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Cohesin tethers together regions of DNA , thereby mediating higher order chromatin organization that is critical for sister chromatid cohesion , DNA repair and transcriptional regulation . Cohesin contains a heterodimeric ATP-binding Cassette ( ABC ) ATPase comprised of Smc1 and Smc3 ATPase active sites . These ATPases...	The bulk of the genetic material in cells from yeast to humans is organized into chromosomes . These chromosomes must be duplicated and the copies need to be segregated every time cells divide . Cohesin is a protein complex that helps to organize the structure of chromosomes by tethering together two regions of DNA , e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The ATPases of cohesin interface with regulators to modulate cohesin-mediated DNA tethering
Type I neurofibromatosis ( NF1 ) is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene encoding neurofibromin . Neurofibromin exhibits Ras GTPase activating protein ( Ras-GAP ) activity that is thought to mediate cellular functions relevant to disease phenotypes . Loss of murine Nf1 results in embryonic lethality due to heart defects...	Messages are carried from the surface of a cell to the cell’s nucleus in order to regulate various processes such as how often the cell will divide . The Ras-signaling pathway carries some of these messages . A gene called Nf1 encodes a protein in this pathway that deactivates another protein called Ras when the messag...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Loss of neurofibromin Ras-GAP activity enhances the formation of cardiac blood islands in murine embryos
Armor plate changes in sticklebacks are a classic example of repeated adaptive evolution . Previous studies identified ectodysplasin ( EDA ) gene as the major locus controlling recurrent plate loss in freshwater fish , though the causative DNA alterations were not known . Here we show that freshwater EDA alleles have c...	Stickleback fish develop bony plates on their surface to protect themselves from predators . The extent and pattern of their bony armor depends on their habitat: marine sticklebacks are typically covered from head to tail with bony plates , but freshwater sticklebacks retain only a few plates on their sides . One gene ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2015	A recurrent regulatory change underlying altered expression and Wnt response of the stickleback armor plates gene EDA
Changes in cell proliferation define transitions from tissue growth to physiological homeostasis . In tendons , a highly organized extracellular matrix undergoes significant postnatal expansion to drive growth , but once formed , it appears to undergo little turnover . However , tendon cell activity during growth and h...	Muscles are anchored to bones via fibrous structures called tendons , which are made from specialized cells and large proteins called collagens . Tendons in newborns have round cells that can easily divide to make new cells , allowing the tissue to grow . Compared to newborns , tendon cells in adults have a star-like s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	A distinct transition from cell growth to physiological homeostasis in the tendon
Recent longitudinal neuroimaging studies in patients with electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) suggest local effects of electric stimulation ( lateralized ) occur in tandem with global seizure activity ( generalized ) . We used electric field ( EF ) modeling in 151 ECT treated patients with depression to determine the reg...	Electroconvulsive therapy , or ECT for short , can be an effective treatment for severe depression . Many patients who do not respond to medication find that their symptoms improve after ECT . During an ECT session , the patient is placed under general anesthesia and two electrodes are attached to the scalp to produce ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Electric field causes volumetric changes in the human brain
Plants produce phylogenetically and spatially restricted , as well as structurally diverse specialized metabolites via multistep metabolic pathways . Hallmarks of specialized metabolic evolution include enzymatic promiscuity and recruitment of primary metabolic enzymes and examples of genomic clustering of pathway gene...	Plants produce a vast variety of different molecules known as secondary or specialized metabolites to attract pollinating insects , such as bees , or protect themselves against herbivores and pests . The secondary metabolites are made from simple building blocks that are readily available in plants , including amino ac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2020	Evolution of a plant gene cluster in Solanaceae and emergence of metabolic diversity
Traditional cultivation approaches in microbiology are labor-intensive , low-throughput , and yield biased sampling of environmental microbes due to ecological and evolutionary factors . New strategies are needed for ample representation of rare taxa and slow-growers that are often outcompeted by fast-growers in cultiv...	The human gut is inhabited with hundreds of billions of bacterial cells from a wide range of families . This complex mixture of bacteria is part of the gut microbiome , along with other lifeforms such as viruses , archaea and fungi . As well as interacting with each other , the bacteria in the microbiome interact with ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Droplet-based high-throughput cultivation for accurate screening of antibiotic resistant gut microbes
During development eukaryotic gene expression is coordinated by dynamic changes in chromatin structure . Measurements of accessible chromatin are used extensively to identify genomic regulatory elements . Whilst chromatin landscapes of pluripotent stem cells are well characterised , chromatin accessibility changes in t...	For an embryo to successfully develop into an adult animal , specific genes must act in different types of cells . Though all the cells have the same genes encoded within their DNA , looking at the way that the DNA is packaged can indicate which parts of the DNA are important for that particular cell type . If regions ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2018	CATaDa reveals global remodelling of chromatin accessibility during stem cell differentiation in vivo
Hsp104 disaggregase provides thermotolerance in yeast by recovering proteins from aggregates in cooperation with the Hsp70 chaperone . Protein disaggregation involves polypeptide extraction from aggregates and its translocation through the central channel of the Hsp104 hexamer . This process relies on adenosine triphos...	Under stressful conditions , such as high temperatures , many proteins lose their proper structure and clump together to form large irregular aggregates . To combat this effect , living organisms exposed to stress produce specialized proteins called chaperones , which can rescue the damaged proteins from aggregates . S...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	Adenosine diphosphate restricts the protein remodeling activity of the Hsp104 chaperone to Hsp70 assisted disaggregation
The control of proliferation and differentiation by tumor suppressor genes suggests that evolution of divergent tumor suppressor repertoires could influence species’ regenerative capacity . To directly test that premise , we humanized the zebrafish p53 pathway by introducing regulatory and coding sequences of the human...	Zebrafish are capable of remarkable feats of regeneration in which damaged or lost body parts can be replaced with exact replicas of the original . Humans cannot do this; so one major goal of regenerative medicine is to understand the basis of these differences . This could make it possible to regenerate damaged limbs ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2015	The human ARF tumor suppressor senses blastema activity and suppresses epimorphic tissue regeneration
Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern . Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete , especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced . To identify unknown vectors of Zika , we developed a data-driven model linking vec...	Mosquitoes carry several diseases that pose an emerging threat to society . Outbreaks of these diseases are often sudden and can spread to previously unaffected areas . For example , the Zika virus was discovered in 1947 , but only received international attention when it spread to the Americas in 2014 , where it cause...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2017	Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors
The number of precaudal vertebrae in all extant crocodylians is remarkably conservative , with nine cervicals , 15 dorsals and two sacrals , a pattern present also in their closest extinct relatives . The consistent vertebral count indicates a tight control of axial patterning by Hox genes during development . Here we ...	All living crocodiles , alligators , caimans and gharials – collectively called crocodylians – have a similar body plan that suits their lifestyles as aquatic ambush predators . This similarity extends throughout their bodies , including the skeleton . Their backbones , for example , always have nine vertebrae in the n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Giant extinct caiman breaks constraint on the axial skeleton of extant crocodylians
The seemingly limitless diversity of proteins in nature arose from only a few thousand domain prototypes , but the origin of these themselves has remained unclear . We are pursuing the hypothesis that they arose by fusion and accretion from an ancestral set of peptides active as co-factors in RNA-dependent replication ...	Life as we know it today is largely the result of the chemical activity of proteins . Much research suggests that the ancestors for most modern proteins were already present in the ‘Last Universal Common Ancestor’ , a theoretical ancient organism from which all life on earth descended and which lived around 3 . 5 billi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	A vocabulary of ancient peptides at the origin of folded proteins
The Melanocortin Receptor Accessory Protein 2 ( MRAP2 ) is an important regulator of energy homeostasis and its loss causes severe obesity in rodents . MRAP2 mediates its action in part through the potentiation of the MC4R , however , it is clear that MRAP2 is expressed in tissues that do not express MC4R , and that th...	The brain plays a major role in controlling how much food animals eat . The nerve cells ( neurons ) involved in this process contain “receptors” that respond to cues from various parts of the body . For example , a receptor called PKR1 acts to limit food intake . The activities of PKR1 and other receptors are tightly r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	The Melanocortin Receptor Accessory Protein 2 promotes food intake through inhibition of the Prokineticin Receptor-1
Context is information linked to a situation that can guide behavior . In the brain , context is encoded by sensory processing and can later be retrieved from memory . How context is communicated within the cortical network in sensory and mnemonic forms is unknown due to the lack of methods for high-resolution , brain-...	If we see someone looking frightened , the way we respond to the situation is influenced by other information , referred to as the ‘context’ . For example , if the person is frightened because another individual is shouting at them , we might try to intervene . However , if the person is watching a horror video we may ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Cortical network architecture for context processing in primate brain
We determined differential gene expression in response to high glucose in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from matched individuals with type 1 diabetes with and without retinopathy . Those genes exhibiting the largest difference in glucose response were assessed for association with diabetic retinopathy in a genome-w...	One of the side effects of diabetes is loss of vision from diabetic retinopathy , which is caused by injury to the light sensing tissue in the eye , the retina . Almost all individuals with diabetes develop diabetic retinopathy to some extent , and it is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in working-age adul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Integration of genomics and transcriptomics predicts diabetic retinopathy susceptibility genes
Brains organize behavior and physiology to optimize the response to threats or opportunities . We dissect how 21% O2 , an indicator of surface exposure , reprograms C . elegans' global state , inducing sustained locomotory arousal and altering expression of neuropeptides , metabolic enzymes , and other non-neural genes...	From humans to worms , animals must respond appropriately to environmental challenges to survive . Starving animals must conserve energy while they seek food; animals that encounter a predator must fight or flee . These responses involve the animals re-programming their bodies and behavior , and , in humans , are thoug...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Decoding a neural circuit controlling global animal state in C. elegans
Visual perception and imagery rely on similar representations in the visual cortex . During perception , visual activity is characterized by distinct processing stages , but the temporal dynamics underlying imagery remain unclear . Here , we investigated the dynamics of visual imagery in human participants using magnet...	If someone stops you in the street to ask for directions , you might find yourself picturing a particular crossing in your mind’s eye as you explain the route . This ability to mentally visualize things that we cannot see is known as visual imagery . Neuroscientists have shown that imagining an object activates some of...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Differential temporal dynamics during visual imagery and perception
Phytophthora infestans , the cause of potato late blight , is infamous for having triggered the Irish Great Famine in the 1840s . Until the late 1970s , P . infestans diversity outside of its Mexican center of origin was low , and one scenario held that a single strain , US-1 , had dominated the global population for 1...	Few crop failures have been as devastating as those caused by potato late blight in the 1840s . This disease is caused by a filamentous microbe called Phytophthora infestans , which spread from North America to Europe in 1845 , leading to the Great Famine in Ireland and to severe crop losses in the rest of Europe . Phy...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	The rise and fall of the Phytophthora infestans lineage that triggered the Irish potato famine
Virulence in the ubiquitous intracellular protozoon Toxoplasma gondii for its natural intermediate host , the mouse , appears paradoxical from an evolutionary standpoint because death of the mouse before encystment interrupts the parasite life cycle . Virulent T . gondii strains secrete kinases and pseudokinases that i...	The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common parasites worldwide and is known for its unusual life cycle . It reproduces sexually inside its primary host—the cat—and produces eggs that are released in faeces . Other animals , most often rodents , can then become infected when they unknowingly eat the eggs w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2013	Reciprocal virulence and resistance polymorphism in the relationship between Toxoplasma gondii and the house mouse
Trained neural network models , which exhibit features of neural activity recorded from behaving animals , may provide insights into the circuit mechanisms of cognitive functions through systematic analysis of network activity and connectivity . However , in contrast to the graded error signals commonly used to train n...	A major goal in neuroscience is to understand the relationship between an animal’s behavior and how this is encoded in the brain . Therefore , a typical experiment involves training an animal to perform a task and recording the activity of its neurons – brain cells – while the animal carries out the task . To complemen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Reward-based training of recurrent neural networks for cognitive and value-based tasks
During sleep , the thalamus generates a characteristic pattern of transient , 11-15 Hz sleep spindle oscillations , which synchronize the cortex through large-scale thalamocortical loops . Spindles have been increasingly demonstrated to be critical for sleep-dependent consolidation of memory , but the specific neural m...	When you wake up in the morning after a good night's sleep you feel refreshed . You can also think more clearly because your memory has been re-organized , a process called memory consolidation . The problem that the brain has to solve during sleep is how to integrate memories of experiences that happened during the da...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Rotating waves during human sleep spindles organize global patterns of activity that repeat precisely through the night
The energy required to fuse synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane ( ‘activation energy’ ) is considered a major determinant in synaptic efficacy . From reaction rate theory , we predict that a class of modulations exists , which utilize linear modulation of the energy barrier for fusion to achieve supralinear effe...	Information is carried around our nervous system by cells called neurons , which are connected to each other by junctions known as synapses . Within the neurons , there are many small compartments known as synaptic vesicles that are essential to the transfer of information from one neuron to the next . When one neuron ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Additive effects on the energy barrier for synaptic vesicle fusion cause supralinear effects on the vesicle fusion rate
RadA ( also known as 'Sms' ) is a highly conserved protein , found in almost all eubacteria and plants , with sequence similarity to the RecA strand exchange protein and a role in homologous recombination . We investigate here the biochemical properties of the E . coli RadA protein and several mutant forms . RadA is a ...	Damage to the DNA of a cell can cause serious harm , and so cells have several ways in which they can repair DNA . Most of these processes rely on the fact that each of the two strands that make up a DNA molecule can be used as a template to build the other strand . However , this is not possible if both strands of the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Recombinational branch migration by the RadA/Sms paralog of RecA in Escherichia coli
Achieving confidence in the causality of a disease locus is a complex task that often requires supporting data from both statistical genetics and clinical genomics . Here we describe a combined approach to identify and characterize a genetic disorder that leverages distantly related patients in a health system and popu...	Diseases often run in families . These disease are frequently linked to changes in DNA that are passed down through generations . Close family members may share these disease-causing mutations; so may distant relatives who inherited the same mutation from a common ancestor long ago . Geneticists use a method called lin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Genetic identification of a common collagen disease in Puerto Ricans via identity-by-descent mapping in a health system
