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View an illustration about the life cycle of the malaria parasite.
NIAID plays a unique role in the global effort against malaria in that it funds the majority of basic malaria research. The NIAID Malaria Research Program encompasses a broad range of topics, covering the full cycle of malarial disease—from parasite to mosquito to human host. Increased knowledge of these three elements and the multifaceted interactions among them is critical in developing effective tools to prevent and control malaria.
Malaria can be caused by several species of Plasmodium parasites, each of which has a complex life cycle (see illustration). Research in recent decades has shed light on many aspects of Plasmodium biology, broadening understanding of how parasites interact with the human immune system, cause human disease, and are transmitted by mosquitoes. Still, in these fundamental areas and others, important questions remain unanswered and new questions have arisen. NIAID supports basic research on parasite biology to unravel the complexities of such crucial processes and increase knowledge of disease transmission, parasite immune evasion, and the emergence of drug resistance.
Malaria parasites are transmitted to human hosts by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. A diverse group of Anopheles (30 to 40 species) serves as vectors of human disease. Several physiological, behavioral, and ecological characteristics determine how effective various Anopheles species are as vectors of malaria. NIAID supports research on such characteristics to better understand the parasite-vector relationship and determine why some mosquito species transmit malaria parasites while others do not.
Malaria pathogenesis is the process by which malaria parasites cause illness, abnormal function, or damage in their human hosts. “Uncomplicated” malaria entails a series of recurring episodes of chills, intense fever, and sweating and sometimes includes other symptoms such as headache, malaise, fatigue, body aches, nausea, and vomiting.
In some cases, and especially in groups such as children and pregnant women, the disease can progress to “severe malaria,” including complications such as cerebral malaria/coma, seizures, severe anemia, respiratory distress, kidney and liver failure, cardiovascular collapse, and shock. Long-term impacts include death, disability, and significant socioeconomic burden on societies where the disease is prevalent. A better understanding of the biological processes underlying the progression of infection to disease is urgently needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality of malaria.
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Over the past serveral years, the completion of several genome projects related to malaria has marked the beginning of a new era of malaria research. NIAID-supported researchers have sequenced the genomes of 16 Anopholine mosquito species, including the Anopheles gambiae mosquito, a major malaria vector, and more than 100 isolates of both Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite, and Plasmodium vivax, the most widespread malaria parasite. These accomplishments, in conjunction with National Institutes of Health-funded sequencing of the human genome, have provided scientists with unprecedented information on complete sets of human, parasite, and mosquito genes. Through such advances, as well as ongoing and planned genomics projects on additional parasites and vectors, NIAID hopes to supply scientists with the tools needed to identify targets for effective disease interventions.
The interaction between the Plasmodium parasite and host immune system during infection strikes a tenuous balance. The relationship can elicit protective immunity or trigger harmful immune responses. The complex nature of both the malaria parasite and the human immune response has made it difficult to unravel the mechanisms of protection or pathology in humans. An improved understanding of the immunology of malaria is likely to provide key insights into ways to enhance human immunity while reducing disease pathogenesis.
Epidemiological data is critical to both developing novel vaccines and drugs and implementing effective control and prevention programs. Understanding malaria on a population level and determining the biological, behavioral, and environmental factors that influence malaria epidemiology and transmission are especially important as the global community strengthens anti-malaria efforts.
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Last Updated March 04, 2016 | <urn:uuid:8eb7a11c-7b92-40ff-808d-29fc2354b176> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/Malaria/research/Pages/biology.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917148 | 823 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 20/1/2013 (1254 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
OTTAWA, Ont. -- Canada's mercury-waste facilities are either patchwork or non-existent as millions of light bulbs containing the highly toxic chemical are set to flood the marketplace.
That's a key finding of a report commissioned by Environment Canada in the run-up to a major change in the way Canadians light their homes.
Beginning next January, a new regulation will effectively ban the sale of standard incandescent bulbs in favour of energy-efficient versions, most of which contain mercury.
So-called compact fluorescent lamps, or CFLs, will also enter the waste stream as they break or burn out, many destined for landfills where their harmful mercury can get into the water.
Environment Canada says the mercury contained in a typical thermometer can contaminate five Olympic-size swimming pools to toxic levels.
Ironically, the ban on incandescents is partly designed to reduce mercury in the environment because old-style light bulbs are inefficient, and require more electricity from burning coal and other fossil fuels that can emit mercury.
Environmentalists applaud the ban for eliminating far more fossil-fuel mercury than the new bulbs add -- but say Environment Canada must also require the recycling or safe storage of broken CFLs.
"Currently, municipalities do not store mercury -- most of it ends up in landfill," says a report commissioned from Summerhill Impact, an environmental firm in Toronto.
The Aug. 31 study also found no national or industry-wide standards for the handling of mercury waste.
There was "significant variability between regulations across the provinces, and... nearly all (mercury-handling) facilities... rely on these regulations as their main environmental-management guidelines, rather than industry standards."
The study, which surveyed some 28 of the 123 places that store or manage mercury waste, also found Canada lacks any facility to extract pure mercury from waste, relying instead on mercury distillers in the United States.
The authors warn that with growing restrictions on trans-border movements of mercury, such as a U.S. ban on pure mercury exports effective Jan. 1 this year, Canada may need to resolve pending storage issues.
"The sector is notably lacking distillation facilities that make mercury re-use possible," says the report, which cost the department $47,000.
"This suggests that Canada may need to lay the groundwork for investigating best practices for longer-term storage options for elemental mercury, as export bans in other jurisdictions such as the USA could negatively impact their demand for mercury waste from Canadian sources."
-- The Canadian Press | <urn:uuid:b97a1ea8-feb8-492c-ac1c-9b49542378a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/business/report-warns-of-mercury-handling-deficiencies-187705481.html?story=Report%20warns%20of%20mercury-handling%20deficiencies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00061-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926705 | 552 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Philosophy (PHL) Courses
PHL 101 Introduction to Philosophy (3-0) 3 hrs.
This course offers an introduction to Western Philosophy by moving sequentially through the four historical eras of Philosophy. Those eras follow: The Classical Era, the Medieval Era, the Modern Era and the Postmodern Era. Each of these four eras uniquely embody these philosophical concerns: What is the nature of reality (cosmology or metaphysics)? What is the nature of being (ontology)? How do I come to know something, and how do I know that I know it (epistemology)? Is there a God or gods (Philosophy of Religion)? What is the best life to live, and how do I live it (ethics)? What are beauty and the utterly personal experience of pleasure and satisfaction (aesthetics)? B View Course Syllabus
PHL 103 Ethics (3-0) 3 hrs.
This course offers an introduction to Ethics. The primary ethical question is, “What is the best life, and how can I live it?” In reply to the primary ethical question this course evaluates the two foundational approaches to ethics, teleology (consequentialism) and deontology. Teleological approaches justify a behavior by judging the consequence which it produces; the ends justify the means. Deontological approaches begin by understanding the moral essence of the ethical agent and unpack the implications thereof; the means justify the ends. Understanding the difference in these emphases is central to meta-ethics. There exist eight distinct ethical theories found within the Western Philosophy. Those theories are as follows: egoism, hedonism, naturalism (Virtue Theory), utilitarianism, Kantianism, relativism, contractualism and theologism (Divine Command Theory). The first four of these theories (egoism, hedonism, naturalism and utilitarianism) are teleological approaches. The second four (Kantianism, relativism, contractualism and theologism) are deontological approaches. B View Course Syllabus
PHL 105 Philosophy of Religion (3-0) 3 hrs.
The purpose of this course is to examine from a critical, philosophical perspective the various beliefs and practices of religion; problems associated with classical theism; the uniqueness of religious language; arguments for and against immortality; the challenge modern science poses to religion; and the notions of salvation, liberation, etc. As such, this course is to investigate religion in a way that is historically informed, theologically sophisticated, and philosophically challenging. B View Course Syllabus
PHL 170 Ethical Considerations in Health Care (3-0) 3 hrs.
The purpose of this course is to involve the student in reading and discussing medical issues from an ethical perspective to create depth in our awareness of the moral problems that cannot be ignored and more often than not, cannot necessarily be solve. The scope of this course will entail examination of different ethical approaches to moral problems in medicine and their success or failure in a broad range of medical issues, including the physician-patient relationship, the role of the nurse, euthanasia and death with dignity, rights to health care/costs of health care and an examination for important concepts such as autonomy, paternalism, rights, consent, confidentiality, among others. This course carries SUNY General Education credit. B View Course Syllabus
Key to Course Offering Times
|B||Both or either Spring and Fall semester|
|JP||Jan Plan/Winter Session| | <urn:uuid:e6600114-040e-46f6-ae9c-94d56ae6b915> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://flcc.edu/courses/descriptions.cfm?subject=PHL | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896811 | 722 | 2.59375 | 3 |
KETURA, Israel, Jan. 8 (UPI) -- Despite rainstorms that have soaked fields and filled reservoirs in Israel during December, the Dead Sea's water level still dropped, water researchers said.
Eli Raz, a researcher at the Dead Sea and Arava Science Center in Ketura said the Dead Sea fell to 427.82 meters (1,403 feet) below sea level in early January, 3 centimeters (slightly more than an inch) lower than the level measured the previous month, the Jerusalem Post reported Wednesday.
In comparison, Lake Kinneret saw an increase of 11 centimeters (slightly more than 4 inches) during the same period.
The additional drop in the Dead Sea's water level brought the basin to 0.93 meters (3 feet) below its level one year ago, Hydrological Services data indicated.
The slow in the sea's water-level decrease last month was due in part to rainy conditions and lower temperatures that slowed the evaporation rate, Raz said.
Raz said the Dead Sea's water level lost 8 centimeters (3.1 inches) in November and 14 centimeters (5.5 inches) in October.
Ten years ago, the Dead Sea basin's water level was 416.77 meters (1,367 feet) below sea level, 11.05 meters (36 feet) higher than the current level the Post said.
When considering December's drop in water level, the average annual reduction in water level for the Dead Sea is now 1.105 meters (3.6 feet), Raz said. | <urn:uuid:e309dbc7-7da3-414b-97a8-26a90ea9d458> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2014/01/08/Despite-rains-Dead-Sea-water-levels-fall-again-in-December/UPI-42221389216559/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92942 | 320 | 2.625 | 3 |
Radiation therapy uses high energy x-rays to destroy cancer cells. A radiation oncologist will customize the treatment dose for individual needs. The goal is to try and kill as much cancer while minimizing harm to healthy tissue. Radiation therapy is generally most effective when used in combination with other treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy. It may be used to destroy remaining cancer cells after surgery, or rarely, as an alternative for people who can not tolerate surgery.
There are different types of radiation therapy, but external beam radiation is used to treat bladder cancer. In external beam radiation therapy, radiation is produced by a machine positioned outside the body. Short bursts of x-rays are directed at the cancer. The radiation oncologist will direct the radiation beam to affect as much cancer as possible.
Complications of radiation therapy to the pelvic area may include:
- Men having difficulty getting and maintaining an erection.
- Women experiencing vaginal dryness, causing discomfort during intercourse.
- Infertility—If you plan on having children, talk to your doctor. There may be options to preserve fertility before starting treatment.
A variety of treatments are available to help manage side effects of radiation therapy, such as dry, irritated skin, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue due to anemia. Sometimes adjustments to treatment doses may also be possible. The earlier side effects are addressed, the more likely they will be controlled with a minimum of discomfort.
- Reviewer: Mohei Abouzied, MD
- Review Date: 05/2015 -
- Update Date: 06/30/2015 - | <urn:uuid:03717fb9-db9b-4e86-96d4-64692ee913c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://wesleymc.com/hl/?/2010815525/Radiation-Therapy-for-Bladder-Cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947242 | 322 | 3.171875 | 3 |
From Gulf Stream to Aquarium
When the Gulf Stream current sweeps fish eggs and larvae up the coast, New Yorkers can collect the young Caribbean fish.
When you think of butterflyfishes, groupers and tangs, the beautiful reefs of Australia, Hawaii and the Caribbean come to mind. One of the last places a person would think of is Long Island, New York. Located just east of New York City and jutting out into the Atlantic Ocean, it is the largest island of the continental United States. From mid-June until early October, when the water temperature rises above 67 degrees Fahrenheit, the tropical fish from Florida and the Caribbean Sea begin to arrive and grow. How these fish and other tropical marine organisms arrive at Long Island is a fascinating story.
Long Island has two major coastlines: one on the north shore and one on the south shore. It is the south shore facing into the Atlantic Ocean that collects the tropical fish we are looking to capture. The south shore is protected by a string of barrier islands that run eastward from New York City to the Hamptons. These barrier islands are located 1 to 3 miles offshore. They enclose large, warm, shallow bays that are connected to the ocean by four inlets. It is through these inlets that the fish arrive to populate the bays. The fish are carried up as eggs or planktonic larvae in the warm waters of the Gulf Stream current. Periodically, large circular pools of warm water called gyres separate from the Gulf Stream and brush the south shore. During these events, thousands of warmwater fish, shrimp and crabs flood the bays. Even ocean-going (pelagic) fish, such as juvenile mahi-mahi, can be collected in only a few feet of water.
Want to read the full story? Pick up the July 2012 issue of Aquarium Fish International today. | <urn:uuid:1890193c-c45f-486d-bb6a-90d5a9fde72b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fishchannel.com/fish-magazines/toc-afi/2012/july/gulf-stream-fish.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946986 | 383 | 3.40625 | 3 |
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS HELP
There are a lot of essay types; one of them is argumentative essay. It’s completely different from personal essay. Personal essay is the essay which explains your own experience about any thing but an argumentative essay is an essay which needs arguments about any particular topic or idea.
In this type of essay you are not bound to favor/accept or negate any thought or idea; the best argumentative essay is that in which you arguments with logical thoughts and accurate facts. It should have strong language, good sentence structure, correct grammar and argumentative words.
In this type of essay, writing style is much more important than the content of the essay and this is the most difficult thing for a school or college level student and they seem to seek help online.
Easy Essay Help is the only argumentative essay provider available online who can provide you high quality service within your specified time. You just need to send us your requirements and wait for our quick response.
GET IT NOW | <urn:uuid:cb13e436-5a9d-4d4b-89a3-acbece848540> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.easyessayhelp.com/ArgumentativeEssays.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921506 | 209 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Microbiology – bio340 (3 credits)
This course presents students with the fundamentals and applications of microbiology. Topics will include microbial genetics, microorganisms, diseases, and immunity.
Human Diseases and Immunity
- Define terms related to infectious diseases.
- Differentiate between innate and acquired immune systems.
- Analyze the effect immunology has had on society.
- Explain how diseases are transmitted.
- Classify microorganisms by taxonomy.
- Differentiate between the cell structure and functions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
- Analyze the evolutionary relationships between Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria.
Benefits of Microorganisms
- Identify how microbes affect humans and their environment.
- Analyze the application of genetically engineered products in modern living.
Microbial Growth, Control, and Genetics
- Explain microbial growth and microbial growth control.
- Describe the process of cell division.
- Analyze the role that genetic information plays in biological functions of microorganisms.
Fundamentals of Microbiology and Microorganisms
- Differentiate among types of microorganisms.
- Describe appropriate microscopy and lab techniques.
- Explain historical contributions made by well-known microbiologists.
The University of Phoenix reserves the right to modify courses.
While widely available, not all programs are available in all locations or in both online and on-campus formats. Please check with a University Enrollment Representative.
Transferability of credit is at the discretion of the receiving institution. It is the student’s responsibility to confirm whether or not credits earned at University of Phoenix will be accepted by another institution of the student’s choice. | <urn:uuid:86c03030-a3d7-4dbb-bf98-5596c00bbc16> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.phoenix.edu/courses/bio340.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866179 | 348 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In a vast political reshaping of the world, more than 80 former colonies comprising some 750 million people have gained independence since the creation of the United Nations. At present, 17 Non-Self-Governing Territories (NSGTs) across the globe remain to be decolonized, home to nearly 2 million people. Thus, the process of decolonization is not complete. Finishing the job will require a continuing dialogue among the administering Powers, the Special Committee on Decolonization, and the peoples of the territories, in accordance with the relevant UN resolutions on decolonization.
In 1990, the General Assembly proclaimed the first International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism, including a specific plan of action. December 2010 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration, coinciding with the end of the Second International Decade and the proclamation of a Third one.
The Committee of 24 (Special Committee on Decolonization) and its Bureau are assisted by the Decolonization Unit of the Department of Political Affairs for substantive support and by the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management for secretariat services. The Department of Public Information carries out a number of outreach activities on decolonization, including the maintenance of this website. | <urn:uuid:b3f324ee-8353-48fd-b5b5-2fbfb5844581> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923467 | 250 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Salt comes in many forms. There is refined salt, which is regular table salt, made from sodium chloride. This is probably what is in your salt shaker. Then, there is sea salt, which is unrefined, and actually comes from the seawater. Sea salt is usually more expensive than regular table salt. Because it is unrefined, it is marketed as being more natural and healthy, but it still has the same nutritional value as table salt.
Salt is used for flavoring food and is used to preserve foods so they will last longer. This is why there is so much sodium in processed foods, and, with the increased consumption of processed foods, this is why so many people have a diet that is very high in sodium.
Sodium has many health risks
Consuming too much sodium in your diet has many consequences, and can lead to high blood pressure, kidney disease and heart disease. With the increased consumption of fast foods and processed foods, sodium intake has increased over the years, especially in the United States and other “Westernized” countries.
Fresh foods contain very little sodium. When foods are processed, the amount of sodium in a given amount of that food significantly increases. For example, a plain baked potato contains about 12 mg of sodium; but, after being processed and turned into hash browns or potato chips, the same serving size contains over 500mg of sodium!
Sodium does provide benefits
Although sodium has a bad reputation, it is very important to include it in our diets. Sodium is considered an essential mineral, and is necessary for our bodies to function properly. It is needed in order for our bodies to maintain the right acid-base balance in body fluids; it helps maintain the right amount of water in blood and body tissues; and it is needed for muscles and nerves to work properly.
It is recommended for both men and women to consume about 1500mg of sodium per day in order for the body to function properly. Consuming too little sodium is not good for us, either and it causes side effects such as weakness, poor appetite, muscle cramps, headache, and swelling.
We consume too much sodium in our diets
According to the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Study, adult males and females in the United States consumed mostly between about 3000mg and 4659mg of sodium per day. It is recommended not to exceed 2300mg per day, so some people were consuming more than double the recommendation!
The sodium content in processed and fast foods is already very high. But, even adding salt to unprocessed foods can be very dangerous. One teaspoon of salt contains 2300mg of sodium, which is the maximum recommended amount for the whole day. So, if you are adding salt to your food, you may want to measure it first.
What can you do to reduce your sodium intake?
Don’t use as much salt to flavor your foods.
Although seasoning with salt is easy and can really add a lot of flavor to your food, it will easily increase your daily sodium intake. Also, it is so easy to use too much. Unless you are very careful with the salt shaker or you measure your salt, you should choose to flavor your food with other items.
You can try different spices, but watch out because some seasonings contain salt. You can use fresh or dried herbs, lemon juice, garlic, vinegar, onion, or other salt-free spices to flavor your food. There are even spice mixtures that don’t contain salt, such as, Mrs. Dash.
Cut down on the processed food that you eat.
This may not be as convenient and easy for you, but these foods are where a lot of the sodium is hidden. Packaged foods, even ones that you would think are healthy, like soup, contain so much sodium. After a while, you may not even like how they taste, and you may even think that they taste too salty.
It is best to eat fresh foods that are as close to their natural state as possible. Avoid canned fruits and vegetables; and instead, choose fresh or frozen vegetables. Choose fresh meats instead of meat that has been soaked in salt, such as bacon or ham. Avoid packaged grains that contain seasoning packets; and pick plain grain which you can season yourself.
Try lower sodium versions of your favorite foods.
Some people don’t like these as much, but it is definitely worth trying to find out if you do. A lot of products such as soups, drinks like tomato juice, crackers, and chips have low-sodium versions. In order for a product to be labeled low-sodium, it must contain 140mg or less of sodium per serving.
If it is reduced sodium, it must contain 75% less sodium than its full sodium version. Lightly salted products must contain 25% less sodium than the full sodium version, and no salt added products don’t have any salt added. Sodium-free products must contain less than 5mg sodium per serving.
Avoid products that are labeled fat-free or low-fat if you are going to choose to eat processed foods.
These foods may contain more fat than the full fat versions. When the fat is decreased in a food the fat has to be replaced with something else in order for the food to maintain its taste. A lot of the time that includes adding more salt or sugar. This even includes fat-free or low-fat versions of salad dressing.
When eating out, choose foods that are lower in sodium.
A lot of restaurants have nutrition facts for their foods. You can look at the nutrition information before deciding what to eat. Many burgers or sandwiches, especially from fast food restaurants, contain well over 1000mg of sodium. Even a salad can contain that much! If the nutrition information isn’t readily available, you can ask your server which foods are lower in sodium.
These are just some of the ways you can cut down on the amount of sodium you are eating. It may not sound easy, but after a while, you may not even notice the difference, and your body will thank you.
References used in this article | <urn:uuid:6adea551-a4a9-4a3f-8f02-efaa5fad34b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.caloriesecrets.net/5-simple-ways-to-reduce-sodium-intake/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00002-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962386 | 1,265 | 3.125 | 3 |
Civil War Nurse from Texas
Although she stood only 4 feet 10 inches tall, Kate Magill - a little known Texas heroine of the Civil War - survived many of life's unexpected hardships. Of volatile temperament, Magill compensated for her lack of stature with sheer guts, determination and an acidic tongue. Around Labor Day each year as Sabine Pass, Texas prepares to celebrate its Confederate holiday, Jefferson County citizens hear much about the 47 Irish defenders of the seaport city and scrappy Kate Magill.
Catherine Magill was born in Georgia on October 7, 1828. 'Kate' married Arthur Magill in 1844. Seven years later, the couple went to Texas, settling at the seaport community of Sabine Pass. She stood only 4 feet 10 inches tall, but folks learned quickly not to cross her.
In 1852, the young couple built an inn they called the Catfish Hotel, adjacent to the waters of the Sabine Pass. The hotel had its own wharf that extended into Sabine Lake from the front of the two-story building, so steamboats could dock and their crews could come in and eat dinner. By 1860, there were 24 permanent guests living in the hotel, as well as the itinerant seamen who lodged there and enjoyed the inn's fine cuisine.
In addition to helping out at the hotel, Arthur Magill served as the engineer on the steamer T.J. Smith, a 100-foot mail packet operating out of Sabine Pass. On November 2, 1859, the vessel's boiler exploded. Arthur Magill died in the accident, leaving Kate and her two young daughters alone in the small coastal community.
Kate seriously mourned the death of her husband, but she was not the kind of woman who liked living alone. In 1860, she married a widowed friend of her deceased husband, Captain John Dorman, who was master of the Neches River cotton steamer Doctor Massie.
Through it all, Kate continued to operate the Catfish Hotel. During the Civil War, what with blockade runners and a Confederate coastal artillery installation called Fort Griffin, Kate's business improved.
But a great tragedy struck Sabine Pass in July 1862, when a yellow fever epidemic was imported on a blockade runner, killing at least 100 and infecting dozens more. Very quickly, 90% of the population, about 1,000 persons, deserted the town, praying they and their families would not catch the dreaded disease.
But Kate Dorman and two friends, Sarah Vosburg and Sarah Ann King, did not leave. There was no medical facility anywhere nearby, so the three women turned the Catfish Hotel into a hospital, where they nursed at least 200 patients during the four-month epidemic. 100 civilians and 40 Confederate soldiers died during a four-month period. Fortunately, the three women were not infected.
In September 1862, three Union gunboats appeared and fired a few shells into the town. A party came ashore and burned the Confederate barracks and stable, appropriating from the Dormans a horse and cart to mount a howitzer they brought with them.
Kate saw what happened and did not like it much. As a Houston newspaper later reported, "Mrs. Dorman became enraged and gave them just such a tongue-lashing as only a brave woman would dare do." Kate shook her fist at the Yankees, and said she hoped the Rebels killed them.
The Federal soldiers returned the confiscated horse and cart, but they had a warning for Captain Dorman:
Keep his damned wife's mouth shut, [or] they would hang him. Mr. and Mrs. Dorman have a large hotel in the place, and the Yanks declare if she does not apologize to them, they will burn it. She declares she will see them in the lower regions first, and they may burn it if they choose.
A week later, another patrol came ashore and burned a quarter of Sabine Pass, including all of its shipyards, wood-working industries and several fine residences, but they left the Catfish Hotel and the Irish innkeeper alone. The Yankees abandoned Sabine Pass in January 1863.
