficult at times, so persistence was important. Bertrand is a very understated guy, so when he came to my office and said that he found it, he was so calm that it didn’t even register for me. But we looked at the data and we got excited. We had an idea that this could be important, but honestly it ended up being much more interesting than we even imagined. It took many other postdoctoral fellows and students four or five years of seeing the consequences, so our excitement at the profound importance of PIEZOs grew year after year.
Q: PIEZOs are central to our senses of “proprioception” and “interoception.” What are these and why are these important to understand?
Proprioception is one of the most important senses that most people don’t know about because you’re not conscious if it. It’s essentially the feeling of the position of your limbs in space. It’s required for walking and tasks we take for granted. For example, if I close my eyes and raise my hand, I know exactly where my fingertips are. PIEZOs, being pressure sensors, are actually doing all the important sensing required for proprioception. Without them, you don’t sense your muscles stretch. And if you don’t sense the muscle stretch, you don’t have this feeling of where your limbs are in space.
Interoception, on the other hand, is sensing of internal organs, which is more complicated and less understood, than say, the sense of touch from your skin. For instance, you have neurons dependent on PIEZOs, which monitor every beat of your heart and also the blood pressure inside your aorta. As pressure increases in the aorta, PIEZOs sense it and reduces blood pressure to a normal level. It’s very important for survival, but you’re not aware of it at all. Interoception is also responsible for internal sensations you are aware of, like a full bladder.
What’s really exciting about the field of interoception is that we are finally starting to understand how these signals are processed, how decisions are made, and how these affect your behavior or turn pathological in old age. Many neuroscience labs at Scripps Research are studying these questions tied to interoception from different angles.
Q: How does an understanding of PIEZOs and these states potentially affect disease or health-specific diseases?
We think that future research on mechanosensation and PIEZO channels could help find novel medicines for treating pain, hypertension, urinary incontinence, diabetes, and many other conditions. As we know, hypertension is a major medical problem and some types are not very easily resolved. Understanding more about the molecules that sense hypertension could give us molecular and cellular targets for treatment. Satiety is another form of interoception, where the mechanical stretching of the stomach signals fullness and has consequences for obesity and diabetes, but we know very little about this kind of signaling. In another example, in red blood cells too much signaling of PIEZOs causes red blood cell dehydration, which might cause anemia. But we have found that on the positive side, it might be protective against malaria.
Q: What do you think the impact of this discovery could be 20 or 50 years from now?
What is exciting about this discovery and basic science in general is that applications can come from directions you never anticipated. This is the greatest argument to justify why we should invest in basic research. We identified PIEZOs as important for touch and pain, and the most obvious implication for this is potentially helping find new cures to pain and other diseases, but now we see there is much more in human health that PIEZOs could impact. Another interesting application of PIEZOs is tied to haptics and artificial sensors. By learning how natural mechanosensation and touch sensation work, we can better help in designing new sensors for people who have lost limbs, for example. So, learning more about PIEZOs can have impact in very interesting, but relatively unrelated, fields of research.
Q: What was your family’s first reaction to you being awarded the Nobel Prize?
I think all of us were really in shock. But my family is very down to earth, and since then, they have formed a committee to make sure that my head doesn’t get too big, which I really appreciate. And my wife made a Nobel Diva card, which I get to use only once a week for a year for things like getting out of doing the dishes.
Q: What was one of the most surprising things about winning the Nobel Prize?
What’s hard to anticipate is how excited people get and how wonderful it is to hear from friends and colleagues and places you’ve been associated with. I knew the Nobel Prize was important, but I really didn’t realize the impact it has around the world. I received about 50 letters from elementary school kids saying how proud they are of me and how now they want to be scientists. I want to use this recognition to do some good, including inspiring young kids to become scientists.
Q: You mentioned in one interview that this award helped you reconnect with your roots, could you share a little about that?
I’m Armenian, that was my native tongue, but I also was born in Beirut, Lebanon. Seeing the excitement of the Lebanese and Armenian community has really reconnected me to those cultures. This happens to be the first Nobel laureate for anyone of Armenian origin as well as anyone from Lebanon. These countries have had a rough couple of years, both economically and in terms of war, so they celebrated this news and I really cherish that.
Q: What do you hope to discover next?
Many people think that once you win the Nobel Prize, you will hang up the lab coat and do just administrative stuff or other things. But I love being in the lab. I love asking these basic questions to understand how our body works, and I don’t want any of that to change. I’m committed to keep working in the laboratory with these incredible young scientists and make new discoveries.
I think our trajectory in studying pressure sensation has taken on two phases. The first phase was to identify PIEZOs and show their importance. Phase two, which I’m even more excited about, is finding more on the novel biological processes and diseases that depend on mechanosensation—this includes important roles in red blood cell regulation, and many other different roles of cells and tissues that, again, we haven’t really thought about in the past to depend on pressure sensing. But clearly what we missed is that almost every cell responds to mechanical forces, and we have known virtually nothing about this. PIEZOs really opened the door to so many more areas of study and novel applications.
Q: In between your scientific work, what do you do for fun and stay inspired?
Science is an interesting career because there’s lots of busy work but also a lot of thinking involved. I find exercises like walking and running great times to think of new ideas. I’m obsessed with science, and I often think about it all the time: when I wake up, in the middle of a run, and so on. I love the great outdoors. I used to go running with colleagues at Scripps Research two to three times a week for years and years. Unfortunately, I have a bad knee now and I can’t run as much, but I still do lots of outdoor activities like walking and biking. I go swimming and backpacking with fellow faculty.
I am also a really big fan of the arts. I think arts and sciences have a lot of in common in creativity and I enjoy both. I especially love music of all kinds—eighties rock, classical, opera, jazz.
Q: What advice would you give to early-career scientists or people who would like to explore a career in science?
My biggest advice to young scientists is to be fearless. I think that’s so important because many times we think of an interesting question, but we worry that it might be risky, or that there are competitors, or that you might simply fail. But nevertheless, it’s worthwhile taking the risks to try to do something important and meaningful.
If I think back on 20 years ago when we started this line of research, I realized what a big risk I took working on something that was very difficult to do; that many other labs were trying to do; and that had a very high chance of failure. But that challenge is why we love science, and I’m glad we took that route.
Q: Why did you choose Scripps Research to kind of pursue this type of high-risk science?
Scripps Research is, as I like to say, incredibly good for basic research, but is also one of the best academic places where translational research is being done. And the intersection of these two makes Scripps Research really unique. Also, it’s a collaborative place where there’s not too much bureaucracy. The institute brings people together from different areas of chemistry and biology that would normally not collaborate and work together. For example, when I joined Scripps, I was more of a developmental neuroscientist, but being in this environment made me realize the importance of translational work. Although my lab’s main question is to understand basic fundamental questions in biology, we’re now also always thinking, “How could this be translated to help contribute to cures for human disease?” And this juxtaposition makes Scripps Research a very special place that’s played an important role in my work. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 35 | https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/watch-live-2023-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-announcement | en | WATCH: Nobel in medicine goes to scientists whose work on mRNA led to COVID vaccine | [
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] | 2023-10-01T20:00:47-04:00 | Hungarian-American Katalin Karikó and American Drew Weissman were cited for contributing vaccine development during what the panel that awarded the prize called “one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times.” | en | PBS News | https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/watch-live-2023-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-announcement | STOCKHOLM (AP) — Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in medicine on Monday for discoveries that enabled the creation of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 and that could be used to develop other shots in the future.
Watch the event live in the player above.
Hungarian-American Katalin Karikó and American Drew Weissman were cited for contributing “to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times,” according to the panel that awarded the prize in Stockholm.
What is the Nobel for?
The panel said the pair’s “groundbreaking findings … fundamentally changed our understanding of how mRNA interacts with our immune system.”
Traditionally, making vaccines required growing viruses or pieces of viruses and then purifying them before next steps in brewing shots. The the messenger RNA approach starts with a snippet of genetic code that carries instructions for making proteins. Pick the right virus protein to target, and the body turns into a mini vaccine factory.
READ MORE: The powerful technology behind the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines
But simply injecting lab-grown mRNA into the body triggered a reaction that usually destroyed it. Karikó, a professor at Szeged University in Hungary and an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and Weissman, of the University of Pennsylvania, figured out a tiny modification to the building blocks of RNA that made it stealthy enough to slip past those immune defenses.
Karikó, 68, is the 13th woman to win the Nobel Prize in medicine. She was a senior vice president at BioNTech, which partnered with Pfizer to make one of the COVID-19 vaccines. She and Weissman, 64, who is a professor and director of the Penn Institute for RNA Innovations, met by chance in the 1990s while photocopying research papers, according to Penn Today, the university’s news website.
Why do mRNA vaccines matter?
Dr. Paul Hunter, a professor of medicine at Britain’s University of East Anglia, described the mRNA vaccines as a “game changer” in helping to shut down the coronavirus pandemic, crediting the shots with saving millions of lives.
“If it hadn’t been for the mRNA technology, COVID would have been much worse,” he said. “Vaccines generally were the turning point in slowing down COVID and the mRNA vaccines were just so much better than all the others,” he said, noting that the main vaccine used in the U.K., made by AstraZeneca, is barely in use anymore.
“We would likely only now be coming out of the depths of COVID without the mRNA vaccines,” Hunter said.
Dr. Bharat Pankhania, an infectious diseases expert at Exeter University, said that a major advantage of mRNA technology was that vaccines could be made in extremely large quantities since their main components are made in laboratories.
Pankhania predicted that the technology used in the vaccines could be used to refine vaccines for other diseases like Ebola, malaria and dengue, and might also be used to create shots that immunize people against certain types of cancer or auto-immune diseases like lupus.
READ MORE: After battling COVID, can mRNA vaccines fight cancer?
“It’s possible that we could vaccinate people against abnormal cancer proteins and have the immune system attack it after being given a targeted mRNA shot,” he explained. “It’s a much more targeted technology than has been previously available and could revolutionize how we handle not only outbreaks, but non-communicable diseases.”
Nobel Committee member Gunilla Karlsson Hedestam said the prize could go some way to addressing concerns among skeptics about the speed with which COVID-19 vaccines were developed.
She said the award highlights “the decades of basic research that’s behind this kind of work.”
Peter Maybarduk, director of the Access to Medicines program at the Washington advocacy group Public Citizen, welcomed the recognition of mRNA vaccines, but said the award should also be deeply embarrassing for Western countries.
“This is a technology that should have been available to all of humanity but it was almost exclusively available only in the richest countries in the world,” he said, adding that much of the funding that led to the development of mRNA technology came from public funds in the U.S.
While mRNA vaccines were widely used in North America and across Europe to shut down COVID-19, only a small number of the shots were made available to poorer countries months after vaccination started in rich countries.
How did Karikó and Weissman react?
“The future is just so incredible,” Weissman said. “We’ve been thinking for years about everything that we could do with RNA, and now it’s here.”
Karikó said her husband was the first to pick up the early morning call, handing it to her to hear the news. “I couldn’t believe it,” she said. “I was very much surprised. But I am very happy.”
Before COVID-19, mRNA vaccines were already being tested for other diseases like Zika, influenza and rabies — but the pandemic brought more attention to this approach, Karikó said.
“There was already clinical trials before COVID, but people were not aware,” she said.
READ MORE: How mRNA and DNA vaccines could soon treat diseases like cancer, HIV, autoimmune disorders
Karikó’s family are no strangers to high honors. Her daughter, Susan Francia, is a double Olympic gold medalist in rowing, competing for the United States.
The prize carries a cash award of 11 million Swedish kronor ($1 million) — from a bequest left by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The laureates are invited to receive their awards at ceremonies on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death.
Nobel announcements continue with the physics prize on Tuesday, chemistry on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced Friday and the economics award on Oct. 9.
Corder reported from The Hague, Netherlands. Associated Press writers Maria Cheng in London, Maddie Burakoff in New York and Lauran Neergaard in Washington contributed to this report. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 60 | https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/rochesters-nobel-laureates/ | en | Rochester’s Nobel laureates | [
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] | 2020-10-05T14:18:55+00:00 | University of Rochester alumni and faculty have received Nobel Prizes for achievements in physics, medicine or physiology, and economics. | en | News Center | https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/rochesters-nobel-laureates/ | Rochester alumni and faculty have to date received a total of 13 Nobel Prizes, across a range of categories that includes physics, medicine or physiology, and economics.
The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to National Institutes of Health scientist Harvey Alter for work that has led to diagnostic tests and treatments for a life-threatening form of hepatitis. He shared the prize with British scientist Michael Houghton and Rockefeller University scientist Charles Rice.
The Nobel committee cited the scientists “for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus.” “Thanks to their discovery, highly sensitive blood tests for the virus are now available and these have essentially eliminated post-transfusion hepatitis in many parts of the world, greatly improving global health,” the committee noted.
Alter, who holds BA and MD degrees from Rochester, is the 13th Nobel laureate with ties to the University.
Here’s a look at all of Rochester’s Nobel Prize recipients:
2020 Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Harvey Alter ’56, ’60M (MD), discovery of Hepatitis C virus
2020 Nobel Prize laureate Harvey Alter ’56, ’60M (MD) received the University’s highest alumni award in 2015 (University photo / J. Adam Fenster)
2018 Prize in Physics
Donna Strickland ’89 (PhD) and Gérard Mourou, developers of “chirped-pulse amplification” in lasers
Gérard Mourou, left, photographed in Rochester in 1987, and Donna Strickland ’89 (PhD), seen aligning an optical fiber in her lab in Rochester in 1985. The pair shared half of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics “for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses.” (University photos)
2018 Prize in Economic Sciences
Paul Romer, developer of the endogenous growth theory
Paul Romer, a former assistant professor of economics at Rochester, was recognized as a pioneer of the endogenous growth theory, which integrates technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis. (TT News Agency via AP photos)
2017 Prize in Economic Sciences
Richard Thaler ’74 (PhD), one of the founders of behavioral economics.
Richard Thaler ’74 (PhD), a professor of economics at the University of Chicago and one of the founders of the discipline of behavioral economics, receives an honorary doctor of science degree from the University of Rochester in 2010. (University photo / J. Adam Fenster)
2002 Nobel Prize in Physics
Masatoshi Koshiba ’55 (PhD), a physicist who led work to detect the subatomic particles known as neutrinos.
Masatoshi Koshiba, a professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo, attends a press conference at in Tokyo after receiving the news Tuesday that he and two American researchers won the Nobel Prize in Physics for “pioneering contributions to astrophysics.” (AP Photo)
1997 Nobel Prize in Physics
Physicist Steven Chu ’70, former Secretary of Energy who developed methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.
Steven Chu, then at Stanford University, receives the Nobel Prize in Physics from Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf in Stockholm in 1997. (AP Photo)
1993 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert Fogel, an economist who pioneered quantitative analyses of social history.
Robert Fogel, a member of the Rochester economics faculty in the 1960s and 1970s, speaks to reporters in his University of Chicago office in 1993, as wife, Enid, looks on after learning that he had shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. (Eugene Garcia/AFP/Getty Images)
1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Carleton Gajdusek ’43, who is credited with discovering the infectious disease mechanism of prions.
The Nobel Prize winners for 1976 gather at the United States ambassador’s residence in Stockholm in 1976. From left: Burton Richter, corecipient in physics; Carleton Gajdusek, corecipient in medicine; William Lipscomb, chemistry; Saul Bellow, literature; Samuel Ting, corecipient in physics; Milton Friedman, economics; and Baruch Blumberg, corecipient in medicine. (AP Photo)
1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Arthur Kornberg ’41M (MD), who first discovered a way to synthesize DNA.
Arthur Kornberg receives his Nobel Prize for medicine from King Gustav Adolf of Sweden in 1959 for his pioneering research of a basic mechanism of heredity. (AP Photo)
1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Vincent du Vigneaud ’27 (PhD), a biochemist, for research on sulfur-containing compounds
Vincent du Vigneaud, who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry, went on to a faculty position at Cornell University Medical School. (Getty Images)
1943 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Biochemist Henrik Dam for his discovery of vitamin K.
A member of the faculty in the 1940s, Henrik Dam was a corecipient of the 1944 Nobel Prize for work on vitamin K. (AP Photo)
1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
George Whipple, founding dean of School of Medicine and Dentistry for his work to develop a therapy for anemia.
In an April 1935 photo, George Whipple (far right) is joined by other 1934 laureates H.C. Urey (chemistry) and George Minot and William Murphy, who shared the prize in medicine or physiology with Whipple. (AP Photo) | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 96 | https://case.edu/think/media/nobellaureates.html | en | Case Western Reserve University Nobel Laureates | [
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of Case Western Reserve University
1907: Albert Michelson is named first American scientist to win the Nobel Prize in physics.
1923: John J. R. Macleod, professor of physiology/medicine, wins the Nobel Prize.
1954: Frederick C. Robbins, University Professor who enjoyed a 50-year career at Case Western Reserve, wins the Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine.
1955: Polycarp Kusch, who earned a BS in physics in 1931, earns the Nobel Prize in physics.
1960: Donald A. Glaser, who earned a BS in physics in 1946, receives the Nobel Prize in physics.
1971: Earl W. Sutherland Jr., professor and chair of pharmacology, wins the Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine.
1980: Paul Berg, who earned a PhD in 1952, receives the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
1988: George H. Hitchings, a professor of biochemistry, is awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine.
1994: Alfred G. Gilman, who earned an MD and PhD in 1969, receives the Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine.
1994: George A. Olah, professor and chair of chemistry, wins the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
1995: Frederick Reines, professor and chair of physics, wins Nobel Prize in physics.
1998: Case Western Reserve trustee Ferid Murad wins the Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine. He earned an MD and PhD in 1965.
2003: Chemist and alumnus Paul C. Lauterbur shares the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Sir Peter Mansfield.
2003: Peter Agre, a former instructor at the School of Medicine, wins the Nobel Prize in chemistry. | ||||||
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wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 55 | https://www2.genetics-gsa.org/about/nobelwinners.shtml | en | Genetics Society of America | [
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For more information about these scientists, please refer to the Nobel Prize website, http://Nobelprize.org. | ||||||||
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This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Little Memoirs of the Nineteenth Century
Author: George Paston
Release date: October 1, 2004 [eBook #6756]
Most recently updated: December 30, 2020
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Steve Schulze, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. This file was produced from images generously made available by the CWRU Preservation Department Digital Library
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE MEMOIRS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ***
LITTLE MEMOIRS
NINETEENTH CENTURY
BY GEORGE PASTON
1902
PREFACE
For these sketches of minor celebrities of the nineteenth century, it has been my aim to choose subjects whose experiences seem to illustrate the life--more especially the literary and artistic life--of the first half of the century; and who of late years, at any rate, have not been overwhelmed by the attentions of the minor biographer. Having some faith in the theory that the verdict of foreigners is equivalent to that of contemporary posterity, I have included two aliens in the group. A visitor to our shores, whether he be a German princeling like Pückler-Muskau, or a gilded democrat like N. P. Willis, may be expected to observe and comment upon many traits of national life and manners that would escape the notice of a native chronicler.
Whereas certain readers of a former volume--'Little Memoirs of the Eighteenth Century'--seem to have been distressed by the fact that the majority of the characters died in the nineteenth century, it is perhaps meet that I should apologise for the chronology of this present volume, in which all the heroes and heroines, save one, were born in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. But I would venture to submit that a man is not, necessarily, the child of the century in which he is born, or of that in which he dies; rather is he the child of the century which sees the finest flower of his achievement.
CONTENTS
BENJAMIN ROBERT HAYDON
LADY MORGAN (SYDNEY OWENSON)
NATHANIEL PARKER WILLIS
LADY HESTER STANHOPE
PRINCE PÜCKLER-MUSKAU IN ENGLAND
WILLIAM AND MARY HOWITT
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
BENJAMIN ROBERT HAYDON
LADY MORGAN
NATHANIEL PARKER WILLIS
LADY HESTER STANHOPE ON HORSEBACK
LADY HESTER STANHOPE IN EASTERN COSTUME
PRINCE PÜCKLER-MUSKAU
MARY HOWITT
BENJAMIN ROBERT HAYDON
PART I
If it be true that the most important ingredient in the composition of the self-biographer is a spirit of childlike vanity, with a blend of unconscious egoism, few men have ever been better equipped than Haydon for the production of a successful autobiography. In naïve simplicity of temperament he has only been surpassed by Pepys, in fulness of self-revelation by Rousseau, and his Memoirs are not unworthy of a place in the same category as the Diary and the Confessions. From the larger public, the work has hardly attracted the attention it deserves; it is too long, too minute, too heavily weighted with technical details and statements of financial embarrassments, to be widely or permanently popular. But as a human document, and as the portrait of a temperament, its value can hardly be overestimated; while as a tragedy it is none the less tragic because it contains elements of the grotesque. Haydon set out with the laudable intention of writing the exact truth about himself and his career, holding that every man who has suffered for a principle, and who has been unjustly persecuted and oppressed, should write his own history, and set his own case before his countrymen. It is a fortunate accident for his readers that he should have been gifted with the faculty of picturesque expression and an exceptionally keen power of observation. If not a scholar, he was a man of wide reading, of deep though desultory thinking, and a good critic where the work of others was concerned. He seems to have desired to conceal nothing, nor to set down aught in malice; if he fell into mistakes and misrepresentations, these were the result of unconscious prejudice, and the exaggerative tendency of a brain that, if not actually warped, trembled on the border-line of sanity. He hoped that his mistakes would be a warning to others, his successes a stimulus, and that the faithful record of his struggles and aspirations would clear his memory from the aspersions that his enemies had cast upon it.
Haydon was born at Plymouth on January 26, 1786. He was the lineal descendant of an ancient Devonshire family, the Haydons of Cadbay, who had been ruined by a Chancery suit a couple of generations earlier, and had consequently taken a step downwards in the social scale. His grandfather, who married Mary Baskerville, a descendant of the famous printer, set up as a bookseller in Plymouth, and, dying in 1773, bequeathed his business to his son Benjamin, the father of our hero. This Benjamin, who married the daughter of a Devonshire clergyman named Cobley, was a man of the old-fashioned, John Bull type, who loved his Church and king, believed that England was the only great country in the world, swore that Napoleon won all his battles by bribery, and would have knocked down any man who dared to disagree with him. The childhood of the future historical painter was a picturesque and stirring period, filled with the echoes of revolution and the rumours of wars. The Sound was crowded with fighting ships preparing for sea, or returning battered and blackened, with wounded soldiers on board and captured vessels in tow. Plymouth itself was full of French prisoners, who made little models of guillotines out of their meat-bones, and sold them to the children for the then fashionable amusement of 'cutting off Louis XVI.'s head.'
Benjamin was sent to the local grammar-school, whose headmaster, Dr. Bidlake, was a man of some culture, though not a deep classic. He wrote poetry, encouraged his pupils to draw, and took them for country excursions, with a view to fostering their love of nature. Mr. Haydon, though he was proud of Benjamin's early attempts at drawing, had no desire that he should be turned into an artist, and becoming alarmed at Dr. Bidlake's dilettante methods, he transferred his son to the Plympton Grammar-school, where Sir Joshua Reynolds had been educated, with strict injunctions to the headmaster that the boy was on no account to have drawing-lessons. On leaving school at sixteen, Benjamin, after, a few months with a firm of accountants at Exeter, was bound apprentice to his father for seven years, and it was then that his troubles began.
'I hated day-books, ledgers, bill-books, and cashbooks,' he tells us. 'I hated standing behind the counter, and insulted the customers; I hated the town and all the people in it.' At last, after a quarrel with a customer who tried to drive a bargain, this proud spirit refused to enter the shop again. In vain his father pointed out to him the folly of letting a good business go to ruin, of refusing a comfortable independence--all argument was vain. An illness, which resulted in inflammation of the eyes, put a stop to the controversy for the time being; but on recovery, with his sight permanently injured, the boy still refused to work out his articles, but wandered about the town in search of casts and books on art. He bought a fine copy of Albinus at his father's expense, and in a fortnight, with his sister to aid, learnt all the muscles of the body, their rise and insertion, by heart. He stumbled accidentally on Reynold's Discourses, and the first that he read placed so much reliance on honest industry, and expressed so strong a conviction that all men are equal in talent, and that application makes all the difference, that the would-be artist, who hitherto had been held back by some distrust of his natural powers, felt that at last his destiny was irrevocably fixed. He announced his intention of adopting an art-career with a determination that demolished all argument, and, in spite of remonstrances, reproaches, tears, and scoldings, he wrung from his father permission to go to London, and the promise of support for the next two years.
On May 14, 1804, at the age of eighteen, young Haydon took his place in the mail, and made his first flight into the world. Arriving at the lodgings that had been taken for him in the Strand in the early morning, he had no sooner breakfasted than he set off for Somerset House, to see the Royal Academy Exhibition. Looking round for historical pictures, he discovered that Opie's 'Gil Bias' was the centre of attraction in one room, and Westall's 'Shipwrecked Boy' in another.
'I don't fear you,' he said to himself as he strode away. His next step was to inquire for a plaster-shop, where he bought the Laocoön and other casts, and then, having unpacked his Albinus, he was hard at work before nine next morning drawing from the round, and breathing aspirations for High Art, and defiance to all opposition. 'For three months,' he tells us, 'I saw nothing but my books, my casts, and my drawings. My enthusiasm was immense, my devotion for study that of a martyr. I rose when I woke, at three or four, drew at anatomy till eight, in chalks from casts from nine till one, and from half-past two till five--then walked, dined, and to anatomy again from seven till ten or eleven. I was resolute to be a great painter, to honour my country, and to rescue the Art from that stigma of incapacity that was impressed upon it.
After some months of solitary study, Haydon bethought him of a letter of introduction that had been given him to Prince Hoare, who was something of a critic, having himself failed as an artist. Hoare good-naturedly encouraged the youth in his ambitions, and gave him introductions to Northcote, Opie, and Fuseli.
To Northcote, who was a Plymouth man, Haydon went first, and he gives a curious account of his interview with his distinguished fellow-countryman, who also had once cherished aspirations after high art. Northcote, a little wizened old man, with a broad Devonshire accent, exclaimed on hearing that his young visitor intended to be a historical painter: 'Heestorical painter! why, ye'll starve with a bundle of straw under yeer head.' As for anatomy, he declared that it was no use. 'Sir Joshua didn't know it; why should you want to know what he didn't? Michael Angelo! What's he to do here? You must paint portraits here.' 'I won't,' said young Haydon, clenching his teeth, and he marched off to Opie. He found a coarse-looking, intellectual man who, after reading the introductory letter, said quietly, 'You are studying anatomy--master it--were I your age, I would do the same.' The last visit was to Fuseli, who had a great reputation for the terrible, both as artist and as man. The gallery into which the visitor was ushered was so full of devils, witches, ghosts, blood and thunder, that it was a palpable relief when nothing more alarming appeared than a little old and lion-faced man, attired in a flannel dressing-gown, with the bottom of Mrs. Fuseli's work-basket on his head! Fuseli, who had just been appointed Keeper of Academy, received the young man kindly, praised his drawings, and expressed a hope that he would see him at the Academy School.
After the Christmas vacation of 1805, Haydon began to attend the Academy classes, where he struck up a close friendship with John Jackson, afterwards a popular portrait-painter and Royal Academician, but then a student like himself. Jackson was the son of a village tailor in Yorkshire, and the protége of Lord Mulgrave and Sir George Beaumont. The two friends told each other their plans for the future, drew together in the evenings, and made their first life-studies from a friendly coalheaver whom they persuaded to sit to them. After a few months of hard work, Haydon was summoned home to take leave of his father, who was believed to be dying. The invalid recovered, and then followed another period of torture for the young student--aunts, uncles, and cousins all trying to drive the stray sheep back into the commercial fold. Exhausted by the struggle, Haydon at last consented to relinquish his career, and enter the business. Great was his delight and surprise when his father refused to accept the sacrifice--which was made in anything but a cheerful spirit--and promised to contribute to his support until he was able to provide for himself.
In the midst of all these domestic convulsions came a letter from Jackson, containing the announcement that there was 'a raw, tall, pale, queer Scotchman just come up, an odd fellow, but with something in him. He is called Wilkie.' 'Hang the fellow!' said Haydon to himself. 'I hope with his "something" he is not going to be a historical painter.' On his return to town, our hero made the acquaintance of the queer young Scotchman, and was soon admitted to his friendship and intimacy. Wilkie's 'Village Politicians' was the sensation of the Exhibition of 1806, and brought him two important commissions--one from Lord Mulgrave for the 'Blind Fiddler,' and the other from Sir George Beaumont for the 'Rent-Day.' It was now considered that Wilkie's fortune was made, his fame secure, and if his two chief friends--Haydon and Jackson--could not help regarding him with some natural feelings of envy, it is evident that his early success encouraged them, and stimulated them to increased effort.
Haydon had been learning fresh secrets in his art, partly from an anatomical 'subject' that he had obtained from a surgeon, and partly from his introduction, through the good offices of Jackson, to the works of Titian at Stafford House, and in other private collections, there being as yet no National Gallery where the student could study the old masters at his pleasure. Haydon was now panting to begin his first picture, his natural self-confidence having been strengthened by a letter from Wilkie, who reported that Lord Mulgrave, with whom he was staying, was much interested in what he had heard of Haydon's ambitions. Lord Mulgrave had suggested a heroic subject--the Death of Dentatus--which he would like to see painted, and he wished to know if this commended itself to Haydon's ideas. This first commission for a great historical picture--for so he understood the suggestion--was a triumph for the young artist, who felt himself gloriously rewarded for two years of labour and opposition. He had, however, already decided on the subject of his first attempt--Joseph and Mary resting on the road to Egypt. On October 1,1806, after setting his palette, and taking his brush in hand, he knelt down, in accordance with his invariable custom throughout his career, and prayed fervently that God would bless his work, grant him energy to create a new era in art, and rouse the people to a just estimate of the moral value of historical painting.
Then followed a happy time. The difficulties of a first attempt were increased by his lack of systematic training, but Haydon believed, with Sir Joshua, that application made the artist, and he certainly spared no pains to achieve success. He painted and repainted his heads a dozen times, and used to mix tints on a piece of paper, and carry them down to Stafford House once a week in order to compare them with the colouring of the Titians. While this work was in progress, Sir George and Lady Beaumont called to see the picture, which they declared was very poetical, and 'quite large enough for anything' (the canvas was six feet by four), and invited the artist to dinner. This first dinner-party, in what he regarded as 'high life,' was an alarming ordeal for the country youth, who made prodigious preparations, drove to the house in a state of abject terror, and in five minutes was sitting on an ottoman, talking to Lady Beaumont, and more at ease than he had ever been in his life. In truth, bashfulness was never one of Haydon's foibles.
The Joseph and Mary took six months to paint, and was exhibited in 1807. It was considered a remarkable work for a young student, and was bought the following year by Mr. Hope of Deepdene. During the season, Haydon was introduced to Lord Mulgrave, and with his friends Wilkie and Jackson frequently dined at the Admiralty, [Footnote: Lord Mulgrave had recently been appointed First Lord of the Admiralty.] where they met ministers, generals, great ladies and men of genius, and rose daily in hope and promise. Haydon now began the picture of the 'Death of Siccius Dentatus' that his patron had suggested, but he found the difficulties so overwhelming that, by Wilkie's advice, he decided to go down to Plymouth for a few months, and practise portrait-painting. At fifteen guineas a head, he got plenty of employment among his friends and relations, though he owns that his portraits were execrable; but as soon as he had obtained some facility in painting heads, he was anxious to return to town to finish his large picture. Mrs. Haydon was now in declining health, and desiring to consult a famous surgeon in London, she decided to travel thither with her son and daughter. Unfortunately her disease, angina pectoris, was aggravated by the agitation of the journey, and on the road, at Salt Hill, she was seized with an attack that proved fatal. Haydon was obliged to return to Devonshire with his sister, but as soon as the funeral was over he set off again for town, where his prospects seemed to justify his exchanging his garret in the Strand for a first floor in Great Marlborough Street.
