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The Comedy of Errors Theme of The Supernatural
The supernatural figures in The Comedy of Errors are purely an excuse to ignore the complexity of reality. There is no single occurrence that cannot be explained by some perfectly natural (if bizarre) reasoning, but characters are quick to point to the fates, dreaming, madness, and general supernatural stuff (devils, sorcery, witchcraft) in order to explain the strangeness of their situations. The supernatural stands in as a convenient explanation for what seems inexplicable, given the implausible truth that under-girds the entire play.
Questions About The Supernatural
- Do S. Antipholus and S. Dromio seem to excuse all the strange stuff they find in Ephesus as the natural result of a supernatural setting? Do they ever fear the supernatural, or do they conquer the strangeness around them by understanding it to be supernatural?
- Adriana’s entrance with the "exorcist," Dr. Pinch, seems rather abrupt. Does Adriana really think her husband is possessed or insane? What evidence does she have of this? What evidence do we have (if any) that Adriana might have other motivations?
- How does the supernatural function alongside dreams and madness in The Comedy of Errors? Do they all share the same role? Are they all convenient excuses for the strangeness of Ephesus? How do characters relate to themselves and others differently because of what they perceive to be supernatural forces, dreams, or madness?
- Is there actually any element of the supernatural in the play? Is Shakespeare mocking how often life’s little absurdities get chalked up to greater-than-natural causes, whether divine or hellish? Does Shakespeare treat the supernatural as reasonable or foolish in the play?
Chew on This
The supernatural functions only as a plot device in the play. No character that attributes anything to the supernatural ever gives a viable reason for doing so. This is only a way to explain the Ephesian strangeness – and move the plot along.
Each character that invokes the supernatural does it as cover up for some personal weakness. Egeon blames the supernatural fates for his miserable condition; S. Antipholus’s inability to deal with and understand his reality leave him quick to jump to some explanation outside of himself; and Adriana would rather believe her husband is possessed than deal with the possibility that he just might not love her anymore. | <urn:uuid:9fbcf478-e5e1-4f8e-ade5-602cf3d57d46> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.shmoop.com/comedy-of-errors/the-supernatural-theme.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945241 | 502 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Seizures in Dogs
Written by: Thomas K Graves, DVM
I'll never forget my dog's first seizure. It was the day after Christmas and I had just come home from the hospital. When the dogs came stampeding to the kitchen door to greet me, I noticed one of them, my two-year-old male show dog, was missing from the group.
Then I saw him. He was sitting alone in the corner, staring straight ahead and panting. His chin and neck were covered with saliva, and he appeared to be only minimally aware of my presence.
As upset as I was, I tried to stay calm. Quickly I checked his pulse, his temperature, his throat, the color of his gums, and his pupils. Everything seemed to be okay.
But before I had time to really think, I saw him start to tremble. Slowly his neck and legs extended as his whole body became rigid and he lost consciousness. He then began to convulse, violently paddling his legs and champing his jaws. Less than a minute later he began coming out of the seizure, panting, salivating, staring straight ahead, blind. I picked him up wrapped him in a towel, and drove him to the hospital for help.
Advice and information for owners (and breeders) of dogs with this common problem.
Unfortunately, seizures are very common in dogs. Idiopathic epilepsy, the single most common canine seizure disorder, is reported to occur in anywhere from 0.5 to 5.7 percent of all dogs.
What is a seizure? Seizure, convulsion, fit, epilepsy. These terms all describe the same thing: What happens when a sudden and uncontrolled burst of neurologic activity occurs in the brain. Sometimes the neurological disturbance remains localized to a small area, such as the face or one limb. Usually, however, the uncontrolled firing of neurons spreads from the brain throughout the body, causing generalized convulsions.
A seizure is not always easy to recognize, and no two look exactly alike. The typical seizure, however, might proceed as follows:
1) The dog becomes nervous or agitated, sensing that something abnormal is about to happen. Some dogs seek out their owners, looking for help and reassurance. This is called the pre-ictal period.
2) The dog begins to tremble. His eyes glaze over and he loses touch with his environment, appears blind, and will not respond to his owner's voice or touch.
3) The trembling becomes more severe and the dog stiffens. He falls, usually on his side, and begins to paddle his legs and convulse, sometimes violently. The teeth might be clenched or the dog may champ his jaws as the seizure progresses. Often, he salivates and appears not to breathe. This entire stage, the ictal stage, usually lasts less than two minutes.
4) The next stage is called the post-ictal period. The dog begins to recover, but a varying degree of neurological signs will persist. Commonly, dogs remain blind for some time after a seizure. They often pant and seem disoriented. Some dogs sleep for a long period following a seizure. The post-ictal stage usually lasts for less than an hour, but can be considerably longer - up to two days.
What isn't a seizure? Sometimes owners rush to the veterinarian, thinking their dog has had a seizure - but he hasn't. Numerous conditions, some normal and some pathologic, are often misinterpreted as seizures.
For example, dogs with a disease of the middle ear, the vestibular nerve or vestibular nucleus of the brain can show abnormal head position and loss of balance.. The onset of symptoms can be quite sudden and can be confused with seizures.
Dogs with cardiac and respiratory diseases can experience fainting episodes which leave them profoundly weak; many may fall abruptly. These dogs might pant rapidly as they try to compensate for poor oxygenation. This also is often confused with seizures.
Another false alarm is a condition known as reverse sneezing, a common complaint in small animal practice. This usually affects smaller dogs and is characterized by a rapid series of violent and noisy inspirations. Often the chest and abdominal muscles will contract spasmodically during these episodes, which are always self-limiting and are of little medical significance. The cause of reverse sneezing is unknown and there is no known treatment.
Then there are those dogs who twitch or paddle their legs while sleeping. Some will even vocalize. This is especially common in young puppies although many older dogs show similar behavior. This is normal and is usually associated with very deep sleep. Folklore has it that dogs paddling their legs during sleep are dreaming of running through an open field. Who knows? At any rate, it's not a seizure.
The biggest difference between seizures and non-seizures is the dog's state of consciousness. If a dog is doing something that resembles a seizure while conscious, is aware of its surroundings, or is easily aroused (as in sleep), it is not having a true seizure.
What causes seizures? The normal brain exists in a constantly changing state of balance between excitatory and inhibitory bioelectrical impulses. At a certain threshold point, excitatory activity can overwhelm inhibitory influences and a seizure can result. How far away any given animal is from this point - called a "seizure threshold" - is influenced by a number of factors including disease, trauma, genetics, toxins, and factors yet to be discovered. In other words, whether or not an individual dog has a seizure in response to a given stimulus depends on its own particular seizure threshold.
Many causes of seizures have been documented in dogs. In some individuals, the cause is metabolic. For example, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is a common cause of seizures in toy breed puppies. Hypoglycemia brought on by giving excessive doses of insulin to diabetic dogs, or by insulin-secreting tumors of the pancreas in older dogs, may also precipitate seizures. Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels) is another metabolic cause of seizures especially common in post-partum lactating bitches. Hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia are both thought to be involved in seizures seen in young puppies with intestinal parasites.
High blood ammonia levels also can lead to seizures. This metabolic disturbance is seen in dogs with liver disease (for example, portosystemic shunts in puppies). Kidney failure and high levels of circulating uremic toxins have been known to cause seizures, although this is less common.
The most common toxic cause of seizures is probably lead poisoning.
Another important differential for seizures in dogs is ingestion of something toxic - insecticides and rat poisons, for instance. The most common toxic cause of seizures, however, is probably lead poisoning. Dogs are exposed to toxic levels of lead from a variety of sources. These include old, peeling oil-based paint, batteries, linoleum, tarpaper, roofing materials, drapery weights, fishing sinkers, champagne bottle foil and golf ball coverings, just to name a few. The amount of lead needed to instigate a seizure in a given dog depends on the dog's own seizure threshold.
Seizures can also be caused by inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), also called encephalitis. There are many important infectious causes of encephalitis in dogs. Canine distemper, for example, is one of the most common causes of seizures in puppies. Other infectious causes of neurologic disease include toxoplasma, neospora caninum, cryptococcus and rabies. Some important non-infectious causes of encephalitis are granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) and chronic encephalitis of Pugs.
Heat stroke is an all too familiar cause of seizures and death in dogs. Everyone knows heat stroke happens when animals are left unattended in automobiles on a warm day, with or without the windows open. But anyone who goes to outdoor dog shows in hot weather has heard horror stories of dogs overcome by excessive heat, particularly heavily coated and/or brachycephalic breeds. Being a Pekingese owner, I never go to dog shows without plenty of ice and water on hand to prevent just such an emergency.
Congenital malformations of the CNS also cause seizures. Examples include hydrocephalus, a disease in which fluid inside the brain does not drain properly and contributes to high intracranial pressure, and lissencephaly, a brain malformation observed in Lhasa Apsos.
Trauma to the head can lead to seizures due to hemorrhage or swelling of the brain or surrounding tissues, often with subsequent formation of scar tissue or blood clots. It is not uncommon to see seizures result from a traumatic episode that occurred years earlier. Bleeding and swelling can also be caused by tumors of the CNS or surrounding structures. Tumors are most common in older dogs.
Although there are many known causes of seizures in dogs, the most common cause remains unknown; these dogs are diagnosed as having "idiopathic epilepsy." Although the term idiopathic means self-originated, it's really just a technical way of saying the cause of the disease is unknown. Even though a large percentage of seizures end up being diagnosed as idiopathic, testing for other possible causes should always be performed, especially if the seizures are severe, frequent or occur in clusters. If an underlying cause is found, therapy can be directed specifically at correcting the abnormality.
Idiopathic epilepsy is believed to be an inherited disorder, at least in some breeds. Breeding studies have shown a genetic basis for the disorder in German Shepherds, Belgian Tervuren, Keeshonden, Beagles and Dachshunds. Although inheritance patterns have not been documented, the disease also appears to be quite common in Poodles (all varieties), Saint Bernards, Irish Setters, Siberian Huskies, Cocker Spaniels, Wire-haired Fox Terriers, and Labrador and Golden Retrievers.
How is the cause diagnosed? The initial workup of a patient with seizures includes a thorough physical examination, a meticulous medical history, screening blood work and a urinalysis. A complete blood count can reveal signs of infection or inflammation. A chemistry profile helps to investigate metabolic causes of seizures by testing for biochemical markers of liver, kidney, glucose, and electrolyte disturbances. Changes in the urine can also reflect kidney, liver or other metabolic abnormalities. In addition, if there is any possibility of exposure, a blood sample may reveal toxic levels of lead.
If an obvious cause isn't discovered with the initial testing, further tests can prove useful. An important element in the clinical evaluation of just about any patient with a central nervous system disorder is the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Changes in CSF protein concentration, blood cell population and pressure indicate specific diseases of the CNS.
CSF is collected while dogs are under general anesthesia. They are positioned on their side and an area at the base of the skull and upper neck is clipped and surgically scrubbed. Once the head is positioned just so, a needle is carefully placed into the space between the base of the skull and the first cervical vertebra. The fluid is then collected through the needle and submitted to a laboratory for analysis. To measure CSF pressure, a manometer can be attached to the needle; pressure is often elevated in the case of brain tumors, for example.
While the patient is anesthetized, an electroencephalogram (EEG) also can be performed. Although EEG equipment is usually found only at teaching hospitals or large referral centers, the test can yield useful information.
To perform an EEG, small wire electrodes are placed in the skin at various points overlying the brain, and electrical activity of the brain is observed. The pins penetrate the skin, but they are very small and non-traumatic. In fact, EEGs can usually be performed in awake dogs. This test is simple and risk-free to perform (it's similar to an EKG of the heart), but interpretation usually requires the services of a specialist in neurology.
The last diagnostic option available to investigate seizures is a brain scan. Computerized tomography (CT scan) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are just becoming available in veterinary medicine. These diagnostic imaging techniques yield a wealth of information and can be very sensitive indicators of structural CNS diseases. However, as with all other tests, these scans are negative in cases of idiopathic epilepsy. Brain scans also require the use of general anesthesia.
What treatments are available? If the underlying cause for a dog's seizure disorder is identified, treatment can be directed at correcting the abnormality or eliminating the causative factor. Even if an underlying cause is found, however, anticonvulsant drugs are commonly needed to control seizures. This is also true in the case of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Owners should realize that seizures are rarely eliminated completely. The goal of therapy is to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures to a level the dog and its family can live comfortably with.
Of the numerous anticonvulsant drugs available, phenobarbital is the most important and most useful. With appropriate doses and periodic monitoring of phenobarbital blood concentration to ensure adequate levels, most dogs with seizures can be well controlled. The drug is safe, inexpensive, and usually has to be given orally twice a day.
Primidone is also used to treat seizures in dogs. This drug is converted in the bloodstream to phenobarbital and is an effective anticonvulsant. It has the additional advantage of not being a controlled substance like phenobarbital. However, primidone has been associated with more side effects and is also more costly to use than phenobarbital.
In some dogs, phenobarbital alone will not control seizures. Studies are currently underway to assess the benefits of other drugs such as potassium bromide and long-acting benzodiazepines (valium-related drugs) to control seizures refractory to phenobarbital alone. Of these drugs, potassium bromide used in combination with phenobarbital appears to be the most promising.
Dilantin is a drug used commonly in human medicine to treat epilepsy. This drug has been tried in dogs as well, but is not effective. Another familiar human drug, valium, is effective in stopping seizure activity, but only momentarily. Its long-term use is not recommended in dogs.
What should I do if my dog has a seizure? Watching a dog have a seizure is terrifying - especially if it's a dog you love. If the dog is a young puppy or a lactating bitch, it should be seen by a veterinarian immediately. A single isolated seizure in an otherwise healthy adult dog, however, does not usually require emergency veterinary care, though an appointment should be scheduled promptly for a thorough work-up. If there are multiple seizures in a day, emergency care should be sought without delay.
When a dog has a seizure, as difficult as it may be, it is important for owners to remain calm. The dog should be moved to a safe place or laid on a rug to minimize the chances of injury. If possible, time the length of the seizure and observe carefully so that you can give a veterinarian a clear and accurate account of the event. Dogs do not swallow their tongues during seizures and owners should never put their hands near a seizuring dog's mouth. Many veterinarians believe that the length and severity of the post-ictal phase can be decreased by gently trying to calm and soothe the dog. Panicking won't help.
It's important to remember that seizures themselves are almost never fatal. When seizures occur in clusters, however, dogs are prone to developing status epilepticus, a condition characterized by continuous, uncontrollable seizure activity. Continuous seizures can lead to exhaustion, hypoglycemia, hyperthermia, oxygen depletion, brain damage, and eventually, death. Status epilepticus is an extreme emergency and often requires general anesthesia for prolonged periods of time to control.
It would be unwise to repeat a breeding that resulted in an epileptic dog.
What about my breeding program? Epilepsy has not been proven unequivocally to be inherited in most breeds. Bear in mind, however, that the disease is more prevalent in some breeds and the finding of a higher incidence in some lines suggests that there is an inherited basis for the disorder. In addition, test breedings of epileptic dams and sires done by veterinary researchers have produced incidences of epilepsy in the offspring ranging from between 38 percent (a study of three different epileptic bitches outcrossed to a single epileptic sire) to 100 percent (a mating of two epileptic siblings). These studies provide strong evidence of an inherited basis for epilepsy in dogs. Epilepsy has been shown to be an inherited disorder in humans, baboons, mice, rats, rabbits, gerbils and chickens. It makes sense that it is probably inherited in dogs.
It also makes sense that epileptic dogs, and probably their littermates, should not be used for breeding. And it would be unwise to repeat a breeding that resulted in an epileptic dog. With good veterinary care, and with attentive care at home, most epileptics can make perfectly good pets.
Hopefully, future investigations will uncover more of the facts about epilepsy in dogs. For now, it seems, there are probably more questions than answers.
Cunningham, J., Farnbach, G.C. Inheritance and idiopathic epilepsy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:421-424, 1988.
Delahunta, A. Seizures-convulsions. Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology (second ed.), W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1983, pp. 326-343.
Kornegay, J.N., Lane, S.B. Seizures. In Ettinger S.J. (ed), Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (third ed.) W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1989, pp. 66-69.
Lane, S.B., Bunch, S.E. Medical management of recurrent seizures in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 4:26-39, 1990.
Dr. Graves, board certified
in small animal internal medicine, is a private practitioner in
Rochester, New York, adjunct assistant professor of internal medicine
at Michigan State University, and president of the Pekingese Club
Reprinted with permission of the author. This article first appeared in the March, 1992 issue of the AKC GAZETTE, pgs 58-61.
Page last update: 06/18/2011 | <urn:uuid:03f6b921-17d5-45e2-8ae5-20cbff58696c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.canine-epilepsy.com/Graves.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952962 | 3,905 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Coattail effect refers to the tendency of a popular political leader attracting votes for other candidates of the same party in an election. It can influence the outcome of an election. It may be a boost for candidates lower down the ballot when a successful candidate of their party runs strong at the top of the ballot. For example, a popular presidential candidate who won a large percentage of the vote might carry other party candidates into office. It may be said then that, their win is on his/her coattails. | <urn:uuid:ee5f43d8-49ac-40a4-a0e4-67648e7a8b50> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://definitions.uslegal.com/c/coattail-effect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95697 | 103 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Heliography, sun writing, is the name given to the asphalt system of imaging invented by Joseph-Nicéphore Niépce in 1822. Interested in the new lithographic printing process, Niépce was seeking a simplifi ed way to print multiple impressions from a single master. He knew that bitumen of Judea asphaltum used as a resist in engraving, hardened after exposure to light. He coated a variety of materials and contact printed engravings on paper that he had oiled to enhance its translucency. After washing in several different solvents, the asphalt that was in contact with the inked lines of the engraving was washed away exposing the support below.
Niépce used glass, zinc, copper, lithographic stone, pewter, and silver-surfaced copper plates. In 1826, he succeeded in making what is now generally accepted to be the first permanent, camera-made image. He took one of his plates and placed it in a camera that he pointed out a second story window of his estate, Le Gras, near Chalon-sur-Saône in central France. The plate required at least one day exposure to record an image. After removing the unexposed areas of the asphaltum with a solvent, a direct positive image was visible against the polished background of the plate. | <urn:uuid:1af9a858-e5b8-4157-ae97-ca9c4c005184> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://notesonphotographs.org/index.php?title=Heliograph | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960368 | 280 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Organizing Your Digital Media: 4. Working with Catalogs
Working with Catalogs
4. Working with Catalogs
This section discusses organizing with catalogs (databases) and metadata, using Adobe Lightroom for examples, including the following topics:
Digital asset management expert Peter Krogh writes that folders are ideal for storing things (The DAM Book, page 130), but are limited as organizational tools. According to Krogh, “metadata and cataloging software offer much more flexibility and efficiency for organizing than folders do.” (p. 131).
Adobe LIghtroom is a highly-regarded cataloging program used for images (and to some extent, video files). This guide focuses primarily on techniques using Lightroom’s Library module (not so much on image editing, which uses the Develop module).
Other software programs have different user interfaces but the concepts are the same.
How Lightroom files are organized
The following example shows one way to organize Lightroom files (as they appear in the Macintosh Finder).
Each Lightroom catalog includes both a catalog file (extension .lrcat) and a previews file (.lrdata), shown below in a folder called LR_demo_catalog. The actual image files are separate from the catalog files (in the above example, images are contained in a folder called demo_pix).
The images folder (demo_pix) and the Lightroom catalog are both in the same folder, called LR_demo. It is not required for them to be in the same folder. For example the catalog could be on your internal hard disk and the images could be on an external drive. But keeping them together helps to avoid confusion, especially when it comes to backing up your files.
IThe .lrcat file is the catalog itself, and the .lrdata file contains the previews of images (not the original images). The previews enable you to look at and manipulate images in your Lightroom catalog.
There is also a folder for catalog backups. (This folder contains backups of only the catalog, not the images.)
To avoid confusion you should know that while Lightroom is running, the folder containing the catalog files may look something like this:
Lightroom User Interface
The following is a brief overview of the Adobe Lightroom user interface.
The user interface is divided into modules (Library, Develop, Map, Book, Slideshow, Print, Web). The most relevant module for our purposes is the Library module, which is where you import and organize images.
The above shows Grid View, which displays a grid of image thumbnails. There is also a Loupe View, which show a single image at a time in the main content area:
Catalog settings and backups
Lightroom only allows you to open one catalog at a time. This is not normally a problem if you all your images in one catalog, which is recommended. To check catalog settings, choose Lightroom menu > Catalog Settings…
Lightroom automatically backs up your catalog according to the catalog setting for Backup in the Catalog Settings dialog box. Backup occur on exiting the program. If a backup is scheduled, the Back Up Catalog dialog box appears when you exit Lightroom:
Importing images into Lightroom
When you capture or import images and other media into your computer, consider how to import them in such a way as to make them easily accessible later. It is usually a good idea to keep your images (and/or video files) in their own space, separate from other files on your computer.
Often it is best to store images and video files on a separate hard drive devoted exclusively to that purpose, especially if you have a large number of images (and/or videos) that you are organizing using a Lightroom Catalog. Keeping images in their own space on a separate drive helps to avoid confusion and makes backing up files easier.
To import images into Lightroom, choose Import Photos and Video from the File menu, or click the import button.
The Import dialog box appears:
The import dialog box takes up the entire Lightroom interface throughout the import process. The components of the Import dialog box are described below.
In the left panel of the Import dialog box, choose the source (where you want to import from). Typically this will be a media card, but it could also be from a folder on a hard drive.
Copy, Move, or Add
An area at the top of the dialog box is where you to specify if you are copying, moving, or adding to your catalog.
- Copy as DNG copies RAW files and converts them to DNG format
- Copy copies files
- Move moves files
- Add adds files to the catalog without moving them from their current location.
Copy as DNG and Copy are usually the best options. What is the difference? DNG (digital negative) coverts proprietary RAW files to non-proprietary DNG format without losing any data. Many professional believe that this is a good thing to do. If you are importing files other than RAW (such as jpeg), there is probably no reason to convert the file to DNG.
Move is risky in the event there is a problem during the process.
Add prevents you from consolidating all your files to a central location (unless you want to import a file that already exists where you want to keep it). This can result in a Lightroom catalog referencing files from all over the place, which is not usually good practice.
Note: What is RAW?
RAW is a format for digital images that retains all the information captured by the camera. Unlike jpeg, RAW files are not compressed. They contain much more data that jpeg files which is a good thing for photo editing. Most professional photographers prefer to work with RAW files, and Lightroom is an ideal environment for that.
File Handling and Renaming
Lightroom allows you to select the quality of the previews it displays and to rename the files according to templates you can choose or create. For example, Custom Name + Original file number could result in filenames such as “SPHS_students-1236.DNG” (“SPHS_students” is the custom text you provide; 1236 is the number in the original filename).
Apply During Import
This allows you to assign metadata and keywords on import, which is not necessary but is very convenient. In this example I applied metadata from a template I created and the keywords “SPHS_students” and “HSL.”
Destination specifies where you want the imported files to be stored. Typically in Lightroom you would want all of you imported files to exist in a folder, which may include multiple subfolders, such as for year or year and month. In the example used for demonstration purposes in this guide the destination folder is called LR-demo.
Click Import and the files will be copied or moved to the destination, and the images will be added to your Lightroom catalog.
During the import process, and import bar appears that shows import progress. Importing may take some time, depending on the number and size of the images. If you choose to convert files to DNG format this will take some additional time.
After you import images, the Import dialog box goes away, and the imported images appear in the left panel of the Library panel user interface (along with any other images that you previously imported). Clicking on the folder in the left panel allows you to view and work with the files you have imported.
Moving Files and Folders
If you need to move or rearrange folders or files, you can do so from within the Lightroom. (And you should do it this way, because if you move the files outside of Lightroom, Lightroom will lose track of them, and you will need to re-import them.)
To move a file to another folder, you can drag its thumbnail:
You will get a warning message that allows you to back out:
If you want to verify where a file is, right-click on the file thumbnail and choose Show in Finder to find its location in your operating system:
Creating a New Folder
To create a new folder, click the plus (+) sign at the top-right of the Folders section of the left panel. Choose Add Folder…
To create a subfolder inside any existing folder, right-click a folder and choose Create Folder Inside…
Renaming Files and Folders
Ideally, it is best to rename files on import, as was described above. But there are often times when it is desirable to rename files that are already in the Lightroom catalog.
To rename images, select the image(s) you wish to rename, then choose the Library menu > Rename. This brings up a dialog box that allows you to rename the selected images.
When you click OK the images are renamed. The new names for the files will also appear in the Finder or Windows Explorer if you look at them there.
To rename a folder: Right-click on the folder in the left panel of the Library module.
Choose Rename Folder and then you can rename it.
Working with metadata
You can view metadata by looking at the Metadata section of the right panel:
Some metadata (e.g. exposure) cannot be changed, but some panel fields can be changed, such as Title, Caption, Rating, and Label.
It is optional, but good, to apply keywords and to images. This allows you to quickly search and find images later.
To apply keywords to images, select the images, then add keywords to the Keywords panel, either by typing them or clicking on keywords from the suggestions or keyword list.
Another way to apply keywords is by using the painter icon (in Grid view). Click the icon, choose Keywords from the popup menu, then click on thumbnails in the grid to “paint” keywords to additional images.
The easiest way too assign ratings (one to five stars) to images is to select thumbnail(s) and type the number on your keyboard. The rating is displayed in the filmstrip, metadata panel, and (depending on view options settings) in the grid thumbnails.
Another great way to organize images using Lightroom is through collections.
In Lightroom, collections are "virtual," meaning that a collection is a way of grouping images that can be located in different locations (folders). A single image could be in multiple collections, but only located in one folder. There is no need to create duplicate copies for different collections.
To create a collection, select thumbnails, then choose create Collection from the Collections section of the left panel.
Then give the collection a name, and click Create.
Using filters to find images
In Grid mode, you can use the Filter Bar to view images that match criteria.
To view the Filter Bar, choose View Menu > Show Filter Bar, or type the backslask key (\).
Click on a Filter heading in the bar (Text, Attribute, or Metadata).
Choosing Text allows you to enter text to search by several fields, including keywords, filenames, and metadata. In the following example, I search for filenames containing "sphs".
Attribute allows filtering by Flag, Rating, and Label. Just click on an attribute to filter. Below, I clicked on five stars to filter. Now, only thumbnails rated with five stars appear:
Filtering by Metadata has many options, including filtering by keyword, shown below: | <urn:uuid:b331f400-25e1-4fd6-8046-138dda4aeec1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://guides.lib.unc.edu/c.php?g=8649&p=44217 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886708 | 2,392 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Age of the Universe is a Function of Time
Abstract: Scientific estimates of the age of the earth and the universe show a consistent tendency to increase at an increasing rate as time goes on. This relation has been surprisingly consistent during the last three centuries. The implications of this are, of course, profound, for they impact on both the future and the past history of time itself.
Figure 1. The estimated age of the universe as a function of the time the estimate was made. Estimates earlier than 1850 are too near the axis to plot, and their error estimates are untrustworthy at best.I. Introduction
The age of the earth and the universe is of crucial importance to cosmological theories, and of intense popular interest as well. Enough data have accumulated since the early 18th century that we may now critically and objectively attempt to determine whether there's a fundamental underlying relation affecting time itself.
1644: Hebrew scholar Dr. John Lightfoot (1602-1675), Vice-Chancellor of the Cambridge University constructed a chronology of history from Biblical genealogies. He calculated that the world was created at the equinox in September of 3298 B.C., at the third hour of the day (9 A.M.). He didn't specify the particular earth longitude for which this time applied.
1650: James Ussher (1581-1656), Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, painstakingly correlated Middle Eastern and Mediterranean histories and Holy writ, arriving at the date of creation: Sunday 23 October 4004 B.C. No error bars are needed when this date is plotted on the graph, for Ussher considered it exact to the day.
For several centuries thereafter one sees little scientific discussion of the age of the universe, partly because of lack of evidence and theory. But people were pondering the question of the age of the earth, and of course, the universe is very likely older than the earth.
1760: Buffon (1707-88) estimated the earth's age to be 75,000 years by calculating its time of cooling from the molten state.
1831: Charles Lyell (1797-1875) arrived at an age of 240 million years based on fossils of marine mollusks.
1897: William Thomson (1824-1907) used improved knowledge of heat conduction and radiation to improve the calculation of the earth's cooling rate, concluding the earth was between 20 and 400 million years old.
1901: John Joly (1857-1933) calculated the rate of delivery of salt from rivers to oceans, determining the earth's age to be 90 to 100 million years.
1905-1907: Rutherford and Boltwood determined the age of rocks and minerals from measurements of radioactive decay. They found ages of 500 million years to 1.64 billion years. Subsequent work found rock samples as old as 4.3 billion years.
In the 20th century attention turns from dating the earth, to dating the formation of the solar system, and the universe itself.
1929: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) interprets the redward shift of distant stars and galaxies as due to the general expansion of the universe. The rate of this expansion is called the Hubble constant, and if the universe were expanding uniformly since its beginning, would tell us how old the universe is. Extrapolating backward would bring the galaxies together about 2 billion years ago, using Hubble's original figures.
1947: George Gamow (1904-68) uses Hubble's original data on luminosity of Cepheid variables to conclude that the universe's "expansion must have started about two or three billion years ago." In a footnote he says "More recent information leads, however to an estimate of somewhat longer time periods."
1952: Bart Jan Bok (1906-83) estimates that galactic clusters must be between 1 and 10 billion years old.
1999: Astronomers working on a special NASA team announced that the universe is about 12 billion years old, based on measurements of the Hubble constant for very distant stars.
AGE OF EARTH Person Year Year E = Age Method CE A (abs)Est (yrs) Lightfoot 1644 5648 3298 Biblical geneaologies. Ussher 1650 5654 4004 Biblical geneaologies. Buffon 1760 5764 75000 Cooling rate of hot earth. Lyell 1831 5835 240000000 Age of oldest fossils. Kelvin 1897 5901 210000000 Cooling rate of hot earth. Joly 1890 5894 100000000 Salt delivery by rivers to oceans. Boltwood 1907 5911 2.2E+09 Radioactive decay of rocks. AGE OF UNIVERSE Hubble 1929 5933 2E+09 Red-shift of stars and galaxies. Gamow 1947 5951 2.5E+09 Red-shift of stars and galaxies. Bok 1952 5956 5E+09 Galactic clusters. NASA 1999 6003 1.35E+10 Expansion of universe.III. Analysis
Fig. 1 strongly suggests that a real and fundamental relation underlies this data. One may complain that this simplified plot lumps together data on age of the earth and age of the universe. A regression analysis was performed on the two data groups separately. One finds that the earth age data (before 1929) fit a curve of the form E=FAk where E is the age estimate and A is the absolute age of the earth at the time the estimate was made (A=Y+4004) where Y is the calendar year. The fit is best with F=3015x104 and k=0.0075. The standard deviation of this fit is about 2.5%.
The estimates of the age of the universe (from 1929 to the present) fit a curve of the same form, E=FAk with F=2910x104 and k=0.009. The standard deviation of the fit being less than 0.5%. The quality of this fit is much better than that of the earth-age data. This should not be surprising, considering that early estimates of the age of the earth were largely guesswork based on poor methodology, while the more recent estimates of the age of the universe are scientific guesswork based on advanced techniques and instrumentation.
Table 1 gives the raw data, that the reader may use to check these results. These two regression lines extrapolate back to the same point in time, 4004 B.C.E. This should give encouragement to creationists and other Biblical literalists to stick with that date, and not compromise their beliefs with an earlier date.
Physicists have long treated time as a variable, yet they have failed to realize the full implications of that fact. If these age estimates are to be taken seriously one cannot escape the conclusion that as time goes on the age of universe not only increases, but does so at an accelerating rate.
Since these results are, at present, based entirely on data from the past, this age increase must be happening in the past. Therefore that point in time representing the birth of the universe, the "Big Bang", may be moving backward in time at an ever-increasing rate.
The rapidly rising trend of the age curve (Fig. 1) strongly suggests that at some finite time in the future the universe's calculated age will be infinite. This will have several important consequences:
(1) All questions relating to the circumstances in place at the time of the beginning of the universe (the Big Bang) will be relegated to history.
(2) All speculation about what was before the Big Bang will likewise be seen as obviously meaningless.
A few theorists suggest an alternate conclusion. They say that the trend of age estimates is due to a fault of time itself. Perhaps the universal expansion of space is accompanied by a universal expansion of the time frame in which all of this happens. Or perhaps the space expansion is only an illusion caused by the time expansion. Their critics say that these theorists just have too much time on their hands.
This material is © 2001 by The Institute of Physics Publishing and appears in the science humor collection Science Askew by Donald E. Simanek and John C. Holden. This book is available directly from the publisher. Order your copy now!.
Return to Donald Simanek's page.
Since 8/30/01 people have come here seeking truth and left, disappointed. | <urn:uuid:27b14950-38ec-4024-a0fa-077094c43eb4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lhup.edu/~DSIMANEK/cutting/ageuniv.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930236 | 1,731 | 3.515625 | 4 |
An aircraft crashes in the Florida Everglades, killing 103 passengers. After the wreckage is removed, salvageable parts from the plane are used to repair other aircraft. Soon passengers and crew on those aircraft report seeing what they believe to be the ghost of the wrecked airplane's flight engineer. Written by
Did You Know?
This story is based in real reports of ghost sightings on several planes that had salvaged Flight 401 equipment on them. See more
In the last hours of December 29, 1972, a jetliner with 163 passengers and thirteen crew members crashed in the Everglades just outside of Miami...
This is the true story of that crash, and of the legend that grew up about the incredible aftermath.
Throughout the aviation world, it is still spoken of as the "Ghost of Flight 401."
Followed by Crash | <urn:uuid:d209555a-8e9c-40a7-9bb3-f9887113fff8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077610/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00171-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929844 | 168 | 2.890625 | 3 |
At one point or another, you have likely heard of Fundamental Analysis.
We gave you a teaser of fundamental analysis earlier and now let’s get to the heart of the subject!
Whenever somebody mentions fundamentals, they are referring to the economic information about the country that the currency is associated with.
The fundamentals cover a wide range of information from economics, to politics, and even the environment.
Fundamental analysis is studying all of that information and using it to predict what will happen in the future of the country and the price of its currency.
It’s the study of the world around us, mainly things like unemployment, inflation, and the economic growth. Basically, it pertains to everything going on that has a large enough impact to affect the currency price.
Fundamental Data and Its Many Forms
Fundamental analysis gives an investor an idea about how the price of currency should change based on an economic event.
The fundamental data that we use can be found in many different forms.
It could be a report released about a country’s home sales, or it could be a policy change made by the European Bank.
Many times, the economy shifts simply from the release of this information. Many citizens and investors react to this information and the economy is changed regardless of the information being true or not.
Sometimes, changes take place before a report is even released because people are anticipating what the report will say.
Speculators can estimate the interest rate hikes days before the actual statement is ever released.
As a matter of fact, currency has been known to jump more than 100 pips moments before a major event takes place. This is a very profitable time to trade for those who are brave enough to do it.
That is why many traders keep up with current events and prepare to make quick decisions just before certain economic information is released, and so should you!
Economic indicators create most of the information that is used for fundamental analysis. Just like an alarm that sounds before the fire has reached it, economic indicators give away details about how a country’s economy is fairing.
While it pays to understand the value of an indicator, it is just as important to understand the market’s anticipation and its guess at that value.
Before you even think about trading, you have to take in account how the actual figure is going to affect the predicted one.
Try not to worry about it, the whole process is much easier than it sounds, and you don’t have to be a brain surgeon to understand it.
While fundamental analysis is a great tool to guess at what the future economic conditions of a country are, it isn’t very good for predicting a change in price direction. The fundamental information isn’t specific enough, and you will get a much better idea just by looking at technical indicators.
The analysis of fundamental information usually looks something like this:
“This country’s interest rate may go down a percentage which could cause the currency to go down.”
“The Euro MIGHT go up with a value in that range.”
Here’s an Economic Report – Now What?
The FOREX market will react more to how people feel than it will to anything else. If people feel strongly about a particular report, the market is likely to be very volatile that day.
The large number of people and their different interpretations of information can make it very difficult to predict how the market is going to move.
There is a huge amount of uncertainty in fundamental analysis, and that is why you need technical analysis to fill in the missing pieces.
