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2. One `unserialize()` to Rule Them All
2.1 - The "Serialize-Then-Replace" Pattern
2.2 - Sleepy Cats Catch No Mice
2.3 - The "Holy Grail" of Deserialization Attacks
3. When Windows Breaks...
3.1 - Windows Path Madness
3.2 - Let's Make Windows Defender Angry!
4. New Attacks and Techniques Born in CTFs
4.1 - Twenty Years of Evolving LFI to RCE
Level 0 - The LFI Arms Race
Level 1 - The End of LFI
Level 2 - The End of AFR
Level Max - Filter Chain ~After Story~
4.2 - PHAR Deserialization
Level 0 - What is PHAR?
Level Max - Laravel (w/ mPDF) Kill Chain
5. Participants Also Popped 0days
5.1 - Hack the Scoreboard!
5.2 - From CTF to Real World!
> Epilogue
- Honorable Mention
- Hats off to the CTF Community
> References
--[ Prologue
We all play different roles throughout our lives. I was fortunate enough
to discover my passion early - and even luckier to make a living out of
it. Before becoming a full-time hacker, I was also a script kiddie causing
trouble, a young guy thirsty for bigger thrills, and a bug hunter chasing
higher bounties. And now, I can proudly call myself a "hacker." All these
experiences - whether good or bad - have truly shaped who I am today, and
this article shares one chapter of my life - the days when I was competing
full-time in "hacking competitions!"
----[ > About Me
Hi, I'm Orange Tsai. I guess many of you probably know me from my
vulnerability research [1]. Maybe you've also heard my name mentioned as a
Pwn2Own champion, a Pwnies Awards winner, or even spotted my bugs on the
KEV (Known Exploited Vulnerabilities) list - like those in Microsoft
Exchange Server, SSL VPNs, and most recently, Apache HTTP Server. I'm not
really sure if this is something I should be proud of, but out of the top
15 bugs hackers exploited most in 2021 [2], around 60% were discovered and
reported by me... (sigh)
----[ > Hacking Competitions
It's been about 18 years since I first came across these so-called
*hacking competitions*. Back then, those competitions - or Wargames, as we
called them - weren't nearly as competitive as today's CTFs. Instead, they
were more about passing down knowledge and, you know, just having fun. So
all sorts of niche topics - whether from computer science, hacking skills,
math, or even hacker culture - could become challenges, as long as geeks
thought they were cool enough!
So even today, after all these years, I still vividly remember those
carefree days when I could simply explore new things. Every day I'd look
forward to learning something new - no matter how useful or useless -
diving deep into subjects just to solve one simple question, and getting
excited about every tiny step forward. Just learn, hack, enjoy - then
repeat!
I still remember those days when I was hooked like it was an online game -
staying up day and night climbing ranks on the leaderboards. At that time,
I'd do anything to solve those challenges - even printing them out and
shamelessly asking my math teacher for help. You know, for someone who
wasn't exactly a typical "good student," that wasn't easy. Anyway, I tried
everything I could think of, but nothing worked, and my ranking stayed
stuck for a long time - until one day, I realized that the answer format
wasn't as strict as I'd thought. That meant I could just skip the hardest
part of the polynomial - and finally got the right answer!
That was the first time - at least as far as I remember - that I felt the
joy of solving problems in a clever way. It was also the first moment I
clearly realized that, just by paying attention to a few more details,
even someone like me could crack problems that the pros called impossible.
This kind of "thinking outside the box" really had a huge impact on my
life afterward!
----[ > Being a Pro CTF Gamer
I've spent a huge part of my life playing these games, which we now call
"CTF." For those unfamiliar with this term, here's a quick explanation: