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Mechanical forces between cells and extracellular matrix ( ECM ) influence cell shape and function . Tendons are ECM-rich tissues connecting muscles with bones that bear extreme tensional force . Analysis of transgenic zebrafish expressing mCherry driven by the tendon determinant scleraxis reveals that tendon fibroblas...	Tendons – the fibrous structures that attach muscles to bones – must withstand some of the strongest forces in the body . Little is known about how tendons develop or adapt to withstand these forces . Studies have shown that muscles respond actively to force , as seen during exercise . Do tendons respond in similar way...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Mechanical force regulates tendon extracellular matrix organization and tenocyte morphogenesis through TGFbeta signaling
Molecular mechanisms underlying substrate recognition and cleavage by Escherichia coli RseP , which belongs to S2P family of intramembrane-cleaving proteases , remain unclear . We examined the function of a conserved region looped into the membrane domain of RseP to form a β-hairpin-like structure near its active site ...	Cells have communication systems that enable them to respond to potentially dangerous changes in their external environment . For example , bacteria have an enzyme called RseP that helps to activate responses to external stresses . This enzyme sits in the membrane that surrounds the cell and cuts a protein called RseA ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Roles of the membrane-reentrant β-hairpin-like loop of RseP protease in selective substrate cleavage
Vocal signals such as calls play a crucial role for survival and successful reproduction , especially in group-living animals . However , call interactions and call dynamics within groups remain largely unexplored because their relation to relevant contexts or life-history stages could not be studied with individual-le...	As the name implies , songbirds produce song , but they may also emit large numbers of shorter calls . Because calls are often given in social situations , they are difficult to record and to assign to the correct individual . Therefore , it is still unclear what information is communicated by these calls and how impor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Patterns of call communication between group-housed zebra finches change during the breeding cycle
The normal wound healing process is characterised by proteolytic events , whereas infection results in dysfunctional activations by endogenous and bacterial proteases . Peptides , downstream reporters of these proteolytic actions , could therefore serve as a promising tool for diagnosis of wounds . Using mass-spectrome...	Infected wounds and burns represent a serious risk to patients: they can delay healing and , if left untreated , can lead to generalised infection or sepsis , organ failure and death . Wounds and burns get infected when harmful micro-organisms , such as bacteria , enter the wound . Predicting the risk of infections , a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Method development and characterisation of the low-molecular-weight peptidome of human wound fluids
The anatomy of many neural circuits is being characterized with increasing resolution , but their molecular properties remain mostly unknown . Here , we characterize gene expression patterns in distinct neural cell types of the Drosophila visual system using genetic lines to access individual cell types , the TAPIN-seq...	In the brain , large numbers of different types of neurons connect with each other to form complex networks . In recent years , researchers have made great progress in mapping all the connections between these cells , creating ‘wiring diagrams’ known as connectomes . However , charting the connections between neurons d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	A genetic, genomic, and computational resource for exploring neural circuit function
Nucleocytoplasmic transport is mediated by nuclear pore complexes ( NPCs ) embedded in the nuclear envelope . About 30 different proteins ( nucleoporins , nups ) arrange around a central eightfold rotational axis to build the modular NPC . Nup188 and Nup192 are related and evolutionary conserved , large nucleoporins th...	The nucleus of a cell is surrounded by a two-layered membrane that controls the flow of molecules from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and vice versa . The molecular traffic between the cytoplasm and nucleus is essentially controlled by nuclear pore complexes—large , multi-protein structures that are embedded in the mem...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Scaffold nucleoporins Nup188 and Nup192 share structural and functional properties with nuclear transport receptors
In bacteria various tactic responses are mediated by the same cellular pathway , but sensing of physical stimuli remains poorly understood . Here , we combine an in-vivo analysis of the pathway activity with a microfluidic taxis assay and mathematical modeling to investigate the thermotactic response of Escherichia col...	Many bacteria can move towards or away from chemicals , heat and other stimuli in their environment . The ability of bacteria to move in response to nutrients and other chemicals , known as chemotaxis , is the best understood of these phenomena . Bacteria generally swim in a fairly random way and frequently change dire...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Mechanism of bidirectional thermotaxis in Escherichia coli
CTP Synthetase ( CtpS ) is a universally conserved and essential metabolic enzyme . While many enzymes form small oligomers , CtpS forms large-scale filamentous structures of unknown function in prokaryotes and eukaryotes . By simultaneously monitoring CtpS polymerization and enzymatic activity , we show that polymeriz...	Enzymes are proteins that perform reactions that can convert one or more chemicals ( the substrates ) into others ( the products ) . The rate at which an enzyme produces its product is often carefully regulated . Some molecules slow or stop an enzyme by binding to and blocking the site where its substrates normally bin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Large-scale filament formation inhibits the activity of CTP synthetase
Highly adapted herbivores can phenocopy two-component systems by stabilizing , sequestering and reactivating plant toxins . However , whether these traits protect herbivores against their enemies is poorly understood . We demonstrate that the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera , the most damaging maiz...	The western corn rootworm is the most damaging pest of maize plants . Out of sight , the larvae of this beetle feed on maize roots , and cause billions of dollars worth of losses each year . One of the reasons why this pest remains such a problem is it can adapt and resist many crop protection strategies . Biological c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2017	Sequestration and activation of plant toxins protect the western corn rootworm from enemies at multiple trophic levels
Wnts are evolutionarily conserved signaling proteins with essential roles in development and disease that have often been thought to spread between cells and signal at a distance . However , recent studies have challenged this model , and whether long-distance extracellular Wnt dispersal occurs and is biologically rele...	Cells exchange signaling proteins that help them to communicate with each other . These signals control which genes are active , and how cells grow and specialize to do different tasks . Signals can also help cells to position themselves inside a body to form new tissues and organs . For example , the so-called Wnt sig...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Direct visualization of a native Wnt in vivo reveals that a long-range Wnt gradient forms by extracellular dispersal
The Hippo-YAP pathway is a central regulator of cell contact inhibition , proliferation and death . There are conflicting reports regarding the role of Angiomotin ( Amot ) in regulating this pathway . While some studies suggest a YAP-inhibitory function other studies indicate Amot is required for YAP activity . Here , ...	Cells in animals and other multi-cellular organisms need to know when and where they should grow and divide . Individual cells communicate with their surrounding environment and each other via signaling pathways such as the Hippo-YAP pathway , which stimulates cells to grow and therefore influences the size of organs ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Regulation of localization and function of the transcriptional co-activator YAP by angiomotin
Proteases play crucial physiological functions in all organisms by controlling the lifetime of proteins . Here , we identified an atypical protease of the subtilase family [SBT5 . 2 ( b ) ] that attenuates the transcriptional activation of plant defence independently of its protease activity . The SBT5 . 2 gene produce...	Like animals , plants have evolved numerous ways to protect themselves from disease . When a plant detects an invading microbe , it massively changes which genes it expresses to establish a defensive response . This is possible thanks to the action of a type of protein , named transcription factors , which are able to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2016	A non canonical subtilase attenuates the transcriptional activation of defence responses in Arabidopsis thaliana
Membrane phospholipids can function as potent regulators of ion channel function . This study uncovers and investigates the effect of phosphatidic acid on Kv channel gating . Using the method of reconstitution into planar lipid bilayers , in which protein and lipid components are defined and controlled , we characteriz...	The electrical signals that carry information through the nervous system rely on positively charged potassium ions moving in and out of neurons . These ions move through proteins called voltage-gated potassium channels that are embedded in the plasma membrane that surrounds the neurons . The potassium channels contain ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Phosphatidic acid modulation of Kv channel voltage sensor function
Living with relatives can be highly beneficial , enhancing reproduction and survival . High relatedness can , however , increase susceptibility to pathogens . Here , we examine whether the benefits of living with relatives offset the harm caused by pathogens , and if this depends on whether species typically live with ...	Living in a group with relatives has many advantages , such as helping with child rearing and gathering food . This has led many species to evolve a range of group behaviours; for example , in honey bee populations , worker bees sacrifice themselves to save the colony from incoming enemies . But there are also downside...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2021	Living with relatives offsets the harm caused by pathogens in natural populations
Soluble guanylate cyclase ( sGC ) is the primary receptor for nitric oxide ( NO ) in mammalian nitric oxide signaling . We determined structures of full-length Manduca sexta sGC in both inactive and active states using cryo-electron microscopy . NO and the sGC-specific stimulator YC-1 induce a 71° rotation of the heme-...	In humans and other animals , as the heart pumps blood around the body , the blood exerts pressure on the walls of the blood vessels , much like water flowing through a hose . Our blood pressure naturally varies over the day , generally increasing when we are active and decreasing when we rest . However , if blood pres...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2019	Allosteric activation of the nitric oxide receptor soluble guanylate cyclase mapped by cryo-electron microscopy
Chronic ethanol consumption is a leading cause of mortality worldwide , with higher risks to develop pulmonary infections , including Aspergillus infections . Mechanisms underlying increased susceptibility to infections are poorly understood . Chronic ethanol consumption induced increased mortality rates , higher Asper...	Alcoholism is a chronic disease that has many damaging effects on the body . Over long periods , excessive alcohol intake weakens the immune system , putting consumers at increased risk of getting lung infections such as pneumonia . Some forms of pneumonia can be caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus . This microb...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Chronic ethanol consumption compromises neutrophil function in acute pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus infection
VEGFR-2 is the primary regulator of angiogenesis , the development of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones . VEGFR-2 has been hypothesized to be monomeric in the absence of bound ligand , and to undergo dimerization and activation only upon ligand binding . Using quantitative FRET and biochemical analysis , we show...	New blood vessels form by growing out from existing vessels . A signaling molecule called VEGF is crucial for this process and binds to a receptor protein known as VEGFR-2 . This binding activates signaling events within the cells that line the blood vessels to promote the growth of new vessels . VEGFR-2 belongs to a f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	VEGFR-2 conformational switch in response to ligand binding
Metformin , a widely used first-line drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) , has been shown to extend lifespan and delay the onset of age-related diseases . However , its primary locus of action remains unclear . Using a pure in vitro reconstitution system , we demonstrate that metformin acts through the v-ATPa...	As humans are living for longer , age-related diseases – including cancer , diabetes , cardiovascular diseases and cognitive disorders – are becoming more common . Many research groups are therefore trying to find drugs that might prevent these diseases or make them less harmful . A drug called metformin has been shown...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Metformin extends C. elegans lifespan through lysosomal pathway
Cephalopod mollusks evolved numerous anatomical novelties , including arms and tentacles , but little is known about the developmental mechanisms underlying cephalopod limb evolution . Here we show that all three axes of cuttlefish limbs are patterned by the same signaling networks that act in vertebrates and arthropod...	Legs , wings , flippers and tentacles are just some examples of the diverse variety of animal limbs . Despite striking differences in form and function , all limbs develop in embryos using similar fundamental processes , like producing an outgrowth from the body and placing structures such as fingers , feathers , or su...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Evolution of limb development in cephalopod mollusks
Benign melanocytic nevi frequently emerge when an acquired BRAFV600E mutation triggers unchecked proliferation and subsequent arrest in melanocytes . Recent observations have challenged the role of oncogene-induced senescence in melanocytic nevus formation , necessitating investigations into alternative mechanisms for ...	Lots of people have small dark patches on their skin known as moles . Most moles form when individual cells known as melanocytes in the skin acquire a specific genetic mutation in a gene called BRAF . This mutation causes the cells to divide rapidly to form the mole . After a while , most moles stop growing and remain ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics", "cancer", "biology" ]	2021	BRAFV600E induces reversible mitotic arrest in human melanocytes via microRNA-mediated suppression of AURKB
Hosts and viruses are constantly evolving in response to each other: as a host attempts to suppress a virus , the virus attempts to evade and suppress the host’s immune system . Here , we describe the recurrent evolution of a virulent strain of a DNA virus , which infects multiple Drosophila species . Specifically , we...	Animals constantly evolve to protect themselves against viruses , and in turn , viruses evolve to escape their host’s new defenses . As a result , genes involved in this arms’ race are some of the fastest evolving in nature . A better understanding of how host-virus evolution works could help in the search for treatmen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Recurrent evolution of high virulence in isolated populations of a DNA virus
Speaking is a sensorimotor behavior whose neural basis is difficult to study with single neuron resolution due to the scarcity of human intracortical measurements . We used electrode arrays to record from the motor cortex ‘hand knob’ in two people with tetraplegia , an area not previously implicated in speech . Neurons...	Speaking involves some of the most precise and coordinated movements humans make . Learning how the brain produces speech could lead to better treatments for speech disorders . But it can be challenging to study . Human speech is unique , limiting what can be learned from animal studies . There also are few opportuniti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Neural ensemble dynamics in dorsal motor cortex during speech in people with paralysis
Homologous recombination ( HR ) is essential for maintaining genome stability . Although Rad51 is the key protein that drives HR , multiple auxiliary factors interact with Rad51 to potentiate its activity . Here , we present an interdisciplinary characterization of the interactions between Rad51 and these factors . Thr...	The DNA molecule contains the chemical instructions necessary for life . Its physical integrity is therefore vital , yet it is also under constant threat from external and internal factors . As a result , organisms have evolved an arsenal of mechanisms to repair damaged DNA . For instance , when the two complementary s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2021	A novel motif of Rad51 serves as an interaction hub for recombination auxiliary factors
Phosphatidylinositol-4 , 5-bisphosphate [PI ( 4 , 5 ) P2] is essential for exocytosis . Classical ways of manipulating PI ( 4 , 5 ) P2 levels are slower than its metabolism , making it difficult to distinguish effects of PI ( 4 , 5 ) P2 from those of its metabolites . We developed a membrane-permeant , photoactivatable...	Cells in our body communicate by releasing compounds called transmitters that carry signals from one cell to the next . Packages called vesicles store transmitters within the signaling cell . When the cell needs to send a signal , the vesicles fuse with the cell's membrane and release their cargo . For many signaling p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate optical uncaging potentiates exocytosis
Eukaryotic cells possess a variety of signaling pathways that prevent accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins . Chief among these is the heat shock response ( HSR ) , which is assumed to respond to unfolded proteins in the cytosol and nucleus alike . In this study , we probe this axiom further using engineered ...	The majority of cellular proteins must be folded into a precise shape to work correctly . But when cells experience stressful conditions such as high temperatures and harmful chemicals , proteins start misfolding or even completely unfold . Misfolded proteins can be highly toxic . As a result , cells use several differ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Distinct transcriptional responses elicited by unfolded nuclear or cytoplasmic protein in mammalian cells