Fundamental analysis is never a certainty, but that is not to say that you should forget about it.
There is too much information out there available to anyone willing to look at it.
Many traders have a hard time figuring out how to use the huge amount of information that is out there. It can be difficult to factor all of that information into economic terms, and figure out how it is going to affect the price of the currency.
It is also important to remember that there are two currencies in every pair and that you have to look at the information for both countries involved.
At this point, you are probably wondering if you even need to practice fundamental analysis to be a successful trader.
The answer to that really depends on what type of trader you want to be.
Long term and medium traders benefit more from fundamental analysis than they do from technical analysis. That is because they can follow long term changes in a country that would not affect the prices of a currency pair in any one given day.
Short term traders prefer to focus on technical analysis because they can predict short term changes much better than they would be able to with fundamental analysis.
Crazily enough, we believe that you should use BOTH!
If you focus purely on technical analysis, your strategy will be crippled when a large economic event occurs. At the same time, fundamental analysts miss out on a lot of short term opportunities that technical analysts take advantage of.
A mix of technical and fundamental analysis covers all angles. You’re aware of the scheduled economic releases and events, but you can also identify and use the various technical tools and patterns that market players focus on.
By practicing both types of analysis, you will cover all of your bases. You will miss out on far less opportunities and potentially make much more money.
Now you know! I hope you’re happy!
In the upcoming lesson, we will cover the main fundamental factors that affect currency prices. These include monetary policies, interest rates, and large economic reports.
Forextips.com is committed to educating the forex trader in all aspects of foreign currency trading. Click here to get information on a free forex webinar to help you maximize your success in the forex market. | <urn:uuid:b10b4d76-29ad-4383-9931-b7f95058f914> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.forextips.com/forex-analysis/what-does-fundamental-forex-analysis-mean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947939 | 1,202 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Some of the oldest May Day traditions are connected with dew. According to folklore, the dew on 1 May has magical properties and anyone who washes their face in it will have a flawless complexion for the entire year. May dew was also said to be able to remove spots, freckles and pimples.
This country belief was widely accepted by city folk, as famously recorded by diarist Samuel Pepys. He noted that his wife went to Woolwich on the night of 30 April 1667 to collect May dew the following morning "which Mrs Turner hath taught her is the only thing in the world to wash her face with."
A traditional rhyme says that the maid who rises early on May morning "And washes in dew from the hawthorn tree,/ Will ever after handsome be." Others suggest that the dew had to be collected from ivy leaves, or from grass under oak trees. The one factor universally agreed upon is that the dew is only effectual at or just before sunrise.
The best way to be sure of catching the early dew was to stay out all night in the woods or meadows - though some might suspect other motives for such an adventure. In 1583, puritan Philip Stubbes recorded that of the girls who spent the May Day eve in the woods, "scarcely the third part of them returned home again undefiled." The modern obsessions with appearance and young people's sexual behaviour go back quite some way. | <urn:uuid:e77c4dc9-8ac2-46f0-a114-c508d8e46028> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theguardian.com/weather/2009/apr/30/weather-watch-dew-may-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979834 | 305 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Flesh flies look like house flies, but are generally larger. They are gray, have a checkerboard pattern on the top of their abdomen, three black stripes running along the top surface of their thorax just behind the head (house flies have four) and sometimes a reddish-brown tip at the end of the abdomen.
Behavior, Diet & Habit
Flesh flies are sometimes among the first insects to arrive at a dead animal carcass and are similar to blow flies in biology and habits. Areas around the home with rotting matter, such as garbage cans, compost piles, animal droppings, and animal carcasses, can attract flesh fries. Not commonly found in the home, flesh flies frequently infest industrial buildings like meat processing and packing facilities. Adult flesh flies don’t bite humans, but they do feed on liquid substances, and may infest wounds, carrion, and excrement. In some instances, flesh flies may be beneficial because their larvae prey on blow fly larvae, lesser house fly larvae, and grasshopper nymphs. Also, forensic investigators may use the development of flesh fly larvae in a carcass or corpse to help determine time of death.
While the life cycle of flesh flies varies by species and location, generally the flies overwinter in their pupal stage within temperate climates and emerge as adults in the spring. Soon after becoming adults, they mate and the female flesh fly may lay eggs. More likely she will deposit from 20-40 larvae that have hatched within her body which she directly lays on the carrion, feces or rotting plant materials. Flesh fly larvae feed for 3 or 4 days and become pupae that burrow into nearby soil and, after about 10 to 15 days, emerge as adults. Flesh flies go through several generations each year.
Some flesh flies prefer to breed in dead rodents, bats and birds found in attics, crevices and wall voids, so if flesh flies become a problem inside a structure, your pest management professional should inspect for a dead animal.
A single female can produce hundreds of eggs during her lifetime. Depending on the species, eggs may hatch within 24 hours and the entire life cycle of the flesh fly may be completed within 1-2 weeks.
Signs Of A Flesh Fly Infestation
Actually seeing adults, pupae or larvae is the most likely sign of a flesh fly infestation. If flies are developing inside, you may see a large number of flies suddenly appear and might find flies in the ceiling light fixtures.
Flesh flies are worldwide in distribution and are found in most regions of the United States.
Flesh flies are rarely problems as disease carriers and pose little threat to human or livestock health. However, flesh fly larvae have been known to burrow from wounds into the healthy flesh of livestock, and some species can cause intestinal infections in humans who consume food contaminated with flesh fly larvae.
Flesh fly prevention and control is comprised of both exterior and, if necessary, interior procedures. The first step in a control program is to contact your pest management professional for assistance. Your pest management professional will positively identify the offending pest, conduct an inspection and then develop an integrated pest management plan (IPM) to resolve the problem. The key components of a flesh fly IPM plan include:
- Identification – since not all flies have the same behavior and habitat, it is important to correctly identify the offending insect so that an effective and efficient IPM program can be put into place.
- Inspection – your pest management professional’s inspection will provide the information and observations needed to develop the proper IPM plan
- Sanitation – keep the property clean and get rid of all sources that provide flesh flies a suitable development habitat.
- Exclusion – seal and repair screens, holes, gaps and any other entryway that flesh flies may use to enter the home.
- Light traps to attract and trap flies.
- Using chemical products to treat fly resting places, using chemical fly baits and using aerosol products.
- Using specific approaches to control flies that are inside a home or business. This occurs when flesh flies have developed in the carcass of a dead rodent, bat, bird or other animal that is located above the ceiling, in a wall void or some other hidden, out-of-the-way place. Your pest management professional may suspect flesh flies are developing in a carcass if he finds a large number of flies inside a building. If the source is found, your pest management professional may use chemical control products in the infested area or may need to use light traps to capture adult flies that have emerged. | <urn:uuid:97a0b425-66ed-49e5-abf4-33d662122ca0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.orkin.com/flies/flesh-flies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00070-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927896 | 942 | 3.5625 | 4 |
March 10th, 2013, 10:59 PM
I am trying to understand this function and I have the following code:
If variable temp=1 I expect the alert to produce 34 but it shows 331 instead. It concatenates instead of evaluating.
I tried the eval() function because
also produces 331 when the input is 1.
What am I doing wrong?
March 10th, 2013, 11:07 PM
Like with PHP, avoid using eval().
Your problem is that temp is a string, and adding a string to a number acts as string concatenation and not numeric addition.
Run the string through parseInt() first.
temp = parseInt("1"); | <urn:uuid:a918a163-0874-48c4-911b-8deda5bfa2b1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://forums.devshed.com/javascript-development-115/understanding-eval-941420.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.740218 | 143 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Home - International Partners
The Academies serve as the adhering body to a number of scientific unions and commissions through a network of U.S. National Committees, which encompass a range of scientific disciplines. The Academies also support U.S. participation and leadership in several other international scientific, engineering, and medical organizations, including:
InterAcademy Panel on International Issues (IAP)
The IAP is a global network of 100 science academies designed to help its members to develop the tools needed for science-based input to policy processes nationally, regionally, and globally. The Academies have worked closely with the IAP to help young academies, particularly those in developing countries, to strengthen their role in providing independent advice to governments on issues of national and global concern. The program has led to the creation of regional networks of science academies in Africa, in the Americas, and among member states of the Organization of the Islamic Conference.
InterAcademy Council (IAC)
The IAC was created by the IAP to mobilize the best scientists and engineers worldwide to provide high-quality advice to international bodies—such as the United Nations and the World Bank—and other institutions. Since its creation in 2000, the IAC has published four major reports on building capacities in S&T worldwide; African agriculture; women in science; and sustainable energy.
InterAcademy Medical Panel (IAMP)
The IAMP is an association of the world's medical academies and medical divisions of science academies that is committed to improving health around the world. Its work includes collaboration to strengthen the role of academies in alleviating the health burdens of the the world's poorest people, to build scientific capacity for health, and to provide independent scientific advice on promoting health science and health care policy to national governments and global organizations.
International Council for Science (ICSU)
ICSU is a nongovernmental organization representing 117 national scientific bodies and 30 international scientific unions and provides a wide spectrum of scientific expertise, enabling members to address major international, interdisciplinary issues. The Board on International Scientific Organizations of the Academies serves as the U.S. National Committee for ICSU and nucleates U.S. representation before most of its member unions and committees.
The International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS)
CAETS is an independent nonpolitical, nongovernmental international organization of engineering and technological science academies. Some of its goals are to give advice on technical and policy issues, to promote sustainable economic growth and social welfare through engineering and technological activities, to encourage improvement of engineering education and practice internationally, and to foster establishment of engineering academies in countries where none exist.
The Academies work cooperatively with many other international organizations including the following:
· International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies
· International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis
· The Academy of Sciences of the Developing World
· United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization | <urn:uuid:9589c122-392d-4f0f-9384-340c00303ecc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://sites.nationalacademies.org/International/international_051878 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927393 | 615 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Reading Group Guide
This reading group guide for Bright and Distant Shores includes an introduction, discussion questions, and ideas for enhancing your book club. The suggested questions are intended to help your reading group find new and interesting angles and topics for your discussion. We hope that these ideas will enrich your conversation and increase your enjoyment of the book.
In 1897 Chicago, an insurance magnate who has just built the world’s tallest building sponsors a sea voyage into Melanesia to gather artifacts for his private collection. He wants to outdo his rival Marshall Field’s museum by bringing back not only artifacts, but indigenous people for a rooftop exhibition. Caught up in this scheme are two orphans—Owen Graves, an itinerant trader from Chicago’s South Side who has recently proposed to the girl he leaves waiting in Chicago, and Argus Niu, a mission houseboy from the New Hebrides. As the century draws to a close, the two young men and their cultures are set on a collision course.
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
- Discuss Owen and Adelaide’s relationship, and how it is affected by their different social and economic statuses. How are their views of each other influenced by each other’s perception, rather than the reality of their feelings?
- Discuss the similarities and differences between how Owen and Argus deal with being orphans. How do the memories of their fathers continue to impact them? How does the necessity of being independent at a young age impact them later in life?
- What are Owen’s motivations for going on the voyage? What do you think influences him the most? Discuss Captain Terrapin’s statement that “all men are equal at sea.” (p. 129) Do you find this to be true?
- Discuss the role of women in the novel. Think about Adelaide, her mother Margaret, and Malini. How do they exert influence over the men in their lives? How do they see their role in society?
- Among the Melanesian languages featured in the novel there is no future tense. What does this say about the Melanesian people? Who in this novel is living in the past, the present, or the future?
- Owen recalls, “His own interest in objects, from the native to the urban, had always been about the story each one represented, about possessing material proof of something transient” (p. 126). What are the motivations of other collectors? What do such objects and artifacts mean to different characters? Think about Argus’ reaction to seeing the tools of his ancestors in the museum: “These items did not belong to the white men but had they saved them from oblivion? He couldn’t know what was true.” (p. 392) What do you believe?
- Why do Argus and Malini agree to act like savages and be put on display? Do you think they come to regret their choice? What do you think impacts Jethro’s sanity? Is it the snake bite, or something else?
- Malini thinks, “Weather and time; she was beginning to understand that these were two of the clayskin gods.” (p. 354) Do you agree? Do you find that true in present day?
- Why does Owen keep the effigy? He says, “It stood for all that waited beyond the brink. All that could arrive without invitation.” (p. 434) What does he mean by this statement?
- Discuss the symbolism of the house Owen restores. He has been dismantling houses and relocating objects all his life—why is it suddenly important to him to put something back together?
- Reread Argus’ thoughts as he confronts Jethro on page 456: “His sister, his island, his own boyhood self, they had all be defiled, each in their own way.” Why does Argus react the way he does in this scene? Do you think he does the right thing?
- Discuss the significance of the section headers. How do they tie together and emphasize parallels within the story?
- Death plays a large role in this novel. Contrast different characters’ and different cultures’ and social ranks’ views of death, burial, and the afterlife.
- The novel employs extensive foreshadowing. How is it used as a literary device? What major events did you notice were foreshadowed? How did this impact your reading?
- Early in the book, the narrative is written from the perspectives of Owen and Argus, but later opens up to include limited perspectives from Adelaide, Malini, Jethro, and Hale. Is there anyone else you would have liked to hear more from? How did this contribute to the novel?
- Discuss the customs and rituals presented in the novel, both of the native islanders and the Americans on the ship and in the city. What role does tradition and familial obligation play in the characters’ lives?
- Visit a museum with your book club, such as Chicago’s Field Museum, New York’s Museum of Natural History, or Washington D.C.’s Smithsonian to view artifacts similar to those Owen brings back and Adelaide catalogues. To find a museum near you, visit www.museumspot.com.
- To learn more about the time period and the area of the South Pacific where Argus is from and where Owen’s voyage takes place, check out the interactive maps at http://www.mapsouthpacific.com/pacific/index.html or http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/au.htm. Follow the links to learn more about each island’s distinct people and culture. At http://timelines.com, you can view events and pictures from 1897-1990. Have each member from your group share one interesting fact they found from this research and how it influence or adds to your reading of Bright and Distant Shores.
- Do a round of “show and tell” and turn your book club into a “living museum.” Have each member in your book club bring in one object that best represents themselves—it can signify your upbringing, your culture, your past, or your future! Put your object on display and explain its significance and why it would be included in your personal exhibition.
- Visit author Dominic Smith’s website at http://dominicsmith.net–read his essays and shorts, check out his other books, even contact him to see if he can call into your book club. | <urn:uuid:1a717411-4f69-475d-abc0-dcd22e6f42c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://books.simonandschuster.ca/Bright-and-Distant-Shores/Dominic-Smith/9781439198865/reading_group_guide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962662 | 1,385 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Using HTML in a Sugar Activity is not new. The Wikipedia Activity has been embedding HTML contents for years. It does this by integrating into the Activity two things: the Sugar browser to render HTML and an HTTP server to react to user clicks by calling Python code.
David Leeming of OLPC Oceania has developed detailed deployment docs for a recent pilot in Kosrae, Micronesia, over at Wikieducator. It is an excellent summary of what has been learned in the region to date, and useful guidance for anyone trying to organize a deployment for anywhere from 10 to 10,000 students. I hope to see more great things from this project.
UPDATE (Aug 20): David has published an excellent Teacher Training Manual based on those notes.
guest post by the inimitable Anne Gentle
Copy this book! We hope you will. I am proud to say that through a collaboration with One Laptop per Child, Sugar Labs and FLOSS Manuals, a print and online manual about using the XO laptop and Sugar operating system is now available as via print-on-demand at Lulu.com. Tom Brady checked it out when he was visiting the office last week and thought it was pretty neat.
You can order your own print copy for a modest price – someone walks off with one of mine every week, and I’m due to order some more. Or you can read it on your XO laptop – the PDF is always available for free and for remixing into your own works. Soon, the book will be for sale on Amazon as well.
The OLPC Laptop Guide has a simple, clean cover design and the content inside was written by a community of professional writers, editors, open source experts, and OLPC staff. This book contains 240 pages of how-to information for your XO laptop and the operating system that kids love, Sugar. This book was written by a group of people in the unique wiki tool offered by FLOSS Manuals. Much of the content was written in a five-day collaborative BookSprint. In it you’ll find instructions for connecting with and caring for this unique little laptop. The neat thing is, once you’re done with a real book, you can pass it on to the next person who wants to learn about their XO. Get a book and pass it on. | <urn:uuid:a8bcca94-111e-4e89-9642-01f35ffbd890> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.laptop.org/tag/manual/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955622 | 485 | 2.921875 | 3 |
During the Great Depression of the 1930's, over 7 Million people died in the US from starvation, or malnutrition related disease, even when half the population was considered self sufficient. How many will starve to death when a total financial collapse occurs now that less than 2% of the population can grow their own food?
Natural Disasters can strike at any time and leave you battling for survival. In the aftermath of such events, it is important to have on hand a safe and reliable source of food and water as you never know if or when help may arrive! You pay thousands to ensure your car/house, why not buy food insurance you can eat?
History has proven time and time again that severe food shortages can happen, and will happen, often when you are least prepared. Whether it is caused by war, drought, blight, pandemic or a number of other reasons, if the supermarket store shelves are empty, will you be able to feed yourself and your loved ones? | <urn:uuid:c9aa0e41-bf5c-43e2-af81-b4bfad736899> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.everlastingfoods.com.au/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967376 | 197 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Dr. C. Delores Tucker (1927-2005)
As a longtime civil rights activist, Dr. Tucker was the first African-American woman to serve as Pennsylvania’s Secretary of State from 1971 – 1977. Among the many achievements during her tenure, she made changes to the election system introducing voter registration by mail and instituting the first Commission on the Status of Women in Pennsylvania. Dr. Tucker also was responsible for the Governor’s appointment of more women judges and more women and African Americans to boards and commissions than ever before in the history of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. She also led the effort to make Pennsylvania one of the first states to pass the Equal Rights Amendment.
She founded the National Political Congress of Black Women in 1985 to assure that black women would have a share and parity in American politics. The organization is now known as the National Congress of Black Women and is a member of the NWHM National Coalition. Among the many issues Dr. Tucker and the group undertook w the campaign against violent and misogynistic lyrics in rap and hip-hop music. Dr. Tucker was founder and president of the Bethune-DuBois Institute, which she established in 1991 to promote the cultural development of African American youth through scholarships and education programs.
Her record of awards spans virtually all of the major civil rights organizations. She was the recipient of three honorary doctorates.
- Article is partially reprinted from NWHM Newsbyte Archives; see also "Dr. C. DeLores Tucker,"National Congress of Black Women, Inc., 2004, http://www.npcbw.org/newweb/cdt_bio_2004.htm (October 2005). | <urn:uuid:89cb4cc6-474c-4446-822b-add2c702c12d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/delores-tucker/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966301 | 342 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Uterine Fibroids - Home Treatment
Home treatment can ease menstrual period pain and anemia that may be linked to uterine fibroids.
Tips for relieving menstrual pain
Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) are one of the most common symptoms of fibroids.
Why fibroids cause pain is not known. Try one or more of the following tips to help relieve your menstrual pain:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, help relieve menstrual cramps and pain. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.
- Apply heat to the lower abdomen by using a heating pad or hot water bottle or taking a warm bath. Heat improves blood flow and may improve pelvic pain.
- Lie down and elevate your legs by putting a pillow under your knees. This may help relieve pain.
- Lie on your side and bring your knees up to your chest. This will help relieve back pressure.
- Use pads instead of tampons.
- Get exercise, which improves blood flow and may reduce pain.
Tips for preventing anemia
Anemia occurs when your body cannot produce blood as fast as it is being lost. As a result, you have fewer red blood cells in the blood. A test called a complete blood count (CBC) can tell you whether you have anemia. Increasing the amount of iron in your diet may help prevent anemia.
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise
March 12, 2014
This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor.
Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this | <urn:uuid:2a91c265-3e58-406a-9511-35f81017b20c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.webmd.com/women/uterine-fibroids/uterine-fibroids-home-treatment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862665 | 343 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A wailing ambulance rushed you to the nearest emergency room. "What's this one here for, they ask? Oh, another one for the lip ward. Put him in triage along with all of the other brass players."
Unfortunately it's going to happen. From time to time chops will get puffed up, split open, banged in, and bent out of shape. Our ongoing responsibility is to minimize the damage of too much lip involvement, to transfer the workload elsewhere, and to avoid ever seeing the inside of that ambulance again!
The danger zone of course is the embouchure. Even though every teacher preaches "IT'S THE AIR, DUMMY", we get too late smart. Our mind gets the memo, but our lips and lungs don't. Consequently the lips smart. In the heat of battle we default to our pressure zone, the embouchure.
To the rescue - our therapeutic reset reminder and model:
- Nice sounds are produced by vibrating lips directing the free flow of air into the horn.
- Flute players are our example of seemingly pressure-free playing. (Do flute players ever get sore chops? Always wondered about that. Always appeared not.)
- Is your air column a stream or a strain? Does it easily get bottled up before it even enters the lead pipe? Think of an hour glass with all of the sand flowing easily through in 5 seconds! Think of whooshes of free-flowing air entering a tuba, rather than pinches of squeezed air compressed into a tiny squeaky oboe reed shrieking out a piercing high C.
- If your audience could see your air stream as it proceeds through the trumpet and out of the bell, what would it look like? Would they gasp as a huge cloud of beautiful fragrant smoke permeates the entire hall, or would they see a shriveled thread of an air column shattering on the floor right in front of you? A flood of fragrance, or something else?
- Think of Olympic swimmers. If they breathed like we often do, they would all drown, gurgling helplessly at the bottom of the pool. Relax the release of your air. Practice breathing comfortably with every breath, not just the first one.
There must be a natural rhythm to your inhaling and exhaling. The control of the breath must be mastered to avoid injury. Observe those who do it well. Copying is OK. Consider the music that wants to come forth, and don't stifle it by tension and shallow prep.
Remember, music isn't borne from brute force or shear muscle power. It's not about the lips but rather the efficient use of unforced air. Strength is involved but it must be under control.
Transfer the lips' 80% work load down to 20%. Anything more isn't fair to the lips. Let relaxed, musically-driven air come to the rescue. No more wailing sirens! | <urn:uuid:36fa9d4a-7c86-4606-a6ff-68e3e8c6411a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://philstudents.blogspot.com/2012_05_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951257 | 607 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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Why take iodine?
Dr. Joe Schwarcz looks at our evolving understanding and use of iodine, from its discovery in the early 1800s to its use after the Japan earthquake.
Dr. Joe Schwarcz is Director of McGill University's Office for Science and Society, which is dedicated to demystifying science for the public, the media and students. He is a bestselling author of books such as An Apple a Day, Brain Fuel, and Science, Sense & Nonsense.
Back in the early 1800s, the production of potassium nitrate (saltpetre), an essential component of gunpowder, was a booming industry. The potassium required was isolated from the ashes that remained after burning seaweed ' a messy business.
One day in 1811, the seaweed tank in Bernard Courtois’ saltpetre factory in Paris needed a thorough cleaning and he decided that sulphuric acid was the right chemical for the job.
Within minutes, Courtois was amazed to see the room fill with violet fumes that later deposited on surfaces and formed crystals. He didn’t know it, but he had discovered iodine. It was the French chemist Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac who identified the crystals as a new element and named it “iode” from the Greek for violet.
Making the thyroid connection
Seaweed is a source of the iodide ion, which in Courtois’ lucky accident was oxidized to iodine by the sulphuric acid. This incident struck a chord with Dr. Jean-François Coindet, a Swiss physician who was familiar with the traditional use of sea sponge ashes to treat the swelling in the neck caused by an enlarged thyroid gland, known as a “goitre.” Could it be, he wondered, that sea sponges, like seaweed, contained iodide, and that this was the therapeutic ingredient?
Coindet went on to successfully treat goitrous patients with iodine, although he had no understanding of why this worked. Finally, in 1896, German chemist Eugene Baumann discovered that iodine concentrated in the thyroid gland. He suggested that the gland’s enlargement was due to its frantic attempt to sequester as much iodine as possible when supplies were inadequate.
Now it made sense why people living near the sea rarely suffered from goitre. The seabed contains soluble iodide salts that wash into the water and concentrate in plants and animals, which are eaten by people. Iodide from the ocean also finds its way into coastal soil and from there into crops. Inland, the crops and the animals that feed on them contain very little iodine, which is why until the early part of the 20th century, the American Midwest was known as the Goiter Belt.
Putting iodine to work
The role of iodine was clearly identified in 1914 when thyroid hormone was isolated and shown to contain the element. In 1924, to remedy the problem of low iodine intake, Michigan began to experiment with adding sodium iodide to salt. And the rest, as they say, is history. Iodized salt would become our first “functional food.”
Iodine's connection to the thyroid also interested Dr. Saul Hertz, who had joined the Thyroid Clinic and Metabolism Laboratory at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1931. But his focus was on Graves disease, a condition in which the thyroid gland becomes overactive and produces too much hormone.
Since the thyroid concentrates iodine, Dr. Hertz wondered whether administration of small amounts of radioactive iodine might partially destroy the thyroid and reduce its activity. By 1946, he had shown that iodine-131 was an effective treatment for hyperthyroidism and to this day it remains the standard therapy for Graves' disease. Radioiodine therapy is also used in cases of thyroid cancer. The rapidly multiplying cancer cells can be destroyed by radiation.
Protecting against radiation
But radiation is a double-edged sword. The gamma rays and beta particles emitted by iodine-131 can also disrupt the structure of DNA and cause cancer. This is a major concern with any nuclear power plant accident since radioactive iodide is one of the products of the uranium fission process used to generate electricity. If accidentally released, it can be inhaled or ingested from contaminated vegetation, dairy products or meat.
How can scientists measure radiation in the body?
Although radiation exposure from a nuclear accident is a rare event, radiation in the body is nothing unusual. “We live in a sea of radiation,” says Dr. Gary H. Kramer of Health Canada. See photos of the detectors that scientists use to measure radiation in the body.
One way to prevent the accumulation of radioactive iodide in the thyroid is to saturate the gland with the non-radioactive version. This is why potassium iodide tablets are distributed to people who live near nuclear power plants. Should there be an accident, they would be advised to take an appropriate dose (130 mg per day for an adult, half as much for a child) until the risk has passed.
The dangers of radioactive iodide exposure, particularly in children, were dramatically demonstrated in 1986 in the Ukraine after the Chernobyl accident. Within four years there was a huge increase in thyroid cancer in children in the areas covered by the radioactive plume. Poland, where potassium iodide tablets were immediately distributed to some 11 million children and 7 million adults after the accident, serves as a remarkable contrast to the Ukraine situation. Virtually no increase in thyroid cancer was observed, clearly demonstrating the protective effect of potassium iodide.
After the Fukushima accident in Japan in March 2011, potassium iodide pills were also distributed to the population in the immediate area. Because it takes years for thyroid cancer to develop, the effectiveness of this action will not be known for some time.
But some panicked people who lived nowhere near the accident site also decided to take potassium iodide pills. While the risk from this unnecessary iodine is small, it is not zero. Excess iodine can exacerbate an underlying hyperthyroid condition ' and in rare cases can cause skin rashes and abdominal discomfort. Furthermore, taking potassium iodide pills over an extended period can cause the thyroid gland to shut down, resulting in hypothyroidism.
Given the distance from the accident in Japan, there was absolutely no need for anyone in North America to take potassium iodide pills. That was almost as silly as the iodine fetish in the 1920s, when some took to wearing bottles of iodine around their necks to protect against developing goitre.
To give even more perspective, the amount of radiation that reached North America from Japan was roughly one one-hundred-thousandth of the exposure one would get on an overseas round-trip flight. That certainly does not warrant taking potassium iodide supplements. But for people living in the vicinity of a nuclear reactor, keeping a supply of potassium iodide on hand is not a bad idea. The probability of an accident is very small, but not zero.
ISSN 1927-0275 = Dimensions (Ottawa. Online) | <urn:uuid:4c8852e2-3a83-47f7-a095-c59804407fe7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/dimensions/issue8/iodine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963628 | 1,517 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Death Star Lookalike
View from Afar
|Saturn’s moon Mimas (left) compared to the fictional 1977 Star Wars ‘Death Star’, (right) which used its large depression as a ‘superlaser focus lens’ to exact planet-scale revenge. Image Credit: NASA/JPL|
Lonely Mimas swings around Saturn, seeming to gaze down at the planet’s splendid rings. The outermost, narrow F ring is visible here and exhibits some clumpy structure near the bottom of the frame. The shadow of Saturn’s southern hemisphere stretches almost entirely across the rings. Mimas is 398 kilometers (247 miles) wide.
The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft narrow angle camera on August 15, 2004, at a distance of 8.8 million kilometers (5.5 million miles) from Saturn, through a filter sensitive to visible red light. The image scale is 53 kilometers (33 miles) per pixel. Contrast was slightly enhanced to aid visibility.
The enormous crater at the top of the right image, named Herschel, is about 130 kilometers (80 miles) wide and 10 kilometers (6 miles) deep. Deeper than the Grand Canyon, Herschel stretches across nearly a third of the tiny moon’s diameter. The central mountain shown at the center of Hershel is the height of Mount Everest on Earth.
|Fine surface texture of Saturn’s satellite, Mimas, in different lighting conditions from the Voyager I camera in November 1980.
This impact probably came close to disintegrating the moon. Traces of fracture marks can be seen on the opposite side of Mimas, suggesting that the destruction nearly split the satellite into two pieces. Although the icy moon bears a striking resemblance to the fictional 1977 ‘Death Star’ from the Star Wars film by George Lucas, this low-density satellite probably had a more likely past not as a weapon or space station, but instead as a victim of one catastrophic day in its ancient history. That day Mimas came closer to dying rather than committing any planet-scale homicide.
Saturn currently has 33 known moons. Since Cassini’s launch, 13 new moons have been discovered by ground-based telescopes and two have been found by Cassini itself after the spacecraft enterred Saturn’s orbit.
Mimas has a low density, meaning it probably consists mostly of ice. Because Mimas has such a low temperature of about -200° C (-328°F), the impact features may date back to the time of the moon’s creation. Mimas is named from a mythological Titan who was slain by Hercules. The moon was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel, for whom the huge crater is named after today.
|Mimas Dawn, acrylic painting of what an astronaut might see standing on Mimas looking back towards Saturn.
Credit:William K. Hartmann, FIAAA
One prominent gap in the rings of Saturn–in particular the one known as the Cassini division– is caused by Mimas, and a resonance condition set up between Saturn’s dust halo and the orbital period of the tiny moon.
The seven-year outbound journey and four year orbital mission of Cassini-Huygens is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo. | <urn:uuid:3c08ffdd-c313-4cbd-a67b-5ec2b5320eaf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.astrobio.net/topic/solar-system/saturn/saturn-system/death-star-lookalike/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928207 | 773 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The spread of obesity and type-2 diabetes could become epidemic in low-income countries, as more individuals are able to own higher priced items such as TVs, computers and cars. The findings of an international study, led by Simon Fraser University health sciences professor Scott Lear, are published today in the Canadian Medical Association Journal.
Lear headed an international research team that analyzed data on more than 150,000 adults from 17 countries, ranging from high and middle income to low-income nations.
Researchers, who questioned participants about ownership as well as physical activity and diet, found a 400 per cent increase in obesity and a 250 per cent increase in diabetes among owners of these items in low-income countries.
The study also showed that owning all three devices was associated with a 31 per cent decrease in physical activity, 21 per cent increase in sitting and a 9 cm increase in waist size compared with those who owned no devices.
Comparatively, researchers found no association in high-income countries, suggesting that the effects of owning items linked to sedimentary lifestyles has already occurred, and is reflected in current high rates of these conditions.
"With increasing uptake of modern-day conveniences-TVs, cars, computers-low- and middle-income countries could see the same obesity and diabetes rates as in high-income countries that are the result of too much sitting, less physical activity and increased consumption of calories," says Lear, who also holds the SFU Pfizer/Heart & Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research at St. Paul's Hospital.
The results can lead to "potentially devastating societal health care consequences" in these countries, Lear adds. Rates of increase of obesity and diabetes are expected to rise as low- and middle-income countries develop and become more industrialized.
Lear is a principal investigator in another ongoing obesity study focusing on 4,000 children in Canada and India. He is also leading studies on internet-based chronic illness management, and supervising an SFU doctoral study on improving the heart health of South Asian women.
Simon Fraser University is consistently ranked among Canada's top comprehensive universities and is one of the top 50 universities in the world under 50 years old. With campuses in Vancouver, Burnaby and Surrey, B.C., SFU engages actively with the community in its research and teaching, delivers almost 150 programs to more than 30,000 students, and has more than 125,000 alumni in 130 countries.
Simon Fraser University: Engaging Students. Engaging Research. Engaging Communities. | <urn:uuid:cf3f88f7-4df8-4c21-ac8b-83d4252e8be7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-02/sfu-cct021014.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948675 | 510 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Mainboard Buyer’s Guide
A mainboard, also known as a motherboard, is the circuit board into which all the components such as the processor; memory; hard drive and peripherals are connected and controlled.
The variety of mainboards available on the market makes selecting the right one an intimidating task for the beginner. This expert guide will help clarify some of the key factors to consider when reviewing and buying a new motherboard. It will also provide examples of the different types within the different budget ranges: entry level; medium and advanced users.
Available types of mainboards
PC’s can be used for a variety of different functions, including gaming; business application processing and general home operations like reviewing photographs or reading email.
When upgrading a mainboard, or building a new PC from scratch, it is important to know what functionality is important to you; for instance if you want a gaming machine then a fast processor with advanced graphic handling capability is important.
The following specifications are important to note during the mainboard review and selection process.
Most modern motherboards contain two chipsets, the north bridge and the south bridge. Together they control all the functions of the motherboard including the processor communication; RAM; PCI slots; BIOS; USB ports; modem and all other peripheral devices.
Keep in mind that different processor lines require a different socket type on the mainboard. For instance some Intel CPUs use either socket 775 or 478, while some AMD CPUs use socket AM2 or Socket 754. Before selecting your mainboard ensure that it can support your processor by referring to the motherboard manufacturer’s manual.
Random Access Memory (RAM) is the dynamic memory within the PC system. If you intend reusing RAM from another PC then you need to ensure that it is the correct speed for processor you intend using. If you wish to purchase additional RAM then take note of how many slots you will need on the mainboard. It is always recommended that you have at least one spare slot to add additional memory at a later stage. Currently the standard RAM is Double-Data Rate 2 (DDR2), while a lot of older PCs still use DDR. A newer technology is DDR3 which has a higher bandwidth performance and lower power consumption than DDR2.
Check the type of casing to be used, else the screw holes may not be aligned and the mainboard may not fit into the case. There are several standard formats on the market: ATX and micro-ATX being the most common.
- Peripheral Support
Make sure that you have sufficient SATA connectors for all your hard drives and optical drives. Most mainboards will come standard with USB 2.0 ports but check that the mainboard you select has the correct number of USB 2.0 ports to suit your requirements.
If the type of graphics card is important to you, ensure that it is compatible with your selection. Go for a motherboard with a PCI-Express socket, AGP is the old standard and is not sold anymore.
Depending on your requirements you may want to ensure that there is sufficient peripheral support for Firewire – to connect camcorders to the PC and LAN drivers – if you intend linking your PC to a local area network. Also check to see if the motherboard has an integrated sound card or if required, a slot which will enable you to install a superior quality sound card.
The best approach to selecting a mainboard would be to first decide on the processor; the memory and peripherals you require, as well as the casing to use; then review compatible mainboards.
Entry level budget
For buyers on a budget looking to upgrade their existing mainboard, perhaps to increase memory capacity or to use new peripherals not supported by their existing mainboard, there are many options.
There are OK motherboards from around $40 to $70. These are often built around older types of sockets and chipsets but then again it might just be what you need if you are doing an upgrade. Look for features like integrated sound card, USB2 ports, FireWire, amount of RAM supported. A good tip is to go to the manufacturer’s product page to see what hardware is compatible with the board.
In this segment you can find more interesting motherboards with more features. You can even find motherboards built around the latest chipsets but with stripped amount of features. Expect to pay somewhere around $70-$130 in this segment.
If you are looking to build a quiet media PC, you will find many good alternatives with integrated sound, graphics and an abundance of connectors.
If you are building a high end PC you will sooner or later end up in this segment. These motherboards include all possible features and connectors and are built around the best chipsets. Examples of good features to look for are; DDR3 support, WiFi, FireWire, 7.1 sound, overclocking tools etc.
You can expect to pay up to $300 for a high end motherboard with all the features you can dream of.
