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Synthesis of mRNA in eukaryotes involves the coordinated action of many enzymatic processes , including initiation , elongation , splicing , and cleavage . Kinetic competition between these processes has been proposed to determine RNA fate , yet such coupling has never been observed in vivo on single transcripts . In t...	To make a protein , part of a DNA sequence is copied to make a messenger RNA ( or mRNA ) molecule in a process known as transcription . The enzyme that builds an mRNA molecule first binds to a start point on a DNA strand , and then uses the DNA sequence to build a ‘pre-mRNA’ molecule until a stop signal is reached . To...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2014	Kinetic competition during the transcription cycle results in stochastic RNA processing
Escherichia coli DNA polymerase V ( pol V ) , a heterotrimeric complex composed of UmuD′2C , is marginally active . ATP and RecA play essential roles in the activation of pol V for DNA synthesis including translesion synthesis ( TLS ) . We have established three features of the roles of ATP and RecA . ( 1 ) RecA-activa...	DNA polymerases are enzymes that copy the genetic material within a cell using a strand of an existing double helix as a template to guide the synthesis of a new DNA strand . Since DNA is continuously exposed to damaging agents , and damaged DNA can derail the DNA replication machinery; a cell must either repair or byp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	DNA polymerase V activity is autoregulated by a novel intrinsic DNA-dependent ATPase
Queens of social insects make all mate-choice decisions on a single day , except in honeybees whose queens can conduct mating flights for several days even when already inseminated by a number of drones . Honeybees therefore appear to have a unique , evolutionarily derived form of sexual conflict: a queen’s decision to...	For social insects like honeybees it is beneficial if their queens mate with many males , because genetic diversity can protect the hive against parasites . Early in life , a honeybee queen has a short period of time in which she can fly out to mate with males before returning to the hive with all the sperm needed to l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Seminal fluid compromises visual perception in honeybee queens reducing their survival during additional mating flights
Brain injuries can interrupt descending neural pathways that convey motor commands from the cortex to spinal motoneurons . Here , we demonstrate that a unilateral injury of the hindlimb sensorimotor cortex of rats with completely transected thoracic spinal cord produces hindlimb postural asymmetry with contralateral fl...	Brain trauma or a stroke often lead to severe problems in posture and movement . These injuries frequently occur only on one side , causing asymmetrical motor changes: damage to the left brain hemisphere triggers abnormal contractions of the right limbs , and vice-versa . The injuries can disrupt neural tracts between ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Left-right side-specific endocrine signaling complements neural pathways to mediate acute asymmetric effects of brain injury
The nuclear pore complex ( NPC ) mediates nucleocytoplasmic transport through the nuclear envelope . How the NPC assembles into this double membrane boundary has remained enigmatic . Here , we captured temporally staged assembly intermediates by correlating live cell imaging with high-resolution electron tomography and...	The nucleus is the compartment within our cells that contains most of our genetic material . It is separated from the rest of the cell by a boundary called the nuclear envelope , which consists of two layers of membrane . All transport in and out of the nucleus has to pass through channels in the envelope , formed by l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[]	2016	Nuclear pore assembly proceeds by an inside-out extrusion of the nuclear envelope
Bacterial swarming and biofilm formation are collective multicellular phenomena through which diverse microbial species colonize and spread over water-permeable tissue . During both modes of surface translocation , fluid uptake and transport play a key role in shaping the overall morphology and spreading dynamics . Her...	Bacteria can grow and thrive in many different environments . Although we usually think of bacteria as single-celled organisms , they are not always solitary; they can also form groups containing large numbers of individuals . These aggregates work together as one super-colony , allowing the bacteria to feed and protec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Experimental", "background", "Theoretical", "framework", "Bacterial", "swarms", "Bacterial", "films", "Discussion" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2019	A multiphase theory for spreading microbial swarms and films
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 ( Prmt5 ) is the major type II enzyme responsible for symmetric dimethylation of arginine . Here , we found that PRMT5 was expressed at high level in ovarian granulosa cells of growing follicles . Inactivation of Prmt5 in granulosa cells resulted in aberrant follicle development and...	Infertility in women can be caused by many factors , such as defects in the ovaries . An important part of the ovaries for fertility are internal structures called follicles , which house early forms of egg cells . A follicle grows and develops until the egg is finally released from the ovary into the fallopian tube , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2021	PRMT5 regulates ovarian follicle development by facilitating Wt1 translation
IgE can trigger potent allergic responses , yet the mechanisms regulating IgE production are poorly understood . Here we reveal that IgE+ B cells are constrained by chronic activity of the IgE B cell receptor ( BCR ) . In the absence of cognate antigen , the IgE BCR promoted terminal differentiation of B cells into pla...	Antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific molecules , and so help the immune system to defend the body against foreign substances that are potentially harmful . In some cases , harmless substances – such as pollen , dust or food – can trigger this response and lead to an allergic reaction . A type of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Regulation of B cell fate by chronic activity of the IgE B cell receptor
Advances in fluorescence microscopy enable monitoring larger brain areas in-vivo with finer time resolution . The resulting data rates require reproducible analysis pipelines that are reliable , fully automated , and scalable to datasets generated over the course of months . We present CaImAn , an open-source library f...	The human brain contains billions of cells called neurons that rapidly carry information from one part of the brain to another . Progress in medical research and healthcare is hindered by the difficulty in understanding precisely which neurons are active at any given time . New brain imaging techniques and genetic tool...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2019	CaImAn an open source tool for scalable calcium imaging data analysis
The precise regulation of microtubule dynamics is essential during cell division . The kinesin-13 motor protein MCAK is a potent microtubule depolymerase . The divergent non-motor regions flanking the ATPase domain are critical in regulating its targeting and activity . However , the molecular basis for the function of...	Within a cell , there is a scaffold-like structure called the cytoskeleton that provides shape and structural support , and acts as a transport network for the movement of molecules around the cell . This scaffold contains highly dynamic polymers called microtubules that are made from a protein called tubulin . The con...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	The C-terminal region of the motor protein MCAK controls its structure and activity through a conformational switch
Little is known about the excess mortality caused by multidrug-resistant ( MDR ) bacterial infection in low- and middle-income countries ( LMICs ) . We retrospectively obtained microbiology laboratory and hospital databases of nine public hospitals in northeast Thailand from 2004 to 2010 , and linked these with the nat...	Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem . Each year , an estimated 23 , 000 deaths in the United States and 25 , 000 deaths in the European Union are extra deaths caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics . People in low- and middle-income countries are also using more antibiotics , in part because of rising inc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2016	Epidemiology and burden of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection in a developing country
A general method is described for the site-specific genetic encoding of cyanine dyes as non-canonical amino acids ( Cy-ncAAs ) into proteins . The approach relies on an improved technique for nonsense suppression with in vitro misacylated orthogonal tRNA . The data show that Cy-ncAAs ( based on Cy3 and Cy5 ) are tolera...	Many scientists would argue that the leading edge of biological exploration is playing out at the level of individual molecules . On this scale , the essential molecular players of life are so small that they simply cannot be seen with a normal light microscope . While technology that can capture static snapshots of in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2016	Cellular encoding of Cy dyes for single-molecule imaging
The ability to read a page of text or recognize a person's face depends on category-selective visual regions in ventral temporal cortex ( VTC ) . To understand how these regions mediate word and face recognition , it is necessary to characterize how stimuli are represented and how this representation is used in the exe...	As your eyes scan this page , your visual system performs a series of computations that allow you to derive meaning from the printed words . The visual system solves this task with such apparent ease that you may never have thought about the challenges that your brain must overcome for you to read a page of text . The ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Bottom-up and top-down computations in word- and face-selective cortex
Many reef-building corals participate in a mass-spawning event that occurs yearly on the Great Barrier Reef . This coral reproductive event is one of earth's most prominent examples of synchronised behavior , and coral reproductive success is vital to the persistence of coral reef ecosystems . Although several environm...	Sexual reproduction in corals is possibly the most important process for replenishing degraded coral reefs . Most corals are “broadcast spawners” that reproduce by releasing their egg cells and sperm cells into the sea water surface . To maximize their chances of reproductive success , most coral in the Great Barrier R...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "short", "report" ]	2015	Signaling cascades and the importance of moonlight in coral broadcast mass spawning
Serotonin ( 5-HT ) is associated with mood and motivation but the function of endogenous 5-HT remains controversial . Here , we studied the impact of phasic optogenetic activation of 5-HT neurons in mice over time scales from seconds to weeks . We found that activating dorsal raphe nucleus ( DRN ) 5-HT neurons induced ...	The brain controls sleep , movement and the other behaviors that an animal needs to survive . A chemical called serotonin plays an important role in controlling these behaviors as it regulates the activity of nerve cells ( known as neurons ) throughout the brain . Serotonin is produced by a specific group of neurons fo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Transient inhibition and long-term facilitation of locomotion by phasic optogenetic activation of serotonin neurons
Tumor-initiating stem cells ( SCs ) exhibit distinct patterns of transcription factors and gene expression compared to healthy counterparts . Here , we show that dramatic shifts in large open-chromatin domain ( super-enhancer ) landscapes underlie these differences and reflect tumor microenvironment . By in vivo super-...	Many cancers contain a mixture of different types of cells . Of these , cells known as cancer stem cells can form new tumours and drive the growth and spread of the cancer around the body . A central question is how cancer stem cells differ from healthy adult stem cells . Recent evidence suggests that , in addition to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2015	ETS family transcriptional regulators drive chromatin dynamics and malignancy in squamous cell carcinomas
Multifunctional proteins are evolutionary puzzles: how do proteins evolve to satisfy multiple functional constraints ? S100A9 is one such multifunctional protein . It potently amplifies inflammation via Toll-like receptor four and is antimicrobial as part of a heterocomplex with S100A8 . These two functions are seeming...	A single protein sometimes does multiple jobs . For instance , our immune system uses a small number of multipurpose proteins to respond quickly to a large number of threats . One example is the protein S100A9 . It acts as an antimicrobial by preventing microbes from getting the nutrients they need , while also stimula...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2020	Evolution of multifunctionality through a pleiotropic substitution in the innate immune protein S100A9
The Notch signaling pathway consists of multiple types of receptors and ligands , whose interactions can be tuned by Fringe glycosyltransferases . A major challenge is to determine how these components control the specificity and directionality of Notch signaling in developmental contexts . Here , we analyzed same-cell...	In animals , cells use a process called Notch signaling to communicate with neighboring cells . During this process , a protein known as a DSL ligand from one cell binds to a protein called a Notch receptor on a neighboring cell . This triggers a series of events in the neighboring cell that change how the genes in thi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	Fringe proteins modulate Notch-ligand cis and trans interactions to specify signaling states
Gliosis defined as reactive changes of resident glia is the primary response of the central nervous system ( CNS ) to trauma . The proliferation and fate controls of injury-reactivated glia are essential but remain largely unexplored . In zebrafish optic tectum , we found that stab injury drove a subset of radial glia ...	The brain contains networks of cells known as neurons that rapidly relay information from one place to another . Other brain cells called glial cells perform several roles to support and protect the neurons including holding them in position and supplying them with oxygen and other nutrients . Damage to the brain as a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Stochastic cell-cycle entry and cell-state-dependent fate outputs of injury-reactivated tectal radial glia in zebrafish
The brain possesses a remarkable capacity to compensate for changes in inputs resulting from a range of sensory impairments . Developmental studies of sound localization have shown that adaptation to asymmetric hearing loss can be achieved either by reinterpreting altered spatial cues or by relying more on those cues t...	The brain normally compares the timing and intensity of the sounds that reach each ear to work out a sound’s origin . Hearing loss in one ear disrupts these between-ear comparisons , which causes listeners to make errors in this process . With time , however , the brain adapts to this hearing loss and once again learns...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Behavioral training promotes multiple adaptive processes following acute hearing loss
Estrogen Receptor-alpha ( ER ) drives 75% of breast cancers . Stimulation of the ER by estra-2-diol forms a transcriptionally-active chromatin-bound complex . Previous studies reported that ER binding follows a cyclical pattern . However , most studies have been limited to individual ER target genes and without replica...	Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide . The hormone estrogen drives the growth of 70% of breast cancer tumors . This form of breast cancer is called estrogen receptor positive ( ER+ ) breast cancer . In the early 2000s , several scientists found that some genes in ER+ breast cancers turn on and off ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "short", "report", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Genome-wide Estrogen Receptor-α activation is sustained, not cyclical
Hybrid sterility is one of the earliest postzygotic isolating mechanisms to evolve between two recently diverged species . Here we identify causes underlying hybrid infertility of two recently diverged fission yeast species Schizosaccharomyces pombe and S . kambucha , which mate to form viable hybrid diploids that effi...	It is widely thought that all of the billions of species on Earth are descended from a common ancestor . New species are created via a process called speciation , and nature employs various ‘barriers’ to keep closely related species distinct from one another . One of these barriers is called hybrid sterility . Horses a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	Genome rearrangements and pervasive meiotic drive cause hybrid infertility in fission yeast
Despite their potential interplay , multiple routes of many disease transmissions are often investigated separately . As a unifying framework for understanding parasite spread through interdependent transmission paths , we present the ‘ecomultiplex’ model , where the multiple transmission paths among a diverse communit...	Many infectious diseases are contained within a species , so animals from other species are not at risk of catching them . But some diseases – known as zoonoses – can spread between animals and humans . Zoonoses are often transmitted from one host to the next by insects that feed on both animals and humans . Many well-...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2018	Ecological multiplex interactions determine the role of species for parasite spread amplification
Heterochromatic gene silencing is an important form of gene regulation that usually requires specific histone modifications . A popular model posits that inheritance of modified histones , especially in the form of H3-H4 tetramers , underlies inheritance of heterochromatin . Because H3-H4 tetramers are randomly distrib...	A crucial process in life is the ability of cells to pass on useful information to their descendants . Some of this information is encoded within molecules of DNA , including genes that contain specific coded instructions . Another layer of information helps to specify whether individual genes are switched on or off , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2019	Epigenetic memory independent of symmetric histone inheritance
Embryonic anterior–posterior patterning is well understood in Drosophila , which uses ‘long germ’ embryogenesis , in which all segments are patterned before cellularization . In contrast , most insects use ‘short germ’ embryogenesis , wherein only head and thorax are patterned in a syncytial environment while the remai...	Networks of genes that work together are widespread in nature . The conservation of individual genes across species and the tendency of their networks to stick together is a sign that they are working efficiently . Furthermore , it is common for existing gene networks to be adapted to perform new tasks , instead of new...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2014	Dual mode of embryonic development is highlighted by expression and function of Nasonia pair-rule genes
Several different endocytic pathways have been proposed to function in mammalian cells . Clathrin-coated pits are well defined , but the identity , mechanism and function of alternative pathways have been controversial . Here we apply universal chemical labelling of plasma membrane proteins to define all primary endocy...	Cells are enclosed by a ‘plasma membrane’ that allows nutrients and certain small molecules to move in and out of cells . Larger molecules—such as proteins—are carried into cells through a process known as endocytosis , where part of the plasma membrane engulfs the molecule and transports it through the cell inside a b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Clathrin-independent pathways do not contribute significantly to endocytic flux
Hypoxia Inducible transcription Factors ( HIFs ) are principally regulated by the 2-oxoglutarate and Iron ( II ) prolyl hydroxylase ( PHD ) enzymes , which hydroxylate the HIFα subunit , facilitating its proteasome-mediated degradation . Observations that HIFα hydroxylation can be impaired even when oxygen is sufficien...	Most organisms have developed strategies to survive in low oxygen environments . Central to this response are proteins called Hypoxia Inducible Factors ( HIFs ) , which activate genes involved in energy production and blood vessel growth when oxygen is scarce . When plenty of oxygen is present , HIFs are rapidly broken...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	The vacuolar-ATPase complex and assembly factors, TMEM199 and CCDC115, control HIF1α prolyl hydroxylation by regulating cellular iron levels
We collated contact tracing data from COVID-19 clusters in Singapore and Tianjin , China and estimated the extent of pre-symptomatic transmission by estimating incubation periods and serial intervals . The mean incubation periods accounting for intermediate cases were 4 . 91 days ( 95%CI 4 . 35 , 5 . 69 ) and 7 . 54 ( ...	The first cases of COVID-19 were identified in Wuhan , a city in Central China , in December 2019 . The virus quickly spread within the country and then across the globe . By the third week in January , the first cases were confirmed in Tianjin , a city in Northern China , and in Singapore , a city country in Southeast...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2020	Evidence for transmission of COVID-19 prior to symptom onset
Life history theory posits that the sequence and timing of events in an organism's lifespan are fine-tuned by evolution to maximize the production of viable offspring . In a virus , a life history strategy is largely manifested in its replication mode . Here , we develop a stochastic mathematical model to infer the rep...	Viruses with genetic information made up of molecules of RNA can multiply quickly , but not very accurately . This means that many errors , or mutations , occur when the RNA is copied to create new viruses . The advantage of this rapid , but mistake-filled , RNA replication process is that some of the mutations will be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Experimentally guided models reveal replication principles that shape the mutation distribution of RNA viruses
Mammalian articular cartilage is an avascular tissue with poor capacity for spontaneous repair . Here , we show that embryonic development of cartilage in the skate ( Leucoraja erinacea ) mirrors that of mammals , with developing chondrocytes co-expressing genes encoding the transcription factors Sox5 , Sox6 and Sox9 ....	For our joints to move around freely , they are lubricated with cartilage . In growing mammals , this tissue is continuously made by the body . But , by adulthood , this cartilage will have been almost entirely replaced by bone . It is also difficult for adult bodies to replenish what cartilage does remain – such as th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Adult chondrogenesis and spontaneous cartilage repair in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea
The organization of DNA into chromatin is dynamic; nucleosomes are frequently displaced to facilitate the ability of regulatory proteins to access specific DNA elements . To gain insight into nucleosome dynamics , and to follow how dynamics change during differentiation , we used a technique called time-ChIP to quantit...	In animal , plant and other eukaryotic cells , DNA wraps around histone proteins to form structures called nucleosomes . This compacts long strands of DNA to fit them inside a cell . However , nucleosomes also act as barriers that can prevent access to the DNA . This affects the activity , or “expression” , of genes be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2016	Enhancer regions show high histone H3.3 turnover that changes during differentiation
Mutating RNA virus genomes to alter codon pair ( CP ) frequencies and reduce translation efficiency has been advocated as a method to generate safe , attenuated virus vaccines . However , selection for disfavoured CPs leads to unintended increases in CpG and UpA dinucleotide frequencies that also attenuate replication ...	Viruses cause a number of diseases in humans , such as measles or polio , that can be prevented by vaccines . Some vaccines contain whole viruses that have been weakened or modified so that they do not cause illness . In response to infection with these weakened viruses , the immune system creates cells that can ‘recog...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	RNA virus attenuation by codon pair deoptimisation is an artefact of increases in CpG/UpA dinucleotide frequencies
In Gram-negative bacteria , lipid asymmetry is critical for the function of the outer membrane ( OM ) as a selective permeability barrier , but how it is established and maintained is poorly understood . Here , we characterize a non-canonical ATP-binding cassette ( ABC ) transporter in Escherichia coli that provides en...	Escherichia coli are bacteria that can cause vomiting and diarrhoea in humans and other mammals . Each E . coli cell is surrounded by two membranes , which are each made of two layers of fat molecules known as lipids . The outer membrane prevents the entry of toxic compounds and allows E . coli to withstand damaging ag...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Defining key roles for auxiliary proteins in an ABC transporter that maintains bacterial outer membrane lipid asymmetry
A single , low dose of the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine produces rapid antidepressant actions in treatment-resistant depressed patients . Understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying this will lead to new therapies for treating major depression . NMDARs are heteromultimeric complexes formed through association...	Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide , with hundreds of millions of people living with the condition . The ‘gold standard’ for depression treatment involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication . Unfortunately , current antidepressant medications do not help everyone , waiting lists for psyc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors regulate depression-like behavior and are critical for the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in humans , the telomerase RNA subunit is bound by Ku , a ring-shaped protein heterodimer best known for its function in DNA repair . Ku binding to yeast telomerase RNA promotes telomere lengthening and telomerase recruitment to telomeres , but how this is achieved remains unknown . Usin...	Inside a cell's nucleus , DNA is packaged into structures called chromosomes . The ends of every chromosome are capped by repeating sequences of DNA known as telomeres , which protect the chromosomes from damage . Every time a cell divides , the telomeres shorten . If telomere length falls below a critical level , the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2015	The Ku subunit of telomerase binds Sir4 to recruit telomerase to lengthen telomeres in S. cerevisiae
Many intercellular signals are synthesised as transmembrane precursors that are released by proteolytic cleavage ( ‘shedding’ ) from the cell surface . ADAM17 , a membrane-tethered metalloprotease , is the primary shedding enzyme responsible for the release of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα and several EGF receptor lig...	Cells in the human body communicate with one another for many different reasons , including to help organs develop correctly and to produce a healthy reponse to injury and infection . Signalling proteins , such as growth factors and cytokines , form the main language of this communication . Initially , many growth fact...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	FRMD8 promotes inflammatory and growth factor signalling by stabilising the iRhom/ADAM17 sheddase complex
Bacterial type IV secretion systems ( T4SSs ) are molecular machines that can mediate interbacterial DNA transfer through conjugation and delivery of effector molecules into host cells . The Helicobacter pylori Cag T4SS translocates CagA , a bacterial oncoprotein , into gastric cells , contributing to gastric cancer pa...	Helicobacter pylori is a species of bacterium that can colonize the human stomach , causing changes that greatly increase the risk of ulcers and stomach cancer . Some strains of H . pylori produce a protein called CagA , which alters how stomach cells grow and divide . The bacterium injects CagA directly into stomach c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Structure of the Helicobacter pylori Cag type IV secretion system
Differentiation programs such as meiosis depend on extensive gene regulation to mediate cellular morphogenesis . Meiosis requires transient removal of the outer kinetochore , the complex that connects microtubules to chromosomes . How the meiotic gene expression program temporally restricts kinetochore function is unkn...	DNA stores the genetic information needed to make proteins and other molecules inside cells . To make a protein , cells use a particular section of DNA as a template to make molecules of messenger RNA ( or mRNA for short ) , which are then translated into the corresponding protein . Inside yeast , humans and other euka...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2017	Kinetochore inactivation by expression of a repressive mRNA
To date , microglia subsets in the healthy CNS have not been identified . Utilizing autofluorescence ( AF ) as a discriminating parameter , we identified two novel microglia subsets in both mice and non-human primates , termed autofluorescence-positive ( AF+ ) and negative ( AF− ) . While their proportion remained cons...	Microglia are a unique type of immune cell found in the brain and spinal cord . Their job is to support neurons , defend against invading microbes , clear debris and remove dying neurons by engulfing them . Despite these diverse roles , scientists have long believed that there is only a single type of microglial cell ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "tools", "and", "resources", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Differential accumulation of storage bodies with aging defines discrete subsets of microglia in the healthy brain
The speciose mammalian order Eulipotyphla ( moles , shrews , hedgehogs , solenodons ) combines an unusual diversity of semi-aquatic , semi-fossorial , and fossorial forms that arose from terrestrial forbearers . However , our understanding of the ecomorphological pathways leading to these lifestyles has been confounded...	The shrews , moles and hedgehogs that surround us all belong to the same large group of insect-eating mammals . While most members in this ‘Eulipotyphla order’ trot on land , some , like moles , have evolved to hunt their prey underground . A few species , such as the water shrews , have even ventured to adopt a semi-a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2021	Myoglobin primary structure reveals multiple convergent transitions to semi-aquatic life in the world's smallest mammalian divers
To capture the functional diversity of microbiota , one must identify metabolic functions and species of interest within hundreds or thousands of microorganisms . We present Metage2Metabo ( M2M ) a resource that meets the need for de novo functional screening of genome-scale metabolic networks ( GSMNs ) at the scale of...	All the microbes that live in a specific environment , for example an organ , are collectively called the microbiota . In humans , the microbiota of the gut has been extensively studied by sequencing the DNA of the different microbes to identify them and determine the roles they play in health and disease . The DNA seq...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	Metage2Metabo, microbiota-scale metabolic complementarity for the identification of key species
New discoveries and dating of fossil remains from the Rising Star cave system , Cradle of Humankind , South Africa , have strong implications for our understanding of Pleistocene human evolution in Africa . Direct dating of Homo naledi fossils from the Dinaledi Chamber ( Berger et al . , 2015 ) shows that they were dep...	Species of ancient humans and the extinct relatives of our ancestors are typically described from a limited number of fossils . However , this was not the case with Homo naledi . More than 1 , 500 fossils representing at least 15 individuals of this species were unearthed from the Rising Star cave system in South Afric...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2017	Homo naledi and Pleistocene hominin evolution in subequatorial Africa
The HIV-1 Vpr accessory protein induces ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation of many cellular proteins by recruiting them to a cullin4A-DDB1-DCAF1 complex . In so doing , Vpr enhances HIV-1 gene expression and induces ( G2/M ) cell cycle arrest . However , the identities of Vpr target proteins through which these...	Like all viruses , the human immunodeficiency virus 1 ( HIV-1 ) cannot replicate on its own; to multiply , it needs to exploit the molecular machinery of a cell . A set of HIV-1 proteins is vital in this hijacking process , and they are required for the virus to make more of itself . However , HIV-1 also carries access...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	HIV-1 Vpr induces cell cycle arrest and enhances viral gene expression by depleting CCDC137
Solar irradiation including ultraviolet ( UV ) light causes tissue damage by generating reactive free radicals that can be electrophilic or nucleophilic due to unpaired electrons . Little is known about how free radicals induced by natural sunlight are rapidly detected and avoided by animals . We discover that Drosophi...	Atoms are made up of a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons , which is orbited by electrons . The electrons orbit within shells that surround the nucleus and each shell can contain a specific number of electrons . A particle with an outer shell that is missing one or more electrons will be unstable and highly rea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Nucleophile sensitivity of Drosophila TRPA1 underlies light-induced feeding deterrence
Visceral adiposity confers significant risk for developing metabolic disease in obesity whereas preferential expansion of subcutaneous white adipose tissue ( WAT ) appears protective . Unlike subcutaneous WAT , visceral WAT is resistant to adopting a protective thermogenic phenotype characterized by the accumulation of...	Mammals have different types of fat cells in their bodies . White fat cells store energy for later use , and brown and beige fat cells burn energy to help keep the body warm . Individuals who are obese typically have too many white fat cells in and around their belly . This belly fat , also called visceral fat , accumu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2017	Directing visceral white adipocyte precursors to a thermogenic adipocyte fate improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice
Segmented RNA viruses are ubiquitous pathogens , which include influenza viruses and rotaviruses . A major challenge in understanding their assembly is the combinatorial problem of a non-random selection of a full genomic set of distinct RNAs . This process involves complex RNA-RNA and protein-RNA interactions , which ...	Rotavirus is a highly infectious virus that affects children worldwide , causing severe diarrhoea . Despite the introduction of several highly effective vaccines , more than 200 , 000 children still die from rotavirus each year . There are currently no drugs that can combat this disease once a child has been infected ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Protein-mediated RNA folding governs sequence-specific interactions between rotavirus genome segments
Despite vast diversity in metabolites and the matching substrate specificity of their transporters , little is known about how evolution of transporter substrate specificities is linked to emergence of substrates via evolution of biosynthetic pathways . Transporter specificity towards the recently evolved glucosinolate...	All living cells are surrounded by membranes that protect them from the external environment . The membrane contains proteins called transporters , which move nutrients and other molecules ( known as substrates ) across the membrane . A variety of transporters have evolved to move the hundreds of thousands of different...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	Origin and evolution of transporter substrate specificity within the NPF family
Microorganisms often exhibit a history-dependent phenotypic response after exposure to a stimulus which can be imperative for proper function . However , cells frequently experience unexpected environmental perturbations that might induce phenotypic switching . How cells maintain phenotypic states in the face of enviro...	All organisms need to be able to react to the challenges thrown at them by their changing environment . Yeast , bacteria and other microbes have networks of genes that can give rise to many different traits and characteristics , which can also be referred to as phenotypes . A change in the environment can alter the act...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Phenotypic states become increasingly sensitive to perturbations near a bifurcation in a synthetic gene network
Understanding how bacteria affect plant health is crucial for developing sustainable crop production systems . We coupled ecological sampling and genome sequencing to characterize the population genetic history of Rhodococcus and the distribution patterns of virulence plasmids in isolates from nurseries . Analysis of c...	All organisms live in a world teeming with bacteria . Some bacteria are beneficial and , for example , provide their hosts with nutrients . Others cause harm , for example , by stealing nutrients and causing disease . Many bacteria can also gain DNA from other bacteria , and the genes encoded within the new DNA can hel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2017	Evolutionary transitions between beneficial and phytopathogenic Rhodococcus challenge disease management
Spontaneous fluctuations of neural activity may explain why sensory responses vary across repeated presentations of the same physical stimulus . To test this hypothesis , we recorded electroencephalography in humans during stimulation with identical visual stimuli and analyzed how prestimulus neural oscillations modula...	Give a computer the same input and you should get back the same response every time . But give a human brain the same sensory input and you will see a range of different responses . This is because the brain’s response to sensory input depends not only on the properties of the input , but also on its own internal state...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Multiple mechanisms link prestimulus neural oscillations to sensory responses
According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , in 2018 , an estimated 228 million malaria cases occurred worldwide with most cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa . Scale-up of vector control tools coupled with increased access to diagnosis and effective treatment has resulted in a large decline in malaria preval...	Malaria infects around 230 million people each year , mostly in sub-Saharan Africa , and causes more than 400 , 000 deaths . Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to malaria . The parasite that causes malaria can sap the mother’s iron stores and may starve the baby of nutrients . Babies born to infected mothers o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2021	Relationship between changing malaria burden and low birth weight in sub-Saharan Africa: A difference-in-differences study via a pair-of-pairs approach
The Escherichia coli SMC complex , MukBEF , acts in chromosome segregation . MukBEF shares the distinctive architecture of other SMC complexes , with one prominent difference; unlike other kleisins , MukF forms dimers through its N-terminal domain . We show that a 4-helix bundle adjacent to the MukF dimerisation domain...	Most DNA in a cell is arranged in structures called chromosomes . From bacteria to humans , chromosomes have to be compacted and highly organized to allow the cells to maintain and use their genetic information . In all organisms , large ring-shaped protein complexes play a crucial role in managing chromosomes . They t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2018	MukB ATPases are regulated independently by the N- and C-terminal domains of MukF kleisin
Planar cell polarity ( PCP ) signaling controls the polarization of cells within the plane of an epithelium . Two molecular modules composed of Fat ( Ft ) /Dachsous ( Ds ) /Four-jointed ( Fj ) and a ‘PCP-core’ including Frizzled ( Fz ) and Dishevelled ( Dsh ) contribute to polarization of individual cells . How polarit...	Almost all cells exhibit some sort of polarity: the epithelial cells that line the digestive tract , for example , have an apical domain , which faces out , and a basal domain , which faces the tissue underneath . Some epithelial cells also exhibit planar cell polarity: this involves key structures within the cell bein...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Microtubules provide directional information for core PCP function
Axon injury triggers a series of changes in the axonal cytoskeleton that are prerequisites for effective axon regeneration . In Caenorhabditis elegans the signaling protein Exchange Factor for ARF-6 ( EFA-6 ) is a potent intrinsic inhibitor of axon regrowth . Here we show that axon injury triggers rapid EFA-6-dependent...	In the nervous system , cells called neurons carry information around the body . These cells have long thin projections called axons that allow the information to pass very quickly along the cell to junctions with other neurons . Neurons in adult mammals are limited in their ability to regenerate , so any damage to axo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Axon injury triggers EFA-6 mediated destabilization of axonal microtubules via TACC and doublecortin like kinase
Natural environments feature mixtures of odorants of diverse quantities , qualities and complexities . Olfactory receptor neurons ( ORNs ) are the first layer in the sensory pathway and transmit the olfactory signal to higher regions of the brain . Yet , the response of ORNs to mixtures is strongly non-additive , and e...	When ordering in a coffee shop , you probably recognize and enjoy the aroma of freshly roasted coffee beans . But as well as coffee , you can also smell the croissants behind the counter and maybe even the perfume or cologne of the person next to you . Each of these scents consists of a collection of chemicals , or odo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Antagonism in olfactory receptor neurons and its implications for the perception of odor mixtures
Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and cytokine production represent the front lines of resistance to bacterial invaders . A key feature of this pro-inflammatory response in mammals is the complex remodeling of cellular metabolism towards aerobic glycolysis . Although the function of bactericidal macrophages is highly co...	Macrophages are the immune system's first line of defense against infection . These immune cells can be found in all tissues and organs , watching for signs of disease-causing agents and targeting them for destruction . Maintaining macrophages costs energy , so to minimize waste , these cells spend most of their lives ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	Drosophila macrophages switch to aerobic glycolysis to mount effective antibacterial defense
High-income countries are experiencing measles reemergence as the result of suboptimal vaccine uptake and marked immunity gaps among adults . In 2017 , the Italian Government introduced mandatory vaccination at school entry for ten infectious diseases , including measles . However , sustainable and effective vaccinatio...	Measles is one of the world’s most contagious diseases causing thousands of deaths every year , despite a safe and effective vaccine being available since the 1960s . High rates of vaccination – about 95% of each age group – are required to eliminate measles , but national and global health agencies struggle to achieve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2019	Parental vaccination to reduce measles immunity gaps in Italy
The identification of clinically viable strategies for overcoming resistance to platinum chemotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma has previously been hampered by inappropriately tailored in vitro assays of drug response . Therefore , using a pulse model that closely mimics the in vivo pharmacokinetics of platinum therapy , ...	Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer , and it emerges because of a variety of harmful genetic changes , or mutations . Two lung cancer patients – or indeed , two different sets of cancerous cells within a patient – may therefore carry different damaging mutations . A group of drugs called platinum...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	Analysis of pulsed cisplatin signalling dynamics identifies effectors of resistance in lung adenocarcinoma
Synaptic plasticity , which underlies learning and memory , depends on calcium elevation in neurons , but the precise relationship between calcium and spatiotemporal patterns of synaptic inputs is unclear . Here , we develop a biologically realistic computational model of striatal spiny projection neurons with sophisti...	How do we form new memories ? The human brain contains almost 90 billion neurons , which communicate with one another at junctions called synapses . Each neuron has a shape a little like that of a tree , and is covered in branches called dendrites . Synapses typically form between the end of one neuron and a dendrite o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Inhibition enhances spatially-specific calcium encoding of synaptic input patterns in a biologically constrained model
Transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase ( Pol ) II is essential for gene expression during cell growth and differentiation . The positive transcription elongation factor b ( P-TEFb ) stimulates transcriptional elongation by phosphorylating Pol II and antagonizing negative elongation factors . A reservoir of P-TEFb...	To express a gene to make a protein , the gene's DNA must first be transcribed to produce molecules of messenger RNA . The start of the transcription process features two milestones . First , an enzyme called RNA Polymerase II starts the process . Shortly afterwards , however , the process pauses and only starts again ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	LARP7 suppresses P-TEFb activity to inhibit breast cancer progression and metastasis
The Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b ( P-TEFb ) phosphorylates Ser2 residues of the C-terminal domain ( CTD ) of the largest subunit ( RPB1 ) of RNA polymerase II and is essential for the transition from transcription initiation to elongation in vivo . Surprisingly , P-TEFb exhibits Ser5 phosphorylation activ...	DNA contains the instructions for making proteins , which build and maintain our cells . So that the information encoded in DNA can be used , a molecular machine called RNA polymerase II makes copies of specific genes . These copies , in the form of a molecule called RNA , convey the instructions for making proteins to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2019	Tyr1 phosphorylation promotes phosphorylation of Ser2 on the C-terminal domain of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II by P-TEFb
Variation in floral displays , both between and within species , has been long known to be shaped by the mutualistic interactions that plants establish with their pollinators . However , increasing evidence suggests that abiotic selection pressures influence floral diversity as well . Here , we analyse the genetic and ...	Flowers are an important part of how many plants reproduce . Their distinctive colours , shapes and patterns attract specific pollinators , but they can also help to protect the plant from predators and environmental stresses . Many flowers contain pigments that absorb ultraviolet ( UV ) light to display distinct UV pa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2022	Genetic basis and dual adaptive role of floral pigmentation in sunflowers
Plaque rupture occurs if stress within coronary lesions exceeds the protection exerted by the fibrous cap overlying the necrotic lipid core . However , very little is known about the biomechanical stress exerting this disrupting force . Employing optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) , we generated plaque models and per...	Heart attacks are caused by a blockage in arteries that supply oxygen to the heart . This often happens when fatty deposits ( or ‘plaques’ ) that line blood vessels break off and create a clot . To identify individuals most at risk of this occurring , physicians currently use symptoms , family history , blood tests , i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2021	Coronary plaque composition influences biomechanical stress and predicts plaque rupture in a morpho-mechanic OCT analysis
Early adversity is a risk factor for the development of adult psychopathology . Common across multiple rodent models of early adversity is increased signaling via forebrain Gq-coupled neurotransmitter receptors . We addressed whether enhanced Gq-mediated signaling in forebrain excitatory neurons during postnatal life c...	Stress and adversity in early childhood can have long-lasting effects , predisposing people to mental illness and mood disorders in adult life . The weeks immediately before and after birth are critical for establishing key networks of neurons in the brain . Therefore , any disruption to these neural circuits during th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Chronic postnatal chemogenetic activation of forebrain excitatory neurons evokes persistent changes in mood behavior
During hibernation , animals cycle between torpor and arousal . These cycles involve dramatic but poorly understood mechanisms of dynamic physiological regulation at the level of gene expression . Each cycle , Brown Adipose Tissue ( BAT ) drives periodic arousal from torpor by generating essential heat . We applied dig...	Many mammals hibernate to avoid food scarcity and harsh conditions during winter . Hibernation involves entering a state called torpor , which drastically reduces the amount of energy used by the body . During torpor , body temperature also decreases . This is particularly exemplified in ground squirrels , whose body t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Enhanced stability and polyadenylation of select mRNAs support rapid thermogenesis in the brown fat of a hibernator
Pericentromeric satellite repeats are enriched in 5-methylcytosine ( 5mC ) . Loss of 5mC at these sequences is common in cancer and is a hallmark of Immunodeficiency , Centromere and Facial abnormalities ( ICF ) syndrome . While the general importance of 5mC is well-established , the specific functions of 5mC at perice...	Cells package DNA into structures called chromosomes . When cells divide , each chromosome duplicates , and a structure called a centromere initially holds the copies together . The sequences of DNA on either side of the centromeres are often highly repetitive . In backboned animals , this DNA normally also has extra c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "research", "communication" ]	2018	Pericentromeric hypomethylation elicits an interferon response in an animal model of ICF syndrome
Many stem cells divide asymmetrically in order to balance self-renewal with differentiation . The essence of asymmetric cell division ( ACD ) is the polarization of cells and subsequent division , leading to unequal compartmentalization of cellular/extracellular components that confer distinct cell fates to daughter ce...	The tissues of an animal's body are built from cells that are originally derived from stem cells . Each stem cell can divide and give rise to another stem cell and a cell that will become a more specific type of cell—such as a nerve cell , muscle cell , or sperm cell . If this asymmetric cell division is disrupted , it...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The polarity protein Baz forms a platform for the centrosome orientation during asymmetric stem cell division in the Drosophila male germline
Human gut Bacteroides use surface-exposed lipoproteins to bind and metabolize complex polysaccharides . Although vitamins and other nutrients are also essential for commensal fitness , much less is known about how commensal bacteria compete with each other or the host for these critical resources . Unlike in Escherichi...	Eating is the first step in an hours-long process that extracts the nutrients we need to live . It not only nourishes us , but also a vast community of bacteria in our gut called the microbiota . The gut microbiota acts like an extension of our immune system and helps us stay healthy in many ways . For example , it blo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Human gut Bacteroides capture vitamin B12 via cell surface-exposed lipoproteins
Clarifying gene expression in narrowly defined neuronal populations can provide insight into cellular identity , computation , and functionality . Here , we used next-generation RNA sequencing ( RNA-seq ) to produce a quantitative , whole genome characterization of gene expression for the major excitatory neuronal clas...	Both mouse and human brains are made up of many millions of cells called neurons that are interconnected to form circuits . These neurons are not all the same , because different classes of neurons express different complements of genes . Neurons that express similar genes tend to look and act alike , whereas neurons t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Hipposeq: a comprehensive RNA-seq database of gene expression in hippocampal principal neurons
Risk for Atrial Fibrillation ( AF ) , the most common human arrhythmia , has a major genetic component . The T-box transcription factor TBX5 influences human AF risk , and adult-specific Tbx5-mutant mice demonstrate spontaneous AF . We report that TBX5 is critical for cellular Ca2+ homeostasis , providing a molecular m...	The human heart contains four distinct chambers that work together to pump blood around the body . In individuals with a condition called atrial fibrillation , two of the chambers ( known as the atria ) beat irregularly and are unable to push all the blood they hold into the other two chambers of the heart . This can c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	A calcium transport mechanism for atrial fibrillation in Tbx5-mutant mice
Cells are fundamental units of life , but little is known about evolution of cell states . Induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPSCs ) are once differentiated cells that have been re-programmed to an embryonic stem cell-like state , providing a powerful platform for biology and medicine . However , they have been limited ...	Stem cells are ‘pluripotent’—in other words , they have the potential to become many other cell types . This ability makes them extremely valuable for research . They also hold substantial promise for medical applications , since they can be used to replace cells lost or damaged by disease or injury . Embryos represent...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2013	Mammalian genes induce partially reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells in non-mammalian vertebrate and invertebrate species
Cardiomyocyte ( CM ) maturation in mammals is accompanied by a sharp decline in their proliferative and regenerative potential shortly after birth . In this study , we explored the role of the mechanical properties of the underlying matrix in the regulation of CM maturation . We show that rat and mouse neonatal CMs cul...	Heart muscle contracts and relaxes in a regular rhythm to pump blood around the body . Soon after birth , the cells that form our heart muscle stop multiplying . As we grow , these cells increase in size and their internal skeleton—called myoskeleton—becomes more complex , to withstand the demands of pumping more blood...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Reduced matrix rigidity promotes neonatal cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation, proliferation and clonal expansion
We take a functional genomics approach to congenital heart disease mechanism . We used DamID to establish a robust set of target genes for NKX2-5 wild type and disease associated NKX2-5 mutations to model loss-of-function in gene regulatory networks . NKX2-5 mutants , including those with a crippled homeodomain , bound...	Many genes working within large gene networks influence the development of heart muscle cells in humans and other animals . The activity of these genes is controlled in part by proteins called transcription factors , which bind to DNA and act as molecular switches . One transcription factor that is particularly importa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	NKX2-5 mutations causative for congenital heart disease retain functionality and are directed to hundreds of targets
Bacterial small RNAs ( sRNAs ) are key elements of regulatory networks that modulate gene expression . The sRNA RydC of Salmonella sp . and Escherichia coli is an example of this class of riboregulators . Like many other sRNAs , RydC bears a ‘seed’ region that recognises specific transcripts through base-pairing , and ...	A crucial step in the production of proteins is the translation of messenger RNA molecules . Other RNA molecules called small RNAs are also involved in this process: these small RNAs bind to the messenger RNA molecules to either increase or decrease the production of proteins . Bacteria and other microorganisms use sma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Recognition of the small regulatory RNA RydC by the bacterial Hfq protein
The hippocampus is critical for episodic memory and computational studies have predicted specific functions for each hippocampal subregion . Particularly , the dentate gyrus ( DG ) is hypothesized to perform pattern separation by forming distinct representations of similar inputs . How pattern separation is achieved by...	Being able to keep memories of similar events separate in your mind is an essential part of remembering . If you use the same carpark every day , recalling where you left your car this morning is challenging , not because you have to remember an event from long ago , but because you have to distinguish between many sim...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Selection of distinct populations of dentate granule cells in response to inputs as a mechanism for pattern separation in mice
Behavioral adaptation to environmental threats and subsequent social transmission of adaptive behavior has evolutionary implications . In Drosophila , exposure to parasitoid wasps leads to a sharp decline in oviposition . We show that exposure to predator elicits both an acute and learned oviposition depression , media...	Every animal must be able to adapt to threats and changes to their environment that could affect their survival . Some ‘social’ animals , such as honeybees and ants , go further than this , and also transmit information about a threat—and how to survive it—to other members of their species . This helpful behavior is no...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Social communication of predator-induced changes in Drosophila behavior and germ line physiology
To provide an effective substrate for cognitive processes , functional brain networks should be able to reorganize and coordinate on a sub-second temporal scale . We used magnetoencephalography recordings of spontaneous activity to characterize whole-brain functional connectivity dynamics at high temporal resolution . ...	When subjects lie motionless inside scanners without any particular task to perform , their brains show stereotyped patterns of activity across regions known as resting state networks . Each network consists of areas with a common function , such as the ‘motor’ network or the ‘visual’ network . The role of resting stat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Fast transient networks in spontaneous human brain activity
Essential to spatial orientation in the natural environment is a dynamic representation of direction and distance to objects . Despite the importance of 3D spatial localization to parse objects in the environment and to guide movement , most neurophysiological investigations of sensory mapping have been limited to stud...	Humans and other animals can navigate their natural environments seamlessly , even if there are obstacles in their path . However , it is not well understood how an animal’s brain processes information from the senses to map where it is in relation to these objects , both in terms of distance and direction . Bats can h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Dynamic representation of 3D auditory space in the midbrain of the free-flying echolocating bat
New therapeutic targets for oral squamous cell carcinoma ( OSCC ) are urgently needed . We conducted genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens in 21 OSCC cell lines , primarily derived from Asians , to identify genetic vulnerabilities that can be explored as therapeutic targets . We identify known and novel fitness genes and dem...	Many types of cancer now have 'targeted treatments' , which specifically home in on genes cancer cells rely on for survival . But there are very few of these treatments available for the most common type of mouth cancer , oral squamous cell carcinoma , which around 350 , 000 people are diagnosed with each year . Design...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics", "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	Genome-wide CRISPR screens of oral squamous cell carcinoma reveal fitness genes in the Hippo pathway
Adeno-associated virus ( AAV ) -mediated gene therapies are rapidly advancing to the clinic , and AAV engineering has resulted in vectors with increased ability to deliver therapeutic genes . Although the choice of vector is critical , quantitative comparison of AAVs , especially in large animals , remains challenging ...	Gene therapy is an experimental approach to treating disease that involves altering faulty genes or replacing them with new , working copies . Most often , the new genetic material is delivered into cells using a modified virus that no longer causes disease , called a viral vector . Virus-mediated gene therapies are cu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2021	scAAVengr, a transcriptome-based pipeline for quantitative ranking of engineered AAVs with single-cell resolution
Splenic dendritic cells ( DCs ) present blood-borne antigens to lymphocytes to promote T cell and antibody responses . The cues involved in positioning DCs in areas of antigen exposure in the spleen are undefined . Here we show that CD4+ DCs highly express EBI2 and migrate to its oxysterol ligand , 7α , 25-OHC . In mic...	One of the main roles of the spleen is to make the antibodies that protect the body against viruses , bacteria and other microorganisms . Antibodies are made by B cells , which are a type of white blood cell , after they have been exposed to antigens . For most antibody responses , it is also necessary for the B cells ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2013	EBI2-mediated bridging channel positioning supports splenic dendritic cell homeostasis and particulate antigen capture
Animal behavior has been studied for centuries , but few efficient methods are available to automatically identify and classify it . Quantitative behavioral studies have been hindered by the subjective and imprecise nature of human observation , and the slow speed of annotating behavioral data . Here , we developed an ...	How do animals control their behavior ? Scientists have been trying to answer this question for over 2 , 000 years , and many studies have analysed specific behaviors in different animals . However , most of these studies have traditionally relied on human observers to recognise and classify different behaviors such as...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Comprehensive machine learning analysis of Hydra behavior reveals a stable basal behavioral repertoire
Future therapeutic use of engineered site-directed nucleases , like zinc-finger nucleases ( ZFNs ) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases ( TALENs ) , relies on safe and effective means of delivering nucleases to cells . In this study , we adapt lentiviral vectors as carriers of designer nuclease proteins ...	Altering the genetic code of a living organism to produce certain desirable outcomes is the goal of genetic engineering . The field builds on a long history of human attempts to alter genetics , from selective breeding of crops and livestock to genetically modified organisms and gene therapies . Researchers routinely u...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2014	Targeted genome editing by lentiviral protein transduction of zinc-finger and TAL-effector nucleases
Membrane proteins with multiple transmembrane domains play critical roles in cell physiology , but little is known about the machinery coordinating their biogenesis at the endoplasmic reticulum . Here we describe a ~ 360 kDa ribosome-associated complex comprising the core Sec61 channel and five accessory factors: TMCO1...	Cell membranes are structures that separate the interior of the cell from its environment and determine the cell’s shape and the structure of its internal compartments . Nearly 25% of human genes encode transmembrane proteins that span the entire membrane from one side to the other , helping the membrane perform its ro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2020	An ER translocon for multi-pass membrane protein biogenesis
Perinatal brain injuries , including hippocampal lesions , cause lasting changes in dopamine function in rodents , but it is not known if this occurs in humans . We compared adults who were born very preterm with perinatal brain injury to those born very preterm without perinatal brain injury , and age-matched controls...	Thirteen million infants are born too early every year . Improved care allows many to survive , but these “preterm infants” still face an increased risk of death and many other complications . Infants born very early , before 32 weeks , are at risk of brain injury because the brain is normally still developing in the l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	The effect of perinatal brain injury on dopaminergic function and hippocampal volume in adult life
Myosins play essential roles in the development and function of auditory organs and multiple myosin genes are associated with hereditary forms of deafness . Using a forward genetic screen in Drosophila , we identified an E3 ligase , Ubr3 , as an essential gene for auditory organ development . Ubr3 negatively regulates ...	Over half of the world’s population has hearing loss by the age of 65 , and inherited forms of deafness are responsible for many of the hearing impairments in newborn children . Because the auditory organs that enable insects and mammals to hear work in similar ways , we have learnt a lot about genetic forms of deafnes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	The E3 ligase Ubr3 regulates Usher syndrome and MYH9 disorder proteins in the auditory organs of Drosophila and mammals
Although aging-regulating pathways were discovered a few decades ago , it is not entirely clear how their activities are orchestrated , to govern lifespan and proteostasis at the organismal level . Here , we utilized the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to examine whether the alteration of aging , by reducing the activi...	Aging may seem inescapable , but there are many factors , from diet to genetic mutations , that can affect this process . In fact , scientists have started to uncover the mechanisms that control and influence this slow decline . For example , in the small worm Caenorhabditis elegans , removing the germs cells – which g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	The insulin/IGF signaling cascade modulates SUMOylation to regulate aging and proteostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria with a unique CO2 concentrating mechanism ( CCM ) , enhancing carbon fixation . Understanding the CCM requires a systems level perspective of how molecular components work together to enhance CO2 fixation . We present a mathematical model of the cyanobacterial CCM , giving the ...	Cyanobacteria are microorganisms that live in water and , like plants , they capture energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide into sugars and other useful compounds . This process—called photosynthesis—releases oxygen as a by-product . Cyanobacteria were crucial in making the atmosphere of the early Earth habitabl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Systems analysis of the CO2 concentrating mechanism in cyanobacteria
Mutualisms can be promoted by pleiotropic win-win mutations which directly benefit self ( self-serving ) and partner ( partner-serving ) . Intuitively , partner-serving phenotype could be quantified as an individual’s benefit supply rate to partners . Here , we demonstrate the inadequacy of this thinking , and propose ...	Many organisms – including microbes – have mutually beneficially relationships . Often , the exchanged goods , such as nutrients , are costly to make . But what happens when individuals evolve to help themselves more ? Can they also evolve to be more helpful to others ? Hart , Pineda et al . studied a community of two ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Disentangling strictly self-serving mutations from win-win mutations in a mutualistic microbial community
Lattices abound in nature—from the crystal structure of minerals to the honey-comb organization of ommatidia in the compound eye of insects . These arrangements provide solutions for optimal packings , efficient resource distribution , and cryptographic protocols . Do lattices also play a role in how the brain represen...	The brain of a mammal has to store vast amounts of information . The ability of animals to navigate through their environment , for example , depends on a map of the space around them being encoded in the electrical activity of a finite number of neurons . In 2014 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded t...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Probable nature of higher-dimensional symmetries underlying mammalian grid-cell activity patterns
Hsp90 is a conserved chaperone that facilitates protein homeostasis . Our crystal structure of the mitochondrial Hsp90 , TRAP1 , revealed an extension of the N-terminal β-strand previously shown to cross between protomers in the closed state . In this study , we address the regulatory function of this extension or ‘str...	Proteins—which are made of chains of molecules called amino acids—play many important roles in cells . Before a newly made protein can work properly , the amino acid chain has to be folded into the correct three-dimensional shape . Many proteins that have folded incorrectly are harmless , but some can disrupt the cell ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	A novel N-terminal extension in mitochondrial TRAP1 serves as a thermal regulator of chaperone activity
Hippocampal neurons encode spatial memories by firing at specific locations . As the animal traverses a spatial trajectory , individual locations along the trajectory activate these neurons in a unique firing sequence , which yields a memory code representing the trajectory . How this type of memory code is altered in ...	Patients with Alzheimer's disease often forget where they have been or who they have just met . This happens because the neurons in those areas of the brain where memories are processed are dying . Indeed , by the time Alzheimer's disease has been diagnosed , many of the neurons in these regions have already died . The...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Rigid firing sequences undermine spatial memory codes in a neurodegenerative mouse model
The functions of the TAF subunits of mammalian TFIID in physiological processes remain poorly characterised . In this study , we describe a novel function of TAFs in directing genomic occupancy of a transcriptional activator . Using liver-specific inactivation in mice , we show that the TAF4 subunit of TFIID is require...	To decode the information contained within a gene , a number of processes need to occur . For example , the DNA sequence that makes up the gene needs to be copied to make a molecule of RNA , which is then translated to build the corresponding protein . The first steps in the manufacture of RNA involve a structure calle...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	TAF4, a subunit of transcription factor II D, directs promoter occupancy of nuclear receptor HNF4A during post-natal hepatocyte differentiation
Copulation is the goal of the courtship process , crucial to reproductive success and evolutionary fitness . Identifying the circuitry underlying copulation is a necessary step towards understanding universal principles of circuit operation , and how circuit elements are recruited into the production of ordered action ...	Idioms and love songs often euphemistically refer to “the birds and the bees” . Yet for neurobiologists interested in uncovering basic facts about sex and reproduction , the fruit fly has proven much more informative . Male fruit flies court females with a series of “hard-wired” or genetically programmed behaviors . On...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Neural circuitry coordinating male copulation
Many microbial populations rapidly adapt to changing environments with multiple variants competing for survival . To quantify such complex evolutionary dynamics in vivo , time resolved and genome wide data including rare variants are essential . We performed whole-genome deep sequencing of HIV-1 populations in 9 untrea...	HIV was transmitted from apes to humans multiple times before the virus began to spread among humans some time in the early 20th century . The virus is now found around the globe and has evolved into several different subtypes . Also , HIV continues to evolve inside each infected individual so that different variations...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Population genomics of intrapatient HIV-1 evolution
The RNA-binding proteins PTBP1 and PTBP2 control programs of alternative splicing during neuronal development . PTBP2 was found to maintain embryonic splicing patterns of many synaptic and cytoskeletal proteins during differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells ( NPCs ) into early neurons . However , the role of the e...	The neurons that transmit information around the nervous system develop in several stages . Embryonic stem cells specialize to form neuronal progenitor cells , which then develop into neurons . These cell types have different characteristics , in part because they make different proteins or different versions of the sa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	The splicing regulator PTBP1 controls the activity of the transcription factor Pbx1 during neuronal differentiation
Intraflagellar transport ( IFT ) is a highly conserved mechanism for motor-driven transport of cargo within cilia , but how this cargo is selectively transported to cilia is unclear . WDR35/IFT121 is a component of the IFT-A complex best known for its role in ciliary retrograde transport . In the absence of WDR35 , sma...	Most human cells have at least one small hair-like structure on their surface called a cilium . These structures can act as antennae and allow the cell to sense signals from the rest of the body . To do this , they contain proteins that differ from the rest of the cell . The content of cilia depends on regulated delive...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2021	A WDR35-dependent coat protein complex transports ciliary membrane cargo vesicles to cilia
TRPV1 channels support the detection of noxious and nociceptive input . Currently available functional and structural data suggest that TRPV1 channels have two gates within their permeation pathway: one formed by a ′bundle-crossing′ at the intracellular entrance and a second constriction at the selectivity filter . To ...	Cells use proteins on their surface as sensors to help them to assess and explore their environments and adapt to external conditions . The transient receptor potential ( TRP ) ion channels form one such family of proteins . Sodium , potassium and calcium ions can move through TRP channels to enter and exit cells , and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2017	Conformational dynamics in TRPV1 channels reported by an encoded coumarin amino acid
In systemic light chain amyloidosis , an overexpressed antibody light chain ( LC ) forms fibrils which deposit in organs and cause their failure . While it is well-established that mutations in the LC’s VL domain are important prerequisites , the mechanisms which render a patient LC amyloidogenic are ill-defined . In t...	Amyloid light chain amyloidosis , shortened to AL amyloidosis , is a rare and often fatal disease . It is caused by a disorder of the bone marrow . Usually , cells in the bone marrow produce Y-shaped proteins called antibodies to fight infections . In AL amyloidosis , these cells release too much of the short arm of th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2020	Fatal amyloid formation in a patient’s antibody light chain is caused by a single point mutation
Axonal branching allows a neuron to connect to several targets , increasing neuronal circuit complexity . While axonal branching is well described , the mechanisms that control it remain largely unknown . We find that in the Drosophila CNS branches develop through a process of excessive growth followed by pruning . In ...	In the human brain , 100 billion neurons form 100 trillion connections . Each neuron consists of a cell body with numerous small branch-like projections known as dendrites ( from the Greek word for ‘tree’ ) , plus a long cable-like structure called the axon . Neurons receive electrical inputs from neighboring cells via...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Regulation of branching dynamics by axon-intrinsic asymmetries in Tyrosine Kinase Receptor signaling

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