An outstanding question is how receptor tyrosine kinases ( RTKs ) determine different cell-fate decisions despite sharing the same signalling cascades . Here , we uncovered an unexpected mechanism of RTK trafficking in this process . By quantitative high-resolution FRET microscopy , we found that phosphorylated epiderm...	Molecules called growth factors can stimulate cells to grow , divide , or differentiate into more specialised cell types . Cells detect these molecules via proteins called receptor tyrosine kinases that span their surface membrane . The growth factor binds to the portion of the receptor outside the cell , which makes t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Regulation of EGFR signal transduction by analogue-to-digital conversion in endosomes
Animal cells within a tissue typically display a striking regularity in their size . To date , the molecular mechanisms that control this uniformity are still unknown . We have previously shown that size uniformity in animal cells is promoted , in part , by size-dependent regulation of G1 length . To identify the molec...	Animal cells come in many different sizes . In humans , for example , egg cells are thousands of times larger than sperm cells . Yet cells of any given type are often strikingly similar in size . The cells that line the surface of organs including the skin and kidneys are especially uniform; in fact a loss of size unif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Size uniformity of animal cells is actively maintained by a p38 MAPK-dependent regulation of G1-length
Overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins MCL1 and Bcl-xL are frequently observed in many cancers . Inhibitors targeting MCL1 are in clinical development , however numerous cancer models are intrinsically resistant to this approach . To discover mechanisms underlying resistance to MCL1 inhibition , we performed multipl...	Organisms keep their tissues healthy by instructing damaged or unwanted cells to kill themselves via a controlled process known as apoptosis . Cancer cells , however , are able to evade death by increasing the level of proteins that block apoptosis , such as MCL1 . Researchers have recently developed new drugs that can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	The CUL5 ubiquitin ligase complex mediates resistance to CDK9 and MCL1 inhibitors in lung cancer cells
Extracellularpolysaccharides of bacteria contribute to biofilm formation , stress tolerance , and infectivity . Cyanobacteria , the oxygenic photoautotrophic bacteria , uniquely produce sulfated extracellular polysaccharides among bacteria to support phototrophic biofilms . In addition , sulfated polysaccharides of cya...	Bacteria are single-cell microorganisms that can form communities called biofilms , which stick to surfaces such as rocks , plants or animals . Biofilms confer protection to bacteria and allow them to colonize new environments . The physical scaffold of biofilms is a viscous matrix made of several molecules , the main ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Biosynthesis of a sulfated exopolysaccharide, synechan, and bloom formation in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803
Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses a large number of genes of unknown or predicted function , undermining fundamental understanding of pathogenicity and drug susceptibility . To address this challenge , we developed a high-throughput functional genomics approach combining inducible CRISPR-interference and image-based...	Caused by the microorganism Mycobacterium tuberculosis , tuberculosis kills more people around the world than any other infectious disease . M . tuberculosis is also becoming increasingly resistant to treatments , which are particularly difficult for patients to complete . The M . tuberculosis genome carries about four...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Arrayed CRISPRi and quantitative imaging describe the morphotypic landscape of essential mycobacterial genes
B lymphocytes use B cell receptors ( BCRs ) to sense the physical features of the antigens . However , the sensitivity and threshold for the activation of BCRs resulting from the stimulation by mechanical forces are unknown . Here , we addressed this question using a double-stranded DNA-based tension gauge tether syste...	The immune system protects us from invading bacteria and other microbes . Immune cells called B cells help the immune system to identify the microbes so they can be destroyed . These cells make proteins called antibodies that bind to molecules from the microbes known as antigens . The B cells only start to produce anti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	The activation of IgM- or isotype-switched IgG- and IgE-BCR exhibits distinct mechanical force sensitivity and threshold
Dopamine is released in the striatum during development and impacts the activity of Protein Kinase A ( PKA ) in striatal spiny projection neurons ( SPNs ) . We examined whether dopaminergic neuromodulation regulates activity-dependent glutamatergic synapse formation in the developing striatum . Systemic in vivo treatme...	The brain is composed of intricate circuits of connected neurons that communicate via a combination of electrical and chemical signals . Some signals ( referred to as excitatory signals ) increase the probability that the neuron receiving the chemical message will produce an electrical impulse . On the other hand , inh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Neuromodulation of excitatory synaptogenesis in striatal development
NK cell education is the process through which chronic engagement of inhibitory NK cell receptors by self MHC-I molecules preserves cellular responsiveness . The molecular mechanisms responsible for NK cell education remain unclear . Here , we show that mouse NK cell education is associated with a higher basal activity...	The cells of the immune system patrol the body to detect and destroy harmful microbes and diseased cells . Natural killer cells are immune cells with a natural capacity to kill infected or cancerous cells , as their name suggests . Importantly , they do so while sparing the surrounding healthy cells . As natural killer...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	High mTOR activity is a hallmark of reactive natural killer cells and amplifies early signaling through activating receptors
The ontogenetic trajectory of a marginal jawbone of Lophosteus superbus ( Late Silurian , 422 Million years old ) , the phylogenetically most basal stem osteichthyan , visualized by synchrotron microtomography , reveals a developmental relationship between teeth and dermal odontodes that is not evident from the adult m...	Human teeth are an example of odontodes: hard structures made of a material called dentine that are sometimes coated in enamel . Teeth are the only odontodes humans have , but other vertebrates ( animals with backbones ) have tooth-like scales on their skin . These structures are called dermal odontodes , and sharks an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2020	The developmental relationship between teeth and dermal odontodes in the most primitive bony fish Lophosteus
Influenza virus expresses transcripts early in infection and transitions towards genome replication at later time points . This process requires de novo assembly of the viral replication machinery , large ribonucleoprotein complexes ( RNPs ) composed of the viral polymerase , genomic RNA and oligomeric nucleoprotein ( ...	To be able to multiply , the influenza virus needs to enter the cells of its host and trick them into copying the virus’ genetic information and assembling new virus particles . The genetic information of the virus is stored in molecules of ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) and encodes several viral proteins that are involved i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Influenza virus recruits host protein kinase C to control assembly and activity of its replication machinery
Transmissible cancers , in which cancer cells themselves act as an infectious agent , have been identified in Tasmanian devils , dogs , and four bivalves . We investigated a disseminated neoplasia affecting geographically distant populations of two species of mussels ( Mytilus chilensis in South America and M . edulis ...	Cancer cells can grow and spread in one individual , but they normally do not spread to others . There are a few exceptions to this rule . For example , there are cancers in Tasmanian devils , dogs and bivalve shellfish that can spread to other members of the same species . In these creatures , cancer from one individu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	A single clonal lineage of transmissible cancer identified in two marine mussel species in South America and Europe
Complex cognitive functions such as working memory and decision-making require information maintenance over seconds to years , from transient sensory stimuli to long-term contextual cues . While theoretical accounts predict the emergence of a corresponding hierarchy of neuronal timescales , direct electrophysiological ...	The human brain can both quickly react to a fleeting sight , like a changing traffic light , and slowly integrate complex information to form a long-term plan . To mirror these requirements , how long a neuron can be activated for – its ‘timescale’ – varies greatly between cells . A range of timescales has been identif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Neuronal timescales are functionally dynamic and shaped by cortical microarchitecture
Long-term memory ( LTM ) is believed to be stored in the brain as changes in synaptic connections . Here , we show that LTM storage and synaptic change can be dissociated . Cocultures of Aplysia sensory and motor neurons were trained with spaced pulses of serotonin , which induces long-term facilitation . Serotonin ( 5...	Cells called neurons allow information to travel quickly around the body so that we can rapidly respond to any changes that we sense in our environment . This includes non-conscious reactions , such as the knee-jerk reflex in humans . Reflexes and other behaviors can be influenced by long-term memory , and it is though...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Reinstatement of long-term memory following erasure of its behavioral and synaptic expression in Aplysia