Start by deciding on what CPU, memory and graphics card you are going to buy and then start looking for a motherboard which is compatible with your choices. Also think about what noise level you are prepared to accept, there are many motherboard with passive cooling nowadays. Of course the type of motherboard will be totally different if you are building a media PC, a gaming PC or a simple business desktop.
There is a lot of money to save if you go with the next to last generation of chipsets, it often doesn’t mean to much performance drop. Just always remember to start by doing a BIOS update of the motherboard when you start using it.
Disclaimer: This guide was written in late 2008 and the specific product recommendations may be outdated. However the basic discussions in this buyer's guide may still be of great value.
Written by; TestSeek staff | <urn:uuid:e945d125-75b5-46f1-ab47-945b2c010b82> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.testseek.com/computers/mainboards-c-123.html?spp=0&sy=24&sg=123&sortorder=4&start=30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00111-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930603 | 1,197 | 2.796875 | 3 |
On this page:
- Definition of the noun Minion
- Definition of the adjective Minion
- Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for Minion
- Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Minion
- Photos about Minion
- Video language resources about Minion
- Quotes about Minion
- Scrabble value of M3I1N1I1O1N1
- Share this page
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Definition of the noun Minion
What does Minion mean as a name of something?
noun - plural: minions
- a servile or fawning dependant
Alternative definition of the noun Minion
- A loyal servant of another, usually more powerful being.
- A sycophantic follower
- [context: Biblical tradition] An order of angel in Christian angelology, ranked above angels and below thrones.
Definition of the adjective Minion
What does Minion mean as an attribute of a noun?
adjective - degrees: -
- Favoured, beloved; "pet".
"Minion" a.k.a. "The Minion", is a 1998 American and Canadian action supernatural horror film directed by Jean-Marc Piché and starring Dolph Lundgren and Françoise Robertson.
- countries: Canada, United States of America
- language: English Language
- director: Jean-Marc Piche
- producer: Claudio Castravelli
- genres: Horror, Thriller, Doomsday film, Action Film, Supernatural, Action/Adventure
- rating: R (USA)
- released in (18 years ago)
- Minion is a fictional character from the 2010 computer-animated superhero action comedy film Megamind.
- Minion is a fictional DC Comics superhero best known as a member of the Teen Titans and for giving the Omegadrome armor to Cyborg. He first appears in New Teen Titans #114, and was created by Marv Wolfman and Rick Mays.
- created by Marv Wolfman
- Minion is a fictional character in the 2011 comedic adventure/fantasy film Your Highness.
- Minion is a fictional character from the 2008 film Wild Child.
- Minion is a fictional character from the 2006 film Lifeblood.
There are other characters with in their name, like Jerry the Minion.
Minion is a musical group.
- album: "Pantera"
- official website: www.minion-online.de
- Minion is a digital typeface designed by Robert Slimbach in 1990 for Adobe Systems. The name comes from the traditional naming system for type sizes, in which minion is between nonpareil and brevier. It is inspired by late Renaissance-era type.
- The minion was a type of small cannon used during the Tudor period and into the late 17th century. The minion was of a small bore typically 3-inch and fired a 5-pound cannonball. It saw action in the English Civil War as an antipersonnel weapon and was known as a Minion Drake, derived from either the Latin word for dragon or from the famous seafarer Sir Francis Drake.
- Minion is a solver for constraint satisfaction problems. Unlike constraint programming toolkits, which expect users to write programs in a traditional programming language like C++, Java or Prolog, Minion takes a text file which specifies the problem, and solves using only this. This makes using Minion much simpler, at the cost of much less customization.
- Minion is a chatting widget developed by DevArzz, the South Korean server. It is created with Python 2.7.x version and twistedmatrix 11.0 library. Minion is not a software, but it is a program that can be built on to the Web browsers. In addition, there are public and non-public channels; non-public channels are usually installed on the private web pages, but it can be upgraded to public later on as they pay.
Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for Minion
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The Forbidden (2006)
by L. A. Banks
Booklist "Minion is an action-packed journey through a world of vampire hunters and hunted, told with the flavor and rhythm of the hip-hop generation. If you enjoy Anne Rice, Blade or Buffy, then Minion is the novel you have been waiting for.
The Awakening (2004)
by L. A. Banks
Minion is a delicious read, leaving the reader licking one's lips and wanting more. ” —Fangoria “Minion is the thrilling debut of what promises to be an exciting, groundbreaking series. L. A. Banks has created a magical, brilliantly imagined ...
ECAI 2006 (2006)
17th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence by G. Brewka, S. Coradeschi, A. Perini
Minion is a general-purpose constraint solver, with an expressive input language based on the common constraint modelling device of matrix models. Focussing on matrix models supports a highly-optimised implementation, exploiting the ...
by Frédéric Benhamou, Narendra Jussien, Barry A. O'Sullivan
MINION is a general-purpose constraint solver that relies on a matrix-oriented modeling language which supports a lean and optimized implementation. The ultimate objective is to rely on an external modeling language like ESSENCE to ...
by Richard Labunski
MINION is a 1990 Adobe Originals typeface by Robert Slimbach. Minion is inspired by classical, old style typefaces of the late Renaissance, a period of elegant, beautiful, and highly readable type designs. Created primarily for text setting, ...
Learning SaltStack (2015)
by Colton Myers
The term minion refers to the servers connected to and controlled by a master. Installing with Salt-Bootstrap Information about ...
The Book of Common Prayer ... Together with Such of the Sunday Lessons as are Taken from the Old Testament. With Notes, by Sir J. Bayley, Knt (1824)
“there was given dominion and glory, and “a kingdom, that all people, nations, and “languages should serve him, whose do“minion is an everlasting dominion, which “shall not pass away, and whose kingdom “is that which shall not be ...
comprising explanations of the general principles of architecture... by Peter Nicholson
' Minion is the sifting: of the iron stones after cslcinstion at the iron furnaces. 88. Concrete]-In preparing concrete, the following proportions have' been found.
Hazell's Annual (1908)
The London Weoleyan Minion is the outcome of the interest aroused by "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London," issued m '85 by the Congregational Union. It has now 8 branches: Cast, Central, West, South, South-West, Grove, Dept- ford and ...
Report on Changes in Rates of Wages and Hours of Labour in the United Kingdom ... by Great Britain. Board of Trade
per 1,000 ens in favour of the London compositor, though minion is a body not very largely used in bookwork.
Slips of Speech and how to Avoid Them, with an Introduction from John Ruskin's "Sesame and Lilies" by Frank H. Vizetelly
A minion is a servile dependent and as such the word may be used to characterize informers, stool-pigeons, etc., bat is not justly applied to the officers engaged In enforcing the law. most for almost is provincial English, but one hears almost ...
A Guide for Authors, Publishers, & Others by Charles Thomas Jacobi, Frederick Howard Collins, Walter Boutall
Nonpareil is the name and size of the type shown here in this specimen page of old ~ Minion is the name and size of the type shown here in this specimen page of " Brevier is the name and size of the type shown here in this specimen TM ...
by Ernest Weekley
minnesinger, minion. minim [mus.]. L. minimus, because orig., in ancient notation, the shortest note. Cf. minimize, coined by Bentham; minimalist, incorr. rendering of Russ. menshevik (q.v.); minimum (of. maximum). mynyrn of songe: minima ...
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Video language resources about Minion
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- Minion Meaning
Video shows what minion means. A loyal servant of another, usually a more powerful being.. A sycophantic follower.. A loved one; one highly esteemed and ...
- Minion meaning and pronunciation
1) fraNk - user of operator/character Minion. 2) well known as the elite player of both the games CyberMyst and Tharsis Gate. Minion definition by Urban ...
- Minion's Definition Of LOVE
- MINION SLANG
- Pronunciation, Meaning and Synonym of Minion
Pronunciation, Meaning and Synonym of Minion How to pronounce Minion, Minion Pronunciation.
- WordAhead Vocabulary video: Minion (n)
- Bahhh the baa gas gracias bad she (meaning) minion takes over Apple gt's chanelll minion version
- Understand what Minion say with Banana Dictionary app on iPhone/iPad/Android
WHAT DID THEY SAY IN MOVIE? IT'S CALLED BANANA LANGUAGE. This language is combined languages including French, English, Spanish and Italian.
- Just showing u some minion language
- Alexis Faith can speak Minion language
via YouTube Capture.
- Minion language bello
- Minion Language
GoodVibes #AplusAllWeather #PaintBabes #FreshGreen #Aplus #Paints #Colors.
- Minion language
Kevin loves apples and bananas.
- Manu's Minion Language #becauseimhappy #gibberish #stuartplusbob
via YouTube Capture.
- Minion language
- Minion language lol
- Ronin singing YMCA in minion language
- Baby Florence is speaking minion language!
- Amelia. The original minion language
- Minion Matt Channel description
- Cooper sings Happy Birthday in minion language
- Minion Games - Minions Movie Language English - Best Animated Videos 3
Minion Games - Minions Movie Language English - Best Animated Videos 3 Best ! o Minions are small, yellow pill-like creatures who have existed since the ...
- Minion Games - Minions Movie Language English - Best Animated Videos 2
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Quotes about Minion
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Scrabble value of M3I1N1I1O1N1
The value of this 6-letter word is 8 points. It is included in the first and second editions of the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary.
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Go to the usage examples of Minion to see it in context! | <urn:uuid:d719d3ab-7fce-4742-9e19-e0bec4b2f0c8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.omnilexica.com/?q=minion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888997 | 2,404 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Biological Sciences Division
Novel Statistical Approach for Understanding Microbial Community Ecology
New analytical framework compares processes across scales, ecosystems, taxa
Sampling sites located ~250 m from the Columbia River in the Hanford Site 300 Area. Red circles show two-dimensional distribution of sampling locations, while the maximum horizontal distance between any two communities is ~53 m. The Hanford and Ringold formations are shown with horizontal and vertical dashes, respectively. Formation-specific analyses examine communities across the specific vertical ranges shown, whereas the "full-system" analyses include additional communities in the middle section of the Hanford formation.
Results: To enhance the study of subsurface microbial communities underlying the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site, scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory developed a novel analytical framework that advances ecological understanding in two primary ways.
First, it quantitatively estimates influences of major ecological processes, such as selection of the most competitive microbes, the movement of microbes through space, and chance events. Second, it uses ecological patterns to characterize measured environmental variables, such as nutrient resources, temperature, or mineralogy, as well as the spatial pattern of unmeasured variables that select for particular microbial taxa or constrain microbe movement through the subsurface.
The framework, which combines a number of different statistical analyses, showed that microbial community changes in space and time are affected by multiple ecological processes, and the relative balance among processes varies across geologic formations and spatial scales. The ultimate result is a conceptual model of microbial ecology within and between geologic formations underlying the Hanford Site's 300 Area. Further, the ecological knowledge provided by the new statistical approach far outstrips information provided by other approaches.
Why It Matters: Spatial turnover in the composition of biological communities is governed by a combination of ecological processes, yet commonly applied statistical approaches can't quantitatively estimate the relative influences of these processes, nor can they rigorously identify environmental features that impose them.
The PNNL-developed framework is broadly applicable and can be used to make direct comparisons across spatial scales; in different ecosystems, such as terrestrial soil and surface water; and with other taxonomic groupings, such as plants and fungi. In particular, the framework will enable improved predictive modeling of spatial and temporal variation in microbial communities. Coupling the framework to biogeochemical models can lead to more precise models that better predict important processes, such as contaminant transport or the fluxes of greenhouse gases.
Methods: The framework leverages evolutionary relationships among microbial taxa and combines that information with statistical randomization approaches and spatial patterns in microbial community composition. It further characterizes the spatial structure of an unmeasured environmental variable that selects for particular microbial taxa.
What's Next? Work to date in the Hanford 300 Area points to a strong influence of river water intrusion from the Columbia River on subsurface microbial communities. Field efforts are currently under way to more directly evaluate the effects of river water intrusion on subsurface microbial processes. The new analytical framework will be critical for interpreting linkages among biotic and abiotic components in space and time.
In addition, metagenomic information will be exploited to extend the analytical framework beyond microbial community composition to its metabolic potential. Resulting ecological inferences will be used to develop more biologically informed, field-scale biogeochemical models that incorporate spatiotemporal predictions of the potential for biogeochemical reactions.
Sponsors: This research was supported by DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research, as part of the Subsurface Biogeochemistry Research Program's Scientific Focus Area and Integrated Field-Scale Research Challenge at PNNL. James Stegen's work was supported by a Linus Pauling Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship at PNNL.
Research Team: James Stegen, Allan Konopka, Jim K. Fredrickson, Xingyuan Chen, David Kennedy, Christopher Murray, and Mark Rockhold, all PNNL; and Xueju Lin, Georgia Institute of Technology.
Research Area: Biological Systems Science, Subsurface Science
Reference: Stegen JC, X Lin, JK Fredrickson, X Chen, DW Kennedy, CJ Murray, ML Rockhold, and A Konopka. 2013. "Quantifying Community Assembly Processes and Identifying Features That Impose Them." The ISME Journal 7:2069-2079. DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.93. | <urn:uuid:09003735-5115-4e45-af82-a10e6f2f4a5c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pnl.gov/science/highlights/highlight.asp?id=1441 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875051 | 910 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Exciting science featured as RU Planetarium re-opens
The RU Planetarium's Spring 2014 marquee features two thrilling science adventures.
Through Feb. 6 at 7:30 p.m. on Tuesdays and Thursdays, the RU Planetarium, in Curie Hall in 43, will be showing "Impact Earth."
According to Planetarium Director Rhett Herman, "Impact Earth" is about meteors, meteorites, asteroids, and comets with results of recent NASA missions."Impact Earth" explores the dangers flying space objects can pose to life on Earth and shows the effects of collisions like the Chixulub and Tunguska events and the Pallasite impact that resulted in the Brenham meteorite fall. "Impact Earth" follows asteroid hunters who seek new objects in the solar system and how ground penetrating radar is used to find meteorites that have survived to the Earth's surface. Narrated by astronaut Tom Jones, the film explores the ways humans might try to deflect an asteroid or comet that is on a collision course with Earth.
The RU Planetarium children's shows at 10:30 a.m. on Saturdays will feature "Dinosaur Prophecy." Through Saturday, Feb. 8, "Dinosaur Prophecy" is a detective story of four famous cold cases from the age of the dinosaur. In a family-friendly way, viewers will see how many individual species simply disappeared long before the dinosaurs' massive extinction 65 million years ago. Viewers will visit dinosaur graveyards for a study of dinosaur bones and reconstruct how these creatures lived and died.
All RU Planetarium shows are free and open to the public. The planetarium is located in Curie Hall 43, on the ground floor, or basement, of Curie Hall. Due to the construction of the new Center for the Sciences, enter through the campus-facing entrance to Reed Hall. | <urn:uuid:675dec25-7d1b-45bb-a711-eda4248775e4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.radford.edu/content/radfordcore/home/news/releases/2014/january/RU_PlanetariumOpening.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902496 | 384 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Silver marks are usually shown in groups of anywhere from two to as many as six marks. The main reason for this plurality of silver marks on antiques is that silver was marked primarily for Taxation or Duty Collection reasons. Silver is a “precious metal” and as such it was heavily regulated throughout its history and until very recent times. Most countries stopped regulating silver in 2003. Silver and silver items were regarded as part of the National Treasure or Federal Reserve of many countries and authorities devised copious methods of assessing its value and also constantly monitored the overall quantity of available silver within the national borders at any given time, whether in the form of raw silver ingots or silver jewelry and artifacts.
Part of the reason was that Silver could be easily converted to currency or be used as a valuable bargaining or bartering resource in trading with other nations, such as allies and those who had other commodities to exchange that would be vital at war or times of crisis. For example, many countries rich in silver, whether already in the form of artistic or decorative items or as a pure metal, exchanged it for Chromium or other related materials used in making weaponry and dynamite. In fact, many countries, including the US, changed the standards of how much content of pure silver a decorative or utilitarian item may have so that it can quickly be converted to currency without much chemical processing. This is why most American Silver antiques made ca 1860s – 1900 are termed “Coin Silver” because the silver content of such items was the same as in the recipe used in making actual currency coins at the US National Mint.
These protectionist practices for silver (and Gold or other Precious Metals) around the world, especially in Europe and America, resulted in silver antiques having many marks, most of which are Duty marks. Usually, only one or two of these silver hallmarks are the actual makers marks of the silversmith or artist. Countries most notorious for requiring all these silver marks include Great Britain, France and Germany. Not only did each silver or precious metal item had to have the Assay (or Purity or Silver Content) mark, but it also included the Town or City mark (London, Birmingham, Sheffield etc in the UK or Dijon, Paris, Montpellier etc in France). Especially in smaller towns where an Assayer authorized or appointed by the "Crown" is not present, it was stamped by the Deacon or Head of the local Parish to attest as to the Purity of the silver content and to ensure that the proper Taxes or Levies were dully paid. Furthermore, as the silver purity or content standards changed over time, silver marks kept multiplying in number and now, as a result, we have literally thousands of marks to shift through in order to properly identify silver antiques.
Another silver mark placed or struck near the aforementioned Assay and City & Province marks, was that of the Date cipher used to identify the year that a silver item was made or assayed. In Great Britain, these were usually letters that ran from A to Z and changed in font and size, and there are now extensive Date Tables that we can use to date antique silver, a set per City.
However, the most frustrating of all silver marks to identify are those of certain Central European countries, collectively called Bohemia (Bavaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria, Slovenia etc). Because the borders of these countries kept changing frequently after each little war or territorial scrimmage and many residents migrated often, each new sovereign was forced to re-assess the National Treasure through massive silver inventory drives to count and weigh all available silver within the “new” borders. This led to yet another mark struck on several antique silver items from these countries to signify that an item was indeed included in the count. Of course, when borders changed again, a new inventory drive produced yet another silver mark and so on. In spite of how ridiculous this is, these additional silver hallmarks, when properly recognized, can give us additional clues as to the age of a given silver antique.
American silver marks, and in the spirit of de-regulation and independence from the British and other European rulers, were not required to include any actual Assayer’s marks. Consequently, most American silver hallmarks and jewelry marks are single logos or initials & names of the actual silversmith, studio or factory. These are true makers marks, usually punched or incised at the bottom or lower down on a side of a piece, commonly called "touchmarks". A rather large exception can be seen on silver makers marks used in America during its early period of silver production, when most imported silver items came from Europe and particularly Great Britain. In imitation of English silver marks, American silversmiths and retailers begun using an array of two to four different silver makers marks that resembled those used in Britain. These silver hallmarks are termed “pseudomarks” and although they are deliberate variations of original English Silver Hallmarks, they are as much real and authentic early American Silver makers marks as they can be. Most of these pseudomarks are found on American silver antiques and jewelry dating ca 1840s – 1920s.
Most Mexican silver hallmarks known today are found on pieces made ca 1860s onwards. Although the authorities tried to regulate silver and purity content at various times, the standards and notation of silver marks changed frequently and, more importantly, were not strictly adhered to by the various silversmiths in Mexico. Consequently, we have two to three periods of ten or so years, when certain silver marks were used to signify Registration or "Tax Paid", such as the Mexican Eagle found on many ca 1940s – 1970s silver jewelry, to initials plus numbers after 1980. Most Mexican silver antiques made during 1860s – 1930s bear only the words “Sterling” or “Silver”. The vast majority of Mexican silver antiques and jewelry were made with at least 925 silver content.
China does not have much of an antique silver tradition, primarily because Chinese people believed that silver is a material that belongs to the Deities or Gods and as such should not be disturbed. What very little silver antique production from China we know of, comes in the form of highly utilitarian items mostly destined for use at religious ceremonies. The only brief exception is that of Hong Kong that saw many Chinese silversmiths set up shop in imitation of the British that had colonized the region at that time. Most of this activity is ca 1890s – 1930s, although it is rigorously reviving again today and is spreading throughout China’s mainland. These early Hong Kong silver makers marks were usually the initials of the Silversmith in Kanji (simple Chinese) and sometimes followed by a few Latin letters or numbers. Japan followed similar beliefs and most Japanese silver production is recent, ca 1960s to Present.
Numbers seen next to or near silver hallmarks or makers marks usually denote the actual Silver content of pure silver used when making the item. Some countries, especially during the 16th through the 19th centuries, used their own Measures & Weights units system, for example Germany and some nearby countries used the Lothige or Loth and Russia used the Zolotnik. However, the vast majority of numerical silver marks are represented in Thousands, for example 925 for .925 or 92.5% sterling silver content.
To use our huge database of silver marks & hallmarks, including marks on Jewelry, Pewter and other Metal Ware, please see our Jewelry & Silver marks guides.
To find prices and determine values for your silver, Jewelry or metaware items, please see our Antiques Price Guides with thousands of examples of related antiques sold at auction. | <urn:uuid:6964e946-6d36-406d-9c41-73d1b3eff8b2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.marks4antiques.com/Silver_marks_hallmarks_Antiques.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00050-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953484 | 1,585 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Machiavelli was born in Florence on May 5th, 1469. In his early years he was exposed to an extremely chaotic time period with popes leading armies, powerful city-states falling one after another to foreign powers, and governments changing within the space of just weeks. As a student, Machiavelli was educated by the humanist ideals of the Renaissance and hence The Prince seems to be set with these ideals. Later in life Machiavelli pursued a career within the government, where he was first a clerk, then an ambassador and finally on a council responsible for diplomatic negotiations and military matters. He was placed in charge of the Florentine militia and was trusted with the protection of the city. Machiavelli did not trust mercenaries or paid armies and was much more comfortable with a citizen militia. He believed citizens would possess more loyalty and would not be motivated by money. Machiavelli was very devoted to the Florentine Republic and served it for many years.
Machiavelli’s The Prince has been incredibly influential since it was published 5 years after his death in 1532. It was written during the European Renaissance when intellect and the discussion of new ideas was a widespread them of the era. Machiavelli did not write The Prince to become famous but instead wrote his book to achieve a position in the new Italian government formed by the Medici family. The Prince was written as a political handbook for rulers and has been used this way for many centuries. The book has caused passionate debates and controversy since the day it was published and it appears that it will continue to do so. When The Prince was published, Italy was not a unified country but a compilation of city states that were all fighting to gain power over one another. Machiavelli was greatly influenced and interested in the complicated nature of European politics.
Originally, Machiavelli played a large role in the anti-Medici government. When they came back into power Machiavelli was arrested and charged with conspiracy. He denied having anything to do with this and was eventually released. He retired to his estate in Sant’Andrea, Percussina and began writing The Prince in an effort to compel the Medici government to reassess his allegiance to their political beliefs.
Machiavelli’s ideas contained in The Prince are relatively straight forward, as he strove to provide practical, easily understood advice to Lorenzo De’Medici, to whom the book is dedicated. He did not write The Prince for literary acknowledgement but alternatively wrote it to prove his proficiency on government in the western world and to offer advice on how to gain power and keep it efficient. Machiavelli strongly believed in the requirement of a strong leader in order to maintain domination for the benefit of citizens and not for individual advancement.
One of the main questions discussed in the book “is it better for a Prince to be loved or feared?” Machiavelli’s short answer is that it would be preferable to be loved and feared; however the two simply can’t exist together. As a result, he says that it would be best to be feared and not loved. It is better to be feared then loved because as a leader it is your responsibility is to control and run the state and Machiavelli feels that to do so you need complete obedience from your people. Machiavelli does not believe in cruelty and he only warrants it for military use. This is because he believes that if you have a good military then you will have good laws. One of his most famous quotes helps explain this theory, “the presence of sound military forces indicates the presence of sound laws.” Although the author believes it is better to be feared than loved, he recognized that a leader cannot be hated or it will lead to his downfall. Machiavelli advises that Princes should avoid being hated or despised, as the people’s allegiance is a better defense than building a fortress.
Machiavelli was a traditional yet flexible thinker and writer who raised strong emotions in his literary works. He developed very insightful political concepts and theories outlined in The Prince. His theories on governing people have influenced historical and modern leaders. The word Machiavellian, which came from this book and from Machiavelli’s theories, means to be crude, cunning and deceitful and this is exactly how Machiavelli thought the new prince should act.--Submitted by Josh Boyer
Perhaps one of the most influential and controversial books in history, Machiavelli’s The Prince raises issues that are still debated centuries after its publication. Born in Florence in 1469, Machiavelli was intrigued with Florentine politics and government. His state administrative work in Florence took him on diplomatic missions to France and Rome. Outside the influence of the Medici family, Florence was ripe for Machiavelli to develop his political and military theories. In 1503, Machiavelli was given charge over Florence’s civilian army, and his military strategies proved their worth in a victory over Pisa. This victory was short-lived; Pope Julius II led a Medici invasion in 1512. Machiavelli was arrested and tortured, and he remained in prison for a year before being exiled to his estate just outside of Florence.
With the hope of gaining recognition and a position in the Medici regime, Machiavelli began work on his political treatise, The Prince. He had witnessed much upheaval in the local and foreign political arena. This, he believed, gave him a unique perspective and allowed him to evaluate and comment on governmental affairs. The theories he developed in The Prince were derived from his observation of the successes and failures of the ruling class.
The Prince is a practical guide for newly appointed rulers. In particular, Machiavelli advises rulers to cultivate favourable public opinion, secure the support of the people, and achieve specific goals. His ultimate goal was remarkable--unification of the Italian city states. While it is commonly believed that Machiavelli said, “The end justifies the means,” this is, in fact, an over-simplification and misstatement of his thesis. Machiavelli does not counsel rulers to be arbitrary and cruel for the purpose of personal gain. He was highly critical of foreign rulers, such as King Ferdinand of Spain, who were needlessly brutal to their subjects. Such conduct may lead to power, but not glory. Machiavelli argues that loyalty, trust, and obedience cannot be fostered if rulers mistreat their subjects over a long period of time. It is only justifiable to use extensive means if there are clear benefits in sight.
To Machiavelli, The Prince was certainly a failure because it did not result in the praise and respect he expected from the ruling class. The book was promptly confiscated. The Medicis did not acknowledge his intellectual discourse nor did they grant him political favours. Furthermore, his book was not published until five years after his death and Italy did not unite for another 350 years. This does not, however, minimize the impact of his thesis. Since publication, ruthless political leaders, such as Hitler and Stalin, have cited the text to justify the most heinous conduct. Many have described President Bush’s decision to invade Iraq as “Machiavellian.” And, in many contemporary business and social circles, Machiavelli stands for the principle that winning is all that matters, however that is achieved. A Machiavellian is someone who is cunning, devious, unethical, deceiving, dishonest … the list goes on. Machiavelli himself may not have been stereotypically “Machiavellian” but his thesis has gained popular support among those who seek power at any expense.
Although Machiavelli did not intend his treatise to raise complex ethical questions, it has remained the subject of debate since its publication in 1532. While his ideas were offered as practical advice to new rulers, they have since been used to rationalize ruthless political and business ventures. Does the end always or ever justify the means? Are there acts that we must not commit, as a human being or as a nation, whatever positive result we hope to achieve? These are questions that we must ask ourselves, at every opportunity.--Submitted by Luca Willmer
“Men must either be caressed or else annihilated; they will revenge themselves for small injuries, but cannot do so for great ones; the injury therefore that we do to a man must be such that we need not fear his vengeance.” (37, Machiavelli).
Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince is an exceedingly truthful political treatise written in the 15th century. Although it was written as a tribute to Lorenzo The Magnificent to re-establish Machiavelli back into nobility, it is regarded as one of the most thoughtful and to-the-point political pieces of all time. The Prince is one of the few works that has survived the test of time and is now more widely popular than it was back then. Machiavelli takes political science to the next level, as he is the first to take on politics at this magnitude. Machiavelli has shrewd political views with little morals or ethics yet still logical and sensible as demonstrated here: “one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved…for love is held by a chain of obligation which, men being selfish, is broken whenever it serves their purpose; but fear is maintained by a dread of punishment which never fails.”(90, Machiavelli). This gave birth to the word we all associate with deceitful and unscrupulous yet astute: Machiavellian.
Niccolo Machiavelli lived from 1469-1527 as a Florentine diplomat, politician and a philosopher. He was made head of the Second Chancery at the young age of twenty-nine. This position gave him first hand experience and remarkable knowledge with warfare and foreign affairs, as he was able to engage in domestic politics and in diplomatic missions to foreign governments. He was given the opportunity to examine meticulously the mechanics of government and to meet well-known political figures like Cesare Borgia. These encounters influenced him greatly as it was Cesare Borgia who Machiavelli looked up to for inspiration as seen throughout the book, where he is cited and praised constantly for his actions. Unfortunately for Machiavelli, the previous rulers of Florence, the Medici, were able to rise up to power yet again, and took Florence instantaneously. Machiavelli, because of unsuccessfully taking up arms against the Medici, was subsequently jailed, tortured and ultimately banished from Florence to a small piece of property in Percussina. It was here where Machiavelli wrote his most famous piece, The Prince.
One of the first and main topics discussed in The Prince outlines the rest of the issues mentioned in the books, which are the various kinds of government and how they are established. He explains how there are two types of government: hereditary and newly acquired states. A hereditary state is one that has been passed down and as he describes a much easier position to be governed than a newly acquired state as the citizens have become accustomed to the laws and systems. A ruler that has just obtained a new state will find it more difficult to govern, as he does not know the people as well, in addition to the citizens having high expectations for a new ruler. When these expectations are not met, the people will readily revolt against him. Machiavelli then writes about how to prevent this from happening with old and new kingdoms when setting up new order. He describes how setting up new order is most dangerous as individuals who benefited from the old system will harshly object while ones who benefit after will only offer luke-warm support. Machiavelli also gives advice about invading other countries with native troops, mercenaries and militia. One key point he mentions is that a ruler should avoid using troops of another country at all costs because they will not be fighting for their own country’s pride or will they be willing to die for the ruler’s country. If the auxiliary troops were to be defeated, the ruler would be defenceless, and even if he were to win, the ruler would still owe part of the victory to the other country from whom he borrowed from. Machiavelli also gets to the point of gaining reputation and how important it is to not be despised or hated upon. In the final chapters of the book he reflects on historical events relating to previous rulers and how they failed. Machiavelli ends the treatise with a promising future for Lorenzo the Magnificent if he were to accept The Prince.--Submitted by Edison Jyang
A question that rings throughout the entire work of Machiavelli's The Prince; this ever existent thought has readers questioning the morals of rulng parties in both the past, and present. To indulge deeper into this question, we must break down the very fabric of human nature. First of all, are we more likely to follow someone that we fear, or love? I myself, would not doubt that fear would cause me to become a victim of extortion. Someone that I love, could not force me to be at their will. So, it all comes down to whether your goal is to be oppresive, or sympathetic. To rule with an iron fist, or be pushed around, as though you are a spinless insect. So all in all, if we are to be totally honest, fear is the more politically stable choice, while love can bring you down in the end. In addition, it is easier for one to be loved, and then soon make a wrong move, and end up on the bad side of one, or many. But fear is not so easily resolved. It's like trying to convince a child that there isn't a monster in their closet. They may say that they believe you, but when night time comes, they'll still be checking before they turn out the lights. Fear will always be present in our society, it's inevitable. But love can be dissolved, and forgotten. So if a conclusion has to be made, on whether it is better to be feared, or loved, the sensible choice is feared. It's a stable situation, no matter how much you are loathed as a human being. In order to maintain your strength, you must first strike fear into the hearts of those around you. Of course, this is only my opinion. Feel free to question it, as you will. :boxing_smiley:
When I first read the Prince I took all the text at face value, and interpreted it as a handbook, a book providing instructions for a ruler on the best ways to gain and maintain power. However, I recently read that the book was intended as a satire. The possibility of this didn't even enter my head while reading the book as there are no real hints to this being the case within it. But, if you read some of Machiavelli's other work it becomes clear that what he believes is the best way to act as a ruler is indeed the polar opposite to what he seemingly advocates in The Prince. He wrote in an earlier work,Discorsi: "We know by experience that states have never signally increased either in territory or in riches except under a free government. The cause is not far to seek, since it is the well-being not of the individuals but of the community which makes the state great, and without question this universal well-being is nowhere secured save in a republic.... Popular rule is always better than the rule of princes" This contradicts some of the main points he appears to be making in The Prince. This isn't an isolated quote; it is this belief that is prevalent throughout his work, not the extolling of what we would call "Machiavellian" virtues. Did you take The Prince at face value or read it as a satirical work? If the book was truly intended as a satire, I find it most depressing that it has been misunderstood. It makes you think what underhand and cruel actions have been performed under the instruction of a manual that may turn out to be advocating the exact opposite. After all, Stalin famously wouldn't travel without it.
how do u refute ot take the argument on the acquisition, perpetuation and use of political power by force of cruelty? thank you guys
Hi, I'm just wondering if anyone could help me in coming up with a few applications of The Prince throughout history after the work was written. Anything social, political or civil is fine. for example, I've noted that some slightly secularized ideals within the prince could have possibly influenced the front-runners during the Protestant Reformation (i.e. Jan Hus and John Calvin). I need at least ten examples of such application of this work throughout history, so any help is appreciated :)
Can someone please list the Machiavellian Rules to being a good ruler for me! I need them reasonably soon!!!!!!! Thank you so much!!!!!!
In what ways do machavelli's guildlines for leadership depart from or violate Christian ethics??/ Thank you for the help!:D
Hi, I am foreign students who spends hours translating, neverheless, got good grades always. I got this essay Question which is very very hard for me please if you can help , please do I got four days from now. I almost give up. (What practical problems do you think arise in the way Machiavelli suggests that power in aquired and maintained, and the way a ruler should deal with furtune). I wrote 800 word already I am working very hard on it, but still it is extremly hard. Please Help.:blush: .
I would appreciate if you would help me in this essay that i have to do. My topic is about the qualities of a prince. What are the qualities of a prince mentioned by Niccolo Machiavelli? What characteristics should a prince posses, and how should a prince behave? If you help me i would appreciate it like i said before. I have written part of my essay but i need more information on it. Thank you!!! answer ASAP!! ;) :) :thumbs_up
I have to write an essay for my history class, the topic is how did the idea of machiavelli influence events in world history between 1640-1914???? Please Help Me!!!!
I need help with my paper I'm writing a paper on machiavelli. This is what my professor posted: Machiavelli has espoused a philosophy that asserts the notion that the concept of "power" is to integral to understanding the political behavior of policy-makers...so integral in fact, that perhaps "power" and politics cannot be conceptually separated. Can Machiavelli's assertion stand without challenge? Formulate a coherent challenge to the machiavellian assertion that power should be the unit of measure by which all public policy directives should analyze. Can anyone give me a little direction here? I just need a little guidance on where to look for information on machiavelli's thoughts on power and politics.
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The aftermath of the tour
What effect did the Natives’ tour have on rugby and on wider New Zealand society? Along with a privately organised British tour to New Zealand in 1888, it showed that New Zealand men could compete on equal terms with representatives of the imperial centre at rugby in a way they were embarrassingly unable to do at cricket. These tours stimulated the creation of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union in 1892: how else could fully representative teams be chosen and future tours organised? The fact that Eyton had failed to make a significant profit also made future private ventures less attractive.
Players like Tom Ellison brought back tactical lessons from Britain which encouraged further innovation here. Most notable were the invention of the positions of ‘wing forward’ (a second halfback posted to disrupt opponents’ moves around the scrum) and ‘five-eighths’ (links between the ‘halves’ and the ‘threequarters’ who enabled greater emphasis on attacking back play). New Zealand rugby players have exercised the utmost creativity in their interpretations of the rules ever since.
The societal implications are harder to trace. But in what other nineteenth-century European colony did a member of an indigenous race (Ellison) captain the first national team in the most important sport? This was in the same year (1893) that Māori women won the vote alongside Pākehā women. In 1892. New Zealand had gained its first Māori Cabinet minister, James Carroll. Within a few years, Māori were receiving – however grudgingly and inequitably – old-age pensions and the fruits of other Liberal social legislation.