Zebrafish display a prominent pattern of alternating dark and light stripes generated by the precise positioning of pigment cells in the skin . This arrangement is the result of coordinated cell movements , cell shape changes , and the organisation of pigment cells during metamorphosis . Iridophores play a crucial part...	The striking horizontal striped pattern of the zebrafish makes it a decorative addition to many home aquariums . The stripes are a result of three different pigment cells interacting with each other , and first begin to emerge when the animal is two to three weeks old . At that time , iridescent cells called iridophore...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Tight Junction Protein 1a regulates pigment cell organisation during zebrafish colour patterning
A common strategy by which bacterial pathogens reside in humans is by shifting from a virulent lifestyle , ( systemic infection ) , to a dormant carrier state . Two major serovars of Salmonella enterica , Typhi and Typhimurium , have evolved a two-component regulatory system to exist inside Salmonella-containing vacuol...	Salmonella bacteria can infect a range of hosts , including humans and poultry , and cause sickness and diseases such as typhoid fever . Disease-causing Salmonella evolved from harmless bacteria in part by acquiring new genes from other organisms through a process called horizontal gene transfer . However , some strain...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	The horizontally-acquired response regulator SsrB drives a Salmonella lifestyle switch by relieving biofilm silencing
Coupling of synaptic vesicle fusion and retrieval constitutes a core mechanism ensuring maintenance of presynaptic function . Recent studies using fast-freeze electron microscopy and capacitance measurements reported an ultrafast mode of endocytosis operating at physiological temperatures . Here , using rat hippocampal...	Nerve cells or neurons exchange information at junctions called synapses . To send a message to its neighbor , a neuron must release molecules called neurotransmitters into the synapse . These then bind to receptor proteins on the neighboring cell . But neurons do not release neurotransmitter molecules one at a time . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Optical detection of three modes of endocytosis at hippocampal synapses
Cell cortex remodeling during cell division is a result of myofilament-driven contractility of the cortical membrane-bound actin meshwork . Little is known about the interaction between individual myofilaments and membrane-bound actin filaments . Here we reconstituted a minimal actin cortex to directly visualize the ac...	Actin is a multi-functional protein that is found in almost all eukaryotic cells . When polymerized , it forms robust filaments that participate in a variety of cellular processes . For example , actin filaments are involved in the contraction of muscles , and they are also a major component in the various structures t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Myosin motors fragment and compact membrane-bound actin filaments
Self-esteem is shaped by the appraisals we receive from others . Here , we characterize neural and computational mechanisms underlying this form of social influence . We introduce a computational model that captures fluctuations in self-esteem engendered by prediction errors that quantify the difference between expecte...	Self-esteem – our evaluation of our own worth – is shaped by what other people think of us . It increases when others appreciate and value us , and decreases when we are rejected and start to question our own worth . Maintaining a positive sense of self is crucial for mental health and well-being . People with low self...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Neural and computational processes underlying dynamic changes in self-esteem
A key challenge in precise genome editing is the low efficiency of homology-directed repair ( HDR ) . Here we describe a strategy for increasing the efficiency of HDR in cells by using a chromatin donor template instead of a naked DNA donor template . The use of chromatin , which is the natural form of DNA in the nucle...	Genome editing is a powerful tool used across a wide range of biomedical research . There are several different techniques used , depending on the type of edit being made , and one known as homology-directed repair – or HDR for short – is a common technique for precisely inserting large sections of DNA , such as those ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	Enhancement of homology-directed repair with chromatin donor templates in cells
Southeastern Asia is a recognised hotspot for emerging infectious diseases , many of which have an animal origin . Mammarenavirus infections contribute significantly to the human disease burden in both Africa and the Americas , but little data exists for Asia . To date only two mammarenaviruses , the widely spread lymp...	Rodents have long been notorious for spreading disease among humans . Often the animals can carry viruses and transmit them to humans without becoming ill . Certain species thrive in cities and agricultural areas where they come in close contact with humans; this creates many opportunities to spread infection . As huma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Evidence of human infection by a new mammarenavirus endemic to Southeastern Asia
The basal forebrain cholinergic system modulates neuronal excitability and vascular tone throughout the cerebral cortex and hippocampus . This system is severely affected in Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) , and drug treatment to enhance cholinergic signaling is widely used as symptomatic therapy in AD . Defining the full m...	The human brain is made up of roughly 80 to 100 billion neurons , organized into extensive networks . Each neuron consists of a number of components: a cell body , which contains the nucleus; numerous short protrusions from the cell body called dendrites; and a long thin structure called an axon that carries the electr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the mouse
Termination of messenger RNA translation in Bacteria and Archaea is initiated by release factors ( RFs ) 1 or 2 recognizing a stop codon in the ribosomal A site and releasing the peptide from the P-site transfer RNA . After release , RF-dissociation is facilitated by the G-protein RF3 . Structures of ribosomal complexe...	Ribosomes are complex molecular machines that join amino acids together to form proteins . The order of amino acids in the protein is specified by a strand of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , and the process of decoding the mRNA into a string of amino acids is called translation . A ribosome consists of two subunits—one large ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Cryo-EM visualization of the ribosome in termination complex with apo-RF3 and RF1
While beige adipocytes have been found to associate with dense sympathetic neurites in mouse inguinal subcutaneous white fat ( iWAT ) , little is known about when and how this patterning is established . Here , we applied whole-tissue imaging to examine the development of sympathetic innervation in iWAT . We found that...	Mammals have two types of fatty tissue: white fat that mainly stores energy , and brown and beige fat , also known as thermogenic fat , which burns energy to generate heat . In humans , brown fat is associated with potent anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects . A better understanding of how this type of fat develops a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "medicine" ]	2021	Early postnatal interactions between beige adipocytes and sympathetic neurites regulate innervation of subcutaneous fat
Investigations into stem cell-fueled renewal of an organ benefit from an inventory of cell type-specific markers and a deep understanding of the cellular diversity within stem cell niches . Using the adult mouse incisor as a model for a continuously renewing organ , we performed an unbiased analysis of gene co-expressi...	To maintain healthy tissues and organs in adult animals , the cells that die or become damaged need to be replaced . This process is made possible by adult stem cells , which can divide to produce more stem cells ( via a process called self-renewal ) or specialize into other types of cells . This means that stem cells ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Resolving stem and progenitor cells in the adult mouse incisor through gene co-expression analysis
Retrieving a memory can modify its influence on subsequent behavior . We develop a computational theory of memory modification , according to which modification of a memory trace occurs through classical associative learning , but which memory trace is eligible for modification depends on a structure learning mechanism...	Our memories contain our expectations about the world that we can retrieve to make predictions about the future . For example , most people would expect a chocolate bar to taste good , because they have previously learned to associate chocolate with pleasure . When a surprising event occurs , such as tasting an unpalat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	The computational nature of memory modification
β‐ and γ‐cytoplasmic actin are nearly indistinguishable in their amino acid sequence , but are encoded by different genes that play non‐redundant biological roles . The key determinants that drive their functional distinction are unknown . Here , we tested the hypothesis that β- and γ-actin functions are defined by the...	Mammalian cells , including human cells , contain high levels of a protein called actin . This protein is essential for many of the processes that organisms use to develop and survive . For example , filaments of actin maintain the shape of cells , and help generate the forces needed for cells to move and divide . As i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Diverse functions of homologous actin isoforms are defined by their nucleotide, rather than their amino acid sequence
The conserved MICOS complex functions as a primary determinant of mitochondrial inner membrane structure . We address the organization and functional roles of MICOS and identify two independent MICOS subcomplexes: Mic27/Mic10/Mic12 , whose assembly is dependent on respiratory complexes and the mitochondrial lipid cardi...	Structures called mitochondria provide energy that cells need to live and grow . To do this , mitochondria convert energy stored within sugars and other carbon-rich compounds into the energy currency of cells , a molecule called adenosine triphosphate ( called ATP for short ) . Defective mitochondria can cause cells to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	MICOS coordinates with respiratory complexes and lipids to establish mitochondrial inner membrane architecture
Apoptosis is coupled with recruitment of macrophages for engulfment of dead cells , and with compensatory proliferation of neighboring cells . Yet , this death process is silent , and it does not cause inflammation . The molecular mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory nature of the apoptotic process remains poorly un...	Infections , toxins , and trauma can all injure tissue and cause the cells inside the tissue to die . When a cell dies , the membrane that surrounds it ruptures and its contents spill out , triggering inflammation of the surrounding tissues . This inflammation is part of the body’s efforts to begin the healing process ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Immunosuppression via adenosine receptor activation by adenosine monophosphate released from apoptotic cells
Auditory sensory outer hair cells are thought to amplify sound-induced basilar membrane vibration through a feedback mechanism to enhance hearing sensitivity . For optimal amplification , the outer hair cell-generated force must act on the basilar membrane at an appropriate time at every cycle . However , the temporal ...	What is the quietest sound the ear can detect ? All sounds begin as vibrating air molecules , which enter the ear and cause the eardrum to vibrate . We can detect vibrations that move the eardrum by a distance of less than one picometer . That’s one thousandth of a nanometer , or about 100 times smaller than a hydrogen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Timing of the reticular lamina and basilar membrane vibration in living gerbil cochleae
Transcription factor ( TF ) networks determine cell-type identity by establishing and maintaining lineage-specific expression profiles , yet reconstruction of mammalian regulatory network models has been hampered by a lack of comprehensive functional validation of regulatory interactions . Here , we report comprehensiv...	Blood stem cells and blood progenitor cells replenish a person’s entire blood system throughout their life and are crucial for survival . The stem cells have the potential to become any type of blood cell – including white blood cells and red blood cells – while the progenitor cells are slightly more restricted in the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	An experimentally validated network of nine haematopoietic transcription factors reveals mechanisms of cell state stability
Over 80% of multiple-tested siRNAs and shRNAs targeting CD95 or CD95 ligand ( CD95L ) induce a form of cell death characterized by simultaneous activation of multiple cell death pathways preferentially killing transformed and cancer stem cells . We now show these si/shRNAs kill cancer cells through canonical RNAi by ta...	Cells store their genetic code within molecules of DNA . Some of this information will be copied into chemically similar molecules called RNAs , from which the sequence of letters in the genetic code can be translated to build proteins . However , these messenger RNAs are not the only RNA molecules that cells can make ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Many si/shRNAs can kill cancer cells by targeting multiple survival genes through an off-target mechanism
The PIWI-interacting RNA ( piRNA ) pathway controls transposon expression in animal germ cells , thereby ensuring genome stability over generations . In Drosophila , piRNAs are intergenerationally inherited through the maternal lineage , and this has demonstrated importance in the specification of piRNA source loci and...	Maintaining the integrity of DNA , which encodes all of the instructions necessary for life , is essential for ensuring the survival of a species , especially when genetic information is transferred across generations . DNA , however , contains selfish , mobile elements , called transposons , that move around the genom...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2021	Maternally inherited piRNAs direct transient heterochromatin formation at active transposons during early Drosophila embryogenesis
Uterine leiomyomas ( ULs ) are benign tumors that are a major burden to women’s health . A genome-wide association study on 15 , 453 UL cases and 392 , 628 controls was performed , followed by replication of the genomic risk in six cohorts . Effects of the risk alleles were evaluated in view of molecular and clinical c...	Fibroids – also known as uterine leiomyomas , or myomas – are a very common form of benign tumor that grows in the muscle wall of the uterus . As many as 70% of women develop fibroids in their lifetime . About a fifth of women report symptoms including severe pain , heavy bleeding during periods and complications in pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Genetic predisposition to uterine leiomyoma is determined by loci for genitourinary development and genome stability
Hydrogen peroxide is the preeminent chemical weapon that organisms use for combat . Individual cells rely on conserved defenses to prevent and repair peroxide-induced damage , but whether similar defenses might be coordinated across cells in animals remains poorly understood . Here , we identify a neuronal circuit in t...	Cells of all kinds often wage chemical warfare against each other . Hydrogen peroxide is often the weapon of choice on the microscopic battlefield , where it is used to incapacitate opponents or to defend against attackers . For example , some plants produce hydrogen peroxide in response to infection to fight off disea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Caenorhabditis elegans processes sensory information to choose between freeloading and self-defense strategies
In mouse hairy skin , lanceolate complexes associated with three types of hair follicles , guard , awl/auchene and zigzag , serve as mechanosensory end organs . These structures are formed by unique combinations of low-threshold mechanoreceptors ( LTMRs ) , Aβ RA-LTMRs , Aδ-LTMRs , and C-LTMRs , and their associated te...	Many mammals , such as cats , mice , and sea lions , have long whiskers that are particularly sensitive to touch . However , the hairs that cover the skin of most mammals are also important touch detectors . These hairs grow from follicles that are connected to the ends of the nerve cells that detect and convey touch i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	The structure and organization of lanceolate mechanosensory complexes at mouse hair follicles
Cullin-3 ( CUL3 ) -based ubiquitin ligases regulate endosome maturation and trafficking of endocytic cargo to lysosomes in mammalian cells . Here , we report that these functions depend on SPOPL , a substrate-specific CUL3 adaptor . We find that SPOPL associates with endosomes and is required for both the formation of ...	Individual cells can move material , collectively referred to as cargo , from the outside environment into the cell interior via a process known as endocytosis . The cell then has different routes to transport the packages of cargo , called endocytic vesicles , to specific locations within the cell . Protein-based mole...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	A SPOPL/Cullin-3 ubiquitin ligase complex regulates endocytic trafficking by targeting EPS15 at endosomes
A large fraction of human cancers contain genetic alterations within the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ( MAPK ) signaling network that promote unpredictable phenotypes . Previous studies have shown that the temporal patterns of MAPK activity ( i . e . signaling dynamics ) differentially regulate cell behavior . Howe...	In animals , the MAPK pathway is a network of genes that helps a cell to detect and then respond to an external signal by switching on or off a specific genetic program . In particular , cells use this pathway to communicate with each other . In an individual cell , the MAPK pathway shows fluctuations in activity over ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	MAPK activity dynamics regulate non-cell autonomous effects of oncogene expression
Recent studies have identified a genetic variant rs641738 near two genes encoding membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 ( MBOAT7 ) and transmembrane channel-like 4 ( TMC4 ) that associate with increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) , non-alcoholic steatohepatitis ( NASH ) , alcohol...	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , or NAFLD for short , is a medical condition that develops when the liver accumulates excess fat . It can lead to complications such as diabetes and liver scarring . In humans , mutations that inactivate a protein called MBOAT7 increase the risk of fat accumulating in the liver . Gene...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	Obesity-linked suppression of membrane-bound O-acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) drives non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
In embryonic stem cells ( ESCs ) , a core transcription factor ( TF ) network establishes the gene expression program necessary for pluripotency . To address how interactions between four key TFs contribute to cis-regulation in mouse ESCs , we assayed two massively parallel reporter assay ( MPRA ) libraries composed of...	Transcription factors are proteins that flip genetic switches; their role is to control when and where genes are active . They do this by binding to short stretches of DNA called cis-regulatory sequences . Each sequence can have several binding sites for different transcription factors , but it is largely unclear wheth...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2020	Synthetic and genomic regulatory elements reveal aspects of cis-regulatory grammar in mouse embryonic stem cells
Perceptual abilities of animals , like echolocating bats , are difficult to study because they challenge our understanding of non-visual senses . We used novel acoustic tomography to convert echoes into visual representations and compare these cues to traditional echo measurements . We provide a new hypothesis for the ...	While bats are far from blind , they are famed for their use of sound waves to home in on their prey . As they fly , bats send out a series of high-frequency calls that bounce off nearby objects , including insects . By listening to the echoes , the bats are able to build up an auditory image of their environment and t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2015	Acoustic shadows help gleaning bats find prey, but may be defeated by prey acoustic camouflage on rough surfaces
T cell receptor ( TCR ) activation leads to a dramatic reorganisation of both membranes and receptors as the immunological synapse forms . Using a genetic model to rapidly inhibit Zap70 catalytic activity we examined synapse formation between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their targets . In the absence of Zap70 catalytic...	White blood cells are responsible for defending the body against infection and disease . Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes , or cytotoxic T cells , are white blood cells that recognise and kill cells that are infected , cancerous or otherwise damaged . Receptors on the surface of these T cells recognise ‘foreign’ molecules on th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Distinct structural and catalytic roles for Zap70 in formation of the immunological synapse in CTL
The spindle assembly checkpoint ( SAC ) monitors and promotes kinetochore–microtubule attachment during mitosis . Bub1 and BubR1 , SAC components , originated from duplication of an ancestor gene . Subsequent sub-functionalization established subordination: Bub1 , recruited first to kinetochores , promotes successive B...	The genetic material within our cells is arranged in structures called chromosomes . Before a cell divides it makes an accurate copy of all of its DNA . The genetic material then needs to be equally split so that both daughter cells have a complete set of chromosomes . As the cell prepares to divide , each chromosome—c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	A molecular basis for the differential roles of Bub1 and BubR1 in the spindle assembly checkpoint
Despite its being historically conceptualized as a motor expression site , emerging evidence suggests the ventral pallidum ( VP ) plays a more active role in integrating information to generate motivation . Here , we investigated whether rat VP cue responses would encode and contribute similarly to the vigor of reward-...	Sounds or other cues associated with receiving a reward can have a powerful effect on an individual’s behavior or emotions . For example , the sound of an ice cream truck might cause salivation and motivate an individual to stand in a long line . Cues may prompt specific actions necessary to receive a reward , for exam...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Ventral pallidal encoding of reward-seeking behavior depends on the underlying associative structure
Premature infants are highly vulnerable to aberrant gastrointestinal tract colonization , a process that may lead to diseases like necrotizing enterocolitis . Thus , spread of potential pathogens among hospitalized infants is of great concern . Here , we reconstructed hundreds of high-quality genomes of microorganisms ...	The spread of potentially harmful bacteria is a major source of disease in patients staying in hospitals . Premature babies—born before 37 weeks of pregnancy—can be particularly vulnerable to these infections because their organs may not yet be fully developed . Also , young babies do not have the fully established pop...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Gut bacteria are rarely shared by co-hospitalized premature infants, regardless of necrotizing enterocolitis development
Although most Drosophila species lay eggs in overripe fruit , the agricultural pest Drosophila suzukii lays eggs in ripe fruit . We found that changes in bitter taste perception have accompanied this adaptation . We show that bitter-sensing mutants of Drosophila melanogaster undergo a shift in egg laying preference tow...	A new agricultural pest has recently emerged in the United States and Northern Europe . The invasive species is a type of fruit fly that normally lives in Southeast Asia called Drosophila suzukii ( also known as the spotted wing Drosophila ) . This fly poses a threat to fruit crops – including strawberries , blueberrie...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Evolutionary shifts in taste coding in the fruit pest Drosophila suzukii
Electrophysiological data disclose rich dynamics in patterns of neural activity evoked by sensory objects . Retrieving objects from memory reinstates components of this activity . In humans , the temporal structure of this retrieved activity remains largely unexplored , and here we address this gap using the spatiotemp...	Seeing an object triggers a complex and carefully orchestrated dance of brain activity . The spatial pattern of the brain activity encoding the object can change multiple times even within the first second of seeing the object . These rapid changes appear to be a core feature of how the brain understands and processes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Temporal structure in associative retrieval
Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are deadly vectors of arboviral pathogens and breed in containers of freshwater associated with human habitation . Because high salinity is lethal to offspring , correctly evaluating water purity is a crucial parenting decision . We found that the DEG/ENaC channel ppk301 and sensory neur...	When they bite humans , mosquitoes can transmit dangerous diseases . For example , the Aedes aegypti mosquito spreads the viruses that cause yellow fever , Zika and dengue fever . Only the female mosquitoes feed on blood so they can obtain the nutrients they need to develop their eggs . Once they are ready , the insect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	The ion channel ppk301 controls freshwater egg-laying in the mosquito Aedes aegypti
Respiration , an essential process for most organisms , has to optimally respond to changes in the metabolic demand or the environmental conditions . The branched character of their respiratory chains allows bacteria to do so by providing a great metabolic and regulatory flexibility . Here , we show that the native loc...	Respiration occurs at different levels: the body , the organ , and the cells . At the cellular level , it is a molecular process that produces a high-energy molecule called adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) using the biochemical energy stored in sugars , fatty acids , and other nutrients . Along with the ATP , this proces...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Dynamic subcellular localization of a respiratory complex controls bacterial respiration
Down syndrome ( DS ) , caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21 ( Hsa21 ) , is the most common cause of congenital heart defects ( CHD ) , yet the genetic and mechanistic causes of these defects remain unknown . To identify dosage-sensitive genes that cause DS phenotypes , including CHD , we used chromosome engineering...	Down syndrome is a condition caused by having an extra copy of one of the 46 chromosomes found inside human cells . Specifically , instead of two copies , people with Down syndrome are born with three copies of chromosome 21 . This results in many different effects , including learning and memory problems , heart defec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Genetic dissection of Down syndrome-associated congenital heart defects using a new mouse mapping panel
Serotonin is implicated in many aspects of behavioral regulation . Theoretical attempts to unify the multiple roles assigned to serotonin proposed that it regulates the impact of costs , such as delay or punishment , on action selection . Here , we show that serotonin also regulates other types of action costs such as ...	Neuromodulators are chemicals released in the brain that affect the activity of brain cells . Serotonin is a neuromodulator with the most complicated role: it is released in most brain regions and affects behavior in diverse ways . Serotonin is implicated in the regulation of mood , anxiety , impulsivity and learning ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	A specific role for serotonin in overcoming effort cost
SARS-CoV-2 is notable both for its rapid spread , and for the heterogeneity of its patterns of transmission , with multiple published incidences of superspreading behaviour . Here , we applied a novel network reconstruction algorithm to infer patterns of viral transmission occurring between patients and health care wor...	The COVID-19 pandemic , caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus , presents a global public health challenge . Hospitals have been at the forefront of this battle , treating large numbers of sick patients over several waves of infection . Finding ways to manage the spread of the virus in hospitals is key to protecting vulnerable...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Superspreaders drive the largest outbreaks of hospital onset COVID-19 infections
Genetic effects on gene expression and splicing can be modulated by cellular and environmental factors; yet interactions between genotypes , cell type , and treatment have not been comprehensively studied together . We used an induced pluripotent stem cell system to study multiple cell types derived from the same indiv...	The activity of the genes in a cell depends on the type of cell they are in , the interactions with other genes , the environment and genetics . Active genes produce a greater number of mRNA molecules , which act as messenger molecules to instruct the cell to produce proteins . The amount of mRNA molecules in cells can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Functional dynamic genetic effects on gene regulation are specific to particular cell types and environmental conditions
Spore killers in fungi are selfish genetic elements that distort Mendelian segregation in their favor . It remains unclear how many species harbor them and how diverse their mechanisms are . Here , we discover two spore killers from a natural isolate of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe . Both killers belong ...	During evolution , new species emerge when individuals from different populations of similar organisms no longer breed with each other , or when the offspring produced if they do breed are sterile . This process is known as “reproductive isolation” and , for over 100 years , evolutionary biologists have tried to better...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	A large gene family in fission yeast encodes spore killers that subvert Mendel’s law
Optogenetics enables genome manipulations with high spatiotemporal resolution , opening exciting possibilities for fundamental and applied biological research . Here , we report the development of LiCre , a novel light-inducible Cre recombinase . LiCre is made of a single flavin-containing protein comprising the AsLOV2...	In a biologist’s toolkit , the Cre protein holds a special place . Naturally found in certain viruses , this enzyme recognises and modifies specific genetic sequences , creating changes that switch on or off whatever gene is close by . Genetically engineering cells or organisms so that they carry Cre and its target seq...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	A single-chain and fast-responding light-inducible Cre recombinase as a novel optogenetic switch
Visual perception and behavior are mediated by cortical areas that have been distinguished using architectonic and retinotopic criteria . We employed fluorescence imaging and GCaMP6 reporter mice to generate retinotopic maps , revealing additional regions of retinotopic organization that extend into barrel and retrospl...	Our eyes send information about the world around us to a region on the surface of the brain called the visual cortex , which is made up of a series of interconnected areas . Researchers have studied the anatomy and activity of these areas to generate maps that show how these areas are arranged . For example , architect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	An extended retinotopic map of mouse cortex
Here , we describe that lysine-specific demethylase 1 ( Lsd1/KDM1a ) , which demethylates histone H3 on Lys4 or Lys9 ( H3K4/K9 ) , is an indispensible epigenetic governor of hematopoietic differentiation . Integrative genomic analysis , combining global occupancy of Lsd1 , genome-wide analysis of its substrates H3K4 mo...	Our blood contains many different types of cells . Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body , whereas white blood cells are a key part of our immune system . All these different types of blood cells are derived from special cells in our bone marrow called hematopoietic stem cells . The type of blood cell that the s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2013	Histone demethylase Lsd1 represses hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell signatures during blood cell maturation
Sleep is a behavior that is found in all animals that have a nervous system and that have been studied carefully . In Caenorhabditis elegans larvae , sleep is associated with a turning behavior , called flipping , in which animals rotate 180° about their longitudinal axis . However , the molecular and neural substrates...	Although sleeping individuals do not move voluntarily , they are not completely immobile . Both people and animals regularly change position in their sleep , but it is not known why these movements occur or what regulates them . One of the simplest animals known to require sleep is the nematode worm Caenorhabditis eleg...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Analysis of the NK2 homeobox gene ceh-24 reveals sublateral motor neuron control of left-right turning during sleep
Recognition of Nod factors by LysM receptors is crucial for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in most legumes . The large families of LysM receptors in legumes suggest concerted functions , yet only NFR1 and NFR5 and their closest homologs are known to be required . Here we show that an epidermal LysM receptor ( NFRe ) , ensur...	Microbes – whether beneficial or harmful – play an important role in all organisms , including plants . The ability to monitor the surrounding microbes is therefore crucial for the survival of a species . For example , the roots of a soil-growing plant are surrounded by a microbial-rich environment and have therefore e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2018	Epidermal LysM receptor ensures robust symbiotic signalling in Lotus japonicus
A set of chemical reactions that require a metabolite to synthesize more of that metabolite is an autocatalytic cycle . Here , we show that most of the reactions in the core of central carbon metabolism are part of compact autocatalytic cycles . Such metabolic designs must meet specific conditions to support stable flu...	Many bacteria are able to produce all the molecules they need to survive from a limited supply of nutrients . This allows the bacteria to thrive even in harsh environments where other organisms struggle to live . The bacteria act as miniature chemical factories to convert nutrients into the desired molecules via a seri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2017	Design principles of autocatalytic cycles constrain enzyme kinetics and force low substrate saturation at flux branch points
Animal behaviors are commonly organized into long-lasting states that coordinately impact the generation of diverse motor outputs such as feeding , locomotion , and grooming . However , the neural mechanisms that coordinate these distinct motor programs remain poorly understood . Here , we examine how the distinct moto...	Animals generate many different motor programs ( such as moving , feeding and grooming ) that they can alter in response to internal needs and environmental cues . These motor programs are controlled by dedicated brain circuits that act on specific muscle groups . However , little is known about how organisms coordinat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Whole-organism behavioral profiling reveals a role for dopamine in state-dependent motor program coupling in C. elegans
Sensory integration difficulties have been reported in autism , but their underlying brain-circuit mechanisms are underexplored . Using five autism-related mouse models , Shank3+/ΔC , Mecp2R308/Y , Cntnap2−/− , L7-Tsc1 ( L7/Pcp2Cre::Tsc1flox/+ ) , and patDp ( 15q11-13 ) /+ , we report specific perturbations in delay ey...	On a windy day , hearing the sound of wind makes many individuals squint in anticipation in order to protect their eyes . Linking two sensations that arrive within a split second of one another , such as sound and the feeling of wind , is a type of learning that requires the cerebellum , a region found at the base of t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Cerebellar associative sensory learning defects in five mouse autism models
Many animal groups exhibit rapid , coordinated collective motion . Yet , the evolutionary forces that cause such collective responses to evolve are poorly understood . Here , we develop analytical methods and evolutionary simulations based on experimental data from schooling fish . We use these methods to investigate h...	In nature , we see many examples of highly coordinated movements of groups of individuals; think of a flock of birds turning swiftly in unison or a crowd of people filing through the exit of a building . A common feature of these behaviors is that they occur without any centralized control , and that they involve sudde...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "development", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2015	The evolution of distributed sensing and collective computation in animal populations
Cell survival is one of several processes regulated by the Notch pathway in mammalian cells . Here we report functional outcomes of non-nuclear Notch signaling to activate autophagy , a conserved cellular response to nutrient stress , regulating survival in murine natural T-regulatory cells ( Tregs ) , an immune subset...	A cell must have access to adequate amounts of nutrients if it is to survive and perform its role in the body . Some cells , including immune cells , must travel around the body to sites where nutrients may be in short supply . For example , a type of immune cell called the T-regulatory cell travels to wounds and other...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Notch1 regulated autophagy controls survival and suppressor activity of activated murine T-regulatory cells
The NLRP1 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that is a potent activator of inflammation . Mouse NLRP1B can be activated through proteolytic cleavage by the bacterial Lethal Toxin ( LeTx ) protease , resulting in degradation of the N-terminal domains of NLRP1B and liberation of the bioactive C-terminal domain , whic...	The immune system recognizes disease-causing microbes , such as bacteria and viruses , and removes them from the body before they can cause harm . When the immune system first detects these foreign invaders , a multi-part structure known as the inflammasome launches an inflammatory response to help fight the microbes o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Diverse viral proteases activate the NLRP1 inflammasome
Public health programs are starting to recognize the need to move beyond a one-size-fits-all approach in demand generation , and instead tailor interventions to the heterogeneity underlying human decision making . Currently , however , there is a lack of methods to enable such targeting . We describe a novel hybrid beh...	Companies invest a significant amount of time and money into market research that helps them to understand the behaviors , beliefs and motivations of their potential customers . By then “segmenting” people into groups according to these characteristics , marketing messages can be produced that target specific groups mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2017	A case study for a psychographic-behavioral segmentation approach for targeted demand generation in voluntary medical male circumcision
EGFR-mutant NSCLCs frequently respond to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors ( TKIs ) . However , the responses are not durable , and the magnitude of tumor regression is variable , suggesting the existence of genetic modifiers of EGFR dependency . Here , we applied a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening to identify genetic d...	Cancer is caused by cells growing and dividing uncontrollably as a result of mutations in certain genes . Many human lung cancers have a mutation in the gene that makes the protein EGFR . In healthy cells , EGFR allows a cell to respond to chemical signals that encourage healthy growth . In cancer , the altered EGFR is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	Genome-wide CRISPR screening reveals genetic modifiers of mutant EGFR dependence in human NSCLC
Heterochromatin is enriched for specific epigenetic factors including Heterochromatin Protein 1a ( HP1a ) , and is essential for many organismal functions . To elucidate heterochromatin organization and regulation , we purified Drosophila melanogaster HP1a interactors , and performed a genome-wide RNAi screen to identi...	If the DNA in a single human cell is stretched from end to end it is about two meters long , yet it all fits into a space that is just six thousandths of a millimeter across . This feat is possible because protein complexes package the cell’s DNA into a form called chromatin to make it more compact . One type of chroma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2016	The composition and organization of Drosophila heterochromatin are heterogeneous and dynamic
CRM1 is a highly conserved , RanGTPase-driven exportin that carries proteins and RNPs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm . We now explored the cargo-spectrum of CRM1 in depth and identified surprisingly large numbers , namely >700 export substrates from the yeast S . cerevisiae , ≈1000 from Xenopus oocytes and >1050 fro...	Animals , plants and other eukaryotic organisms subdivide their cells into compartments that carry out specific tasks . For example , the cell nucleus hosts the genome and handles the genetic information , whereas the surrounding cytoplasm is specialized in making proteins . These proteins are then either used in the c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Database", "depositions" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2015	A deep proteomics perspective on CRM1-mediated nuclear export and nucleocytoplasmic partitioning
Eukaryotic DNA is highly organized within nuclei and this organization is important for genome function . Fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH ) approaches allow 3D architectures of genomes to be visualized . Scalable FISH technologies , which can be applied to whole animals , are needed to help unravel how genomic...	DNA contains the instructions needed to build and maintain a living organism . How DNA is physically arranged inside a cell is not random , and DNA organization is important because it can affect , for example , which genes are active , and which are not . Researchers often use a technique called “fluorescence in situ ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2019	A multiplexed DNA FISH strategy for assessing genome architecture in Caenorhabditis elegans
Hematopoiesis leads to the formation of blood and immune cells . Hematopoietic stem cells emerge during development , from vascular components , via a process called the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition ( EHT ) . Here , we reveal essential biomechanical features of the EHT , using the zebrafish embryo imaged at ...	As humans , we have two major types of blood cell: our red blood cells transport oxygen around the body , while our white blood cells fight disease . Both types of cell come from the same stem cells , which first appear early in embryonic development . These stem cells emerge from the walls of major blood vessels , inc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Anisotropic organization of circumferential actomyosin characterizes hematopoietic stem cells emergence in the zebrafish
Kinesin super family protein 2A ( KIF2A ) , an ATP-dependent microtubule ( MT ) destabilizer , regulates cell migration , axon elongation , and pruning in the developing nervous system . KIF2A mutations have recently been identified in patients with malformed cortical development . However , postnatal KIF2A is continuo...	The brain contains billions of neurons that connect together to form ‘circuits’ that control behavior and process information . By the time we are born , most of the neurons in our brain have already formed and connected into these circuits . But there are some brain areas that continue to make new neurons throughout o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	KIF2A regulates the development of dentate granule cells and postnatal hippocampal wiring
Three-dimensional ( 3D ) culture systems have fueled hopes to bring about the next generation of more physiologically relevant high-throughput screens ( HTS ) . However , current protocols yield either complex but highly heterogeneous aggregates ( ‘organoids’ ) or 3D structures with less physiological relevance ( ‘sphe...	In 1907 , the American zoologist Ross Granville Harrison developed the first technique to artificially grow animal cells outside the body in a liquid medium . Cells are still grown in much the same way in modern laboratories: a single layer of cells is placed in a warm incubator with nutrient-rich broth . These cell la...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	A fully automated high-throughput workflow for 3D-based chemical screening in human midbrain organoids
The skull of ‘Ligulalepis’ from the Early Devonian of Australia ( AM-F101607 ) has significantly expanded our knowledge of early osteichthyan anatomy , but its phylogenetic position has remained uncertain . We herein describe a second skull of ‘Ligulalepis’ and present micro-CT data on both specimens to reveal novel an...	All animals can be classified as either vertebrate ( those that have a spine ) or invertebrate ( those that do not ) . About 98% of all living vertebrate species belong to a group called Osteichthyes , otherwise known as bony fish . Despite the name , this group also includes all four-limbed vertebrates – amphibians , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Neurocranial anatomy of an enigmatic Early Devonian fish sheds light on early osteichthyan evolution
Microbial ecosystem modeling is complicated by the large number of unknown parameters and the lack of appropriate calibration tools . Here we present a novel computational framework for modeling microbial ecosystems , which combines genome-based model construction with statistical analysis and calibration to experiment...	Microbes like bacteria and yeast play important roles in the environment , human health and even some industrial processes . However , it is difficult to understand the roles of microbes in these situations because many different types of microbes often live together in complex communities . Some of the microbes may co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2015	Calibration and analysis of genome-based models for microbial ecology
We present a novel mass spectrometry-based high-throughput workflow and an open-source computational and data resource to reproducibly identify and quantify HLA-associated peptides . Collectively , the resources support the generation of HLA allele-specific peptide assay libraries consisting of consensus fragment ion s...	The cells of the immune system protect us by recognizing telltale molecules produced by damaged and diseased cells , or by infection-causing microorganisms ( which are also called pathogens ) . To help with this process , the cells in our bodies display small fragments of proteins ( called peptides ) on their surface t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	An open-source computational and data resource to analyze digital maps of immunopeptidomes
Ploidy-increasing cell cycles drive tissue growth in many developing organs . Such cycles , including endocycles , are increasingly appreciated to drive tissue growth following injury or activated growth signaling in mature organs . In these organs , the regulation and distinct roles of different cell cycles remains un...	How does an injured organ replace cells that have died as a result of the damage ? Making new cells might seem like the best option , because this would restore the organ to how it looked before the injury . To make new cells , existing cells in the organ divide . But not all organs make new cells to repair damage . In...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2018	Fizzy-Related dictates A cell cycle switch during organ repair and tissue growth responses in the Drosophila hindgut
