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The dorsal raphe nucleus is the predominant source of central serotonin , where neuronal activity regulates complex emotional behaviors . Action potential firing of serotonin dorsal raphe neurons is driven via α1-adrenergic receptors ( α1-AR ) activation . Despite this crucial role , the ion channels responsible for α1...	Serotonin is a chemical that allows cells to communicate in the nervous system of many animals . It is also particularly important in the treatment of mental health disorders: a large number of antidepressants work by preventing nerve cells from clearing away serotonin , therefore increasing the overall level of the mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Delta glutamate receptor conductance drives excitation of mouse dorsal raphe neurons
We have designed a membrane ‘staple’ , which consists of membrane-anchored repeats of the trans-aggregating FM domain that face the lumen of the secretory pathway . In the presence of the disaggregating drug these proteins transit the secretory pathway . When the drug is removed these proteins form electron-dense plaqu...	Most plant and animal cells contain an organelle known as the Golgi apparatus , which consists of a series of four to six stacked cisternae . Almost all the proteins that are secreted from the cell , or targeted to its plasma membrane , transit through the Golgi . This process takes roughly 5–20 min . Although transpor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Stapled Golgi cisternae remain in place as cargo passes through the stack
Planar cell polarity ( PCP ) requires the asymmetric sorting of distinct signaling receptors to distal and proximal surfaces of polarized epithelial cells . We have examined the transport of one PCP signaling protein , Vangl2 , from the trans Golgi network ( TGN ) in mammalian cells . Using siRNA knockdown experiments ...	Most cells in multicellular organisms possess a property known as polarity that is reflected , in part , in the organization of the cell surface into distinct domains . One well-known axis in epithelial cells , such as those in the skin , divides the cell into an apical domain , which faces out , and a basal domain , w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	A novel GTP-binding protein–adaptor protein complex responsible for export of Vangl2 from the trans Golgi network
Genome-encoded microRNAs ( miRNAs ) provide a posttranscriptional regulatory layer that controls the differentiation and function of various cellular systems , including hematopoietic cells . miR-142 is one of the most prevalently expressed miRNAs within the hematopoietic lineage . To address the in vivo functions of m...	DNA carries all the information needed for life . This includes the codes required for making proteins , as well as instructions on when , where , and how much of these proteins need to be produced . There are a number of ways by which cells control protein manufacturing , one of which is based on small RNAs called mic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	miR-142 orchestrates a network of actin cytoskeleton regulators during megakaryopoiesis
The Nef protein of HIV-1 downregulates the cell surface co-receptor CD4 by hijacking the clathrin adaptor complex AP-2 . The structural basis for the hijacking of AP-2 by Nef is revealed by a 2 . 9 Å crystal structure of Nef bound to the α and σ2 subunits of AP-2 . Nef binds to AP-2 via its central loop ( residues 149–...	Infection by a pathogen , such as a bacterium or virus , activates both the innate immune response—which is immediate but not specific to the pathogen—and the adaptive immune response , which is stronger and specific to the pathogen . White blood cells called CD4+ T helper cells play an important role in the early stag...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	How HIV-1 Nef hijacks the AP-2 clathrin adaptor to downregulate CD4
Increased expression of Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule ( Dscam ) is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain disorders such as Down syndrome ( DS ) and fragile X syndrome ( FXS ) . Here , we show that the cellular defects caused by dysregulated Dscam levels can be ameliorated by genetic and pharmacological inhibit...	Information is transmitted through the brain by cells called neurons , which are connected into specific circuits and networks . As the brain develops , several different signaling molecules control how the connections between neurons develop . If these signals occur at the wrong time or wrong place , or in the wrong a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Dysregulated Dscam levels act through Abelson tyrosine kinase to enlarge presynaptic arbors
The development and morphology of vascular plants is critically determined by synthesis and proper distribution of the phytohormone auxin . The directed cell-to-cell distribution of auxin is achieved through a system of auxin influx and efflux transporters . PIN-FORMED ( PIN ) proteins are proposed auxin efflux transpo...	In plants , a hormone called auxin controls the growth of the stems and roots . This chemical is transported from cell to cell , and its flow though the plant is redirected continuously as the plant is developing . Auxin is pumped out of cells by proteins in the cell membrane called ‘auxin efflux carriers’ . These prot...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2014	Auxin efflux by PIN-FORMED proteins is activated by two different protein kinases, D6 PROTEIN KINASE and PINOID
Mitochondrial deficits in energy production cause untreatable and fatal pathologies known as mitochondrial disease ( MD ) . Central nervous system affectation is critical in Leigh Syndrome ( LS ) , a common MD presentation , leading to motor and respiratory deficits , seizures and premature death . However , only speci...	Mitochondria are often described as the power plants of cells because they generate most of the energy that a cell needs to survive . But one in every 5 , 000 children is born with a mutation that leads to faulty mitochondria , which generate less energy than their healthy counterparts . This is particularly problemati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Defined neuronal populations drive fatal phenotype in a mouse model of Leigh syndrome
In the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans , sex can benefit its pathogenicity through production of meiospores , which are believed to offer both physical and meiosis-created lineage advantages for its infections . Cryptococcus sporulation occurs following two parallel events , meiosis and differentiation of...	Many microbes that cause disease form spores to survive during and between infections . These include the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans , which is the leading cause of fungal meningitis worldwide . This fungus produces spores via sexual reproduction , meaning the genes from two living strains of the fungi combine to c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Genetic basis for coordination of meiosis and sexual structure maturation in Cryptococcus neoformans
Visual predators rely on fast-acting optokinetic responses to track and capture agile prey . Most toothed whales , however , rely on echolocation for hunting and have converged on biosonar clicking rates reaching 500/s during prey pursuits . If echoes are processed on a click-by-click basis , as assumed , neural respon...	In the animal world , split-second decisions determine whether a predator eats , or its prey survives . There is a strong evolutionary advantage to fast reacting brains and bodies . For example , the eye muscles of hunting cheetahs must lock on to a gazelle and keep track of it , no matter how quickly or unpredictably ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2021	Echolocating toothed whales use ultra-fast echo-kinetic responses to track evasive prey
The function of microtubules relies on their ability to switch between phases of growth and shrinkage . A nucleotide-dependent stabilising cap at microtubule ends is thought to be lost before this switch can occur; however , the nature and size of this protective cap are unknown . Using a microfluidics-assisted multi-c...	Much like the skeleton supports the human body , a structure called the cytoskeleton provides support and structure to cells . Part of this cytoskeleton is made up of small tubes called microtubules that – unlike bones – can shrink and grow very quickly . This allows the cell to change shape , move and split into two n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	The size of the EB cap determines instantaneous microtubule stability
We generated a library of ~1000 Drosophila stocks in which we inserted a construct in the intron of genes allowing expression of GAL4 under control of endogenous promoters while arresting transcription with a polyadenylation signal 3’ of the GAL4 . This allows numerous applications . First , ~90% of insertions in essen...	Determining what role newly discovered genes play in the body is an important part of genetics . This task requires a lot of extra information about each gene , such as the specific cells where the gene is active , or what happens when the gene is deleted . To answer these questions , researchers need tools and methods...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2018	A gene-specific T2A-GAL4 library for Drosophila
Flatworms number among the most diverse invertebrate phyla and represent the most biomedically significant branch of the major bilaterian clade Spiralia , but to date , deep evolutionary relationships within this group have been studied using only a single locus ( the rRNA operon ) , leaving the origins of many key cla...	Flatworms are relatively simple invertebrates with soft bodies . They can be found living in nearly every aquatic environment on the planet , are well-known for their ability to regenerate , and some species live as parasites in humans and other animals . Studies of the physical characteristics of flatworms have provid...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Nuclear genomic signals of the ‘microturbellarian’ roots of platyhelminth evolutionary innovation
Lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) has agonist activity at various serotonin ( 5-HT ) and dopamine receptors . Despite the therapeutic and scientific interest in LSD , specific receptor contributions to its neurobiological effects remain unknown . We therefore conducted a double-blind , randomized , counterbalanced , c...	The psychedelic drug LSD alters thinking and perception . Users can experience hallucinations , in which they , for example , see things that are not there . Colors , sounds and objects can appear distorted , and time can seem to speed up or slow down . These changes bear some resemblance to the changes in thinking and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Changes in global and thalamic brain connectivity in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness are attributable to the 5-HT2A receptor
Understanding the fate of exogenous cells after implantation is important for clinical applications . Preclinical studies allow imaging of cell location and survival . Labelling with nanoparticles enables high sensitivity detection , but cell division and cell death cause signal dilution and false positives . By contra...	Many scientists are studying the possibility of using human cells to treat diseases . For example , using stem cells to regenerate damaged body parts or genetically engineered immune cells to destroy cancer . Scientists need new tools to track what happens to these cells once they have been injected into a laboratory a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "tools", "and", "resources", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	Multimodal cell tracking from systemic administration to tumour growth by combining gold nanorods and reporter genes
Acquisition of pluripotency is driven largely at the transcriptional level by activators OCT4 , SOX2 , and NANOG that must in turn cooperate with diverse coactivators to execute stem cell-specific gene expression programs . Using a biochemically defined in vitro transcription system that mediates OCT4/SOX2 and coactiva...	The stem cells found in an embryo are able to develop into any of the cell types found in the body of the animal: an ability called pluripotency . When a cell becomes a specialized cell type , such as a nerve cell or a muscle cell , it loses this ability . However , mature cells can be reprogrammed back to a pluripoten...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	The dyskerin ribonucleoprotein complex as an OCT4/SOX2 coactivator in embryonic stem cells
Gene expression is precisely regulated during the inflammatory response to control infection and limit the detrimental effects of inflammation . Here , we profiled global mRNA translation dynamics in the mouse primary macrophage-mediated inflammatory response and identified hundreds of differentially translated mRNAs ....	DNA sequences called genes produce RNA molecules , some of which ( the “messenger RNAs” ) go on to be ‘translated’ to make proteins . This gene activity enables cells to react to their surroundings . For example , immune cells called macrophages produce hundreds of RNA molecules and proteins as part of an inflammatory ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	Translation repression via modulation of the cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein in the inflammatory response
Mutational activation of the BRAF proto-oncogene in melanocytes reliably produces benign nevi ( pigmented ‘moles’ ) , yet the same change is the most common driver mutation in melanoma . The reason nevi stop growing , and do not progress to melanoma , is widely attributed to a cell-autonomous process of ‘oncogene-induc...	Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells found throughout the skin . Mutations that activate a gene called BRAF cause these cells to divide and produce melanocytic nevi , also known as “moles” . These mutations are oncogenic , meaning they can cause cancer . Indeed , BRAF is the most commonly mutated gene in melanoma , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	Dynamics of nevus development implicate cell cooperation in the growth arrest of transformed melanocytes
Cancer poses danger because of its unregulated growth , development of resistance , and metastatic spread to vital organs . We currently lack quantitative theory for how preventive measures and post-diagnostic interventions are predicted to affect risks of a life threatening cancer . Here we evaluate how continuous mea...	About one person in every two will get cancer during their lives . Surgery and chemotherapy have long been mainstays of cancer treatment . Both , however , have substantial downsides . Surgery may leave behind undetected cancer cells that can grow into new tumours . Furthermore , in response to chemotherapy drugs , som...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Modeling", "framework", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Dynamics of preventive vs post-diagnostic cancer control using low-impact measures
Human sound localization is an important computation performed by the brain . Models of sound localization commonly assume that sound lateralization from interaural time differences is level invariant . Here we observe that two prevalent theories of sound localization make opposing predictions . The labelled-line model...	Being able to localize sounds helps us make sense of the world around us . The brain works out sound direction by comparing the times of when sound reaches the left versus the right ear . This cue is known as interaural time difference , or ITD for short . But how exactly the brain decodes this information is still unk...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Population rate-coding predicts correctly that human sound localization depends on sound intensity
We dissected the importance of human telomerase biogenesis and trafficking pathways for telomere maintenance . Biological stability of human telomerase RNA ( hTR ) relies on H/ACA proteins , but other eukaryotes use other RNP assembly pathways . To investigate additional rationale for human telomerase assembly as H/ACA...	Most cells in the human body can only divide a certain number of times before they die . This is because regions called telomeres at the ends of the cell’s DNA get shorter every time the cell divides , to the point that they disappear and halt cell growth . Particular types of cells – including some stem cells and canc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2016	Minimized human telomerase maintains telomeres and resolves endogenous roles of H/ACA proteins, TCAB1, and Cajal bodies
Zika virus was discovered in Uganda in 1947 and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes , which also act as vectors for dengue and chikungunya viruses throughout much of the tropical world . In 2007 , an outbreak in the Federated States of Micronesia sparked public health concern . In 2013 , the virus began to spread across...	Zika virus is transmitted between humans by mosquitoes . The majority of infections cause mild flu-like symptoms , but neurological complications in adults and infants have been found in recent outbreaks . Although it was discovered in Uganda in 1947 , Zika only caused sporadic infections in humans until 2007 , when it...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Mapping global environmental suitability for Zika virus
Event-related potentials ( ERPs ) are widely used in both healthy and neuropsychiatric conditions as physiological indices of cognitive functions . Contrary to the common belief that cognitive ERPs are generated by local activity within the cerebral cortex , here we show that an attention-related ERP in the frontal cor...	The vertebrate nervous system coordinates an animal’s involuntary and voluntary actions , and is responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body . Two different cell types , glial cells and neurons , make up the nervous system: glial cells play a metabolic or structural role , whereas neurons a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	A frontal cortex event-related potential driven by the basal forebrain
Transcriptome and genome data from twenty stony coral species and a selection of reference bilaterians were studied to elucidate coral evolutionary history . We identified genes that encode the proteins responsible for the precipitation and aggregation of the aragonite skeleton on which the organisms live , and reveale...	For millions of years , reef-building stony corals have created extensive habitats for numerous marine plants and animals in shallow tropical seas . Stony corals consist of many small , tentacled animals called polyps . These polyps secrete a mineral called aragonite to create the reef – an external ‘skeleton’ that sup...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2016	Comparative genomics explains the evolutionary success of reef-forming corals
Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake , a process crucial for bioenergetics and Ca2+ signaling , is catalyzed by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter . The uniporter is a multi-subunit Ca2+-activated Ca2+ channel , with the Ca2+ pore formed by the MCU protein and Ca2+-dependent activation mediated by MICU subunits . Recently , a mi...	Like all power plants , mitochondria – the compartments inside our cells that supply energy – must adjust their energy output to match fluctuations in demand . Inside cells , the levels of calcium ions in the cytoplasm often signal such demands . Mitochondria therefore control their calcium ion levels with tightly regu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	Dual functions of a small regulatory subunit in the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex
Missense mutations in ATM kinase , a master regulator of DNA damage responses , are found in many cancers , but their impact on ATM function and implications for cancer therapy are largely unknown . Here we report that 72% of cancer-associated ATM mutations are missense mutations that are enriched around the kinase dom...	Cancer is a genetic disease . To remain healthy , therefore , it is essential that cells do not accrue too many dangerous mutations in their DNA that allow cancers to grow and develop . An enzyme called ATM helps to do just that . DNA damage activates ATM , which , in turn , adds phosphate groups to other proteins . Th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Kinase-dead ATM protein is highly oncogenic and can be preferentially targeted by Topo-isomerase I inhibitors
The epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) , a member of the ENaC/DEG superfamily , regulates Na+ and water homeostasis . ENaCs assemble as heterotrimeric channels that harbor protease-sensitive domains critical for gating the channel . Here , we present the structure of human ENaC in the uncleaved state determined by sing...	The bodies of humans and other animals contain many different fluids that play vital roles in the body , such as blood , saliva and the fluids that surround cells in organs . These fluids all contain particles called ions , which can affect the flow of water into and out of cells and alter the activity of proteins . Th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Structure of the human epithelial sodium channel by cryo-electron microscopy
The bacterial flagellar motor , a cell-envelope-embedded macromolecular machine that functions as a cellular propeller , exhibits significant structural variability between species . Different torque-generating stator modules allow motors to operate in different pH , salt or viscosity levels . How such diversity evolve...	Bacteria are so small that for them , making their way through water is like swimming in roofing tar for us . In response , these organisms have evolved a molecular machine that helps them move in their environment . Named the bacterial flagellum , this complex assemblage of molecules is formed of three main parts: a m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "short", "report", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	The presence and absence of periplasmic rings in bacterial flagellar motors correlates with stator type
Memory dysfunction is a key symptom of age-related dementia . Although recent studies have suggested positive effects of electrical stimulation for memory enhancement , its potential targets remain largely unknown . In this study , we hypothesized that spatially targeted deep brain stimulation of ventromedial prefronta...	Memory loss in older people is a serious and widespread problem that affects up to 50% of those over the age of 85 . It is a key symptom of dementia , but despite the growing impact of this disease on society , there are no treatments currently available that can effectively stop or delay the progression of the symptom...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Ventromedial prefrontal cortex stimulation enhances memory and hippocampal neurogenesis in the middle-aged rats
Alteration of antibiotic binding sites through modification of ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) is a common form of resistance to ribosome-targeting antibiotics . The rRNA-modifying enzyme Cfr methylates an adenosine nucleotide within the peptidyl transferase center , resulting in the C-8 methylation of A2503 ( m8A2503 ) . Acqui...	Antibiotics treat or prevent infections by killing bacteria or slowing down their growth . A large proportion of these drugs do this by disrupting an essential piece of cellular machinery called the ribosome which the bacteria need to make proteins . However , over the course of the treatment , some bacteria may gain g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2022	Directed evolution of the rRNA methylating enzyme Cfr reveals molecular basis of antibiotic resistance
To persist in microbial communities , the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila must withstand competition from neighboring bacteria . Here , we find that L . pneumophila can antagonize the growth of other Legionella species using a secreted inhibitor: HGA ( homogentisic acid ) . Unexpectedly , L . pneumophila can ...	In the environment , bacteria frequently compete with each other for resources and space . These battles often involve the bacteria releasing toxins , antibiotics or other molecules that make it more difficult for their neighbors to grow . The bacteria also carry specific resistance genes that protect them from the eff...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Density-dependent resistance protects Legionella pneumophila from its own antimicrobial metabolite, HGA
The cullin-RING ligases ( CRLs ) form the major family of E3 ubiquitin ligases . The prototypic CRLs in yeast , called SCF enzymes , employ a single E2 enzyme , Cdc34 , to build poly-ubiquitin chains required for degradation . In contrast , six different human E2 and E3 enzyme activities , including Cdc34 orthologs UBE...	Proteins are the molecules that perform most of the tasks that keep cells alive , but often they need to be removed . If human cells lose control over protein degradation it can result in diseases such as cancer or neurodegenerative disorders . The enzymes responsible for tagging proteins for destruction are called ubi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Robust cullin-RING ligase function is established by a multiplicity of poly-ubiquitylation pathways
Tumor-initiating cells ( TIC ) are dynamic cancer cell subsets that display enhanced tumor functions and resilience to treatment but the mechanism of TIC induction or maintenance in lung cancer is not fully understood . In this study , we show the calcium pathway transcription factor NFATc2 is a novel regulator of lung...	Cancer develops when cells become faulty and start to grow uncontrollably . They eventually form lumps or tumors , which may spread to surrounding tissues or even to other areas in the body . One of the reasons why cancer treatment remains a challenge is that there are over 200 types of cells in the body , and there ar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	NFATc2 enhances tumor-initiating phenotypes through the NFATc2/SOX2/ALDH axis in lung adenocarcinoma
The replicative lifespan ( RLS ) of a cell—defined as the number of cell divisions before death—has informed our understanding of the mechanisms of cellular aging . However , little is known about aging and longevity in symmetrically dividing eukaryotic cells because most prior studies have used budding yeast for RLS s...	As the cells in our bodies age , their ability to carry out their normal processes also degrades . Ultimately , this causes tissues to deteriorate . How rapidly a cell ages depends on the genes encoded in its DNA , and can also be affected by certain drug treatments . Cells reproduce by dividing to form two new cells ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2017	An aging-independent replicative lifespan in a symmetrically dividing eukaryote
Whether retrieval still depends on the hippocampus as memories age or relies then on cortical areas remains a major controversy . Despite evidence for a functional segregation between CA1 , CA3 and parahippocampal areas , their specific role within this frame is unclear . Especially , the contribution of CA3 is questio...	There are two schools of thought about what role the hippocampus – a region of the brain – plays in memory . Some neuroscientists think that it is involved in retrieving all memories . Others believe that its contribution is restricted to the retrieval of recent memories , while a neighboring part of the brain called t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Imaging a memory trace over half a life-time in the medial temporal lobe reveals a time-limited role of CA3 neurons in retrieval
The actomyosin cytoskeleton is a primary force-generating mechanism in morphogenesis , thus a robust spatial control of cytoskeletal positioning is essential . In this report , we demonstrate that actomyosin contractility and planar cell polarity ( PCP ) interact in post-mitotic Ciona notochord cells to self-assemble a...	Animal cells can move , and cell movements are particularly important during the early stages of development , when the developing embryo rapidly changes shape . These movements depend on a network of fibers made up of a protein called actin . Just like an animal's skeleton , this network provides an internal scaffold ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Assembly and positioning of actomyosin rings by contractility and planar cell polarity
Voltage-gated potassium ( Kv ) channels enable potassium efflux and membrane repolarization in excitable tissues . Many Kv channels undergo a progressive loss of ion conductance in the presence of a prolonged voltage stimulus , termed slow inactivation , but the atomic determinants that regulate the kinetics of this pr...	Proteins are made from long chains of smaller molecules , called amino acids . These chains twist and bend into complex three-dimensional shapes , and sometimes two or more chains , or ‘subunits’ , are packed into a protein . These shapes are often held together by hydrogen bonds between some of the amino acids . Moreo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Hydrogen bonds as molecular timers for slow inactivation in voltage-gated potassium channels