He found the practice gained in portrait-painting a substantial advantage, but he still felt himself incapable of composing a heroic figure for Dentatus. 'If I copied nature my work was mean,' he complains; 'and if I left her it was mannered. How was I to build a heroic form like life, yet above life?' He was puzzled to find, in painting from the living model, that the markings of the skin varied with the action of the limbs, variations that did not appear in the few specimens of the antique that had come under his notice. Was nature wrong, he asked himself, or the antique? During this period of indecision and confusion came a proposal from Wilkie that they should go together to inspect the Elgin Marbles then newly arrived in England, and deposited at Lord Elgin's house in Park Lane. Haydon carelessly agreed, knowing nothing of the wonders he was to see, and the two friends proceeded to Park Lane, where they were ushered through a yard to a dirty shed, in which lay the world-famous Marbles.
'The first thing I fixed my eyes on,' to quote Haydon's own words, 'was the wrist of a figure in one of the female groups, in which were visible the radius and ulna. I was astonished, for I had never seen them hinted at in any wrist in the antique. I darted my eye to the elbow, and saw the outer condyle visibly affecting the shape, as in nature. That combination of nature and repose which I had felt was so much wanting for high art was here displayed to midday conviction. My heart beat. If I had seen nothing else, I had beheld sufficient to help me to nature for the rest of my life. But when I turned to the Theseus, and saw that every form was altered by action or repose-when I saw that the two sides of his back varied as he rested on his elbow; and again, when in the figure of the fighting metope, I saw the muscle shown under one armpit in that instantaneous action of darting out, and left out in the other armpits; when I saw, in short, the most heroic style of art, combined with all the essential detail of everyday life, the thing was done at once and for ever.... Here were the principles which the great Greeks in their finest time established, and here was I, the most prominent historical student, perfectly qualified to appreciate all this by my own determined mode of study.'
On returning to his painting-room, Haydon, feeling utterly disgusted with his attempt at the heroic in the form and action of Dentatus, obliterated what he calls 'the abominable mass,' and breathed as if relieved of a nuisance. Through Lord Mulgrave he obtained an order to draw from the Marbles, and devoted the next three months to mastering their secrets, and bringing his hand and mind into subjection to the principles that they displayed. 'I rose with the sun,' he writes, with the glow of his first enthusiasm still upon him, 'and opened my eyes to the light only to be conscious of my high pursuit. I sprang from my bed, dressed like one possessed, and passed the day, noon, and the night, in the same dream of abstracted enthusiasm; secluded from the world, regardless of its feelings, impregnable to disease, insensible to contempt.' He painted his heads, figures, and draperies over and over again, feeling that to obliterate was the only way to improve. His studio soon filled with fashionable folk, who came to see the 'extraordinary picture painted by a young man who had never had the advantages of foreign travel.' Haydon believed, with the simplicity of a child, in all these flattering prophecies of glory and fame, and imagined that the Academy would welcome with open arms so promising a student, one, moreover, who had been trained in its own school. He redoubled his efforts, and in March 1809, 'Dentatus' was finished.
'The production of this picture,' he naively explains, 'must and will be considered as an epoch in English art. The drawing in it was correct and elevated, and the perfect forms and system of the antique were carried into painting, united with the fleshy look of everyday life. The colour, light and shadow, the composition and the telling of the story were complete.' His contemporaries did not form quite so flattering an estimate of the work. It was badly hung, a fate to which many an artist of three-and-twenty has had to submit, before and since; but Haydon writes as if no such injustice had been committed since the world began, and was persuaded that the whole body of Academicians was leagued in spite and jealousy against him. Lord Mulgrave gave him sixty guineas in addition to the hundred he had first promised, which seems a fair price for the second work of an obscure artist, but poor Haydon fancied that his professional prospects had suffered from the treatment of the Academy, that people of fashion (on whose attentions he set great store) were neglecting him, and that he was a marked man. A sea-trip to Plymouth with Wilkie gave his thoughts a new and more healthy turn. Together, the friends visited Sir Joshua's birthplace, and roamed over the moors and combes of Devonshire. Before returning to town, they spent a delightful fortnight with Sir George Beaumont at Coleorton, where, says Haydon, 'we dined with the Claude and Rembrandt before us, and breakfasted with the Rubens landscape, and did nothing, morning, noon, and night, but think of painting, talk of painting, and wake to paint again.'
During this visit, Sir George gave Haydon a commission for a picture on a subject from Macbeth. After it was begun, he objected to the size, but our artist, who, throughout his life, detested painting cabinet pictures, refused to attempt anything on a smaller scale. He persuaded Sir George to withhold his decision until the picture was finished, and promised that if he still objected to the size, he would paint him another on any scale he pleased. While engaged on 'Macbeth,' he competed with 'Dentatus' for a hundred guinea prize offered by the Directors of the British Gallery for the best historical picture. 'Dentatus' won the prize, but this piece of good fortune was counterbalanced by a letter from Mr. Haydon, senior, containing the announcement that he could no longer afford to maintain his son. This was a heavy blow, but after turning over pros and cons in his own mind, Haydon came to the conclusion that since he had won the hundred guinea prize, he had a good chance of winning a three hundred guinea prize, which the Directors now offered, with his 'Macbeth,' and consequently that he had no occasion to dread starvation. 'Thus reasoning,' he says, 'I borrowed, and praying God to bless my emotions, went on more vigorously than ever. And here began debt and obligation, out of which I have never been, and shall never be, extricated, as long as I live.'
This prophecy proved only too true. But Haydon, though he afterwards bitterly regretted his folly in exchanging independence for debt, and his pride in refusing to paint pot-boilers in the intervals of his great works, firmly believed that he, with his high aims and fervent desire to serve the cause of art, was justified in continuing his ambitious course, and depending for maintenance on the contributions of his friends. Nothing could exceed the approbation of his own conduct, or shake his faith in his own powers. 'I was a virtuous and diligent youth,' he assures us; 'I never touched wine, dined at reasonable chop-houses, lived principally in my study, and cleaned my own brushes, like the humblest student.' He goes to see Sebastian del Piombo's 'Lazarus' in the Angerstein collection, and, after writing a careful criticism of the work, concludes: 'It is a grand picture; a great acquisition to the country, and an honour to Mr. Angerstein's taste and spirit in buying it; yet if God cut not my life permanently short, I hope I shall leave one behind me that will do more honour to my country than this has done to Rome. In short, if I live, I will--I feel I shall, (God pardon me if this is presumption. June 31, 1810.)'
At this time Haydon devoted a good deal of his leisure to reading classic authors, Homer, Æschylus, and Virgil, in order to tune his mind to high thoughts. Nearly every day he spent a few hours in drawing from the Elgin Marbles, and he piously thanks God that he was in existence on their arrival. He spared no pains to ensure that his 'Macbeth' should be perfect in poetry, expression, form and colour, making casts and studies without end. His friends related, as a wonderful specimen of his conscientiousness, that, after having completed the figure of Macbeth, he took it out in order to raise it higher in the picture, believing that this would improve the effect. 'The wonder in ancient Athens would have been if I had suffered him to remain,' he observes. 'Such is the state of art in this country!'
In 1811 Haydon entered into his first journalistic controversy, an unfortunate departure, as it turned out, since it gave him a taste for airing his ideas in print. Leigh Hunt, to whom he had been introduced a year or two before, had attacked one of his theories, relative to a standard figure, in the Examiner. Haydon replied, was replied to himself, and thoroughly enjoyed the controversy which, he says, consolidated his powers of verbal expression. Leigh Hunt he describes as a fine specimen of a London editor, with his bushy hair, black eyes, pale face, and 'nose of taste.' He was assuming yet moderate, sarcastic yet genial, with a smattering of everything and mastery of nothing; affecting the dictator, the poet, the politician, the critic, and the sceptic, whichever would, at the moment, give him the air, to inferior minds, of a very superior man.' Although Haydon disliked Hunt's 'Cockney peculiarities,' and disapproved of his republican principles, yet the fearless honesty of his opinions, the unhesitating sacrifice of his own interests, the unselfish perseverance of his attacks upon all abuses, whether royal or religious, noble or democratic, made a deep impression on the young artist's mind.
Towards the end of 1811 the new picture, which represents Macbeth stepping between the sleeping grooms to murder the king, was finished, and sent to the British Gallery. It was well hung, and was praised by the critics, but Sir George declined to take it, though he offered to pay Haydon a hundred pounds for his trouble, or to give him a commission for a picture on a smaller scale. Haydon petulantly refused both offers, and thus after three years' work, and incurring debts to the amount of six hundred pounds, he found himself penniless, with his picture returned on his hands. This disappointment was only the natural result of his own impracticable temperament, but to Haydon's exaggerative sense the whole world seemed joined in a conspiracy against him. 'Exasperated by the neglect of my family,' he writes, 'tormented by the consciousness of debt, cut to the heart by the cruelty of Sir George, and enraged at the insults of the Academy, I became furious.' His fury, unfortunately, found vent in an attack upon the Academy and its methods, through the medium of the Examiner, which was the recognised vehicle of all attacks upon authority. The onslaught seems to have been justified, though whether it was judicious is another question. The ideals of English artists during the early years of the nineteenth century had sunk very low, and the standard of public taste was several degrees lower. Portrait-painting was the only lucrative branch of art, and the Academy was almost entirely in the hands of the portrait-painters, who gave little encouragement to works of imagination. The burden of the patron, which had been removed from literature, still rested upon painting, and the Academicians found it more to their interest to foster the ignorance than to educate the taste of the patron.
Over the signature of 'An English Student,' Haydon not only exposed the inefficiency of the Academy, but advocated numerous reforms, chief among them being an improved method of election, the establishment of schools of design, a reduction in the power of the Council, and an annual grant of public money for purposes of art. In these days, when the Academicians are no longer regarded as a sacred body, it is hard to realise the commotion that these letters made in art circles, whether professional or amateur. The identity of the 'English Student' was soon discovered, and 'from that moment,' writes Haydon, 'the destiny of my life was changed. My picture was caricatured, my name detested, my peace harassed. I was looked at like a monster, abused like a plague, and avoided like a maniac.' There is probably some characteristic exaggeration in this statement, but considering the power wielded at this time by the Academy and its supporters, Haydon would undoubtedly have done better, from a worldly point of view, to keep clear of these controversies. The prudent and sensible Wilkie was much distressed at his friend's ebullition of temper, and earnestly advised him to follow up the reputation his brush had gained for him, and leave the pen alone. 'In moments of depression,' wrote Haydon, many years later, 'I often wished I had followed Wilkie's advice, but then I should never have acquired that grand and isolated reputation, solitary and unsupported, which, while it encumbers the individual, inspires him with vigour proportioned to the load.'
On April 3, 1812, Haydon records in his journal: 'My canvas came home for Solomon, twelve feet ten inches by ten feet ten inches--a grand size. God in heaven, grant me strength of body and vigour of mind to cover it with excellence. Amen--on my knees.' His design was to paint a series of great ideal works, that should stand comparison with the productions of the old masters, and he had chosen the somewhat stereotyped subject of the Judgment of Solomon, because Raphael and Rubens had both tried it, and he intended to tell the story better! He was now, at the beginning of this ambitious project, entirely without means. His father had died, and left him nothing, and his 'Macbeth' had not won the £300 premium at the British Gallery. His aristocratic friends had temporarily deserted him, but the Hunts assisted him with the ready liberality of the impecunious. John lent him small sums of money, while Leigh offered him a plate at his table till Solomon was finished, and initiated him into the mysteries of drawing and discounting bills.
Haydon already owed his landlord two hundred pounds, but that seemed to him no reason for moving into cheaper rooms. He called the man up, and represented to him that he was about to paint a great masterpiece, which would take him two years, during which period he would earn nothing, and be unable to pay any rent. The landlord, surely a unique specimen of his order, deliberated rather ruefully over the prospect set before him, rubbed his chin, and muttered: 'I should not like ye to go--it's hard for both of us; but what I say is, you always paid me when you could, and why should you not again when you are able?... Well, sir, here's my hand; I'll give you two years more, and if this does not sell--why then, sir, we'll consider what is to be done.'
Thus a roof was provided, but there was still dinner to be thought of, since, if a man works, he must also eat. 'I went to the house [John o' Groat's] where I had always dined,' writes Haydon, 'intending to dine without paying for that day. I thought the servants did not offer me the same attention. I thought I perceived the company examine me--I thought the meat was worse. My heart sank, as I said falteringly, "I will pay you to-morrow." The girl smiled, and seemed interested. As I was escaping with a sort of lurking horror, she said, "Mr. Haydon, my master wishes to see you." "My God," thought I, "it is to tell me he can't trust!" In I walked like a culprit. "Sir, I beg your pardon, but I see by the papers you have been ill-used; I hope you won't be angry--I mean no offence; but I just wish to say, as you have dined here many years and always paid, if it would be a convenience during your present work to dine here till it is done--so that you may not be obliged to spend your money here when you may want it--I was going to say that you need be under no apprehension--hem! for a dinner."' This handsome offer was condescendingly accepted, and the good man seemed quite relieved.
While Solomon was slowly progressing at the expense of the landlord and the eating-house keeper, Haydon spent his leisure in literary rather than artistic circles. At Leigh Hunt's he met, and became intimate with Charles Lamb, Keats, Hazlitt, and John Scott. In January 1813 he writes: 'Spent the evening with Leigh Hunt at West End. His society is always delightful. I do not know a purer, more virtuous partner, or a more witty and enlivening man. We talked of his approaching imprisonment. He said it would be a great pleasure if he were certain to be sent to Newgate, because he should be in the midst of his friends.' Hazlitt won our hero's liking by praising his 'Macbeth.' 'Thence began a friendship,' Haydon tells us, 'for that interesting man, that singular mixture of friend and fiend, radical and critic, metaphysician, poet, and painter, on whose word no one could rely, on whose heart no one could calculate, and some of whose deductions he himself would try to explain in vain.... Mortified at his own failure [in painting] he resolved that as he had not succeeded, no one else should, and he spent the whole of his after-life in damping the ardour, chilling the hopes, and dimming the prospects of patrons and painters, so that after I once admitted him, I had nothing but forebodings of failure to bear up against, croakings about the climate, and sneers at the taste of the public.'
By the beginning of 1814 Solomon was approaching completion, but the artist had been reduced to living for a fortnight on potatoes. He had now been nearly four years without a commission, and three without any help from home, so that it is not surprising to learn that he felt completely broken down in body and mind, or that his debts amounted to £1100. A frame was procured on credit, and, failing any more suitable place of exhibition, the picture was sent to the Water-colour Society. At the private view, the Princess of Wales and other eminent critics pronounced against the Solomon, but as soon as the public were admitted, the tune changed, and John Bull vowed it was the finest work of art ever produced in England. If posterity has not indorsed this judgment, the Solomon is at least regarded, by competent critics, as Haydon's most successful work. 'Before the doors had been open half an hour,' writes Haydon, 'a gentleman opened his pocket-book, and showed me a £500 note. "Will you take it?" My heart beat--my agonies of want pressed, but it was too little. I trembled out, "I cannot." The gentleman invited me to dine, and when we were sitting over our wine, agreed to give me my price. His lady said, "But, my dear, where am I to put my piano?" and the bargain was at an end!' On the third day Sir George Beaumont and Mr. Holwell Carr came to the Exhibition, having been deputed to buy the picture for the British Gallery. While they were discussing its merits, one of the officials went over, and put 'sold' on the frame, whereupon the artist says he thought he should have fainted. The work had been bought at the price asked, £700, by two Plymouth bankers, Sir William Elford (the friend and correspondent of Miss Mitford) and Mr. Tingecombe.
Poor Haydon now thought that his fortune was secure. He paid away £500 to landlord and tradesmen in the first week, and though this did not settle half his debts, it restored his credit. The balance was spent in a trip to Paris with Wilkie, Paris being then (May 1814) the most interesting place on earth. All the nations of Europe were gathered together there, and the Louvre was in its glory. So absorbed and fascinated was Haydon by the actual life of the city, that he finds little to say about the works of art there collected. Yet his first visit was to the Louvre, and he describes with what impetuosity he bounded up the steps, three at a time, and how he scolded Wilkie for trotting up with his usual deliberation. 'I might just as well have scolded the column,' he observes. 'I soon left him at some Jan Steen, while I never stopped until I stood before the "Transfiguration." My first feeling was disappointment. It looked small, harsh and hard. This, of course, is always the way when you have fed your imagination for years on a work you know only by prints. Even the "Pietro Martyre" was smaller than I thought to find it; yet after the difference between reality and anticipation had worn away, these great works amply repaid the study of them, and grew up to the fancy, or rather the fancy grew up to them.... It will hardly be believed by artists that we often forgot the great works in the Louvre in the scenes around us, and found Russians and Bashkirs from Tartary more attractive than the "Transfiguration"; but so it was, and I do not think we were very wrong either. Why stay poring over pictures when we were on the most remarkable scene in the history of the earth.'
On his return to London, Haydon was gratified by the news that his friend and fellow-townsman, George Eastlake, had proposed and carried a motion that he should be presented with the freedom of his native city, as a testimony of respect for his extraordinary merit as a historical painter. Furthermore, the Directors of the British Gallery sent him a hundred guineas as a token of their admiration for his latest work. But no commission followed, either from a private patron or public body. However, the artist, nothing daunted, ordered a larger canvas, and set vigorously to work on a representation of 'Christ's Entry into Jerusalem,' a picture which occupied him, with intervals of illness and idleness, for nearly six years.
The year 1815 was too full of stir and excitement for a man like Haydon, who was always keenly interested in public affairs, to devote himself to steady work. The news of Waterloo almost turned his brain. On June 23 he notes: 'I read the Gazette [with the account of Waterloo] the last thing before going to bed. I dreamt of it, and was fighting all night; I got up in a steam of feeling, and read the Gazette again, ordered a Courier for a month, and read all the papers till I was faint.... 'Have not the efforts of the nation,' I asked myself, 'been gigantic?' To such glories she only wants to add the glories of my noble art to make her the grandest nation in the world, and these she shall have if God spare my life....
'June 25.--Dined with Hunt. I give myself credit for not worrying him to death at this news. He was quiet for some time, but knowing it must come, and putting on an air of indifference, he said, "Terrible battle this, Haydon." "A glorious one, Hunt." "Oh yes, certainly," and to it we went. Yet Hunt took a just and liberal view of the situation. As for Hazlitt, it is not to be believed how the destruction of Napoleon affected him; he seemed prostrated in mind and body; he walked about unwashed, unshaved, hardly sober by day, and always intoxicated by night, literally, without exaggeration, for weeks, until at length, wakening as it were from his stupor, he at once left off all stimulating liquors, and never touched them after.'
It is in this year that we find the first mention in the Journal of Wordsworth, who, throughout his life, was one of Haydon's most faithful friends and appreciative admirers. On April 13, the artist records: 'I had a cast made yesterday of Wordsworth's face. He bore it like a philosopher.... We afterwards called on Hunt, and as Hunt had previously attacked him, and now has reformed his opinions, the meeting was interesting. Hunt paid him the highest compliments, and told him that as he grew wiser and got older, he found his respect for his powers, and enthusiasm for his genius, increase.... I afterwards sauntered with him to Hampstead, with great delight. Never did any man so beguile the time as Wordsworth. His purity of heart, his kindness, his soundness of principle, his information, his knowledge, and the intense and eager feelings with which he pours forth all he knows, affect, interest, and enchant one. I do not know any one I would be so inclined to worship as a purified being.'
The new picture was not far advanced before the painter was once again at the end of his resources, though not of his courage. Fifty guineas were advanced to him by Sir George Beaumont, who had now commissioned a picture at two hundred guineas, and Mr. (after Sir George) Phillips, of Manchester, gave him a commission of £500 for a sacred work, paying one hundred guineas down. But these advances melted rapidly away in the expenses attendant on the painting of so ambitious a work as the 'Entry into Jerusalem.' Towards the close of the year Haydon's health began to suffer from his excessive application, his sight weakened, and he was often unable to paint for months at a time. Under these afflictions, he was consoled by receiving permission to take casts of the Elgin Marbles, the authenticity of which treasures had recently been attacked by the art-critic, Knight Payne, who declared that they were not Greek at all, but Roman, of the time of Hadrian. Such was the effect of Payne Knight's opinion that the Marbles went down in the public estimation, the Government hesitated to buy them for the nation, and they were left neglected in a damp shed. Haydon was furious at this insult to the objects of his idolatry, whose merits he had been preaching in season and out of season since the day that he first set eyes upon the Theseus and the Ilissus. At this critical moment he found himself supported by a new and powerful champion in the person of Canova, who had just arrived in England. Canova at once admitted that the style of the Marbles was superior to that of all other known marbles, and declared that they were well worth coming from Rome to see. 'Canova's visit was a victory for me,' writes Haydon, who had received the sculptor at his studio, and introduced him to some of the artistic lions of London. 'What became now of all the sneers at my senseless insanity about the Marbles? I, unknown, with no station or rank, might have talked myself dumb; but for Canova, the great artist of Europe, to repeat word for word what I had been saying for seven years! His opinion could not be gainsaid.'
If our troubles are apt to come not in single file, but in 'whole battalions,' our triumphs also occasionally arrive in squadrons, or such at least was Haydon's experience. Hard upon Canova's departure came a letter from Wordsworth, enclosing three sonnets, the last of which had, he avowed, been inspired by a letter of Haydon's on the struggles and hardships of the artist's life. This is now the familiar sonnet beginning,
'High is our calling, Friend,'
and concluding:
'Great is the glory, for the strife is hard.'
'Now, reader,' writes the delighted recipient, 'was not this glorious? And you, young student, when you are pressed down by want in the midst of a great work, remember what followed Haydon's perseverance. The freedom of his native town, the visit of Canova, and the sonnet of Wordsworth, and if that do not cheer you up, and make you go on, you are past all hope.... It had, indeed, been a wonderful year for me. The Academicians were silenced. All classes were so enthusiastic and so delighted that, though I had lost seven months with weak eyes, and had only accomplished The Penitent Girl, The Mother, The Centurion and the Samaritan Woman, yet they were considered so decidedly in advance of all I had yet done, that my painting-room was crowd by rank, beauty, and fashion, and the picture was literally taken up as an honour to the nation.'
But, alas! neither the sonnets of poets nor the homage of the great would pay for models and colours, or put bread into the artist's mouth. Haydon could only live by renewed borrowing, for which method of support he endeavours, without much success, to excuse himself. Once in the clutches of professional money-lenders, he confesses that 'the fine edge of honour was dulled. Though my honourable discharge of what I borrowed justified my borrowing again, yet it is a fallacious relief, because you must stop sooner or later; if you are punctual, and if you can pay in the long-run, why incur the debt at all? Too proud to do small, modest things, that I might obtain fair means of subsistence as I proceeded with my great work, I thought it no degradation to borrow, to risk the insult of refusal, and be bated down like the meanest dealer. Then I was liberal in my art; I spared no expense for casts and prints, and did great things for the art by means of them.... Ought I, after such efforts as I had made, to have been left in this position by the Directors of the British Gallery or the Government?'
The year 1816 was distinguished in Haydon's life as the epoch of his first, or, more accurately, his last serious love-affair. He was of a susceptible temperament, and seems to have been a favourite with women, whom he inspired with his own strong belief in himself; but he demanded much of the woman who was to be his wife, and hitherto he had not found one who seemed worthy of that exalted position. He had long been acquainted with Maria Foote, the actress, for whom he entertained a qualified admiration, and by her he was taken one day to a friend's house where, 'In one instant, the loveliest face that was ever created since God made Eve, smiled gently at my approach. The effect of her beauty was instantaneous. On the sofa lay a dying man and a boy about two years old. We shortly took leave. I never spoke a word, and after seeing M---- home, I returned to the house, and stood outside, in hopes that she would appear at the window. I went home, and for the first time in my life was really, heartily, thoroughly, passionately in love. I hated my pictures. I hated the Elgin Marbles. I hated books. I could not eat, or sleep, or think, or write, or talk. I got up early, examined the premises and street, and gave a man half-a-crown to let me sit concealed, and watch for her coming out. Day after day I grew more and more enraptured, till resistance was relinquished with a glorious defiance of restraint. Her conduct to her dying husband, her gentle reproof of my impassioned air, riveted my being. But I must not anticipate. Sufficient for the present, O reader, is it to tell thee that B. R. Haydon is, and for ever will be, in love with that woman, and that she is his wife.'
The first note that Haydon has preserved from his friend Keats is dated November 1816, and runs:
'MY DEAR SIR,--Last evening wrought me up, and I cannot forbear sending you the following.--Yours imperfectly,
JOHN KEATS.'
The 'following' was nothing less than the noble sonnet, beginning--'Great spirits now on earth are sojourning,' with an allusion to Haydon in the lines:
'And lo! whose steadfastness would never take
A meaner sound than Raphael's whispering.'
Haydon wrote an enthusiastic letter of thanks, gave the young poet some good advice, and promised to send his sonnet to Wordsworth. 'Keats,' he records, 'was the only man I ever met who seemed and looked conscious of a high calling, except Wordsworth. Byron and Shelley were always sophisticating about their verses; Keats sophisticated about nothing. He had made up his mind to do great things, and when he found that by his connection with the Examiner clique he had brought upon himself an overwhelming outcry of unjust aversion, he shrank up into himself, his diseased tendencies showed themselves, and he died a victim to mistakes, on the part of friends and enemies alike.'
Haydon gives a curious account of his first meeting with Shelley, which took place in the course of this year. The occasion was a dinner-party at James Smith's house, when Keats and Horace Smith were also among the guests. 'I seated myself,' writes Haydon,' right opposite Shelley, as I was told afterwards, for I did not then know what hectic, spare, weakly, yet intellectual-looking creature it was, carving a bit of broccoli or cabbage in his plate, as if it had been the substantial wing of a chicken. In a few minutes Shelley opened the conversation by saying in the most feminine and gentle voice, "As to that detestable religion, the Christian--" I looked astounded, but casting a glance round the table, I easily saw that I was to be set at that evening vi et armis.... I felt like a stag at bay, and resolved to gore without mercy. Shelley said the Mosaic and Christian dispensation were inconsistent. I swore they were not, and that the Ten Commandments had been the foundation of all the codes of law on the earth. Shelley denied it. I affirmed they were, neither of us using an atom of logic.' This edifying controversy continued until all parties grew very warm, and said unpleasant things to one another. After this dinner, Haydon made up his mind to subject himself no more to the chance of these discussions, but gradually to withdraw from this freethinking circle.
The chief artistic events of the year, from our hero's point of view, were, the final settlement of the Elgin Marbles question, and his own attempt to found a school. The Committee appointed by Government to examine and report upon the Marbles refused to call Haydon as a witness on Lord Elgin's side, but the artist embodied his views on the subject in a paper which appeared in both the Examiner and the Champion. This article, which was afterwards translated into French and Italian, contained a scathing attack on Payne Knight, and was said by Sir Thomas Lawrence to have saved the Elgin Marbles, and ruined Haydon. However this may be, the Government, it will be remembered, decided to buy the treasures for £35,000, a sum considerably less than that which Lord Elgin had spent on bringing them to England.
The School of Haydon was first instituted with three distinguished pupils in the persons of the three Landseer brothers, to whom were afterwards added William Bewick, Eastlake, Harvey, Lance, and Chatfield. Haydon set his disciples to draw from the Raphael Cartoons, two of which were brought up from Hampton Court to the British Gallery, and, as soon as they were sufficiently advanced, he sent them to the Museum to draw from the Elgin Marbles. 'Their cartoons,' he writes, 'drawn full size, of the Fates, of Theseus and the Ilissus, literally made a noise in Europe. An order came from the great Goethe at Weimar for a set for his own house, the furniture of which having been since bought by the Government, and the house kept up as it was in Goethe's time, the cartoons of my pupils are thus preserved, whilst in England the rest are lying about in cellars and corners/ The early days of the School thus held out a promise for the future, which unfortunately was not fulfilled. Haydon contrived to involve two or three of his pupils in his own financial embarrassments, by inducing them to sign accommodation bills, a proceeding which broke up the establishment, and brought a lasting stain upon his reputation.
In 1817 Haydon was introduced to Miss Mitford, who greatly admired his work, and a warm friendship sprang up between the pair. In May, Miss Mitford wrote to Sir William Elford: 'The charm of the Exhibition is a chalk-drawing by Mr. Haydon taken, as he tells me, from a mother who had lost her child. It is the very triumph of expression. I have not yet lost the impression which it made upon my mind and senses, and which vented itself in a sonnet.' A visit to the studio followed, and Miss Mitford was charmed with the room, the books, the great unfinished picture, and the artist himself--with his bonhomie, naïveté, and enthusiasm. With all her heart she admires the noble, independent spirit of Haydon, who, she declares, is quite one of the old heroes come to life again--one of Shakespeare's men, full of spirit, endurance, and moral courage. She concludes her account with an expression of regret that he should be 'such a fright.' Now Haydon is generally described by his contemporaries as a good-looking man, though short in stature, with an antique head, aquiline features, and fine dark eyes. His later portraits are chiefly remarkable for the immensely wide mouth with which he seems to be endowed, but in an early sketch by Wilkie he is represented as a picturesque youth with an admirably modelled profile.
To Miss Mitford we owe a quaint anecdote of our hero, which, better than pages of analysis, depicts the man. It appears that Leigh Hunt, who was a great keeper of birthdays and other anniversaries, took it into his head to celebrate the birthday of Papa Haydn by giving a dinner, drinking toasts, and crowning the composer's bust with laurels. Some malicious person told Haydon that the Hunts were celebrating his birthday, a compliment that struck him as natural and well deserved. Hastening to Hampstead, he broke in upon the company, and addressed to them a formal speech, in which he thanked them for the honour they had done him, but explained that they had made a little mistake in the day! As a pendant to this anecdote, Miss Mitford relates that Haydon told her he had painted the head of his Christ seven times, and that the final head was a portrait of himself. It is only fair to remember that he always regarded it as the least successful part of the work.
While the picture was in progress, Haydon decided to put in a side group with Voltaire as a sceptic, and Newton as a believer. This idea, founded on the intentional anachronisms of some of the old masters, was afterwards extended, Hazlitt being introduced as an investigator, and Wordsworth bowing in reverence, with Keats in the background. The two poets had never yet met in actual life, but in December 1817, Wordsworth being then on a visit to London, Haydon invited Keats to meet him. The other guests were Charles Lamb and Monkhouse. 'Wordsworth was in fine cue,' writes Haydon, 'and we had a glorious set-to-on Homer, Shakespeare, Milton, and Virgil. Lamb got exceedingly merry, and exquisitely witty, and his fun, in the midst of Wordsworth's solemn intonations of oratory, was like the sarcasm and wit of the fool in the intervals of Lear's passion.' Although the specimens of wit recorded no longer seem inspired, we can well believe Haydon's statement that it was an immortal evening, and that in all his life he never passed a more delightful time. We have abundant testimony to the fact that the artist-host was himself an exceptionally fine talker. Hazlitt said that 'Haydon talked well on most subjects that interest one; indeed, better than any painter I ever met.' Wordsworth and Talfourd echoed this opinion, and Miss Mitford tells us that he was a most brilliant talker--racy, bold, original, and vigorous, 'a sort of Benvenuto Cellini, all air and fire.'