In neurons , microtubules ( MTs ) span the length of both axons and dendrites , and the molecular motors use these intracellular ‘highways' to transport diverse cargo to the appropriate subcellular locations . Whereas axonal MTs are organized such that the plus-end is oriented out from the cell body , dendrites exhibit...	Neurons , or nerve cells , are excitable cells that transmit information using electrical and chemical signals . Nerve cells are generally composed of a cell body , multiple dendrites , and a single axon . The dendrites are responsible for receiving inputs and for transferring these signals to the cell body , whereas t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Kinesin-1 regulates dendrite microtubule polarity in Caenorhabditis elegans
P2X7 receptor activation induces the release of different cellular proteins , such as CD14 , a glycosylphosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) -anchored protein to the plasma membrane important for LPS signaling via TLR4 . Circulating CD14 has been found at elevated levels in sepsis , but the exact mechanism of CD14 release in se...	When the immune system detects an infection , it often launches an inflammatory response to fight off the disease . This defense mechanism is activated by a cascade of signaling molecules that can aggravate inflammation , causing it to damage the body’s own tissues and organs . This life-threatening reaction is referre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	CD14 release induced by P2X7 receptor restricts inflammation and increases survival during sepsis
Which genomic innovations underpinned the origin of multicellular animals is still an open debate . Here , we investigate this question by reconstructing the genome architecture and gene family diversity of ancestral premetazoans , aiming to date the emergence of animal-like traits . Our comparative analysis involves g...	Hundreds of millions of years ago , some single-celled organisms gained the ability to work together and form multicellular organisms . This transition was a major step in evolution and took place at separate times in several parts of the tree of life , including in animals , plants , fungi and algae . Animals are some...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Dynamics of genomic innovation in the unicellular ancestry of animals
The construction of cilia and flagella depends on intraflagellar transport ( IFT ) , the bidirectional movement of two protein complexes ( IFT-A and IFT-B ) driven by specific kinesin and dynein motors . IFT-B and kinesin are associated to anterograde transport whereas IFT-A and dynein participate to retrograde transpo...	Long , thin structures called cilia and flagella are found on the surface of many cells , and perform a range of roles , including propelling the cells around or sensing changes in the surrounding environment . A process called intraflagellar transport ( IFT for short ) is responsible for flagellum construction in euka...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	The GTPase IFT27 is involved in both anterograde and retrograde intraflagellar transport
Effective mucosal adjuvants enhance the magnitude and quality of the vaccine response . Cyclic di-GMP ( CDG ) is a promising mucosal vaccine adjuvant . However , its in vivo mechanisms are unclear . Here , we showed , in mice , that CDG elicits stronger Ab and TH responses than the mammalian 2′3′-cyclic GMP-AMP ( cGAMP...	The presence of a bacterium , virus , or other pathogen in the body generally triggers a response by the body's immune system . As well as trying to destroy the infectious agent , the immune system will also generate ‘memory cells’ that are primed and ready to recognize and help eliminate the pathogen if it is ever re-...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	The mucosal adjuvant cyclic di-GMP enhances antigen uptake and selectively activates pinocytosis-efficient cells in vivo
In a group of 831 participants from the general population in the Human Connectome Project , smokers exhibited low overall functional connectivity , and more specifically of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex which is associated with non-reward mechanisms , the adjacent inferior frontal gyrus , and the precuneus . Partic...	To understand why people become addicted to alcohol or smoking , it is important to look at how the brains of people who use these substances may be different than those who abstain . Many studies show that substance use activates the reward systems in the brain via a chemical called dopamine . Changes or differences i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Decreased brain connectivity in smoking contrasts with increased connectivity in drinking
The neural correlates of consciousness are typically sought by comparing the overall brain responses to perceived and unperceived stimuli . However , this comparison may be contaminated by non-specific attention , alerting , performance , and reporting confounds . Here , we pursue a novel approach , tracking the neuron...	Our senses constantly receive information from the world around us , but we consciously perceive only a small portion of it . Nonetheless , even stimuli that are not consciously perceived are registered in our brain and influence our behavior . This is known as unconscious perception . Researchers disagree about how br...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Distinct cortical codes and temporal dynamics for conscious and unconscious percepts
There is considerable potential for X-ray free electron lasers ( XFELs ) to enable determination of macromolecular crystal structures that are difficult to solve using current synchrotron sources . Prior XFEL studies often involved the collection of thousands to millions of diffraction images , in part due to limitatio...	Large biological molecules ( or macromolecules ) have intricate three-dimensional structures . X-ray crystallography is a technique that is commonly used to determine these structures and involves directing a beam of X-rays at a crystal that was grown from the macromolecule of interest . The macromolecules in the cryst...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Enabling X-ray free electron laser crystallography for challenging biological systems from a limited number of crystals
Ciliary and rhabdomeric opsins are employed by different kinds of photoreceptor cells , such as ciliary vertebrate rods and cones or protostome microvillar eye photoreceptors , that have specialized structures and molecular physiologies . We report unprecedented cellular co-expression of rhabdomeric opsin and a visual ...	Animal eyes have photoreceptor cells that contain light-sensitive molecules called opsins . Although all animal photoreceptor cells of this kind share a common origin , the cells found in different organisms can differ considerably . The photoreceptor cells in flies , squids and other invertebrates store a type of opsi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Co-expression of xenopsin and rhabdomeric opsin in photoreceptors bearing microvilli and cilia
Auditory function is dependent on the formation of specific innervation patterns between mechanosensory hair cells ( HCs ) and afferent spiral ganglion neurons ( SGNs ) . In particular , type I SGNs must precisely connect with inner HCs ( IHCs ) while avoiding connections with nearby outer HCs ( OHCs ) . The factors th...	The process of hearing begins when sound waves enter the outer ear , causing the eardrum to vibrate . The three small bones of the middle ear pass these vibrations on to the cochlea , a fluid-filled structure shaped like a spiral . Tiny hair cells inside the cochlea move in response to the vibrations and convert them i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Neuropilin-2/Semaphorin-3F-mediated repulsion promotes inner hair cell innervation by spiral ganglion neurons
A highly evolved RNA polymerase ribozyme was found to also be capable of functioning as a reverse transcriptase , an activity that has never been demonstrated before for RNA . This activity is thought to have been crucial for the transition from RNA to DNA genomes during the early history of life on Earth , when it sim...	All known living things share the same genetic machinery , traditionally called the central dogma . According to this dogma , genes in DNA produce messages made from a similar molecule called RNA . These RNA messengers provide the instructions to make proteins , which then form structures and act as molecular machines ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	A reverse transcriptase ribozyme
Tumor initiation , progression and resistance to chemotherapy rely on cancer cells bypassing programmed cell death by apoptosis . We report that unlike other pro-apoptotic proteins , Bim contains two distinct binding sites for the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 . These include the BH3 sequence shared with oth...	The body can get rid of cells that are unnecessary , infected or damaged by instructing them to go through a process known as apoptosis , which results in the cell killing itself . These orders are given in the form of pro-death molecules , such as the BH3 proteins , which kick start apoptosis . In order to survive and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	Bim escapes displacement by BH3-mimetic anti-cancer drugs by double-bolt locking both Bcl-XL and Bcl-2