Cerebral malaria ( CM ) can be classified as retinopathy-positive or retinopathy-negative , based on the presence or absence of characteristic retinal features . While malaria parasites are considered central to the pathogenesis of retinopathy-positive CM , their contribution to retinopathy-negative CM is largely unkno...	Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by a parasite that is transferred between people by infected mosquitoes . Most infected individuals suffer flu-like symptoms , but in rare cases malaria can affect the brain , resulting in brain damage , coma or death . The World Health Organization defines a person as suffe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2017	Evidence from a natural experiment that malaria parasitemia is pathogenic in retinopathy-negative cerebral malaria
Candida albicans hyphae can reach enormous lengths , precluding their internalization by phagocytes . Nevertheless , macrophages engulf a portion of the hypha , generating incompletely sealed tubular phagosomes . These frustrated phagosomes are stabilized by a thick cuff of F-actin that polymerizes in response to non-c...	Billions of microorganisms live on , and in , the human body . Known as the human microbiome , most of these microscopic hitchhikers are harmless . But , for people with a compromised immune system , common species can sometimes cause disease . For example , the yeast Candida albicans , which colonises between 30 and 7...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Integrin-based diffusion barrier separates membrane domains enabling the formation of microbiostatic frustrated phagosomes
In social groups , infections have the potential to spread rapidly and cause disease outbreaks . Here , we show that in a social insect , the ant Lasius neglectus , the negative consequences of fungal infections ( Metarhizium brunneum ) can be mitigated by employing an efficient multicomponent behaviour , termed destru...	Ants live in crowded societies where disease can spread rapidly and take a heavy toll on the community . Ants have a number of ways to prevent these outbreaks before they become a problem . Like many other social species , they practice good hygiene and groom nest mates that have picked up a pathogen , which helps them...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies
The populations of light-demanding trees that dominate the canopy of central African forests are now aging . Here , we show that the lack of regeneration of these populations began ca . 165 ya ( around 1850 ) after major anthropogenic disturbances ceased . Since 1885 , less itinerancy and disturbance in the forest has ...	The world’s forests contain trillions of trees . Some of those trees require more light than others to mature , and certain species can only grow to reach the forest canopy if they have access to sunlight throughout their whole life . Central Africa is home to the second largest tropical rainforest in the world . Previ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "plant", "biology" ]	2017	Present-day central African forest is a legacy of the 19th century human history
Long distance transport in plants occurs in sieve tubes of the phloem . The pressure flow hypothesis introduced by Ernst Münch in 1930 describes a mechanism of osmotically generated pressure differentials that are supposed to drive the movement of sugars and other solutes in the phloem , but this hypothesis has long fa...	Plants use energy from sunlight to make sugars in a process called photosynthesis . Most photosynthesis takes place in the leaves and so much of the sugar needs to be transported to other parts of the plant , such as fruits or roots . The sugars are transported by phloem tubes , which form a system that spans the entir...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2016	Testing the Münch hypothesis of long distance phloem transport in plants
Three amino acid loop extension homeodomain transcription factors ( TALE HD TFs ) act as life cycle regulators in green algae and land plants . In mosses these regulators are required for the deployment of the sporophyte developmental program . We demonstrate that mutations in either of two TALE HD TF genes , OUROBOROS...	Brown algae and land plants are two groups of multicellular organisms that have been evolving independently for over a billion years . Their last common ancestor is thought to have existed as a single cell; then , complex multicellular organisms would have appeared separately in each lineage . Comparing brown algae and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2019	Convergent recruitment of TALE homeodomain life cycle regulators to direct sporophyte development in land plants and brown algae
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors ( NMDA-Rs ) are ion channels that are important for synaptic plasticity , which is involved in learning and drug addiction . We show enzymatic targeting of an NMDA-R antagonist , MK801 , to a molecularly defined neuronal population with the cell-type-selectivity of genetic methods and the...	Learning is critical to survival for humans and other animals . The learning process is regulated by receptors on the surface of brain cells called N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors ( or NMDA receptors for short ) . These receptors help to strengthen signals between brain cells , which allows a new concept or action to be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Cell type-specific pharmacology of NMDA receptors using masked MK801
Cardiac pumping depends on the morphological structure of the heart , but also on its subcellular ( ultrastructural ) architecture , which enables cardiac contraction . In cases of congenital heart defects , localized ultrastructural disruptions that increase the risk of heart failure are only starting to be discovered...	The heart is our hardest-working organ and beats around 100 , 000 times a day , pumping blood through a vast system of vessels to all areas of the body . Specialized heart cells make the heart contract rhythmically , enabling it to work efficiently . Contractile molecules inside these cells , called myofibrils , align ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	Multiscale cardiac imaging spanning the whole heart and its internal cellular architecture in a small animal model
We performed a genetic analysis of sRNA abundance in flag leaf from an immortalized F2 ( IMF2 ) population in rice . We identified 53 , 613 , 739 unique sRNAs and 165 , 797 sRNA expression traits ( s-traits ) . A total of 66 , 649 s-traits mapped 40 , 049 local-sQTLs and 30 , 809 distant-sQTLs . By defining 80 , 362 sR...	Genes within the DNA of a plant or animal contain instructions to make molecules called RNAs . Some RNA molecules can be decoded to make proteins , whereas others have different roles . A single gene often contains the instructions to make both protein-coding RNAs and non-coding RNAs . Molecules called small RNAs ( or ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Genetic basis of sRNA quantitative variation analyzed using an experimental population derived from an elite rice hybrid
Understanding the initiation and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma ( PDAC ) may provide therapeutic strategies for this deadly disease . Recently , we and others made the surprising finding that PDAC and its preinvasive precursors , pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia ( PanIN ) , arise via reprogramming ...	Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal forms of cancer , with fewer than 20% of people surviving for longer than twelve months after diagnosis . Two types of genetic mutation play important roles in pancreatic cancer . First , genes called oncogenes can be activated by mutations to drive unscheduled cell division ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2015	The acinar differentiation determinant PTF1A inhibits initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Possible options in a decision often organize as a hierarchy of subdecisions . A recent study concluded that perceptual processes in primates mimic this hierarchical structure and perform subdecisions in parallel . We argue that a flat model that directly selects between final choices accounts more parsimoniously for t...	Should you go for coffee with Jules , or go to the movie theater with Jim ? Both options require you to make additional decisions , for example , which café would you go to , or what movie could you see ? Many of our day-to-day decisions have multiple layers of sub-decisions embedded within them that are not necessaril...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Breaking down hierarchies of decision-making in primates
‘Normal’ genomic DNA contains hundreds of mismatches that are generated daily by the spontaneous deamination of C ( U/G ) and methyl-C ( T/G ) . Thus , a mutagenic effect of their repair could constitute a serious genetic burden . We show here that while mismatches introduced into human cells on an SV40-based episome w...	The inherent chemical instability of the four bases that are found in DNA leads to our genetic material being damaged on a daily basis . The sequence of these bases codes the genetic instructions necessary for all cellular functions , so damaged bases must be efficiently recognized and accurately repaired . The base ex...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA
Channelrhodopsin-2 ( ChR2 ) has quickly gained popularity as a powerful tool for eliciting genetically targeted neuronal activation . However , little has been reported on the response kinetics of optogenetic stimulation across different neuronal subtypes . With excess stimulation , neurons can be driven into depolariz...	The brain is a highly complex structure composed of trillions of interconnecting nerve cells . The pattern of connections between these cells gives rise to the various brain circuits that govern how the brain functions . Understanding how the brain is wired together is important for determining how ‘faulty circuits’ co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Cell type-specific and time-dependent light exposure contribute to silencing in neurons expressing Channelrhodopsin-2