It was not until January 1820 that the 'Entry into Jerusalem' was finished, when the artist, though absolutely penniless, engaged the great room at the Egyptian Hall for its exhibition, at a rent of £300. His friends helped him over the incidental expenses, and in a state of feverish excitement he awaited the opening day. Public curiosity had been aroused about the work, and early in the afternoon there was a block of carriages in Piccadilly; the passage was thronged with servants, and soon the artist was holding what he described as a 'regular rout at noonday.' While Keats and Hazlitt were rejoicing in a corner, Mrs. Siddons swept in, and in her loud, deep, tragic tones, declared that the head of Christ was completely successful. By her favourable verdict, Haydon, who had his doubts, was greatly consoled, not because Mrs. Siddons had any reputation as an art-critic, but because he recognised that she was an expert on the subject of dramatic expression. A thousand pounds was offered for the picture and refused, while the net profits from the exhibition, in London alone, amounted to £1300. Haydon has been commonly represented as an unlucky man, who was always neglected by the public and the patrons, and never met with his professional deserts. But up to this time, as has been seen, he had found ready sympathy and admiration from the public, practical aid during the time of struggle from his friends, and a fair reward for his labours. With the exhibition of the 'Entry into Jerusalem,' his reputation was at its zenith; a little skilful engineering of the success thus gained might have extricated him from his difficulties, and enabled him to keep his head above water for the remainder of his days. But, owing chiefly to his own impracticability, his story from this point is one of decline, gradual at first, but increasing in velocity, until the end came in disaster and despair.
PART II
Even while Haydon was in the first flush of his success, there were signs that he had achieved no lasting triumph. Sir George Beaumont proposed that the British Gallery should buy the great picture, but the Directors refused to give the price asked--£2000. An effort to sell it by subscription fell through, only, £200 being paid into Coutts'. When the exhibition closed in London, Haydon took his masterpiece to Scotland, and showed it both in Edinburgh and in Glasgow, netting another £900, which, however, was quickly eaten up by hungry creditors. The picture was too big to tempt a private purchaser, and in spite of the admiration it had aroused, it remained like a white elephant upon its creator's hands.
On his return to town, after being fêted by Sir Walter Scott, Lockhart, and 'Christopher North,' Haydon finished his commission for Sir George Phillips, 'Christ Sleeping in the Garden,' which, he frankly admitted, was one of the worst pictures he ever painted. Scarcely was this off his easel than he was inspired with a tremendous conception for the 'Raising of Lazarus.' He ordered a canvas such as his soul loved, nineteen feet long by fifteen high, and dashed in his first idea. He was still deeply in debt, still desperately in love (his lady was now a widow), and the new picture would take at least two years to paint. Nevertheless, he worked away with all his customary energy, and prayed fervently that he might paint a great masterpiece, never doubting but that his prayers would be heard.
With the end of this year, 1820, Haydon's Autobiography breaks off, and the rest of his life is told in his Journals and Letters. At the beginning of 1821, when he was fairly at work on his Lazarus, he confides to his Journal his conviction that difficulties are to be his lot in pecuniary matters, and adds: 'My plan must be to make up my mind to meet them, and fag as I can--to lose no single moment, but seize on time that is free from disturbance, and make the most of it. If I can float, and keep alive attention to my situation through another picture, I will reach the shore. I am now clearly in sight of it, and I will yet land to the sound of trumpets, and the shouts of my friends.'
In spite of his absorption in his work, Haydon found time for the society of his literary friends. On March 7, he records: 'Sir Walter Scott, Lamb, Wilkie, and Procter have been with me all the morning, and a delightful morning we have had. Scott operated on us like champagne and whisky mixed.... It is singular how success and the want of it operate on two extraordinary men, Walter Scott and Wordsworth. Scott enters a room and sits at table with the coolness and self-possession of conscious fame; Wordsworth with a mortified elevation of the head, as if fearful he was not estimated as he deserved. Scott can afford to talk of trifles, because he knows the world will think him a great man who condescends to trifle; Wordsworth must always be eloquent and profound, because he knows that he is considered childish and puerile.... I think that Scott's success would have made Wordsworth insufferable, while Wordsworth's failures would not have rendered Scott a whit less delightful. Scott is the companion of Nature in all her moods and freaks, while Wordsworth follows her like an apostle, sharing her solemn moods and impressions.'
In these rough notes, unusual powers of observation and insight into character are displayed. That Haydon also had a keen sense of humour is proved by his account of an evening at Mrs. Siddons' where the hostess read aloud Macbeth to her guests. 'She acts Macbeth herself much better than either Kemble or Kean,' he writes. 'It is extraordinary the awe that this wonderful woman inspires. After her first reading the men retired to tea. While we were all eating toast and tinkling cups and saucers, she began again. It was like the effect of a mass-bell at Madrid. All noise ceased; we slunk to our seats like boors, two or three of the most distinguished men of the day, with the very toast in their mouths, afraid to bite. It was curious to see Lawrence in this predicament, to hear him bite by degrees, and then stop, for fear of making too much crackle, his eyes full of water from the constraint; and at the same time to hear Mrs. Siddons' 'eye of newt and toe of frog,' and to see Lawrence give a sly bite, and then look awed, and pretend to be listening.'
In the spring of 1821 Haydon lost two intimate friends, John Scott, who was killed by Christie in the Blackwood duel, and Keats, who died at Rome on February 23. He briefly sums up his impressions of the dead poet in his Journal. 'In fireside conversation he was weak and inconsistent, but he was in his glory in the fields.... He was the most unselfish of human creatures: unadapted to this world, he cared not for himself, and put himself to inconvenience for the sake of his friends. He had an exquisite sense of humour, and too refined a notion of female purity to bear the little arts of love with patience.... He began life full of hopes, fiery, impetuous, ungovernable, expecting the world to fall at once beneath his powers. Unable to bear the sneers of ignorance or the attacks of envy, he began to despond, and flew to dissipation as a relief. For six weeks he was scarcely sober, and to show what a man does to gratify his appetites when once they get the better of him, he once covered his tongue and throat, as far as he could reach, with Cayenne pepper, in order to appreciate the "delicious coldness of claret in all its glory"--his own expression.'
June 22, 1821, is entered in the Journal as 'A remarkable day in my life. I am arrested!' This incident, unfortunately, became far too common in after-days to be at all remarkable, but the first touch of the bailiff's hand was naturally something of a shock, and Haydon filled three folio pages with angry comments on the iniquity of the laws against debtors. He was able, however, to arrange the affair before night, and the sheriff's officer, whose duty it was to keep him in safe custody during the day, was so profoundly impressed by the sight of the Lazarus, that he allowed his prisoner to go free on parole. This incident has been likened to that of the bravoes arrested in their murderous intent by the organ-playing of Stradella; and also to the case of the soldiers of the Constable who, when sacking Rome, broke into Parmigiano's studio, but were so struck by the beauty of his pictures that they protected him and his property.
In despite of debts, difficulties, and the lack of commissions, Haydon, who had now been in love for five years, was married on October 10, 1821, to the young widow, Mary Hyman, who was blessed with two children, and a jointure of fifty pounds a year. His Journal for this period is full of raptures over his blissful state, as also are his letters to his friends. To Miss Mitford he writes from Windsor, where the honeymoon was spent: 'Here I am, sitting by my dearest Mary with all the complacency of a well-behaved husband, writing to you while she is working quietly on some unintelligible part of a lady's costume. You do not know how proud I am of saying my wife. I never felt half so proud of Solomon or Macbeth, as I am of being the husband of this tender little bit of lovely humanity.... There never was such a creature; and although her face is perfect, and has more feeling in it than Lady Hamilton's, her manner to me is perfectly enchanting, and more bewitching than her beauty. I think I shall put over my painting-room door, "Love, solitude, and painting."' On the last day of the year, according to his wont, Haydon sums up his feelings and impressions of the past twelve months. 'I don't know how it is, but I get less reflective as I get older. I seem to take things as they come without thought. Perhaps being married to my dearest Mary, and having no longer anything to hope in love, I get more content with my lot, which, God knows, is rapturous beyond imagination. Here I sit sketching, with the loveliest face before me, smiling and laughing, and "solitude is not." Marriage has increased my happiness beyond expression. In the intervals of study, a few minutes' conversation with a creature one loves is the greatest of all reliefs. God bless us both! My pecuniary difficulties are great, but my love is intense, my ambition is intense, and my hope in God's protection cheering. Bewick, my pupil, has realised my hopes in his picture of "Jacob and Rachel." But it is cold work talking of pupils when one's soul is full of a beloved woman! I am really and truly in love, and without affectation, I can talk, write, or think of nothing else.'
But if a love-match brings increased happiness, it also brings weightier cares and responsibilities. Haydon's credit had been in a measure restored by the success of his last picture, but his creditors seemed to resent his marriage, and during the months that followed, gave him little peace. He was obliged, in the intervals of painting, to rush hither and thither to pacify this creditor, quiet the fears of that, remove the ill-will of a third, and borrow money at usurious interest from a fourth in order to keep his engagements with a fifth. In spite of all his compromises and arrangements, he was arrested more than once during this year, but so far he had been able to keep out of prison. His favourite pupil Bewick, who sat to him for the head of Lazarus (being appropriately pale and thin from want of food) has left an account of the difficulties under which the picture was painted. 'I think I see the painter before me,' he writes, 'his palette and brushes in the left hand, returning from the sheriff's officer in the adjoining room, pale, calm, and serious--no agitation--mounting his high steps and continuing his arduous task, and as he looks round to his pallid model, whispering, "Egad, Bewick, I have just been arrested; that is the third time. If they come again, I shall not be able to go on."'
On December 7, the Lazarus was finished, and five days later Haydon's eldest son Frank was born. The happy father was profoundly moved by his new responsibilities, as well as by his wife's suffering and danger. On the last day of 1822 he thanks his Maker for the happiest year of his life, and also 'for being permitted to finish another great picture, which must add to my reputation, and go to strengthen the art.... Grant it triumphant success. Grant that I may soon begin the "Crucifixion," and persevere with that, until I bring it to a conclusion equally positive and glorious.' Haydon's prayers, which have been not inaptly described as 'begging letters to the Almighty,' are invariably couched in terms that would be appropriate in an appeal to the President of a Celestial Academy. As his biographer points out, he prayed as though he would take heaven by storm, and although he often asked for humility, the demands for this gift bore very little proportion to those for glories and triumphs.
The Lazarus, though it showed signs of haste and exaggeration, natural enough considering the conditions under which it was painted, was acclaimed as a great work, and the receipts from its exhibition were of a most satisfactory nature, mounting up to nearly two hundred pounds a week. Instead of calling his creditors together, and coming to some arrangement with them, Haydon, rendered over-confident by success, spent his time in preparing a new and vaster canvas for his conception of the Crucifixion. The sight of crowds of people paying their shillings to view the Lazarus roused the cupidity of one of the creditors, who, against his own interests, killed the goose that was laying golden eggs. On April 13, an execution was put in, and the picture was seized. A few days later Haydon was arrested, and carried to the King's Bench, his house was taken possession of, and all his property was advertised for sale.
On April 22, he dates the entry in his Journal, 'King's Bench,' and consoles himself with the reflection that Bacon, Raleigh, and Cervantes had also suffered imprisonment. His friends rallied round him at this melancholy period. Lord Mulgrave, Sir George Beaumont, Scott and Wilkie, giving not only sympathy but practical help. At his forced sale a portion of his casts and painting materials was bought in by his friends in order that he might be enabled to set to work again as soon as he was released from prison. A meeting of creditors was called, and Haydon addressed to them a characteristic letter, begging to be spared the disgrace of 'taking the Act,' and complaining of the hardship of his treatment in being torn from his family and his art, after devoting the best years of his life to the honour of his country. But as the creditors cared nothing for the honour of the country, he was compelled to pass through the Bankruptcy Court, and on July 25 he regained his freedom. It was now his desire to return to his dismantled house, and, without a bed to lie upon, or a shilling in his pocket, to finish his gigantic 'Crucifixion.' But his wife, the long-suffering Mary, persuaded him to abandon this idea, to retire to modest lodgings for a time, and to paint portraits and cabinet-pictures until better fortune dawned.
Haydon yielded to her desire, but he never ceased to regret what he considered his degradation. He would have preferred to allow his friends and creditors to support himself and his family, while he worked at a canvas of unsaleable size, a proceeding that most men would regard as involving a deeper degradation than painting pot-boilers.
Haydon began his new career by painting the 'portrait of a gentleman.' 'Ah, my poor lay-figure,' he groans, 'he, who bore the drapery of Christ and the grave-clothes of Lazarus, the cloak of the centurion and the gown of Newton, was to-day disgraced by a black coat and waistcoat. I apostrophised him, and he seemed to sympathise, and bowed his head as if ashamed to look me in the face.' Haydon's detestation of portrait-painting probably arose from the secret consciousness that he was not successful in this branch of his art. His taste for the grandiose led him to depict his sitters larger than life, if not 'twice as natural.' His objection to painting small pictures was partly justified by his weakness of sight. It was easy for him to dash in heads on a large scale in a frenzy of inspiration, but he seemed to lack the faculty for 'finish.' The faults of disproportion and apparent carelessness that disfigure many of his works, are easily accounted for by his method of painting, which is thus described by his son Frederick, who often acted as artist's model:--
'His natural sight was of little or no use to him at any distance, and he would wear, one over the other, two or three pairs of large round concave spectacles, so powerful as greatly to diminish objects. He would mount his steps, look at you through one pair of glasses, then push them all back on his head, and paint by the naked eye close to the canvas. After some minutes he would pull down one pair of his glasses, look at you, then step down, walk slowly backwards to the wall, and study the effect through one, two, or three pairs of spectacles; then with one pair only look long and steadily in the looking-glass at the side to examine the reflection of his work; then mount his steps and paint again. How he ever contrived to paint a head or limb in proportion is a mystery to me, for it is clear that he had lost his natural sight in boyhood. He is, as he said, the first blind man who ever successfully painted pictures.'
Unfortunately, Haydon's self-denial in painting portraits was not well rewarded, for commissions were few, and the clouds began to gather again. One of his sitters had to be appealed to for money for coals, and if such appeals were frequent, the scarcity of sitters was hardly surprising. On one occasion he pawned all his books, except a few old favourites, for three pounds, and entries like the following are of almost daily occurrence in the Journal:--'Obliged to go out in the rain, I left my room with no coals in it, and no money to buy any.... Not a shilling in the world. Sold nothing, and not likely to. Baker called, and was insolent. If he were to stop the supplies, God knows what would become of my children! Landlord called--kind and sorry. Butcher called, respectful, but disappointed. Tailor good--humoured, and willing to wait.... Walked about the town. I was so full of grief, I could not have concealed it at home.'
In the midst of all his harassing anxieties, Haydon was untiring in his efforts to obtain employment of the heroic kind that his soul craved. He had begun to realise that he had small chance of disposing of huge historical pictures to private patrons, and that his only hope rested with the Government. Even while confined in prison he had persuaded Brougham to present a petition to the House of Commons setting forth the desirability of appointing a Committee to inquire into the state of national art, and by a regular distribution of a small portion of the public funds, to give public encouragement to the professors of historical painting. No sooner did he regain his freedom than Haydon attacked Sir Charles Long with a plan for the decoration of the great room of the Admiralty, to be followed by the decoration of the House of Lords and St. Paul's Cathedral. This was but the beginning of a long series of impassioned pleadings with public men in favour of national employment for historical painters. Silence, snubs, formal acknowledgments, curt refusals, all were lost upon Haydon, who kept pouring in page after page of agonised petition on Sir Charles Long, the Duke of Wellington, Lord Grey, Lord Melbourne, and Sir Robert Peel, and seemed to be making no way with any of them.
Haydon thought himself ill-used, throughout his life, by statesmen and patrons, and many of his friends were of the same opinion. But both he and they ignored the fact that it is impossible to create an artificial market for works of art for which there is no spontaneous popular demand. A despotic prince may, if he chooses, give his court painter carte blanche for the decorations of national buildings, and gain nothing but glory for his liberality, even when it is exercised at the expense of his people. But in a country that possesses a constitutional government, more especially when that country has been impoverished by long and costly wars, the minister who devotes large sums to the encouragement of national art has the indignation of an over-taxed populace to reckon with. It is little short of an insult to offer men historic frescoes when they are clamouring for bread. Haydon was unfortunate in his period, which was not favourable for a crusade on behalf of high art. The recent pacification of the Continent, and the opening up of its treasures, tempted English noblemen and plutocrats to invest their money in old masters to the neglect of native artists, who were only thought worthy to paint portraits of their patrons' wives and children. We who have inherited the Peel, the Angerstein, and the Hertford collections, can scarcely bring ourselves to regret the sums that were lavished on Flemish and Italian masterpieces, sums that might have kept our Barrys and Haydons from bankruptcy.
In January 1824 Haydon left his lodgings, and took the lease of a house in Connaught Terrace, for which he paid, or promised to pay, a hundred and twenty pounds a year, a heavy rent for a recently insolvent artist. Fortunately, he acquired with the house a landlord of amazing benevolence, who took pot-boilers in lieu of rent, and meekly submitted to abuse when nothing else was forthcoming. As soon as he was fairly settled, Haydon arranged the composition of a large picture of 'Pharaoh dismissing Moses,' upon which he worked in the intervals of portrait-painting. A curious and obviously impartial sketch of him, as he appeared at this time, is drawn by Borrow in his Lavengro. The hero's elder brother comes up to town, it may be remembered, to commission a certain heroic artist to paint an heroic picture of a very unheroic mayor of Norwich. The two brothers go together to the painter of Lazarus, and have some difficulty in obtaining admission to his studio, being mistaken by the servant for duns. They found a man of about thirty-five, with a clever, intelligent countenance, sharp grey eyes, and hair cut à la Raphael. He possessed, moreover, a broad chest, and would have been a very fine figure if his legs had not been too short. He was then engaged upon his Moses, whose legs, in Lavengro's opinion, were also too short. His eyes glistened at the mention of a hundred pounds for the mayor's portrait, and he admitted that he was confoundedly short of money. The painter was anxious that Lavengro should sit to him for his Plutarch, which honour that gentleman firmly declined. Years afterwards he saw the portrait of the mayor, a 'mighty portly man, with a bull's head, black hair, a body like a dray horse, and legs and thighs corresponding; a man six foot high at the least. To his bull's head, black hair and body, the painter had done justice; there was one point, however, in which the portrait did not correspond with the original--the legs were disproportionately short, the painter having substituted his own legs for those of the mayor, which, when I perceived, I rejoiced that I had not consented to be painted as Pharaoh, for if I had, the chances are that he would have served me in exactly the same way as he had served Moses and the mayor.'
The painting of provincial mayors was so little to Haydon's taste that by the close of this year we find him in deep depression of spirits, unrelieved by even a spark of his old sanguine buoyancy. 'I candidly confess,' he writes, 'I find my glorious art a bore. I cannot with pleasure paint any individual head for the mere purpose of domestic gratification. I must have a great subject to excite public feeling.... Alas! I have no object in life now but my wife and children, and almost wish I had not them, that I might sit still and meditate on human grandeur and human ambition till I died.... I am not yet forty, and can tell of a destiny melancholy and rapturous, bitter beyond all bitterness, cursed, heart-breaking, maddening. But I dare not write now. The melancholy demon has grappled my heart, and crushed its turbulent beatings in his black, bony, clammy, clenching fingers.'
It was just when things seemed at their darkest, when the waters threatened to overwhelm the unfortunate artist, that a rope was thrown to him. His legal adviser, Mr. Kearsley, a practical and prosperous man, came forward with an offer of help. He agreed to provide £300 for one year on certain conditions, in order that Haydon might be freed from pressure for that period, and be in a position to ask a fair price for his work. When not engaged on portraits, he was to paint historical pictures of a saleable size. The advance was to be secured on a life insurance, and to be repaid out of the sale of the pictures, with interest at four per cent. This offer was accepted with some reluctance, and the following year was one of comparative peace and quiet. The Journal gives evidence of greater ease of mind, and renewed pleasure in work. Haydon's love for his wife waxed rather than waned with the passing of the years, and his children, of whom he too soon had the poor man's quiverful, were an ever-present delight. 'My domestic happiness is doubled,' he writes about this time. 'Daily and hourly my sweet Mary proves the justice of my choice. My boy Frank gives tokens of being gifted at two years old, God bless him! My ambition would be to make him a public man.... I have got into my old delightful habits of study again. The mixture of literature and painting I really think the perfection of human happiness. I paint a head, revel in colour, hit an expression, sit down fatigued, take up a poet or historian, write my own thoughts, muse on the thoughts of others, and hours, troubles, and the tortures of disappointed ambition pass and are forgotten.'
Portraits, and one or two commissions for small pictures, kept Haydon afloat throughout this year, but a widespread commercial distress in the early part of 1826 affected his gains, and in February he records that for the last five weeks he has been suffering the tortures of the Inferno. He was persuaded, much against his will, to send his pictures to the Academy, and he was proportionately annoyed at the adverse criticism that greeted his attempts at portraiture. This attack he regarded as the result of a deep-laid plot to injure him in a lucrative branch of his art. He consoled himself by beginning a large picture of 'Alexander taming Bucephalus,' the 'finest subject on earth.' Through his friend and opposite neighbour, Carew the sculptor, Haydon made an appeal to Lord Egremont, that generous patron of the arts, for help or employment, in response to which Lord Egremont promised to call and see the Alexander. There is a pathetic touch in the account of this visit, on which so much depended. Lord Egremont called at Carew's house on his way, and Haydon, who saw him go in, relates that 'Dear Mary and I were walking on the leads, and agreed that it would not be quite right to look too happy, being without a sixpence; so we came in, I to the parlour to look through the blinds, and she to the nursery.' Happily, the patron was favourably impressed by the picture, and promised to give £600 for it when it was finished. In order to pay his models Haydon was obliged to pawn one of his two lay-figures, since he could not bring himself to part with any more books. 'I may do without a lay-figure for a time,' he writes, 'but not without old Homer. The truth is I am fonder of books than of anything on earth. I consider myself a man of great powers, excited to an art which limits their exercise. In politics, law, or literature they would have had a full and glorious swing, and I should have secured a competence.'
The fact that Haydon was more at home among the literary men of his acquaintance than among his fellow-artists was a natural result of his intense love of books, and his keen interest in contemporary history. And it is evident that his own character and work impressed his poetical friends, for we find that not only Wordsworth and Keats, but Leigh Hunt, Charles Lamb, Miss Mitford, and Miss Barrett addressed to him admiring verses. For Byron, whom he never knew, Haydon cherished an ardent admiration, and the following interesting passage, comparing that poet with Wordsworth, occurs in one of his letters to Miss Mitford, who had criticised Byron's taste:--
'You are unjust, depend upon it,' he writes, 'in your estimate of Byron's poetry, and wrong in ranking Wordsworth beyond him. There are things in Byron's poetry so exquisite that fifty or five hundred years hence they will be read, felt, and adored throughout the world. I grant that Wordsworth is very pure, very holy, very orthodox, and occasionally very elevated, highly poetical, and oftener insufferably obscure, starched, dowdy, anti-human, and anti-sympathetic, but he never will be ranked above Byron, nor classed with Milton.... I dislike his selfish Quakerism, his affectation of superior virtue, his utter insensibility to the frailties, the beautiful frailties of passion. I was walking with him once in Pall Mall; we darted into Christie's. In the corner of the room was a beautiful copy of the "Cupid and Psyche" (statues) kissing. Cupid is taking her lovely chin, and turning her pouting mouth to meet his, while he archly bends down, as if saying, "Pretty dear!"... Catching sight of the Cupid as he and I were coming out, Wordsworth's face reddened, he showed his teeth, and then said in a loud voice, "The Dev-v-vils!" There's a mind! Ought not this exquisite group to have softened his heart as much as his old, grey-mossed rocks, his withered thorn, and his dribbling mountain streams? I am altered very much about Wordsworth from finding him too hard, too elevated, to attend to the voice of humanity. No, give me Byron with all his spite, hatred, depravity, dandyism, vanity, frankness, passion, and idleness, rather than Wordsworth with all his heartless communion with woods and grass.'
An attempt on Haydon's part to reconcile himself with his old enemies, the Academicians, ended in failure. He heads his account of the transaction, 'The disgrace of my life.' He was received with cold civility by the majority of the artists to whom he paid conciliatory visits, and when he put his name down for election, he received not a single vote. A more agreeable memory of this year was a visit to Petworth, where, as he records, with Pepysian naiveté, 'Lord Egremont has placed me in one of the most magnificent bedrooms I ever saw. It speaks more of what he thinks of my talents than anything that ever happened to me.... What a destiny is mine! One year in the King's Bench, the companion of gamblers and scoundrels--sleeping in wretchedness and dirt on a flock-bed--another reposing in down and velvet in a splendid apartment in a splendid house, the guest of rank, fashion, and beauty.' Haydon's painting-room was now, as he loved to see it, crowded with distinguished visitors, who were anxious to inspect the picture of Alexander before it was sent to the Exhibition. Among them came Charles Lamb, who afterwards set down some impressions and suggestions in the following characteristic fashion:--
'DEAR RAFFAELE HAYDON,
'Did the maid tell you I came to see your picture? I think the face and bearing of the Bucephalus-tamer very noble, his flesh too effeminate or painty.... I had small time to pick out praise or blame, for two lord-like Bucks came in, upon whose strictures my presence seemed to impose restraint; I plebeian'd off therefore.
'I think I have hit on a subject for you, but can't swear it was never executed--I never heard of its being--"Chaucer beating a Franciscan Friar in Fleet Street." Think of the old dresses, houses, etc. "It seemeth that both these learned men (Gower and Chaucer) were of the Inner Temple; for not many years since Master Buckley did see a record in the same house where Geoffrey Chaucer was fined two shillings for beating a Franciscan Friar in Fleet Street."--Chaucer's Life, by T. Speght.--Yours in haste (salt fish waiting).
'C. LAMB.'
In June Haydon was again arrested, and imprisoned in the King's Bench. Once more he appealed to Parliament by a petition presented by Brougham, and to the public through letters to the newspapers. Parliament and the larger public turned a deaf ear, but private friends rallied to his support. Scott, himself a ruined man, sent a cheque and a charming letter of sympathy, while Lockhart suggested that a subscription should be raised to buy one or more pictures. A public meeting of sympathisers was convened, at which it was stated that Haydon's debts amounted to £1767, while his only available asset was an unfinished picture of the 'Death of Eucles.' Over a hundred pounds was subscribed in the room, and it was decided that the Eucles should be raffled in ten-pound shares. The result of these efforts was the release of the prisoner at the end of July.
During this last term of imprisonment Haydon witnessed the masquerade, or mock election by his fellow-prisoners, and instantly decided that he would paint the scene, which offered unique opportunities for both humour and pathos. This picture, Hogarthian in type, was finished and exhibited before the close of the year. The exhibition was moderately successful, but the picture did not sell, and Haydon was once more sinking into despair, when the king expressed a desire to have the work sent down to Windsor for his inspection. Hopes were raised high once more, and this time were not disappointed. George IV. bought the 'Mock Election,' and promptly paid the price of five hundred guineas. Thus encouraged, Haydon set to work with renewed spirit on a companion picture, 'Chairing the Member,' which was finished and exhibited, with some earlier works, in the course of the summer. The king refused to buy the new work, but it found a purchaser at £300, and the net receipts from the two pictures and their exhibition amounted to close upon £1400, a sum which, observes Haydon, in better circumstances and with less expense, would have afforded a comfortable independence for the year!
The Eucles occupied the artist during the remainder of 1828, and early in 1829 he began a new Hogarthian subject, a Punch and Judy show. He was still painting portraits when he could get sitters, and on April 15, he notes: 'Finished one cursed portrait--have only one more to touch, and then I shall be free. I have an exquisite gratification in painting portraits wretchedly. I love to see the sitters look as if they thought, "Can this be Haydon's--the great Haydon's painting?" I chuckle. I am rascal enough to take their money, and chuckle more.' It must be owned that Haydon thoroughly deserved his ill-success in this branch of his art. When 'Punch' was finished the king sent for it to Windsor, but though he admired, he did not buy, and the picture eventually passed into the possession of Haydon's old friend, Dr. Darling, who had helped him out of more than one difficulty. A large representation of 'Xenophon and the Retreat of the Ten Thousand' was now begun, but before it was finished the painter was once more in desperate straits. In vain he sent up urgent petitions to his Maker that he might be enabled to go through with this great work, explaining in a parenthesis, 'It will be my greatest,' and concluding, 'Bless its commencement, its progress, its conclusion, and its effect, for the sake of the intellectual elevation of my great and glorious country.'
In May 1830, Haydon was back again in the King's Bench, where he had begun to feel quite at home. He presented yet another of his innumerable petitions to Parliament in favour of Government encouragement of historical painting, through Mr. Agar Ellis, but as the ministry showed no desire to encourage this particular historical painter, he passed through the Bankruptcy Court, and returned to his family on the 20th of July. During his period of detention, George IV. had died, and Haydon has the following comment on the event:--'Thus died as thoroughbred an Englishman as ever existed in this country. He admired her sports, gloried in her prejudices, had confidence in her bottom and spirit, and to him alone is the destruction of Napoleon owing. I have lost in him my sincere admirer; and had not his wishes been continually thwarted, he would have given me ample and adequate employment.'
Although Haydon had regained his freedom, his chance of maintaining himself and his rapidly increasing family by his art seemed as far away as ever. By October 15th he is at his wits' end again, and writes in his Journal: 'The harassings of a family are really dreadful. Two of my children are ill, and Mary is nursing. All night she was attending to the sick and hushing the suckling, with a consciousness that our last shilling was going. I got up in the morning bewildered--Xenophon hardly touched--no money--butcher impudent--all tradesmen insulting. I took up my private sketch-book and two prints of Napoleon (from a small picture of 'Napoleon musing at St. Helena') and walked into the city. Hughes advanced me five guineas on the sketch-book; I sold my prints, and returned home happy with £8, 4s. in my pocket.... (25th) Out selling my prints. Sold enough for maintenance for the week. Several people looked hard at me with my roll of prints, but I feel more ashamed in borrowing money than in honestly selling my labours. It is a pity the nobility drive me to this by their neglect.'
In December came another stroke of good-luck. Sir Robert Peel called at the studio, and gave the artist a commission to paint, on a larger scale, a replica of his small sketch of 'Napoleon at St. Helena.' Unluckily, there was a misunderstanding about the price. Peel asked how much Haydon charged for a whole length figure, and was told a hundred pounds, which was the price of an ordinary portrait. Taking this to be the charge for the Napoleon, he paid no more. Haydon, who considered the picture well worth £500, was bitterly disappointed, and took no pains to conceal his feelings. Peel afterwards sent him an extra thirty pounds, but the subject remained a grievance to Haydon for the rest of his life, and Peel, who had intended to do the artist a good turn, was so annoyed by his complaints, that he never gave him another commission. The Napoleon, though its exhibition was not a success, was one of Haydon's most popular pictures, and the engraving is well known. Wordsworth admired it exceedingly, and on June 12, sent the artist the 'Sonnet to B. R. Haydon, composed on seeing his picture of Napoleon in the island of St. Helena,' beginning:
'Haydon! let worthier judges praise the skill.'
The close of this year was a melancholy period to poor Haydon. He lost his little daughter, Fanny, and his third son, Alfred, was gradually fading away. Out of eight children born to this most affectionate of fathers, no fewer than five died in infancy from suffusion of the brain, due, it was supposed, to the terrible mental distresses of their mother. 'I can remember,' writes Frederick Haydon, one of the three survivors, 'the roses of her sunken cheeks fading away daily with anxiety and grief. My father, who was passionately attached to both wife and children, suffered the tortures of the damned at the sight before him. His sorrow over the deaths of his children was something more than human. I remember watching him as he hung over his daughter Georgiana, and over his dying boy Harry, the pride and delight of his life. Poor fellow, how he cried! and he went into the next room, and beating his head passionately on the bed, called upon God to take him and all of us from this dreadful world. The earliest and most painful death was to be preferred to our life at that time.'
By dint of borrowing in every possible quarter, generally at forty per cent. interest, and inducing his patrons to take shares in his Xenophon, Haydon managed to get through the winter, though his children were often without stockings. William IV. consented to place his name at the head of the subscribers' list, and Goethe wrote a flattering letter, expressing his desire to take a ticket for the 'very valuable painting,' and assuring the artist that 'my soul has been elevated for many years by the contemplation of the important pictures (the cartoons from the Elgin Marbles) formerly sent to me, which occupy an honourable station in my house.' Xenophon was exhibited in the spring of 1832 without attracting much attention, the whole nation being engrossed with the subject of Reform. Haydon, though a high Tory by birth and inclination, was an ardent champion of the Bill, as he had been for that of Catholic Emancipation. His brush was once more exchanged for the pen, and he not only poured out his thoughts upon Reform in his Journal, but wrote several letters on the subject to the Times, which he considered the most wonderful compositions of the kind that had ever been penned. After the passing of the Bill he congratulates himself upon having contributed to the grand result, and adds: 'When my colours have faded, my canvas decayed, and my body has mingled with the earth, these glorious letters, the best things I ever wrote, will awaken the enthusiasm of my countrymen. I thanked God I lived in such a time, and that he gifted me with talent to serve the great cause.'
On reading the account of the monster meeting of the Trades Unions at Newhall Hill, Birmingham, it occurred to Haydon that the moment when the vast concourse joined in the sudden prayer offered up by Hugh Hutton, would make a fine subject for a picture. Accordingly, he wrote to Hutton, and laid the suggestion before him. The Birmingham leaders were attracted by the idea, and the picture was begun, but support of a material kind was not forthcoming, and the scheme had to be abandoned. Lord Grey then suggested that Haydon should paint a picture of the great Reform Banquet, which was to be held in the Guildhall on July 11. The proposal was exactly to the taste of the public-spirited artist, who saw fame and fortune beckoning to him once more, and fancied that his future was assured. He was allowed every facility on the great day, breakfasted and dined with the Committee at the Guildhall, was treated with distinction by the noble guests, many of whom sent to take wine with him as he sat at work, and in short, to quote his own words, 'I was an object of great distinction without five shillings in my pocket--and this is life!'
Lord Grey, on seeing Haydon's sketches of the Banquet, gave him a commission for the picture at a price of £500, half of which he paid down at once, and thus saved the painter from the ruin that was agai | |||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 5 | https://www.nobelprize.org/ | en | The official website of the Nobel Prize | [
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Nobel Peace Prize 2014
Already at eleven years of age Malala Yousafzai fought for girls’ right to education. After having suffered an attack on her life by Taliban gunmen in 2012, she has continued her struggle and become a leading advocate of girls’ rights.
In memoriam
Bengt Samuelsson passed away on 5 July 2024, age 90. He was awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.
Biography
Canadian author Alice Munro passed away on 15 May 2024. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature 2013 with the motivation “master of the contemporary short story”.
Biography
Roger Guillemin passade away on 21 February, age 100. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 for discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain.
Biography
Physicist Peter Higgs passed away on 8 April 2024, age 94. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 for the theory of how particles acquire mass.
Biography | ||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 95 | https://cse.umn.edu/college/alumni/nobel-laureates | en | Nobel Laureates | [
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] | null | [] | null | The Nobel Prize is awarded for achievement in chemistry, economics sciences, literature, peace, physics, and physiology or medicine. | en | /sites/cse.umn.edu/files/favicon.ico | College of Science and Engineering | https://cse.umn.edu/college/alumni/nobel-laureates | The Nobel Prize is awarded for achievement in chemistry, economics sciences, literature, peace, physics, and physiology or medicine.
Faculty
John Bardeen
Faculty member 1938-45
Nobel Prize in Physics, 1956 and 1972
Bardeen shared the honor with William B. Shockley and Walter H. Brattain (Physics Ph.D. ’29) for their invention of the transistor. Together with Leon N. Cooper and John R. Schrieffer, he won the 1972 prize for developing the theory of superconductivity.
Arthur H. Compton
Faculty member 1916-17
Nobel Prize in Physics, 1927
Compton was honored (along with C.T.R. Wilson of England) for his discovery and explanation of the “Compton effect,” the change in X-ray wavelength when they collide with electrons in metals.
William N. Lipscomb
Faculty member 1946-59
Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1976
Lipscomb was honored for his research on the structure and bonding of boron compounds and the general nature of chemical bonding.
John H. Van Vleck
Faculty member 1924-28
Nobel Prize in Physics, 1977
Van Vleck was honored (with Philip W. Anderson and Sir Nevill F. Mott) for his contributions to the understanding of the behavior of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solid materials.
Alumni | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 63 | https://fbresearch.org/medical-advances/nobel-prizes | en | Winning Animal Research | [
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wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 0 | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine/ | en | All Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | All Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine | en | NobelPrize.org | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded 114 times to 227 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2023. Click on the links to get more information.
Find all prizes in | physics | chemistry | physiology or medicine | literature | peace | economic sciences | all categories
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024 will be announced on Monday 7 October, 11:30 CEST at the earliest.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023
“for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022
“for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021
“for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020
“for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus”
To cite this section
MLA style: All Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Wed. 24 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine> | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 83 | https://alumni.cornell.edu/cornellians/nobel-prize/ | en | Meet Some of the (Many!) Cornellians Who’ve Won the Nobel - Cornellians | [
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"Lindsay Lennon"
] | 2023-10-09T16:29:03+00:00 | We offer a sampling of alums and profs who’ve earned one of the world’s top accolades—including a 2023 laureate in economics! | en | Cornellians | Cornell University | https://alumni.cornell.edu/cornellians/nobel-prize/ | Stories You May Like
We offer a sampling of alums and profs who’ve earned one of the world’s top accolades—including a 2023 laureate in economics!
By Lindsay Lennon
For their extraordinary contributions to human knowledge, 51 people associated with Cornell have won the Nobel Prize over the years—an august roster that includes alumni, former faculty, and several current professors. The Big Red laureates have primarily won in the categories of physics, chemistry, and physiology/medicine, but also in literature and economics; two have been honored with the Peace Prize.
One of those peace Nobelists is an alum—described below—while the other is famed agronomist Norman Borlaug, known as the father of the Green Revolution. Like Borlaug, a number of Cornell-affiliated Nobel laureates have served as A.D. White Professors-at-Large—such as renowned poet Octavio Paz and theoretical physicist Kip Thorne.
Here, in no particular order, is a sampling of the Cornellian laureates (including one brand-new winner, and two who were recently depicted on the big screen!), focusing on alumni and full-time faculty.
Through her extensive analysis of data spanning two centuries, Goldin demonstrated that women are sorely underrepresented in the global labor market—and those who do work earn less than men.
While the gender gap in earnings has historically been chalked up to differences in education and occupations, Goldin’s research shows that most pay inequalities are now occurring between men and women in the same fields—and that it mostly occurs within a year or two of a woman giving birth to her first child.
“We see a residue of history around us,” she told the New York Times. “We’re never going to have gender equality until we also have couple equity.”
The first woman offered tenure in economics at Harvard, Goldin holds a doctorate in the field from the University of Chicago.
She won the Pulitzer Prize in 1932 for her novel The Good Earth and is credited as one of the first writers to expose the American public to Asian life and culture.
While many of Buck’s works are no longer widely read, The Good Earth remains a staple of high school English classes, and Oprah Winfrey chose it for her book club in 2004.
He was a leader of the Manhattan Project during World War II, helping to develop the first atomic bomb. He figures prominently in Christopher Nolan’s 2023 hit film Oppenheimer, in which he’s played by Gustaf Skarsgård.
Bethe went on to become an eloquent voice in the debate over nuclear arms control and advised several U.S. presidents on national security policy regarding nuclear weapons and power.
Barbara McClintock 1923, PhD 1927
Physiology/Medicine (1983)
Through her pioneering research on the hereditary characteristics of corn, McClintock proved that some genes could change position on a chromosome—which, in turn, can activate or deactivate other nearby genes.
By observing that genes could “transpose” as well as mutate, McClintock posited that physical traits could be switched on and off depending on certain conditions. She spent decades defending her findings, which flew in the face of popular theory.
Despite the skepticism of both colleagues and her family—who, according to her Nobel bio, preferred that she marry rather than go into academia—McClintock devoted her life to research. She received countless honors, including a Guggenheim fellowship; in 1944, she became the third woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
On the Hill, a North Campus residence hall bears her name, as does a life sciences lecture series in CALS.
His books include Old Wine, New Flasks: Reflections on Science and Jewish Tradition. He’s also a poet—publishing his fifth collection, Constants of the Motion, in 2020.
After his father perished in a Nazi labor camp, Hoffmann and his mother hid in a schoolhouse attic in Ukraine for more than a year. They eventually settled in Brooklyn, and he went on to study chemical physics at Columbia and Harvard.
Toni Morrison, MA ’55
Literature (1993)
Morrison’s novels—iconic works like The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, and Beloved—explore the history and lives of Black Americans.
“Morrison’s works often depict difficult circumstances and the dark side of humanity,” noted her Nobel nominators, “but still convey integrity and redemption.”
Morrison also garnered many other major honors, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and induction into the National Women’s Hall of Fame. Like McClintock, she’s the namesake of a North Campus residence.
Morrison frequently returned to the Hill, including serving as an A.D. White Professor from 1997–2003.
“Cornell was the first place in my life where I was treated as a human being,” she once wrote to her thesis advisor. “I was welcomed there into the human race and, good or ill, I have been there ever since. Now, that, I think, was progress.”
After graduation, he worked internationally with the YMCA for decades, and received a Distinguished Service Medal for service as a general secretary in the National War Work Council during World War I.
Stories You May Like
Betzig worked for AT&T Bell Labs after earning his doctorate. He left academia in the ’90s for the private sector, but returned to help conduct the research that led to his Nobel. He’s now a professor of physics and cellular and molecular biology at the University of California, Berkeley.
He also worked on the Manhattan Project and was present at the inaugural test of the atomic bomb in 1945. (In Oppenheimer, Rabi is portrayed by David Krumholtz.)
According to a bio of Rabi from the National Parks Service, he often said: “My mother made me a scientist without ever intending to. Every other Jewish mother in Brooklyn would ask her child after school, ‘So? Did you learn anything today?’ But not my mother. ‘Izzy,’ she would say, ‘did you ask a good question today?’ That difference—asking good questions—made me become a scientist.”
As a New York Times obituary observed of the University of Chicago faculty member: “Professor Fogel, a rumpled former New Yorker by turns amiable and combative, was widely known for work that aroused objections if not open hostility in academic circles, chiefly through his pioneering use of cliometrics, which applies economic theory and statistical methods to the study of history.”
Robert Holley, PhD ’47
Physiology or Medicine (1968)
A biochemistry professor on the Hill, Holley was the first person to successfully isolate tRNA—the link between DNA and protein synthesis—and map its structure.
As part of his graduate studies, Holley spent two years studying at Weill Cornell Medicine (as it’s now known), where he participated in the first chemical synthesis of penicillin.
After earning his doctorate, he joined the Cornell faculty in organic chemistry, both at the Geneva Agricultural Experiment Station and in Ithaca.
A facility on the Ithaca campus—the USDA’s Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture & Health—is named in his honor.
Holley was married to a fellow alum, Arts & Sciences grad Ann Dworkin Holley ’46, BA ’45, MA ’47.
Today, Varmus—the Lewis Thomas University Professor of Medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine—continues conducting research on potential treatment applications of cancer genomes.
Kenneth Wilson
Physics (1982)
Through his research on phase transitions of matter—from solid to liquid to gas, for example—Wilson developed a theoretical understanding of how to measure “tricky moments like when ice melts or an iron bar loses its magnetism,” according to his New York Times obituary.
He went on to apply his theories to countless other fields, from abstract math to supercomputing.
He played a crucial role in the NSF’s establishment of five national scientific supercomputing centers, including one on the Hill.
Wilson served on the Cornell faculty from 1963–87. As the Times also reported, one of the things that drew him to the University was Ithaca’s folk dancing scene. He met his wife—Alison Brown, MS ’85—while doing a Swedish dance called the hambo.
He also delivered a famed lecture series on the Hill in 1964.
His Nobel-winning research dealt with using X-rays and electron beams to map molecular structures in gases.
David Lee, Douglas Osheroff, PhD ’73 & Robert Richardson
Physics (1996)
The trio of experimental physicists shared the Nobel for a discovery regarding helium: they verified that a specific form of the element flows without friction at extremely low temperatures.
The late Richardson joined the faculty in 1968 and remained on the Hill for his entire career. Osheroff—now a professor emeritus at Stanford—is his former doctoral student.
Lee, now 92, joined the Cornell faculty in 1959. He remains a professor emeritus of physics, as well as a distinguished professor at Texas A&M.
Top: Illustration by Caitlin Cook / Cornell University.
Published September 15, 2023; updated October 9, 2023 | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 39 | https://www.biotechniques.com/molecular-biology/who-won-the-2023-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine/ | en | Who won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine? | [
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"Aisha Al-Janabi"
] | 2023-10-04T15:03:31+00:00 | The winners of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 2023 have been announced as the pair behind foundational research for the COVID-19 vaccines. | https://www.biotechniques.com/wp-content/themes/biotechniques/favicon.ico | BioTechniques | https://www.biotechniques.com/molecular-biology/who-won-the-2023-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine/ | The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Katalin Karikó (Szeged University, Hungary) and Drew Weissman (University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA) for their foundational work in mRNA vaccines, which enabled the rapid development of the COVID-19 vaccines. Their discovery of the importance of nucleoside base modification in the immune acceptance and subsequent translation of synthetic mRNA, opened the gateway for a series of dramatic developments in vaccinology.
A brief history of vaccines
Vaccinology has a long and storied history, dating back to the inoculation of James Phipps with material from a cowpox sore by Edward Jenner to successfully protect him from smallpox in 1796. While this experiment gave the field its name, theories and practices focused on infection with one disease to protect from another have existed for far longer, with some sources suggesting that they took place as early as the B.C. era.
For a long time, the principle underlying vaccines remained largely unchanged, relying on dead or disabled pathogens to stimulate an immune response from which the patient acquired a lasting immunity. This continued until it was identified that the delivery of a single protein component of a pathogen could effectively stimulate an immune response and be used as the basis for a vaccine, as exemplified by the hepatitis B vaccine.
The next step for vaccinology was conceptualized as the delivery of genetic information that encoded for viral surface proteins, encased in a harmless viral envelope, into the patient’s cells. This approach would leverage the cell’s protein-producing machinery to express the antigens themselves and stimulate an immune response.
DNA was chiefly the genetic language selected for early investigations into this approach due to its favorable stability compared to RNA. However, candidates relying on DNA did not translate positive results from animal models into humans, likely due to the need for it to be delivered through the cell wall and into the nucleus for it to be effective. Furthermore, this approach gives rise to safety concerns surrounding the potential integration of viral DNA into the recipient’s genome.
Scientists just want to have fun: the 33rd First Annual Ig Nobel Prizes
This year’s Ig Nobel Prize ceremony was packed with educational entertainment, which was truly hilarious.
Managing mRNA and a meeting of minds
Approaches using mRNA had been touted since the development of in vitro transcription in the 1980s, which enabled the production of synthetic mRNA without the need for cell culture. This development constituted a significant saving in the time and resources needed to produce a vaccine, as it bypassed the need for cell culture. However, initial studies of these mRNA-based vaccines revealed that they led to significant inflammation and poor rates of translation once transfected into cells.
Undeterred by the poor stability and inflammatory side effects of mRNA, Karikó continued to believe in the therapeutic promise of mRNA, persevering in her research into these molecules despite prevailing opinions at the time making the acquisition of funding highly challenging. During this period in the early 1990s, she met Weissman, an expert on dendritic cells – key cells of the immune system that are involved in vaccine-induced immune responses. Together they set out to investigate how different types of RNA interact with immune cells.
During their investigations, the pair identified that in vitro transcribed RNA stimulated the release of inflammatory signals from dendritic cells, which recognized the material as foreign. However, mammalian-derived RNA did not trigger the same response, prompting them to consider the differences between these types of RNA.
Karikó and Weissman realized that perhaps the in vitro transcribed RNA was too perfect, too synthetic and lacked the frequent chemical modifications that litter mammalian RNA transcribed in vivo. To confirm this hypothesis, they synthesized RNA with the chemically altered bases observed in nature, such as pseudouridine and N6-methyladenosine, and added them to dendritic cells.
The change observed was stark: inflammatory responses were significantly dampened, with different combinations of base modifications enabling the RNA to escape detection by the various receptors of dendritic cells. However, only modifications of the uridine bases led to the total avoidance of an inflammatory response from dendritic cells. Taken by the potential therapeutic impact of these findings, Karikó and Weissman published them in a paper in 2005.
Further investigations, accompanied by papers published in 2008 and 2010, identified that using modified mRNA also leads to a significant improvement in its translation and therefore protein production. This, they revealed, was in part due to the fact that the modifications prevented the activation of protein kinase R, which blocks transcription pathways and is stimulated by in vitro transcribed RNA.
The future of lipid nanoparticles and mRNA cancer vaccines
mRNA vaccines would not have been possible without breakthroughs in lipid nanoparticles, both of which researchers are now developing for cancer therapeutics.
The advent of mRNA vaccines
This series of discoveries made the prospect of mRNA therapeutics dramatically more desirable. Concerns surrounding efficacy and inflammation had been addressed and it didn’t take long for breakthroughs in vaccine development using this approach to follow. After initial developments in the cancer research space, the first mRNA vaccine for an infectious disease, rabies, reached clinical trials in 2017. This was shortly followed by clinical trials from Moderna (MA, USA) for mRNA-based vaccines against Zika virus, a series of influenza viruses and MERS-CoV.
MERS-CoV is closely related to SARS-CoV-2 and the vaccine developed for it hinged around a section of mRNA that coded for the virus’s spike protein. With these developments and existing templates for vaccines in place when SARS-CoV-2 led to the COVID-19 pandemic, the stage was set for the rapid development of the COVID-19 vaccines and within a year of the pandemic being declared, vaccines were approved and being administered.
Without the vital work of Karikó and Weissman, the foundations on which the COVID-19 vaccines were built would not have been in place and countless more lives may have been lost to the virus. It is for this essential work, their unwavering commitment to their field and the quality of their research that they have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. | |||||
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"Andrew Joseph",
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] | 2023-10-02T00:00:00 | Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, two pioneers of mRNA research, won the 2023 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology on Monday. | en | STAT | https://www.statnews.com/2023/10/02/nobel-prize-medicine-kariko-weissman-awarded-prize/ | LONDON — Two pioneers of mRNA research — the technology that helped the world tame the virus behind the Covid-19 pandemic — won the 2023 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology on Monday.
Overcoming a lack of broader interest in their work and scientific challenges, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman made key discoveries about messenger RNA that enabled scientific teams to start developing the tool into therapies, immunizations, and — as the pandemic spread in 2020 — vaccines targeting the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Moderna and the Pfizer-BioNTech partnership unveiled their mRNA-based Covid-19 shots in record time thanks to the foundational work of Karikó and Weissman, helping save millions of lives.
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Karikó, a biochemist, and Weissman, an immunologist, performed their world-changing research on the interaction between mRNA and the immune system at the University of Pennsylvania, where Weissman, 64, remains a professor in vaccine research. Karikó, 68, who later went to work at BioNTech, is now a professor at Szeged University in her native Hungary, and is an adjunct professor at Penn’s Perelman School of Medicine.
The duo will receive 11 million Swedish kronor, or just over $1 million. Their names are added to a list of medicine or physiology Nobel winners that prior to this year included 213 men and 12 women.
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The award was announced by Thomas Perlmann, secretary general of Nobel Assembly, in Stockholm. Perlmann said he had spoken to both laureates, describing them as grateful and surprised even though the pair has won numerous awards seen as precursors and had been tipped as likely Nobel recipients at some point.
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When Karikó and Weissman were notified on Monday, they both thought it was a prank, possibly from some anti-vaxxer. “This can’t be real,” Weissman recalled at a press briefing organized by Penn. He opted to go back to bed and wait for the announcement with his wife. “And then the press conference starts and it was real. So then we really became excited.”
Every year, the committee considers hundreds of nominations from former Nobel laureates, medical school deans, and prominent scientists from fields including microbiology, immunology, and oncology. Members try to identify a discovery that has altered scientists’ understanding of a subject. And according to the criteria laid out in Alfred Nobel’s will, that paradigm-shifting discovery also has to have benefited humankind.
The Nobel committee framed Karikó and Weissman’s work as a prime example of complementary expertise, with Karikó focused on RNA-based therapies and Weissman bringing a deep knowledge about immune responses to vaccines.
But it was not an easy road for the scientists. Karikó encountered rejection after rejection in the 1990s while applying for grants. She was even demoted while working at Penn, as she toiled away on the lower rungs of academia.
But the scientists persisted, and made a monumental discovery published in 2005 based on simply swapping out some of the components of mRNA.
With instructions from DNA, our cells make strands of mRNA that are then “read” to make proteins. The idea underlying an mRNA vaccine then is to take a piece of mRNA from a pathogen and slip it into our bodies. The mRNA will lead to the production of a protein from the virus, which our bodies learn to recognize and fight should we encounter it again in the form of the actual virus.
It’s an idea that goes back to the 1980s, as scientific advances allowed researchers to make mRNA easily in their labs. But there was a problem: The synthetic mRNA not only produced smaller amounts of protein than the natural version in our cells, it also elicited a potentially dangerous inflammatory immune response, and was often destroyed before it could reach target cells.
Karikó and Weissman’s breakthrough focused on how to overcome that problem. mRNA is made up of four nucleosides, or “letters”: A, U, G, and C. But the version our bodies make includes some nucleosides that are chemically modified — something the synthetic version didn’t, at least until Karikó and Weissman came along. They showed that subbing out some of the building blocks for modified versions allowed their strands of mRNA to sneak past the body’s immune defenses.
While the research did not gain wide attention at the time, it did catch the attention of scientists who would go on to found Moderna and BioNTech. And now, nearly 20 years later, billions of doses of mRNA vaccines have been administered.
“And this,” Weissman said, referring to the Nobel Prize, “has just given RNA the recognition.”
“We are not working for any kind of award,” Karikó said Monday at the press briefing. “The importance was to have a product which is helpful.”
For now, the only authorized mRNA products are the Covid-19 shots. But academic researchers and companies are exploring the technology as a potential therapeutic platform for an array of diseases and are using it to develop cancer vaccines as well as immunizations against other infectious diseases, from flu to mpox to HIV. An mRNA vaccine is highly adaptable compared to earlier methods, which makes it easier to alter the underlying recipe of the shot to keep up with viral evolution.
As she gained global fame, Karikó has been open about the barriers she encountered in her scientific career, which raised broader issues about the challenges women and immigrants can face in academia. But she’s said she always believed in the potential of her RNA research.
“I thought of going somewhere else, or doing something else,” Karikó told STAT in 2020, recalling the moment she was demoted. “I also thought maybe I’m not good enough, not smart enough. I tried to imagine: Everything is here, and I just have to do better experiments.”
To future scientists, Karikó said Monday, “If you like to follow instruction maybe the military [is] the best. If you want to be rich, I don’t know the answer for that. But if you would like to solve problems then, you know science is for you.” | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 15 | https://utswmed.org/why-utsw/legacy-research-discovery/nobel-prizes/ | en | A Legacy of Research & Discovery | [
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] | null | [] | null | UT Southwestern's tradition of excellence in science and medicine is reflected in the achievements of its distinguished faculty, which includes six Nobel Prize recipients, 26 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 20 members of the National Academy of Medicine, and 14 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators. | en | https://utswmed.org/why-utsw/legacy-research-discovery/nobel-prizes/ | Drs. Michael S. Brown & Joseph L. Goldstein // 1985
Cholesterol Regulation
Drs. Brown and Goldstein shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985 for their discoveries of how the body regulates cholesterol and the treatment of diseases caused by abnormally elevated cholesterol levels in the blood. They found that human cells have low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors that remove cholesterol from the blood and that when LDL receptors are not present in sufficient numbers, individuals become at risk for cholesterol-related diseases. It was a pioneering discovery that would lead to the development of statins, which help regulate cholesterol, improve the quality of life for millions of people, and save lives.
Dr. Johann Deisenhofer // 1988
Membrane Protein Structure
Dr. Deisenhofer shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1988 for his use of X-ray crystallography to describe the structure of a protein involved in photosynthesis. One of the most fundamental processes of life is photosynthesis, which uses energy from sunlight to make sugars out of water and carbon dioxide, providing nourishment for plant life to exist. Studying bacteria, researchers discovered how energy is converted through a series of proteins that transport electrons and were then able to create a model and determine the three-dimensional structure for the photosynthetic reaction center. Their work provided unique insight into photosynthesis, helping scientists understand how energy is transferred into biological systems.
Dr. Bruce A. Beutler // 2011
Innate Immunity
Dr. Beutler shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2011 for his discovery of how the immune system is activated. When bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms attack the body, receptor proteins recognize such microorganisms and activate innate immunity, the first step in the body’s immune response. Through a series of experiments, Dr. Beutler revealed how cells detect infection and how the innate immune system is activated in response to infection. His work helped open new avenues for the development of therapies against infections, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. | ||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine | en | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | [
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For a list of laureates, see List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine.
Award
Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineAwarded forDiscoveries in physiology or medicine that led to benefit for humankindLocationStockholm, SwedenPresented byNobel Assembly at Karolinska InstitutetReward(s)11 million SEK (2023)[1]First awarded1901Currently held byKatalin Karikó and Drew Weissman (2023)Websitenobelprize .org /prizes /medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Medicine or Physiology, Chemistry, Literature, and Peace.
The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, 10 December. As of 2023, 115 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 227 laureates, 214 men and 13 women. The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist, Emil von Behring, for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria. The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Gerty Cori, received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose, important in many aspects of medicine, including treatment of diabetes. The most recent Nobel prize was announced by the Karolinska Institute on 2 October 2023, and has been awarded to Hungarian-American Katalin Karikó and American Drew Weissman, for their discoveries leading to development of an effective COVID-19 vaccine.[2]
The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; the reverse side is unique to this medal.
Some awards have been controversial. This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy, bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment. Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award. The 1952 prize to Selman Waksman was litigated in court, and half the patent rights were awarded to his co-discoverer Albert Schatz who was not recognised by the prize. Nobel prizes cannot be awarded posthumously. Also, no more than three recipients can receive a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, a limitation that is sometimes discussed because of an increasing trend for larger teams to conduct important scientific projects.
Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers.[3] He was a chemist, engineer and inventor who amassed a fortune during his lifetime, most of it from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous.[4] He was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own labs in France and Italy to conduct experiments in blood transfusions. Keeping abreast of scientific findings, he was generous in his donations to Ivan Pavlov's laboratory in Russia and was optimistic about the progress resulting from scientific discoveries made in laboratories.[5]
In 1888, Nobel was surprised to read his own obituary, titled "The merchant of death is dead", in a French newspaper. As it happened, it was Nobel's brother Ludvig who had died, but Nobel, unhappy with the content of the obituary and concerned that his legacy would reflect poorly on him, was inspired to change his will.[6] In his last will, Nobel requested that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.[7] Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died in 1896 at the age of 63.[8] Because his will was contested, it was not approved by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) until 26 April 1897.[9]
After Nobel's death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to manage the assets of the bequest.[10] In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by Swedish King Oscar II.[11][12] According to Nobel's will, the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, a medical school and research centre, is responsible for the Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[13] Today, the prize is commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine.[14]
It was important to Nobel that the prize be awarded for a "discovery" and that it be of "greatest benefit on mankind".[15] Per the provisions of the will, only select persons are eligible to nominate individuals for the award. These include members of academies around the world, professors of medicine in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and Finland, as well as professors of selected universities and research institutions in other countries. Past Nobel laureates may also nominate.[16] Until 1977, all professors of Karolinska Institute together decided on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. That year, changes in Swedish law forced the institute to make public any documents pertaining to the Nobel Prize, and it was considered necessary to establish a legally independent body for the Prize work. Therefore, the Nobel Assembly was constituted, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institute. It elects the Nobel Committee with five members who evaluate the nominees, the Secretary who is in charge of the organisation, and each year ten adjunct members to assist in the evaluation of candidates. In 1968, a provision was added that no more than three persons may share a Nobel prize.[17]
True to its mandate, the committee has chosen researchers working in the basic sciences over those who have made applied science contributions. Harvey Cushing, a pioneering American neurosurgeon who identified Cushing's syndrome, was not awarded the prize, nor was Sigmund Freud, as his psychoanalysis lacks hypotheses that can be experimentally confirmed.[18] The public expected Jonas Salk or Albert Sabin to receive the prize for their development of the polio vaccines, but instead the award went to John Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins whose basic discovery that the polio virus could reproduce in monkey cells in laboratory preparations made the vaccines possible.[19]
Through the 1930s, there were frequent prize laureates in classical physiology, but after that, the field began fragmenting into specialities. The last classical physiology laureates were John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin, and Andrew Huxley in 1963 for their findings regarding "unitary electrical events in the central and peripheral nervous system."[20]
A Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.[21] These are awarded during the prize ceremony at the Stockholm Concert Hall.
The Physiology and Medicine medal has a portrait of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse.[22] The medal was designed by Erik Lindberg.[22] The reverse of the medal depicts the 'Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst'.[23] It is inscribed "Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes" ("It is beneficial to have improved (human) life through discovered arts") an adaptation of "inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes" from line 663 from book 6 of the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil.[23] A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "REG. UNIVERSITAS MED. CHIR. CAROL." denoting the Karolinska Institute is also inscribed on the reverse.[23]
Between 1902 and 2010 the Nobel Prize medals were struck by the Myntverket, the Swedish royal mint, located in Eskilstuna. In 2011 the medals were made by the Det Norske Myntverket in Kongsberg. The medals have been made by Svenska Medalj in Eskilstuna since 2012.[22]
Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the King of Sweden. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it. In the case of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, that is the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute. Well-known artists and calligraphers from Sweden are commissioned to create it.[24] The diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and a citation as to why they received the prize.[24]
At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from the Nobel Foundation. For example, in 2009 the total cash awarded was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million),[25] but in 2012, the amount was 8 million Swedish Krona, or US$1.1 million.[26] If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients, but if there are three, the awarding committee may opt to divide the grant equally, or award half to one recipient and a quarter to each of the two others.[27][28][29][30]
The awards are bestowed at a gala ceremony followed by a banquet.[31] The Nobel Banquet is an extravagant affair with the menu, planned months ahead of time, kept secret until the day of the event. The Nobel Foundation chooses the menu after tasting and testing selections submitted by selected chefs of international repute. Currently, it is a three-course dinner, although it was originally six courses in 1901. Each Nobel Prize laureate may bring up to 16 guests. Sweden's royal family attends, and typically the Prime Minister and other members of the government attend as well as representatives of the Nobel family.[32]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine.