Calcium is an essential cellular messenger that regulates numerous functions in living organisms . Here , we describe development and characterization of ‘Salsa6f’ , a fusion of GCaMP6f and tdTomato optimized for cell tracking while monitoring cytosolic Ca2+ , and a transgenic Ca2+ reporter mouse with Salsa6f targeted ...	To help protect the body from disease , small immune cells called T lymphocytes move rapidly , searching for signs of infection . These signs are antigens – processed pieces of proteins from invading bacteria and viruses – which are displayed on the surface of so-called antigen-presenting cells . To visit as many diffe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	T-cell calcium dynamics visualized in a ratiometric tdTomato-GCaMP6f transgenic reporter mouse
Natural populations persist in complex environments , where biotic stressors , such as pathogen and insect communities , fluctuate temporally and spatially . These shifting biotic pressures generate heterogeneous selective forces that can maintain standing natural variation within a species . To directly test if genes ...	‘Genetic variation’ describes the naturally occurring differences in DNA sequences that are found among individuals of the same species . These genetic differences arise from random mutations and may be passed on to their offspring . Some of these mutations may improve the ability of an individual to survive and reprod...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "plant", "biology" ]	2015	Natural genetic variation in Arabidopsis thaliana defense metabolism genes modulates field fitness
The human visual system can be divided into over two-dozen distinct areas , each of which contains a topographic map of the visual field . A fundamental question in vision neuroscience is how the visual system integrates information from the environment across different areas . Using neuroimaging , we investigated the ...	Imagine you are looking out over a scenic landscape . The image you perceive is actually made up of many different visual components—for example color and movement—that are processed across many different areas in a region of the brain called the visual cortex . An important question for neuroscience is how the visual ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Widespread correlation patterns of fMRI signal across visual cortex reflect eccentricity organization
Wnt plays important role during development and in various diseases . Because Wnts are lipidated and highly hydrophobic , they can only be purified in the presence of detergents , limiting their use in various in vitro and in vivo assays . We purified N-terminally tagged recombinant Wnt3a secreted from cells and accide...	The Wnt signaling pathway helps animal cells to communicate with each other to coordinate the formation of tissues and organs . The pathway relies on a protein called Wnt that is released from cells and binds to a receptor protein called Frizzled on the surface of other cells to trigger changes in gene activation . Def...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2016	Active and water-soluble form of lipidated Wnt protein is maintained by a serum glycoprotein afamin/α-albumin
The 26S proteasome is responsible for the selective , ATP-dependent degradation of polyubiquitinated cellular proteins . Removal of ubiquitin chains from targeted substrates at the proteasome is a prerequisite for substrate processing and is accomplished by Rpn11 , a deubiquitinase within the ‘lid’ sub-complex . Prior ...	The proteins contained within cells are constantly under scrutiny by a sophisticated “quality control” system that tags damaged or malfunctioning proteins with chains made up of a protein called ubiquitin . These ubiquitin chains serve as markers that target these toxic proteins for destruction by a molecular complex c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Atomic structure of the 26S proteasome lid reveals the mechanism of deubiquitinase inhibition
Universally conserved factors from NusG family bind at the upstream fork junction of transcription elongation complexes and modulate RNA synthesis in response to translation , processing , and folding of the nascent RNA . Escherichia coli NusG enhances transcription elongation in vitro by a poorly understood mechanism ...	Cells decode genes in two steps . First , they synthesize a molecule similar to DNA , called RNA , which is a complementary copy of the gene . This process , known as transcription , creates an intermediate RNA molecule that is turned into protein in the second step . RNA polymerase is an enzyme that carries out transc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	NusG inhibits RNA polymerase backtracking by stabilizing the minimal transcription bubble
COVID-19 CG ( covidcg . org ) is an open resource for tracking SARS-CoV-2 single-nucleotide variations ( SNVs ) , lineages , and clades using the virus genomes on the GISAID database while filtering by location , date , gene , and mutation of interest . COVID-19 CG provides significant time , labor , and cost-saving ut...	The discovery of faster spreading variants of the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) has raised alarm . These new variants are the result of changes ( called mutations ) in the virus’ genetic code . Random mutations can occur each time a virus multiplies . Although most mutations do not introduce a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2021	COVID-19 CG enables SARS-CoV-2 mutation and lineage tracking by locations and dates of interest
It has been difficult to link synaptic modification to overt behavioral changes . Rodent models of DYT1 dystonia , a motor disorder caused by a single gene mutation , demonstrate increased long-term potentiation and decreased long-term depression in corticostriatal synapses . Computationally , such asymmetric learning ...	We learn to choose better options and avoid worse ones through trial and error , but exactly how this happens is still unclear . One idea is that we learn 'values' for options: whenever we choose an option and get more reward than originally expected ( for example , if an unappetizing-looking food turns out to be very ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2016	DYT1 dystonia increases risk taking in humans
Lagging chromosome is a hallmark of aneuploidy arising from errors in the kinetochore–spindle attachment in animal cells . However , kinetochore components and cellular phenotypes associated with kinetochore dysfunction are much less explored in plants . Here , we carried out a comprehensive characterization of conserv...	Plants and animals , like all living things , are made of self-contained units called cells that are able to grow and multiply as required . Each cell contains structures called chromosomes that provide the genetic instructions needed to perform every task in the cell . When a cell is preparing to divide to make two id...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Kinetochore protein depletion underlies cytokinesis failure and somatic polyploidization in the moss Physcomitrella patens
Whereas it is well established that chronic stress induces female reproductive dysfunction , whether stress negatively impacts fertility and fecundity when applied prior to mating and pregnancy has not been explored . In this study , we show that stress that concludes 4 days prior to mating results in persistent and ma...	Infertility has become alarmingly common in otherwise healthy women and around 15% of healthy couples younger than 30 years old are unable to conceive within the first year of trying . High-stress levels are known to decrease short-term fertility in humans and other animals , which may serve to prevent pregnancy during...	[ "Abstract", "Main", "Text", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Knockdown of hypothalamic RFRP3 prevents chronic stress-induced infertility and embryo resorption
The pectoral fins of ancestral fishes had multiple proximal elements connected to their pectoral girdles . During the fin-to-limb transition , anterior proximal elements were lost and only the most posterior one remained as the humerus . Thus , we hypothesised that an evolutionary alteration occurred in the anterior–po...	Humans , mice , and other animals with four limbs belong to a group of land-dwelling animals known as the tetrapods . This group of animals evolved from ancient fish and one crucial adaptation to life on land involved the modification of fins to form limbs . The front pair of limbs ( the ‘arms’ ) evolved from the ‘pect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "developmental", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2015	A shift in anterior–posterior positional information underlies the fin-to-limb evolution
We establish a murine lung-on-chip infection model and use time-lapse imaging to reveal the dynamics of host-Mycobacterium tuberculosis interactions at an air-liquid interface with a spatiotemporal resolution unattainable in animal models and to probe the direct role of pulmonary surfactant in early infection . Surfact...	Tuberculosis is a contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Droplets in the air carry these bacteria deep into the lungs , where they cling onto and infect lung cells . Only small droplets , holding one or two bacteria , can reach the right cells , which means that just a coupl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "tools", "and", "resources", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	A lung-on-chip model of early Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection reveals an essential role for alveolar epithelial cells in controlling bacterial growth
RNA granules have been likened to liquid droplets whose dynamics depend on the controlled dissolution and condensation of internal components . The molecules and reactions that drive these dynamics in vivo are not well understood . In this study , we present evidence that a group of intrinsically disordered , serine-ri...	For a gene to be expressed as a protein , its DNA is first used as a template to make a molecule of RNA , which is then translated to make the protein . In most cells , RNA molecules concentrate into aggregates called RNA granules . These granules contain both RNA and proteins that bind to RNA and are used to transport...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Regulation of RNA granule dynamics by phosphorylation of serine-rich, intrinsically disordered proteins in C. elegans