A year later the Yankees returned, intending to land 4,000 troops in Texas. A four-vessel flotilla bombarded the Confederate fort, located only about 300 yards from the Catfish Hotel.
With Federal shells exploding all around, Kate worked over a hot stove in the hotel's kitchen, making coffee and frying meat and doughnuts for the defenders. As the fight continued, she hitched up the horse and cart and rode to the fort to feed the artillerymen. To fortify their courage, she also delivered a gallon of whiskey.
In the subsequent altercation, 47 Irishmen and a Houston bartender held off the Federal invasion and put two gunboats out of commission, preventing a lot of bloodshed in Texas in the process.
The remainder of the war at Sabine Pass went much the way of other small towns. By May 20, 1865, Sabine's defenders had abandoned their posts, and returned to their farms. On May 25, a small Union detachment came ashore and raised the Stars and Stripes over the fort, without incident.
Kate and John Dorman lived at Sabine Pass for the rest of their lives. Captain Dorman died there in July 1886, only three months before a hurricane destroyed the entire town. Kate was unharmed, of course.
Having survived the yellow fever epidemic, the Civil War, and the storm that killed 86 people, Kate Dorman passed on to her great reward on Christmas Eve, 1897. She has become known as the Heroine of Sabine Pass. | <urn:uuid:d6d7918b-ef1a-4475-9d4f-243d7f350832> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://civilwarwomenblog.com/kate-magill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975966 | 1,158 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Researchers Have Mapped The Family Tree Of All Known Snake And Lizard Groups
The evolutionary family tree of all known species of snake and lizard groups has been mapped by a George Washington University biologist and a team of fellow researchers from the City University of New York and Arizona State University. In all, more than 4,000 reptiles were mapped by the researchers using DNA sequencing technology to help identify the DNA of the thousands of reptiles that they mapped. The project, which began in 2008, was funded by the National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Biological Informatics.
Photo by Josefina Virata
The researchers findings were published in the journal BMC Evolutionary Biology. Alex Pyron, the Robert F. Griggs Assistant Professor of Biology in GW’s Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, led the research and cataloging of 4,161 species of snakes and lizards or squamates that are found around the world.
"Squamates include all lizards and snakes found throughout the globe, including around 9,500 species on every continent except Antarctica, and found in most oceans,” Dr. Pyron said in a prepared statement. "This is everything from cobras to garter snakes to tiny geckos to the Komodo dragon to the Gila monster. They range from tiny threadsnakes that can curl up on a dime to 10 feet monitor lizards and 30 foot pythons. They eat everything from ants to wildebeest.”
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While the researchers sequenced hundreds of the herps themselves, they also relied on thousands of more species that were already sequenced and in public databases, making the family tree a true community effort. Prior to this effort, Pyron said that there was no single reference on the relation between lizards and snakes, and that the family tree will help in such endeavors and conservation management purposes and will also lead to an understanding of how to classify reptile species when they are studied and to interpret biological patterns on how one species is related to another.
"We have laid down the structure of squamate relationships and yet this is still the beginning,” said Dr. Pyron. "As hundreds of new species are described every year from around the globe, this estimate of the squamate tree of life shows us what we do know, and more importantly, what we don't know, and will hopefully spur even more research on the amazing diversity of lizards and snakes." | <urn:uuid:782c73ab-850f-425c-a2be-36c260e1270c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Reptile-News/2013/05/09/Scientists-Map-Family-Tree-Of-All-Known-Snakes-And-Lizards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00056-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958176 | 502 | 3.125 | 3 |
There are calls in some quarters that we need to be more like people in the past; war, pestilence, disease, early death, it's all good as long as we use no pesticides.
And clear cutting forests is what ancient man did too.
During the Neolithic Age, 10,000 B.C., early man changed from being hunter-gatherers to farmers - ancient scientists told that the food supply was running low and listening to calls for mitigation and rationing instead invented domesticated livestock and agriculture. As a result, we got larger, permanent settlements with a variety of domesticated animals and plant life. and that transition brought about significant changes in terms of culture, economics, architecture, etc,
Dr. Ran Barkai, archaeologist at Tel Aviv University, says he can make a direct connection between the development of a modern society and the development of logging.
"Intensive woodworking and tree-felling was a phenomenon that only appeared with the onset of the major changes in human life, including the transition to agriculture and permanent villages," says Barkai.
Prior to the Neolithic period, there is no evidence of tools that were powerful enough to cut and carve wood, let alone fell trees. But new archaeological evidence suggests that as the Neolithic age progressed, sophisticated carpentry developed alongside agriculture.
Polished axe from the Neolithic Period. Credit: American Friends of Tel Aviv University. Link: Science Codex
Evolution of axes
Axes are still part of our cultural lexicon even today, though most people have never held one much less used it.(1) Barkai and the team have unearthed(2) evidence that increasing sophistication in terms of carpentry tools corresponds with increased agriculture and permanent settlements. The early part of the Neolithic age is commonly divided into two distinct parts — Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), where agriculture and domesticated plants and animals appear. The second part is a watershed moment in human history, thus the distinction. These changes can be tracked in the woodworking tools which belong to each period, says Barkai.
During PPNA, humans were still gatherers but lived increasingly in more permanent settlements for the first time, he says. Axes associated with this period are small and suitable for light carpentry but not for felling trees or massive woodworking tasks. In PPNB, those tools became much larger and heavier, formed by a technique called polishing, and they were used to cut down trees and complete various building projects.
"We can document step by step the transition from the absence of woodworking tools, to delicate woodworking tools, to heavier woodworking tools," Barkai says, and this follows the "actual transition from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture."
He also identifies a trial-and-error phase during which humans tried to create an axe strong enough to undertake larger woodworking tasks. Eventually, they succeeded in creating a massive ground stone axe in PPNB. Whether the transition to an agricultural society led to the development of major carpentry tools or vice versa is still anthropological speculation, a circular argument, butt the parallel changes led to a revolution in lifestyle.
Beyond the change from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural economy, a new form of architecture also emerged. Not only did people begin to live in permanent villages, but the buildings in which they lived literally took a different shape. The round and oval structures of earlier domiciles were replaced by rectangular structures in PPNB, explains Barkai. "Evidence tells that us that for each home, approximately 10 wooden beams were needed. Prior to this, there were no homes with wooden beams." In addition, humans began to produce limestone-based plaster floors for their homes — which also represented a growing use of wood, since plaster is manufactured by heating limestone.