Interferon ( IFN ) inhibits HIV replication by inducing antiviral effectors . To comprehensively identify IFN-induced HIV restriction factors , we assembled a CRISPR sgRNA library of Interferon Stimulated Genes ( ISGs ) into a modified lentiviral vector that allows for packaging of sgRNA-encoding genomes in trans into ...	The different strains of the human immunodeficiency virus ( or HIV ) can infect a variety of cells in the human body . When a cell senses being attacked , it can defend itself using molecules called restriction factors , which are created under the control of a signal known as interferon . Researchers have already iden...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "research", "communication", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	A virus-packageable CRISPR screen identifies host factors mediating interferon inhibition of HIV
Rapid diagnostic tests ( RDTs ) have transformed malaria diagnosis . The most prevalent P . falciparum RDTs detect histidine-rich protein 2 ( PfHRP2 ) . However , pfhrp2 gene deletions yielding false-negative RDTs , first reported in South America in 2010 , have been confirmed in Africa and Asia . We developed a mathem...	Since the turn of the millennium , a large increase in international funding has helped to reduce the public health impact of malaria . The introduction of rapid diagnostic tests has played a central role in these efforts , particularly in remote areas that are heavily affected by the disease . These tests analyse huma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2017	Modelling the drivers of the spread of Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 gene deletions in sub-Saharan Africa
Cocaine is an addictive drug that acts in brain reward areas . Recent evidence suggests that cocaine stimulates synthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol ( 2-AG ) in midbrain , increasing dopamine neuron activity via disinhibition . Although a mechanism for cocaine-stimulated 2-AG synthesis is known , our...	The cannabis plant contains hundreds of different chemicals , including more than sixty types of cannabinoids . By binding to specific sites on brain cells , cannabinoids change how cells communicate with one another . This in turn triggers widespread alterations in brain activity , which can affect mood , appetite , c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Cocaine-induced endocannabinoid signaling mediated by sigma-1 receptors and extracellular vesicle secretion
Perception of external objects involves sensory acquisition via the relevant sensory organs . A widely-accepted assumption is that the sensory organ is the first station in a serial chain of processing circuits leading to an internal circuit in which a percept emerges . This open-loop scheme , in which the interaction ...	How do we perceive the world around us ? Today the dominant view in brain research is that sensory information flows from the environment to our eyes , fingers and other sense organs . The input then continues on to the brain , which generates a percept . This process is referred to as “open-loop perception” because in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Hypothesis", "and", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Perception as a closed-loop convergence process
Characterising the longevity of immunological memory requires establishing the rules underlying the renewal and death of peripheral T cells . However , we lack knowledge of the population structure and how self-renewal and de novo influx contribute to the maintenance of memory compartments . Here , we characterise the ...	The immune system protects the body from the infectious bacteria , viruses and other microorganisms present in our everyday environment ( collectively known as pathogens ) . One feature of this system is that it can form long-lasting memories of the pathogens it has previously encountered by creating cells called memor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods", "and", "materials", "Acknowledgments" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Memory CD4 T cell subsets are kinetically heterogeneous and replenished from naive T cells at high levels
Class II HLH proteins heterodimerize with class I HLH/E proteins to regulate transcription . Here , we show that E proteins sharpen neurogenesis by adjusting the neurogenic strength of the distinct proneural proteins . We find that inhibiting BMP signaling or its target ID2 in the chick embryo spinal cord , impairs the...	The brain and spinal cord are made up of a range of cell types that carry out different roles within the central nervous system . Each type of neuron is uniquely specialized to do its job . Neurons are produced early during development , when they differentiate from a group of cells called neural progenitor cells . Wit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2018	E proteins sharpen neurogenesis by modulating proneural bHLH transcription factors’ activity in an E-box-dependent manner
Humans and animals can integrate sensory evidence from various sources to make decisions in a statistically near-optimal manner , provided that the stimulus presentation time is fixed across trials . Little is known about whether optimality is preserved when subjects can choose when to make a decision ( reaction-time t...	Imagine trying out a new roller-coaster ride and doing your best to figure out if you are being hurled to the left or to the right . You might think that this task would be easier if your eyes were open because you could rely on information from your eyes and also from the vestibular system in your ears . This is also ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Optimal multisensory decision-making in a reaction-time task
Lung cancer and chronic lung diseases impose major disease burdens worldwide and are caused by inhaled noxious agents including tobacco smoke . The cellular origins of environmental-induced lung tumors and of the dysfunctional airway and alveolar epithelial turnover observed with chronic lung diseases are unknown . To ...	The deadliest form of lung cancer is called lung adenocarcinoma , or LUAD . Tobacco chemicals often cause the disease by damaging the genetic information of lung cells . The damage leads to harmful changes in the DNA sequence which prompt the cells to form tumors . For instance , the most common of these changes takes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	Club cells form lung adenocarcinomas and maintain the alveoli of adult mice
Type II topoisomerases manage DNA supercoiling and aid chromosome segregation using a complex , ATP-dependent duplex strand passage mechanism . Type IIB topoisomerases and their homologs support both archaeal/plant viability and meiotic recombination . Topo VI , a prototypical type IIB topoisomerase , comprises two Top...	Each human cell contains genetic information stored on approximately two meters of DNA . Like holiday lights in a storage box , packing so much DNA into such a small space leads to its entanglement . This snarled DNA prevents the cell from properly accessing and copying its genes . Type II topoisomerases are a group of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Topoisomerase VI senses and exploits both DNA crossings and bends to facilitate strand passage
Neuronal circuits are known to integrate nutritional information , but the identity of the circuit components is not completely understood . Amino acids are a class of nutrients that are vital for the growth and function of an organism . Here , we report a neuronal circuit that allows Drosophila larvae to overcome amin...	Insect larvae must feed voraciously to accumulate enough nutrients to tide them over the pupal stage of their lifecycle . Unlike larvae , pupae do not feed but instead use their stored energy reserves to fuel their metamorphosis into adults . To maximise their chances of survival , insect larvae must carefully time the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Drosophila larval to pupal switch under nutrient stress requires IP3R/Ca2+ signalling in glutamatergic interneurons
Fatty acyl reductases ( FARs ) are involved in the biosynthesis of fatty alcohols that serve a range of biological roles . Insects typically harbor numerous FAR gene family members . While some FARs are involved in pheromone biosynthesis , the biological significance of the large number of FARs in insect genomes remain...	Many insects release chemical signals , known as sex pheromones , to attract mates over long distances . The pheromones of male bumble bees , for example , contain chemicals called fatty alcohols . Each species of bumble bee releases a different blend of these chemicals , and even species that are closely related may p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Expansion of the fatty acyl reductase gene family shaped pheromone communication in Hymenoptera
Communication between neighboring tissues plays a central role in guiding organ morphogenesis . During heart tube assembly , interactions with the adjacent endoderm control the medial movement of cardiomyocytes , a process referred to as cardiac fusion . However , the molecular underpinnings of this endodermal-myocardi...	In the growing embryo , the heart initially develops in the form of a simple tube . Its outer layer is made up of muscular cells , called myocardial cells , that pump blood through the tube . Before the heart tube develops , two groups of myocardial cells exist – one on each side of the embryo . To assemble the heart ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling directs cardiomyocyte movement toward the midline during heart tube assembly

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