The mechanisms that maintain the functional heterogeneity of stem cells , which generates diverse differentiated cell types required for organogenesis , are not understood . In this study , we report that Trithorax ( Trx ) actively maintains the heterogeneity of neural stem cells ( neuroblasts ) in the developing Droso...	Whereas the majority of cells in the brain are unable to divide to produce new cells , neural stem cells can divide numerous times and have the potential to become many different types of brain cells . However , between these two extremes there is another group of cells called neural progenitors . These cells can give ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2014	Trithorax maintains the functional heterogeneity of neural stem cells through the transcription factor Buttonhead
Innovations in metazoan development arise from evolutionary modification of gene regulatory networks ( GRNs ) . We report widespread cryptic variation in the requirement for two key regulatory inputs , SKN-1/Nrf2 and MOM-2/Wnt , into the C . elegans endoderm GRN . While some natural isolates show a nearly absolute requ...	Two people with the same disease , or who inherit the same genetic mutation , often show different symptoms or respond to medical treatments in different ways . This is because many traits are not the result of a single gene , but of several genes interacting with each other in complex ways to form networks that lead t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	Extensive intraspecies cryptic variation in an ancient embryonic gene regulatory network
In the retina , synaptic transmission between photoreceptors and downstream ON-bipolar neurons ( ON-BCs ) is mediated by a GPCR pathway , which plays an essential role in vision . However , the mechanisms that control signal transmission at this synapse and its relevance to behavior remain poorly understood . In this s...	At the back of the eye , a structure called the retina contains several types of cell that convert light into the electrical signals that the brain interprets to produce vision . Cells called rods and cones detect the light , and then signal to other neurons in the retina that relay this information to the brain . Rods...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Sensitivity and kinetics of signal transmission at the first visual synapse differentially impact visually-guided behavior
Dendritic and axonal arbors of many neuronal types exhibit self-avoidance , in which branches repel each other . In some cases , these neurites interact with those of neighboring neurons , a phenomenon called self/non-self discrimination . The functional roles of these processes remain unknown . In this study , we used...	Nerve cells ( or neurons ) connect to one another to form circuits that control the animal's behavior . Typically , each neuron receives signals from other cells via branch-like structures called dendrites . Each specific type of neuron has a characteristic pattern of branched dendrites , which is different from the pa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Protocadherin-dependent dendritic self-avoidance regulates neural connectivity and circuit function
Transcription factors ( TFs ) operate by the combined activity of their DNA-binding domains ( DBDs ) and effector domains ( EDs ) enabling the coordination of gene expression on a genomic scale . Here we show that in vivo delivery of an engineered DNA-binding protein uncoupled from the repressor domain can produce effi...	Proteins called transcription factors bind to sections of DNA known as regulatory elements to activate or deactivate nearby genes . In animals , transcription factors typically have two sections: a “DNA-binding domain” that attaches to DNA , and an “effector domain” that is responsible for interacting with other protei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Rhodopsin targeted transcriptional silencing by DNA-binding
A longstanding question is how influenza virus evolves to escape human immunity , which is polyclonal and can target many distinct epitopes . Here , we map how all amino-acid mutations to influenza’s major surface protein affect viral neutralization by polyclonal human sera . The serum of some individuals is so focused...	The human immune system protects the body from repeat attacks by remembering past infections . However , a typical person comes down with the flu every five to seven years . This is because flu viruses rapidly evolve to bypass our defenses . So , after a few years , the viruses look so different that the immune system ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Mapping person-to-person variation in viral mutations that escape polyclonal serum targeting influenza hemagglutinin
Infection and tissue damage induces assembly of supramolecular organizing centres ( SMOCs ) ) , such as the Toll-like receptor ( TLR ) MyDDosome , to co-ordinate inflammatory signaling . SMOC assembly is thought to drive digital all-or-none responses , yet TLR activation by diverse microbes induces anything from mild t...	Cells in the immune system have proteins at their surface that detect molecules produced by invading microbes . One of these proteins is Toll-like receptor 4 , TLR4 for short . Once TLR4 is activated , the immune cells form MyDDosomes – intricate complexes made of many different proteins . These structures form a signa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	Activation of Toll-like receptors nucleates assembly of the MyDDosome signaling hub
The rodent olfactory bulb incorporates thousands of newly generated inhibitory neurons daily throughout adulthood , but the role of adult neurogenesis in olfactory processing is not fully understood . Here we adopted a genetic method to inducibly suppress adult neurogenesis and investigated its effect on behavior and b...	Most brain cells or neurons form early in life . Yet , in some parts of the brain , new neurons develop throughout adulthood , in a process called adult neurogenesis . These new neurons are incorporated into existing brain circuits and likely help the brain process information . In rodents , adult neurogenesis produces...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Adult-born neurons facilitate olfactory bulb pattern separation during task engagement
The role of mechanical signals in cell identity determination remains poorly explored in tissues . Furthermore , because mechanical stress is widespread , mechanical signals are difficult to uncouple from biochemical-based transduction pathways . Here we focus on the homeobox gene SHOOT MERISTEMLESS ( STM ) , a master ...	The bending , stretching or squashing of cells or tissues can be used as a signal to trigger a range of biological responses . However investigating the role of these mechanical signals remains a challenge . This is partly because the forces that trigger the mechanical signals are often short-lived and changeable , and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Mechanical stress contributes to the expression of the STM homeobox gene in Arabidopsis shoot meristems
Recent studies demonstrated that mutations in B3GNT1 , an enzyme proposed to be involved in poly-N-acetyllactosamine synthesis , were causal for congenital muscular dystrophy with hypoglycosylation of α-dystroglycan ( secondary dystroglycanopathies ) . Since defects in the O-mannosylation protein glycosylation pathway ...	Dystroglycan is a protein that is essential for muscles to function correctly , and helps to connect the interior framework of muscle cells with the external matrix of molecules that hold the cells together in the tissue . As is the case for many proteins , dystroglycan must have particular carbohydrate molecules joine...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	B4GAT1 is the priming enzyme for the LARGE-dependent functional glycosylation of α-dystroglycan
Cardiac progenitor cells ( CPCs ) must control their number and fate to sustain the rapid heart growth during development , yet the intrinsic factors and environment governing these processes remain unclear . Here , we show that deletion of the ancient cell-fate regulator Numb ( Nb ) and its homologue Numblike ( Nbl ) ...	Human embryos contain cells called ‘cardiac progenitor cells’ that serve as the building blocks to make the heart . Cardiac progenitor cells , or CPCs for short , initially move into areas of the embryo called the first and second heart fields , and then undergo a change to become specific types of heart cells: such as...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	Precardiac deletion of Numb and Numblike reveals renewal of cardiac progenitors
The Drosophila genome contains >13000 protein-coding genes , the majority of which remain poorly investigated . Important reasons include the lack of antibodies or reporter constructs to visualise these proteins . Here , we present a genome-wide fosmid library of 10000 GFP-tagged clones , comprising tagged genes and mo...	The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a popular model organism in biological research . Studies using Drosophila have led to important insights into human biology , because related proteins often fulfil similar roles in flies and humans . Thus , studying the role of a protein in Drosophila can teach us about what it...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2016	A genome-wide resource for the analysis of protein localisation in Drosophila