These architectural developments, along with building pens and fences for domesticated animals, also necessitated the felling of trees in large quantities.
(1) See Ash in "Army of Darkness" or any "Evil Dead" movie. Using an axe is meant to be deliberately shocking because axes are ingrained in our psyches as tools, not weapons.
(2) Yes, that was intentional.
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- Threshold for pre-emptive surgery to curb ovarian cancer risk should be halved | <urn:uuid:d9161103-9cec-4cc7-af58-cb263db2856b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.science20.com/news_articles/neolithic_lumberjacks_and_evolution_axes-92906 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941038 | 1,291 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Smokies expands firewood banWritten by Admin
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Great Smoky Mountains National Park is ratcheting down its firewood policy for campers over fears of invasive insects and fungus that destroy trees.
Firewood from six neighboring counties in Tennessee can no longer be brought into the park, specifically to prevent the movement of the destructive emerald ash borer and thousand cankers disease, an associated fungal disease transmitted by a small twig beetle.
All state and national parks and forests limit firewood being brought in by campers to varying degrees, usually targeting areas where known invasive pests and diseases are. But some are moving to allow no firewood from any outside areas.
The latest ban in the Smokies will affect those who live in those counties and come to camp in the neighboring park. | <urn:uuid:28385cda-53da-48a0-9ca5-139cff0040b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.smokymountainnews.com/archives/item/4730-smokies-expands-firewood-ban | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928911 | 172 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In Python, all exceptions must be instances of a class that derives from BaseException. In a try statement with an except clause that mentions a particular class, that clause also handles any exception classes derived from that class (but not exception classes from which it is derived). Two exception classes that are not related via subclassing are never equivalent, even if they have the same name.
The built-in exceptions listed below can be generated by the interpreter or built-in functions. Except where mentioned, they have an “associated value” indicating the detailed cause of the error. This may be a string or a tuple of several items of information (e.g., an error code and a string explaining the code). The associated value is usually passed as arguments to the exception class’s constructor.
User code can raise built-in exceptions. This can be used to test an exception handler or to report an error condition “just like” the situation in which the interpreter raises the same exception; but beware that there is nothing to prevent user code from raising an inappropriate error.
The built-in exception classes can be sub-classed to define new exceptions; programmers are encouraged to at least derive new exceptions from the Exception class and not BaseException. More information on defining exceptions is available in the Python Tutorial under User-defined Exceptions.
The following exceptions are used mostly as base classes for other exceptions.
The base class for all built-in exceptions. It is not meant to be directly inherited by user-defined classes (for that, use Exception). If str() is called on an instance of this class, the representation of the argument(s) to the instance are returned, or the empty string when there were no arguments.
The tuple of arguments given to the exception constructor. Some built-in exceptions (like IOError) expect a certain number of arguments and assign a special meaning to the elements of this tuple, while others are usually called only with a single string giving an error message.
This method sets tb as the new traceback for the exception and returns the exception object. It is usually used in exception handling code like this:
try: ... except SomeException: tb = sys.exc_info() raise OtherException(...).with_traceback(tb)
All built-in, non-system-exiting exceptions are derived from this class. All user-defined exceptions should also be derived from this class.
The base class for exceptions that can occur outside the Python system: IOError, OSError. When exceptions of this type are created with a 2-tuple, the first item is available on the instance’s errno attribute (it is assumed to be an error number), and the second item is available on the strerror attribute (it is usually the associated error message). The tuple itself is also available on the args attribute.
When an EnvironmentError exception is instantiated with a 3-tuple, the first two items are available as above, while the third item is available on the filename attribute. However, for backwards compatibility, the args attribute contains only a 2-tuple of the first two constructor arguments.
The filename attribute is None when this exception is created with other than 3 arguments. The errno and strerror attributes are also None when the instance was created with other than 2 or 3 arguments. In this last case, args contains the verbatim constructor arguments as a tuple.
The following exceptions are the exceptions that are usually raised.
Raised when one of the built-in functions (input() or raw_input()) hits an end-of-file condition (EOF) without reading any data. (N.B.: the file.read() and file.readline() methods return an empty string when they hit EOF.)
Raised when a floating point operation fails. This exception is always defined, but can only be raised when Python is configured with the --with-fpectl option, or the WANT_SIGFPE_HANDLER symbol is defined in the pyconfig.h file.
This class is derived from EnvironmentError. See the discussion above for more information on exception instance attributes.
Raised when an import statement fails to find the module definition or when a from ... import fails to find a name that is to be imported.
Raised when a sequence subscript is out of range. (Slice indices are silently truncated to fall in the allowed range; if an index is not an integer, TypeError is raised.)
Raised when a mapping (dictionary) key is not found in the set of existing keys.
Raised when the user hits the interrupt key (normally Control-C or Delete). During execution, a check for interrupts is made regularly. The exception inherits from BaseException so as to not be accidentally caught by code that catches Exception and thus prevent the interpreter from exiting.
Raised when an operation runs out of memory but the situation may still be rescued (by deleting some objects). The associated value is a string indicating what kind of (internal) operation ran out of memory. Note that because of the underlying memory management architecture (C’s malloc() function), the interpreter may not always be able to completely recover from this situation; it nevertheless raises an exception so that a stack traceback can be printed, in case a run-away program was the cause.
Raised when a local or global name is not found. This applies only to unqualified names. The associated value is an error message that includes the name that could not be found.
This exception is derived from RuntimeError. In user defined base classes, abstract methods should raise this exception when they require derived classes to override the method.
This exception is derived from EnvironmentError. It is raised when a function returns a system-related error (not for illegal argument types or other incidental errors). The errno attribute is a numeric error code from errno, and the strerror attribute is the corresponding string, as would be printed by the C function perror(). See the module errno, which contains names for the error codes defined by the underlying operating system.
For exceptions that involve a file system path (such as chdir() or unlink()), the exception instance will contain a third attribute, filename, which is the file name passed to the function.
Raised when the result of an arithmetic operation is too large to be represented. This cannot occur for integers (which would rather raise MemoryError than give up). Because of the lack of standardization of floating point exception handling in C, most floating point operations also aren’t checked.
This exception is raised when a weak reference proxy, created by the weakref.proxy() function, is used to access an attribute of the referent after it has been garbage collected. For more information on weak references, see the weakref module.