The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil Adolf von Behring.[33] Behring's discovery of serum therapy in the development of the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines put "in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths".[34][35] In 1902, the award went to Ronald Ross for his work on malaria, "by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it".[36] He identified the mosquito as the transmitter of malaria, and worked tirelessly on measures to prevent malaria worldwide.[37][38] The 1903 prize was awarded to Niels Ryberg Finsen, the first Faroese laureate, "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science".[39][40] He died within a year after receiving the prize at the age of 43.[41] Ivan Pavlov, whose work Nobel admired and supported, received the prize in 1904 for his work on the physiology of digestion.[42]
Subsequently, those selecting the recipients have exercised wide latitude in determining what falls under the umbrella of Physiology or Medicine. The awarding of the prize in 1973 to Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz, and Karl von Frisch for their observations of animal behavioural patterns could be considered a prize in the behavioural sciences rather than medicine or physiology.[14] Tinbergen expressed surprise in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech at "the unconventional decision of the Nobel Foundation to award this year's prize 'for Physiology or Medicine' to three men who had until recently been regarded as 'mere animal watchers'".[44]
Laureates have been awarded the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2010 , eight Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction through G proteins and second messengers. 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology[45] and 13 have been awarded for contributions in Intermediary metabolism.[46] The 100 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 195 individuals through 2009.[47][48]
Thirteen women have received the prize: Gerty Cori (1947), Rosalyn Yalow (1977), Barbara McClintock (1983), Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986), Gertrude B. Elion (1988), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1995), Linda B. Buck (2004), Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (2008), Elizabeth H. Blackburn (2009), Carol W. Greider (2009), May-Britt Moser (2014), Youyou Tu (2015) and Katalin Karikó (2023).[49] Only one woman, Barbara McClintock, has received an unshared prize in this category, for the discovery of genetic transposition.[47][50]
Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies were awarded the prize in 2007 for the discovery of a gene targeting procedure (a type of genetic recombination) for introducing homologous recombination in mice, employing embryonic stem cells through the development of the knockout mouse.[51][52] In 2009, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak of the United States for discovering the process by which chromosomes are protected by telomeres (regions of repetitive DNA at the ends of chromosomes) and the enzyme telomerase.[53]
Rita Levi-Montalcini, an Italian neurologist, who together with colleague Stanley Cohen, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of Nerve growth factor (NGF), was the first Nobel laureate to reach the 100th birthday.[48]
There have been 38 times when the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to a single individual, 31 times when it was shared by two, and 33 times there were three laureates (the maximum allowed).
Because of the length of time that may pass before the significance of a discovery becomes apparent, some prizes are awarded many years after the initial discovery. Barbara McClintock made her discoveries in 1944, before the structure of the DNA molecule was known; she was not awarded the prize until 1983. Similarly, in 1916 Peyton Rous discovered the role of tumor viruses in chickens, but was not awarded the prize until 50 years later, in 1966.[54] Nobel laureate Carol Greider's research leading to the prize was conducted over 20 years before. She noted that the passage of time is an advantage in the medical sciences, as it may take many years for the significance of a discovery to become apparent.[55]
In 2011, Canadian immunologist Ralph M. Steinman was awarded the prize; however, unbeknownst to the committee, he had died three days before the announcement. The committee decided that since the prize was awarded "in good faith," it would be allowed to stand.
Main article: Nobel Prize controversies
Some of the awards have been controversial. The person who was deserving of the 1923 prize for the discovery of insulin as a central hormone for controlling diabetes (awarded only a year after its discovery)[56] has been heatedly debated. It was shared between Frederick Banting and John Macleod; this infuriated Banting who regarded Macleod's involvement as minimal. Macleod was the department head at the University of Toronto but otherwise was not directly involved in the findings. Banting thought his laboratory partner Charles Best, who had shared in the laboratory work of discovery, should have shared the prize with him as well. In fairness, he decided to give half of his prize money to Best. Macleod on his part felt the biochemist James Collip, who joined the laboratory team later, deserved to be included in the award and shared his prize money with him.[56] Some maintain that Nicolae Paulescu, a Romanian professor of physiology at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest, was the first to isolate insulin, in 1916, although his pancrein was an impure aqueous extract unfit for human treatment similar to the one used previously by Israel Kleiner.[57][58][59] When Banting published the paper that brought him the Nobel,[60] Paulescu already held a patent for his discovery (10 April 1922, patent no. 6254 (8322) "Pancreina şi procedeul fabricaţiei ei"/"Pancrein and the process of making it", from the Romanian Ministry of Industry and Trade).[61][62][63]
The Spanish neurophysiologist Fernando de Castro (1896–1967) was the first to describe arterial chemoreceptors and circumscribe them to the carotid body for the respiratory reflexes in 1926–1928. For many experts, this direct disciple of Santiago Ramón y Cajal deserved to share the Nobel Prize 1938 with the awarded Corneille Heymans, but at that time Spain was immersed in the Spanish Civil War and it seems that the Nobel Board even doubted if he was alive or not, being at the front since almost the beginning of the conflict. Heymans himself recognised the merits of De Castro for the Nobel Prize in different occasions, including a famous talk in Montevideo (Uruguay).[64]
In 1949, despite protests from the medical establishment, the Portuguese neurologist António Egas Moniz received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the prefrontal leucotomy, which he promoted by declaring the procedure's success just 10 days postoperative. Due largely to the publicity surrounding the award, it was prescribed without regard for modern medical ethics. Favourable results were reported by such publications as The New York Times. It is estimated that around 40,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States before the procedure's popularity faded.[65] Rosemary Kennedy, the sister of John F. Kennedy, was subjected to the procedure by their father; it incapacitated her to the extent that she needed to be institutionalised for the rest of her life.[66][67]
The 1952 prize, awarded solely to Selman Waksman for his discovery of streptomycin, omitted the recognition some felt due to his co-discoverer Albert Schatz.[68][69] There was litigation brought by Schatz against Waksman over the details and credit of the streptomycin discovery; Schatz was awarded a substantial settlement, and, together with Waksman, Schatz was to be officially recognised as a co-discoverer of streptomycin as concerned patent rights. He is not a Nobel Prize laureate.[68]
The 1962 Prize awarded to James D. Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins—for their work on DNA structure and properties—did not recognise contributing work from others, such as Alec Stokes and Herbert Wilson. In addition, Erwin Chargaff, Oswald Avery, and Rosalind Franklin (whose key DNA x-ray crystallography work was the most detailed yet least acknowledged among the three)[70][page needed] contributed directly to the ability of Watson and Crick to solve the structure of the DNA molecule. Avery died in 1955, Franklin died in 1958 and posthumous nominations for the Nobel Prize are not permitted. Files of Nobel Prize nominations show Franklin was not nominated when she was alive.[71] As a result of Watson's misrepresentations of Franklin and her role in the discovery of the double helix in his book The Double Helix, Franklin has come to be portrayed as a classic victim of sexism in science.[72][73] Chargaff, for his part, was not quiet about his exclusion from the prize, bitterly writing to other scientists about his disillusionment regarding the field of molecular biology.[74]
The 2008 award went to Harald zur Hausen in recognition of his discovery that human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer, and to Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for discovering the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[75] Whether Robert Gallo or Luc Montagnier deserved more credit for the discovery of the virus that causes AIDS has been a matter of considerable controversy. As it was, Gallo was left out and not awarded a prize.[76][77] Additionally, there was a scandal when it was learned that Harald zur Hausen was being investigated for having a financial interest in vaccines for the cervical cancer that HPV can cause. AstraZeneca, which had a stake in two lucrative HPV vaccines could benefit financially from the prize, had agreed to sponsor Nobel Media and Nobel Web. According to Times Online, two senior figures in the selection process that chose zur Hausen also had strong links with AstraZeneca.[78]
The provision that restricts the maximum number of nominees to three for any one prize, introduced in 1968, has caused considerable controversy.[17][79] From the 1950s onward, there has been an increasing trend to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to more than one person. There were 59 people who received the prize in the first 50 years of the last century, while 113 individuals received it between 1951 and 2000. This increase could be attributed to the rise of the international scientific community after World War II, resulting in more persons being responsible for the discovery, and nominated for, a particular prize. Also, current biomedical research is more often carried out by teams rather than by scientists working alone, making it unlikely that any one scientist, or even a few, is primarily responsible for a discovery;[19] this has meant that a prize nomination that would have to include more than three contributors is automatically excluded from consideration.[54] Also, deserving contributors may not be nominated at all because the restriction results in a cut-off point of three nominees per prize, leading to controversial exclusions.[15]
There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). Most of these occurred during either World War I (1914–1918) or World War II (1939–1945).[48] In 1939, Nazi Germany forbade Gerhard Domagk from accepting his prize.[80] He was later able to receive the diploma and medal but not the money.[48][81]
List of medicine awards
List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Doherty, Peter (2008). The Beginner's Guide to Winning the Nobel Prize: Advice for Young Scientists. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13897-0.
Leroy, Francis (2003). A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4.
Rifkind, David; Freeman, Geraldine L. (2005). The Nobel Prize winning discoveries in infectious diseases. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-369353-2. | ||||||
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] | null | [] | 2017-03-06T16:47:44+00:00 | Metabolism, the simultaneous processes of breaking down organic matter to extract energy and using that energy to power life processes, is one of the most important functions conducted in a living cell, as it enables the continual renewal of the entire organism. The innumerable metabolic processes that keep a cell running smoothly have been the […] | en | /img/favicon/apple-icon-57x57.png?v=8 | Our Scientists | https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/fritz-a-lipmann/2517-nobel-prize/ | Metabolism, the simultaneous processes of breaking down organic matter to extract energy and using that energy to power life processes, is one of the most important functions conducted in a living cell, as it enables the continual renewal of the entire organism. The innumerable metabolic processes that keep a cell running smoothly have been the subject of intense study since the early 19th century, but the key that opened up the field of biochemistry — the central question of how the cell provides itself with the energy to perform so many tasks — was the identity of a catalyst known as coenzyme A. German biochemist Fritz Lipmann ushered in a golden age of research in biochemistry when he discovered coenzyme A in 1945. For his discovery, Dr. Lipmann shared the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
By the early 20th century, many of the individual biochemical processes that take place in the cell had been described, but the connections between them remained a mystery, allowing scientists only a dim, incoherent picture of how the cell operates. In 1937, a laboratory at the University of Sheffield led by Hans Adolf Krebs tied together all this disparate knowledge by showing how a molecule that is derived from food and contains two carbon atoms combines with a four-carbon enzyme protein in the cell, creating a six-carbon compound — citric acid. When attached in this way, the two-carbon compound is broken down by oxidation into water and carbonic acid and releases energy-rich electrons. The last of those by-products provides the energy for the cell’s subsequent construction projects, and the original four-carbon enzyme protein — oxaloacetate — is left intact and available to take part in a new demolition crew with another two-carbon compound.
The one element missing from what is now known as the Krebs cycle was the identity of the two-carbon catalyst. Much of the scientific community believed it to be acetic acid, something that would fit in Dr. Krebs’s equation and that had already been identified as a product of cell metabolism. Fritz Lipmann, an alumnus of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research then working at Massachusetts General Hospital, believed the mystery compound to be acetyl phosphate and continued to experiment, despite overwhelming skepticism from his peers. In 1945, years after other researchers had given up the search, Dr. Lipmann discovered the culprit to be a coenzyme: a molecule that when attached to certain proteins forms an active enzyme. Dr. Lipmann’s coenzyme, when bound to oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle, acquires the properties of acetic acid — which becomes labile when similarly bound — and effects the metabolic reaction. Lipmann named the molecule coenzyme A — the “A” for the activation of acetate.
Dr. Lipmann’s later research added much to our understanding of the biosynthesis of proteins and certain antibiotics. He went on to discover that his original hypothesis for the energy transfer catalyst — acetyl phosphate — is actually the two-carbon catalyst for certain species of bacteria. He also discovered that coenzyme A activates acids other than acetic acid, and effects other functions, when bound to other enzyme proteins. Through Dr. Lipmann’s work, we now also understand that coenzyme A is related to the B vitamins, the largest class of vitamins, and that B vitamins carry out their functions through coenzymatic action in the process of cell metabolism. Dr. Lipmann shared the 1953 Nobel Prize with Dr. Krebs.
CAREER
Dr. Lipmann was born in 1899 in Königsberg, Germany. During his initial education and medical training at the Universities of Königsberg, Berlin and Münich—he earned his M.D. at Berlin in 1924—he developed an interest in chemistry and subsequently pursued further education in the field, obtaining his Ph.D. from the University of Berlin in 1927. Three years later he joined the laboratory of Albert Fischer at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. He spent 1931 and 1932 as a Rockefeller Fellow in the laboratory of Phoebus A. Levene at The Rockefeller Institute and then moved with Dr. Fischer to the newly established Carlsberg Foundation in Copenhagen, where he served as research associate. In 1939, he moved to Cornell Medical School, where he was research associate in the department of biochemistry. In 1941 he joined the research staff of Massachusetts General Hospital, eventually heading his own group in the hospital’s Biochemical Research Laboratory. From 1949 to 1957, he was professor of biological chemistry at Harvard Medical School, and in 1957 he became a member and professor at The Rockefeller Institute, a position he held until his retirement in 1970. Dr. Lipmann was a member of the Faraday Society and the Danish Royal Academy of Sciences and a foreign member of The Royal Society of London. He died in 1986. | ||||
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] | null | [] | null | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 was awarded jointly to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19" | en | NobelPrize.org | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/ | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 was awarded jointly to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"
To cite this section
MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Wed. 24 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/>
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Nobel Prizes and laureates
Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women.
See them all presented here. | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 55 | https://medicine.wustl.edu/research/nobel-prize-winners/ | en | Nobel Prize Winners – Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis | [
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] | null | [] | 2016-11-23T17:51:49+00:00 | Washington University and the School of Medicine have a long tradition of pursuing novel approaches and expanding the bounds of... MORE» | en | https://medicine.wustl.edu/wp-content/themes/medicine/_/img/favicon.ico | Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis | https://medicine.wustl.edu/research/nobel-prize-winners/ | Nobel Prize Winners
Washington University and the School of Medicine have a long tradition of pursuing novel approaches and expanding the bounds of what is known.
At the School of Medicine, this tradition has roots in the vision of university board member Robert S. Brookings, who in 1909 was determined to transform the medical school into a model for American medical education and research. Among the first recruits to this “modern medical school” was Joseph Erlanger, who Brookings appointed head of the physiology department in 1910. Three decades later, Erlanger won a Nobel prize.
To date, 19 Nobel laureates have ties to the School of Medicine, and the tradition continues. With an ever-growing infrastructure that supports collaboration, innovation and entrepreneurship, we equip our outstanding faculty, students and trainees with the resources to pursue discoveries that may shape science and medicine for generations to come.
1927: Arthur H. Compton (1892 – 1962)
Physics
“For his discovery of the effect named after him”
Washington University affiliations:
Professor of Physics (1920 – 23); Chancellor (1945 – 53); Distinguished Service Professor of Natural Philosophy (1954 – 61)
Nobel biography »
1943: Edward A. Doisy (1893 – 1986)
Physiology or Medicine
“For his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K”
Washington University affiliations:
Instructor (1919 – 20), Associate (1920 – 22) and Associate Professor (1922 – 23) of Biological Chemistry
Nobel biography »
1944: Joseph Erlanger (1874 – 1965)
Physiology or Medicine
“For … discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres”
Washington University affiliation:
Professor of Physiology (1910 – 46)
Nobel biography »
1944: Herbert S. Gasser (1888 – 1963)
Physiology or Medicine
“For … discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres”
Washington University affiliations:
Instructor (1916 – 18), Associate (1918 – 20) and Associate Professor of Physiology (1920 – 21); Professor of Pharmacology (1921 – 31)
Nobel biography »
1947: Carl F. Cori (1896 – 1984)
Physiology or Medicine
“For … discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen”
Washington University affiliations:
Professor of Pharmacology (1931 – 46); Professor of Biological Chemistry (1942 – 66)
Nobel biography »
1947: Gerty T. Cori (1896 – 1957)
Physiology or Medicine
“For … discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen”
Washington University affiliations:
Fellow and Research Associate in Pharmacology (1931 – 44); Research Associate in Biological Chemistry (1943 – 44); Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry (1944 – 47); Professor of Biological Chemistry (1947 – 57)
Nobel biography »
In the news: Cori Nobel Prize medals donated to Washington University
Watch the video »
1959: Arthur Kornberg (1918 – 2007)
Physiology or Medicine
“For … discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid”
Washington University affiliation:
Professor of Microbiology (1953 – 59)
Nobel biography »
1959: Severo Ochoa (1905 – 93)
Physiology or Medicine
“For … discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid”
Washington University affiliation:
Instructor and Research Associate in Pharmacology (1941 – 42)
Nobel biography »
1969: Alfred Hershey (1908 – 97)
Physiology or Medicine
“For … discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses”
Washington University affiliations:
Assistant (1934 – 36), Instructor (1936 – 39), Assistant Professor (1939 – 46) and Associate Professor (1946 – 50) of Bacteriology and Immunology
Nobel biography »
1971: Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
(1915 – 74)
Physiology or Medicine
“For his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones”
Washington University affiliations:
Student Assistant (1940 – 43) and Instructor (1945 – 46) in Pharmacology; Instructor (1946 – 50), Assistant Professor (1950 – 51) and Associate Professor (1951 – 53) of Biological Chemistry
Nobel biography »
1978: Daniel Nathans (1928 – 99)
Physiology or Medicine
“For the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics”
Washington University affiliation:
Graduate of the School of Medicine (Class of 1954)
Nobel biography »
1980: Paul Berg (1926)
Chemistry
“For his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA”
Washington University affiliations:
Research Fellow and Instructor (1954); Assistant Professor (1955 – 57) and Associate Professor (1957 – 59) of Microbiology
Nobel biography »
1986: Stanley Cohen (1922 – 2020)
Physiology or Medicine
“For … discoveries of ‘Growth Factors'”
Washington University affiliations:
Research Fellow (1952 – 53) and Research Associate (1953 – 59) in Zoology
Nobel biography »
1986: Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909 – 2012)
Physiology or Medicine
“For … discoveries of ‘Growth Factors'”
Washington University affiliations:
Research Associate (1947 – 51), Associate Professor (1951 – 58) and Professor (1958 – 77) of Zoology
Nobel biography »
1992: Edwin G. Krebs (1918 – 2009)
Physiology or Medicine
“For … discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism”
Washington University affiliations:
Graduate of the School of Medicine (Class of 1943); Intern and Resident at Barnes-Jewish Hospital (1944 – 46); Research Fellow in Biological Chemistry (1946 – 48)
Nobel biography »
1998: Robert F. Furchgott (1916 – 2009)
Physiology or Medicine
“For … discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system”
Washington University affiliations:
Assistant Professor (1946 – 52) and Associate Professor (1952 – 56) of Pharmacology
Nobel biography »
2004: Aaron Ciechanover (1947)
Chemistry
“For the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation”
Washington University affiliation:
Visiting Professor of Pediatrics (1987 – 2001)
Nobel biography »
2012: Brian K. Kobilka (1955)
Chemistry
“For studies of G-protein-coupled receptors”
Washington University affiliation:
Medical Resident at Barnes Hospital (1981 – 84)
Nobel biography »
2020: Charles M. Rice, PhD (1952)
Physiology or Medicine
“For the discovery of Hepatitis C virus”
Washington University affiliation:
Conducted his seminal work while on the faculty from 1986 to 2000 | ||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 1 | 16 | https://www.statnews.com/2023/10/02/nobel-prize-medicine-kariko-weissman-awarded-prize/ | en | 2023 Nobel Prize in Medicine: Karikó, Weissman awarded prize for mRNA research | [
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"Andrew Joseph",
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] | 2023-10-02T00:00:00 | Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, two pioneers of mRNA research, won the 2023 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology on Monday. | en | STAT | https://www.statnews.com/2023/10/02/nobel-prize-medicine-kariko-weissman-awarded-prize/ | LONDON — Two pioneers of mRNA research — the technology that helped the world tame the virus behind the Covid-19 pandemic — won the 2023 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology on Monday.
Overcoming a lack of broader interest in their work and scientific challenges, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman made key discoveries about messenger RNA that enabled scientific teams to start developing the tool into therapies, immunizations, and — as the pandemic spread in 2020 — vaccines targeting the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Moderna and the Pfizer-BioNTech partnership unveiled their mRNA-based Covid-19 shots in record time thanks to the foundational work of Karikó and Weissman, helping save millions of lives.
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Karikó, a biochemist, and Weissman, an immunologist, performed their world-changing research on the interaction between mRNA and the immune system at the University of Pennsylvania, where Weissman, 64, remains a professor in vaccine research. Karikó, 68, who later went to work at BioNTech, is now a professor at Szeged University in her native Hungary, and is an adjunct professor at Penn’s Perelman School of Medicine.
The duo will receive 11 million Swedish kronor, or just over $1 million. Their names are added to a list of medicine or physiology Nobel winners that prior to this year included 213 men and 12 women.
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The award was announced by Thomas Perlmann, secretary general of Nobel Assembly, in Stockholm. Perlmann said he had spoken to both laureates, describing them as grateful and surprised even though the pair has won numerous awards seen as precursors and had been tipped as likely Nobel recipients at some point.
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When Karikó and Weissman were notified on Monday, they both thought it was a prank, possibly from some anti-vaxxer. “This can’t be real,” Weissman recalled at a press briefing organized by Penn. He opted to go back to bed and wait for the announcement with his wife. “And then the press conference starts and it was real. So then we really became excited.”
Every year, the committee considers hundreds of nominations from former Nobel laureates, medical school deans, and prominent scientists from fields including microbiology, immunology, and oncology. Members try to identify a discovery that has altered scientists’ understanding of a subject. And according to the criteria laid out in Alfred Nobel’s will, that paradigm-shifting discovery also has to have benefited humankind.
The Nobel committee framed Karikó and Weissman’s work as a prime example of complementary expertise, with Karikó focused on RNA-based therapies and Weissman bringing a deep knowledge about immune responses to vaccines.
But it was not an easy road for the scientists. Karikó encountered rejection after rejection in the 1990s while applying for grants. She was even demoted while working at Penn, as she toiled away on the lower rungs of academia.
But the scientists persisted, and made a monumental discovery published in 2005 based on simply swapping out some of the components of mRNA.
With instructions from DNA, our cells make strands of mRNA that are then “read” to make proteins. The idea underlying an mRNA vaccine then is to take a piece of mRNA from a pathogen and slip it into our bodies. The mRNA will lead to the production of a protein from the virus, which our bodies learn to recognize and fight should we encounter it again in the form of the actual virus.
It’s an idea that goes back to the 1980s, as scientific advances allowed researchers to make mRNA easily in their labs. But there was a problem: The synthetic mRNA not only produced smaller amounts of protein than the natural version in our cells, it also elicited a potentially dangerous inflammatory immune response, and was often destroyed before it could reach target cells.
Karikó and Weissman’s breakthrough focused on how to overcome that problem. mRNA is made up of four nucleosides, or “letters”: A, U, G, and C. But the version our bodies make includes some nucleosides that are chemically modified — something the synthetic version didn’t, at least until Karikó and Weissman came along. They showed that subbing out some of the building blocks for modified versions allowed their strands of mRNA to sneak past the body’s immune defenses.
While the research did not gain wide attention at the time, it did catch the attention of scientists who would go on to found Moderna and BioNTech. And now, nearly 20 years later, billions of doses of mRNA vaccines have been administered.
“And this,” Weissman said, referring to the Nobel Prize, “has just given RNA the recognition.”
“We are not working for any kind of award,” Karikó said Monday at the press briefing. “The importance was to have a product which is helpful.”
For now, the only authorized mRNA products are the Covid-19 shots. But academic researchers and companies are exploring the technology as a potential therapeutic platform for an array of diseases and are using it to develop cancer vaccines as well as immunizations against other infectious diseases, from flu to mpox to HIV. An mRNA vaccine is highly adaptable compared to earlier methods, which makes it easier to alter the underlying recipe of the shot to keep up with viral evolution.
As she gained global fame, Karikó has been open about the barriers she encountered in her scientific career, which raised broader issues about the challenges women and immigrants can face in academia. But she’s said she always believed in the potential of her RNA research.
“I thought of going somewhere else, or doing something else,” Karikó told STAT in 2020, recalling the moment she was demoted. “I also thought maybe I’m not good enough, not smart enough. I tried to imagine: Everything is here, and I just have to do better experiments.”
To future scientists, Karikó said Monday, “If you like to follow instruction maybe the military [is] the best. If you want to be rich, I don’t know the answer for that. But if you would like to solve problems then, you know science is for you.” | |||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 2 | 14 | https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/research/about-faculty/awards/nobel-prize | en | Johns Hopkins Nobel Prize Award Winners | [
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] | null | [] | null | en | /favicon.ico | https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/research/about-faculty/awards/nobel-prize | Gregg Semenza, M.D., Ph.D.
C. Michael Armstrong Professor of Genetic Medicine, Pediatrics, Oncology, Medicine, Radiation Oncology and Biological Chemistry
Director of the Vascular Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering
Dr. Semenza was awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He shares the award with William G. Kaelin, Jr., M.D. of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Peter J. Ratcliffe of Oxford University. The Academy recognized him for his ground-breaking discovery in the laboratory of hypoxia inducible factor 1 or HIF-1, which helps cells cope with low oxygen levels. The discovery has far-reaching implications in understanding low oxygen health conditions such as coronary artery disease and tumor growth.
Carol Greider, Ph.D.
University Professor
Professor of Molecular Biology and Genetics
Dr. Greider, one of the world’s pioneering researchers on the structure of chromosome ends known as telomeres, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Her improbable discovery of telomerase – a remarkable enzyme that restores telomeres and protects them from damage – catalyzed an explosion of scientific studies which, to this day, probe connections between telomerase and telomeres to human cancer and diseases of aging.
Peter Agre, M.D.
Bloomberg Distinguished Professor
Director of the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute
Dr. Agre received the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovery of the aquaporin water channels. Referred to as the "plumbing system of cells," aquaporins facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes [rapid osmosis]. Aquaporins are responsible for generation all biological fluids - cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor, tears, sweat, saliva, and concentration of urine. Aquaporins are also involved in plant biology and infectious diseases. | ||||||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 3 | 58 | https://www.hhmi.org/about/nobel-laureates | en | HHMI Nobel Laureates | https://www.hhmi.org/themes/hhmi/hhmi_theme/assets/favicon/favicon.ico | https://www.hhmi.org/themes/hhmi/hhmi_theme/assets/favicon/favicon.ico | [] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [] | null | The Nobel Prizes for science annually seek to recognize individuals who have “conferred the greatest benefit to mankind” in several fields: physics, chemistry, and physiology or medicine. Since 1978, more than 30 scientists supported by HHMI have won. | en | /themes/hhmi/hhmi_theme/assets/favicon/favicon.ico | https://www.hhmi.org/about/nobel-laureates | Ardem Patapoutian
2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch. Read more »
Bio on nobelprize.orgexternal link, opens in a new tab
William G. Kaelin, Jr.
2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability. Read more »
Bio on nobelprize.orgexternal link, opens in a new tab
Michael Rosbash
2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm. Read more »
Bio on nobelprize.orgexternal link, opens in a new tab
Randy W. Schekman
2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells. Read more »
Bio on nobelprize.orgexternal link, opens in a new tab
Thomas C. Südhof
2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells. Read more »
Bio on nobelprize.orgexternal link, opens in a new tab
Jack W. Szostak
2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase. Read more »
Bio on nobelprize.orgexternal link, opens in a new tab
Richard Axel
2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for pioneering studies that clarify how the olfactory system works. Read more »
Bio on nobelprize.orgexternal link, opens in a new tab
H. Robert Horvitz
2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries concerning the genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death. Read more »
Bio on nobelprize.orgexternal link, opens in a new tab
Carl Wieman
2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates. Read more »external link, opens in a new tab
Bio on nobelprize.orgexternal link, opens in a new tab | |||
wrong_mix_random_subsidiary_00131 | FactBench | 0 | 76 | https://www.the1960sproject.com/arts/literature/literature-1960-75/ | en | 1975(American; English language) – The 1960s Project | [
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] | [] | [] | [
""
] | null | [
"Peter E. Austin"
] | 2019-04-10T17:59:40+00:00 | Non-Fiction Books of the 1960s Era | en | The 1960s Project | https://www.the1960sproject.com/arts/literature/literature-1960-75/ | Non-Fiction: many fields, 1960-1975
(American; English language)
LIST INCLUDES ONLY BOOKS, NO JOURNAL ARTICLES
1960
Joy Adamson, Born Free
Leslie Aitchison, A History of Metals, 2 vols
John M. Allegro, The Treasure of the Copper Scroll
Lilian Archibald, The Rise of the Romanovs
Isaac Asimov, The Intelligent Man’s Guide to Science
R.J.C. Atkinson, Stonehenge
Bernard Bailyn, Education in the Forming of American Society
Jocelyn Baines, Joseph Conrad
Geoffrey Barraclough, ed., Social Life in Early England
Geoffrey Barraclough & Rachel Wall, eds., Survey of International Affairs, 1955-1956 (annual with various editors)
Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology
S.N. Behrman, Portrait of Max (Beerbohm)
Bruno Bettelheim, The Informed Heart
I. Bidder, Lalibela: The Monolithic Churches of Ethiopia
Peter Blake, The Master Builders
R.M. Blake et al., Theories of Scientific Method: The Renaissance through the 19th Century
Lincoln P. Bloomfield, The United Nations and U.S. Foreign Policy
Pat Boon, Between You, Me, and the Bedpost
J.B. Brenner, Canada: A Modern History
R. Brook, The Story of Eltham Palace
J.R. Brown & Bernard Harris, gen. eds., Stratford-upon-Avon Studies I: Jacobean Theatre
J.R.M. Butler, Lord Lothian
J. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime
Cmdr. James Calvert, USN, Surface at the Pole: The Extraordinary Voyages of the USS Skate
A.E. Campbell, Great Britain and The United States, 1895-1903
Angus Campbell et al, The American Voter
W.A. Cannell, Medical and Dental Aspects of Fluoridation
John Carswell, The South Sea Bubble
Bruce Catton, Grant Moves South
Harvey Chalmers, The Birth of the Erie Canal
Louise B. Clancy & Florence Davies, The Believer: The Story of Mrs. Henry Ford
D.M. Clark, The Rise of the British Treasury: Colonial Administration in the Eighteenth Century
I. Bernard Cohen, The Birth of A New Physics
Carl W. Condit, American Building Art: The Nineteenth Century
Hardin Craig, Woodrow Wilson at Princeton
Donald Crocker, Within the Vale of Annandale: A Picture History of South Western Pasadena and Vicinity
D.C. Cutter, Malaspina in California
George Dangerfield, Chancellor Robert R. Livingston
Robert V. Daniels, The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia
Merrill Davis & William Gilman, eds., The Letters of Herman Melville
Detroit Institute of Art, Treasures
E.L. Doctorow, Welcome to Hard Times
David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (Pulitzer, Bio)
David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man; and Why the North Won the Civil War
William O. Douglas, My Wilderness
Paul L. Dressel, Liberal Education and Journalism
Tom Driver, The Sense of History in Greek and Shakespearean Drama
Wolfram Eberhard, A History of China
Anthony Eden, Memoirs: Full Circle
Loren Eiseley, The Firmament of Time
G.R. Elton, The Tudor Constitution
Jose E. Espinosa, Saints in the Valley: Christian Sacred Images in the History, Life, and Folk Art of Spanish New Mexico
W.Y. Evans-Wentz, The Tibetan Book of the Dead
J.K. Fairbank & E.O. Reischauer, East Asia: The Great Tradition
C. Falls, The First World War
Leonard M. Fanning, The Story of the American Petroleum Institute
Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference (Pulitzer, History)
H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina in the Nineteenth Century
Leslie Fiedler, Love and Death in the American Novel
G. Flato & Bruce Catton, The Golden Book of the Civil War
Jack D. Forbes, Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard
Andrew A. Freeman, Abraham Lincoln Goes to New York
Abraham Flexner, An Autobiography
John Flint, Sir George Goldie
Jack D. Forbes, Apache, Navajo, and Spaniard
G.H. Ford, ed., The Dickens Critics
George Foster, Culture and Conquest: America’s Spanish Heritage
Erich Fromm, Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis
FRUS, The Conference of Berlin: The Potsdam Conference (WW II)
Hans Gadamer, Truth and Method
J.K. Galbraith, The Liberal Hour
Walter Galenson & Seymour Lipset, eds., Labor and Trade Unionism
P.L. Gardner, ed., Theories of History
Paul Gates, The Farmer’s Age: Agriculture, 1815-1860 [US]
Felix Gilbert, To the Farewell Address
Barry Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative
E.H. Gombrich, Art and Illusion
Paul Goodman, Growing Up Absurd: Problems of Youth in the Organized System
Carter Goodrich, Government Promotion of American Canals & Railroads, 1800-1890
Lawrence Gowing, Vermeer
Michael Grant, The World of Rome
John Graves, Goodbye to a River
Kent R. Greenfield, ed., Command Decisions
W.A. Gruse & D.R. Stevens, Chemical Technology of Petroleum
Peggy Guggenheim, Confessions of an Art Addict
Heinrich Harrer, The White Spider: The History of the Eiger’s North Face [Bernese Alps]
Hugh Hawkins, Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University, 1874-1889
Friedrich Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty
A.J. Heidenheimer, Adenauer and the CDU
Ralph Hewins, The Richest American: J. Paul Getty
John Hicks, The Republican Ascendency, 1921-1933
Jean Holloway, Hamlin Garland: A Biography
J.K. Horsefield, British Monetary Experiments, 1650-1710
J.R.T. Hughes, Fluctuations in Trade, Industry, and Finance: A Study of British Economic Development, 1850-1860
William Hunter, Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier, 1753-1758
Ana Louise Huxtable, Pier Luigi Nervi
Dudley Jarrett, British Naval Dress
William A. Jenks, Vienna and the Young Hitler
John K. Jessup et al., The National Purpose
E.J. Kahn, The Big Drink: The Story of Coca-Cola
Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War
Kazuo Kawai, Japan’s American Interlude
George Kennan, Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin
Kathleen M. Kenyon, Archaeology in the Holy Land
Karl Kerenyi, Heroes of the Greeks
Clark Kerr et al, eds., Industrialization and Industrial Man: The Problems of Labor and Management in Economic Growth
Jon and David Kimche, Both Sides of the Hill: Britain and the Palestine War
Alexander King, May this House be Safe from Tigers
Willard L. King, Lincoln’s Manager: David Davis
George E. Kirk, A Short History of the Middle East, from the Rise of Islam to Modern Times, 6th ed.