At the end of the decade, in an ironic twist on rugby′s intended role in disciplining young empire-builders for battle, many Māori were accepted into contingents heading for the South African War which the British army had decreed would be whites-only. All this was far from equality. But it did show that racial amalgamation did not always and inevitably work to the disadvantage of those with whom the colonisers sought to ‘amalgamate’, in sport or beyond it. | <urn:uuid:83f51318-b506-4ebe-af83-a7f0146a34fd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/nz-natives-rugby-tour/rugby-and-society | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975466 | 443 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Toilets gurgle when there's a pressure difference large enough to send air through the bowl, and the pressure difference doesn't necessarily have to be in the toilet's waste line. If using a particular fixture, such as the washing machine or a sink, causes the gurgling, there may be a problem with that fixture's drain and vent pipes. Toilet gurgling is a condition that needs attention. It can create hygiene issues if you let it progress.
If the toilet makes noises when you wash clothes, you can be fairly certain that the washing sink or washing machine drain is connected to the toilet waste line. Such configurations aren't unusual. As one example, the fixture may be located between the toilet and the soil stack, and its drain may tie into the toilet drain. In another configuration, the fixture and toilet may tie into the same vertical stack. In these cases, the fixture and toilet share common venting. The fixture may even be vented through the toilet drain. Plumbers call this wet venting.
When the vents are fully or partially blocked, negative pressure develops in the drains that pulls air from wherever it can. This happens because water forms an airtight seal as it flows through the pipes, pushing air in front and creating a vacuum behind. Depending on how complete the vent blockage is, the vacuum can be enough to draw air through the toilet and create a gurgling sound. Gurgling is never a good thing to hear, because it signals the possibility that the vacuum will pull water out of the toilet trap and expose the room to sewer gases.
Improper Washer Drain
Gurgling is more likely if you are washing clothes in a washing machine than if you're using a laundry sink. One reason for this is that a washing machine releases water more quickly than a sink -- a pump expels it under high pressure. Another reason is that the washing machine drain may not be properly installed. Homeowners often add such drains as an afterthought, tying them into the nearest waste pipe without providing a P-trap or proper venting, and using undersized pipe. If air can't get into the pipes, not only will attached drains gurgle, but the washing machine drain will probably back up and overflow.
Stopping the Gurgles
If your washing machine has an improper drain connection, you'll probably notice a number of problems, including slow draining, water on the floor and strange sounds. You can correct all of these by installing a 2-inch drain with a P-trap, and connecting a vent that connects to the main vent stack. If your plumbing is up to code and you hear gurgling, a thorough plunging of the toilet may stop it, because a partial blockage in a toilet waste line used as a wet vent can create venting issues. Another solution is to climb on the roof and spray water into the main vent stack to clear possible obstructions.
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Also available in: Español
The global expansion and near ubiquity of the internet is now taken for granted in many spaces in upper- and middle-income countries. The number of internet users has more than tripled over the past decade—from 1 billion in 2005 to an estimated 3.2 billion at the end of 2015. Mobile phones are the most pervasive way for people to access the internet, and their use has spread through developed and developing countries alike.
However, this is still not the case for everyone. Nearly 2 billion people do not own a mobile phone, and nearly 60 percent of the world’s population has no access to the internet. The World Bank’s recent World Development Report 2016 (WDR) on “Digital Dividends” notes that “For digital technologies to benefit everyone everywhere requires closing the remaining digital divide, especially in internet access.”
Moreover, the digital divide within countries can be as high as that between countries, and one reason for that is that women are less likely than men to use or own digital technologies. According to a recent Pew Global Survey, “There are gender gaps on many aspects of technology use. For example, in 20 nations, men are more likely than women to use the internet. These differences are especially stark in African nations. Elsewhere, equal shares of men and women use the internet. But large gender gaps also appear on reported smartphone ownership (men are more likely to own a smartphone) in many countries, including Mexico (+16), Nigeria (+13), Kenya (+12) and Ghana (+12).” | <urn:uuid:11644418-1943-48e8-9dc8-b752f52798c8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://blogs.worldbank.org/category/tags/smartphones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946418 | 326 | 3.25 | 3 |
Pew Unveils Pioneering Technology to Help End Illegal Fishing
Live satellite system will monitor waters of Chile and Palau
Washington—The Pew Charitable Trusts launched groundbreaking technology today that will help authorities monitor, detect, and respond to illicit fishing activity across the world’s oceans. The development of Project Eyes on the Seas, as the system is known, furthers a long-term effort by Pew to dramatically reduce illegal or “pirate” fishing.
The system is being developed in partnership with Satellite Applications Catapult, a British company established through a U.K. government initiative. The technology analyzes multiple sources of live satellite tracking data and then links to information about a ship’s ownership history and country of registration, providing a dossier of up-to-the-minute data that can alert officials to suspicious vessel movements.
Experts estimate that up to $23.5 billion worth of fish enter the world market each year from illegal fishing, which averages to approximately 1 in 5 fish caught in the wild. In some regions, as much as 40 percent of the catch is thought to have been caught unlawfully. This theft persists largely because industrial-scale pirate fishers know that nobody is watching them. Project Eyes on the Seas aims to solve that problem by offering authorities for the first time a real-time comprehensive monitoring and analysis system of activity on the water.
“Project Eyes on the Seas is designed to transform the current very expensive and patchy system of information gathering and enforcement into a global system for identifying and tracking illegal fishing vessels that is far more cost effective. This system will enable authorities to share information on those vessels operating outside of the law, build a comprehensive case against them, track them into port or within reach of enforcement vessels, and take action against them,” said Joshua Reichert, executive vice president of The Pew Charitable Trusts, who leads Pew’s environment work.
Project Eyes on the Seas will launch initially with a “Virtual Watch Room” monitoring the waters surrounding Easter Island, a Chilean territory, and the Pacific island nation of Palau. Pew and its partners are working with each nation and island community to establish large, fully protected marine reserves in these waters.
“With Pew’s assistance, we’ve already identified suspicious vessels in our marine zone,” said Palau President Tommy E. Remengesau, Jr. “Now, the Virtual Watch Room’s enhanced features will help ensure that once the Palau National Marine Sanctuary is established, the marine life within our waters will be protected from illegal fishing.”
The Virtual Watch Room is intended to pay immediate dividends in remote ocean areas where governments are considering establishing marine reserves to safeguard some of the planet’s last remaining near-pristine marine habitats. Over the next three years, the plan is for Project Eyes on the Seas to grow in capability and scope as more countries, regional fisheries management organizations, and seafood retail groups commit to using it to guarantee that only legally caught seafood is taken from the ocean and reaches consumers’ plates.
“Satellite data are playing a key role in helping to put an end to illegal fishing,” said Stuart Martin, CEO of Satellite Applications Catapult. “Through the tenacity of The Pew Charitable Trusts and the technological advancements developed by Catapult and industry players, protecting our seas and the livelihood of many villages can now become a reality rather than an idealistic goal. Catapult is delighted to be able to play a part in this.”
The Pew Charitable Trusts is driven by the power of knowledge to solve today’s most challenging problems. Learn more at www.pewtrusts.org.
Satellite Applications Catapult is an innovation and technology company established through a U.K. government initiative to foster economic growth through the exploitation of space.
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HABITATS ARE HOMES
This life science curriculum focuses on the guiding question:
What do living things (animals, plants, and people) need to survive?
The unit focuses on the following Colorado Academic Standards:
Science 2.1: Organisms depend on their habitat's nonliving parts to satisfy their needs.
Science 2.2: Each plant or animal has different structures or behaviors that serve different functions.
Final project suggestion:
Tropical Asian Habitat Diorama
Download Printer Friendly PDF(3 MB)
Download Interactive PDF (20 MB)
NOTE: Due to the large size of this PDF, we recommend that rather than viewing the PDF in your browser that you download this version to your computer and view it using a PDF reader like Acrobat Reader.
See videos related to this discovery unit.
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August 3, 2010
WSGC Newsletter for Educators
The Washington NASA Space Grant Consortium's electronic newsletter for teachers provides curriculum ideas, Internet links and other resources to help you better meet the Washington EALRs and the National Science Education Standards.TABLE OF CONTENTS
-- SEATTLE'S CO2 FOOTPRINT
-- SCIENTIST FOR A DAY CONTEST (5-12)
-- CLIMATE CHANGE WEBINARS (7-12)
-- MARINE EDUCATION RESOURCES (K-12)
-- ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM TOUR (7-12)
In an effort to promote the public's understanding of atmospheric carbon dioxide in an urban setting, Pacific Science Center has partnered with the Space Needle and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to install a carbon dioxide sensor at the top of the Space Needle.
The sensor measures the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the lower Queen Anne area. To read more about the project and see the data graphed on a daily, monthly or seasonal basis, visit
The Cassini Scientist for a Day contest challenges students to become NASA scientists studying Saturn.
Students examine three images taken by the Cassini spacecraft and choose the one they think will yield the best results. The choice must be supported in a 500-word essay.
Winners will participate in a teleconference with Cassini scientists. Students may work alone or in groups of up to four students. The essays will be divided into three grade levels. The deadline is October 27.
For complete rules and entry information, visit
This fall Windows to the Universe educators will offer free 90-minute live seminars highlighting science content and classroom activities on topics related to climate change.
The seminars are a part of the NASA-funded Global Climate Change Educator Professional Development Network. All seminars begin at 6:30 p.m. (EDT).
For a complete list of topics and dates, see
The Bridge provides educators with a convenient source of accurate and useful information on global, national and regional marine science topics. It also gives researchers a contact point for educational outreach.
Materials include lesson plans, databases, and links to grant solicitations and professional development opportunities. For more information, visit
NASA's Tour of the Electromagnetic Spectrum features eight video clips, ranging from approximately 3-5 minutes in length, that explain the different types of waves, connections to various NASA satellite science missions and the data each collects.
To watch the video clips, go to
Chandra X-ray Observatory also offers a series of complementary classroom activities on the Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMR). For activities, go to
Ideas, comments and Web sites of interest to other teachers should be sent to Irene Svete, newsletter editor, at
If you are not a regular subscriber and would like to receive our newsletter, simply go to UW's Mailman and fill in a subscription form. Concerned about spam? Please note Space Grant does not sell its address lists. | <urn:uuid:c296a914-b8f8-48d3-bf03-6487bc1835da> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.waspacegrant.org/news_and_events/e-letter/archives/2010/20100803.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869019 | 623 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Will cities ever get smart about water use?
If the definition of insanity is making the same mistakes over and over, then many cities have taken a certifiable approach to securing their water supplies — and they need some radical therapy before taking the big economic, ecological, and human hits that come with a permanent state of thirst.
That’s the conclusion from a new study in the journal Water Policy, whose authors compared the water supply histories of four cities — San Diego, Phoenix, San Antonio, and Adelaide, Australia. Among the lessons learned? Urban water conservation, recycling, and desalination aren’t silver bullets. In fact, the best solution may lie upstream with farmers — saving just 5-10 percent of agricultural irrigation in upstream watersheds could satisfy a city’s entire water needs.
But the time to act is now, argues Brian Richter, a senior freshwater scientist at The Nature Conservancy and the study’s lead author — he says a global urban water crisis is already here. Below, Richter tells us more about what cities need to do to say on the right side of dry.
Q. Many cities take a similar pattern of water development, according to your research — going from exhausting local surface and groundwater supplies to importing water to implementing water conservation to finally recycling water or desalination. Why is this pattern unsustainable?
A. When we overuse a freshwater source, we set ourselves up for disaster. Each of the cities we reviewed in our study has contributed to the drying of a major river or important groundwater spring. That has obvious ecological impacts and social consequences — it affects livelihoods and human health by compromising fish production, concentrating pollution, or curtailing recreational activities.
Our research is revealing that water scarcity also causes severe economic losses by limiting or disrupting agricultural, industrial, and energy production. Texas lost nearly $8 billion in agriculture last year due to water shortages; electricity generation from hydropower dams on the Colorado River in 2010 dropped by 20 percent due to water shortages. Some estimates suggest that China may be losing $39 billion each year due to crop damage and lessened industrial production, and hundreds of thousands of people around the globe are being forced to move due to water shortages.
Because these impacts are so pervasive and damaging, we need to begin investing in water supply approaches that don’t just minimize these adverse impacts but instead begin to reverse them.
Q. Are we looking at a crisis in securing urban water supplies in the near future, either for U.S. cities or globally?
A. That crisis is already upon us. Our study revealed that half of all cities — both in the United States and globally — are located in watersheds where more than 50 percent of the renewable supply of water to our rivers and aquifers is being consumed, at least seasonally. Now, that’s not a problem as long as we’re receiving plentiful precipitation. But if you’re using that much water on an average, ongoing basis and you go into a severe drought, there isn’t enough water to meet all needs.
Q. Phoenix, another one of your case studies, has lowered its per capita water use by 25 percent since 1990 through various water conservation measures — and yet Phoenix is water scarce. Why?
A. Water scarcity results when we heavily deplete a freshwater source. It doesn’t necessarily mean that you’re experiencing regular water shortages in your home or business. But it does mean that you’re at considerable risk if the water supplies continue to be increasingly depleted by other users, or you get into a drought situation.
Phoenix’s water conservation efforts are admirable, but they need to do much more. They are heavily dependent on the Colorado River, which is so thoroughly overused that it dries up before reaching its delta in the Gulf of California. During a severe, prolonged drought, the reliability of that water source will be in jeopardy.
Q. So storm- and wastewater recycling aren’t enough?
A. Contrary to popular belief, water conservation and recycling may not result in a net improvement in the affected water source. If the water that’s conserved is simply used to supply additional urban growth, then the water source is no better off.
The vast majority (80-90 percent) of water used in cities is returned to the freshwater source after use. So only 10-20 percent of the water is “lost” or “depleted” — most of that goes to outdoor landscaping or golf courses. Water recycling shuts off the return of water to the freshwater source — instead of discharging the used water back to a river, the water is used for domestic, commercial, industrial, or agricultural purposes.
So water recycling will “save” water — and reduce water scarcity in the freshwater source — only if it reduces the fraction of water that was previously being lost from the freshwater system.
Q. What about desalination if you’re a city on the coast? It’s expensive — but Adelaide’s desal plant is supposed to provide more than 25 percent of that city’s water supply by 2013.
A. Desalination could be a wonderful solution to our water challenges — more than one in every two people on Earth lives near a coast. But removing salts from ocean water requires a tremendous amount of energy, and the expense of that energy makes desalination the most costly way by far to supply fresh water to cities.
And there’s a wicked climate change feedback loop for desalination: using it to create fresh water produces carbon emissions that change our climate, which in turn affects the precipitation that supplies fresh water. Without a radical breakthrough in energy production, desalination will continue to supply only a tiny fraction of the world’s freshwater needs. (Note that Adelaide is using 100 percent renewable energy to power its desalination plant.)
Q. You cite San Antonio as a leader in integrating water conservation into its planning. What’s San Antonio getting right that other cities aren’t?
A. Few cities in the world have pushed urban water conservation as far as San Antonio. Their community outreach program is outstanding. … San Antonio is also investing in agricultural water conservation to reduce overall use of the Edwards Aquifer, the city’s primary water source. That’s the way of the future: Cities leading efforts to help everyone that uses the same water source to do so in the most conservative and sustainable manner possible.
Q. You argue that cities should help upstream farmers implement irrigation conservation that will leave more water for urbanites downstream. It sounds good in theory — but since agriculture accounts for 90 percent of all freshwater depletions, why should cities foot the bill?
A. Because most farmers won’t implement water-saving measures unless it saves them money — or at the very least, until it doesn’t cost them anything. Many farmers are already implementing water conservation measures because they reduce electricity costs. But sometimes the cost savings aren’t sufficient to motivate a farmer to go through the time, trouble, and change in farming practices.
That’s why cities need to step in to help. As we point out in our paper, saving just 5-10 percent of the water being consumed in irrigated agriculture can usually free up enough water to meet a city’s needs. It can also free up water to restore river health.
Q. So how do we do this? Do these partnerships exist already?
A. One great way is to create a water market, such as exists in the Murray-Darling basin in Australia or in the Edwards Aquifer of Texas, where farmers can sell any “saved” water to other farmers, cities, or environmental interests as long as it does not harm other water users or the environment. There are few better things that governments could do to improve water management.
Another urban-rural water partnership that can work is a bilateral agreement between a farmer, or an entire irrigation district, and a city. The deal between San Diego and the Imperial Irrigation District in southern California is a great example. That arrangement will provide 37 percent of San Diego’s water supply by the year 2020, it’s very cost-effective, and it provides a new source of income and security for the farmers. Our analysis suggests that one in every two medium- to large-sized cities could — or should — pursue partnerships of this nature.
Q. What should urbanites do to prepare for the coming urban water crisis — pressure their lawmakers? Take personal water conservation measures? Other steps?
A. In my Water Sustainability course at the University of Virginia, I teach that everyone needs to take responsibility. Figure out how much water you use, and what impacts you might be causing. Almost everything you do requires water — not just the water you use directly in the kitchen, bathroom or laundry room, but also the water required to produce your electricity, food, clothing, gasoline, and other consumer goods. Regardless of your political party, be conservative in water use.
And to the point of our study: Ask your city manager or water supplier why they aren’t working with local farmers to help them save water and restore health to our rivers, lakes, and aquifers. | <urn:uuid:f65d4846-18b1-45f9-8bc7-3ad531a01c12> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://grist.org/cities/how-cities-can-finally-get-smart-about-water-use/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939435 | 1,924 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The hip is a very sturdy joint which is a ball and socket joint. It is strong because of the bone formation and is strengthened by ligaments. The hip absorbs shock during the playing of sport or during falls. The hip enables us to balance on one leg whilst at the same time the other leg can move freely. It is very rarely seriously damaged in sport, even gymnasts and horse riders that fall seem to escape hip injury, although they probably end up with a different injury!
Bruised hip bone
A bruised hip bone or hip pointer is a bruise to the pelvic bone at the front of the hip which you can easily feel with your fingers. It's often the bit that gets knocked when rushing through a door!
What causes a bruised hip?
The cause of hip injuries are usually from a fall or a severe knock, from for example a hockey stick.
Pain in the hip.The thigh will not move forward and the injured area may swell and feel tender.
To ease the pain apply ice to the affected area for about 15 minutes but not directly to the skin. Use a thin towel to protect the skin from ice burn. Before returning to sport the hip should have normal hip function and no discomfort in the thigh.
A protective pad should be worn to absorb any further impact when resuming sport.
exercises for the hip
- Lie on your back with a cushion under your head. Pull your knee onto your stomach helping with you hands. Ease the leg across towards the opposite shoulder and you will feel the stretch. Hold for a count of ten and relax. repeat several times a day.
- Stand on your good leg and pull your other knee up towards the opposite shoulder. You will feel the stretch and again hold for ten seconds. Repeat several times a day.
- Lie on your back and keeping your knee straight of your injured leg, point your leg over your other leg and point it up towards your opposite shoulder. Hold to a count of ten. Repeat several times a day.
- After 4 to 5 days you can start standing on your good leg and keeping you back straight,move your injured leg out to the side and gently backwards keeping you knee straight and then lower.
- Standing on your injured leg, lift you other leg straight out sideways and then bend it sideways over you injured leg. Hold for a count of three and then slowly straighten your leg.
If there is no discomfort after these exercises jogging for short distances can be started, striding sideways and hopping sideways. When this is managed without discomfort you should be fit to resume your sport. | <urn:uuid:6e845187-bd0e-471b-bca1-2f195356fe3d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.commonsportsinjuries.com/upperleg/hip/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936229 | 531 | 3.140625 | 3 |
One of the biggest pitfalls with kids and healthy eating right now is that they’re keeping their blood sugar levels slightly elevated all day long with regular doses of poor quality, refined foods and drinks (high calorie/low nutrient density) such as sweetened sodas, juice (often from a fruit, but too high in sugar), and “snack foods” such as refined chips, pretzels, crackers, cookies, etc.
This practice has 3 main consequences: Giving your kids regular “doses” of these foods and drinks between meals throughout the day can keep their true hunger signal turned off, so they are more reluctant to eat the healthier mealtime foods.
Eating “sugar foods” like these all day long can alter their palates and cause them to lose their tastes for other flavors on the spectrum, especially bitter, so things like veggies are no longer palatable.
These foods have too many calories without enough nutrition, so kids who eat a lot of them tend to gain weight. In addition, because they cause a rapid glucose rise, which triggers a correspondingly rapid insulin increase, eating a lot of them can make that cycle unstable and in many kids the more of those foods they eat, the more they want. These children are overweight, but their bodies are often lacking in certain micronutrients because the quality of what they’re eating is so poor. They are overfed, but undernourished.
Try these tips to help counter this problematic habit:
- Serve water instead of soda or juice to “turn on” their natural appetites.
- Think of snacks as mini-meals and balance the macronutrients better. Most snack foods are highly refined carbohydrates or other sweet foods that turn rapidly into blood sugar and spike the glucose levels in the body. Fiber, protein, and fat act like time-release for sugary foods, including all the whites, so including some foods or ingredients that contain those with the typical crackers, pretzels, cereal bars, etc will help to satisfy your child and balance out the sugar cravings. So serve those crackers or pretzels with cheese or a smear of nut butter or bean spread like hummus; serve dried fruits (high in sugars) with Greek yogurt (higher in protein than regular yogurt); serve dry cereal with slices of boiled egg, etc.
- Eat fewer foods with artificial or chemical ingredients (none is best!!). Become a label detective: If you can’t pronounce it, don’t eat it! If the ingredients list is long, find another product with a shorter list. It only takes 4 or 5 ingredients to make a wholesome cookie or cracker, not 13!
- Upgrade the quality of their foods: get real. Start swapping out heavily refined and processed junk foods for recognizable real foods, especially the “whites”: white sugar, flour, rice and potatoes – mostly French fries –Swap them out for the “browns” or less refined, whole grain products. This one change will automatically reduce the total amount of sugar, salt and poor quality fat, while increasing fiber (lacking in most children’s diets), in your family’s by a significant percentage. | <urn:uuid:759e1551-88c2-49c8-bc27-1af74c8241fe> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.drgreene.com/perspectives/overfed-but-undernourished/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941815 | 673 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Flying over Antarctica’s Pine Island Glacier in a DC-8 research plane, scientists participating in NASA’s IceBridge mission made a startling discovery on October 14, 2011: a massive crack running about 29 kilometers (18 miles) across the glacier’s floating tongue. The rift was 80 meters (260 feet) wide on average, and 50 to 60 meters (165 to 195 feet) deep. It marks the moment of creation for a new iceberg that should eventually span about 880 square kilometers (340 square miles) once it breaks loose from the glacier.
These photographs show the rift on October 26, 2011, when scientists returned to survey the glacier in greater detail. The Digital Mapping System took the top photo, looking straight down from the belly of the DC-8. The lower photo was taken by a passenger on the jet.
Birthing large icebergs is nothing new for the Pine Island Glacier. Among the fastest moving glaciers in Antarctica, Pine Island drains about 79 cubic kilometers (19 cubic miles) of ice per year from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The end of the glacier stretched about 48 kilometers (30 miles) past the edge of land, floating on the ocean. As more ice flows toward the water, the tongue grows longer. Eventually, a piece will break off, forming a large iceberg.
The last calving event occurred in late 2001 and resulted in an iceberg that measured 42 kilometers by 17 kilometers (26 by 11 miles). That event, too, was preceded by a large crack that was observed in satellite imagery in late 2000.
While satellites have tracked the formation of new icebergs, this is the first detailed airborne survey of such an event. “We are actually now witnessing how it happens,” said IceBridge project scientist Michael Studinger. “It’s part of a natural process, but it’s pretty exciting to be here and actually observe it while it happens.”
IceBridge scientists were surveying the Pine Island Glacier to learn how the glacier is changing and why. In the largest airborne survey of Earth’s polar ice, the airplanes of Operation IceBridge carry an array of instruments to measure the ice from top to bottom. The research team is gathering data about how thick the ice is (about 500 meters or 1,640 feet in the region of the crack); what the ground beneath it looks like; and how the glacier has changed over time. All of this information will help scientists understand why the Pine Island Glacier drains so much ice to the ocean and how much it could contribute to sea level rise in the future.
“IceBridge exists because we need to understand how much ice the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets will contribute to sea level rise over the next couple of decades,” says Studinger in a new feature article on the Earth Observatory. “In order to do this, we need to measure how much the ice surface elevation is changing from year to year.“ As a primary outlet for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Pine Island Glacier is one of the largest sources of uncertainty in global sea level rise projections.
Operation IceBridge is now in the third of six annual field campaigns to Antarctica from Punta Arenas, Chile. “A lot of times when you’re in science, you don’t get a chance to catch the big stories as they happen because you’re not there at the right place at the right time,” said John Sonntag, Instrument Team Lead for Operation IceBridge. “But this time we were.”
More photos and a video of the crack in the glacier are available on the IceBridge web site and on the NASA Ice photostream. To read more about the airborne campaign, see IceBridge: Buiding a record of Earth’s changing ice, one flight at a time on the Earth Observatory.
- Hansen, K. and Carlowicz. (2011, January 19). Channel Beneath Pine Island Glacier. Earth Observatory. Accessed November 2, 2011.
- Lynch, P. (2011, November 2). Watching the birth of an iceberg. NASA. Accessed November 2, 2011.
- Lynch, P. (2011, October 26). A crack in the Pine Island Glacier Ice Shelf. NASA. Accessed November 2, 2011.
- Riebeek, H. (2011, November 2). IceBridge: Building a record of Earth’s changing ice, one flight at a time. NASA’s Earth Observatory. | <urn:uuid:73d039cb-6bb6-4742-b3e8-0ea4ad6e537e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=76308 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00133-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910644 | 924 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The Walk of Death
Dubbed by many as the World’s most dangerous path, the Camino was officially closed after three people fell to their deaths in 2000.
Several accidents later and people are still flocking to southernmost Spain from all over the globe to walk the Camino before it receives an extensive makeover, no doubt losing some of its alluring, treacherous curves in the process. Something the Spanish government has been threatening to do for the last few years.
The current economic crisis has put any cosmetic re-figuring on hold, but the work is scheduled to be carried out before 2015.
So if you want to experience the Camino in its original, unedited version, now is the time to do it.
Update - the new Caminito del Rey is opening up to the public on the 28th of March, 2015. Here's all the information you'll need to visit the Caminito del Rey.
Video of the Caminito del Rey
El Camino del Rey: What, Where, Why
The Caminito del Rey is a three-kilometre-long path suspended more than 100m off the ground. The one-metre-wide path is built into the walls of the impressive Desfiladero de los Gaitanes, the Gaitanes gorge.
It is located between the villages of Alora and Ardales in the depths of Màlaga province. The path was originally built to connect two hydroelectric plants situated at either end of the Gaitanes gorge.
A Brief History of the Caminito
The Camino del Rey was used as way to transport workers and building materials between the two plants. Work started in 1901 before finishing in 1905. To much fanfare, El Chorro power station started to produce electricity in 1905. Despite its technological and industrial importance, it was the bridge overlooking the gorge that hogged the limelight.
Los Balcones was the name given to the bridge hanging 100m above the ground. It was designed by Rafael Benjumea and his specialized team of workers. Most of whom were sailors who were used to climbing ropes and working while suspended above a void.
The path was built using sand and cement, and held in place by metal brackets. A simple iron railing was put in place along this decidedly non-frills path.
The name was changed to Camino del Rey when King Alfonso XIII inaugurated the power stations in May 1921. He walked along the Caminito from the El Chorro pantano (previously known as the Conde de Guadalhorce). A walk that so impressed him that a plaque was erected in recognition of Benjumea and forever celebrates this most momentous day.
There are numerous rural myths surrounding the path. Some have been verified, others remain mere folklore. It’s said that a young and beautiful English woman threw herself to her death from the Balconcillo. The exceptionally beautiful, blonde-haired woman is said to have ridden her white horse along the Camino before launching herself off the bridge.
El Camino del Rey: the nitty-gritty
There’s no doubt about it, walking the Caminito is dangerous. With a capital D. People who tell you differently are just plain wrong or maybe friends who are actually enemies.
The path’s in a bad way and continues to deteriorate. There are huge sections that have fallen away and hundreds of little potholes. The safety wire is thin and of dubious strength. An Italian climber fell in March 2013 after the wire snapped.
In saying that, walking the Camino is a buzz. A big one.
- Be prepared, use the appropriate equipment and, if necessary, a professional guide
- Don’t walk the Camino alone
- Avoid the walk when it’s been raining. Bear in mind that the marriage of sand and concrete is over a century old and does crumble
- If walking in a group, spread yourselves out. Too much weight in one place is not a good idea
- Rope up. When crossing over the more exposed sections, it’s a good idea to rope yourself in as well.
- Bring at least 60m of rope with you if abseiling down at the end
- Tread lightly. Most of the accidents have been caused by human error with people jumping, hanging off the safety wire and just generally messing around
- Treat the Camino with respect. Your life depends on it. Literally. | <urn:uuid:39ef4460-21f2-4066-aee4-233c727a223e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.spain-holiday.com/Alora/articles/el-caminito-del-rey-malaga | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961426 | 936 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Loading and unloading calves can be difficult, especially when using large trucks with calves less than a week of age.
“Calves almost have to be handled one at a time,” says veterinarian Greg Goodell, of The Dairy Authority in Greeley, Colo. “They cannot stand well. Sides of truck have to have the wind blocked, leaving only the top portions open for air exchange. No direct wind or rain should hit animals of this age.”
The cleanliness of these trailers — and the bedding — is also paramount for young calves with an underdeveloped immune system. “Sanitation is 100-fold more important in this age group than older calves,” Goodell says. “Salmonella and E. coli are huge players, but all pathogens can be an increased risk in this age. Colostrum is a must before transport.”
New guidelines from the Dairy Calf and Heifer Association offer important advice for how to handle calves during this critical time.
The new guidelines suggest delaying scheduled procedures until at least a week after transport.
“Vaccination, dehorning… all adds to the stress load of the calf and needs to be reduced to the largest extent possible,” Goodell says. He suggests that if calves are one week of age or younger, to feed 2 gallons of colostrum when they are born and do no other handling or processing until at least one week post-transport.
The transportation guidelines have various recommendations for length of travel, and this will depend on different factors.
Goodell says he has seen one-week-old calves transported for 600 to 1,000 miles with very little death loss. “I almost think it’s easier on the calf to haul one-week-old calves than it is to haul one- to two-month-old calves,” he says. “I don’t have any recorded data to support that claim, but my observations are that younger calves haven’t developed a fear of anything yet and this may help keep stress levels down during transport.” Likewise, he adds, calves that are four to five months of age that are well-vaccinated and carefully transported rarely suffer any losses.”
Weather stress in the summer or winter can especially negatively impact young calves.
Goodell has seen death loss due to heat stress and cold stress. “During cold stress, wind must be kept off these calves at all times with the main adjustment being the amount of wind allowed over the top of the calf for cooling in the summer time,” he explains. “During the summer, the number of calves loaded onto a truck must also be decreased to prevent losses from heat.”
A comfortable environment
When transporting young calves, you must develop a gentler approach to cattle handling.
“People who drive cattle through the use of fear or physical contact (such as yelling, whistling, or using dogs) will always have more injuries and dead calves, especially in the one- to twomonth-old calves,” Goodell says.
And when they get to their destination, there needs to be a comfortable environment to rest with access to shelter, dry bedding, water and feed, which is important no matter the age. Make sure that the younger calves get a milk feeding if they haven’t been weaned yet.
Goodell agrees that handling makes the difference in transporting young calves.
“Gentle, gentle, gentle!” he implores. “It’s amazing how well baby calves can tolerate transportation with an excellent colostrum program and very gentle handling. This requires patient handlers and a facility designed for young calves.”
The Dairy Calf and Heifer Associations’ Gold Standards III program outlines these guidelines for dairy calf transportation:
• Newborn calves should be dry, able to stand and at least 24 hours old before transporting.
• Wash and disinfect transport vehicles between hauls with a recommended disinfectant for animal facilities.
• Prepare floors of transport units to promote secure footing and absorption of urine and manure, using sawdust, wood shavings, straw or sand.
• Avoid scheduled procedures such as vaccinating or dehorning for at least 1 week prior to transport (except for intranasal vaccines, which can be administered to boost interferon levels and help in preventing respiratory disease at the time of shipping).
• Schedule trips to minimize number of hours cattle are on the truck.
• In hot weather, schedule hauling at night or in the cooler part of the day.
• If traveling for more than 24 hours with cattle four months of age or older, stop at a clean facility for a feed and water break for a minimum of five hours.
• For trips longer than 11 hours, employ tandem drivers to avoid keeping animals on the truck for extra hours of mandated driver rest.
• Avoid any unnecessary stops.
• When hauling in cold weather, cover up to 1/2 to 2/3 of the holes in the trailer to reduce wind chill. However, do not cover all holes, which would be detrimental to air circulation and quality.
• Use as many gates as possible in the trailer to keep animals separated in small groups and avoid the possibility of bunching or piling during transportation.
See the new and previous Dairy Calf and Heifer Association Gold Standards at: www.calfandheifer.org
Geni Wren is editor of Bovine Veterinarian, a sister publication of Dairy Herd Management. | <urn:uuid:28f9b9e7-84a5-4982-8353-39fd1e6bda30> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dairyherd.com/dairy-herd/features/Transportation-and-health-of-baby-calves-141087943.html?view=all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933613 | 1,150 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Doctors prescribe pain medications to help reduce pain from various conditions.
Pain medications include:
- Anti-inflammatory medications (like ibuprofen)
- Opioid medications (like morphine)
- Anticonvulsant medications (like Neurontin)
- Antidepressant medications (like Cymbalta)
These medicines help many people, but aren’t always completely effective. Your doctor works closely with your primary doctor to determine what pain medications could relieve your pain. | <urn:uuid:708f6841-1383-4a3c-a1c0-dd0a0d563089> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/health/services/spine/getting-treatment/conditions-treatments/pain-medications.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842867 | 102 | 2.578125 | 3 |
|Reference : The Sun-earth Imbalance radiometer for a direct measurement of the net heating of the...|
|Scientific congresses and symposiums : Unpublished conference/Abstract|
|Engineering, computing & technology : Aerospace & aeronautics engineering|
|The Sun-earth Imbalance radiometer for a direct measurement of the net heating of the Earth|
|Dewitte, S [ > > ]|
|Chevalier, A [ > > ]|
|Meftah, M [ > > ]|
|Kerschen, Gaëtan [Université de Liège - ULg > Département d'aérospatiale et mécanique > Laboratoire de structures et systèmes spatiaux >]|
|Karatekin, O [ > > ]|
|4th European CubeSat Symposium|
|[en] Although it is generally accepted that the climate on earth is changing due to a radiative energy
imbalance at the top of the atmosphere, up to now this radiation imbalance has not been measured directly. The measurement is challenging both in terms of space-time sampling of the radiative energy that is leaving the earth and in terms of accuracy. The incoming solar radiation and the outgoing terrestrial radiation are of nearly equal magnitude – of the order of 340 W/m² – resulting in a much smaller difference or imbalance of the order of 1 W/m². The only way to measure the imbalance with sufficient accuracy is to measure both the incoming solar and the outgoing terrestrial radiation with the same instrument. By reanalyzing data from the NASA LARC Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, we have been able to demonstrate that the sampling problem can be overcome, even with the low resolution Wide Field of View radiometer. We have combined the measurements of the precessing ERBS satellite for midlatitude and equatorial regions with measurements of the sun synchronuous NOAA9 satellite
for the polar regions. For the accuracy requirement an improved instrument design is needed. We propose a new instrument, which we call the Sun-earth IMBAlance (SIMBA) radiometer. It is an improved wide field of view cavity radiometer based on our long experience with the DIARAD type of instrument for the measurement of Total Solar Irradiance. Currently we have two DIARAD instruments in space, on SOHO and on the ISS, and a third one will be launched this year on the Picard microsatellite. In this paper, we will present the ERBE sampling study and the SIMBA instrument and nanosatellite design
There is no file associated with this reference.
All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license. | <urn:uuid:77bcf833-30bd-4bfd-8a5e-ff098dfee08e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/119292 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.837034 | 563 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The experience was very nearly out of this world.
Hal and Bettye Walker and their young charges--21 boys ages 7 to 15--witnessed the launching last week of a space shuttle at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
The sound and fury of Discovery's rocket engines proved excitement enough, but the experience was especially rewarding because the group was seeing off a friend--Dr. Bernard Harris, an astronaut who later in the mission became the first African American to walk in space.
The Walkers' Crenshaw-based nonprofit group, African American Male Achievers Network (A-MAN), was invited by Harris last month to take front-row positions for the historic launching.