Cells can enter into a dormant state when faced with unfavorable conditions . However , how cells enter into and recover from this state is still poorly understood . Here , we study dormancy in different eukaryotic organisms and find it to be associated with a significant decrease in the mobility of organelles and fore...	Most organisms live in unpredictable environments , which can often lead to nutrient shortages and other conditions that limit their ability to grow . To survive in these harsh conditions , many organisms adopt a dormant state in which their metabolism slows down to conserve vital energy . When the environmental condit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	A pH-driven transition of the cytoplasm from a fluid- to a solid-like state promotes entry into dormancy
Traditional rodent models of Pavlovian fear conditioning assess the strength of learning by quantifying freezing responses . However , sole reliance on this measure includes the de facto assumption that any locomotor activity reflects an absence of fear . Consequently , alternative expressions of associative learning a...	Animals can respond to fear in a variety of ways , such as by standing still ( freezing ) , or rapidly escaping from an apparent threat . Freezing is the most common measure of fear that has been used in research studies . However , since the vast majority of these experiments have used male animals , it is not clear i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Sexually divergent expression of active and passive conditioned fear responses in rats
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis ( CME ) is the major internalisation route for many different receptor types in mammalian cells . CME is shut down during early mitosis , but the mechanism of this inhibition is unclear . In this study , we show that the mitotic shutdown is due to an unmet requirement for actin in CME . In...	The plasma membrane that surrounds a cell acts as a protective barrier that regulates what can enter or exit the cell . However , large molecules and other ‘cargo’ can get into a cell in a variety of ways . One of these routes—known as clathrin-mediated endocytosis—involves a receptor on the outside of the membrane gra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	An unmet actin requirement explains the mitotic inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis
The second-generation antiandrogen enzalutamide was recently approved for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer . Despite its success , the duration of response is often limited . For previous antiandrogens , one mechanism of resistance is mutation of the androgen receptor ( AR ) . To prospectively identif...	Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men , and the second most lethal . All stages of prostate cancer depend upon male sex hormones , also known as androgens , to grow because these hormones bind and activate androgen receptors . A class of drugs termed ‘antiandrogens’ can effectively treat prostate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2013	Overcoming mutation-based resistance to antiandrogens with rational drug design
Several transcription factors ( TFs ) oscillate , periodically relocating between the cytoplasm and the nucleus . NF-κB , which plays key roles in inflammation and cancer , displays oscillations whose biological advantage remains unclear . Recent work indicated that NF-κB displays sustained oscillations that can be ent...	The process of producing useful biological molecules from genes – known as gene expression – is not always simple . Many genes are part of complex circuits , some of which show regular patterns of activity in response to an environmental cue . For example , the expression of some genes is tied to the 24-hour daily cycl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	NF-κB oscillations translate into functionally related patterns of gene expression
GBPs are essential for immunity against intracellular pathogens , especially for Toxoplasma gondii control . Here , the molecular interactions of murine GBPs ( mGBP1/2/3/5/6 ) , homo- and hetero-multimerization properties of mGBP2 and its function in parasite killing were investigated by mutational , Multiparameter Flu...	A microscopic parasite called Toxoplasma gondii causes a serious disease known as toxoplasmosis in humans and other mammals . Once inside the body , the parasite can infect host cells , where it hides inside a cell structure called a vacuole . However , this triggers self-defense mechanisms in the infected cells that h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Guanylate binding proteins directly attack Toxoplasma gondii via supramolecular complexes
The number of de novo mutations ( DNMs ) found in an offspring's genome increases with both paternal and maternal age . But does the rate of mutation accumulation in human gametes differ across families ? Using sequencing data from 33 large , three-generation CEPH families , we observed significant variability in paren...	Humans receive half of their DNA from each of their parents . However , this inherited DNA is not identical to the corresponding half of the parents’ genetic material . Instead , both the egg and the sperm that combine to generate an embryo carry so-called ‘germline de novo’ mutations that are not present in the rest o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	Large, three-generation human families reveal post-zygotic mosaicism and variability in germline mutation accumulation
Coactivator complexes SAGA and NuA4 stimulate transcription by post-translationally modifying chromatin . Both complexes contain the Tra1 subunit , a highly conserved 3744-residue protein from the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-related kinase ( PIKK ) family and a direct target for multiple sequence-specific activators . We...	Inside our cells , histone proteins package and condense DNA so that it can fit into the cell nucleus . However , this also switches off the genes , since the machines that read and interpret them can no longer access the underlying DNA . Turning genes on requires specific enzymes that chemically modify the histone pro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Cryo-EM structure of the SAGA and NuA4 coactivator subunit Tra1 at 3.7 angstrom resolution
Somatic mutations in the estrogen receptor alpha ( ERα ) gene ( ESR1 ) , especially Y537S and D538G , have been linked to acquired resistance to endocrine therapies . Cell-based studies demonstrated that these mutants confer ERα constitutive activity and antiestrogen resistance and suggest that ligand-binding domain dy...	Around one in every eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime . Hormone-based therapies – also referred to antiestrogen drugs – target a protein called estrogen receptor alpha and are effective treatments for the majority of these cancers . Unfortunately , about half of patients will develop re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Estrogen receptor alpha somatic mutations Y537S and D538G confer breast cancer endocrine resistance by stabilizing the activating function-2 binding conformation
The genetic mechanisms regulating the brain and behaviour across the lifespan are poorly understood . We found that lifespan transcriptome trajectories describe a calendar of gene regulatory events in the brain of humans and mice . Transcriptome trajectories defined a sequence of gene expression changes in neuronal , g...	In our lifetime , we go through many changes – physically and also intellectually . At certain ages , we are particularly vulnerable to develop psychiatric disorders , and the majority of mental conditions start to manifest in teenagers and young adults . The symptoms for schizophrenia , for example , a mental health d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	A genomic lifespan program that reorganises the young adult brain is targeted in schizophrenia
The production of high affinity , class switched antibodies produced by B cells hinges on the effective differentiation of T follicular helper ( Tfh ) cells . Here we define conditions specifically enhancing Tfh differentiation and providing protection in a model of influenza infection . Tfh responses were associated w...	The immune system protects the body from infections , cancer and other diseases . Invading microbes and cancerous cells exhibit proteins that are not normally found in the healthy cells of the body . Fragments of these molecules—known as antigens—may be detected by the immune system , which can then respond by producin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Antigen presentation kinetics control T cell/dendritic cell interactions and follicular helper T cell generation in vivo
The evolution of metazoans from their unicellular ancestors was one of the most important events in the history of life . However , the cellular and genetic changes that ultimately led to the evolution of multicellularity are not known . In this study , we describe an aggregative multicellular stage in the protist Caps...	When living things made from many cells evolved from single-celled ancestors , it was a breakthrough in the history of life—and one that has occurred more than once . In fact , multicellular life has evolved independently at least 25 times , in groups as diverse as animals , fungi , plants , slime molds and seaweeds . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2013	Regulated aggregative multicellularity in a close unicellular relative of metazoa