Harold Kirker, California’s Architectural Frontier : Style and Tradition in the Nineteenth Century
Henry Kissinger, The Necessity of Choice
Frank L. Klement, The Copperheads in the Middle West [Civil War – not snakes!]
Bernhard Knollenberg, Origin of the American Revolution, 1759-1766
Arthur Koestler, The Lotus and the Robot
R.D. Laing, The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Self and Madness
W.G. Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature
Harold Lasswell, Psychopathology and Politics
Robert Leckie, March to Glory [Chosin, Korea]
Gordon C. Lee, ed., Crusade Against Ignorance: Thomas Jefferson on Education
C.S. Lewis, A Grief Observed; and The Four Loves; and Studies in Words
B.H. Liddell Hart, Deterrent or Defense
Arthur Link, Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality, 1914-1915
Elizabeth Longford, The Jameson Raid
Walter Lord, The Good Years
M.F. Lorimer & P.L. Dressel, eds., Attitudes of Liberal Arts Faculty Members toward Liberal Arts and Professional Education
E. Lurie, Louis Agassiz: a life in science
Maxwell Maltz, Psycho-Cybernetics
S. Marinatos, Crete and Mycaenae
T.S. Matthews, Name and Address [autobiography of a former editor of Time magazine]
H. Mattingly, Roman Coins from Earliest Times to the End of the Western Empire
Gavin Maxwell, Ring of Bright Water
Robert G. McCloskey, The American Supreme Court
Florence McCulloch, Medieval Latin and French Bestiaries
Earl J. McGrath, The Evolving Liberal Arts Curriculum: A Historical Review of Basic Themes
Thomas Merton, Disputed Questions; and The Wisdom of the Desert
Carl S. Meyer, Elizabeth I and the Religious Settlement of 1559
B.H. Misra, The Central Administration of the East India Company 1773-1834
Ashley Montagu, Man, His First Two Million Years: A Brief Introduction to Anthropology
Alan Moorehead, The White Nile
W.P. Morrell, Britain in the Pacific Islands
John Courtney Murray, We Hold These Truths
Robert F. Murphy, Headhunter’s Heritage: Social and Economic Change among the Mundurucu Indians
A.S. Neill, Summerhill: A Radical Approach to Child Rearing
Elizabeth Nowell, Thomas Wolfe
Stephen Orgel & A.R. Braunmuller, The Pelican Shakespeare Series
S.W.C. Pack, Admiral Lord Anson: The Story of Anson’s Voyage and Naval Events of His Day
S.K. Padover, ed., The World of the Founding Fathers
W.N. Parker, ed., Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century
Irving Penn, Moments Preserved: Eight Essays in Photographs and Words
H.S. Perloff et al., Regions, Resources and Economic Growth
Merrill D. Peterson, The Jefferson Image in the American Mind
Harlan B. Phillipos, Felix Frankfurter: Reminiscences
E.B. Potter & Chester W. Nimitz, The Great Sea War: The Story of Naval Action in World War II
F. Pridmore, Coins of the British Commonwealth of Nations, 4 vols (1960-1975)
J.B. Priestly, Literature and Western Man
Herbert Read, The Form of Things Unknown
Stewart Robb, trans., The Ring of the Nibelung
Milton Rokeach, The Three Christs of Ypsilanti
William Rosen, Shakespeare and the Craft of Tragedy
Marjorie Drake Ross, The Book of Boston: The Colonial Period
W.W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto; and The United States in the World Arena
A.L. Rowse, All Souls and Appeasement: A Study in Political Decline, 1933-39
S. Runciman, The White Rajahs 1841-1946
W.E.G. Salter, Productivity and Technical Change
C. Sanger, Central African Emergency
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval [FDR]
W.C. Scoville, The Persecution of the Huguenots and French Economic Development 1680-1720
L.B. Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Arthur Seldon, Not Unanimous: A Rival Version to Radcliffe’s on Money [UK]
Andrew Sharp, The Discovery of the Pacific Islands
William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
Jack Stein, Richard Wagner and the synthesis of the arts
George Steiner, Tolstoy or Dostoievsky
J.L. Talman, Political Messianism: The Romantic Phase
S. Tax, ed., Evolution after Darwin
Daniel Thomas, Fort Toulouse: The French Outpost at the Alabamas on the Coosa
L.M. Thompson, The Unification of South Africa
Walter A. Tompkins, Santa Barbara’s Royal Rancho
Allen Trelease, Indian Affairs in Colonial New York
Robert Triffin, Gold and the Dollar Crisis
Carl Ubbelohde, The Vice-Admiralty Courts and the American Revolution
R.W. Van Alstyne, The Rising of the American Empire
Bernard H.M. Vlekke, Nusantara: A History of Indonesia
Victor W. von Hagen, World of the Maya
John Steven Watson, The Reign of George III, 1760-1815
Evelyn Waugh, Tourist in Africa
Willis D. Weatherford, Jr., ed., The Goals of Higher Education
Sir Mortimer Wheeler, The Indus Civilization (Cam. Hist. of India)
Philip Ellis Wheelwright, The Presocratics
Allen S. Whiting, China Crosses the Yalu: The Decision to Enter the Korean War
E. Neville Williams, ed., The Eighteenth-Century Constitution, 1688-1815
Vinne Williams, Walk Egypt
Edmund Wilson, Apologies to the Iroquois
F.A.C. Wilson, Yeats’s Iconography
John R. Wilson, Margin of Safety: The Story of the Poliomyelitis Vaccine
Sheldon Wolin, Politics and Vision
Leonard Woolf, Sowing
Wilfrid B. Yearns, The Confederate Congress
1961
Thomas P. Abernethy, The South in the New Nation, 1789-1819
James S. Ackerman, The Architecture of Michelangelo
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John C. Adams, The Globe Playhouse
Sherman Adams, First Hand Report
D. Adair & J.A. Schutz, eds., Peter Oliver’s Origin & Progress of the American Rebellion
Irma Adelman, Theories of Economic Growth and Development
Gerhard Adler, The Living Symbol: A Case Study in the Process of Individuation
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Kenneth Allsop, The Bootleggers
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Robert Ardrey, African Genesis
John A. Armstrong, The Politics of Totalitarianism: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1934 to the Present
T.W. Arnold, The Legacy of Islam
Arnold Auerbach, Basketball
Anthony Baines, ed., Musical Instruments through the Ages
James Baldwin, Nobody Knows My Name
William Barnes and John Morgan, The Foreign Service of the United States: Origins, Development, and Functions
Stringfellow Barr, The Will of Zeus
Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics III/4: The Doctrine of Creation
Bernard M. Baruch, The Public Years
C.C. Bayley, War and Society in Renaissance Florence
A. Beeby-Thompson, Oil Pioneer [autobiography; forward by Herbert Hoover]
Lucius Beebe, Mr. Pullman’s Elegant Palace Car
E.A. Bennet, Jung
Lee Benson, The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case
Gerald E. Bentley, Shakespeare: A Biographical Handbook
L.V. Berkner & H. Odishaw, eds., Science in Space
Francis Biddle, Justice Holmes, Natural Law, and the Supreme Court
James Bisset, Commodore: War, Peace, and Big Ships
Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, 2 vols.
P. Bloomfield, Edward Gibbon Wakefield
Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century
R. Braidwood, Prehistoric Men
J. Harlen Bretz, Caves of Illinois
Christopher Brooke, From Alfred to Henry III
Charles B. Brooks, The Siege of New Orleans
John Burchard, The Architecture of America
L.H. Butterfield, ed., John Adams, Diary and Autobiography, 4 vols
M. St Clare Byrne, Elizabethan Life in Town and Country
Edmund Cahn, The Great Rights
Rondo E. Cameron, France and the Economic Development of Europe, 1800-1914
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Bruce Catton, The Coming Fury; Terrible Swift Sword; Never Call Retreat [1961-65]
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Craig Claiborne, The New York Times Cookbook
Alan Clark, The Donkeys
Edwin Colbert, Dinosaurs: Their Discovery and Their World
Thomas E. Connolly, Scribbledehobble: the Ur-Workbook to Finnegan’s Wake
Robert Conquest, Power and Policy in the USSR
Martin Cooper, French Music: From the Death of Berlioz to the Death of Faure
Albert M. Craig, Choshu in the Meiji Restoration
L.A. Cremin, The Transformation of the School: Progressivism in American Education, 1876-1957
Duncan Crow, A Man of Push & Go: The Life of George Macaulay Booth
Winfield Scott Cunningham, Wake Island Command
Robert Dahl, Who Governs?
Lowrie J. Daly, The Medieval University, 1200-1400
Jane L. DeGrummond, The Baratarians and the Battle of New Orleans
Pierre Descargues, The Hermitage Museum, Leningrad
Louis Diat, Gourmet’s Basic French Cookbook
E. Doernberg, Henry VIII and Luther
R.H.M. Dolley, Anglo-Saxon Coins
A Dry, The Psychology of Jung: a Critical Interpretation
Rene Dubos, The Dreams of Reason: Science and Utopias
H. Flanders Dunbar, Symbolism in Medieval Thought and Its Culmination in the Divine Comedy
Will & Ariel Durant, The Age of Reason Begins
Stewart Easton, The Twilight of European Colonialism
Quaintance Eaton, Opera Production: A Handbook
V.L. Eifert, Louis Jolliet: Explorer of Rivers
Robert Englar, The Politics of Oil: A Study of Private Power & Democratic Directions
E. James Ferguson, The Power of the Purse: A History of American Public Finance
L. Fermi & Gilberto, Bernadini, Galileo and the Scientific Revolution
F.J. Fisher, ed., Essays in the Economic and Social History of Tudor and Stuart England
Charles Forecy, The Crossroads of Liberalism: Croly, Wehl, Lippmann, and the Progressive Era, 1900-1925
Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization
Felix Frankfurter, Mr. Justice Holmes and the Supreme Court
D.H. French, The Roman Road System of Asia Minor
Erich Fromm, May Man Prevail? – An Inquiry into the Facts and Fictions of Foreign Policy; and Marx’s Concept of Man
FRUS, The Conferences of Cairo and Tehran (WW II)
Ernest Gann, Fate is the Hunter
Peter Geyl, The Netherlands in the Seventeenth Century, 1609-1948
Lawrence Gipson, The Triumphant Empire (Pulitzer, History)
Rumer Godden, China Court
Erving Goffman, Asylums
J.R. Hale, trans. and ed., Machiavelli, The Literary Works
Ernst Hans Gombrich, Art and Illusion
Herbert Graf, Producing Opera in America
Clement Greenberg, Art and Culture
William Greenleaf, Monopoly on Wheels: Henry Ford and the Selden Automobile Patent
R. Gregory, The Horn
Samuel B. Griffith, Mao-Tse-tung on Guerilla Warfare
Ronald Grimsley, Jean-Jacques Rousseau: A Study in Self Awareness
John Gunther, Inside Europe Today
J.R. Hale, Machiavelli and Renaissance Italy
Edith Hamilton & Huntington Cairns, eds., Plato: the Collected Dialogues including the Letters
Richard Hare, Pioneers of Russian Social Thought
M. Hankey, The Supreme Command, 1914-1918
David Hawke, In the Midst of a Revolution
Friedrich Heer, The Medieval World
Robert Heilbruner, The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers, 2nd rev. ed
Robert S. Henry, The Story of the Mexican War
Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews
John Holloway, The Story of the Night: Shakespeare’s Major Tragedies
Paul Horgan, City of New Salem
Walter Hoving, Tiffany’s Table Manners for Teenagers
Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War
Wells A. Hutchins, The Texas Law of Water Rights
Warren F. Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy in the United States 1779-1939: a Study in Administrative History
Bruce Jacobs, Korea’s Heroes: The Medal of Honor Story
Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Robert W. Johannsen, ed., The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas
Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud
Jon Kimche, Spying for Peace
Edward C. Kirkland, Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy, 1860-1897
R. Koebner, Empire
Samuel Noah Kramer, History Begins at Sumer
Theodora Kroeber, Ishi in Two Worlds
Bjorn Landstrom, The Ship
E.J. Largent, Fluorosis: the Health Aspects of Fluorine Compounds
Marghanita Laski, Ecstasy: A Study of Some Secular and Religious Experiences
William Lederer, A Nation of Sheep
Emmanuel Levinas, Totality & Infinity
Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey
C.S. Lewis, A Preface to Paradise Lost
Oscar Lewis, The Children of Sanchez
Robert Jay Lifton, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: a Study of Brainwashing in China
Audrey Ersine Lindop, The Way of the Lantern
Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States
C. Lloyd & J.L.S. Coulter, Medicine and the Navy, 1200-1900, Vol. 4.
Netanel Lorch, The Edge of the Sword: Israel’s War of Independence, 1947-48
Walter Lord, A Time to Stand
O. Macdonagh, A Pattern of Government Growth
D.L. Mackinnon & R.S.J. Hawes, An Introduction to the Study of Protozoa
Jackson Turner Main, The Anti-Federalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781-1788
J.S. Marais, The Fall of Kruger’s Republic
A.J. Mardar, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: the Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904-1919 (5 vols., 1961-1970)
E.T. Martin, Thomas Jefferson: Scientist
George Martin, The Opera Companion: Guide for the Casual Opera-Goer
John Joseph Mathews, The Osages
Jacques M. May, The Ecology of Malnutrition in the Far and Near East
D.C. McClelland, The Achieving Society
Marian C. McKenna, Borah
R.C. McLean, George Tucker
Thomas Merton, The New Man
Abbot Low Moffat, Mongkut, the King of Siam
Sydney Monas, The Third Section: Police and Society in Russia under Nicholas I
Penderel Moon, Divide and Quit
Leonard Mosley, Curzon: The End of an Epoch
Jane Muir, Of Men and Numbers: The Story of the Great Mathematicians
Lewis Mumford, The City in History
Ernest Nagel, The Structure of Science
John G. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux
Jacques Nenquin, Salt: A Study in Economic Prehistory
W.W. Newcomb, The Indians of Texas from Prehistoric to Modern Times
New English Bible: The New Testament
Harold Nicolson, The Age of Reason
Louis Nizer, My Life in Court
Kwame Nkrumah, I speak of Freedom
Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860
Robert Pack & Marjorie Lelash, trans., Mozart’s Librettos
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Mission for My Country
A. Pannekoek, A History of Astronomy
G Parrinder, East African Rebels
Andre Parrot, Ninevah and Babylon
Bradford Perkins, Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805-1812
Virginia Peterson, A Matter of Life and Death
Paul Phillips and J.W. Smurr, The Fur Trade, 2 vols.
J.J. Pindborg, The Dentist in Art
Gordon Pirie, Running Wild [Olympics]
E. Prosser, Drama and Religion in the English Mystery Plays
Carleton Putnam, Race and Reason: A Yankee View
Edward D. Radin, Lizzie Borden, the Untold Story
Ambrose Reeves, Shooting at Sharpeville
Nicholas Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825-1855
Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher, Africa & the Victorians
Robert I. Rotberg, The Lenshina Movement of Northern Rhodesia
Bertrand Russell, Has Man a Future?
J. Rutherford, Sir George Grey
Robert W. St. John, Builder of Israel: the story of Ben-Gurion
Kurt Samuelsson, Religion and Economic Action
Marcelline Hemingway Sandford, At the Hemingways: Family Portrait
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal: The Age of Roosevelt, vol. 2
Mark Schorer, Sinclair Lewis
G. Simpson, Principles of Animal Taxonomy
David Singh, 2nd ed., Inflationary Price Trends in India since 1939
C.P. Snow, Science and Government
Glenn Snyder, Deterrence and Defense [nuclear]
Jacques Soustelle, The Daily Life of the Aztecs on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest
Leonard Stein, The Balfour Declaration
S.M. Steinberg, Four Hundred Years of Printing
Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the German Ideology
John Stevens, Music and Poetry in the Early Tudor Court
Elizabeth Stevenson, Lafcadio Hearn
A.G. Stock, W.B. Yeats: His Poetry and Thought
Paul Studenski, The Income of Nations, Part One: History
Harold C. Syrett & Jacob E. Cooke, eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 26 vols.
Gay Talese, New York: A Serendipiter’s Journey
A.J.P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War
John Toland, But Not in Shame: The Six Months After Pearl Harbor
Robert Triffin, Gold and the Dollar Crisis
Edwin Tunis, Frontier Living
Colin M. Turnbull, The Forest People [anthropology, Africa]
Richard H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1919-1921 [1961-72]
Laurens van der Post, The Heart of the Hunter
G. de la Vega, The Royal Commissions of the Incas
Anthony F.C. Wallace, Culture and Personality
Paul Wallace, Indians in Pennsylvania
George Waller, Kidnap: The Story of the Lindbergh Case
W.L. Warren, King John
Alan Watts, Psychotherapy East and West
C.V. Wedgwood, The Thirty Years’ War
Theodore H. White, The Making of the President (Pulitzer Prize)
Dorothy Whitelock, ed., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Raymond Williams, The Long Revolution [development of language and reading]
Robert R. Williams, Toward the Conquest of Beriberi
William Appleman Williams, Contours of American History
Ola Elizabeth Winslow, John Bunyan
E.A. Wrigley, Industrial Growth and Population Change
Mary Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks
R.C. Zaehner, The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism
Z.A.B. Zeman, The Break-Up of the Habsburg Empire, 1914-1918
A. Zimmern, The Greek Commonwealth
W.K. Zinsser, Search and Research: The Collections and Uses of the New York Public Library
1962
R.P. Adams, The Better Part of Valor: More, Erasmus, Colet and Vives on Humanism, War and Peace, 1496-1535
Ralph M. Alderman, ed., The Letters of James Kirke Paulding
Lee Allen, The American League Story [Baseball]
E.M. Almedingen, The Emperor Alexander II
Richard Amacher, Benjamin Franklin
John T. Appleby, Henry II: The Vanquished King
Newton Arvin, Longfellow: His Life and Work
Artur Attman, American Bullion in the European World Trade, 1600-1800
Clarence Ayres, The Theory of Economic Progress, 2nd ed.
Stanley Baron, Brewed in America: A History of Beer and Ale in the United States
Jane Barry, A Time in the Sun
Leo Baranek, Music, Acoustics, and Architecture
Capt. Edward L. Beach, USN, Around the World Submerged: The Voyage of the Triton
Bernard Beckerman, Shakespeare at the Globe, 1599-1609
Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay’s Treaty: a Study of Commerce and Diplomacy
Bernard Berenson, The Italian Painters of the Renaissance
Monroe Berger, The Arab World Today
Alexander Bickel, The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics
Peter Blos, On Adolescence: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation
Bernard E. Bobb, The Viceregency of Antonio Maria Bucareli in New Spain, 1771-1779
Harold A Boner, The Giant’s Ladder: David H. Moffat and His Railroad
Charles R. Boxer, The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society
Carl Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Sceptre
Wallace Brockway, & Herbert Weinstock, The World of Opera
James Brophy & Henry Paolucci, The Achievement of Galileo
Helen Gurley Brown, Sex and the Single Girl
Henry S. Brunner, Land-Grant Colleges and Universities, 1862-1962
Arthur Brynt, Makers of England
Allan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
Macfarlane Burnet, The Integrity of the Body: A Discussion of Modern Immunological Ideas
A.K. Cairncross, Factors of Economic Development
Arthur Calder-Marshall, Lone Wolf: The Story of Jack London
Joseph Campbell, The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology
J.C. Carr & W. Taplin, History of the British Steel Industry
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
A.P. Cartwright, The Gold Miners
Alfred Chandler, Jr., Strategy and Structure
A.O.J. Cockshut, The Imagination of Charles Dickens
Harry L. Coles, ed., Total War and Cold War
P.A.W. Collins, Dickens and Crime
Mildred H. Comfort, William L. McKnight, Industrialist
Don Congdon, ed., The Thirties: A Time to Remember
Carleton S. Coon, The Origin of Races
J.L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China [Lord Macauley journal, 1793-84]
H.B. Cushman, ed., History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Natchez Indians
Florence Nightingale David, Games, Gods, and Gambling
Burke Davis, Marine! The Life of Chesty Puller
F.W.D. Deakin, The Brutal Friendship: Mussolini, Hitler, and the Fall of Italian Fascism
Norman Del Mar, Richard Strauss, A Critical Commentary on his Life and Works, I (vol. II, 1969)
Edward F. Denison, Sources of Economic Growth
Max I. Dimont, Jews, God, and History
D.W. Dixon, Smallpox
Howard Doughty, Francis Parkman
Leon Edel, Henry James (Pulitzer, Biography)
Ralph L. Edgel, A Brief History of Banking in New Mexico, 1870-1959
Jean Egret, The French Prerevolution, 1787-1788
George L. Engel, Fainting: Physiological and Psychological Considerations, rev. ed; and Psychological Development in Health and Disease
John Lawrence Enos, Petroleum Progress and Profits: A History of Process Innovation
Mircea Eliade, The Forge and the Crucible: The Origins and Structure of Alchemy
Albert Ellis, Reason and emotion in psychotherapy
John A. Erickson, The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918-1941
H.J. Eysenck, Sense and Nonsense in Psychology
John K. Fairbank, The United States and China, 2nd. ed.
P. Farkas, The Art of Brass playing
Don E. Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the 1850s
Enrico Fermi, Collected Works, 1921-1938
Angel Flores, ed., An Anthology of Medieval Lyrics
Ruth Franchere, Jack London: The Pursuit of a Dream
E. Franklin Frazier, Black Bourgeoisie
Russell A. Fraser, Shakespeare’s Poetics in Relation to King Lear
Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom
Erich Fromm, Beyond the Chains of Illusion: My Encounters with Marx & Freud
Paul W. Gates, The Farmer’s Age: Agriculture, 1815-1860
Arthur and Barbara Gelb, O’Neill
Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective
S/ Giedion, The Eternal Present, vol. 1, The Beginnings of Art
Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609
V. & M.G. Goetzel, Cradles of Eminence
Brian Gogan, The Common Corps of Christendom: Ecclesiastical Themes in the Writings of Sir Thomas More
P. Goodman, Growing Up Absurd: Problems of Youth in the Organized Society
A.S. Goodrick, trans., The Adventurous Simplicissimus [Thirty Years War]
Richard Goold-Adams, John Foster Dulles, a Reappraisal
Constance M. Green, Washington, Village and Capital, 1800-1878 (Pulitzer, History)
Ian Grey, Catherine the Great
Donald Jay Grout, A History of Western Music
Leslie R. Groves, Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project
W.K.C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, vol 1
Allen Guttmann, The Wound in the Heart: America and the Spanish Civil War
H.J. Habakkuk, American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century [Labor-Saving Inventions]
Juergen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere
Everett Hagen, On the Theory of Social Change: How Economic Growth Begins
A.R. Hall, The Scientific Revolution, 1500-1800: The Formation of the Modern Scientific Attitude, 2nd. ed.
W.K. Hancock, Smuts [2 vols., 1962-68]
Alec Harman et al., Man and his Music
Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in America
Helmut Heiber, Josef Goebbels
Christopher J. Herold, Bonaparte in Egypt
Abraham J. Hescel, The Prophets
J.R. Hexter, Reappraisals in History
Lorena Hickok, Eleanor Roosevelt: Reluctant First Lady
Eric Hobsbawn, The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848
Joseph M. Hone, W.B. Yeats, 1865-1939
Alistair Horne: The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916
Patrick C. Hughes, Famous Puccini Operas
G.K. Hunter, Shakespeare: The Late Comedies
Charles Issawi & Mohammed Yeganeh, The Economics of Middle Eastern Oil
Hans Jantzen, High Gothic
Amy La Follette Jensen, The White House and Its Thirty-Three Families
Matthew Josephson, Life Among the Surrealists
H. Kagan & H.A. Moss, Birth to Maturity
Herman Kahn, Thinking about the Unthinkable
Alfred Kazin, Contemporaries
Pearl Kibre, Scholarly Privileges in the Middle Ages
L.C. Knights, Shakespeare: The Histories
David Knowles, The Evolution of Medieval Thought
E. Kolb, Bergen-Belsen
Wilton M. Krogman, The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine (updated, 1986)
Paul De Kruif, The Sweeping Wind: a Memoir
Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
E. Larson, The Cavendish Laboratory
Jean Leclercq, The Love of Learning and the Desire for God (Medieval)
Emmanuel Levinas, On Escape
Claude Levi-Strauss, The Savage Mind
B.H. Liddell Hart, Strategy
Edward Lockspeiser, Debussy: His Life and Mind, 2 vols (1962-65)
C.J. Lowe, Salisbury and the Mediterranean
K. Macgowan & J. Hester, Early Man in the New World
Fritz Machlup, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States
Halford J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality: with Additional Papers [first pub. 1942]
Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty
Serif Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought
S.L.A. Marshall, The River and the Gauntlet [Korea]
Honor Matthews, Character and Symbol in Shakespeare’s Plays
Peter Matthias, English Trade Tokens: The Industrial Revolution Illustrated
Mildred P. Mayhall, The Kiowas
G. Maynard, Economic Development and the Price Level
Mary McCarthy, On the Contrary
Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy
Peter Michelmore, Einstein: Profile of the Man
Robert Middlekauf, The Glorious Cause: A History of the American Revolution, 1763-1789
B.R. Mitchell & Phyllis Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics
Broadus Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, 1788-1804
Alan Moorehead, The Blue Nile
Frederick Morton, The Rothschilds
Frank L. Mott, A History of American Journalism
V.B. Mountcastle, ed., Interhemispheric Relations and Cerebral Dominance
Curtis P. Nettels, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775-1815
Jacob Neusner, A Life of Yohanan ben Zakkai
Allan Nevins & Frank E. Hill, Ford: Decline and Rebirth 1933-1962
Edward Nevin, The Irish Price Level: A Comparative Study
Pete Newell & John Bennington, Basketball Methods
Richard Nixon, Six Crises
Burl Noggle, Teapot Dome: Oil and Politics in the 1920s
Charles E. Nowell, ed., Magellan’s Voyage Around the World
Michael Oakeshott, Rationalism in Politics
Conor Cruse O’Brien, To Katanga and Back
Carlos Pedretti, Chronology of Leonardo da Vinci’s Architectural Studies after 1500
Lilian Penson, Foreign Affairs Under Lord Salisbury
John Weir Perry, The reconstitutive process in the psychopathology of the self
H.F. Peters, My Sister, My Spouse
Jean Piaget, Play, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood
Norman Pollack, The Populist Response to Industrial America: Midwestern Populist Thought
Michale Powicke, Military Obligation in Mediaeval England
Charles Price, The World of Golf
Curt Proskauer & F.H. Witt, Pictorial History of Dentistry
Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Policy in the Formative Years
V. Purcell, The Chinese in South-East Asia
Agatha Ramm, ed., The Political Correspondence of Mr. Gladstone and Lord Granville, 1876-1886, 2 vols
Max M. Reese, The Cease of Majesty: A Study of Shakespeare’s History Plays
W.K. Rigdon, White House Sailor
Charles E. Rosenberg, The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866
Leonora C. Rosenfield, Portrait of a Philosopher: Morris R. Cohen in Life and Letters
Isabel Ross, Grace Coolidge and her Era
Murray N. Rothbard, The Panic of 1819: Reactions and Policies
Richard Ruark, Uhuru (Mau Mau)
Frederick Rudolph, The American College and University: A History
H.W.F. Saggs, The Greatness That Was Babylon
S.M. Salim, Marsh Dwellers of the Euphrates Delta
R.S. Sayers, ed., Banking In Western Europe
Warner Schilling et al., Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets
Percy Scholes, Puritans and Music
Charles M. Schultz, Happiness is a Warm Puppy
Charles C. Sellers, Benjamin Franklin in Portraiture
B. Semmel, The Governor Eyre Controversy
K.M. Setton, ed., A History of the Crusades
John Shy, Guerillas in the 1960s, 2nd ed.
Ernest Simmons, Chekhov
Andrew Sinclair, Prohibition, The Era of Excess
Upton Sinclair, The Autobiography of Upton Sinclair
Charles Singer, A Short History of Medicine
Earl Smith, The Fourth Floor [Cuba]
Page Smith, John Adams
S.E. Smith, The Battle of Savo
R.F. Sognnaes, ed., Chemistry and Prevention of Dental Caries
Hartzell Spence, Portrait in Oil: How the Ohio Oil Company Grew to Become Marathon
Jess Stearn, The Sixth Man: A Startling Investigation of the Spread of Homosexuality in America
Randall Stewart, ed., The English Notebooks by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Edward Spicer, Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960
Robert E. Spiller et al, eds., Literary History of the United States, 3rd series, 3 vols.
Edward Peary Stafford, The Big E: The Story of the USS Enterprise
Cmdr. George P. Steele, USN, Seadragon: Northwest Under the Ice
John Steinbeck, Travels with Charley: In Search of America
H.F. Stewart & E.K. Rand, eds./trans., Boethius, the Theological Tractates; The Consolation of Philosophy
Robert S. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine
B.H. Sumner, Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia
Herman Taller, MD, Calories Don’t Count
A.J.P. Taylor et al., Churchill Revised
Allan Temko, Eero Saarinen
B.P. Thomas & H.M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War
Russell Thomas, The Search for a Common Learning, 1800-1960
W.J. Thorne, Banking
K. Ross Toole, Probing the American West
Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, vol. 1
Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (Pulitzer Prize)
Colin M. Turnbull, The Forest People: A Study of the Pygmies of the Congo
A.P. Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions
Geza Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English (rev. 1975, 1987)
Edward Wagenknecht, Washington Irving
W.J. Wager & E.J. McGrath, Liberal Education and Music
Frank Walker, The Man Verdi
Barbara Ward, The Rich Nations and the Poor Nations
Alan Watts, The Joyous Cosmology: Adventures in the Chemistry of Consciousness
Claire Weekes, Hope and Help for your Nerves
L.J. West, ed., Hallucinations
G.T. White, Formative Years in the Far West: A History of Standard Oil Company of California and Predecessors through 1919
Lynn T. White, Medieval Technology and Social Change
A.G. Whiteside, Austrian National Socialism before 1918
David Wilkerson, The Cross and the Switchblade
Basil Williams, The Whig Supremacy, 1740-1760
William A. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy
Edward Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies on the Literature of the American Civil War
Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision
John B. Wolf, The Emergence of the Great Powers, 1685-1715
Cecil Woodham-Smith, The Great Hunger: Ireland, 1845-49
V.C. Wynne-Edwards, Animal dispersion in relation to social behavior
Yutaka Yokota, Suicide Submarine!