A-MAN is a program that introduces boys to a host of professions and disciplines. Its guiding principle is versing black youth in positive options and exposing them to role models. Many A-MAN members are part of the Science Discovery and Learning Center also founded by the Walkers in the Crenshaw district.
The Walkers founded the science center in June as a way of ensuring that African American youths don't get left behind by the fast-paced science revolution. The La Brea Avenue office is outfitted with computers, educational videos, experimental equipment and other materials largely donated by aerospace and other companies.
For Walker, a retired laser scientist whose innovative devices aided astronauts on the famous 1969 moon voyage, witnessing the launch was a long-deferred dream finally realized.
"It came alive for me," he said of the experience. "It was like watching another step we're taking in history."
During their six-day trip, the A-MAN members also visited the U.S. Space Camp, a hands-on museum that offers children a simulated space trip.
But the unquestionable highlight of the visit was seeing off Harris, who invited the group to the launching two years ago when he spoke at an A-MAN event.
The group has been to several shuttle landings at Edwards Air Force Base and even flew to Florida on one occasion to witness a shuttle launch, but a long delay forced the Walkers and their crew to return home without accomplishing their mission.
Though Harris is not the first African American astronaut to fly in the shuttle, he is the first to walk in space, helping to lay the groundwork for a planned space station. His eight-day mission, in which he studied the effects of space on human metabolism and development, concluded last week.
Walker said the trip was far more than a diversion from city life.
"This (space technology) is a new boat, and we as black people can't miss it," said Walker with customary enthusiasm. "They don't need anybody to sweep the space station. If you're not prepared for it, if you're not educated, you miss out." | <urn:uuid:df2863c6-bfa2-46ec-affa-2092ca74ce3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://articles.latimes.com/1995-02-12/news/ci-31266_1_shuttle-launch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966163 | 574 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Global Warming: Here and Now, Then and There
and is replicated here as part of the SERC Pedagogic Service.
Skills and concepts that students must have mastered
This activity provides an opportunity to practice critical reading and writing skills.
How the activity is situated in the course
Content/concepts goals for this activity
- Students will be able to explain how geoscientists determine past climate, and predict future climate.
- Students will be able to describe how climate is a controlling factor in history, economics, and cultural development.
Higher order thinking skills goals for this activity
- Students will be able to be able to correlate related concepts from various written sources.
Other skills goals for this activity
- Students will be able to use the internet to find appropriate articles for research.
- Students will be able to write a short research paper with a limited number of sources.
Description of the activity/assignment
Brian Fagan is an emeritus professor of anthropology at University of California, Santa Barbara who has written several books about past climate change and its effect on the course of European history. His latest book, "The Great Warming," focuses on the Medieval Warm Period (circa 10th to 14th centuries) during which the North Atlantic region experienced an unusually warm climate, and discusses historical events and trends that can be correlated with this climatic change. This assignment uses this book, along with student-retrieved newspaper articles, as the basis for a research paper that addresses the issue of global warming, its effect on past civilizations and its anticipated effect on the future of the citizens of New York City.
Based primarily on "The Great Warming", students address the following questions in a 5 page paper:
- What methods and data sources do scientists use to determine climates of the past? How reliable are these various approaches?
- How was European climate different during the Medieval Warm Period, and how did this climate affect the lives of people in Europe?
- How was climate different during the Medieval Warm Period for one other region of personal interest, and how did this climate affect the lives of people who lived in that region?
Using information from "The Great Warming" and three to six articles from past issues of a major newspaper, such as the New York Times, students determine probable effects of global warming to the future populations of either their home city, or of the region for which they documented past climate change.
Determining whether students have met the goals
Phase One: Students submit a 250-word summary of the predicted effects of global warming on their home city, based on three newspaper articles; instructor grades papers satisfactory or unsatisfactory (requires resubmission) and indicates two one or two targeted areas that could improve the writing (e.g. verb tense issues).
Phase Two: Peer review of draft papers in a "speed dating" format, such that 3 to 5 students read a segment of the paper and each suggests an aspect for improvement; the author summarizes and responds briefly to suggestions, and submits this summary to the instructor.
Phase Three: Instructor assigns final grade to edited version of paper.
Download teaching materials and tips
Fagan, B., 2008, The Great Warming: Climate Change and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations. Bloomsbury Press, 282p.
New York Times Online Archive: http://query.nytimes.com/search/archive.html | <urn:uuid:1fce3dce-a2a8-46cb-ae66-d251188ecd96> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://serc.carleton.edu/sp/library/urban/examples/global_warming_review.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93786 | 701 | 3.375 | 3 |
Global report cites progress in slowing forest losses
Progress in forest management welcomed
13 March 2007, Rome – A number of regions of the world are reversing centuries of deforestation and are now showing an increase in forest area, according to FAO's State of the World’s Forests report, released today.
The report, which was launched at the opening of the 18th Session of FAO's Committee on Forestry, underlines the positive effects of economic prosperity and careful forest management in saving forests, noting that over 100 countries have established national forest programmes.
“Many countries have shown the political will to improve forest management by revising policies and legislation and strengthening forestry institutions. Increasing attention is being paid to the conservation of soil, water, biological diversity and other environmental values,” said David Harcharik, FAO Deputy Director-General. “However, countries that are facing the most serious challenges in achieving sustainable forest management are those with the highest rates of poverty and civil conflict.”
Global forest cover amounts to just under four billion hectares, covering about 30 percent of the world’s land area. From 1990 to 2005, the world lost three percent of its total forest area, an average decrease of some 0.2 percent per year, according to FAO data.
From 2000 to 2005, 57 countries reported an increase in forest area, and 83 reported a decrease. However, the net forest loss remains at 7.3 million hectares per year or 20 000 hectares per day, equivalent to an area twice the size of Paris.
Ten countries account for 80 percent of the world’s primary forests, of which Indonesia, Mexico, Papua New Guinea and Brazil saw the highest losses in primary forest in the five years running from 2000 to 2005.
In Asia and the Pacific, net forest area increased in that same period, reversing the downward trend of the preceding decades. The increase was mainly in East Asia, where large investments in forest plantations in China were high enough to offset high rates of deforestation in other areas. The net loss of forest area actually accelerated in Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2005.
Rapid economic growth may help to create the conditions for sustainable forest management, the report said. Forest institutions in the region are getting stronger in a number of countries, and the trend towards more participatory decision-making continues. On the other hand, illegal logging is increasing in some countries. Forest fires may increase in severity if the global climate continues to become warmer.
Forests are obtaining political support and commitment at the highest levels in Africa. Latin American countries have formed networks to fight fires, to increase the effectiveness of protected area management and to improve watershed management. These measures are expected to improve forest management in the two regions.
Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean are currently the two regions with the highest losses. Africa, which accounts for about 16 percent of the total global forest area, lost over 9 percent of its forests between 1990 and 2005. Latin America and the Caribbean, with over 47 percent of the world’s forests saw an increase in the annual net loss between 2000 and 2005, from 0.46 percent to 0.51 percent.
Europe and North America showed net increases in forest area over the reporting period.
Forests threatened by fire and pests
Forests are also vulnerable to other threats such as insects, diseases, invasive species and forest fires. Rapid transport, ease of travel and growing international trade have facilitated the spread of pests. The report notes that there is a growing trend towards adopting management strategies to contain forest pests, particularly in developed countries.
While many countries report that fire seasons are becoming more severe, there is insufficient information to conclude whether the total area burned or number of forest fires is increasing globally. Between 80 and 99 percent of forest fires are caused by people, due to land clearing, and arson. A major non-human cause of wildfires is lightening.
Evidence is mounting that forests will be profoundly affected by climate change, such as increasing damage to forest health caused by the greater incidence of fire, pests and diseases. At the same time, new investments in forests to mitigate climate change lag behind the optimistic expectations of many following the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol in 2005.
Media Relations, FAO
(+39) 06 570 56292
(+39) 348 870 5221
e-mail this article | <urn:uuid:3f8b5a10-73af-4a6b-bcb9-3178279793ba> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2007/1000506/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00074-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937429 | 891 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Oct 6, 2014 ... Christopher P. Semtner, curator of the Edgar Allan Poe Museum in Richmond, VA
, offers 13 facts about the circumstances surrounding his ...
Nov 25, 2013 ... As I've studied Edgar Allan Poe in-depthly over the past six months, I began to
compile a list of obscure facts that I didn't know about Poe.
Edgar Allan Poe is known for his awesomely gruesome short stories like The
Black Cat and The Fall of the House of Usher, and for his poems like The Raven
Oct 26, 2015 ... Edgar Allan Poe's spooky raven enters the narrator's house, perches on a bust
above his chamber door, and repeats only one word, ...
Jan 19, 2014 ... 1. He was the first person to use the term 'short story'. At least, Poe's use of the
term is the earliest that has yet been uncovered, from 1840 ...
Fact or Fiction: A quiz for debunking myths!Your Score: 0/13. 1. Edgar Allan Poe
was born on January 19, 1908 in Boston, Massachusetts. Fact Fiction. 2.
A biography of 19th century American author, Edgar Allan Poe, written by Robert
May 2, 2012 ... So John Cusack just had his first onscreen turn as Edgar Allan Poe. ... but two of
his lesser known tales, “The Facts of M. Valdemar's Case,” and ...
Oct 7, 2013 ... 10 Surprising Facts About Edgar Allan Poe. The man wasn't all madness and
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Mar 17, 2015 ... 16 Mind-Blowing Facts About Edgar Allan Poe. It's weird enough marrying a 13-
year-old - but especially so when they're also your cousin... 271. | <urn:uuid:15abfbc3-cfed-4fd1-b4d6-a4725fe49bb5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ask.com/web?qsrc=6&o=102140&oo=102140&l=dir&gc=1&qo=popularsearches&ad=dirN&q=Facts+about+Edgar+Allen+Poe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901494 | 380 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Sponsored Link •
Bill Venners: What does orthogonality mean and why is it good?
Andy Hunt: The basic idea of orthogonality is that things that are not related conceptually should not be related in the system. Parts of the architecture that really have nothing to do with the other, such as the database and the UI, should not need to be changed together. A change to one should not cause a change to the other. Unfortunately, we've seen systems throughout our careers where that's not the case.
Dave Thomas: For example, when one client changed the number of lines on the screen, they had to change the database schema too.
Andy Hunt: This is what computer scientists call coupling, one thing is tied—or coupled—to another. There are exceptions and tradeoffs, but in most cases you want to minimize coupling between things that are otherwise unrelated. It is easy in an OO system to accidentally introduce coupling. You can do it just by the way you set up libraries, if you're working in a language like C or C++, where you link things together. If you want to make a little program to test out one API or interface and you have to link in every library in the system, you have too much coupling. Your system is not orthogonal.
Orthogonality is one of those creeping viral problems. If you introduce some new functionality and you realize you've coupled it to something unnecessarily, you might say, "These two things shouldn't really know about each other, but it's OK. It's just these two things." But the next functionality you add might also know about something it shouldn't. Soon you have four things that know about each other that shouldn't. The problem grows somewhat unexpectedly. You get a system that quickly becomes a nightmare. One way we illustrate a highly coupled system in the book is the helicopter story.
Bill Venners: I thought the helicopter story was a great illustration. Why don't you tell it?
Dave Thomas: A helicopter has four main controls: foot pedals, collective pitch lever, cyclic, and throttle. The foot pedals control the tail rotor. With the foot pedals you can counteract the torque of the main blade and, basically, point the nose where you want the helicopter to go. The collective pitch lever, which you hold in your left hand, controls the pitch on the rotor blades. This lets you control the amount of lift the blades generate. The cyclic, which you hold in your right hand, can tip one section of the blade. Move the cyclic, and the helicopter moves in the corresponding direction. The throttle sits at the end of the pitch lever.
It sounds fairly simple. You can use the pedals to point the helicopter where you want it to go. You can use the collective to move up and down. Unfortunately, though, because of the aerodynamics and gyroscopic effects of the blades, all these controls are related. So one small change, such as lowering the collective, causes the helicopter to dip and turn to one side. You have to counteract every change you make with corresponding opposing forces on the other controls. However, by doing that, you introduce more changes to the original control. So you're constantly dancing on all the controls to keep the helicopter stable.
That's kind of similar to code. We've all worked on systems where you make one small change over here, and another problem pops out over there. So you go over there and fix it, but two more problems pop out somewhere else. You constantly push them back—like that Whack-a-Mole game—and you just never finish. If the system is not orthogonal, if the pieces interact with each other more than necessary, then you'll always get that kind of distributed bug fixing.
The funny thing about the helicopter story is that I'm not a helicopter pilot. When I wrote the helicopter story, I wanted to make sure it was accurate. I knew of a USENET group on helicopters, so I posted the helicopter story saying, "This is what I'm intending to write about how helicopter controls work. Is it correct? A helicopter pilot emailed me and said, "I read what you wrote about controlling helicopters. I didn't sleep all night."
Come back Monday, March 17 for Part III of this conversation with Pragmatic Programmers Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas. If you'd like to receive a brief weekly email announcing new articles at Artima.com, please subscribe to the Artima Newsletter.
Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas are authors of The Pragmatic Programmer, which is available on Amazon.com at:
The Pragmatic Programmer's home page is here:
Dave Thomas was not the first person I've interviewed who mentioned the arcade
game Whack-a-Mole. James Gosling also called upon the versatile Whack-a-Mole
metaphor while pointing out that it is sometimes hard in
engineering to know if you've solved a problem or moved it:
The Agile Manifesto is here:
Ward's Wiki, the first WikiWikiWeb, created by Ward Cunningham, is here: | <urn:uuid:c4e3a9fb-8e2e-4105-bb5b-925993da6d72> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.artima.com/intv/dry3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948005 | 1,064 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Power sector a big contributor to global warming
BANGALORE: That global warming is a serious threat staring at us is well-known, but few would know that the power sector has been a major contributor to it over the years. Its contribution is significant in the form of ever-increasing coal power plants that hugely pollute the environment.
This was the topic of discussion among experts at an event on Wednesday.
Experts said India may soon become the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases globally. To combat global warming, the need to minimize carbon dioxide emission from the power sector becomes obvious. Moreover, within the energy sector, electricity alone accounts for 65.4% of all greenhouse gas emissions.
"There is an urgent need to reduce emissions from the power sector, which is possible only by minimizing the number of large conventional projects, and not by increasing them by a wide margin," said Shankar Sharma, who has compiled his research on the power sector in a book, 'Integrated power policy'.
"We can lead comfortable lives even if we use one-third of the energy (electricity) that we are utilizing now. The need is to figure out how to use, transmit and save energy," said Karnataka State Pollution Control Board chairperson Vaman Acharya.
Elaborating on the power crisis in the state, YB Ramakrishna, executive chairman of the Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board, said a high 35% of electricity is lost in transmission and distribution.
Unless the overall efficiency in transmission and distribution of electricity is improved, the combined losses at the national level may increase from Rs 68,643 crore in 2010-11 to Rs 1.16 crore by 2014-15. Such losses have led to deprivation of adequate funding to other crucial sectors of our developmental process such as drinking water supply, poverty alleviation, health, education, rural infrastructure, etc. | <urn:uuid:ec86719a-44a7-43e1-8012-46f78a55b9d5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/environment/global-warming/power-sector-a-big-contributor-to-global-warming/articleshow/16761041.cms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957222 | 385 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Read the most recent Q & A’s from our Dentist Vaughan Blog:
When I brush my teeth, my gums bleed. Is this normal?
If your gums bleed when you brush your teeth, chances are you may already have the mildest form of gum disease called, gingivitis. Other warning signs include gum tenderness, redness, or puffiness. Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums around the teeth due to inadequate cleaning of the teeth and gums.
Gum disease is usually caused by the build-up of plaque, an invisible sticky layer of germs that forms on the teeth and gums. Plaque contains bacteria, which produce toxins that irritate and damage the gums. If plaque is not removed through regular brushing and dental cleaning appointments, it will harden into what is known as tartar. Ultimately, this will lead to increased bleeding and a more advanced and serious form of gum disease known as periodontitis
, a common cause for people to visit an emergency dentist
The initial step in the treatment of gingivitis requires a dentist Vaughan to carefully clean your teeth, eliminating all traces of plaque and tartar around the gums. Gingivitis typically resolves after a professional dental cleaning as long as you continue to follow good dental hygiene (brushing and flossing) at home. Prevention of gingivitis is quite simple: Brush your teeth at least twice a day and floss daily. It is also important to visit your dentist in Vaughan regularly for professional teeth cleaning.
I have several teeth that are sensitive. What is the cause?
We see this quite frequently. Patients come to our dentist Vaughan office reporting that they experience a sharp, stinging sensation when eating sweets or ice cream, drinking hot or cold beverages, or even when breathing in cold air.
There are several possible reasons for sensitive teeth, but by far, the most common cause is gum recession. Gum recession refers to the loss of gum tissue around a tooth resulting in the exposure of the roots of teeth. The roots of the teeth appear as a darker yellow in colour (see picture).
Gum recession can occur as a result of:
- Overaggressive brushing, which causes the enamel and gumline to be worn away
- Not enough brushing or flossing, which allows bacteria to accumulate between the teeth and gums resulting in gum disease
How to prevent and treat sensitive teeth:
- Good oral hygiene: Brushing and flossing all around your teeth can help to prevent gum disease
- Brush gently: If your toothbrush bristles splay with use, you are brushing too hard
- Use a soft bristled toothbrush : Helps to prevent or reduce enamel wear and gum recession
- Use a sensitive toothpaste: It normally takes at least 23 weeks of regular brushing with sensitive toothpaste, such as Sendodyne, before improvement in tooth sensitivity may be noticed
- Bonding: Your dentist Vaughan may decide to apply a tooth-coloured, bonding material to cover exposed root surfaces, thereby reducing sensitivity
- Gum grafting: Your Vaughan dentist may be able to regenerate gum tissue by a gum grafting procedure
My child has a double row of bottom teeth! Are the adult teeth going to be crooked?
Every so often, we get a concerned parent that comes to our Vaughan dental office with their child, shocked to discover that their child has developed two rows of bottom front teeth. This happens because the adult teeth begin to come out more towards the inside of the mouth before the baby teeth are lost. Typically, this occurs around the age of six and is considered normal. In most instances, no treatment is necessary and the baby teeth will fall out on its own. Encourage your child to wiggle the baby tooth so that it will? loosen more and fall out faster. Once the baby tooth is out, the tongue will naturally push the permanent tooth forward into its proper position. If the baby tooth has not fallen out after 3 months, you should visit your Vaughan dentist for advice.
In most instances, no treatment is necessary by the kids dentist
and the baby teeth will fall out of its own.
Can adults still straighten their teeth?
Adults can definitely straighten their crooked teeth. If you are frightened by the thought of metal braces, brackets or wires, the way to go is Invisalign. Invisalign has become very popular among our adult patients who always wanted to straighten their teeth, but do not want to go through embarrassing metal braces. Our dentist Vaughan is trained and certified in providing Invisalign invisible braces treatment. The most appealing aspect of Invisalign is that it is nearly invisible (see picture). The procedure uses a series of clear aligner plastic trays that? move your teeth into a desired position. Each aligner is worn for approximately two weeks and each moves your teeth into a slightly different position. The length of your treatment will depend upon how much your teeth need to be moved and the type of tooth movements that need to be accomplished. On average, most cases take less than one year. You can find out more information on our Cosmetic Dentistry page.
Call our friendly dental team to schedule an appointment or if you have any questions at 905-707-8008. | <urn:uuid:155d2b63-ce3b-4fef-82d5-ecbaceddfc9b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dentistryvaughan.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944213 | 1,082 | 3.5 | 4 |
Consider a metal plate, on which a light of appropriate wavelength is incident such that it creates an interference pattern. The wavelength is chosen such that it can cause detectable photo-electric emission.
If we observe only the part of the metal where the light interferes destructively, two things can happen:
Due to the destructive interference(wave nature of light), there is no energy reaching that part so no photo-emission.
There are two photons reaching the destructive interface, so the electrons in the atom can interact with either of them and cause photo-emission.
Which one of the two will happen(Or will something entirely different happen)? Has this experiment been done before? | <urn:uuid:842e77cb-cbb4-4034-a4fe-fdf135675e27> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/82078/light-behaves-as-a-particle-or-wave-in-this-thought-experiment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900607 | 139 | 2.796875 | 3 |
|Interactive White Board Centre|
|Making a Book Centre|
|Writing a Menu Centre|
This group of students were also busy learning about simple machines. They worked in centres throughout the inquiry and their culminating task was to design and build a simple machine. Most had never touched a hammer or nail before this project. They loved it!
What kind of active learning is happening in your classroom? Please share! | <urn:uuid:adf1b514-9fd1-47b4-846c-4b421e41922e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://inquiry-based.blogspot.com/2014/06/busy-and-active-in-grade-one.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00041-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956414 | 85 | 2.90625 | 3 |
ANN ARBOR, Mich., May 24, 2011 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Despite significant technological improvements, children reliant on long-term mechanical ventilation often require extensive additional care, including costly hospital stays and emergency visits.
A new study led by University of Michigan researchers found that children with complex chronic conditions who require long-term mechanical ventilation have significantly higher mortality, longer length of hospitalizations, higher mean charges, and more emergency department admissions.
The results of this study, led by Brian D. Benneyworth, M.D., M.S., Pediatric Critical Care and Health Service Research Fellow with the Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) unit at the U-M Medical School, are available now online in the journal Pediatrics.
The study found that the length of initial hospitalizations for children requiring long term mechanical ventilation remained the same between 2000 and 2006, but total admissions (for these children) were up 55%.
Until now, researchers were unclear as to how often this technology was used and how often children requiring long-term mechanical ventilation were admitted for additional care. In an effort to improve patient care and anticipate continued growth in this group of patients, U-M researchers analyzed trends in relevant discharges nationally between 2000 and 2006.
Pediatricians use long-term mechanical ventilation technology to treat lung failure in children with various complex chronic conditions such as muscular dystrophy and premature birth. These ventilation systems are preferred, because they can be used at home.
The study, which analyzed all hospitalizations for children 0-20 years of age requiring long term mechanical ventilation, also found that infants and young children consume the highest proportion of health care resources for this particular demographic.
"Infants less than one year old made up 25% of the population, but used about 50% of the healthcare resources for all the children requiring long-term medical ventilation," says Benneyworth, who also treats patients at the U-M C.S. Mott Children's Hospital. "This means that there may be tremendous opportunities to improve the care that these young children receive."
The study also finds that infants have the longest length of hospitalization and the highest in-hospital mortality rates which may be important goals for additional research.
"Programs in many hospitals have been working to improve the discharge process and home care resources available to these children," says Benneyworth. "But these young children, with their long and expensive hospital stays, have different needs that we should identify."
The study showed a 55% growth in additional hospitalizations for children needing long-term mechanical ventilation support and a 70% increase in subsequent health care cost. Analysis also shows that in the final years of the study, the demand for additional care was greatest in patients between one and four years of age.
Most notably, infants less than a year old make up a small part of the total population, but also used about half of the total healthcare resources, demonstrating an opportunity for continued optimization in the care of young children requiring long-term mechanical ventilation.
Additional authors: Achamyeleh Gebremariam, M.S., Sarah J. Clark, M.P.H., Thomas P. Shanley, M.D., Matthew M. Davis, M.D., M.A.P.P.
Funding: Funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Citation: DOI: 10.1542 / Peds: 2010-2026
The University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital is consistently ranked as one of the best hospitals in the country. It was nationally ranked in all ten pediatric specialties in the U.S. News Media Group's 2011 edition of "America's Best Children's Hospitals" including third in the country for heart and heart surgery. In November, the hospital moves to a new 1.1 million square feet, $754 million state-of-the-art facility that will be home to cutting-edge specialty services for newborns, children and women.
|SOURCE University of Michigan Health System|
Copyright©2010 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:3910f3d7-c260-427c-93af-5e39da750dd9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-technology-1/U-M-Study-3A-Children-Dependent-on-Long-Term-Mechanical-Ventilation-Require-Longer--More-Expensive-Hospital-Care-17560-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00137-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946375 | 849 | 2.625 | 3 |
|Chikungunya virus particles emerging from an infected cell - is genetic diversity important to this virus?|
At around 1 mutation per 1,000 - 100,000 nucleotides per round of replication, RNA viruses have the highest mutation rate of anything seen in nature to date. During an infection of a single cell, thousands of new genomes are produced that will go on to make new virus particles; each genome will differ from another at most maybe 10 nucleotides (given an average virus of 10 kilobases in length).
This activity results in a 'swarm' of genome sequences that continuously sample sequence space and form what is known as a quasispecies, allowing the virus to adapt to it's complex environment; due to their general lack of proof-reading capability, large population sizes and mode of replication, these RNA viruses have an enormous bank of genetic diversity at their disposal. All those genome sequences uploaded to the public databases represent an average of the thousands of sequences isolated and fail to recognize their true diversity. But how important is it during an infection? No one has really been able to say, that is until now. And it turns out to be very important indeed and may even allow us to produce rationally attenuated vaccines for many of the worst viral pathogens.
According to a recent paper published in PNAS this week, this ability to produce quasispecies populations has a major effect on the outcomes of a viral infection. The team - led by Marco Vignuzzi of the Pasteur Institute in Paris - isolated a mutant Chikungunya virus (small positive-sense RNA virus) that wasn't all that good at mutating when compared to a wild-type one. They took the two variants: the more diverse versus less diverse and looked at how well it grew in mosquitoes and mice, representing its natural host species. While no significant differences were seen between the two viruses in cell culture, in vivo, the high-fidelity virus grew to lower levels than the wild-type, suggesting that there is a fitness cost associated with replicating more accurately during an infection.
This phenomenon had previously been documented with poliovirus (here and here), which is another small, positive-sense RNA virus, but as it was looked at in a rather unnatural model (polio receptor transgenic mice) it's general applicability wasn't known. This paper published now, clearly shows that this original observation can be applied to other RNA viruses and is relevant in a more natural model. Yet none of the papers have truly assessed why this occurring but it appears (mostly hypothetical) to be stemming from either the ability to revert deleterious mutations back to an advantageous one or possibly through generating co-operative genomes, each one successful at a different aspect of an infection (see review here). The use of this chikungunya virus model will most likely uncover some of the reasons why this is happening.
As one of the original poliovirus papers hypothesizes:
...certain variants within the population might facilitate the colonization of the gut, another set of mutants might serve as immunological decoys that trick the immune system, and yet another sub-population might facilitate crossing the blood–brain barrier.
Taken together, our data support a central concept in quasispecies theory, namely that successful colonization of an ecosystem (in this instance, an infected mouse) occurs by cooperation of different virus variants that occupy distinct regions of the population sequence distribution
It all makes me wonder how generally this observation could be applied to other RNA viruses, especially as many other viruses have been shown to form - at least heterogeneous - populations that have been linked to how well they cause disease and are transmitted.
Coffey, L., Beeharry, Y., Borderia, A., Blanc, H., & Vignuzzi, M. (2011). Arbovirus high fidelity variant loses fitness in mosquitoes and mice Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111650108 | <urn:uuid:69f5ea5e-e9c8-44ed-9202-8f2e07e4a823> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ruleof6ix.fieldofscience.com/2011/09/how-dangerous-are-viral-quasispecies.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959032 | 820 | 3.328125 | 3 |
male Common Midwife Toad looking after the eggs
photographer: Christian Fischer
Common Midwife Toad
The common midwife toad is found in Europe.
The special thing about them is how they deal with their eggs -- the female frog lays the eggs on the male in a string. The male wraps the string around his legs and keeps them with him, guarding them from predators until they hatch. Way to go dad!!
As soon as the eggs are ready to hatch, the male enters the water and allows the tadpoles to swim away -- at which point his job is done.
When a midwife toad is threatened, it fills itself with air, puffing up as big as it can. It may also push itself up on all four legs, standing as tall as possible. For the midwife toad in danger, bigger is better! | <urn:uuid:2beac322-f5b8-4482-ba4b-c3514a9dc1fe> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.kidzone.ws/lw/frogs/facts-midwife-toad.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97859 | 175 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Swollen Neck Anatomy
To better understand neck swelling, it helps to understand the anatomy of the neck and cervical spine.
The neck contains many important structures. The trachea, esophagus, spinal cord and large blood vessels run through the neck. The thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and lymph nodes are also present in the neck.
The neck also contains 7 stacked spine bones called vertebrae. This column of bones starts under the skull and continues to the upper back.
Bones of the cervical spine:
- Bones of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine
- Cervical spine side view
- Cervical spine back view
- Cervical spine front view
Inside the spinal column is a tube for the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a thick bundle of nerves that starts at the bottom of the brain. It carries information back and forth between the body and the brain.
In between the vertebrae are the disks. The disks act as rubber pads in between each vertebrae of the spine. Each disk attaches to the bottom of the vertebra above it, and to the top of the vertebrae below it. Strong ligaments and muscles hold the vertebral column together. All of these structures support, surround, and protect the spinal cord.
- The vertebral disks
- Spinal nerves exiting the spinal column in the neck
- Spinal cord and nerves
- View of disks and ligaments
Lymph nodes are also present in the neck. The nodes act as filters to fight infection in the body. Lymph nodes can enlarge in response to inflammation. This can occur due to cancer or an infection nearby the lymph vessels.
- Areas of lymph nodes in the body
- Areas in the body where lymph nodes can be felt
- Abnormal lymph node cells due to Hodgkin's disease
- Bas M, Hoffmann TK, Kojda G. Evaluation and management of angioedema of the head and neck. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 Jun;14(3):170-5.
- Nunnelee JD. Superior vena cava syndrome. J Vasc Nurs. 2007 Mar;25(1):2-5; quiz 6. | <urn:uuid:24b4ac33-67d9-408a-9636-3657220d02ea> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.freemd.com/swollen-neck/anatomy.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886819 | 472 | 3.515625 | 4 |
A two-decade legal fight to protect a squat lizard with dragon-like head spines from urban encroachment in Southern California took a new turn this week.
The Center for Biological Diversity has petitioned the California Fish and Game Commission to list the flat-tailed lizard as an endangered species – three years after federal wildlife authorities denied special protections for one of the rarest and most legally contested reptiles in the United States.
The lizard -- 3 1/2 inches long and a voracious consumer of harvester ants -- has been the focus of court battles since it was first proposed for listing in 1993 as a federally endangered species in its historic haunts in Arizona, California and Baja California, Mexico.
“A majority of the habitat left for this imperiled species is in Southern California, so the state has an obligation to safeguard it,” Ileene Anderson, a senior scientist with the center, said in an interview. “State protection will give this lizard a fighting chance at survival.”
The first waves of significant habitat loss occurred in the late 1930s and the ‘40s and ‘50s as a result of an agriculture boom in what once was a wide-open treeless landscape.
Later, habitat was fragmented and destroyed by roads, off-road vehicles, light industry, urban development and renewable energy facilities. The lizard’s primary prey, harvester ants, have also been hard hit by pesticides and competition with invasive Argentine ants.
Today, remnant populations of flat-tailed horned lizards cling to existence in Riverside and Imperial counties, where power poles and exotic palm trees favored by Sonoran Desert landscapers have become perches used by small falcons to spot prey and launch hunting sorties. | <urn:uuid:a380f525-742e-41ad-b345-5d33078952a5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-horned-lizard-protection-20140612-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948983 | 359 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In order to reduce such methane emissions and the risk of wildfires, it makes sense to reduce excess biomass waste in fields and forests. Until now, this was typically done by controlled burning of biomass, which also causes emissions, but far less than wildfires do. Avoiding wildfires is particularly important for the Arctic, which is vulnerable to soot deposits originating from wildfires in tundra and boreal forest. Such soot deposits cause more sunlight to be absorbed, accelerating the decline of snow and ice in the Arctic.
A team of scientists at University of Washington, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, has developed a way to remove woody biomass waste from forests without burning it in the traditional way. The team has developed a portable kiln that can be assembled around a heap of waste wood and convert it to biochar on the spot, while the biochar can also be burried in the soil on the spot.
|Demonstration in Kerby, Oregon, |
Nov. 6, 2012, by Carbon Cultures.
Credit: Marcus Kauffman at Flickr
Students have set up a company, Carbon Cultures, to promote the technology and to sell biochar. CEO of Carbon Cultures is Jenny Knoth, also a Ph.D. candidate in environmental and forest sciences.
The kiln restricts the amount of oxygen that can reach the biomass, which is transformed by pyrolysis into biochar. The woody waste is heated up to temperatures of about 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit (600 Celsius), as the kiln transforms some 800 pounds of wood into 200 pounds of biochar in less than two hours. “We also extinguish with water because it helps keep oxygen out and also activates the charcoal [making it more fertile in soil].”
Currently, the total costs of disposing of forest slash heaps (the collections of wood waste) approximate a billion dollars a year in the United States, according to Knoth.
And of course, adding biochar to the soil is a great way to reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. “Biochar is proven to fix carbon for hundreds of thousands of years,” Knoth said.
|Demonstration in Kerby, Oregon, November 6, 2012, organized by Carbon Cultures. Credit: Marcus Kauffman at Flickr|
As said, when biomass waste is left in the open air, methane emissions are produced during its decomposition. Moreover, such waste will fuel wildfires, which produce huge amounts of emissions. The traditional response therefore is to burn such waste. Pyrolyzing biomass produces even less greenhouse gases and less soot, compared to such controlled burning.
Biochar is produced in the process, which can be added to the soil on the spot. This will help soil retain moisture, nutrients and soil microbes, making forests more healthy, preventing erosion and thus reduces the risk of wildfires even further, in addition to the reduction already achieved by removal of surplus waste.
A healthy forest will retain more moist in its soil, in the air under its canopy, and in the air above the forest through expiration, resulting in more clouds that act as sunshades to keep the forest cool and return the moist to the forest through rainfall. Forests reinforce patterns of air pressure and humidity that result in long-distance air currents that bring moist air from the sea inland to be deposited onto the forest in the form of rain. Finally, clouds can reflect more sunlight back into space, thus reducing the chance of heatwaves.
- Recycling wood waste - The Daily of the University of Washington
- Helping Landowners with Waste Wood While Improving Agribusiness and Energy - National Science Foundation
- CU-Boulder gets into biochar | <urn:uuid:6e3c8b96-8aae-4cf4-956f-9ca2552f5a4f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://arctic-news.blogspot.fr/2013/01/turning-forest-waste-into-biochar.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939721 | 758 | 4.03125 | 4 |
How does the encryption algorithm Rijndael (also called AES) work?
It can be dangerous to try and transport highly confidential information to a secure place without unauthorized persons having access to it. For centuries people have always tried to create cryptographic languages that couldn't be decoded easily. From the ancient Rome to the Second World War and until today, heads of state and other powerful persons sent orders and important information encoded to mislead enemies or to keep information safe from unauthorized persons.
Unfortunately most of the time these encryption methods could be decoded easily. For example, cryptographic languages created by moving letters (e.g. today is a nice day = tod ayi sani ced ay) could be decoded easily. The problem with all, even the most elaborate cryptographic languages, is that, once the cipher has been found out, every text can be ’translated’. At the latest with the use of computers it became impossible to keep a cipher based on moving letters secret.
Nowadays other encryption methods are required to hide confidential information. These methods also use some sort of key which is only known to the sender and the recipient. So-called encryption algorithms are used for encrypting and decrypting. An encryption algorithm is a mathematical procedure which indicates how the data is converted.
Password Depot uses the Rijndael (also called AES, Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm to encrypt your confidential information.
Following we will explain this security algorithm and how it works.
The U.S. National Bureau of Standards created a complicated encryption standard called DES (Data Encryption Standard) which offered unlimited ways to encrypt data. This encryption standard was replaced by Rijndael encryption. The name Rijndael is composed of the names John Daemon and Vincent Rijmen, two Belgian cryptology experts and authors of this method. Rijndael uses a key for encryption that has a size of 128, 192 or 256 bits, which provides high protection against brute force attacks. In additon, this encryption method also works three times faster in software than DES. This method can be used for securely exchanging keys as well as transferring data with a size of 128 or 256 bits.
AES-256 is certified in the USA for government documents that are marked as top secret.
This is how the encryption algorithm Rijndael works
The Rijndael encryption method is based on replacing, changing and performing xor operations on bytes.
The method looks like this:
- From the 128-bit key, Rijndael generates 10 keys of 128 bits each.
- These keys are placed into 4x4 arrays.
- The plain text is also divided into 4x4 arrays (128 bits each).