Raised when an error is detected that doesn’t fall in any of the other categories. The associated value is a string indicating what precisely went wrong. (This exception is mostly a relic from a previous version of the interpreter; it is not used very much any more.)
Raised when the parser encounters a syntax error. This may occur in an import statement, in a call to the built-in functions exec() or eval(), or when reading the initial script or standard input (also interactively).
Instances of this class have attributes filename, lineno, offset and text for easier access to the details. str() of the exception instance returns only the message.
Base class for syntax errors related to incorrect indentation. This is a subclass of SyntaxError.
Raised when indentation contains an inconsistent use of tabs and spaces. This is a subclass of IndentationError.
Raised when the interpreter finds an internal error, but the situation does not look so serious to cause it to abandon all hope. The associated value is a string indicating what went wrong (in low-level terms).
You should report this to the author or maintainer of your Python interpreter. Be sure to report the version of the Python interpreter (sys.version; it is also printed at the start of an interactive Python session), the exact error message (the exception’s associated value) and if possible the source of the program that triggered the error.
This exception is raised by the sys.exit() function. When it is not handled, the Python interpreter exits; no stack traceback is printed. If the associated value is an integer, it specifies the system exit status (passed to C’s exit() function); if it is None, the exit status is zero; if it has another type (such as a string), the object’s value is printed and the exit status is one.
Instances have an attribute code which is set to the proposed exit status or error message (defaulting to None). Also, this exception derives directly from BaseException and not Exception, since it is not technically an error.
A call to sys.exit() is translated into an exception so that clean-up handlers (finally clauses of try statements) can be executed, and so that a debugger can execute a script without running the risk of losing control. The os._exit() function can be used if it is absolutely positively necessary to exit immediately (for example, in the child process after a call to fork()).
The exception inherits from BaseException instead of Exception so that it is not accidentally caught by code that catches Exception. This allows the exception to properly propagate up and cause the interpreter to exit.
Raised when an operation or function is applied to an object of inappropriate type. The associated value is a string giving details about the type mismatch.
Raised when a reference is made to a local variable in a function or method, but no value has been bound to that variable. This is a subclass of NameError.
Raised when a Unicode-related encoding or decoding error occurs. It is a subclass of ValueError.
Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during encoding. It is a subclass of UnicodeError.
Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during decoding. It is a subclass of UnicodeError.
Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during translating. It is a subclass of UnicodeError.
Raised when a built-in operation or function receives an argument that has the right type but an inappropriate value, and the situation is not described by a more precise exception such as IndexError.
Only available on VMS. Raised when a VMS-specific error occurs.
Raised when a Windows-specific error occurs or when the error number does not correspond to an errno value. The winerror and strerror values are created from the return values of the GetLastError() and FormatMessage() functions from the Windows Platform API. The errno value maps the winerror value to corresponding errno.h values. This is a subclass of OSError.
Raised when the second argument of a division or modulo operation is zero. The associated value is a string indicating the type of the operands and the operation.
The following exceptions are used as warning categories; see the warnings module for more information.
Base class for warning categories.
Base class for warnings generated by user code.
Base class for warnings about deprecated features.
Base class for warnings about features which will be deprecated in the future.
Base class for warnings about dubious syntax
Base class for warnings about dubious runtime behavior.
Base class for warnings about constructs that will change semantically in the future.
Base class for warnings about probable mistakes in module imports.
Base class for warnings related to Unicode.
Base class for warnings related to resource usage.
New in version 3.2.
The class hierarchy for built-in exceptions is:
BaseException +-- SystemExit +-- KeyboardInterrupt +-- GeneratorExit +-- Exception +-- StopIteration +-- ArithmeticError | +-- FloatingPointError | +-- OverflowError | +-- ZeroDivisionError +-- AssertionError +-- AttributeError +-- BufferError +-- EnvironmentError | +-- IOError | +-- OSError | +-- WindowsError (Windows) | +-- VMSError (VMS) +-- EOFError +-- ImportError +-- LookupError | +-- IndexError | +-- KeyError +-- MemoryError +-- NameError | +-- UnboundLocalError +-- ReferenceError +-- RuntimeError | +-- NotImplementedError +-- SyntaxError | +-- IndentationError | +-- TabError +-- SystemError +-- TypeError +-- ValueError | +-- UnicodeError | +-- UnicodeDecodeError | +-- UnicodeEncodeError | +-- UnicodeTranslateError +-- Warning +-- DeprecationWarning +-- PendingDeprecationWarning +-- RuntimeWarning +-- SyntaxWarning +-- UserWarning +-- FutureWarning +-- ImportWarning +-- UnicodeWarning +-- BytesWarning +-- ResourceWarning | <urn:uuid:36f0d9c5-6520-46f7-9b37-b4392a88f583> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://wingware.com/psupport/python-manual/3.2/library/exceptions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852176 | 2,705 | 3.96875 | 4 |
A sweet ESL Easter story for children learning English as a second language. This ESL story is perfect for English learners aged 4 to 8.
For young beginners learning English this ESL Easter story tells the tale of the Easter bunny who hides Easter eggs for children on Easter day. This is the perfect oppotunity to learn prepositions. The story is meant for ESL beginners, but not COMPLETE beginners having their first ever lesson! It is recommended to use the first two sets of stories (1 to 10 and 11 to 20) from Teaching English Games before embarking on this ESL Easter story. Full details for ESL story set one are here.
The ESL Easter story includes everything to help you teach children PREPOSITIONS easily, as well as learn about the chocolate-egg-hiding bunny! You will receive, lesson plan with games and preposition flashcards.
There is also an optional Easter song on CD, as mp3 and a song video version with the words. Also optional, since many teachers do not have access to screens in class, is a story powerpoint. One version contains the Easter story text while the other shows only the pictures with animation.
The ESL lesson plan is made up of fun games to teach the target vocabulary. This Easter story focuses on prepositions and some Easter vocabulary. For more information on how to teach prepositions please see the lesson plan.
Get it separately from this page or for best value order the full set of 10 stories here http://www.teachingenglishgames.com/eslstory.htm
With the Easter ESL Story you will receive:
15 ESL Easter story colour illustraions
Two levels of texts, total beginners and false beginners
18 Flashcards including 12 for prepositions in three sizes (UK and US English), in colour as PDF downloads
Black and white flashcards to colour
Easter bingo set (prepositions)
Easy Easter craft ideas
Optional extras: Easter Bunny song for ESL learners and story character masks for games or dialogues. Black and white bunny mask to cut out, colour in, and a pre-coloured version if preferred.