1963
Berenice Abbott, A Vision of Paris: The Photographs of Eugène Atget, the Words of Marcel Proust
John R. Adams, Harriet Beecher Stowe
T.D. Allen, Navahos Have Five Fingers
M.D. Anderson, Drama and Imagery in English Medieval Churches
Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil; On Revolution
M.J. Atkinson, Indians of the Southwest
James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time
A. Bandura & R.H. Walters, Social Learning and Personality Development
Violet Barbour, Capitalism in Amsterdam in the 17th Century
S.H. Baron, Plekhanov: the Father of Russian Marxism
John G. Barrett, The Civil War in North Carolina
Walter Jackson Bate, John Keats (Pulitzer, Biography)
J. Leonard Bates, The Origins of Teapot Dome: Progressive Parties, Policy, and Petroleum, 1909-1921
Marston Bates, Where Winter Never Comes: A Study of Man and Nature in the Tropics
W.G. Beasly, The Modern History of Japan
Lord Beaverbrook, The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George: And Great Was the Fall Thereof
G. Bennett, Kenya
Donald J. Bethrong, The Southern Cheyennes
Harry Blamires, The Christian Mind
John Blum, Edward Morgan, Arthur Schlesinger, The National Experience
G. von Bonin, The Evolution of the Human Brain
T.B. Bottomore, trans. and ed., Karl Marx: Early Writings
Margaret Bourke-White, Portrait of Myself
Ferdinand Braudel, A History of Civilizations
Derek Brewer, Chaucer in His Time
Cleanth Brooks, William Faulkner: The Yoknapatawapha County
G.L. Brook, English Dialects
Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, ed., Africa and the Communist World
Macfarlane Burnet & Ian R. Mackay, Autoimmune Diseases: Pathogenesis, Chemistry and Therapy
G.H.S. Bushnell, Peru
R.G. Busnel, ed., Acoustic Behavior of Animals
N.G. Butlin, Investment in Australian Economic Development, 1861-1900
Pierre Cahanne, The Great Collectors
Archie Carr, The Reptiles (LIFE Nature Library)
Deane Carson, ed., Banking and Monetary Studies
Gerald Carson, The Social History of Bourbon
Edmund Castillo, The Seabees of World War II
Sir J. Chadwick, ed., The Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford, vol. 2
Chang Kwang-Chih, The Archaeology of Ancient China
Kenneth B. Clark, Prejudice and Your Child, 2nd ed.
Gloria G. Cline, Exploring the Great Basin
P.A.W. Collins, Education and Dickens
Carleton S. Coon, The Origin of Races
F. Copleston, Medieval Philosophy
G. Craig, Upper Canada 1784-1841
A.C. Crombie, ed., Scientific Change
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Richard N. Current, Lincoln and the First Shot [Fort Sumter]
Merle Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad: A History
George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings
Fred Davis, Passage Through Crisis: Polio Victims and Their Families
R.T. Davies, Medieval English Lyrics
Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 1882-1928
Roderic H. Davison, Reform in Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876
Alexander DeConde, A History of American Foreign Policy
John A. DeNovo, American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, 1900-1939
D.J. de Solla Price, Little science, big science
Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky, 1929-1940
A.K. Donahue & J. Hillman, eds., Freud, The Cocaine Papers
Robert Donington, Wagner’s Ring and Its Symbols
Frank R. Donovan, The Jefferson Papers; The Many Worlds of Benjamin Franklin
Will & Ariel Durant, The Age of Louis XIV
M. Edwardes, The Battle of Plassey and the Conquest of Bengal; and Last Years of British India
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 1953-1956
Shmuel Eisenstadt, The Political Systems of Empires
J.H. Elliott, The Revolt of the Catalans
Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society
James J. Fahey, Pacific War Diary, 1942-1945
A. Feavearyear, The Pound Sterling, 2nd. ed.
T.R. Fehrenbach, This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History
Richard P. Feynman, Six Easy Pieces: Essentials of Physics (Cal-Tech lectures, 1961-63)
Sydney Fine, The Automobile Under the Blue Eagle
M.I. Finley, The Ancient Greeks
Angel Flores, ed., Medieval Age: Specimens of European Poetry from the 9th to the 15th Century
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Michael Fordham, Contact with Jung
Julian Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in Methodology of Law and History
G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville, The Muslim and Christian Calendars
Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique
Milton Friedman & Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1857-1960
Erich Fromm, The Dogma of Christ and Other Essays on Religion, Psychoanalysis, and Culture
Celso Furtado, The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times
J.S. Galbraith, Reluctant Empire
George Gamow, A Planet Called Earth
L.E. Gefland, The Inquiry: American Preparations for Peace, 1917-1919
I.J. Gelb, A Study of Writing
Alison Gernsheim, Victorian and Edwardian Fashion: A Photographic Survey
A.M. Gibson, The Kickapoos
C. Gilbert, trans. & R.N. Linscott, ed., Complete Poems and Selected Letters of Michelangelo
Martin Gilbert & Richard Gott, The Appeasers: The Decline of Democracy from Hitler’s Rise to Chamberlain’s Downfall
Richard Glover, Peninsular Preparations: The Reform of the British Army 1795-1809
William Goldhurst, F. Scott Fitzgerald and His Contemporaries
William Goode, World Revolution and Family Patterns
Jack P. Greene, The Quest for Power: The Lower Houses of Assembly in the Southern Royal Colonies, 1689-1776
Lucille Griffith, Virginia House of Burgesses, 1750-1774
Ronald Grimsley, D’Alembert
Roy Grinker & John Spiegel, Men under Stress
R.M. Gummere, The American Mind and the Classical Tradition: Essays in Comparative Culture
G. Gurdjieff, Meetings with Remarkable Men
W.L. Guttsman, The British Political Elite
Morton H. Halperin, Limited War in the Nuclear Age
Henry Hamilton, An Economic History of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century
Dag Hammerskjold, Markings
E.C. Dougherty, ed., The Lower Metazoa
William Haller, Foxe’s Book of Martyrs and the Elect Nation
H. Hamilton, Economic History of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century
J.D. Hargreaves, Prelude to the Partition of West Africa
R.F. Harrod, The Life of John Maynard Keynes
H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law
E.K. Hay, The Political Novels of Joseph Conrad
Paul Hazard, The European Mind
Robert Heilbroner, The Great Ascent
A. Heidel, The Babylonian Genesis: the story of the creation
W.O. Henderson, Studies in the Economic Policy of Frederick the Great
J.P. Hennesy, The Portrait in the Renaissance
Elmer Don Herd, Jr., Andrew Jackson, South Carolinian
Trumbull Higgins, Winston Churchill and the Dardanelles
Richard Hofstadter, Anti-intellectualism in American Life (Pulitzer Prize GN)
Sidney Homer, A History of Interest Rates
S.H. Hooke, Babylonian and Assyrian Religion
R.A. Hough, Death of the Battleship
Mark D. Howe, Justice Oliver Wendall Holmes: The Proving Years, 1870-1882
F. Howell & F. Bourliere, eds., African Ecology and Human Evolution
Emmet John Hughes, Ordeal of Power: a Political Memoir of the Eisenhower Years
W.T. Hutchinson & W.M.B. Rachel, eds., James Madison Papers, 3 vols.
David Irving, The Destruction of Dresden
Clyde Jackson, Quanah Parker, Last Chief of the Comanches, a study in Southwestern Frontier History
Robert Rhodes James, Rosebery
Johanna Johnston, Runaway to Heaven: The Story of Harriet Beecher Stowe
Delmar Karlen, Appellate Courts in the United States and England
J.L.H. Keep, The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia
George Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion in Greece
Thomas E. Keys, The History of Surgical Anesthesia
A. Kindler, ed., The Patterns of Monetary Development in Phoenecia and Palestine in Antiquity
Walter F. Lafeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898
J.A. Lee & P.L. Dressell, Liberal Education and Home Economics
John Leighley, ed., Land and Life (festscrift to Cal geographer Carl Sauer)
Richard Leopold, The Growth of American Foreign Policy
Jacques Lesseyran, And There Was Light: The Extraordinary Memoir of a Blind Hero of the French Resistance in WW II
William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal
Emmanuel Levinas, Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism
Leonard W. Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side
Arthur H. Lewis, The Day They Shook the Plum Tree [woman pioneers in finance, 19th c]
Ming-Hsun Li, The Great Recoinage of 1696-1699
Bryant Lillywhite, London Coffee Houses
J.E. Lockhart and C.M. Woodhouse, Rhodes
W. Roger Louis, Ruanda-Urundi, 1884-1919
Stanley Lovell, Of Spies and Stratagems
Harold Lubell, Middle East Oil Crises and Western Europe’s Energy Supplies
Salvatore Pablo Lucia, ed., Alcohol and Civilization
F.J. Maier, Manual of Water Fluoridation Practice
Frank Majdalany, State of Emergency: the Full History of Mau Mau
Frank E. Manuel, Isaac Newton, Historian
Lauro Martines, The Social World of the Florentine Humanists, 1390-1460
E. Mayr, Animal Species and Evolution
Vernon McKay, Africa in World Politics
William McNeill, The Rise of the West
W.N. Medlicott, The Congress of Berlin and After
Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History
Walter M. Merrill, Against Wind and Tide: A Biography of William Lloyd Garrison
R.K. Middlemas, The Master-Builders
Harry A. Miskimin, Money, Prices, and Foreign Exchange in Fourteenth-Century France
Jessica Mitford, The American Way of Death Revisited
Elizabeth Monroe, Britain’s Moment in the Middle East
Ashley Montagu, Life Before Birth
Alan Moorehead, Cooper’s Creek
Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two-Ocean War
F. Morton, The Rothschilds: A Family Portrait
W.L. Morton, The Kingdom of Canada
Sidney P. Moss, Poe’s Literary Battles
M.A. Murray, The Splendor that was Egypt
Allan Nevins & Frank Hill, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933-1962
Reinhold Niebuhr, The Nature & Destiny of Man
Richard Niebuhr, The Responsible Self
R. Oliver, G. Mathew et al, History of [formerly British] East Africa (3 vols to 1976)
Louise Nalbandian, The Armenian Revolutionary Movement
H.A. Oberman, The Harvest of Medieval Theology
M. Olson, Economics of the Wartime Shortage: a History of British Food Supplies in the Napoleonic Wars and in World Wars I & II
E. Page, Truant Surgeon
Ugo Paoli, Rome: Its People, Life, and Customs
C. Northcote Parkinson, East and West
J.H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance
Bradford Perkins, Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805-1812
J.H. Plumb, Men and Centuries
Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall, 4 vols, 1963-87
Norman Polmar, Atomic Submarines
Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutation
M.M. Postan et al., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. 3
Sumner Chilton Powell, Puritan Village: The Formation of a New England Town (Pulitzer, History)
D.J. de Solla Price, Little science, big science
Peter Quennell, Shakespeare
E.H. Ramsden, trans., The Letters of Michelangelo, 2 vols
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia
Anne Bradby Ridler, ed., Shakespeare Criticism 1935-1960
Joan Robinson, Imperfect Competition (rev. 1933 version)
Raymond de Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank
W.W. Rostow, ed., The Economics of Take-off into Sustained Growth
Murray N. Rothbard, America’s Great Depression; and What Has Government Done to Our Money?
A.L. Rowse, William Shakespeare: A Biography
Ernest Samhaber, Merchants Make History
G. Schaller, The Mountain Gorilla: Ecology and Behavior
Ernest Schanzer, The Problem Plays of Shakespeare: a Study of “Julius Caesar,” “Measure for Measure,” and “Antony & Cleopatra”
Edward Schillebeeckx, Christ: The Sacrament of the Encounter with God
Harold C. Schonberg, The Great Pianists
Upton Sinclair, The Autobiography of Upton Sinclair
Fred A. Shannon, The Farmer’s Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860-1897 [US]
Richard Shannon, Gladstone and Bulgarian Agitation 1876
William F. Shannon, The American Irish: A Political and Social Portrait
Victor E. Shelford, The Ecology of North America
A.N. Sherwin White, Roman Society and Roman Lewin the New Testament
Marshall Shulman, Stalin’s Foreign Policy Re-appraised
B.H. Slicher van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe: A.D. 500-1850
Alfred P. Sloan, My Years at General Motors
Robert Ross Smith, Triumph in the Philippines [WWII]
Freya Stark, The Journey’s Echo
Jess Stearn, The Door to the Future: Can the Future be Foreseen?
Francis Steegmuller, Guillaume Apollinaire, Poet Among the Painters
Barry E. Supple, ed., The Experience of Economic Growth: Case Studies in Economic History
R.S. Sylvester, ed., St. Thomas More’s The History of Richard III
A.J.P. Taylor, The First World War
E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class
F.M.L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century
Paul Tillich, Morality and Beyond
Derek Traversi, Shakespeare: The Roman Plays
Andrew Turnbull, ed., Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald
Donald F. Tweedie, The Christian and the Couch: An Introduction to Christian Logotherapy
George Unwin, The Guilds and Companies of London
Robert M. Utley, The Last Days of the Sioux Nation
H. van dar Wee, The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy, 14th-16th Centuries, 3 vols.
Paul A. Varg, Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers
Helen H. Vendler, Yeats’s “Vision” and the Later Plays
Theodore Von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia
Aileen Ward, John Keats: The Making of a Poet
S. Washburn, ed., Classification and Human Evolution
Thomas J. Watson, Jr., A Business and Its Beliefs [IBM]
Alan Watts, The Two Hands of God
Stephen Watts, The Ritz
William Weaver, trans., Verdi Librettos
Herbert Weinstock, Donizetti and the World of Opera in Italy, Paris, and Vienna in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
Victor F. Weisskopf, Knowledge and Wonder: The Natural World as Man Knows It
Harold F. Williamson, et al., The American Petroleum Industry, vol. 2, “The Age of Energy, 1899-1959”
William L. Williamson, William Frederick Poole and the Modern Library Movement
Edmund Wilson, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest
Tom Wolfe, The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Stramline Baby
Robert E. Wood, Monument for the World: Building the Panama Canal
Grace S. Woodward, The Cherokees
J.S. Wright & D.S. Warner, eds., Speaking of Advertising
Hsin Ying, Price Problems of Communist China
D.M. Young, The Colonial Office in the early 19th Century
Kenneth Young, Arthur James Balfour
Richard D. Younger, The People’s Panel: The Grand Jury in the United States, 1634-1941
1964
Richard M. Abrams, Conservatism in a Progressive Era
Ralph K. Andrist, The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indians
S.H. Aronson, Status and Kinship in the Higher Civil Service: Standards of Selection in the Administrations of John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson
Leo Bagrow, History of Cartography
W. Baer & I. Kerstenetsky, eds., Inflation and Growth in Latin America
Etienne Balazs, Chinese Civilization and Bureaucracy: Variations on a Theme
R.J. Ball, Inflation and the Theory of Money
E. Digby Baltzell, The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America
John F, Bannon, ed., Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands
Frederick A. Beck, Greek Education, 450-350 B.C.
Gary Becker, Human Capital
Mary Bell, Women’s Basketball
Eric Bentley, Life of the Drama
Bernard Bergonzi, Heroes’ Twilight: A Study of the Literature of the Great War
L.V. Berkner, The Scientific Age: The Impact of Science on Society
Ernie Berne, Games People Play
Alfred H. Bill, New Jersey and the American Revolution
G.A. Billias, ed., George Washington’s Generals
Jim Bishop, A Day in the Life of President Kennedy
Peter Blake, Frank Lloyd Wright: Architecture and Space
J.W. Blench, Preaching in England in the Late Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
Alan Bloom & Harry Jaffa, Shakespeare’s Politics
B.S. Bloom, Stability and Change in Human Characteristics
M. Blundell, So Rough a Wind [Kenya]
R.R. Bolgar, The Classical Heritage and its Beneficiaries: From the Carolingian Age to the End of the Renaissance
Dorothy Borg, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis, 1933-1938
J. Guy Bougerol, Introduction to the Works of Bonaventure
Julian P. Boyd, Number 7: Alexander Hamilton’s Secret Attempt to Control American Foreign Policy
J.T. Boyer, ed., Memoirs of Joseph Priestly
L. Branson & G.W. Goethals, eds., War, Studies from Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology
Katherine Bregy, From Dante to Jeanne D’Arc: Adventures in Medieval Life and Letters
Anthony Brett-James, ed., The Hundred Days
James S.J. Broderick, Galileo: The Man, His Work, His Misfortunes
Jacob Bronowski, Insight
Robert Brustein, The Theater of Revolt
Arthur Bryant, The Age of Chivalry
John W. Bunn, Basketball Techniques and Team Play
W.L. Burn, The Age of Equipoise: A Study of the Mid-Victorian Generation
Ewan Butler, The Cecils
Karl Butzer, Environment and Archeology: An Introduction to Pleistocene Geography
Joseph Campbell, The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology
Archie Carr, Ulendo: Travels of a Naturalist In and Out of Africa
William H.A. Carr, The du Ponts of Delaware
Narcissa G. Chamberlain, The Flavor of France in Recipes and Pictures
Charles Chaplin, My Autobiography
J.K. Chapman, Lord Stanmore
Charles Child, Roots in the Rock
A. Clark, Barbarossa
Eleanor Clark, Oysters of Locmariaquer
W.A. Clebsch, England’s Earliest Protestants, 1520-35
H. Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity
J.L. Cloudsley-Thompson & M.J. Chadwick, Life in Deserts [Middle East]
Shepard B. Clough, The Economic History of Modern Italy
Arthur Cohen, ed., Humanistic Education and Western Civilization [in honor of Robert Hutchins]
Paola E. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan, vol I.
Ellsworth Collings, The Old Home Ranch
C.W. Condit, The Chicago School of Architecture: A History of Public and Commercial Building in the Chicago Area, 1875-1925
John Connell, Wavell: Soldier and Statesman
George W. Corner, A History of the Rockefeller Institute, 1901-1953
Leonard Cottrell, The Secrets of Tutankhamen’s Tomb
W.H.B. Court, A Concise Economic History of Great Britain, 1750 to Recent Times
James Gould Cozzens, Children and Others
Gordon A. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640-1945
D.G. Creighton, The Road to Confederation
Helen R. Cross, Life in Lincoln’s America
Michel Crozier, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon
Philip Curtain, The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1780-1850
Edward Dahlberg, Because I was Flesh
Norman Dain, Concepts of Insanity in the United States, 1789-1865
Theodore Dan, The Origins of Bolshevism
C.M Davis, Readings in the Geography of Michigan
Avenelle Day & Lillie Stuckey, The Spice Cookbook
J. Delarue, The History of the Gestapo
V.R.d’A Desborough, The Last Mycenaeans and Their Successors
David Donelski, A Supreme Court Justice Is Appointed
Frederick J. Dockstader, Indian Art in Middle America
Andreas Dorpalen, Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic
W.J. Eccles, Canada Under Louis XIV, 1663-1701
Eliot Elisofon, The Nile
Ralph Ellison, Shadow and Act
Jacques Ellul, The Technological System
Erik H. Erikson, Insight and Responsibility
A.H. Farrar-Hockley, The Somme
Odie B. Faulk, Last Years of Spanish Texas, 1778-1821
Daphne Fielding, The Duchess of Jermyn Street: The Life & Good Times of Rosa Lewis of the Cavendish Hotel
Louis F. Fieser, The Scientific Method: A Personal Account of Unusual Projects in War and in Peace
Lewis Fischer, The Life of Lenin
C.P. Fitzgerald, The Birth of Communist China
Robert W. Fogel, Railroads and American Economic Growth
Archibald S. Foord, His Majesty’s Opposition, 1714-1830
Erich Fromm, The Heart of Man: Its Genius for Good and Evil
Robert L. Gale, Thomas Crawford: American Sculptor
Robert E. Gallagher. ed., Byron’s Journal of His Circumnavigation, 1764-1766
George Gamow, A Star Called the Sun
Charles Gibson, The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519-1810
Francoise Gilot, Life with Picasso
V.L. Ginzburg & S.I. Syrovatskii, The Origin of Cosmic Rays
Arthur Goddard, ed., Economic Sophisms of Frederic Bastiat
A.M. Gollin, Proconsul in Politics: A Study of Lord Milner in Opposition and in Power
T. Gordonoff, The Toxicology of Fluorine
P.B. Gove, ed., Webster’s Third International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged
M. Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939-1945
Dan Greenburg, How to Be a Jewish Mother
William Greenleaf, From These Beginnings: The Early Philanthropies of Henry and Edsel Ford, 1911-1936
David Greenwood, Mapping
G. Edward Griffin, Fearful Master: A Second Look at the United Nations
Oron J. Hale, The Captive Press of the Third Reich
Trevor H. Hall, The Strange Case of Edward Gurney
Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850
J.L. Hammond, Gladstone and the Irish Nation
Sydney Harcave, First Blood: the Revolution of 1905
David L. Harrison, The Mammals of Arabia, 3 vols.
Royal Hassrick et al., The Sioux: life and customs of a warrior society
H.R. Hays, The Dangerous Sex: The Myth of Feminine Evil
Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (posthumous)
Christopher Hibbert, Agincourt
Johannes Hirschmeier, The Origins of Entrepreneurship in Meiji Japan
Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics
Urban T. Holmes, Daily Living in the Twelfth Century
P. Hughes & J. Larkin, eds., Tudor Royal Proclamations, vol. 1
Paul Hulton & D.S. Quinn, eds., The American Drawings of John White, 1577-1590, 2 vols
R. Iacopi, Earthquake Country [California]
J.L. Giddings, The Archeology of Cape Denbigh
Michael Grant, The Birth of Western Civilization
R.M. Grant, U-Boats Destroyed: the Effects of Anti-Submarine Warfare, 1914-1918
Dan Greenberg, How to Be a Jewish Mother
Rolt Hammond, The Forth Bridge and Its Builders
Lewis Hanke, ed.. Do the Americans Have a Common History? A Critique of the Bolton Theory
Esther Harding, The Parental Image
Ronald W. Harris, Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1660-1789
Daniel Hawthorne, Ferdinand Magellan
Johannes Hirschmeier, The Origins of Entrepreneurship in Meiji Japan
Harold Hopkins, Nice to Have You Aboard
Donald Horne, The Lucky Country [Australia]
David Howarth, The Desert King: The Life of Ibn Saud
James W. Hurst, Justice Holmes on Legal History
Dorothy Hyman, Sprint to Fame [Olympics]
David Irving, The Mare’s Nest
Stanley Jackson, The Savoy: The Romance of a Great Hotel
Alice James, Diary of Alice James
Roy Jenkins, Asquith: Portrait of a Man and an Era
Haynes Johnson, The Bay of Pigs
J. Johnson, A Century of Chicago Streetcars 1858-1958: A Pictorial History of the World’s Largest Street Railway
F.L. Jones, ed., Letters of Percy Shelley, 2 vols
Howard Mumford Jones, O Strange New World (Pulitzer Prize)
Jeffery Kaplow, Elbeuf during the Revolutionary Period
M. Kaufman & M. Heiman, ed., Evolution of Psychosomatic Concepts: Anorexia Nervosa, A Paradigm
Frank Kermode, Romantic Image [in art]
Martin Luther King, Jr., Why We Can’t Wait
Adolf Katzenellenbogen, The Sculptural Programs of Chartres Cathedral
Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950
3rd Baron Kinross (Patrick Balfour), Ataturk: The Rebirth of a Nation
Carney Landis, Varieties of Psychopathological Experience
Theodore H. von Laue, Why Lenin? Why Stalin? A Reappraisal of the Russian Revolution, 1900-1930
Andre Launay, Caviare and After: The Truth about Luxury
K. Laursen & J. Pedersen, The German Inflation
Stanley Lebergott, Manpower in Economic Growth
John Lennon, In His Own Write
C.S. Lewis [posthumously; d. 1963], The Discarded Image: an Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature ; and Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer
Jack Lewis, Chosen Tales of Chosin
Oscar Lewis, Pedro Martinez: A Mexican Peasant and His Family
Arthur Link, Wilson: Confusions and Crises, 1915-1916
Elizabeth Longford, Victoria, R.I.
Stanley Loomis, Paris in the Terror
Jay Luvaas, The Education of an Army: British Military Thought, 1815-1940
Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences
E.D. Mackerness, A Social History of English Music
Philip Magnus, King Edward VII
John M. Maki, Court and Constitution in Japan
Joseph J. Malone, Pine Trees and Politics: The Naval Stores and Forest Policy in Colonial New England, 1691-1775
William Manchester, Portrait of a President: John F. Kennedy in profile
Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man
Richard P. McCormick, New Jersey from Colony to State, 1609-1789
Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
Margaret Mead, Anthropology: A Human Science; and Continuities in Cultural Evolution
Wilfrid Mellers, Music in a New Found Land
Thomas Merton, Seeds of Destruction
Bruce M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration
Rodney G. Minott, The Fortress That Never Was
G.L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich
W.L. Morton, The Critical Years 1857-1873
Ross Muir & Carol White, Over the Long Haul: The Story of J & W Seligman & Company
Zdzisław Najder, ed., [Joseph] Conrad’s Polish Background
L. Namier & J. Brooke, The House of Commons, 1754-1790; and Charles Townshend
Joseph Needham, The Development of Iron and Steel Technology in China
Allardyce Nicoll, ed., Shakespeare in His Own Age
Martin P. Nilsson, A History of Greek Religion
Simon Nowell-Smith, Edwardian England: 1901-1914
Zoe Oldenbourg, Catherine the Great
A.L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization
R. Orsingher, Banks of the World: A History and Analysis
A.R.G. Owen, Can we Explain the Poltergeist?
S.W.C. Pack, The Wager Mutiny
R.R. Palmer, The Age of Democratic Revolution (1959-64)
J.P.M. Pannell, An Illustrated History of Civil Engineering
Erwin Panofsky, Tomb Sculpture
James Parkes, A History of the Jewish People
Ernest Pawel, trans., Five Operas and Richard Strauss
Robert Payne, The Life and Death of Lenin
G.E. Peterson, The New England College in the Age of the University
Bradford Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812-1823
Josef Pieper, Scholasticism
Jack Pollard, Lawn Tennis the Australian Way
John Pollard, Wolves and Werewolves
Norman Polmar, Death of the Thrasher [submarine]
M.M. Postan et al., The Design and Development of Weapons
Leo Postman, ed., Psychology in the Making
Howard Quint & Robert Ferrell, eds., The Talkative President: Off-the-Record Press Conferences of Calvin Coolidge
F. Raab, The English Face of Machiavelli
Thomas Riha, ed., Readings in Russian Civilization, vol. 3
Mignon Rittenhouse, Seven Women Explorers
Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment
M. Rouze, Robert Oppenheimer – The Man and His Theories
Edwin Rozwenc, ed., Ideology and Power in the Age of Jackson
Ernest Samuels, Henry Adams: the Major Phase (Pulitzer, Bio)
Jean-Paul Sartre, Colonialism and Neocolonialism
William L. Schaaf, Carl Friedrich Gauss: Prince of Mathematicians
George P. Schmidt, Princeton and Rutgers: The Two Colonial Colleges of New Jersey
Charles M. Schultz, I Need All the Friends I Can Get; Christmas is Time Together
Arthur Schweitzer, Big Business in the Third Reich
James Scobie, Revolution on the Pampas: A Social History of Argentine Wheat
James Maurice Scott, The Tea Story
Mark Shaw, The John Kennedys: A Family Album
Hugh Sidey, John F. Kennedy: Portrait of a President
Robert Silverberg, Man Before Adam: The Story of Man in Search of His Origins
Theodore R. Sizer, ed., The Age of the Academies
Beryl Smalley, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages
Alice E. Smith, George Smith’s Money: A Scottish Investor in America
Gene Smith, When the Cheering Stopped: The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson
C.P. Snow, Corridors of Power
Thomas E. Starzl, Experience in Renal Transplantation
Jess Stearn, The Grapevine: A Report on the Secret World of the Lesbian
John A. Stormer, None Dare Call It Treason
Barry E. Supple, Crisis and Change in England, 1600-1642 [Civil War]
Gay Talese, The Bridge: The Building of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
Haroun Tazieff, When the Earth Trembles [Geology-Seismology]
E.W. Tedlock, Freida Lawrence: Memoirs and Correspondence
Peter Temin, Iron and Steel in Nineteenth Century America
John Jay TePaske, The Governorship of Spanish Florida, 1700-1763
Lionel Terray, The Borders of the Impossible: From the Alps to Annapurna
Sir Wilfrid Thesiger, The Marsh Arabs [Iraq]
P. Thompson, Sir Thomas Wyatt and his Background
Dan L. Thrapp, The Conquest of Apacheria
Stephen Thernstrom, Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth-Century City [Newburyport, MA]
Walter A. Tompkins, The Little Giant of Signal Hill
Zoe A. Tilghman, Marshal of the Last Frontier
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Walker A. Tompkins, Little Giant of Signal Hill: An Adventure in American Enterprise
K.G.P. Tregoning, History of Modern Malaya
H.R. Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s War Directives, 1939-1945
Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era (Pulitzer, History)
A.A. Vandegrift & R.B Asprey, Once a Marine: The Memoirs of General A.A. Vandegrift, United States Marine Corps
Olga M. Vickery, The Novels of William Faulkner: A Critical Interpretation
Gordon Vivian, Excavations of a 17th-Century Jumano Pueblo: Gran Quivira
Charles L. Wagandt, The Mighty Revolution: Negro Emancipation in Maryland, 1862-1864
S.F. Waley, Edwin Montagu
R.E. Ward & D.A. Rustow, Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey
Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Blue [Generals in Gray, 1959]
John Warrack & Harold Rosenthal, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera
Alan Watts, Beyond Theology: The Art of Godsmanship
Richard Wauchope, ed., Handbook of Middle American Indians (13 volumes, 1964-67)
Nesta Webster, Secret Societies and Subversive Movements
Robert S. Weddle, The San Saba Mission: Spanish Pivot in Texas
C.V. Wedgwood, The Trial of Charles I
Ulrich Weinstein, ed., The Essence of Opera
Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941-45
G. Derek West, The Battles of Adobe Walls and Lyman’s Wagon Train, 1874
Rebecca West, The New Meaning of Treason
J.N. Westwood, A History of Russian Railways
Richard Whelan, The Founding Father: the Story of Joseph P. Kennedy
Thomas R. Whitaker, Swan and Shadow: Yeats’s Dialogue with History
D.E.H. Whiteley, The Theology of St. Paul
D. Whiteside, The Mathematical Works of Isaac Newton, 2 vols
Mira Wilkins & Frank Hill, American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents
Neville Williams, Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk
Penry Williams, Life in Tudor England
Jeffrey Williamson, American Growth and the Balance of Payments
Edmund Wilson, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A protest
Neill Wilson, 400 California Street: The Story of The Bank of California, National Association and its First 100 Years in the Financial Development the Pacific Coast
William E. Wilson. The Angel and the Serpent: The Story of New Harmony
D.W. Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World
Edmund M. Wise, Gold: Recovery, Properties, and Applications
Gordon Wright, Rural Revolution in France
Frances A. Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition
J.Z.A. Young, Model of the Brain
L. Young, Wednesday’s Children: A Study of Child Neglect and Abuse
Percy M. Young, Zoltan Kodaly
Z.A.B. Zeman, Nazi Propaganda
Elliott Zuckerman, The first hundred years of Wagner’s “Tristan”
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H.C. Abraham & E.L. Freud, eds., The Freud-Abraham Letters, 1907-26
Dean Acheson, Morning and Noon
F.R. Adams, The Peoples of Kenya
Robert McCormick Adams, Land Behind Baghdad
Alfred Adler, Superiority and Social Interest
Cyril Aldred, Egypt to the End of the Old Kingdom
Cecil John Allen, Switzerland’s Amazing Railways
William Sheridan Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town, 1930-35
C. Alport, The Sudden Assignment
Louis Althusser, For Marx
George Antonius, The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab Nationalist Movement
John T. Appleby, England without Richard, 1189-1199
Walter Arnstein, The Bradlaugh Case
Trevor H. Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1550-1650
C. Merton Babcock, The American Frontier: A Social and Literary Record
Bernard Bailyn, Pamphlets of the American Revolution
Frank C. Barnes, Cartridges of the World [firearms](updated and published annually)
Don Barrett, The Greenbacks and Resumption of Specie Payments, 1862-1879
Luigi Barzini, The Italians
Ralph S. Bates, Scientific Societies in the United States, 3rd. ed.