- Each of the 128-bit plain-text items is processed in 10 rounds (10 rounds for 128-bit-keys, 12 for 192, 14 for 256).
- After the 10th round the code is generated.
- Each single byte is substituted in an S box and replaced by the reciprocal on GF (2 8).
- Then a bit-wise modulo-2 matrix is applied, followed by an XOR operation with 63.
- The lines of the matrices are sorted cyclically.
- The columns of the matrix multiplication are interchanged on GF (2 8).
- The subkeys of each round are subjected to an XOR operation.
The security level of this encryption method increases if Rijndael is performed several times with different subkeys.
The official specifications can be found on the following page: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/fips-197.pdf
Brute Force Attacks are very dangerous, as all possible keys are used to attack an encryption method. The attacker can spread a virus over the Internet that tries out keys in the background undetected and exchanges its results through a server. With this kind of attacks it is nowadays possible to crack DES within a short amount of time. Modern methods like BlowFish and Rijndael are protected against Brute Force Attacks, as their key sizes can be higher than 128 bit.
Furthermore, Password Depot's delay function makes Brute Force Attacks more difficult. This function automatically locks the program for a few seconds after a wrong password was entered.
And one thing is certain: As the key size for Rijndael can be varied randomly, these modern security algorithms are considered to remain uncrackable for a very long time!
More about Brute Force Attacks. | <urn:uuid:8ff79452-b7cc-4bcf-8d38-c2aa9df6c07a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.password-depot.com/know-how/blowfish_and_rijndael.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931458 | 932 | 4 | 4 |
include ("includes/analytics.htm") ?>
|Date assigned:||January 26, 2000|
|Date due:||Wednesday, February 2, 2000 by 5:00 p.m.|
PROBLEM 1 (20)
Explain how and why each of the following will change as a parcel of air with an unchanging amount of water vapor rises, expands, and cools: a) absolute humidity; b) relative humidity; c) actual vapor pressure; d) saturation vapor pressure.
PROBLEM 2 (15)
In the winter of 1844, John C. Fremont and Kit Carson led an expedition that crossed the Sierra Nevada Mountains near present day Carson Pass, which is located about 15 miles south of Lake Tahoe and only several miles east of Kirkwood Ski Resort. Despite experiencing tremendous hardships, including having to eat their pet dog and some of their horses, Fremont recorded much scientific data, including the elevation of various points along their trail. On February 20, 1944, Fremont writes: "The temperature of boiling water gave for the elevation of the encampment nine thousand three hundred and thirty-eight feet above the sea."
Explain how Fremont was able to estimate his elevation based on the boiling point of water. Your answer must include a discussion of saturation vapor pressure.
PROBLEM 3 (10)
The data given in the chart below represents the dew-point temperature (Td) and expected minimum temperature (Tmin) near the ground for various clear winter mornings in a southeastern city. Assume that the dew-point temperature remains constant throughout the night. Answer the following questions about the data.(a) On which morning would there be the greatest likelihood of observing visible frost? Explain.
|Morning 1||Morning 2||Morning 3||Morning 4||Morning 5| | <urn:uuid:0149e83c-1523-41be-92d7-55ef8dba39ce> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/classes/atm5/Homework-3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931081 | 379 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Summer Months Peak Season For West Nile Virus
Wednesday, July 31, 2013
Aired 7/31/13 on KPBS News.
In San Diego County, three crows have tested positive for West Nile virus in recent weeks. KPBS Morning Edition's Deb Welsh speaks with Chris Conlan, a county health official, to learn what makes the virus so prevalent.
SAN DIEGO In recent weeks, three cases of West Nile virus have been discovered in San Diego County. KPBS Morning Edition's Deb Welsh speaks with Chris Conlan of the county Department of Environmental Health to find out why we're seeing multiple cases this time of year and how to keep you and your family safe.
Q: Is the virus more prevalent during the summer? And if so, why?
A: There's a number of things that go into it, but the primary one in this particular instance is temperature. West Nile virus will proliferate much faster during warmer temperatures — so usually later in July, August and September, those are pretty much the peak months.
Q: Can you describe the symptoms of West Nile virus?
A: In fact, four out of five people usually don't experience any symptoms from it, but for those that do, the usual suspect symptoms are going to be things like a fever and pretty nasty headache that persists for a couple of days. Then again, it can get worse. In the case where people have weakened immune systems, for whatever reason it decides to wreaks havoc with their system, it can progress to a pretty nasty encephalitis-like condition where you end up in the hospital.
Q: Now there's no treatment or vaccine for the virus, so what is it we can do to protect ourselves?
A: Because it's only really transmitted by mosquito, the big thing here is to stop getting bitten by mosquitoes. You can do that in a number of ways. Of course, the big one is by wearing mosquito repellent to prevent bites. You can also put on long sleeves and long pants, especially during the hours when mosquitoes are biting the most, which is dusk and dawn. And then, of course, there's always trying to prevent mosquitoes from breeding in your own backyard. So, it's a good idea to walk around your yard, keep an out for any potential sources of standing water and eliminate those as soon as you find them because it only takes about a week for a mosquito to go from an egg to adult in a standing water source.
Please stay on topic and be as concise as possible. Leaving a comment means you agree to our Community Discussion Rules. We like civilized discourse. We don't like spam, lying, profanity, harassment or personal attacks. | <urn:uuid:9991bfae-6a82-4644-adaa-5757bf1849e0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jul/31/summer-months-peak-season-west-nile-virus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961983 | 552 | 3.140625 | 3 |
On April 22, 1970, 20 million people across America celebrated the first Earth Day. It was a time when cities were buried under their own smog and polluted rivers caught fire. Now Earth Day is celebrated annually around the globe. Through the combined efforts of the U.S. government, grassroots organizations, and citizens like you, what started as a day of national environmental recognition has evolved into a world-wide campaign to protect our global environment.
The following are several tips and fun ways to protect the environment and your health every day.
* Reduce your carbon footprint. Leaving your car at home twice a week can cut greenhouse gas emissions over 1,500 pounds per year.
* Don't idle. Remind your school system to turn off bus engines when buses are parked to eliminate harmful exhaust pollution.
* It's electric. Check how much of your electricity comes from renewable sources, like wind, solar. Then find green power options available to you.
* Tread lightly. Commuting without polluting! Use public transportation, carpool, walk or bike whenever possible to reduce air pollution and save on fuel costs.
* Make the switch. Buy or switch to energy efficient lighting fixtures and bulbs. Look for the EnergyStar label to help save you money on energy bills and pollute less.
* eCycle it. Take your old computer, DVD player or other electronics to a recycling center. This helps keep hazardous substances out of the landfill.
* Everyone can make a difference. High school students can study links between everyday actions at their high school, greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
* Make your home an Energy Star! As you start your spring cleaning, do a home energy audit and switch to EnergyStar products.
Efficient water use
* Make it a full load. Run your dishwasher only when it's full; use the rinse-and-hold dishwasher feature until you're ready to run a full load.
* Be sensible. Buy water-efficient fixtures and products. The WaterSense label helps shoppers identify water efficient products and programs.
* Shower power. A full bath tub requires about 70 gallons of water, while taking a five-minute shower saves water by using 10 to 25 gallons.
* Don't be a drip, fix that leak. Leaky faucets can waste thousands of gallons of water each year, like money down the drain. Repair or replace old or damaged fixtures.
* Fill 'er up! Make it a full load. The average washing machine uses 40. 9 gallons of water per load. Buy a high-efficiency washer or save up for full loads.
The three Rs—reduce, reuse and recycle
* Compost it. Allow grass clippings to stay on the lawn, instead of bagging them. The cut grass will decompose and return to the soil naturally.
* Proper maintenance reduces waste. Maintain and repair products. Keep appliances in good working order. Follow manufacturers' suggestions for proper operation and maintenance.
* Don't trash it--reuse it! Be creative about reducing waste. Give pet hamsters or gerbils cardboard tubes to play with. Use an egg carton to plant seedlings.
* Just bag it. Take reusable bags on shopping trips. Keep them in your car or near your door to remember. You can also reuse paper or plastic shopping bags.
* Wait for the storm to pass. Don’t fertilize before a rain storm. Your fertilizer--along with your money--washes down storm drains and can pollute rivers and bays.
* Compost it. When properly composted, kitchen wastes can become natural soil additives for lawns, gardens and even house plants.
* Travel green. When you travel, stay at hotels that use less water or energy. Before you go, unplug your VCR or other electronics that use electricity even when off.
Protect your environment
* Be the first to know. Protect yourself! In summer, always apply sun block SPF 15 or more to protect your skin from solar UV radiation.
* Check before you go. Find out the quality of beach water before you go. Check with your state office to be sure you will enjoy your visit to the beach.
* Environmental hazards and the elderly. Be extra aware of conditions where older people live. As we age, our bodies become more sensitive to chemicals and environmental conditions.
* Read the label. Use pesticides safely, whether at home or in the field. Always follow the instructions on the can or container label--it's the law.
* Don't top off! During hot weather, don't top off your gas tank. Even a small gas spill adds to air pollution and wastes fuel.
* Don't let waste run off! You can reduce polluted storm water runoff--simply pick up your pet’s waste; don't leave it to wash away after a rain.
* Use clean diesel. Encourage your hometown or state to spend road construction money on the cleanest equipment for air quality.
* Compliance made easy. Farmers, mechanics and other businesses can help protect the environment by better understanding environmental requirements.
* Celebrate Earth Day! Exercising outdoors? Use your local air quality forecast to help plan the best time for a workout or run.
* Breathe easy. On unhealthy air pollution action alert days, wait to mow your lawn until it's cooler in the evening or early the next morning.
* Play it safe. Protect children from poisoning by household chemicals such as bug spray. Lock pesticides and chemicals safely away from children.
U.S Environmental Protection Agency, April 22, 2008 | <urn:uuid:57672068-ef07-4839-b755-6841eb9c7989> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.skininc.com/spabusiness/sustainability/18001459.html?mobi=y | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914708 | 1,157 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Convert (a substance, molecule, etc.) into a radioactive form.
- Thousands of tons of spray radioactivate the surfaces they fall upon to a dangerous degree, for an unknown length of time.
- The neutron bombardment is serious: it radioactivates substances and weakens structures.
- The terrific explosion sent reddish-blue or dark-brown flames shooting out against the ground at an astonishing velocity, radioactivating some forty percent of the city area.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: radio|acti¦vate
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:c88c9022-fc98-4b88-bf1a-6654a4a52794> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/radioactivate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.800139 | 143 | 3.1875 | 3 |
A cowboy or cowgirl is a hard-working sort, and most of their clothing is practical. Often, the hat and boots cost more than all the other gear put together. More than one hat and pair of boots are necessary... everyone needs something for dress as well as everyday work clothes.
Probably the earliest hat worn by the American Cowboy was the Mexican Sombrero, with it's high crown and wide brim. This hat style can still be seen in the southwest, although it is now usually worn on more festive occasions.
The Southerners introduced the plantation hat, with a wide brim and low flat crown, something resembling the old Mississippi gambler's hat.
By about 1870, a new make of hat was introduced to the West!
John B. Stetson spent several years as a cowboy and prospector in the West. Stetson opened a Philadelphia factory in 1865, with a practical knowledge of what the western cowboy needed and liked in the way of hats. His hats were made of fur felt, to last a lifetime, even with rough treatment. Hat's were often used as pillows and water buckets as well as for shade.
Stetsons were very expensive compared to the wool felt black low crowned and narrow brimmed hats of most farmers. Cowboys would often spend a good portion of their income on a good Stetson, because it held it's shape and lasted a very long time.
Generally, younger men and women are more prone to the wider brim and lower crowned hats... and will experiment with colors rather than stick with the traditional black or light tan.
Significance of Cowboy Hat Creases
Back in the day, you could usually tell where a man came from by the way his hat was creased.
When the States were still Territories, men creased their hats in various ways in order to be recognized as coming from a certain area of the country. The crease was a symbol - or signal: and it as important as cattle brands.
You will find hat's creased downward in the center of the crown, creased on either side of the crown to form a peak in the center, creased in front to form a triangular shaped peak and hats without any crease in the crown.
Because of the nature of our transient lifestyle... creasing is more of a preference rather than a symbol. | <urn:uuid:6e57eed7-eaeb-4744-aa64-7474b21e9c4c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art56905.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979685 | 480 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Virtual Image Formation
Converging lenses form virtual images if the object distance is shorter than the focal length. Using the common form of the lens equation, i is negative. Such images are formed with the simple magnifier .
If an object distance smaller than the focal length is entered to agree with the illustration, then the image is an enlarged virtual image on the same side of the lens as the object and will give a negative image distance. If a calculation yields a negative focal length, then the lens is a diverging lens rather than the converging lens in the illustration. The lens equation can be used to calculate the image distance for either real or virtual images and for either positive on negative lenses. The linear magnification relationship allows you to predict the size of the image. | <urn:uuid:8a2362d4-8cb3-4a1d-8212-89ba74b49c85> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/image4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859351 | 155 | 3.859375 | 4 |
A Typical Chinese Birthday Bash
Some people even believe that the number of strokes in a name has a lot to do
with a person's fate. So, when a child is named, the number of strokes in the
name is also taken into account.
Some parents prefer to use a character from an eminent person's name, hoping
that their child will inherit that person's nobility and greatness. Characters
with noble and encouraging connotations are also among some of the top choices.
Some parents inject their own desires into their children's names. When they
want to have a boy, for example, they may name their girl Zhaodi, which means
"expecting a brother."
The Chinese traditional way of counting one's age is different from the
Western way. In China, people take the first day of the Chinese Lunar New Year
as the starting point. No matter in which month a child is born, he or she is
one year old at this time, and one more year is added as soon as he or she
enters the New Year. It is very puzzling for Westerners when a child turns two
years old when he or she is actually two days or just two hours old. This can
occur when a child is born on the last day or hour of the previous year.
The first important event for the newly born baby is the one-month
celebration. Among Buddhist or Taoist families, on the morning of the baby's
30th day, sacrifices are offered to the gods so that the gods will protect the
baby in his or her subsequent life. Ancestors are also informed of the arrival
of a new member to the family. According to custom, relatives and friends
receive gifts from the child's parents. The types of gifts vary from place to
place, but eggs dyed red are usually a must both in the city and countryside.
Red eggs are chosen as gifts since they are the symbol of change in life; their
round shape also symbolizes a harmonious and happy life. Eggs are dyed red
because red represents happiness in Chinese culture. Besides eggs, cakes,
chickens and hams are also often given as gifts. As during the Spring
Festival, gifts are always given in even numbers.
During the celebration, relatives and friends of the family will also give
some presents that the child may use, such as food, daily necessities, or gold
or silverware. But the most common gift is money wrapped in a piece of red paper. Grandparents usually give their grandchildren a
gold or silver item to show their deep love for the child. In the evening, the
child's parents prepare a rich feast at home or go to a restaurant to celebrate. | <urn:uuid:a233bfa3-4067-4983-a020-2972b4a89824> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_chinaway/2004-09/14/content_60246_3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971502 | 566 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A long time ago (20 years), in a place far, far away (Frankton, Indiana), students began collecting pennies, nickels, dimes and quarters to raise money for the Conservancy’s Adopt an Acre program. Watch this fun video to learn about their amazing success!
The Life Cycle of the Monarch Butterfly
All butterflies will go through a complete metamorphosis in four stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult. For the Monarch butterfly, metamorphosis will take about a month.
A female will lay a single egg at a time, usually on a leaf of the milkweed plant. It is hard to determine how many eggs a female will lay in its lifetime, but it is believed the number is somewhere between 100 and 300. Eggs will hatch four days after being laid.
Once hatched, the butterfly enters its larval stage, commonly known as its time as a caterpillar. The Monarch caterpillar is distinguished by its bands of cream, yellow and black. During this stage, the caterpillar spends most of its time feeding on its singular diet of poisonous milkweed. This consumption of milkweed is built up so as an adult, the Monarch is poisonous to those that eat it – its one defense against predators. As the caterpillar gets bigger, it will molt (and then consume its shedding). This shedding occurs five times during the larval stage.
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The next stage – the pupa stage – is when the caterpillar makes its greatest transformation. At this point, the larvae will encase itself in a chrysalis, a smooth, hard-shell casing where its body tissues and organs are broken down and re-arranged to create the adult. This is the Monarch's most vulnerable stage as it has limited ability to move if threatened by predators or adverse weather conditions. Its jade-colored casing is well camouflaged in order to elude potential threats.
When the Monarch materializes from its chrysalis, it emerges as a beautiful butterfly of deep orange, black and white. As an adult, their main duty is to reproduce, and will do so several times in their life. The monarch’s lifespan varies depending on when they emerge as a pupa and whether or not it will migrate. Those that are born in the early summer will have the shortest life – about two to five weeks. Monarchs that emerge in the late summer and migrate south will live much longer, around 8 – 9 months. Many of these Monarchs will experience the longest migration route for any butterfly in the world - a truly unique phenomenon.
There and Back Again: The Monarch Migration
Every autumn, around three million Monarch butterflies will travel around 3,000 miles to inhabit the mountains of central Mexico or small groves of trees along California’s coast. But why? Monarchs are cold-blooded insects that cannot survive the long, cold winters of temperate climates. If these butterflies failed to take off, they will most likely perish. Their migration is a natural, survival instinct that has amazed people around the world as there is no other North American butterfly that migrates the way that most birds do.
There is a difference between butterfly and bird migrations. While most of the birds that fly south for the winter always return, butterflies do not. Instead the adults continue to mate and reproduce then die. It is their offspring (and their offspring’s offspring) that somehow know they must return north and how to do so. There are many questions researchers and scientists have about the Monarch butterfly that are left unanswered. For instance, how do those that didn’t make the trip south know how to get back north? Or how do following generations of Monarchs know exactly where to go to overwinter in the first place?
According to Monarch Watch – a University of Kansas site dedicated to the education, conservation and research of the Monarch – overwintering sites are dependent on where the butterflies migrate from. Butterflies west of the Rocky Mountains will return to the California coast. Millions of monarchs east of the Rockies will migrate to the Transverse Neovolcanic Mountain Belt in central Mexico. Regardless of where they are overwintering, the sites are very similar. The most important element is great stands of trees where the monarchs can cluster together. The surrounding habitat – underbrush, stream, fog and water – is also necessary in order to protect the butterflies from wind and snow as well as provide moisture and a cool place as to not use up their reserved energy.
In order to understand the migration instincts of the Monarch, researchers began tracking the butterfly. This ever-expanding project began in 1937 with F. A. Urquhart who started tagging the wings of the butterflies. The project grew as he started to enlist volunteers across the country in his Insect Migration Association. His research provided new information on where Monarchs overwinter in California. Although this particular project ended in 1977, many other organizations followed Urquhart’s lead and have continued monitoring Monarchs all over the world. Monarch Watch, Journey North and Monarch Alert are just a few of these organizations still working today.
Why Should We Care?
With millions of Monarchs in existence, it would sound foolish to say that they are in danger of being endangered. The truth is that there are many organizations and researchers concerned over the overwintering habitats Monarchs need in order to survive. There are only eleven to fourteen mountain tops in Mexico where these butterflies can find a safe haven to wait out the harsh winters in temperate climates. These areas are being targeted for new roads, housing developments and agriculture expansion. In the southern coastline of California, the stands of eucalyptus trees, Monterey pines and Monterey cypresses are in danger of being cut down due to the rate of land development in the surrounding area. If we do not concern ourselves with the possible destruction of these sites now, we may have to worry about the extinction of Monarch butterflies sooner than we would expect.
The North American Viceroy (Limenitis archippus) is very similar to Monarchs in size, shape, coloration and pattern. Lucky for them as predators who have learned to avoid the Monarch is likely to avoid the Viceroy as well.
Monarch Butterfly Quick Facts
- Scientific name:Danaus plexippus
- Wingspan: 3 3/8 - 4 7/8 inches
- Life span: takes a month to become an adult; dependent on season pupa emerges; longest is nine months
- Description of egg: spherical, ridged and white; of caterpillar: banded with cream, black & yellow stripes; of adult: bright orange with black wings; white spots on outer margins with three orange patches on top; body is black with white spots
- Differentiation between sexes: females thicker, black wing margins; males have small claspers on body, distinguishing black spot on its wings
- Habitat: found in open areas - meadows, marshes, pastures and fields
- Migration: some fly over 2,000 miles to overwinter in southern California coasts to the mountain regions of central Mexico; some will stay in one place for all their life
- Diet: caterpillars - own shell, then only consumes the poisonous milkweed; an adult uses its proboscis to sip the nectar of various flowers
- Predators: insects, spiders, birds, small vertebrate; viruses & bacteria are more likely killers of Monarchs
- Defense: poisonous - built up this poison from milkweed during the larval stage; coloration of bold colors is used as a warning to predators | <urn:uuid:505e6118-cb62-4846-8cf3-8856b3abfc1c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/indiana/journeywithnature/monarch-butterfly-migration.xml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00177-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939575 | 1,613 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The Australian Capital Territory is Australia’s Bush Capital. Its natural environment is both beautiful and important from an ecological and landscape perspective. It is important we continue to manage and protect our environment both from the nature conservation perspective and through the environment protection activities.
The Environment and Planning Directorate has nature conservation legislation, strategies, programs and public information in place to help preserve this environment. Further information about Nature Conservation.
In addition, the Environment Protection Authority has a statutory role in ensuring standards are maintained and rules enforced in a range of areas related to the environment. | <urn:uuid:68251461-e88b-4316-84bf-d6db642fad72> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.environment.act.gov.au/environment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90585 | 112 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The results of a Gallup study released yesterday show that if some of the nation's Latinos could live elsewhere, they would. Based on a telephone survey of 1,000 Latino adults, the new study shows that more than one in seven, or an estimated 4 million, would leave the United States if they could.
According to Gallup, 52 percent said they would prefer to live in a Latin American country if it were possible, including nearly a third who indicated Mexico. Others would like to be in Canada, Spain, the United Kingdom and other nations outside of Latin America.
Those who would rather live elsewhere are more likely to be foreign-born and struggling with finances, language and culture, according to the study. The results reflect how while the United States may be a land of opportunity, life here is not without its struggles, especially for many newcomers. From the report:
U.S. Hispanics who would like to migrate are caught between two worlds. Gallup's data show they are less integrated than those who don't want to migrate -- they're more likely to feel good only among other Hispanics, feel more discriminated against, and are less likely to speak English well. They not only experience more cultural tension, but also seem to be doing worse off economically, particularly with regard to their ability to afford healthcare for themselves and their families.
Further, U.S. Hispanics who would like to migrate are more likely to say they have sent remittances back home in the past 12 months and are less optimistic about the future possibility of increasing or maintaining the amount of these remittances.
The complete results of the study can be read here. | <urn:uuid:7a4b7654-7e31-454a-a834-08a4a67d7c0e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scpr.org/blogs/multiamerican/2010/11/10/7912/report-if-they-could-some-u-s-latinos-would-rather/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00125-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976307 | 331 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Benjamin Franklin’s concern about the function of the Senate, it’s accountability, and the nature of its influence is more important today than when he raised the issue during the Constitutional Convention. More than one-half the nation’s population lives in just ten states, but they have only one-fifth of the votes in the Senate. This means that 12 percent of the U.S. population controls forty-one votes and can immobilize that chamber.
Given the transient character of the population and the changing nature of individual states, it is hard to justify this imbalance. Rules of the Senate, such as the filibuster must be reformed to encourage open debate and actual votes on the nation’s business. | <urn:uuid:8dd0324e-07a9-4e47-aea8-28866adc702c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://patriotacts.com/tag/filibuster-rules/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00002-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933453 | 147 | 3.375 | 3 |
Transportation in United States is achieved through highly developed road, rail, air and water networks. Majority of the travel occurs through automobile for short distances and airplane for long distances.
Buses are the most convenient and economical mode of transport in USA. There are different companies that provide intercity transport facility.
The United States has the world?s largest railway network covering 48 states with a distance of 240,000 kms. Currently major part of the rail network is used to transport cargo. The freight trains are given the highest priority over passenger trains.
Why Rail Transport in America?
Trains in America are very popular because of the on board social atmosphere, the spacious environment of the cars, different routes having beautiful natural scenarios and the total solace of the train ride. When you travel from one coast of United States to another, you can experience one of the memorable and exciting train journeys in the world. This train trip is affordable and you can enjoy the different classes of accommodation and comforts.
The best time to travel by train in America
The peak season when travel is most active and rates are highest is from April to September. If you are visiting the U.S. and plan to use the train services too much then the spring and autumn seasons are the best because during these seasons the ticket prices will be less and you can view the beautiful natural scenarios. During summer season and national holidays the trains will be crowded.
Train Timings and Brochures in the US
The major train operators in America have their official websites that you visit and gather information about the timings, on-board facilities, discounts and the routes. The brochures published by Amtrak are also available at many staffed stations and be ordered online. Also for every route a leaflet with the timings and the facilities available on-board is also provided.
Amtrak in the US
The intercity passenger train service in United States is provided by a government-owned corporation, National Railroad Passenger Corporation called Amtrak. "Amtrak" is derived from two words "America" and "track". Its headquarters is located at Union Station in Washington, D.C. Click here to visit the official website of Amtrak to find out more details about the tickets, rail pass, new routes...
American Commuter Rail Systems
In Large American cities, commuter rail systems provide common carrier passenger transportation along railway tracks. These systems connect the suburbs with their respective metro area?s central metropolis. These systems are very useful when you are getting out of the city for a day or a weekend holiday.
List of all commuter rail systems in America
You can visit the official websites and gather information about the ticket fares, the train timings and schedules, routes, discounts and offers.
Long Island Rail Road - serves the length of Long Island in New York. It is the busiest commuter railroad in North America, serving about 83 million passengers each year.
New Jersey Transit Rail Operations - provides regional rail service in New Jersey, with most service centered on transportation to and from New York City, Hoboken, and Newark.
Metra - serves Chicago and its metropolitan area through 240 stations on 11 different rail lines.
Metro-North Railroad - runs service between New York City to its northern suburbs in New York and Connecticut.
MBTA Commuter Rail - provides rail service as far south as Warwick, Rhode Island, and as far north as Newburyport and as far west as Worcester, in Massachusetts.
SEPTA Regional Rail - serves Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties.
Caltrain - serves link between San Francisco and San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.
Metrolink - operates lines in Ventura County, Los Angeles County, San Bernardino County, Riverside County, Orange County, and San Diego County
Virginia Railway Express - connects the Northern Virginia suburbs to Union Station in Washington, D.C., via two lines: the Fredericksburg Line from Fredericksburg, Virginia, and the Manassas Line from Broad Run/Airport station in Bristow, Virginia.
Tri-Rail - provides rail services from Miami to Fort Lauderdale to Palm Beach.
South Shore Line - operates between Millennium Station in downtown Chicago and the South Bend Regional Airport in South Bend, Indiana.
Sound Transit - operates from Seattle, Washington, to Everett in the north and to Tacoma in the south.
Trinity Railway Express - provides service between Fort Worth & Dallas.
Capitol Corridor - operates daily from the San Francisco Bay Area to Sacramento.
FrontRunner - provides rail service in the northern portion of the Wasatch Front from Salt Lake Central Station to Ogden Union Station.
New Mexico Rail Runner Express - serves the metropolitan areas of Albuquerque and Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Altamont Commuter Express - rail service in California connecting Stockton with San Jose.
Northstar Line - provides commuter rail service from downtown Minneapolis to Big Lake.
Shore Line East - provides weekly rail service along the Northeast Corridor from New London west to New Haven, with continuing service to Bridgeport and Stamford.
Capital MetroRail - serves the Greater Austin, Texas connecting Downtown Austin with Austin's northern suburbs.
Westside Express Service - provides rail service between Beaverton and Wilsonville, Oregon.
Music City Star - a regional rail service running between Nashville and Lebanon, Tennessee.
Rapid Transit in United States of America
A Rapid Transit system is an electric railway for passengers that can handle high volume of passengers and travel with high speed. They are usually located in underground tunnels or on elevated structures above road levels. A rapid transit is popularly known as underground, subway, elevated railway, metro or metropolitan railway.
You can visit the official websites and gather information about the prices of the tickets, timings and schedules of the train, routes, discounts and offers.
New York City Subway - one of the oldest and extensive transport system with 468 stations covering 337 km of routes.
Washington Metro - the rapid transit system in Washington, D.C., United States, and its surrounding suburbs.
Chicago Transit Authority - operates within the City of Chicago, Illinois and some of its surrounding suburbs.
MTBA Rapid Transit - provides rapid transit services in Massachusetts Bay.
Bay Area Rapid Transit - a rapid transit system serving the San Francisco Bay Area.
Market?Frankford Line - is a rapid transit line in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Broad Street Line - is a rapid transit line operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority that runs from Fern Rock Transportation Center in North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Pattison Avenue in South Philadelphia.
Port Authority Trans-Hudson - is a rapid transit railroad linking Manhattan, New York with New Jersey, and providing service to Jersey City, Hoboken, Harrison, and Newark.
Metro Rail (Los Angeles County) - the rapid transit rail system serving Los Angeles County, California.
Baltimore Metro Subway - is a rapid transit line serving the greater Baltimore, Maryland, United States area
PATCO Speedline - a rapid transit system operated by the Port Authority Transit Corporation, which runs between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Camden County, New Jersey.
RTA Rapid Transit - a rapid transit and light rail system in Cleveland and Cuyahoga County owned by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (RTA).
Staten Island Railway - runs 24 hours daily between the St. George and Tottenville stations. | <urn:uuid:4b409b9a-27c5-4bb8-bb9e-d8544047720a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nriol.com/america-visitors/transport-in-usa.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923213 | 1,502 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The inmates’ day began when they were woken at 6:30 a.m., and they were given twenty-five minutes to tidy their cells and stand to be counted. At 6:55 a.m. individual tiers of cells would be opened one by one, and the inmates would march in single file into the Mess Hall. They would be given only twenty minutes to eat, and then would be marched out to line up for their work assignments. The methodical cycle of the prison routine was unforgiving and utterly relentless. It never varied through the years, and was as precise and reliable as clockwork.
The main corridor of the cellhouse was christened "Broadway" by the inmates, and the cells along this passageway were considered the least desirable in the prison. The cells on the bottom tier were inherently colder because they stood against the long slick run of cement, and they were also the least private, as inmates, guards, and other prison personnel frequented this corridor. The newer “fish” were generally assigned to the second tier of B Block, and were placed in quarantine status for the first three months of their imprisonment on The Rock.
There was a ratio of one guard to every three prisoners on Alcatraz, as compared with other prisons, in which the ratio exceeded one guard to every twelve inmates. With the Gun Galleries at each end of the cellblocks and the frequent inmate counts (twelve per day), the guards were able to keep extremely close track of each and every inmate. Because of the small total number of prisoners at Alcatraz, all of the guards usually knew each inmate by name.
|Warden Swope in 1952 talking with an inmate along the C-Block corridor.|
In the early years at Alcatraz, Warden Johnston maintained a silence policy that many inmates considered to be their most unbearable punishment. There were reports that several inmates were being driven insane by the severe rule of silence on Alcatraz. One inmate, a former gangster and bank robber named Rufe Persful, went so far as to take a hatchet and chop off the fingers of one of his hands while working in one of the shops. This event was later inaccurately depicted in the movie "Escape from Alcatraz" starring Clint Eastwood, which chronicled the 1962 escape attempt by Frank Lee Morris and the Anglin Brothers. The silence policy was later relaxed, but this was one of only a few policy changes that occurred over the prison's history.
The sinister mythology surrounding life on Alcatraz was created primarily out of a lack of reliable information, and because of the negative publicity, Alcatraz became known to the public as "Devil's Island." Warden Johnston had done a good job of keeping the media at a distance, and this resulted in the publication of several misleading stories. The fact that inmates were never directly paroled from Alcatraz only added to the mystique. The media had a difficult time finding men who had lived on the inside, because when they were released from Alcatraz, they were sent on to other prisons to finish out their sentences. When the press would talk with former inmates, the ex-prisoners usually told horrific stories about the brutalities they had experienced while incarcerated there. Most of these depictions were flawed, but the stories of horrid beatings, rigid disciplinary measures, and extreme isolation nevertheless fueled the public's interest.
|A contemporary photo of the cellblock corridor known as C-D Street.|
|Winds of Change|
In 1941, Alcatraz inmate Henry Young went on trial for the murder of Rufus McCain, a fellow prisoner and an accomplice in a failed escape attempt. Young's attorneys claimed that Young was the subject of continual beatings by guards, and extensive periods of extreme isolation. Henry Young's story was recently depicted in a movie staring Kevin Bacon and Christen Slater, entitled "Murder in the First." The movie inaccurately portrayed Young as a teenage orphan who was sentenced to Alcatraz for stealing five dollars from a grocery store in order to feed his starving sister, and who had "never harmed or attempted to harm anyone" before entering Alcatraz.
In fact, the true story is that Young was a bank robber who had brutally taken a hostage on at least one occasion, and had committed murder in 1933 – some three years before being incarcerated at Alcatraz. Young was a difficult inmate who challenged and provoked fights with several of his fellow prisoners. Young and his accomplice Rufus McCain, who would eventually become his murder victim, had both spent nearly twenty-two months in solitary confinement for a failed escape that had resulted in the shooting death of the famous gangster Doc Barker.
After Young and McCain returned to the normal prison population, McCain was assigned to the Tailor Shop and Young was sent to work at the Furniture Shop, which was located directly upstairs. On December 3, 1940, Young waited until just after the ten o'clock count, and then when a guard's attention was diverted elsewhere, Young ran downstairs and plunged a knife into McCain with violent force. McCain rapidly fell into shock, and died five hours later from the stab wound. Young refused to disclose his motive for the murder.
During Henry Young’s trial, his attorneys made the claim that because their client had been held in strict isolation for three years, he could not be held responsible for his violent action, due to the influence of what the attorneys considered “cruel and unusual punishment.” They alleged that because he had been tormented for so many years, his response to hostile situations had turned desperately violent.
Warden Johnston was brought to the trial under subpoena to testify on prison conditions and policies. Several inmates were also subpoenaed to describe the environment at Alcatraz, and many recounted "rumors" they had heard of inmates being locked in dungeons and severely beaten by guards. They also testified that they knew of many inmates who "went crazy" because of such treatment. The jury sympathized with Young, and he was convicted of manslaughter, a charge that would add only a few years to his sentence. He continued to be a difficult inmate following his trial, and was eventually transferred to the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners at Springfield, Missouri. After serving out his Federal sentence, he was transferred to Washington State Penitentiary in 1954, and was released on parole in 1972 after spending a total of nearly forty years in prison. He finally jumped parole, and it is unknown whether he is still alive today.
Following Young's controversial trial, D Block (better known as the Treatment Unit) was completely refurbished. This block was comprised of forty-two cells that provided varying degrees of security and isolation. The most serious offenders of prison rules could be confined to the “Strip Cell.” This cell was by all accounts the most severe punishment that any prisoner could endure, as it ensured complete sensory deprivation.
|Alcatraz Inmate Rufe Persful amputated four of his left hand fingers with a fire axe during a work detail. It was alleged that this was done to help get him off Alcatraz.|
|Edward Wutke was the first inmate to commit suicide while an inmate at Alcatraz.|
The single Strip Cell, otherwise known as the "Oriental," was a dark steel-encased cell with no toilet or sink. There was only a hole in the floor for the inhabitant to relieve himself, and even the ability to flush the contents was controlled by a guard. Inmates were placed in the cell without clothing, and were put on severely restricted diets. The cell had a standard set of bars with an expanded opening through which to pass food, and a solid steel outer door that remained closed, leaving the inmate in pitch-black darkness. Inmates were usually subjected to this degree of punishment for periods of only one to two days. The cell was cold, and the sleeping mattress was only allowed during the night, and was taken away during the daylight hours. This was considered the most invasive type of punishment for severe violations and misconduct, and it was genuinely feared by the general population inmates.