Kymographs are graphical representations of spatial position over time , which are often used in biology to visualise the motion of fluorescent particles , molecules , vesicles , or organelles moving along a predictable path . Although in kymographs tracks of individual particles are qualitatively easily distinguished ...	Many molecules and structures within cells have to move about to do their job . Studying these movements is important to understand many biological processes , including the development of the brain or the spread of viruses . Kymographs are images that represent the movement of particles in time and space . Unfortunate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2019	KymoButler, a deep learning software for automated kymograph analysis
Mushroom bodies are the iconic learning and memory centers of insects . No previously described crustacean possesses a mushroom body as defined by strict morphological criteria although crustacean centers called hemiellipsoid bodies , which serve functions in sensory integration , have been viewed as evolutionarily con...	With more than four million species , arthropods are the largest and most diverse group of animals on the planet and include , for example , crustaceans , insects and spiders . They are defined by their segmented bodies , hard outer skeletons and jointed limbs . All arthropods share a common ancestor that lived more th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	An insect-like mushroom body in a crustacean brain
RXRA regulates transcription as part of a heterodimer with 14 other nuclear receptors , including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors ( PPARs ) . Analysis from TCGA raised the possibility that hyperactive PPAR signaling , either due to PPAR gamma gene amplification or RXRA hot-spot mutation ( S427F/Y ) driv...	Bladder cancer is the sixth most common type of cancer in the United States . At the moment , treatment options for advanced bladder cancer are limited to chemotherapy and immunotherapy , both of which benefit only some patients . Many other types of cancer can be treated with drugs that are specific to genetic mutatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Bladder-cancer-associated mutations in RXRA activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors to drive urothelial proliferation
Synaptic plasticity is a cardinal cellular mechanism for learning and memory . The endocannabinoid ( eCB ) system has emerged as a pivotal pathway for synaptic plasticity because of its widely characterized ability to depress synaptic transmission on short- and long-term scales . Recent reports indicate that eCBs also ...	Learning and memory depend on processes that alter the connections – or synapses – between neurons in the brain . For example , molecules called endocannabinoids can alter synapses to decrease the influence that one neuron has on another neuron’s activity . This “synaptic depression” is an important mechanism through w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Endocannabinoid dynamics gate spike-timing dependent depression and potentiation
Identification of residue-residue contacts from primary sequence can be used to guide protein structure prediction . Using Escherichia coli CcdB as the test case , we describe an experimental method termed saturation-suppressor mutagenesis to acquire residue contact information . In this methodology , for each of five ...	Common techniques to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins can help researchers to understand these molecules’ activities , but are often time-consuming and do not work for all proteins . Proteins are made of chains of amino acids . When a protein chain folds , some of these amino acids interact with o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Residue proximity information and protein model discrimination using saturation-suppressor mutagenesis
Numerous studies have established important roles for microRNAs ( miRNAs ) in regulating gene expression . Here , we report that miRNAs also serve as a surveillance system to repress the expression of nonsense mRNAs that may produce harmful truncated proteins . Upon recognition of the premature termination codon by the...	To produce a protein from a gene , the sequence of the gene must be transcribed to produce a molecule of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) . The sequence of the mRNA is then read in groups of three letters at a time ( called codons ) , and each codon instructs for a particular amino acid to be added into the protein . Some codons...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	MicroRNA-mediated repression of nonsense mRNAs
NMDA receptors , which regulate synaptic strength and are implicated in learning and memory , consist of several subtypes with distinct subunit compositions and functional properties . To enable spatiotemporally defined , rapid and reproducible manipulation of function of specific subtypes , we engineered a set of phot...	Within the nervous system , neurons are organized into extensive networks via connections called synapses . To signal across a synapse , one neuron releases chemical messengers that bind to “receptors” on the surface of the neighboring cell . The ease with which neurons can communicate can change depending on how often...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A family of photoswitchable NMDA receptors
mRNA localization is critical for eukaryotic cells and affects numerous transcripts , yet how cells regulate distribution of many mRNAs to their subcellular destinations is still unknown . We combined transcriptomics and systematic imaging to determine the tissue-specific expression and subcellular distribution of 5862...	To make a protein , the DNA sequence that encodes it must first be ‘transcribed’ to build a molecule of messenger RNA ( called mRNA for short ) . Although many mRNA molecules are found throughout a cell , some are ‘localized’ to certain areas; and recent evidence suggests that this mRNA localization may be more common ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Systematic imaging reveals features and changing localization of mRNAs in Drosophila development
Mechanistic modeling in neuroscience aims to explain observed phenomena in terms of underlying causes . However , determining which model parameters agree with complex and stochastic neural data presents a significant challenge . We address this challenge with a machine learning tool which uses deep neural density esti...	Computational neuroscientists use mathematical models built on observational data to investigate what’s happening in the brain . Models can simulate brain activity from the behavior of a single neuron right through to the patterns of collective activity in whole neural networks . Collecting the experimental data is the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Training deep neural density estimators to identify mechanistic models of neural dynamics
As part of an initiative to improve rigor and reproducibility in biomedical research , the U . S . National Institutes of Health now requires the consideration of sex as a biological variable in preclinical studies . This new policy has been interpreted by some as a call to compare males and females with each other . R...	Biomedical research has a long history of including only men or male laboratory animals in studies . To address this disparity , the United States National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) rolled out a policy in 2016 called Sex as a Biological Variable ( or SABV ) . The policy requires researchers funded by the NIH to incl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Reporting and misreporting of sex differences in the biological sciences
Regulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system ( UPS ) , which controls the turnover of short-lived proteins in eukaryotic cells , is critical in maintaining cellular proteostasis . Here we show that USP14 , a major deubiquitinating enzyme that regulates the UPS , is a substrate of Akt , a serine/threonine-specific protein ...	Proteins are the workhorses of cells . These molecules provide structure , transmit messages and carry out many other essential tasks . When proteins have fulfilled their purpose , or become damaged , they must be removed through a garbage disposal-like molecular machine in cells called the proteasome . A breakdown in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Phosphorylation", "of", "USP14", "regulates", "global", "protein", "degradation", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Phosphorylation and activation of ubiquitin-specific protease-14 by Akt regulates the ubiquitin-proteasome system
Achiasma in humans causes gross mis-wiring of the retinal-fugal projection , resulting in overlapped cortical representations of left and right visual hemifields . We show that in areas V1-V3 this overlap is due to two co-located but non-interacting populations of neurons , each with a receptive field serving only one ...	When a part of the brain becomes active , more oxygen-rich blood flows to it to keep its neurons supplied with energy . This flow of blood can be measured using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) . Yet , it was not known exactly how the magnitude of the signal recorded from the oxygenated...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Using an achiasmic human visual system to quantify the relationship between the fMRI BOLD signal and neural response
Endosomal membrane trafficking requires coordination between phosphoinositide lipids , Rab GTPases , and microtubule-based motors to dynamically determine endosome identity and promote long-range organelle transport . Here we report that ankyrin-B ( AnkB ) , through integrating all three systems , functions as a critic...	The membranes that surround animal and other eukaryotic cells are in a state of flux . Small fluid-filled sacs known as vesicles form from the membrane and move into the cell , while other vesicles are returning with cargos of chemicals . These processes allow cells to rapidly adjust the composition of their surfaces f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Ankyrin-B is a PI3P effector that promotes polarized α5β1-integrin recycling via recruiting RabGAP1L to early endosomes
