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What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?	<text>What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?</text><reasoning>The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, ...
Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?	<text>Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?</text><reasoning>Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most...
Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?	<text>Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?</text><reasoning>Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout t...
Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?	<text>Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?</text><reasoning>Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so mo...
What country has the largest population of Buddhists?	<text>What country has the largest population of Buddhists?</text><reasoning>China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Ma...
How many Buddhists are in China?	<text>How many Buddhists are in China?</text><reasoning>China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practice...
What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?	<text>What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?</text><reasoning>Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India.</reasoning><...
Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?	<text>Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?</text><reasoning>Theravāda is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west.</reasoning><output>the west</output>
The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?	<text>The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?</text><reasoning>The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. Th...
The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?	<text>The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?</text><reasoning>The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for...
The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?	<text>The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?</text><reasoning>The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the sch...
Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?	<text>Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?</text><reasoning>Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist relig...
The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?	<text>The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?</text><reasoning>Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist ...
What does stupas mean in English?	<text>What does stupas mean in English?</text><reasoning>Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts t...
Buddhism arose in what area?	<text>Buddhism arose in what area?</text><reasoning>This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of t...
Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?	<text>Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?</text><reasoning>This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the s...
What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?	<text>What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?</text><reasoning>This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the...
The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?	<text>The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?</text><reasoning>The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang ...
Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?	<text>Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?</text><reasoning>The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing s...
Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?	<text>Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?</text><reasoning>The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of...
What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?	<text>What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?</text><reasoning>Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master ...
What type of self is equated with the Buddha?	<text>What type of self is equated with the Buddha?</text><reasoning>Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho...
What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?	<text>What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?</text><reasoning>Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Ko...
The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?	<text>The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?</text><reasoning>The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek...
Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?	<text>Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?</text><reasoning>The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Bu...
What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?	<text>What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?</text><reasoning>Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing mer...
Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?	<text>Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?</text><reasoning>Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.</reasoning><output>merit</o...
What is the Dharma?	<text>What is the Dharma?</text><reasoning>Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). A...
What is the Sangha?	<text>What is the Sangha?</text><reasoning>Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). A...
West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?	<text>West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?</text><reasoning>Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha...
New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason?	<text>New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason?</text><reasoning>Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and ...
There is a great variety of what type of scripture?	<text>There is a great variety of what type of scripture?</text><reasoning>Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a mo...
Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?	<text>Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?</text><reasoning>Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a...
Each tradition has its own core what?	<text>Each tradition has its own core what?</text><reasoning>Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumen...
How many Buddhists were there in 1910?	<text>How many Buddhists were there in 1910?</text><reasoning>According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism...
How many Buddhists are there in 2010?	<text>How many Buddhists are there in 2010?</text><reasoning>According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism ...
How many buddhists are in Asia?	<text>How many buddhists are in Asia?</text><reasoning>According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pak...
What does Hinayana mean in English?	<text>What does Hinayana mean in English?</text><reasoning>Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravad...
What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?	<text>What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?</text><reasoning>Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from w...
According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?	<text>According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?</text><reasoning>Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scho...