“The Hole" was the nickname given to a similar cell-type that made up the remaining five dual-door cells on the bottom tier. The "Hole" cells contained a sink and a toilet as well as a low-wattage light bulb. Inmates could spend up to nineteen days in this level of isolation, which was also considered to be a severe form of punishment by general population inmates. The mattresses were taken away during the day, and the inmates were left in a state of constant boredom and severe isolation. Guards would sometimes open the small window in the solid steel outer door, to allow in a little light for inmates who were serving their time in solitary peacefully.
|Alcatraz D-Block, East view.|
|The remaining thirty-six segregation cells were similar in form to the cells of the general prison population. Inmates being held in basic segregation were allowed only one visit to the recreation yard per week, and two showers. The prisoners spent the remaining time in their cells. Even meals were served in the cells, and the inmates’ only means of psychological escape was through reading. The city views from the upper tiers were also considered by prisoners to be a form of torture, because the sounds and sights of freedom were so near, yet so far.|
All Rights Reserved
Ocean View Publishing Company | <urn:uuid:d4e83c52-a829-40e8-b04d-01cfb6628bc3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.alcatrazhistory.com/rs3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988689 | 1,949 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Yes, yes, we know, the USA already did that like 40 years, and yeah, we know, NASA has already set its sights on sending people to way cooler Mars in the coming decades, but let's let Europe have this one, OK?
They need this right now, plus think of all the new things humans can do up there. Apollo astronauts played golf on the moon, but modern space travelers can tweet on the moon, text that weird moon with a face emoji on the moon, eat Five Guys burgers on the moon—none of that stuff even existed the last time someone was up there in 1972.
Jokes aside, the European Space Agency released a very cool video detailing its plans for new, manned moon missions. Some of the agency's goals include using the moon's pole, where the sun never sets, as a source of continuous solar power, and exploring the dark side of the moon, which has never been done before.
Other possibilities include using the relative radio silence of the moon to listen for alien signals coming from deep space, and exploring permanently dark craters that contain water to see what it "can teach us about the origins of water and life-forming chemistry on Earth."
The video goes on to say that unlike the Space Race of the 1960s when the U.S. was competing with the Soviet Union, these new missions will bring nations together.
"This new exploration will be achieved not in competition, as in the past, but through peaceful, international cooperation," the video says. | <urn:uuid:f052735c-ca26-4660-9d8e-abe819584bef> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2016/01/moon-mission-european-space-agency-video | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953724 | 309 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
The Used and Rental copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
Written specifically for dental hygiene students, this text provides a solid foundation in basic nutrition and diet information, emphasizes the relationship between nutrition and diet to oral health, and provides information on nutrition and dietary patient counseling. Nutrition is a required subject of study for all dental hygiene students, and is tested on the National Board Exam.
Table of Contents
Section I: Introduction
1. Eating 101
Section II: Major Nutrients
2. Carbohydrates 3. Protein 4. Lipids 5. Vitamins 6. Minerals 7. Water 8. Dietary and Herbal Supplements
Section III: Relationship of Nutrition to Oral Disease
9. Diet and Dental Caries 10. Diet, Nutrition, and Periodontal Disease
Section IV: Food Guidelines
11. Choosing Foods Wisely 12. Reading Labels
Section V: Food for Growth
13. Nutrient Needs for Development, Growth, And Maintenance Of Oral Structures 14. Dietary Considerations For The Lifecycle
Section VI: Nutritional Counseling
15. Eating Disorders 16. Nutritional Counseling 17. Nutritional Counseling for Special Patient Groups | <urn:uuid:a8adbbc4-32e3-464b-9dd8-04ebb305d4c4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ecampus.com/nutrition-healthy-mouth-2nd-sroda-rebecca/bk/9780781798259 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.814563 | 320 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Pineland's importance to Pine Island is twofold: (1) historical - there is evidence that the Calusa Indians lived here from 2000 B.C. until sometime in the eighteenth century; (2) geographical - it boasts the highest point of land in Lee County.
Originally, it was known as Batty's Landing, named for William Batty who bought 142 acres there in 1885. At that time the Calusa mounds were sixty feet high instead of the present thirty feet and the cross-island canal built by the Calusa was still quite visible. Renowned archeologist Frank Hamilton Cushing found this place to be one of the most extensive mound sites he visited in 1885, indicating that it may have been the central city of the Calusa culture. Pineland is now home to the Randell Research Center, established in 1994 as a center of research and education of Florida's heritage and environment.
When the post office was established in 1902, the name was changed to Pineland, but the sleepy character of this small settlement has changed little through the years. United Mineworkers Union president John L. Lewis, spent his winters enjoying the seclusion of this area until his death in 1963.
Pineland still has some of the most valued home sites on the island. A large marina, Alden Pines Country Club and Golf Course Community, as well as the historic mounds and buildings make it a desirable place to live.
Click below to download:
Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader to view and print. Click here to download a free version. | <urn:uuid:8b937579-d0ae-4ce3-95be-5a264e317c66> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pine-island.com/pineland.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967625 | 320 | 2.734375 | 3 |
56 Life and Letters of Francis Galton
Galton sums up his results as follows *. Let x be the deviation of the subject, and y„ y2, y,, etc. the corresponding deviations of the correlative, all deviations being reduced to their proper unit of variability, and also let the mean of the y deviations for the given x be yx, then we find:
(1) That yz = rx for all values of x ; (2) that r is the same, whichever of the two variables is taken for the subject; (3) that r is always less than 1 ; (4) that r measures the closeness of correlation.
It will be seen at once that we have here the first fundamental statement as to the correlation coefficient and its properties. Probably Galton did not recognise that r = 0 does not signify independence of the two variates, only the independence of means of arrays. In addition to this, complete independence involves the arrays being similar and similarly placed curves. It was not till normal distributions were seen to be non-universal that the distinction between the vanishing of r and the absolute independence of variates was fully recognised. For the same reason the idea of non-linear regression did not cross Galton's mind.' He got as far as an acceptance of the normal frequency distribution permitted. Only when we look at what has happened since 1888, do we realise the importance of that short paper on "Co-relations" ! Thousands of correlation coefficients are now calculated annually, the memoirs and text-books on psychology abound in them ; they form, it may be in a generalised manner, the basis of investigations in medical statistics, in sociology and anthropology. Shortly, Galton's very modest paper of ten pages from which a revolution in our scientific ideas has spread is in its permanent influence, perhaps, the most important of his writings. Formerly the quantitative scientist could only think in terms of causation, now he can
would not be proportional to the sum of the rw even if they were all positive. Perhaps a better measure of the same type would be to use o X2, where
X=S(xs-x8)2/0,82 and X=n;
hence : 0,X2 = mean (X - X)2
=mean ~S (x8 - xy)'wx4 + 2S' (x8 - x8)2 8, - x,)2/_8 a,'
- 2n8(x8 -x8)2/0,8' + n21 =3n+2S'(1+2r88.2)-2n2+n2 = 2n + 48'(r 288),
if the variates follow normal distributions, and thus o- ' lies between 2n and 2n2. This at any rate would present no difficulty arising from the existence of negative correlations. We see, however, from this result that possibly the best measure, u, of the total correlativity in a system would be simply to take
for in this case u will always lie between 0 and 1, the former value corresponding to no association in the variates of the system, and the latter to perfect correlation of all of them.
* Galton has interchanged his x and y variates. The paper shows here as elsewhere signs of haste in preparation. | <urn:uuid:2df2fe6b-f456-4cc1-b153-91992b5c1b84> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://galton.org/cgi-bin/searchImages/galton/search/pearson/vol3a/pages/vol3a_0075.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954213 | 692 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Short Story for kids written by: Stas Holodnak.
Click to read PUSHOK (FIRST PART)
One cold winter day, Pushok went missing. Concerned, Miriam looked all over for him. “Pushok, Pushok”, she called. At last she heard a faint meowing coming from the tree next to her. She looked up and at the same time Pushok jumped into the safety of her hands. He had wounds all over his body. It turns out that as he was hunting he was ambushed by a dog that bit him. Pushok barely managed to save himself in the tree.
But staying home was not an option. Pushok had to hunt to bring in food. This time Miriam would always be by his side. She carried a heavy stick at all times and would not hesitate to use it.
Gradually life in the city was improving. The Russian Army had established a supply route to Leningrad that led through the frozen Ladoga Lake. The Germans bombed it relentlessly but they could not break the Road of Life which was the name Leningraders gave it. | <urn:uuid:77d28e1f-4a41-4dfb-a4c9-d88918872e08> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.shortstories.net/for-kids/grandparent-tales/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.993627 | 235 | 2.921875 | 3 |
|The Sun in Time Experiments|
In this activity, students get a feel for how astronomers measure the altitude, or height above the horizon, of a star or any object by building a simple sextant. Students can also build a sundial (using a project developed by Marshall's Space Academy).
Intended for grade levels:
Type of resource:
No specific technical requirements, just a browser required
Cost / Copyright:
Available through link.
DLESE Catalog ID: NASA-ESERevProd-000-000-000-586
Resource contact / Creator / Publisher: | <urn:uuid:dcfaa2a9-6226-457a-9243-4d550ff29e78> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dlese.org/library/catalog_NASA-ESERevProd-000-000-000-586.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.773386 | 123 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Sealed with a Wrap
An early advertisement for cellophane
Cellophane revolutionized the packaging industry and dominated the market for decades, yet its fortunes turned with the advent of imitation plastic films. Production slowed to a near stop in the 1980s, but as cellophane turns 100 this year, it still has something to celebrate: it’s poised to make a comeback, reinventing itself as an earth-friendly polymer perfectly suited to 21st-century concerns.
Cellophane was invented in 1908 by Jacques Brandenberger, a Swiss textile engineer whose early experiments in making waterproof fabric began after he watched a spilled glass of wine stain a tablecloth. Using liquid viscose, Brandenberger created an adhesive film that proved too stiff to use on fabric but had obvious potential for more novel uses. In 1924 he sold the U.S. manufacturing rights to DuPont, where William Hale Charch reformulated the material to be completely moisture-proof. At the beginning, making cellophane was a laborious process that involved the dissolution of cellulose from objects like wood, celery, and cotton in alkali and carbon disulfide to make viscose, before returning the liquid to a cellulose state through an acid bath. It was not long, however, before machines were invented to allow mass production of cellophane, expanding its packaging use beyond a few luxury goods.
Cellophane quickly became a staple in American households. Its resistance to moisture, bacteria, and grease made it a crucial material for food packaging. It was also tapped for a variety of other everyday uses, such as cigarette packaging and Scotch-brand tape.
By the 1960s DuPont and its fellow cellophane manufacturers were selling over 440 million pounds of cellophane a year. Unfortunately, cellophane’s indispensability became its ultimate downfall, as companies sought to produce cheaper, petroleum-based versions of the product that sold under the by-then-generic name of “cellophane.” The original wood-based product’s main competitors included polyethylene for baking goods, polyvinyl chloride for meat packaging, and oriented propylene for cigarette wrappers. These materials required only half as much energy during production as cellophane. With the energy crisis in full swing, cellophane producers saw their sales plunge by the late 1970s. Cellophane’s death knell was sounded in newspapers across the country, and plants closed in large numbers.
Although a host of products referred to as cellophane have continued to flourish in the market, the genuine article has now resurfaced in response to the times. As environmental concerns increase over landfills teeming with plastic products likely to remain long past our lifetimes, cellophane stands out for its complete biodegradability, even when coated with plasticized chemicals. The natural polymer degrades within 120 days if coated, and within 30 if not. Because of this quality, cellophane is increasingly relied on to perform its old duties—and can be expected to pick up some new ones as well.
Jennifer Dionisio is program assistant for biotechnology in CHF’s Center for Contemporary History and Policy.
Correction: In the original text we spelled William Hale Charch's name wrongly as Church. This version has the correct spelling. | <urn:uuid:7821e6dd-b061-42f3-928d-4998bc5a9ee6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/media/magazine/articles/26-4-sealed-with-a-wrap.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96624 | 683 | 3.21875 | 3 |
About the Phoenix Park
The Phoenix Park at 707 hectares (1752 acres) is one of the largest enclosed recreational spaces within any European capital city. The Phoenix Park was established in 1662 by one of Ireland’s most illustrious viceroys, James Butler, Duke of Ormond, on behalf of King Charles II. Conceived as a Royal deer park, it originally included the demesne of Kilmainham Priory south of the River Liffey, but with the building of the Royal Hospital at Kilmainham, which commenced in 1680, the Park was reduced to its present size, all of which is now north of the river. Shortly after the Park’s acquisition it was enclosed within a stone wall, which was initially poorly constructed. Subsequent wall repair and new build were necessary as the Park’s size and boundaries were adjusted and realigned. In 1668, Marcus Trevor, Viscount Dungannon, was appointed Ranger who, with two other keepers, was responsible for the deer, managing the Park’s enclosures and newly formed plantations.
About 30% of the Phoenix Park is covered by trees, which are mainly broadleaf parkland species such as oak, ash, lime, beech, sycamore and horsechestnut. A more ornamental selection of trees is grown in the various enclosures. A herd of Fallow Deer has lived in the Park since the 1660's when they were introduced by the Duke of Ormond. The Phoenix Park is a sanctuary for many mammals and birds and a wide range of wildlife habitats are to be found in the park. One such area is the Furry Glen, which is managed as a conservation area.
Áras an Uachtaráin, the residence of the President of Ireland dates from 1750 and is located in the centre of the park adjacent to the United States Ambassador's residence, which was built in 1774. Many other historic buildings and monuments are located in the Park.
The Victorian People's Flower Gardens located close to the Parkgate Street entrance, comprise an area of 9 hectares (22 acres) and, were re-opened in 1864. These gardens were initially established in 1840 as the Promenade Grounds. They provide an opportunity to display Victorian horticulture at its best. Ornamental lakes, children's playground, picnic area and Victorian bedding schemes are just some of the attractions. The opening hours are 8am till dusk. Closing times vary during the year.
Ashtown Demesne accessed off the Phoenix roundabout on Chesterfield Avenue, has numerous attractions for young and old alike. Those include Ashtown Castle, a two and a half acre Victorian Kitchen Walled Garden (under restoration), Phoenix Park Visitor Centre, Phoenix Cafe (Ph. 01-6770090), toilets, car and coach parking, woodland walks, picnic area and new universal access playground. The Phoenix Park Visitor Centre has a historical interpretation and an audio-visual presentation of the Phoenix Park throughout the ages. For details or bookings the centre can be contacted on 01 677 0095 or via email at email@example.com
The Victorian Tea Rooms (Ph. 01-6719376) serves teas and lunches with an outdoor picnic area. Situated between the Band Hollow and Dublin Zoo. Toilets are located here. The Band Hollow is host to summer musical performances. Check OPW office for schedule.
Situated close to Parkgate Street entrance is the Dublin Zoo which was founded in 1830. Telephone + 353 1 474 8900. | <urn:uuid:85d5ae8b-ccd2-45a6-965e-667dddb3ee47> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.phoenixpark.ie/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96773 | 738 | 2.59375 | 3 |
ALEX Lesson Plans
Subject: Counseling and Guidance (K - 12)
Title: Hey! I'm Talking To You!!
Description: Effective communication skills are a key component for successful self-advocacy, empowerment and leadership. This lesson will teach high school students the types of communication, how to understand one's audience, and ways to utilize appropriate tone, timing and words. The goal is for students to apply use of communication skills, so the lesson will incorporate role playing exercises for various settings.
Subject: Counseling and Guidance (K - 12), or English Language Arts (4), or Technology Education (3 - 5)
Title: Look To the Future
Description: This lesson is designed to encourage self-analysis of interests and skills as related to occupations, and to encourage future thought about a career identity or role. This lesson will allow students to organize career information to create a slideshow presentation that includes a scanned image of a drawing as they might see themselves in a future occupation. Students will also have the opportunity to create a newsletter help-wanted ads section using desktop publishing software to encourage exploration of various occupations.
Subject: Character Education (K - 12), or Counseling and Guidance (K - 12)
Title: The One-Minute Praise
Description: The lesson will show the importance of positive stroking (feedback) for behavior modification. Dr. Ken Blanchard (The One Minute Manager)suggests we "catch people doing something right." To quote Lord Chesterfield's advice: "Make a person like himself/herself a little better and I promise he/she will like you very well indeed."
Thinkfinity Lesson Plans
Subject: Health, Social Studies
Title: What Can I Do?
Description: The main goals of this Science NetLinks lesson are to help students identify their feelings, learn how to tell others about their feelings, and learn how this emotional knowledge can help them resolve conflict. The premise of this lesson is that students who learn how to communicate about how they are feeling will be more likely to use communication as a method for resolving conflict.
Thinkfinity Partner: Science NetLinks
Grade Span: K,1,2
Points of View Reference Center
This tutorial is an introduction to the main components of Points of View Reference Center and how to navigate within the database. | <urn:uuid:ba62eb69-a65e-4cbb-84f5-6bac8a343425> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://alex.state.al.us/all.php?std_id=41618 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00002-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910419 | 482 | 3 | 3 |
PTSD and Your Family - Topic Overview
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a challenge for you and your family. Your family may find it hard to accept some of the changes PTSD can bring to your life. By talking and supporting one another, you and your family will be better prepared for these changes.
Your family is an important part of your recovery. They can be there to listen and to help you through rough times.
It's also important that you help your family understand PTSD. They may not always know how to respond when they see you hurting. They may feel scared, sad, guilty, or even angry about your condition.
Talking about PTSD can help you and your family cope. Talk about your symptoms and what triggers them. Discuss different treatments and how they can help you recover. When you open up, your family can better understand what you're going through.
Family therapy can help. This is a type of counseling that involves your whole family. A therapist can teach you how to work through problems and communicate better.
Talking with your kids about PTSD
Teaching your kids about PTSD is important. They may not understand why you're feeling bad or why you get angry sometimes. This can be scary for kids at any age. They also may blame themselves for things that aren't their fault. Make sure your kids understand that they aren't to blame for your PTSD.
When talking with your kids about PTSD:
- Be honest and listen to what they have to say.
- Tell them it's okay to ask questions. Ask them how they're feeling, and let them know that their concerns are important.
- Make sure they feel safe, secure, and loved. They may be afraid that something bad is going to happen.
- Provide information about PTSD. Let them know what it is, how you got it, and how you can recover.
- Encourage a good support system of friends outside your family. Get them involved in school activities or youth programs in the community.
- Don't promise that your PTSD is going to go away soon. Instead, talk about how treatment can help you feel better. It's okay if you don't have all the answers.
- Be as positive as you can. Your kids will notice how you react in difficult situations, which can influence their reactions. | <urn:uuid:2e7fe5ae-7c2a-4318-ad4e-1fb330aa379a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/tc/ptsd-and-your-family-overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976702 | 479 | 3.328125 | 3 |
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Join Date: Jul 2009
The Role of Women in the Pakistan Movement
The Role of Women in the Pakistan Movement
Q.1 Who was Bi Aman? Why is she remembered till today?
Ans. Bi Aman was the mother of Maulana Mohammad Ali nd Maulana Shaukat Ali. Her greatness lies in the fact that she had taught her sons to be willing to sacrifice their lives in the cause of Muslim independence and later encouraged them to accomplish their goals.
Q.2 Why is Miss. Fatima Jinnah called Mother-e-Millat?
Ans. Miss. Fatima Jinnah was the sister of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. She helped her brother in the struggle for the establishment of Pakistan. The nation called her "Mother-e-Millat" (Mother of Nation)
Q.3 In Sind, where did the first meeting of the women take place?
Ans. The first public meeting nad women in Sind was held in Karachi's Zoological Garden.
Q.4 What do you know about Lady Haroon?
Ans. Lady Haroon was a spirited woman of upright character and a kind hostess. Here house in Karachi became the centre of women's political activity and it was a place of welcome to the Muslim League workers when they came to Karachi to attend meetings. Classes were also held in her house to educate Muslims girls.
Q.5 Who was Begum Rana? What do you know about her?
Ans. begum Rana was the wife of Liaquat Ali Khan. she worked as an honorary secretary and typist to Liaquat Ali Khan at a time, when the Muslim League could not afford the salary of a secretary. She arranged parties, where Muslim women could meet the wife and the daughter of the viceroy, so as to explain to them their side of the matter and expresses their protest. She also organized the women' Voluntary Services and later the womens' National Guard's consisting of three battalions with 2400 girls, in which she herself held the rank of Brigadier.
Q.6 What do you know about Begum Jahan Ara Shahnawaz?
Ans. Begum Jahan Ara Shahnawaz from the Punjab represented the Muslim women at the Three Round Table Conference held in London and was the first women ever to make a speech at London's Guild Hall. She also traveled widely and explained to the people of other countries, why the Muslims in India wanted a separate state.
Q.7 How did the Muslim women work for independence?
Ans. Though the Muslim women were in street "purdah" and were less and less politically aware, they played an active part in the independence movement. They formed the womens branch of the Muslim League to organize women and inform them about the politics of the country. They organized public meetings for women and addressed large gathering. They had opened classes in their honour to educate Muslims girls. Thee brave ladies encouraged their brothers, husbands and sons not to give up the struggle for Pakistan until their goal was achieved.
Q.8 What role did Begum Mohammad Ali play in the freedom movement?
Ans. Begum Mohammad Ali was a admirable and remarkable lady. Dressed in Burqah she not only attended men's public meeting but was called the first women to address them. She also wrote for the press in simple but effective words and awakened the Muslim women by her inspiring speeches.
Q.9 What was the Indian National Congress? Why did many Muslim leaders left it?
Ans. The Indian National Congress was the political party formed by the Hindus and the Muslims in order to drive British out of India. The Muslims soon realized that the Hindus wee in majority and the Congress would never ever treat the Muslims equally and give them their due share in the government, so many Muslim leaders left it.
Notes ke liye visit kijiye
Pakistan pictures, Eid pictures, pakistan scraps, Orkut scraps, Myspace, hi5, Twitter Scraps
Tum Azm Walay Ho
Bala Ka Zabt Rakhtay Ho
Tumhain Kuch Bhi Nahi Hoga
Jisay Tum Chhoray Jatay Ho
Usay Tou Theek Se Shayad
Bichharna Bhi Nahi Aata
Tum Azam Walay Ho
Usay Matt Chhor Ke Jao
|awaz, drive, effective, freedom, friendsmania, give, hey, india, indian, jab, karachi, liye, make, movement, pakistan, par, pic, pictures, place, pro, role, share, state, struggle, tha, time, today, women| | <urn:uuid:9b3cf04a-71ee-4224-bf0f-14687c78e440> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.friendsmania.net/forum/9th-class-notes-ix-result-guess-papers/11756.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967399 | 1,118 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Bahá’i Holy Places in Haifa and Western Galilee (Israel) are inscribed for the testimony they provide to the Bahá’i’s strong tradition of pilgrimage and for their profound meaning for the faith. The property numbers 26 buildings, monuments and sites at 11 locations in Acre and Haifa, associated with the founders of the faith, among them the Shrine of the Bahá’u’lláh in Acre and the Mausoleum of the Báb in Haifa. It also includes houses, gardens, a cemetery and a large group of modern buildings in the neoclassical style that serve for administration, archives and a research centre.
Chief Roi Mata’s Domain is the first site to be inscribed in Vanuatu. It consists of three early 17th century AD sites on the islands of Efate, Lelepa and Artok associated with the life and death of the last paramount chief, or Roi Mata, of what is now Central Vanuatu. The property includes Roi Mata’s residence, the site of his death and Roi Mata’s mass burial site. It is closely associated with the oral traditions surrounding the chief and the moral values he espoused. The site reflects the convergence between oral tradition and archaeology and bears witness to the persistence of Roi Mata’s social reforms and conflict resolution, still relevant to the people of the region.
One extension was decided by the Committee, which inscribed the Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra (Albania). This represents the addition of the city centre of Berat to that of Gjirokastra, which was inscribed in 2005. Berat was inscribed as a rare example of a well-preserved Ottoman town. Located in central Albania, Berat bears witness to the coexistence of various religious and cultural communities down the centuries. A town of 64,000 inhabitants, it features a castle, locally known as the Kala, most of which was built in the 13th century, although its origins date back ot the 4th century BC. The citadel area numbers many Byzantine churches, mainly from the 13th century, several of which contain valuable wall paintings and icons. The town also numbers several mosques built under Ottoman era which started in 1417. Berat also has several houses for religious communities, notably some used by Sufi brotherhoods in the 18th century and well-preserved housing in a distinct style.
Contacts in Quebec: Roni Amelan, email@example.com +33(0)674398441
Joanna Sullivan, firstname.lastname@example.org +1 418 262 6529
For photographs: www.unesco.org/en/whc/photos
For video footage: mms://stream.unesco.org/bpi/whc_cult3_080708.wmv | <urn:uuid:a5e35e1b-f75d-427a-be65-b664cfa91237> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://whc.unesco.org/pg_friendly_print.cfm?cid=82&id=452 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952337 | 607 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Payson Ranger District wants to use goats to reduce fuel levels on 1,400 to 1,600 acres of forest land south and southeast of Payson.
Goats are more effective and less expensive than other options, according to John Brock, professor of ecological restoration at Arizona State University East. While some methods of clearing brush cost $450 an acre, goats only cost $173 an acre.
"It's a lot more cost-effective than the (other) choices we have," Brock said. "It's more environmentally friendly, and it benefits the forests and the goats."
Browsing goats mimic some of the effects of fire as it has occurred historically in chaparral-type vegetation. While prescribed burning has been the treatment of choice in this type of vegetation, there are inherent risks such as fire escaping and introducing pollutants from smoke.
The herbivores won't replace other methods of thinning entirely. In the deep forest, for example, prescribed burns can be conducted at a cost of $25 per acre.
"Goats would be allowed to freely browse an area (for example a ridgeline, a slope, an aspect) until the goals objectives have been met," Payson District Ranger Ed Armenta said. "They would then be moved to a new area.
Once the goals objectives have been met throughout the project area the goats would be removed."
If the project is approved, holding pens will be set up for watering and to overnight the herd. Goat herders will be permitted to camp on Forest Service lands while the goats are "working."
To minimize impacts on riparian areas and soils, goats will be actively herded. Camping and holding pens will also be monitored for soils impact and will be relocated as needed.
Goats were recently employed in the Prescott National Forest as part of a pilot project to provide a fire buffer around forest area homes. The animals came from the Navajo Reservation, where many were starving.
Since April, about 650 goats have roamed the Prescott National Forest near the community of Ponderosa Park. Munching some three acres a day, they have so far consumed a total of 280 acres.
Ponderosa Park residents contributed 550 gallons of water per day through pipelines that followed the goats wherever they went.
The Payson Ranger District is proposing the treatment of 2,300 acres, with the additional 700-900 acres of that total treated by broadcast burning. The general project boundaries are Highway 87 to the east, Payson town limits to the north, a north-south line along Forest Road 441 and a west-east line located just north of Ox Bow Estates along forest roads 1545 and 441A.
Dubbed the Payson Wildland Urban Interface Goat Project, the goal is to reduce fire risk while simultaneously developing sustainable forest conditions and restoring natural ecological systems.
A copy of the proposed action, including a map of the treatment area, is available by contacting the Payson Ranger District at 474-7900 or by mail at 1009 E. Highway 260, Payson, AZ 85541.
The public is invited to participate in the planning process.
Comments will be accepted until Dec. 12, either by phone or mail, or by e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:ae4b1e59-b912-43de-8cef-168dfb2aa91b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.paysonroundup.com/news/2003/dec/01/goats_part_of/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954728 | 676 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The colon is simply called as large intestine which forms part of our digestive system. It contains several parts like appendix, ascending colon, descending colon, transverse colon and rectum. The main function of colon is to send back the water soluble salts, digestive juices back into blood which is then sent into the liver. Further, the colon also acts as warehouse for storing waste products of the body. The colon has plenty of bacteria (beneficial) which assists our body in fighting against infection.
It is necessary to have a healthy colon for eliminating waste products and to maintain overall balance in our body.
Colon Hydrotherapy is also called as colonic irrigation is a procedure that empties the contents of the colon thereby removing the reabsorbed waste materials from the body. People who suffer from constipation and dysfunctional bowel movement are recommended to do colon hydrotherapy. This method of therapy was done from olden days while preparing the person for surgical procedure in which they use strong purgatives for emptying the fecal particles.
Taking colonic hydrotherapy is known to stimulate the bowel activity thereby improving the natural excretory functions. During this process, laxatives are administered for getting a response for reversing and irritating the osmotic gradient. The main purpose of taking this therapy is to facilitate easy bowel movements thus assisting in removal of waste products. You will know the difference and benefits of colon therapy only after the treatment. Hence the treatment is highly personal.
Some people after realizing the health benefits of colonic hydrotherapy do this procedure regularly.
The process :
No lifestyle modification or diet change is needed for taking this treatment. First the therapist will have a complete history of your health condition and he/she will explain the entire process.
After initial rectum analysis, the speculum is sent inside and you may feel slight discomfort at this stage. Now the therapist will attach an outlet and inlet tube on the other end of the speculum for allowing free flow of water inside and outside. You will be put on left side so that it becomes easy to insert the speculum inside. After insertion, you have to lie on your back. Complete waste products will be eliminated through the outlet tube into a bucket. If needed, therapist will gently massage your stomach for assisting elimination of gas and fecal matter. The entire process may take up to 45 minutes and roughly 60 liters of water is sent inside gradually for cleansing the colon.
Colonic hydrotherapy is absolutely safe for all persons to cleanse the colon and to remove the waste products. The water pressure is continuously monitored and you have to choose the clinic that uses sterilized equipments during the procedure.
Pictures of Colon Hydrotherapy :
Images, Pics, Pictures and Photos of Colon Hydrotherapy
People having strong infectious diseases and those who are suffering from inflammatory disease like Crohn’s disease, colitis, ulcer, diverticulitis and fissure cannot have this therapy. Also, the individuals who have hypertension, congestive heart disease, liver cirrhosis, anemia, blood related diseases, carcinoma in colon or rectum cannot undergo hydrotherapy on colon.
Pregnant women are advised not to take this therapy as a measure of precaution. | <urn:uuid:84478bfd-1486-4ce1-8186-e4213ed5b0ba> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://diseasespictures.com/colon-hydrotherapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939272 | 664 | 2.578125 | 3 |
No one knows how she got up there, but they could hear her cries for days. So why did it take so long for anyone to do something about it?
A small black cat about a year old somehow got herself stranded on the roof of a one-story medical building in Watsonville, California. She meowed. She meowed some more. Lots of people heard her and saw her. Unfortunately, lots of people also assumed she was perfectly fine.
Some kind soul eventually realized the cat’s true predicament — she wasn’t basking in the sun and visiting that rooftop every day on a kitty frolic. She was marooned up there.
A call to the Santa Cruz County Animal Shelter brought responders to the building on Sunday, June 22. People living and working in and around that building told the shelter that the cat had been up there a long time – possibly as long as two months. The shelter was doubtful of this claim at first.
Shelter workers were unable to walk on the Mexican-style clay-tiled roof to retrieve the cat because it was too steep. Initially they decided to leave the cat there to see if she would come down on her own. She didn’t.
A Caring Person With a Sling Shot Kept the Kitty from Starving
Fortunately, the cat had been getting a bit of food while she waited for someone to help her.
“One of the neighbors told me someone had a sling shot and was literally slinging [cat food] up there,” Todd Stosuy of the Santa Cruz County Animal Shelter told the Santa Cruz Sentinel.
“It’s definitely hard to believe but seeing the amount of food up there and hearing numerous different neighbors tell the same story; well they can’t all be in cahoots,” he added.
By Wednesday, June 25, it was clear to shelter workers that the cat wasn’t able to climb down herself. They laid a trap on the roof and caught her. The first stop after that was to a local veterinarian.
Seeing the poor cat up close, Stosuy realized that the neighbors weren’t exaggerating about how long she may have been stuck. The cat was so thin he could see her ribs and hip bones.
“She was obviously getting some sort of [sustenance] when people were sling shotting food up there but not getting what she needed,” Stosuy said. He now believes the cat was indeed stranded on that roof for up to two months.
Cats Can Climb Down Whenever They Want To, Right?
Stosuy thinks that the people from that building and those nearby who’d seen the cat assumed it could get itself down whenever it chose to do so. That’s not necessarily the case. Although cats are great climbers, climbing means going up, not down.
To get down from a tree, for example, a cat has to be able to climb backwards. Cats’ claws are designed to move a cat upward, but not to give it the right hold to turn around and go back down.
Only one cat – the margay or “tree ocelot” – is known to have the ability to climb down a tree headfirst. It can do so because it can rotate its hind legs 180 degrees, giving it the squirrel-like ability to run down a tree and hang by branches from one foot.
If a house cat gets itself up a tree and then realizes it cannot come back down face first, that kitty is suddenly stranded. Cats can climb down out of trees backwards, but it’s a learned skill rather than a natural ability. That’s why sometimes cats need assistance to get down from a tree or a rooftop.
Recognize When a Cat Needs Help and Do Something
If a cat is stuck for too long in an inconvenient spot, it will have no access to food or water. Dehydration and starvation will set in quickly.
You may decide to give a cat the chance to come back down on its own. If that’s the plan, never leave a cat which seems to be stuck for longer than a day or two at the very most. If it isn’t down by then, it needs help.
If you’re dealing with a declawed cat or one that isn’t ordinarily outdoors much, you’ll probably know pretty quickly if it can’t get down. Find help as soon as you can.
The moral of this story is to keep a watchful eye out for animals in distress. Don’t assume they have a natural ability to get themselves out of jams. Don’t feel confident someone else will take care of it. Make the call for help yourself and watch to ensure the situation is appropriately resolved, because every so often our animal friends need a gentle helping hand from us. Be alert enough to realize when that situation is playing out right in front of you.
Photo credit: Thinkstock | <urn:uuid:cbfc1ebb-82f8-456c-9461-d77c65e017e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.care2.com/causes/kitty-marooned-on-a-roof-is-finally-rescued-after-two-months.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974594 | 1,045 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In a statement last week, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration said genetically engineered animals, not including cloned animals, hold substantial promise for improving public health, i.e. these creatures can enter the food supply, but not before rigorous scientific testing. However, the FDA will not require companies to label that their meat has come from genetically engineered animals, outraging consumer groups. One organization claims the FDA is disregarding consumers' right to choose; CNN investigates.
There’s a bizarre compulsion in this country to futz with what Mother Nature took millions of years to perfect, like do we really need purple tomatoes infused with snapdragon genes or carrots with scorpion parts? I doubt it. Not to mention, an experiment in 2007 showed rats fed genetically modified corn developed signs of kidney and liver disease after 3 months.
And as for cloned meat, it won’t be labeled either and many health experts don’t want it.
Image credit: Ilja | <urn:uuid:f1db5d5b-6590-4550-ad14-cde04c4904c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.diseaseproof.com/archives/hurtful-food-fda-calls-genetically-engineered-animals-cutting-edge.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00070-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935386 | 202 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In face to face conversation, what a person says can mean something entirely different depending on their facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice. Unless you have enabled voice or video chat, you cannot take advantage of these cues to convey emotion in your chat messages.
Emoticons are an attempt to convey some emotion in text chat messages by inserting keyboard characters that look like a sideways face with a smile, a frown, or some other expression.
Below are some of the more popular emoticons you might see while you use chat:
|Emoticon||What It Means|
These emoticons have become so popular, that many chat programs, including Windows Messenger, allow you to add them by selecting them from a list. Instead of the keyboard characters, the chat program will add a smiley face icon that corresponds to the emotion you want to convey.
To use emoticons in Windows Messenger, first open up a conversation window. Whenever you want to add an emoticon in your message to the other person, select it from the Emoticons list that appears above the area where you enter your message. | <urn:uuid:8391985f-292e-45f4-9aa8-71dc98c0997e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://etc.usf.edu/techease/win/chat-conferencing/what-are-emoticons-and-how-do-i-use-them-in-windows-messenger/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00045-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872946 | 225 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How to be Brave
I love this video because it shows something you rarely see: the anatomy of a courageous moment.
Improvement isn’t just about getting better — it’s also about getting braver. It’s about encountering thresholds, and taking big, scary steps across them; it’s about jumping into uncharted territory where you don’t know if you’re going to fly or flop. This girl, who’s in the fourth grade, is experiencing the same kind of moment that happens on a theater stage, or on an athletic field or in an office, and she gets past it with a great bit of strategy.
- First, positivity. She assures herself that she’s going to do it, and she’s going to be fine.
- Second, simplicity. She’s not caught up in remembering a bunch of stuff, but focuses on two things. (Go straight. Don’t snowplow.)
- Third, a reference point. She reminds herself that this is like what she’s done before, just a little bigger.