Human speech is one of the few examples of vocal learning among mammals yet ~half of avian species exhibit this ability . Its neurogenetic basis is largely unknown beyond a shared requirement for FoxP2 in both humans and zebra finches . We manipulated FoxP2 isoforms in Area X , a song-specific region of the avian stria...	Songbirds , much like in humans , have a critical period in youth when they are best at learning vocal communication skills . In birds , this is when they learn a song they will use later in life as a courtship song . In humans , this is when language skills are most easily learned . After this critical period ends , i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	FoxP2 isoforms delineate spatiotemporal transcriptional networks for vocal learning in the zebra finch
Protective signaling from the leukemia microenvironment leads to leukemia cell persistence , development of resistance , and disease relapse . Here , we demonstrate that fibroblast growth factor 2 ( FGF2 ) from bone marrow stromal cells is secreted in exosomes , which are subsequently endocytosed by leukemia cells , an...	Leukemias are cancers of white blood cells . The cells grow and divide rapidly , often because of mutations in proteins called kinases . Since the kinase mutations do not occur in healthy cells , they provide a good target for anti-leukemia drugs . Several such kinase inhibitors are effective at treating leukemia patie...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "research", "communication", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	FGF2-FGFR1 signaling regulates release of Leukemia-Protective exosomes from bone marrow stromal cells
To build the spindle at mitosis , motors exert spatially regulated forces on microtubules . We know that dynein pulls on mammalian spindle microtubule minus-ends , and this localized activity at ends is predicted to allow dynein to cluster microtubules into poles . How dynein becomes enriched at minus-ends is not known...	Every time a cell divides , it needs to duplicate its DNA and evenly distribute it between the two new ‘daughter’ cells . To move and distribute DNA , the cell builds a large machine called a spindle , which is made of stiff cables called microtubules . Many proteins , including a motor called dynein , help to organize...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	NuMA recruits dynein activity to microtubule minus-ends at mitosis
Although molecular recognition is crucial for cellular signaling , mechanistic studies have relied primarily on ensemble measures that average over and thereby obscure underlying steps . Single-molecule observations that resolve these steps are lacking due to diffraction-limited resolution of single fluorophores at rel...	Certain cells in the heart and brain show rhythmic bursts of electrical activity . Such electrical activity is a caused by ions moving in or out of the cells though a number of ion channel proteins in the cell surface membrane . The voltage across this cell membrane regulates the activity of these so-called pacemaking ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Accession", "numbers" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Structure and dynamics underlying elementary ligand binding events in human pacemaking channels
The Ca2+-sensor synaptotagmin-1 that triggers neuronal exocytosis binds to negatively charged membrane lipids ( mainly phosphatidylserine ( PtdSer ) and phosphoinositides ( PtdIns ) ) but the molecular details of this process are not fully understood . Using quantitative thermodynamic , kinetic and structural methods ,...	The human nervous system contains billions of neurons that communicate with each other across junctions called synapses . When a neuron is activated , the levels of calcium ions inside the cell rise . This causes molecules called neurotransmitters to be released from the neuron at a synapse to make contact with the sec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2016	PtdInsP2 and PtdSer cooperate to trap synaptotagmin-1 to the plasma membrane in the presence of calcium
Red blood cells ( RBC ) must coordinate their rate of growth and proliferation with the availability of nutrients , such as iron , but the signaling mechanisms that link the nutritional state to RBC growth are incompletely understood . We performed a screen for cell types that have high levels of signaling through mTOR...	To multiply and grow , cells need to create more of the molecules—such as proteins—that make up their structure . This only happens if the cell has a good supply of the nutrients used to build the proteins . Red blood cells are particularly sensitive to the supply of nutrients , especially iron , which is a key compone...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	A critical role for mTORC1 in erythropoiesis and anemia
During land plant evolution , determinate spore-bearing axes ( retained in extant bryophytes such as mosses ) were progressively transformed into indeterminate branching shoots with specialized reproductive axes that form flowers . The LEAFY transcription factor , which is required for the first zygotic cell division i...	The first plants colonized land around 500 million years ago . These plants had simple shoots with no branches , similar to the mosses that live today . Later on , some plants evolved more complex structures including branched shoots and flowers ( collectively known as the “flowering plants” ) . Ferns are a group of pl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2018	LEAFY maintains apical stem cell activity during shoot development in the fern Ceratopteris richardii
Longevity mechanisms increase lifespan by counteracting the effects of aging . However , whether longevity mechanisms counteract the effects of aging continually throughout life , or whether they act during specific periods of life , preventing changes that precede mortality is unclear . Here , we uncover transcription...	All organisms age , leading to gradual declines in the body’s systems and eventually death . How certain genetic mutations and drugs delay the effects of aging and promote survival to an older age is a question many researchers are exploring . One way this problem is investigated is by looking at how the activity – or ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Suppression of transcriptional drift extends C. elegans lifespan by postponing the onset of mortality
Distinct anatomical and spectral channels are thought to play specialized roles in the communication within cortical networks . While activity in the alpha and beta frequency range ( 7 – 40 Hz ) is thought to predominantly originate from infragranular cortical layers conveying feedback-related information , activity in...	As we interact with the world around us , signals flow from neuron to neuron and from one brain area to the next . When we look at an object , for example , signals pass along a pathway of areas in the outermost part of the brain , called the cortex . Each area along this visual pathway performs more complex processing...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Lamina-specific cortical dynamics in human visual and sensorimotor cortices
Master regulatory genes of tissue specification play key roles in stem/progenitor cells and are often important in cancer . In the prostate , androgen receptor ( AR ) is a master regulator essential for development and tumorigenesis , but its specific functions in prostate stem/progenitor cells have not been elucidated...	Most prostate tumors rely on male hormones – called androgens – to survive . Aggressive prostate cancer is often treated with drugs that block androgens , which usually cause the prostate tumors to shrink . One class of the drugs works by binding to and inactivating the androgen receptor protein on prostate cancer cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	Differential requirements of androgen receptor in luminal progenitors during prostate regeneration and tumor initiation
Lysosomes are classically viewed as vesicular structures to which cargos are delivered for degradation . Here , we identify a network of dynamic , tubular lysosomes that extends throughout Drosophila muscle , in vivo . Live imaging reveals that autophagosomes merge with tubular lysosomes and that lysosomal membranes un...	Mutations in a gene that produces a protein called Valosin-containing protein ( VCP for short ) causes degenerative diseases that affect the brain , muscle and bone . In nearly half of the individuals with these VCP-related diseases—which can also result in dementia , Paget's disease of the bone and amyotrophic lateral...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	VCP-dependent muscle degeneration is linked to defects in a dynamic tubular lysosomal network in vivo
Bicoid ( Bcd ) protein distributes in a concentration gradient that organizes the anterior/posterior axis of the Drosophila embryo . It has been understood that bcd RNA is sequestered at the anterior pole during oogenesis , is not translated until fertilization , and produces a protein gradient that functions in the sy...	As an embryo develops , a single cell transforms into a collection of different types of cells . One protein that is crucial for this process in fruit fly embryos is Bicoid . Thirty years ago , scientists discovered that Bicoid protein is concentrated at the head end of the embryo and gradually decreases in amount towa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Bicoid gradient formation and function in the Drosophila pre-syncytial blastoderm
Myogenesis is an evolutionarily conserved process . Little known , however , is how the morphology of each muscle is determined , such that movements relying upon contraction of many muscles are both precise and coordinated . Each Drosophila larval muscle is a single multinucleated fibre whose morphology reflects expre...	Each muscle in the body has a unique size , shape and set of attachment points . Animals need all of their muscles to have the correct identity to help maintain posture and control movement . A specific set of proteins , called transcription factors , co-ordinate and regulate gene activity in cells so that each muscle ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Intrinsic control of muscle attachment sites matching