Daniel Baugh, British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole
B.F. Beebe, American Bears
Leslie Beck, The Metaphysics of Descartes
Robert N. Bellah, Religion and Progress in Modern Asia
H.S. Bennett, English Books and Readers, 1558 to 1603
Thomas Bergin, Dante
Alan Blackshaw, Mountaineering
Violet Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill as I Knew Him
Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience
Ester Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth
C.R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800
Curtis Bradford, Yeats at Work
E.K. Bramsted, Goebbels and Nationalist Socialist Propaganda, 1925-45
Robert Branner, St. Louis and the Court Style in Gothic Architecture
Irving Brant, The Bill of Rights
J. Harlen Bretz, Geomorphic History of the Ozarks
Robert Briffault, The Troubadours
Van Wyck Brooks, An Autobiography
Stuart Bruchey, The Roots of American Economic Growth, 1607-1865
G. Bull, trans., Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists
Jakob C. Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
A.C. Burns, A History of the British West Indies
Aubrey F. Burstall, A History of Mechanical Engineering
Sally Carrighar, Wild Heritage
Elisa Carillo, Alcide de Gasperi: the Long Apprenticeship
Grace Carleton, Friedrich Engels: The Shadow Prophet
Johnny Carson, Happiness is a Dry Martini
W.H. Chamberlain, The Russian Revolution, 2 vols
Phillip Cagen, Determinants and Effects of the Changes in the Stock of Money, 1875-1960
Charles Carrington, Soldier from the Wars Returning
Charles H. Carter, ed., From the Renaissance to the Counter Reformation: Essays in Honor of Garrett Mattingly
Violet Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill: An Intimate Portrait
Bruce Catton, Never Call Retreat
Bennett Cerf, Laugh Day
K. Charlton, Education in Renaissance England
K.N. Chaudhuri, The English East India Company
Patrick Chorley , Oil. Silk, and Enlightenment: Economic Problems in Eighteenth Century Naples
Carlo Cipolla, Guns and Sails in Early European Expansion
G. Clark & S. Piggott, Prehistoric Societies
R. Clark, Tizard
Colin Clair, Kitchen and Table
Grahame Clark and Stewart Piggott, Prehistoric Societies
Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power
Robert Cleland & Frank Putnam, Isaias W. Hellman and the Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles
F. Collier, The Family Economy of the Working Class in the Cotton Industry, 1784-1833
George R. & Christiane C. Collins, Camillo Sitte and the Birth of Modern City Planning
L. Collins & D. Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?
Carleton S. Coon, The Living Races of Man
Harvey Cox, The Secular City: Secularization and Urbanization in Theological Perspective
E. Sydney Crawcour, ed., The State and Economic Enterprise in Japan
C.W. Crawley, ed., The New Cambridge Modern History
L.J. Cronbach & G.C. Gleser, Psychological Tests and Personnel Decisions
J.S. Curtiss, The Russian Army under Nicholas I, 1825-1855
Scott Cutlip, Fund Raising in the United States: Its Role in America’s Philanthropy
Norman Dacey, How to Avoid Probate
George Dangerfield, The Awakening of American Nationalism, 1815-1828
Sammy Davis, Jr., Yes I Can
W.D. Davies, Paul and Rabbinic Judaism
Winton Dean, George Bizet, His Life and Work
Phyllis Deane, The First Industrial Revolution
Edmund T. Delaney, New York’s Turtle Bay Old and New
K. Demeter, The German Officer-Corps in Society and State 1650-1945
I. DeVore, ed., Primate Behavior
E.R. Dodds, Pagan and Christian in the Age of Anxiety
Peter Dronke, Medieval Latin and the Rise of the European Love-Lyric
R. Dubos et al., eds., Sound and Hearing (LIFE Science Library)
Foster Rhea Dulles, Prelude to World Power: America’s Diplomatic History, 1860-1900
Will & Ariel Durant, The Story of Civilization, vol 9, Age of Voltaire
S. Eimerl & I. DeVore, The Primates
E.G. Ettlinger, Functions of the Corpus Callosum
L.D. Ettlinger, The Sistine Chapel before Michelangelo
Lawrence Evans, United States Policy and the Partition of Turkey, 1914-1924
Gene Fallwell, The Comanche Trail of Thunder and the Massacre of Parker’s Fort, May 19, 1836
Charles H. Feinstein, Key Statistics of the British Economy, 1900-1962
Richard T. Feller & Marshall W. Fishwick, For Thy Great Glory (Washington Cathedral)
J. Van Fenstermaker, The Development of American Commercial Banking, 1782-1937
R.H. Ferrell & S.F. Bemis, The American Secretaries of State and their Diplomacy
F.W. Fetter, Development of British Monetary Orthodoxy, 1797-1875
Richard P. Feynman, The Character of Physical Law
J.D. Fisher, Christian Initiation: Baptism in the Medieval West
Janet Flanner (nom de plume, Genet), Paris Journal 1944-1945
M. Follick, The Case for Spelling Reform
Jesse Hill Ford, The Liberation of Lord Byron
H.W. Fowler, Fowler’s Modern English Usage, 2nd ed.
Donald Frame, trans., The Complete Essays of Montaigne
W.K. Frankena, Three Historical Philosophies of Education: Aristotle, Kant, Dewey
Viktor E. Frankl, The Doctor and the Soul: From Psychotherapy to Logotherapy, 2nd exp. ed.
William Freehling, Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816-1836
J.F.C. Fuller, Julius Caesar
Hans Gal, The Composer’s World
R. Garius, The Dickens Theater: A Reassessment of the Novels
M. Gaskin, The Scottish Banks: A Modern Survey
Eugene D. Genovese, The Political Economy of Slavery
John P. Getty, The Joys of Collecting
Lawrence H. Gipson, The British Empire Before the American Revolution, XI & XII
Haim G. Ginott, Between Parent and Child
D.V. Glass. ed., Population and History
William Glasser, Reality Therapy
John Gloag, A Short Dictionary of Furniture
Jacques Godechot, The Taking of the Bastille, July 14th, 1789
Alfred Gollin, Balfour’s Burden: Arthur Balfour and Imperial Preference
Sarvepalli Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru, a biography
Billy Graham, World Aflame
Gerald S. Graham, The Politics of Naval Supremacy: Studies in British Maritime Ascendancy
Campbell Grant, The Rock Paintings of the Chumash
Henri Grimal, Decolonization: The British, French, Dutch, and Belgian Empires, 1919-1963
Walter Gropius, The New Architecture and the Bauhaus
Donald J. Grout, Short History of Opera
Nicholas Gubser, The Nunamiut Eskimo: Hunters of Caribou
Nubar S. Gulbankian, Portrait in Oil (autobiography)
Arthur Hailey, Hotel
H.E. Hallam, Settlement and Society: A Study of the Early Agrarian History of South Lincolnshire
O.B. Hardison, Christian Rite and Christian Drama in the Middle Ages
Michael Harrington, The Accidental Century
P.D.A. Harvey, A Medieval Oxfordshire Village: Cuxham, 1240-1400
Roy Harrod, Reforming the World’s Money
Frederick Hartt, Michelangelo [painting]
Gerald S. Hawkins, Stonehenge Decoded
Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast
Thomas R. Henn, The Lonely Tower: Studies in the Poetry of W.B. Yeats, 2nd. ed.
Jurgen Herbst, The German Historical School in American Scholarship
John Herivel, The Background to Newton’s ‘Principia’
Richard Herrnstein & E.J. Boring, A Source Book in the History of Psychology
Christopher Hill, Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution
Ernest Hilgard, Hypnotic Susceptibility
Christopher Hill, The Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution
J.D.L. Holmes, Gayoso: The Life of a Spanish Governor in the Mississippi Valley, 1789-1799; and Honor and Fidelity: The Louisiana Infantry Regiment and the Louisiana Militia Companies, 1766-1821
Alistair Horne, The Fall of Paris: Siege and Commune, 1870-71
David Horowitz, The Free World Colossus: A Critique of American Foreign Policy in the Cold War
Helen Howe, The Gentle Americans: 1864-1960, Biography of a Breed
Michael Howard, ed., The Theory and Practice of War
James Pennethorne Hughes, Is Thy Name Wart?, The Origins of Some Curious and Other Surnames
A. Hyma, The Christian Renaissance
Joseph Illick, Willian Penn the Politician
Akira Iriye, After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 1921-1931
Raghavan Iyer, ed., The Glass Curtain between Asia and Europe
Annie Jaubert, The Date of the Last Supper
E.A.J. Johnson, Predecessors of Adam Smith
Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest
Herman Kahn, On Escalation: Metaphors and Scenarios
Alfred Kazin, Starting Out in the Thirties
M.H. Keen, The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages
G. Robert Keepin, Physics of Nuclear Kinetics
Malcolm H. Kerr, The Arab Cold War
3rd Baron Kinross (Patrick Balfour), Ataturk: Biography of Mustafa Kemal
Edward Chase Kirkland, Charles Francis Adams, Jr.
Alexandre Koyre, Newtonian Studies; and From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe
P.O. Kristeller, Eight Philosophers of the Italian Renaissance
Simon Kuznets, Economic Growth and Structure
D.F. Lach and C. Fraumenhaft, eds., Asia on the Eve of Europe’s Expansion
Laurence Lafore, The Long Fuse
Lansing Lamont, Day of Trinity
Frank Lane, The Elements Rage: The Extremes of Natural Violence
Walter Laqueuer, Russia and Germany: A Century of Conflict
Christopher Lasch, ed., The Social Thought of Jane Addams
Donald F. Lash, Asia in the Making of Europe, vol. 1.
Harold Lasswell & Daniel Lerner, eds., World Revolutionary Elites
Louis Leakey, Olduvai Gorge: A Preliminary Report on the Geology and Fauna, 1951-1961
Curtis LeMay & MacKinlay Kantor, Mission with LeMay: My Story
R.C. Leslie, Jesus and Logotherapy: The Ministry of Jesus as Interpreted Through the Psychotherapy of Viktor Frankl
Jacques Levron, The Royal Chateaux of the Ile de France
R.W.B. Lewis, Trials of the Work
S. Lilley, Men, Machines, and History
Arthur Link, Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace, 1916-17
Raymond Lister, How to Identify Old Maps and Globes
Tom Little, High Dam at Aswan: The Subjugation of the Nile
C.C. Lloyd, The Nation and the Navy
William Lockweed, ed., The State and Economic Enterprise in Japan
Philip Longworth, The Art of Victory: The Life and Achievements of Generalissimo Suvorov, 1729-1800
J.K. MacConica, English Humanists and Reformation Politics under Henry VIII and Edward VI
Maynard Mack, King Lear in Our Time
W.S. MacNutt, The Atlantic Provinces 1712-1857
Frederick William Maitland, The Letters of Frederick William Maitland
Ralph H. Major, Classic Descriptions of Disease, 3rd ed.
M.E.L. Mallowan, Early Mesopotamia and Iran
Seymour Mandelbaum, Boss Tweed’s New York
Steven Marcus, Dickens: From Pickwick to Dombey
Arthur J. Marder, From Dreadnaught to Scapa Flow
P.J. Marshall, The Impeachment of Warren Hastings
Arthur Marwick, The Deluge: British Society and the First World War
Abraham Maslow, Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences
A.T. Mason, William Howard Taft: Chief Justice
Gautam Mathur, Planning for Steady Growth
Mildred P. Mayhall, Indian Wars in Texas
J.F. McDermott,ed., Frenchmen and French Ways in the Mississippi Valley
James M. McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War
Margaret Mead and Kenneth Herman, Family
Betty J. Meggers et al., Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador
James Mellaart, Earliest Civilizations of the Near East
Wilfred Mellers, Music in a New Found Land: Themes and Developments in the History of America Music
Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized
R.K. Merton, On the shoulders of giants
Hans Eberhard Meyer, The Crusades
J.D.B. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World
Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America
Alan S. Milward, The German Economy at War
Alan Mitchell, Revolution in Bavaria
Ashley Montagu, Man’s Evolution: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology
Ruth Montgomery, A Gift of Prophecy
Samuel Eliot Morison, The Oxford History of the American People
Robert B. Morris, The Peacemakers
T. Munro, Oriental Aesthetics
Richard Newcomb, Iwo Jima
K. Ohkawa et al., Estimates of Long-Term Economic Statistics of Japan since 1868
Ben Olan, Big-time Baseball
Arnold Palmer, My Game and Yours [Golf]
Daniel Patrick Moynihan, The Negro Family
Shelley Mydens, Thomas
Ralph Nadar, Unsafe at Any Speed
Paul Nash et al., eds, The Educated Man: Studies in the History of Educational Thought
Jacob Neusner, A History of the Jews in Babylonia: the Parthian Period
Mancur Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action
Richard C. Overton, Burlington Route: A History of the Burlington Lines
Milton Perry, Infernal Machines: The Story of Confederate Submarine and Mine Warfare
Harry Mark Petrakis, The Founder’s Touch: The Life of Paul Gavin of Motorola
Francis S. Philbrick, The Rise of the New West, 1754-1830
George R. Poage, Henry Clay and the Whig Party
R.L. Polley, ed., Lincoln: His Words and His World
John V. Price, The Ironic Hume
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1964
Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope
John B. Rae, The American Automobile
Philip Rahv, The Myth and the Powerhouse
Ernest E. Ramsaur, Jr., The Young Turks
John W. Reps, The Making of Urban America: A History of City Planning in the United States
Irving Ribner, The English History Plays in the Age of Shakespeare
Branch Rickey & Robert Riger, The American Diamond [Baseball]
Norman Risjord, The Old Republicans: Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson
O. Riste, The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War
Stewart Robb, trans., Tristan and Isolde
Charles Roberts, LBJ’s Inner Circle
J.H. Rodrigues, Brazil and Africa
Morris Rosenberg, Society and the adolescent self-image
J.S. Roskell, The Commons and Their Speakers in the English Parliaments
Ishbel Ross, Charmers and Cranks [financial history]
Robert I. Rotberg, The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: the Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964
Cecil Roth, The Jews in the Renaissance
Ernst Roth, The Business of Music
Lionel Rothberg, Opposition to Louis XIV
Robert H. Ruby & John A. Brown, Half-Sun on the Columbia
Frederick Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education in the Early Republic
Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols
Cornelius Ryan, The Last Battle
G.N. Sanderson, England, Europe, and the Upper Nile 1882-1899
Ambrose Saricks, Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours
W.S. Sayre & H. Kaufman, Governing New York City: Politics in the Metropolis
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Pulitzer, Bio)
Lawrence Scheinman, Atomic Policy in France under the Fourth Republic
David Schoenbrun, Three Lives of Charles de Gaulle
G. Scholem, On the Kabbalah and its Symbolism
M. Schwarzchild, Structure and Evolution of Stars
J.P. Scott & J.L. Fuller, Dog Behavior: the genetic basis
Dennis L. Sepper, Descartes’s Imagination: Proportion, Images, and the Activity of Thinking
Robert Shaplen, The Lost Revolution: Vietnam 1945-65
Carroll Shelby, The Cobra Story
Robert L. Short, The Gospel According to Peanuts
J.H. Simons. ed., Fluorine Chemistry
William E. Simons, Liberal Education and the Service Academies
Nancy Sirkis, Boston
Geoffrey Skelton, Wagner at Bayreuth
Alice K. Smith, The Peril and Hope
F.A. Smith, ed., Pharmacology of Fluoride, vol. 1.
Gaddis Smith, American Diplomacy During the Second World War
William S. Smith, Interconnections in the Ancient Near East
Robert Sobel, The Big Board: A History of the New York Stock Market
Theodore C. Sorenson, Kennedy
Peter Sourian, The Gate
John W. Spanier, The Truman-MacArthur Controversy and the Korean War
Dean Sprague, Freedom under Lincoln
Evert Sprinchron, ed., Ibsen: Letters and Speeches
Kenneth Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877
Jess Stearn, Yoga, Youth, and Reincarnation
Taylor Stoehr, Dickens: The Dreamer’s Stance
Oliver Strunk, ed., Source Readings in Music History
Chester G. Starr, A History of the Ancient World
Erwin Stein, ed., Arnold Schoenberg: Letters
Jonathan Steinberg, Yesterday’s Deterrent: Tirpitz and the Birth of the German Battle Fleet
Kurt Steiner, Local Government in Japan
Edward Surtz et al, eds., St. Thomas More’s Utopia
Harold C. Syrett, ed., Alexander Hamilton Papers
C.H. Talbot et al., The Medical Practitioners in Medieval England
A.J.P. Taylor, Politics in Wartime; and English History 1914-1945
Edwin Way Teale, Wandering Through Winter (Pulitzer Prize GN)
Louise Hall Tharp, Mrs. Jack: A Biography of Isabella Stewart Gardner
J.A.F. Thomson, The Later Lollards
John Toland, The Last 100 Days
K.G.P. Tregoning, Under Company Rule
Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Rise of Christian Europe
Lionel Trilling, Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning
M.C. Urquhart & K.A. Buckley, Historical Statistics of Canada
Richard W. Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence
Ilza Veith, Hysteria: The History of a Disease
Claudio Veliz, ed., Obstacles to Change in Latin America
Laurence R. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University
Gordon Vivian et al., The Great Kivas of Chaco Canyon and Their Relationships
Edward Wagenknecht, Harriet Beecher Stowe: The Known and the Unknown
G.L. Waldbott, A Struggle of the Titans: Forces Behind Fluoridation
K. Walker, Planning in Chinese Agriculture: Socialization and the Private Sector, 1956-62
Ernest Wallace, Texas in Turmoil: The Sage of Texas, 1849-1875
W.R. Ward, Victorian Oxford
James Watson, The Molecular Biology of the Gene
Roy Welensky, Welensky’s 4000 Days
Rene Welleck, History of Modern Criticism
W.B. Wells, trans., The Hundred Years War (Edouard Perroy)
George Weltfish, The Lost Universe (Cheyenne and Pawnee)
Corinne C. Weston, English Constitutional Theory and the House of Lords, 1556-1832
Theodore White, The Making of the President, 1964
William Willetts, Foundations of Chinese Art
C. Wilson, England’s Apprenticeship 1603-1765
Edmund Wilson, O Canada: An American’s Notes on Canadian Culture
Iris H. Wilson, William Wolfskill: Frontier Trapper to California
R. Bayly Winder, Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century
D.W. Winnicott, Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment: Theories in the Theory of Emotional Development
Stanley Wolpert, India
Richard Wright, The Colour Curtain
W.D. Wyman and C.B. Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective
Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X
K.K.F. Zawadzki, The Economics of Inflationary Processes
Z.A.B. Zeman & W.B. Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand
1966
Walter M. Abbott, trans., Documents of the Vatican II
Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department
Robert McCormick Adams, Jr., The Evolution of Urban Society
Konrad Adenauer, Memoires, 4 vols
Franz Alexander et al, eds., Psychoanalytic Pioneers
Stephen Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point
Emily Anderson, ed., Letters of Mozart and His Family
M.S. Anderson, The Eastern Question 1774-1923
R. Anstey, King Leopold’s Legacy: the Congo Under Belgian Rule, 1908-1960
Robert Ardrey, The Territorial Imperative: The Animal Origins of Property and Nations
Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, rev ed.
Frederick B. Artz, The Development of Technical Education in France, 1500-1850
Australian Dictionary of Biography
Jeremy R. Azrael, Managerial Power and Soviet Politics
L.R. Bailey, Indian Slave Trade in the Southwest
Anthony Baines, European and American Musical Instruments
Edward Bander, Justice Holmes ex Cathedra
R.C. Bannister, Jr., Ray Stannard Baker: The Mind and Thought of a Progressive
H. Baron, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance
P. Bate, The Trumpet and Trombone
M.C. Beardsley, Aesthetics from Classical Greece to the Present
Daniel Bell, The Reforming of General Education: The Columbia College Experience
John Wheeler Bennett, Munich: Prologue to Tragedy
Ernst Benz, Evolution and Christian Hope: Man’s Concept of the Future from the Early Fathers to Teilhard de Chardin
James H. Billington, The Icon and the Ax
Carl Binger, Revolutionary Doctor, Benjamin Rush, 1746-1813
Robert Blake, Disraeli
G. Blainey, The Tyranny of Distance
Dennis Bloodworth, The Chinese Looking Glass
W.F. Bolton, The English Language, 2 vols.
Catherine Drinker Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia
Bernard Brodie, Escalation and the Nuclear Option
Bradford Broughton, The Legends of King Richard I Coeur De Lion
John Hull Brown, Early American Beverages
J.R. Brown and B. Harris, gen. eds., Stratford-upon-Avon Studies 8: Later Shakespeare
Maurice J.E. Brown, Essays on Schubert
Robert S. Brumbaugh, Ancient Greek Gadgets and Machines
E.A. Wallis Budge, Egyptian Language
Vern L. Bullough, The Development of Medicine as a Profession
S.C. Burchell, Great Ages of Man: Age of Progress
J.W. Burrow, Evolution and Society: A Study in Victorian Social Theory
A.H. Buss, Psychopathology
Truman Capote, In Cold Blood
Roger Caras, The Custer Wolf: biography of an American renegade
F.L. Carsten, The Reichswehr and Politics, 1918-1933
Richard Carter, Breakthrough: The Saga of Jonas Salk
J.A. Caruso, The Mississippi Valley Frontier: The Age of French Exploration and Settlement
David Caute, The Left in Europe since 1789
George F. Chadwick, The Park and the Town
David G. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon
Guy Chapman, Echoes of War: A Passionate Prodigality [World War I]
Paul Chodoff, American Handbook of Psychiatry, vol. 3
Noam Chomsky, Cartesian Linguistics
S.B. Chrimes, Administrative History of Medieval England
I.R. Christie, The Crisis of Empire
John A. Christie, Thoreau as World Traveler
Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church
Craig Claiborne, The New York Times Menu Cookbook
John Clapham, Antonin Dvorak
D.L. Clark, ed., Shelley’s Prose
I.F. Clark, Voices Prophesying War, 1768-1914
John G. Clark, The Grain Trade in the Old Northwest
Kenneth B. Clark & Talcott Parsons, eds., The Negro American
John G. Clark, The Grain Trade in the Old Northwest
M.D. Coe, The Maya
E.M. Coffman, The Hilt of the Sword: the Career of Peyton C. March
Jack Coggins, Soldiers and Warriors: An Illustrated History
N. Cohn, Warrant for Genocide: the Myth of the Jewish World Conspiracy and the Protocol of the Elders of Zion
Carleton S. Coon, The Origins of Races
Frank Crosetti, Secrets of Baserunning and Infield Play
Basil Davidson et al., A History of West Africa to the Nineteenth Century
Eugene Davidson, The Trial of the Germans
Lionel Davidson, The Menorah Men (Dead Sea Scrolls)
William Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (Pulitzer Prize GN)
Gerald DeGaury, Faisal: King of Saudi Arabia
Leo Deuel, Testaments of Time: the Search for Lost Manuscripts and Records
Dictionary of Canadian Biography
Phyllis Diller, Phyllis Diller’s Housekeeping Hints
E.H.G. Dobby, Monsoon Asia
Peter Drucker, The Effective Executive
Martin Duberman, James Russell Lowell
Francis M. Dunn, Tragedy’s End: Innovation and Closure in Euripidean Drama
John C. Eccles, ed., Brain and Conscious Experience
J.H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469-1716
William Elton, King Lear and the Gods
Encyclopedia of Catholic Saints
Eric Erikson, Insight and Responsibility
Auguste Escoffier, A Guide to Modern Cookery
Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth
Gerald D. Feldman, Army, Industry, and Labor in Germany, 1914-1918
D.K. Fieldhouse, The Colonial Empires
Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: an Archaeology of the Human Sciences
Paul Frankel, Mattei: Oil and Power Politics
Peter Fraser, Joseph Chamberlain
Maurice Freedman, Chinese Lineage and Society: Fujian and Guangdong
Carl Friedrich and Z.K. Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, 2nd. ed.
Erich Fromm, You Shall Be As Gods: A Radical Interpretation of the Old Testament and Its Tradition
George Gamow, Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Physics
H. Ganz, Pestalozzi
Brian Gardner, Mafeking: The Making of a Victorian Legend
Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism
E.E. Ghiselli, The Validity of Occupational Aptitude Tests
Martin Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement
Stuart Gilbert, ed., Letters of James Joyce
Bertrand Gille, Engineers of the Renaissance
P. Gilman & D. Haston, Eiger Direct: The Epic Battle on the North Face
Ray Ginger, Eugene V. Debs: A Biography
J. Giuseppi, The Bank of England
John and Rumer Godden, Two Under the Indian Sun
William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire (Pulitzer, History)
Bernard Goldman, The Sacred Portral: A Primary Symbol in Ancient Judaic Art
G.P. Gooch, Catherine the Great and the French Philosophers of the Enlightenment
C.F. Goodfellow, Great Britain and the South African Confederation 1870-81
Donald Goodspeed, Ludendorff: Genius of World War I
Walter Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff, 1657-1945
G.E. Grunbaum & R. Caillois, eds., The Dream and Human Societies
Nerin E. Gun, The Day of the Americans
Gottfried Haberler, Inflation: Its Causes and Cures
Kay Halle, Irrepressible Churchill
George M. A. Hanfmann & A. H. Detweiler, Sardis Through the Ages
E.L. Hargreaves, The National Debt
Neil Harris, The Artist in Society: The Formative Years, 1790-1860
R. Haughton, The Young Thomas More
Fritz Henneberg, The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
William Hennig, Phylogenetic Systematics
Walter R. Herrick, Jr., The American Naval Revolution
E. Herzog, Psyche and Death
H.J. Hewitt, The Organization of War under Edward III 1338-62
Trumbull Higgins, Hitler and Russia
Norman Holland, Psychoanalysis and Shakespeare
Mark Holloway, Heavens on Earth: Utopian Communities in America, 1680-1880
Jonathan Hughes, The Vital Few
J.A. Huston, The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775-1953
Charles Issawi, ed., The Economic History of the Middle East 1800-1914
Arthur Jacobs & Stanley Sadie, Great Operas in Synopsis
A. Norman Jeffares, W.B. Yeats, Man and Poet, 2nd. ed.
Alexander Jones (ed.), The Jerusalem Bible
Douglas C. Jones, The Treaty of Medicine Lodge: The Story of the Great Treaty Council [Indian law]
O.L. Jones, Pueblo Warriors and Spanish Conquest
D. Kahn, The Codebreakers: the Story of Secret Writing
Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain (Pulitzer, Biography)
Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University
Graham Kerr (The Galloping Gourmet), The Graham Kerr Cookbook
Patrick Balfour (3rd Baron Kinross), Portrait of Egypt
W.P. Kirkman, Unscrambling an Empire: a Critique of British Policy 1955-1966
James Kirsch, Shakespeare’s Royal Self
Joseph Kitagawa, Religion in Japanese History
Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution 1890-1918
Simon Kuznets, Modern Economic Growth: Rate Structure, and Spread
David Landes, The Rise of Capitalism
Mark Lane, Rush to Judgement
Oliver Larkin, Daumier
G.K. Ledyard, The Korean Language Reform of 1446: The Origin, Background, and Early History of the Korean Alphabet
Richard D. Lehan, F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Craft of Fiction
D.S. Lev, The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesia Politics 1957-1959
Sam Levenson, Everything but Money
Bernard Lewis, The Arabs in History
B.H. Liddell Hart, The Liddell Hart Memoirs
Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression
A.R. Luria, Higher Cortical Functions in Man
Eugene Lyons, David Sarnoff
T. Mahoney & L. Sloane, The Great Merchants: America’s Foremost Retail Institutions and the People Who Made Them Great
Norman Mailer, Cannibals and Christians
Harold Mansfield, Vision: The Story of Boeing, A Saga of Sky and the New Horizons of Space
Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry Into Freud
Ralph Marsus, trans., Josephus, Jewish Antiquities
William Masters & Virginia Johnson, Human Sexual Response
R.E. Matlaw, trans., Ivan Turgenev, Fathers and Sons
D.W. Matthews & J.R. Prothero, Negroes and the New Southern Politics
Richard P. McCormick, The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era; and Rutgers: A Bicentennial History
W.D. McIntyre, Colonies into Commonwealth
Rod McKuen, Twelve Days of Christmas
Victor A. McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man
L. David Mech, The Wolves of Isle Royale
G.E. Mingay, The Agricultural Revolution, 1750-1880
Karl Menninger, The Crime of Punishment
Zuhayr Mikdashi, A Financial Analysis of Middle Eastern Oil Concessions: 1901-1965
Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
R.J. Moore, Sir Charles Wood’s Indian Policy 1853-1866; and Liberalism and Indian Politics 1872-1922
Ruth Moore, Niels Bohr: The Man, His Science, and the World They Changed
Alan Moorehead, Fatal Impact: The Invasion of the South Pacific
Julian Morgenstern, Rites of Birth, Marriage, and Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites
Elting E. Morison, Men, Machines, and Modern Times
Christopher Morris, The Tudors
Desmond Morris, The Naked Ape: a Zoologist’s Study of the Human Animal
L. Moseley, Hirohito: Emperor of Japan
G.L. Mosse, ed., Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural, and Social Life in the Third Reich
Herbert J. Muller, The Loom of History [Turkey/Anatolia]
George E. Mylonas, Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age
Hilda Neatby, Quebec: The Revolutionary Age
K. Oakley, Frameworks for Dating Fossil Man
C. St. J. Oherlihy, A Statistical Study of Wages, Prices, and Employment in the Irish Manufacturing Sector
Bryan H. O’Neil, Deal Castle
Robert J. O’Neill, The German Army and the Nazi Party, 1933-1939
John Dos Passos, Best Times
J.E. Paul, Catherine of Aragon and Her Friends
George L. Perry, Unemployment, Money Wage Rates, and Inflation
Edward Peterson, The Limits of Hitler’s Power
Ulrich Phillips, American Negro Slavery
Ruth Pike, Enterprise and Adventure: The Genoese in Seville and the Opening of the New World
John R. Platt, The Step to Man
George Plimpton, Paper Lion: Confessions of a Last-String Quarterback
J.H. Plumb, The First Four Georges
J.R. Pole, Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic
A.F. Pollard, Wolsey
Frederick Pottle, James Boswell: The Earlier Years
Raymond Prince, ed., Trance and Possession States
Carleton Putnam, Race and Reality: A Search for Solutions
Marc Raeff, Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia
The Random House Dictionary of the English Language
Nicholas Rescher, Distributive Justice
Richard Ricard, The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico: The Apostolate and the Evangelizing Methods of the Mendicant Orders in New Spain, 1523-1572
Philip Rieff, The Triumph |