It’s a good combination — a nifty three-step program for getting past a threshold — and shows us the old truth: courage isn’t about transcending fear; it’s about dealing with it and moving forward anyway. | <urn:uuid:d8e4ee71-388e-4fd8-8ebf-cc5449d501e6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thetalentcode.com/2012/03/26/how-to-be-brave/comment-page-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904752 | 287 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- Part 02
- Series: Knowing God - Walking Through the Book of Books
- Date: Jun 2, 2002 | Passage: Exodus 24:16
Press play to listen online:
Look with me at Exodus 24:16. The revelation of the Tabernacle was so sacred, so powerful, so vital to God that He made Moses stand for six days and would not speak the instructions to him until the seventh day.
Now look at Exodus 25:9, where God showed Moses a pattern in the Heavenly Tabernacle, and then starts with the furniture. Most people fit furniture into the house; God built the tent around the furniture! Note that God's thinks of the Tabernacle from the Ark outward. Now also note Exodus 27:1: the Brazen Altar that speaks of Christ's cross is the tallest piece of furniture in the Tabernacle. As Paul said, "God forbid that I should glory in anything but Christ's cross."
The Tabernacle is God's photo journal documenting salvation. The furniture and the layout are not after thoughts; they are His premeditated explanation of what Jesus would do perfectly on the cross. The Tabernacle is one of the clearest portraits of Christ and His redemption to be found in the Old Testament. While God only uses one verse to record Creation (Genesis 1:1), and two chapters (Genesis 1-2) to explain it, He takes fifteen chapters (Exodus 25-40) to explain the construction of the Tabernacle and twenty-seven more to describe it in action (Leviticus). This task was so important that God did not depend on the ingenuity of craftsmen to follow a blueprint, He actually came into them through His Spirit and guided each step of their work (Exodus 31:1-6).
The Tabernacle is the ABCs of Christian doctrine; it is a systematic theology that Paul actually uses in Romans to explain salvation. In the Old Testament the Tabernacle is the dwelling place of God. In the New Testament the Church becomes the dwelling place of God. Before the cross, before Christ came, God established ceremonies to typify, shadow, and explain the cross. The observant would clearly see that sin must be dealt with before God could be approached. Fellowship with God was only possible when the sin problem was settled. That was the message of sacrifice and the meeting place called the Tabernacle.
Now on this side of the cross, the meaning of the death of Christ to God, and the effect of Christ's death for us who believe is still clearly taught by the Tabernacle. Even the New Testament reverts to the Tabernacle to explain Christ's work (Romans 3; Hebrews 8-9).
The cross of Christ is God's First Aid plan for mankind, it is not His secondary or contingency plan. Christ was slain before the foundation of the world as God's Lamb. The death of Christ on the cross was the plan and purpose of God from eternity past; it was not an after thought brought forth as an emergency solution to the sin dilemma. So when we say that Christ and His cross are set forth in the Tabernacle, it is only a reflection of the grander truth that the death of Christ on the cross 2,000 years ago is part of God's infinite plan. Before Golgotha, the cross was God's plan. Before Calvary, Christ's death was God's plan. So in the Old Testament Tabernacle God planned out every color, every thread, every article of furniture, and even every tent stake that would all speak of Christ's sacrifice.
The Key Doctrines of Salvation
The Tabernacle is God's Portrait of Christ. In it we see the key doctrines of Salvation.
1. The Altar of Brass: The Doctrine of Satisfaction
2. The Laver of Brass: The Doctrine of Sanctification
3. The Three Entrances: The Doctrine of Worship
4. The Table of Showbread: The Doctrine of Worship
5. The Lampstand of Gold: The Doctrine of Worship
6. The Altar of Gold: The Doctrine of Worship
7. The Veil Which Was Rent: The Doctrine of the Incarnation
8. The Ark of Gold & Wood: The Doctrine of Christology
9. The Mercy-Seat of Gold: The Doctrine of Propitiation
The Meaning of the Tabernacle
"In the first place, the tabernacle is a type, a visible illustration, of that heavenly place in which God has His dwelling. In the second place, the tabernacle is a type of Jesus Christ, who is the meeting-place between God and man. And, in the third place, the tabernacle is a type of Christ in the Church-of the communion of Jesus with all believers."
Commentator Arthur Pink continues:
The key to the Tabernacle, then, is Christ. . . . As a whole and in each of its parts the Tabernacle foreshadowed the person and work of the Lord Jesus. Each detail in it typified some aspect of His ministry or some excellency in His person. Proof of this is furnished in John 1:14: "And the Word became flesh and tabernacled among us" (R. V. margin). The reference here is to the divine incarnation and first advent of God's Son to this earth, and its language takes us back to the book of Exodus. Many and varied are the correspondences between the type and the [fulfillment of the type in Christ].
The first description of the Tabernacle signifies God's initiative in salvation. Pink states:
The first thing mentioned is the Ark (25:10) and its covering-the mercy-seat (25:17), which was Jehovah's throne in Israel's midst. Then comes the table (25:23) and the candlestick (25:31), the curtains (26:1), and boards of the Tabernacle proper (26:15), with the separating veil (26:31). Last comes the brazen altar (27:1) and the hangings of the court (27:9). Thus it will be seen that the order is from the interior to the exterior. It is the order of sovereign grace, God coming from His throne right to the outer door where the sinner was. How this reminds us of the Incarnation; the sinner in his sins could not go from earth to heaven, so God in the Person of the Son came from heaven to earth, and died "that He might bring us to God" (1 Peter 3:18). Christ emphasized this picture in His teaching-the Shepherd going after the lost sheep (Luke 15:4), the good Samaritan journeying to where the wounded traveler lay (Luke 10:33), etc.
The second description of the Tabernacle signifies the individual's experience of salvation.
Instead of beginning with the contents of the holy of holies where Jehovah dwelt, we have described for us the Tabernacle and curtains of the outer court, which the common people saw. Here the order is from without to within-the experimental order, the order in which divine truth is apprehended by the soul. This same twofold order may be seen in the Epistles to the Romans and Ephesians. In Romans, the Holy Spirit begins with man's sinfulness, guiltiness, and ruin; goes on to speak of God's provision in Christ, and then closes the doctrinal section by showing us the redeemed sinner in the presence of God, from whom there is no separation. In Ephesians the Spirit begins with God's eternal counsels, choosing us in Christ before the foundation of the world, and then treats of redemption and regeneration and the consequent privileges and responsibilities flowing therefrom. In Romans it is the sinner going in to God; in Ephesians, God coming out the sinner. Such is the double teaching in the twofold order of the description of the Tabernacle.
The order of the pieces that made up the Tabernacle is fascinating. Marvelous is the progressive order of teaching in connection with the various objects in the Tabernacle.
- At the brazen altar sin was judged, and by blood-shedding put away.
- At the laver purification was effected.
- In the holy place provision was made for prayer, food and illumination. In the holy of holies the glory of the enthroned King was displayed.
- The same principle of progress is also to be seen in the increasing value of the sacred vessels. Those in the outer court were of wood and brass; whereas those in the inner compartments were of wood and gold. So too the various curtains grew richer in design and embellishment, the inner veil being the costliest and most elaborate.
- Again, the outer court, being open, was illumined by natural light; the holy place was lit up by the light from the golden candlestick; but the holy of holies was radiated by the Shekinah glory of Jehovah.
- Thus the journey from the outer court into the holy of holies was from sin to purification, and from grace to glory. How blessedly did this illustrate the truth that "the path of the Just is as the shining light, that shineth more and more unto the perfect day" (Proverbs 4:18).
The Tabernacle was dictated completely by God.
No less than seven times are we informed that Moses was commanded to make the Sanctuary after the pattern of it which was shown him in the Mount-see Exodus 25:9; 25:40; 26:30; 27:8; Numbers 8:4; Acts 7:44; Hebrews 8:5. Nothing was left to man's wisdom, still less to "chance"; everything was to be in exact accordance with the Divine model. Does not this teach us that everything concerning Christ and His people has been wrought out according to the eternal purpose of Him who worketh all things after the counsel of His own will! May Divine grace enable us to rest there in perfect peace and Joyous worship.
Pink, Gleanings in Exodus.
Quoted from Ibid. | <urn:uuid:3547543f-10d4-4755-b156-41345b0389ea> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dtbm.org/sermon/the-tabernacle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9415 | 2,117 | 2.515625 | 3 |
WASHINGTON, D.C. -- The Environmental Protection Agency announced final standards for oil and natural gas drilling today that it said will reduce smog and provide responsible production.
In response to a court deadline, EPA finalized standards to reduce harmful air pollution associated with oil and natural gas production.
The updated standards, required by the Clean Air Act, were informed by feedback from a range of interest groups and industry.
The final standards reduce implementation costs while ensuring they are achievable and can be met by proven technologies and processes already in use at approximately half of the fractured natural gas wells in the United States, EPA said.
Technologies will reduce 95 percent of harmful emissions from wells that contribute to smog and lead to health impacts and will enable companies to collect additional natural gas to be sold, EPA said.
Natural gas is a key component of the nation's clean energy future and standards released today ensure production can be expanded while reducing impacts to public health, EPA said.
-- Dan Wheat | <urn:uuid:27e331b0-9644-4cad-9452-372373af30b8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.capitalpress.com/content/djw-EPAairstandards-042012 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935142 | 198 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Equipment and set up for CENG testing
The inner ear is the main organ which maintains the body’s balance.
It is situated deep within the skull (within th temporal bone).
Any organ of the human body can nowadays be visualised by radio imaging (C.T. scans for bony abnormalities and M.R. Scan or Sonography for soft tissues, basically without “intervention” entry into the body).
Any organ of the human body canalso have its function assessed by measuring the electrical impulses emitted by electrodes placed on the surface of the body. To give an example, an electro cardiogram records electrical impulses from the heart from the surface of the body by means of electrodes. An X-Ray of the chest shows heart size to be normal but the ECG may be significantly normal.
Similarly, the CENG is a test of the function of the inner ear. The CENG test is the gold-standard for diagnosis of balance disorders. It is a recording of the electrical activity of the balance organ and its connections with the balance centers at the base of the brain, brain stem and cerebellum, all of which contribute to the maintenance of the body’s balance.
2 groups of tests are available – The Oculomotor tests and the Vestibular tests
Tests employed for balance disorders
Patient wired up for Computerised Electronystagmography
Oculomotor Tests (Tests integrity of nerve connections between eyes and inner ear balance organ)
• Spontaneous nystagmus test
Whenever there is disease anywhere in the balance organs or their connections with the central nervous system, eyes or cervical spine, triangular beats – quick short beat and long beat known as nystagmus are obtained. These can be recorded on CENG even with eyes closed.
• Calibration and Saccade test – To and fro movement of eyes on following 2 fixed points
• Gaze nystagmus test – Records abnormal eye movement on gazing left, right, up or down.
• Optokinetic tracking test – Recordings of eye movement on following a moving target.
An Optokinetic stimulator. Patient’s gaze follows moving LEDs and recordings are obtained.
Recording of Saccades Recording of Optokinetic target tracking
- Positional tests determine whether dizziness originates from different positions of the head.
Positional testing is to detect positional nystagmus in cases of vertigo which comes on with change of position of head and body in specific positions (Hallpike positions). If there is positional nystagmus, to determine if it is due to the ear (usually BPPV), brain (central positional nystagmus), or neck (cervicogenic vertigo).
Whether spontaneous nystagmus is present or not, recordings are also obtained by stimulating the inner ear balance organs. The patient lies on a couch. Water at 7 degrees above and 7 degrees below body temperature (30 and 44 degrees centigrade) is irrigated into the ear on one side at a time, for 40 seconds The water stimulates the inner ear fluids setting up convection currents.
Right ear stimulus and Left ear stimulus give nystagmus responses in opposite directions. The recordings are analysed by a computer and nystagmus parameters of velocity, frequency and amplitude are analysed and graphs obtained.
This is the most important test for analysis of the function of the inner ear and its connections.
Recordings of the Caloric test
Recording of right and left ear caloric responses for frequency calculation
BALANCE DISORDERS include
Vertigo – a sensation of rotation of self or surroundings, often with nausea, vomiting and sweating, a sensation of swaying of self. A deafness &/or tinnitus (noise in the ear may be present.
Dizziness – Swimming sensation or some movement in the head
Giddiness – Swaying sensation on standing or sitting
Imbalance on sitting /walking and likelihood of falling
Most balance disorders are due to a malfunction of one or both labyrinths – the organs in the internal ear which are the chief organs that maintain the body’s balance. Being in the ear, the first examination of a patient with a balance disorder should be performed by an ENT specialist skilled in clinical examination and performing investigations for balance disorders – recording the function of the inner ears by CENG (Computerised Electro Nystagmo Graphy with Spontaneous nystagmus and with Caloric testing.
(VENG is valid only if done with Caloric testing and recording of Spontaneous nystagmus).
Unfortunately, many specialists are not aware that the inner ear balance function can nowadays be accurately recorded and analysed like a cardiogram does for the heart.
It is meaningless to advise an Audiogram (hearing test) straightaway which only notes down the patient’s hearing status. The hearing portion of the inner ear has nothing to do with balance portion of the inner ear, disease of which causes vertigo/ imbalance. It is carried out only for a complaint of deafness and/or tinnitus (noise in the ear) or if there is any abnormality detected on CENG testing.
Since 60 % of all balance disorders are in the province of the ENT specialist, opinion of an ENT specialist skilled in CENG recording and interpretation is mandatory.
When the vertigo especially imbalance does not respond to treatment prescribed after a CENG testing, a complete detailed neurological examination is done at the clinic as a second stage which includes checking Higher functions, Cranial nerves (CNs), Sensory system, Motor system, Reflexes, Cerebellum and Fundoscopy.
There is nowadays an over reliance on the utility of Neuro-imaging (e.g. CT, MRI). They provide an evaluation of anatomy but not function. While being extremely helpful, they must be interpreted within the context of examination findings. A detailed clinical examination and meaningful tests and investigations can make a perfect diagnosis of a pathologic process, even if it is not seen on a particular radiological study. There are limits to what can be performed on even the most high tech imaging machine and therefore Radiology is advised to confirm or exclude examination findings which make these unnecessary as a first investigation. These should be advised only after a careful examination and CENG.
The further investigations required may be – MRI brain scan with cervical & lumbar spine screen, and MR Angio scan -brain and neck blood vessels, Colour Doppler of neck blood vessels.
Also nerve muscle studies of the lower limbs may be advised for excluding disorders of proprioception – (skin sensations and muscle function of the thighs, lower legs and feet). These include Electromyography (EMG), Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) & Somato sensory evoked potentials (SSEP).
Further reference may be required to a cardiologist for cardio vascular causes of vertigo, a psychiatrist for psychogenic vertigo, orthopedic specialist for cervical spine disorders etc.
Treatment of Vestibular Disorders
Basically there are the following options on how to treat patients with vestibular disorders:
Liberatory maneuvers to treat benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo ( B.P.P.V.) – Epley and Semont maneuvers
Vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) - exercises for patient to perform, in those patients with unilateral or bilateral vestibular deficit or central vestibular lesions to improve the central compensation or substitution.
Medical treatment : A growing number of agents are available for the medical treatment of vestibular disorders. However, before initiating treatment, it is important to make the correct diagnosis and then to specifically treat the form of vertigo.
Psychological, psychiatric or behavioral therapy
Surgery:The role of surgery has diminished over the past years. | <urn:uuid:5b36395d-7b8d-4fec-8fb0-54f7af38c8b3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://entspeciality.com/category/diagnostic-facilities/vertigo-testing-clinic-facilities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897933 | 1,637 | 3.1875 | 3 |
In 1925, The Packard Motor Car Company realized that
testing their products on the streets of Detroit had its limitations and that it was time to build a proper testing facility.
They began buying farmland in then rural Shelby Township, Michigan and retained renowned industrial architect Albert Kahn
to design and oversee construction of a grand showplace, befitting one of the most prestigious and successful auto companies
of the golden era of classic production.
Packard dedicated the million-dollar Proving Grounds in 1927 and began a rigorous testing program. The planted
area between two driveways was shaped like the famous Packard radiator grille and the driveways led to grand wrought-iron
gates that opened onto lavishly landscaped grounds, rich with flowering trees, roses, and other ornamental landscaping. On
the right were the Tudor-revival Lodge and garage buildings, painted a warm cream color that contrasted nicely with the multi-colored
slate roof, red brickwork, and brown trim. The Lodge was home to the Proving Grounds manager and family and featured three
fireplaces, nine bedrooms, four bathrooms, hardwood floors, dormitories for test drivers, and garage space for eight cars.
A famous ad shows a new Packard passing through the entrance gates at the Proving Grounds after having been picked
at random from the assembly line to be tested on roads containing gravel, mud, water pits, bumps, curves, and railroad ties.
The weather extremes of Michigans four seasons added to the already challenging testing conditions. In contrast to the rugged
test roads, an exceptionally smooth 2.5 mile oval track was built for high-speed testing and was so well engineered that drivers
could travel around the banked curves in excess of 100 mph without holding the steering wheel. In 1928 it was hailed as "
The worlds fastest speedway " when Leon Duray set a world speed record of 148.7 mph.
The garage building across the driveway from the Lodge contained experimental
and engineering laboratories allowing the testing of engines, chassis, electrical components, fuels, and lubricants under
a variety of conditions.
Packard also used the Proving Grounds for the development and testing of aircraft
engines. In the 300-acre track infield the company constructed a runway that led to a 4,000-square-foot hangar. Famed aviator,
Col. Charles Lindbergh visited the site to test-fly a Packard powered airplane in 1929. The first diesel engine for airplanes
was developed here in 1929. Captain Lionel Woolson, a test pilot for Packard, was killed in a plane crash near Attica, New
York and his ashes were scattered over the Proving Grounds.
A Division of General Motors rented the Proving Grounds in 1938 to test its products and even borrowed the Packard Towing
Dynamometer for certain tests. During World War II, Chrysler Defense Engineering leased the entire Proving Grounds to test
tanks and other armored vehicles and added a building next to the Garage building.
the reliability of the new Packard V-8 for 1955, a Patrician sedan was driven continuously around the track, 24 hours a day
for ten days, stopping only for fuel, tires, driver changes, and minor maintenance. When the run was over, the drivers had
taken the Patrician 25,000 miles (the distance around the earth) at an average speed of 104.7 mph.In 1958 the property was
sold to Curtiss-Wright who sold it to Ford Motor Company in 1961. Ford used portions of the property for a variety of uses
over the years, but the important buildings and artifacts were left untouched and have survived in surprisingly good condition.
Part of the survival story is due to the fact that Albert Kahn designed fireproof, steel-framed buildings that were state-of-the-art
in their day and built of the finest materials that were available.
The Packard Proving Grounds Historic Site
By the year 1998, Ford had determined that the best use of the property would be for development. The United
States Postal Service was interested in a portion of the land for a distribution center and plans were underway to clear whatever
was in the way of construction. It was unclear to local historians and Packard enthusiasts just what was in the way of progress,
but the aircraft hangar (called the Lindbergh Hangar by some) was scheduled for demolition. It was rumored that the Timing
Tower and Lodge would go as well. A swell of public opinion in the local and old-car community caused the local township to
withhold demolition permits and it was at this time that it was determined that the property was eligible for listing on the
National Register of Historic Places. Certain rules apply to governmental agencies and historic sites, so the Post Office
decided to look elsewhere for property.
A group of
interested historians from many walks of life including members of Shelby Township Historical Committee, Packard Clubs, the
Classic Car Club, and the Antique Automobile Club joined together with the elected officials of Shelby Township and citizens
to save a significant portion of the Proving Grounds. The Packard Motor Car Foundation offered to open negotiations with Ford.
Extensive negotiations and re-negotiations led to Fords offer to gift the seven acres of land containing the grand entrance
gates, the Lodge building, the Garage building, the elevated water storage tank, and the Chrysler Defense building to the
Foundation for restoration and perpetual care. An additional seven acres has been set aside for later acquisition that currently
contains the timing tower, a 458-foot section of the test track, and the relocated Lindbergh hangar.
over the keys in 2002 and the Foundation (through donor support) immediately made extensive landscaping improvements (removing
years of over-growth), painted the elevated-water-storage tank and restored the Packard script, moved the Lindbergh hangar
to a new foundation on the site, brought electricity to the property, and in the summer of 2004, re-roofed over 27,000 square
feet of the flat portion of the Garage and Chrysler Defense buildings. This included the repair and replacement of some trusses
and beams. Original copper vents, gutters, and downspouts were carefully removed, refurbished or replaced with exact duplicates
and returned to their original locations (all to National Park Service standards for historic preservation). This marks an
important milestone in the preservation of the property as the new roof insures that no further deterioration will take place
in any of the buildings.
Broad support and input from all collectors and historians (not just Packard owners) is needed to allow
the Foundation to complete a master plan for the property. Current proposals include an "Arsenal of Democracy" museum dedicated
to the contributions of all automobile companies during wartime, a museum of automotive testing covering all makes and companies,
and facilities for catered events such as business meetings, weddings, and car-related shows and meets.
So much of our American automotive heritage has been lost that we are indeed fortunate to have the opportunity
to save this historic treasure that through a series of fortuitous circumstances has survived in almost perfect original condition.
This is not a new building dedicated to the past, but one of the last remaining sites that was built by one of America's great
companies during the golden era of classic car production.
The site has been accepted by the Automotive National Heritage Area being implemented by the National Park
Service in southeast Michigan. Federal, state, and local grants are forthcoming and your participation is invited, as well.
We will look back and be proud that we participated in the saving of this last remaining treasure from the golden era of American
SOURCE: Bud Juneau, Brentwood California
Vice-president, Packard Motor Car Foundation.
MORE LINKS BELOW | <urn:uuid:3bcbe7c5-5dcc-4b58-b4d3-bcb2db78a09c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://shelbyhistory.tripod.com/id14.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952503 | 1,619 | 2.9375 | 3 |
DC Power Supply Basics Tutorial
- summary or tutorial about the basics of DC power supplies, PSU, detailing linear and switching types and their advantages and disadvantages.
Power supplies or power supply units, PSU, form an essential part of very many items of electronics equipment.
The most common form takes in AC power from the mains supply and delivers a DC voltage to the item requiring power.
Accordingly power supplies are widely used in a variety of forms - some large supplying high levels of current, other power supplies, much smaller providing lower levels of power.
Power supply basics
The aim of a DC power supply is to provide the required level of DC power to the load using an AC supply at the input. Different applications require different attributes, but more often than not these days DC power supplies provide an accurate output voltage - this is regulated using electronic circuitry so that it provides a constant output voltage over a wide range of output loads.
In most power supplies there are number of different elements. These may not all be present in every design.
- Input transformer: The input transformer is used to transform the incoming line voltage down to the required level for the power supply. Typically the input transformer provides a step down function. It also isolates the output circuit from the line supply.
- Rectifier: The power supply rectifier converts the incoming signal from an AC format into raw DC. Either half wave or more commonly full wave rectifiers may be used as they make use of both halves of the incoming AC signal.
- Smoothing: The raw DC from the rectifier is far from constant falling to zero when the AC waveform crossed the zero axis, and then rising to its peak. The addition of a reservoir capacitor here fills in the troughs in the waveform, enabling the next stage of the power supply to operate. Large value capacitors are normally used within this stage.
- Regulator: This stage of the power supply takes the smoothed voltage and uses a regulator circuit to provide a constant output virtually regardless of the output current and any minor fluctuations in the input level.
Power supply regulation
There are two basic forms of power supply used in electronics equipment:
- Unregulated: This form of power supply was the only type used many years ago. It simply consisted of a rectifier section and this was followed by capacitor or capacitor and inductor smoothing. There was no regulation to steady the voltage. If a large current was drawn the voltage would fall as a result of the resistive losses, and also the smoothing would not be as effective and the level of hum would rise.
- Voltage regulated: As transistor circuitry became more commonplace, regulated power supplies became more common. Today they are almost universally used. They typically incorporate a voltage reference, and the output voltage is compared to this and altered accordingly by control circuitry within the regulated power supply.
In addition to this, regulated power supplies may be further subdivided:
- Linear regulated power supply: Linear regulated power supplies use an analogue approach. A series element - a semiconductor transistor or FET - is controlled allow the correct voltage at the output for any current within the operating range.
Note on Linear Power Supplies:
Linear power supplies are widely used for applications where low noise and ripple are required. As the name suggests, they use linear technology - typically a series linear regulator element to drop voltage. As such they dissipate power, but without any switching mode, they are able to offer high levels of eprformance
Click on the link for a Linear power supply tutorial
- Switching regulator power supply: The switching regulator format for a power supply uses a large output reservoir capacitor. A series element - a transistor or FET - is switched on and off to keep the voltage on the capacitor within the required limits.
Note on Switch Mode Power Supplies:
Switch mode power supplies and switch mode regulators have many advantages in terms of efficiency, size and weight. Their design can be more involved than might be thought at first. Yet with a good understanding, these switch mode power supplies, SMPSs, switch mode regulators and switch mode controllers can be successfully designed and built..
Click on the link for a Switch Mode Power Supply tutorial
Each type of power supply regulation technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. As a result different types of regulator are used in different applications, although with technology improving, switching regulators are being used increasingly.
As a result of the different properties of each type of power supply regulator, linear regulators tend to be used in applications where very low levels of noise and ripple are required and heat dissipation may not be such a problem. Hi-fi amplifiers are one such area. Switching mode regulators are used more widely as they can be made very compact, they are very efficient and the levels of ripple, spikes and noise can normally be low enough for most applications.
By Ian Poole
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Want more like this? Register for our newsletter | <urn:uuid:261857c4-7ef1-47c4-8bb5-1d97eb3cb83b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/power-management/dc-power-supply/psu-basics-tutorial.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920539 | 1,017 | 4.15625 | 4 |
n. any person who actually serves on a jury. Lists of potential jurors are chosen from various sources such as registered voters, automobile registration or telephone directories. The names are drawn by lot (more often by computer random selection) and requested to appear for possible service. Before a trial begins the names of jurors are assigned to a trial court, and a further selection process is made. Acceptable excuses from service are determined by state law or by the judge before or during the final selection process. If chosen, a juror receives a small amount of pay per day of service and payment for automobile mileage from home to court. A member of a Grand Jury is called a grand juror. | <urn:uuid:673a4f8b-401a-41db-9aa0-5237df27f8ba> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1075 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00178-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970535 | 137 | 2.8125 | 3 |
OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES
Some chemicals can damage the earth's protective ozone layer. This layer is composed of ozone molecules in the stratosphere, which extends from about 15 to 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface. Stratospheric ozone is a naturally-occurring gas that filters the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Consequently, any thinning of the ozone layer allows more radiation to reach the Earth's surface. In terms of human health, overexposure to UV rays can lead to skin cancer, cataracts, and weakened immune systems. In terms of ecological health, increased UV can lead to reduced crop yield and disruptions in the marine food chain.
Ozone depleting substances (ODS), including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and several other chemicals, are responsible for thinning the stratospheric ozone layer. When these substances reach the stratosphere, UV radiation from the sun breaks them apart to release chlorine or bromine atoms which react with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction that deplete the ozone layer. One chlorine atom can break apart more than 100,000 ozone molecules, while a bromine atom can destroy about 4,000,000 ozone molecules.
OZONE DEPLETING POTENTIAL
Ozone depleting substances vary in their capacity to destroy ozone molecules, so scientists have developed a method for characterizing the relative depletion caused by different ODS. Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) is the ratio of calculated ozone column change for each mass unit of a gas emitted into the atmosphere relative to the calculated depletion for the reference gas CFC 11 (ODP = 1.0). This allows different chemicals to be compared using a common unit (CFC 11-equivalents). For example, a chemical such as Halon 2402 (ODP = 6) is six times more detrimental to the stratospheric ozone layer than CFC 11.
In Scorecard's ranking sections, air releases of ozone depleting substances are weighted by chemical-specific ODPs to indicate the amount of ozone depletion they can cause.
LIST OF OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES
Ozone Depleting Substances (Montreal Protocol)
MORE ON OZONE DEPLETION
U.S. EPA on Ozone Depletion
The UV Index predicts the next day's ultraviolet radiation levels on a 0-10+ scale, helping people determine appropriate sun-protective behaviors. Searchable by zipcode for a local UV Index report.
Ozone Secretariat of the United Nations Environment Programme
World Meteorological Organization and United Nations Environmental Programme. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002. | <urn:uuid:ec90cdae-e4a0-40bc-a32a-4d80527dd2ba> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://scorecard.goodguide.com/chemical-profiles/def/odp.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.828227 | 558 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Making a flower out of felted wool fiber is a simple art process that I learned during a workshop with Jessica de Haas, Canadian clothing designer, at the Museo Textil de Oaxaca. No one else wanted to cut into their handmade felt cloth, but I took scissors in hand and cut away. Here was my reward!
Felted Fashion Workshop: Making Wearable Art Oaxaca Style, Feb. 4-11, 2013
1. First, I made a paper pattern. I cut four circles. Circle 1 is 6″ in diameter. Circle 2 is 5″ in diameter. Circle 3 is 4″ in diameter. Circle 4 is 3″ in diameter.
2. Then, I pinned each circle to the felt and cut.
3. Starting with the largest circle, fold it in half and cut into the fold about 1/2″ on both sides. Fold it in half the other way and make another cut about 1/2″ on both sides. Keep doing this until you end up with 16 “petals.” Trim each of the petals so that they look like a petal!
4. Continue the same process with each of the remaining circles.
5. Stack the circles on top of each other, largest one on the bottom, smallest one on top.
6. With needle and thread, sew the layers together in the center.
7. Cut a 1″ to 1-1/2″ circle and place it in the center of the flower and sew it on, leaving an opening big enough to stuff tiny wool scraps into the center to look like a button. (Did you know the center of a flower is called a stigma and in Spanish it’s Corolla?)
8. Squeeze the flower from bottom so that the petals form a distinctive shape.
I made my flower when it was damp, so when I squeezed, it crunched up and took a 3-dimensional shape instead of a flat pancake (as shown above). If you like, you can wet it completely in hot water, squeeze the water out gently with two hands, and then squeeze to shape. Let air dry in the sun or on top of a clothes dryer.
9. Sew to a hat or pin on a jacket or make a choker necklace out of it.
- A few sheets of paper (can be recycled printer paper)
- A good, sharp scissors
- Straight pins
- Needle and thread
- Scrap wool for button center (or use a button)
- Optional: embellish with sequins or seed beads or random embroidery design | <urn:uuid:2c827978-c9a4-4df6-83a8-d4d324c53647> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://oaxacaculture.com/tag/museo-textil-de-oaxaca/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927667 | 541 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The town is named after Samuel Appleton, the father-in-law of the founder of Lawrence University—the most famous landmark in Appleton. The town has an estimated population of over 70,000, most of whom are descendents of German, Polish or Dutch immigrants.
The climate is warm in summer with an average temperature of 25°C, while in winter it tends to get extremely cold with an average temperature of –9°C. ... More Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year.
Appleton is the largest of the ‘Fox Cities’—a number of communities on the Fox River. It is the centre of the papermaking industry and the place where the famous magician, Harry Houdini grew up.
Your contribution can be useful for other tourists
Neighbouring cities Appleton
Suggested things to do and to see
Tips on where to stay
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Cerro Negro, Nicaragua (#2)
Cerro Negro Volcano, Nicaragua. Ash and cinders erupt from the summit crater in 1968 as a vent near the base of the 150 meter-high cinder cone feeds a basaltic lava flow. The bubbling vent of red-hot lava is the same vent seen close up in the time exposure of Cerro Negro 1.
Photo copyright R.W. Decker. | <urn:uuid:557688ee-bcbb-4c60-8ba1-01f62a28abfa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~csav/gallery/decker/nicaragua_cerro_negro_2.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.821382 | 87 | 2.796875 | 3 |
It established a religion without a prelate, a government without a king.
George Bancroft on Calvinism, in History of the United States (1834), Vol. III, Ch. vi.
Oh, we are weary pilgrims; to this wilderness we bring
A Church without a bishop, a State without a King
Anonymous poem "The Puritans' Mistake", published by Oliver Ditson (1844).
All that happens in the world of Nature or Man, — every war; every peace; every hour of prosperity; every hour of adversity; every election; every death ; every life; every success and every failure, — all change, — all permanence, — the perished leaf; the unutterable glory of stars, — all things speak truth to the thoughtful spirit.
"The Power of a State Developed by Mental Culture", an address to the Mercantile Library Association (18 November 1844), published in The Works of Rufus Choate : Memoir, Lectures and Addresses (1862), edited by Samuel Gilman Brown.
Happy is he who has laid up in his youth, and held fast in all fortune, a genuine and passionate love of reading.
Speech at the dedication of the Peabody Institute (29 September 1854).
We join ourselves to no party that does not carry the flag, and keep step to the music of the Union.
Letter to the Whig Convention, Worcester (1 October 1855).
Letter to the Maine Whig Committee (1856). Six years earlier, Choate gave a lecture in Providence which was reviewed by Franklin J. Dickman in the Journal of December 14, 1849. Unless Choate used the words "glittering generalities", and Dickman made reference to them, it would seem as if Dickman must have the credit of originating the catchword. Dickman wrote: "We fear that the glittering generalities of the speaker have left an impression more delightful than permanent". Reported in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, 10th ed. (1919). | <urn:uuid:d674d6ec-b8ca-4170-9593-9d69ef3c18d6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://en.m.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rufus_Choate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932279 | 431 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Prisoners’ right to education
We cannot imprison a person for many years without providing an avenue for change… Indeed change will have occurred but certainly not how it was envisioned. For we will have created an envious, frustrated, delusional, pent-up, angry and de-humanized individual who will certainly seek revenge.”
“These words come from a prisoner interviewed by the Special Rapporteur on the right to education, Vernor Muñoz for his recent report to the Human Rights Council on access to education in prisons.
It is estimated globally there are more than 9 million people in prison, either as pre-trial detainees or as sentenced prisoners and in a majority of countries, prison populations are increasing.
In his report, Muñoz refers to the Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners, a resolution adopted by the United Nations in 1990, which states that people in prisons retain the human rights and fundamental freedoms set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including the “right to take part in cultural activities and education aimed at the full development of the human personality.”
“Human dignity, core to human rights, implies respect for the individual,” Muñoz says, “in his actuality and also in his potential. As education is uniquely and pre- eminently concerned with learning, fulfilling potential and development it should therefore be a fundamental concern… not simply a utilitarian add-on should resources ‘allow’ it.”
One of the major barriers to the education of prisoners identified by Muñoz is public indifference and ignorance. “These (public) attitudes”, he says, “are fuelled by an often equally ill-informed and ill-advised media which… focus almost exclusively on unrepresentative individual violent events.” Add to that the “ready willingness of politicians to reflect these fears in penal policy” and the result is a general reluctance to embed prisoners’ right to education in legislation.
The correctional institutions themselves often link education opportunities to prison management rather than treating education as a fundamental right.
Even in those institutions that have education programmes there are many problems which are described in the report by prison inmates: courses interrupted or terminated on the personal whims of prison administrators; the absence of libraries; waiting lists of up to three years for programmes; limited or no access to training in information technology; vocational courses that are dated paths to nowhere; indifference to needs associated with specific disabilities; and the withdrawal of educational “privileges” as a punitive measure.
The number of women in prison is far fewer than men, on average four percent of the total. They are generally young, poor, unemployed, with little education and very few basic skills. In many States the quality and quantity of programmes is less than those provided to men, and where they are offered, often reflect very traditional female roles, such as sewing, kitchen duties, beauty and handicrafts.
Children, including juveniles, also make up part of the prison population. Current global statistics estimate at least a million children in detention, most of them boys. For the most part these children receive inadequate education, ill-suited to their needs, and upon release more than two thirds of them do not return to school.
Muñoz has made a number of specific recommendations in his report to assist governments address these problems and develop best practices. Most important, the report recommends education for people in detention should be guaranteed and entrenched in Constitutional and/or other legislative instruments; education programmes for prisoners should be publicly funded; and at the least, the curriculum of compulsory education at the primary level should be offered.
Muñoz cautions that, “it is too frequently forgotten that the consequences of what does or does not happen to those who experience [detention] will also be felt by the community to which the majority of prisoners are released.”
28 July 2009 | <urn:uuid:037acda2-057a-477e-9c79-313f56eda48e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/Prisonersrighttoeducation.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965505 | 804 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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