In complex biological systems , simple individual-level behavioral rules can give rise to emergent group-level behavior . While collective behavior has been well studied in cells and larger organisms , the mesoscopic scale is less understood , as it is unclear which sensory inputs and physical processes matter a priori...	Anyone who has watched a flock of birds maneuver through the sky has probably wondered how so many animals coordinate their movements . Often , these seemingly complex group behaviors can be explained by a few simple rules that govern the behavior of the individuals in the group . For example , if each bird flies and r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2019	Shared behavioral mechanisms underlie C. elegans aggregation and swarming
The quality of visual information that is available to an animal is limited by the size of its eyes . Differences in eye size can be observed even between closely related individuals , yet we understand little about how this affects vision . Insects are good models for exploring the effects of size on visual systems be...	Bees fly through complex environments in search of nectar from flowers . They are aided in this quest by excellent eyesight . Scientists have extensively studied the eyesight of honeybees to learn more about how such tiny eyes work and how they process and learn visual information . Less is known about the honeybee’s l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Bumblebee visual allometry results in locally improved resolution and globally improved sensitivity
Brain development relies on an interplay between genetic specification and self-organization . Striking examples of this relationship can be found in the somatosensory brainstem , thalamus , and cortex of rats and mice , where the arrangement of the facial whiskers is preserved in the arrangement of cell aggregates to ...	How does the brain wire itself up ? One possibility is that a precise genetic blueprint tells every brain cell explicitly how it should be connected to other cells . Another option is that complex patterns emerge from relatively simple interactions between growing cells , which are more loosely controlled by genetic in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "short", "report", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2020	Modelling the emergence of whisker barrels
The majority of mitochondrial proteins are targeted to mitochondria by N-terminal presequences and use the TIM23 complex for their translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane . During import , translocation through the channel in the inner membrane is coupled to the ATP-dependent action of an Hsp70-based impo...	Human , yeast and other eukaryotic cells contain compartments called mitochondria . These compartments are surrounded by two membranes and are most famous for their essential role in supplying the cell with energy . While mitochondria can make a few of their own proteins , the vast majority of mitochondrial proteins ar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Protein translocation channel of mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix-exposed import motor communicate via two-domain coupling protein
Automated detection of complex animal behaviors remains a challenging problem in neuroscience , particularly for behaviors that consist of disparate sequential motions . Grooming is a prototypical stereotyped behavior that is often used as an endophenotype in psychiatric genetics . Here , we used mouse grooming behavio...	Behavior is one of the ultimate and most complex outputs of the body’s central nervous system , which controls movement , emotion and mood . It is also influenced by a person’s genetics . Scientists studying the link between behavior and genetics often conduct experiments using animals , whose actions can be more easil...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Action detection using a neural network elucidates the genetics of mouse grooming behavior
RasGRPs are guanine nucleotide exchange factors that are specific for Ras or Rap , and are important regulators of cellular signaling . Aberrant expression or mutation of RasGRPs results in disease . An analysis of RasGRP1 SNP variants led to the conclusion that the charge of His 212 in RasGRP1 alters signaling activit...	Complex chain reactions between many kinds of molecules regulate every process in the body . For example , the signaling molecule Ras helps the cell to grow and divide . However , abnormally high levels of Ras signals can cause cancer . Ras is activated by proteins called exchange factors . One of the families of Ras e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	A Histidine pH sensor regulates activation of the Ras-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1
PrPC , the cellular isoform of the prion protein , serves to transduce the neurotoxic effects of PrPSc , the infectious isoform , but how this occurs is mysterious . Here , using a combination of electrophysiological , cellular , and biophysical techniques , we show that the flexible , N-terminal domain of PrPC functio...	Prion diseases are a group of degenerative illnesses of the brain caused when a molecule called the prion protein ( PrP for short ) adopts the wrong shape . These diseases include the human form of mad cow disease , and are often fatal with no effective treatments or cures . Though the normal activity of PrP is not cer...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	The N-terminus of the prion protein is a toxic effector regulated by the C-terminus
Understanding how option values are compared when making a choice is a key objective for decision neuroscience . In natural situations , agents may have a priori on their preferences that create default policies and shape the neural comparison process . We asked participants to make choices between items belonging to d...	If you had the choice of listening to a piece of music by either the singer Céline Dion or jazz pianist Keith Jarrett , which would you pick ? When choosing between two mutually exclusive options , the brain first assigns a value to each . An area called the ventromedial prefrontal cortex ( vmPFC ) compares these two v...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	How prior preferences determine decision-making frames and biases in the human brain
Human bromodomain and extra-terminal domain ( BET ) family members are promising targets for therapy of cancer and immunoinflammatory diseases , but their mechanisms of action and functional redundancies are poorly understood . Bdf1/2 , yeast homologues of the human BET factors , were previously proposed to target tran...	When a healthy cell creates new proteins , it activates a standard two-step biological manufacturing process . Firstly , DNA is transcribed from a specific gene to generate a strand of messenger RNA , or mRNA . Next , this mRNA molecule is translated to create the final protein product . This process of converting DNA ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	BET family members Bdf1/2 modulate global transcription initiation and elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Here , we describe a novel method based on intronic MiMIC insertions described in Nagarkar-Jaiswal et al . ( 2015 ) to perform conditional gene inactivation in Drosophila . Mosaic analysis in Drosophila cannot be easily performed in post-mitotic cells . We therefore , therefore , developed Flip-Flop , a flippase-depend...	The instructions needed to build and maintain cells in an organism are encoded in their DNA . There are many different cell types , and each type only needs a small portion of the information found in the DNA to do its job . Hence , only some of the instructions , in the form of genes , need to be active or ‘expressed’...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2017	A cell cycle-independent, conditional gene inactivation strategy for differentially tagging wild-type and mutant cells
Meristems contain groups of indeterminate stem cells , which are maintained by a feedback loop between CLAVATA ( CLV ) and WUSCHEL ( WUS ) signaling . CLV signaling involves the secretion of the CLV3 peptide and its perception by a number of Leucine-Rich-Repeat ( LRR ) receptors , including the receptor-like kinase CLV...	Like animals , plants are made up of many different types of cells , which descend from undifferentiated cells called stem cells . Thanks to these cells , plants are able to grow and develop throughout their lives . Stem cells live at the tips of the plant’s shoots and roots . They constantly divide to produce new cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2018	The CLAVATA receptor FASCIATED EAR2 responds to distinct CLE peptides by signaling through two downstream effectors
Although seasonality is widespread and can cause fluctuations in the intensity and direction of natural selection , we have little information about the consequences of seasonal fitness trade-offs for population dynamics . Here we exposed populations of Drosophila melanogaster to repeated seasonal changes in resources ...	Many wild populations go through long cycles in abundance that span several generations . The traditional explanation for such “multigenerational” cycles is that they are driven by predator/prey relationships , the classic example being oscillations between the numbers of lynx and snowshoe hares . Population cycles cou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2017	A fitness trade-off between seasons causes multigenerational cycles in phenotype and population size