The mammalian imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 locus produces multiple long non-coding RNAs ( lncRNAs ) from the maternally inherited allele , including Meg3 ( i . e . , Gtl2 ) in the mammalian genome . Although this locus has well-characterized functions in stem cell and tumor contexts , its role during neural development is unkno...	When a gene is active , its DNA sequence is ‘transcribed’ to form a molecule of RNA . Many of these RNAs act as templates for making proteins . But for some genes , the protein molecules are not their final destinations . Their RNA molecules instead help to control gene activity , which can alter the behaviour or the i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Dlk1-Dio3 locus-derived lncRNAs perpetuate postmitotic motor neuron cell fate and subtype identity
Neural circuits for behavior transform sensory inputs into motor outputs in patterns with strategic value . Determining how neurons along a sensorimotor circuit contribute to this transformation is central to understanding behavior . To do this , a quantitative framework to describe behavioral dynamics is needed . In t...	Living organisms can sense their surroundings and respond in appropriate ways . For example , animals will often move towards the smell of food or away from potential threats , such as predators . However , it is not fully understood how an animal's nervous system is setup to allow sensory information to control how th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Reverse-correlation analysis of navigation dynamics in Drosophila larva using optogenetics
During M phase , Endosulfine ( Endos ) family proteins are phosphorylated by Greatwall kinase ( Gwl ) , and the resultant pEndos inhibits the phosphatase PP2A-B55 , which would otherwise prematurely reverse many CDK-driven phosphorylations . We show here that PP2A-B55 is the enzyme responsible for dephosphorylating pEn...	The most dramatic stage of the cell division cycle is M phase , when the cell splits into two genetically identical daughter cells . If this process goes wrong , the cell might die , so cells employ a complicated regulatory process to ensure that M phase begins and ends at the right time . As with many biological proce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Greatwall-phosphorylated Endosulfine is both an inhibitor and a substrate of PP2A-B55 heterotrimers
By directed evolution in the laboratory , we previously generated populations of Escherichia coli that exhibit a complex new phenotype , extreme resistance to ionizing radiation ( IR ) . The molecular basis of this extremophile phenotype , involving strain isolates with a 3-4 order of magnitude increase in IR resistanc...	X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation can damage DNA and proteins inside cells . The radiation interacts with aqueous solutions to produce reactive forms of oxygen , which then cause the damage . A range of mechanisms exist to moderate and/or repair this damage , with certain species being able to tolerate extra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2014	Evolution of extreme resistance to ionizing radiation via genetic adaptation of DNA repair
Precise and efficient manipulation of genes is crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern human hematopoiesis and for developing novel therapies for diseases of the blood and immune system . Current methods do not enable precise engineering of complex genotypes that can be easily tracked in a mixed ...	Our DNA contains thousands of sections called genes that encode the information needed to make all the cells in the human body . To understand what the genes do and how they contribute to diseases , it is crucial for researchers to be able to switch individual genes on or off or make precise changes to the ‘letters’ in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Multiplexed genetic engineering of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using CRISPR/Cas9 and AAV6
Spinal Muscular Atrophy ( SMA ) is caused by diminished Survival of Motor Neuron ( SMN ) protein , leading to neuromuscular junction ( NMJ ) dysfunction and spinal motor neuron ( MN ) loss . Here , we report that reduced SMN function impacts the action of a pertinent microRNA and its mRNA target in MNs . Loss of the C ...	Spinal muscular atrophy is a genetic disease that causes muscles to gradually weaken . In people with the disease , the nerve cells that control the movement of muscles – called motor neurons – deteriorate over time , hindering the person’s mobility and shortening their life expectancy . Spinal muscular atrophy is usua...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Decreased microRNA levels lead to deleterious increases in neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors in Spinal Muscular Atrophy models
DNA double strand breaks ( DSBs ) can be repaired by either recombination-based or direct ligation-based mechanisms . Pathway choice is made at the level of DNA end resection , a nucleolytic processing step , which primes DSBs for repair by recombination . Resection is thus under cell cycle control , but additionally r...	DNA is continually exposed to chemicals and radiation that cause various forms of DNA damage . One of the most toxic forms of DNA damage is the double strand break , in which both strands of the double helix are broken . These breaks can be mended in two ways: by directly joining the broken ends together , or via a pro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Targeting of the Fun30 nucleosome remodeller by the Dpb11 scaffold facilitates cell cycle-regulated DNA end resection
Neurotransmitter release requires SNARE complexes to bring membranes together , NSF-SNAPs to recycle the SNAREs , Munc18-1 and Munc13s to orchestrate SNARE complex assembly , and Synaptotagmin-1 to trigger fast Ca2+-dependent membrane fusion . However , it is unclear whether Munc13s function upstream and/or downstream ...	In the brain , neurons communicate with each other using small molecules called neurotransmitters . Electrical signals in one neuron trigger the release of the neurotransmitters , which then bind to receptor proteins on another neuron nearby . Neurotransmitters are packaged into small compartments called synaptic vesic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Functional synergy between the Munc13 C-terminal C1 and C2 domains
Previous works suggested that neutralizing intratumoral lactic acidosis combined with glucose deprivation may deliver an effective approach to control tumor . We did a pilot clinical investigation , including a nonrandomized ( 57 patients with large HCC ) and a randomized controlled ( 20 patients with large HCC ) study...	Surgery is the main treatment for liver cancer , but the most common liver cancer – called hepatocellular carcinoma – can sometimes become too large to remove safely . An alternative option to kill the tumor is to block its blood supply via a process called embolization . This procedure deprives the tumor cells of oxyg...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	A nonrandomized cohort and a randomized study of local control of large hepatocarcinoma by targeting intratumoral lactic acidosis
Intracisternal A-particles ( IAPs ) are endogenous retroviruses ( ERVs ) responsible for most insertional mutations in the mouse . Full-length IAPs harbour genes flanked by long terminal repeats ( LTRs ) . Here , we identify a solo LTR IAP variant ( Iap5-1solo ) recently formed in the inbred C57BL/6J mouse strain . In ...	Our genome provides a complete set of genetic instructions for life . It begins by directing the growth and development of the embryo , and subsequently supports all the cells of the adult body in their daily routines . Yet approximately 10% of the DNA in mammalian genomes is made up of sequences originating from past ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	A spontaneous genetically induced epiallele at a retrotransposon shapes host genome function
Precise temporal coordination of slow oscillations ( SO ) and sleep spindles is a fundamental mechanism of sleep-dependent memory consolidation . SO and spindle morphology changes considerably throughout development . Critically , it remains unknown how the precise temporal coordination of these two sleep oscillations ...	Sleep is essential for consolidating the memories that we made during the day . As we lie asleep , unconscious , our brain is busy processing the day’s memories , which travel through three parts of the brain before they are filed away . First , the hippocampus , the part of the brain that stores memories temporarily ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Slow oscillation-spindle coupling predicts enhanced memory formation from childhood to adolescence
During courtship males attract females with elaborate behaviors . In mice , these displays include ultrasonic vocalizations . Ultrasonic courtship vocalizations were previously attributed to the courting male , despite evidence that both sexes produce virtually indistinguishable vocalizations . Because of this similari...	Male songbirds are famous for using singing to attract mates , and many other animals also make noises as part of their mating rituals . Male mice , for example , are known to make high-pitched noises as they court females—but these noises are beyond the range of human hearing . The scent of female mice is enough to ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Female mice ultrasonically interact with males during courtship displays

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