Animals and humans have a tendency to repeat recent choices , a phenomenon known as choice hysteresis . The mechanism for this choice bias remains unclear . Using an established , biophysically informed model of a competitive attractor network for decision making , we found that decaying tail activity from the previous...	When making decisions , people and other animals tend to repeat previous choices even if this is no longer the best course of action . This tendency is especially common when the choice is difficult to make . For example , when people are asked to decide whether groups of dots on a television screen are moving mostly t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Response repetition biases in human perceptual decisions are explained by activity decay in competitive attractor models
Potassium channels are opened by ligands and/or membrane potential . In voltage-gated K+ channels and the prokaryotic KcsA channel , conduction is believed to result from opening of an intracellular constriction that prevents ion entry into the pore . On the other hand , numerous ligand-gated K+ channels lack such gate...	Potassium channels are proteins found in almost all living organisms and are vital for many different biological processes . These proteins contain a pore that allows potassium ions to flow through cell membranes , but only when the channel is open . Most channels have a narrowing at the inward side of the pore , which...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Mechanism of activation at the selectivity filter of the KcsA K+ channel
A central goal of studying host-pathogen interaction is to understand how host and pathogen manipulate each other to promote their own fitness in a pathosystem . Co-transcriptomic approaches can simultaneously analyze dual transcriptomes during infection and provide a systematic map of the cross-kingdom communication b...	Infections are complex interactions between two organisms . When a disease-causing microbe and a potential host engage , molecules continuously flow in both directions . This creates an inter-connected loop of messages and counter-messages , attacks , counter-attacks and resistance . This communication determines the f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2019	Plant–necrotroph co-transcriptome networks illuminate a metabolic battlefield
Toothed whales use sonar to detect , locate , and track prey . They adjust emitted sound intensity , auditory sensitivity and click rate to target range , and terminate prey pursuits with high-repetition-rate , low-intensity buzzes . However , their narrow acoustic field of view ( FOV ) is considered stable throughout ...	Bats and toothed whales such as porpoises have independently evolved the same solution for hunting prey when it is hard to see . Bats hunt in the dark with little light to allow them to see the insects they chase . Porpoises hunt in murky water where different ocean environments can quickly obscure fish from view . So ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Range-dependent flexibility in the acoustic field of view of echolocating porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)
Genomic instability is a fundamental feature of human cancer often resulting from impaired genome maintenance . In prostate cancer , structural genomic rearrangements are a common mechanism driving tumorigenesis . However , somatic alterations predisposing to chromosomal rearrangements in prostate cancer remain largely...	Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men in the UK and USA . Cancers develop when cells in the body acquire genetic mutations that allow the cells to grow rapidly and form a mass known as a tumor . Prostate cancer cells from different individuals can carry different genetic mutations , which affects whe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2015	SPOP mutation leads to genomic instability in prostate cancer
Metazoan genes are embedded in a rich milieu of regulatory information that often includes multiple enhancers possessing overlapping activities . In this study , we employ quantitative live imaging methods to assess the function of pairs of primary and shadow enhancers in the regulation of key patterning genes-knirps ,...	Only a subset of the genes in a cell is active at any time . Gene activation or ‘transcription’ is controlled by specific DNA sequences called promoters and enhancers . Promoters are found next to genes and recruit the protein machinery needed to transcribe the gene . Enhancers are located further away from genes and i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Enhancer additivity and non-additivity are determined by enhancer strength in the Drosophila embryo
Excitation-inhibition ( E:I ) imbalance is theorized as an important pathophysiological mechanism in autism . Autism affects males more frequently than females and sex-related mechanisms ( e . g . , X-linked genes , androgen hormones ) can influence E:I balance . This suggests that E:I imbalance may affect autism diffe...	Autism is a condition that is usually diagnosed early in life that affects how a person communicates and socializes , and is often characterized by repetitive behaviors . One key theory of autism is that it reflects an imbalance in levels of excitation and inhibition in the brain . Excitatory signals are those that mak...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Intrinsic excitation-inhibition imbalance affects medial prefrontal cortex differently in autistic men versus women
Information is carried in the brain by the joint spiking patterns of large groups of noisy , unreliable neurons . This noise limits the capacity of the neural code and determines how information can be transmitted and read-out . To accurately decode , the brain must overcome this noise and identify which patterns are s...	Our ability to perceive the world is dependent on information from our senses being passed between different parts of the brain . The information is encoded as patterns of electrical pulses or ‘spikes’ , which other brain regions must be able to decipher . Cracking this code would thus enable us to predict the patterns...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	A thesaurus for a neural population code
Sensory inputs are remarkably organized along all sensory pathways . While sensory representations are known to undergo plasticity at the higher levels of sensory pathways following peripheral lesions or sensory experience , less is known about the functional plasticity of peripheral inputs induced by learning . We add...	The mammalian brain is not static , but instead retains a significant degree of plasticity throughout an animal’s life . It is this plasticity that enables adults to learn new things , adjust to new environments and , to some degree , regain functions they have lost as a result of brain damage . However , information a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Long term functional plasticity of sensory inputs mediated by olfactory learning
Contamination with exogenous DNA is a constant hazard to ancient DNA studies , since their validity greatly depend on the ancient origin of the retrieved sequences . Since contamination occurs sporadically , it is fundamental to show positive evidence for the authenticity of ancient DNA sequences even when preventive m...	Ancient DNA , that is to say DNA extracted from fossils and ancient remains , provides a window into the past lives of humans , animals and plants . But working with ancient DNA is challenging; DNA decomposes with time , and so ancient DNA is often fragmented , damaged and present in tiny quantities . Furthermore , anc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "short", "report", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Contesting the presence of wheat in the British Isles 8,000 years ago by assessing ancient DNA authenticity from low-coverage data
Interactions between membrane protein interfaces in lipid bilayers play an important role in membrane protein folding but quantification of the strength of these interactions has been challenging . Studying dimerization of ClC-type transporters offers a new approach to the problem , as individual subunits adopt a stabl...	Cells are encapsulated by membranes that form a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside world . These membranes primarily consist of fatty molecules called lipids , but they are also packed with proteins such as ion channels and transporters that control which molecules pass in and out of the cell . It i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	The dimerization equilibrium of a ClC Cl−/H+ antiporter in lipid bilayers
Using a new bioinformatic method to analyze ribosome profiling data , we show that 40% of lncRNAs and pseudogene RNAs expressed in human cells are translated . In addition , ~35% of mRNA coding genes are translated upstream of the primary protein-coding region ( uORFs ) and 4% are translated downstream ( dORFs ) . Tran...	Our genes encode the instructions needed to make proteins . When a gene is switched on , it’s DNA is used as a template to make molecules of messenger ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) . These RNAs are then “translated” into proteins by large cell machines called ribosomes . Within the messenger RNA , a long region called an “o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Many lncRNAs, 5’UTRs, and pseudogenes are translated and some are likely to express functional proteins
We identified the neurons comprising the Drosophila mushroom body ( MB ) , an associative center in invertebrate brains , and provide a comprehensive map describing their potential connections . Each of the 21 MB output neuron ( MBON ) types elaborates segregated dendritic arbors along the parallel axons of ∼2000 Kenyo...	One of the key goals of neuroscience is to understand how specific circuits of brain cells enable animals to respond optimally to the constantly changing world around them . Such processes are more easily studied in simpler brains , and the fruit fly—with its small size , short life cycle , and well-developed genetic t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learning

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