Do you only want the ESL Easter story? YES? You can order it below: | <urn:uuid:e55bd8e5-9f98-40d1-b07f-6c7ce04ae96e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.teachingenglishgames.com/english-story/easter-story | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912309 | 455 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Boy Scouts to celebrate 100 years of nurturing boys
The Boy Scouts will celebrate their 100th anniversary in 2010, which raises the question: How can an organization exist that long and still serve a need?
Yes, Scouting has been around a long time but the organization has not changed its philosophy of giving boys a program and activities designed to develop character, citizenship and fitness.
Are Scouting programs relevant in today's society? There is a battle of significant consequence taking place in the lives of boys in America today. In simple terms, it's the struggle between doing right or wrong.
The picture shows a dad and son fishing at a Cub Scout event. Dads have been taking their sons fishing for as long as Scouts have been in existence and will continue to do so for years to come.
But there is a need for an organization that focuses on family-centered activities, outdoor programs and values that fit into today's fast-paced lifestyle, and Scouting is it.
The number of boys and girls currently registered in the Lakes District Scouting programs shows that Scouting is alive and doing very well. The Lakes District includes Douglas, Pope, Stevens, Swift and part of Grant and Traverse counties.
Given the declining number of available youth in the district, we have continued to increase our presence. By the end of this year we will have more than 1,000 youth participating in a Scouting program.
There are three programs offered by the Scouts.
The Cub Scout program is a year-round program designed to meet the needs of young boys, grades 1-5, and their parents. We call it having fun with a purpose. Service projects, ceremonies, games and other activities guide boys through Scouts' core values and give them a sense of personal achievement.
Positive peer group interaction and parental involvement help boys learn honesty, bravery and respect. Boys can join any time, as all program material is age appropriate for each grade level.
The Boy Scout program serves boys ages 11-18. This is the program most people associate with the outdoors.
The boys take responsibility for planning meetings and organizing troop activities. They learn to work as a team and have ample opportunity to lead. Through the support of parents, religious and neighborhood organizations, Scouts develop an awareness and appreciation of their role in the community.
Venturing is a program for men and women ages 14-21. It is the fastest growing program in the Boy Scouts.
The purpose of Venturing is to provide experiences that help young people mature and become responsible, caring adults. They learn leadership skills and participate in challenging outdoor activities.
Scouting is as relevant today as it was 100 years ago. As parents, we want to see our children grow into confident, self-reliant adults. Through Scouting programs we build on the core values of trust, honesty and loyalty. Early in their Scouting experience, boys learn the value of serving others.
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, Scouting promotes activities that lead to personal responsibility and high self-esteem. As a result, when hard decisions have been made, a boy can look at himself and be proud of the person he is.
To learn more about Scouting or to volunteer your time, contact Jim Stratton at (320) 808-5096 or firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:c4fecce4-1c56-4a9e-acc8-381b34341ab3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.echopress.com/content/boy-scouts-celebrate-100-years-nurturing-boys | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962689 | 671 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Flamingo flower, Tail flower, Oilcloth flower, Painter’s palette
Anthurium “blooms,” which are actually colored waxy leaf bracts called spathes, are essentially flat and cordate (heart shaped), often with a puckered or ruched texture and either glossy or matte surfaces. Novelty “tulip” varieties are more cup shaped and somewhat resemble callas.
Arising from the notched apex of each spathe is a fingerlike protrusion called a spadix. The “bumps” on the spadices are the actual flowers. Stems are thin, usually 12 to 24 inches in length, smooth and leafless.
Spathe colors include burgundy, red, pink, hot pink, dark pink, red-orange, orange, salmon, yellow, green, purple, cream, white, brown and brown-red. Bicolors and multicolors (called obake [oh-BAW-kee]), one hue of which is always green, also are available. Still other varieties feature white, cream or green spathes with green or red veins or red edges. Spadices are usually white, cream, yellow or green.
With proper care, cut Anthuriums typically last from 8 to 21 days, or longer, depending on variety and growing conditions and methods. Often, the longer the stems, the larger the blooms and/or the larger the stem diameter, the shorter the vase life.
Cut Anthuriums are available year-round.
Unpack Anthuriums immediately upon their arrival, carefully removing from each bloom any shredded paper that may have been used as insulative packing material.
HYDRATION AND NUTRITION
Recut the stems with a sharp blade, removing at least 1 inch of stem, to eliminate desiccated (dried-out) ends as well as any dirt and microbes (bacteria). Immediately after cutting the stems, dip or place them into hydration solution, then into storage containers or vases partially filled with properly proportioned flower-food solution. Anthuriums usually derive no significant benefit from the nutrients in flower-food solutions, but they still should be used to control microbial growth in the water (microbes/bacteria can clog stems, impeding water uptake); these flowers are particularly suseptible to stem blockage.
After processing Anthuriums, place them into a tropical flower cooler, operating at 55 F to 65 F, and allow them to hydrate for at least two hours before selling or arranging them. If refrigeration at 55 F to 65 F is not an option, leave the flowers out, at room temperature, because extended exposure to temperatures lower than 50 F can induce chill damage, which can cause the spathes to turn blueish or purplish (sometimes even gray or black) and the spadices to turn brown and/or wilt.
If Anthuriums arrive or become dehydrated, submerge the flower heads into room-temperature water for 30 minutes to two hours. Following that, recut stems, dip or place them into hydration solution, then into flower-food solution.
Also, because these flowers lose a lot of water from evaporation through the spadices, dipping the fingerlike protrusions into a 3 percent solution of carnauba wax, such as Sta-Fresh 819 from FMC Co., can prevent this water loss and increase vase life considerably.
Anthuriums are not affected significantly by exposure to ethylene gas, but always take precautions to reduce ethylene levels and limit all flowers’ exposure to the gas in your facilities.
Because Anthurium stems are easily clogged by microbes in vase water, advise consumers to change the nutrient solution and recut stems every other day or two. sfr
WHAT'S IN A NAME The genus name “Anthurium” is from the Greek “anthos” (flower) and “oura” (tail), referring to the slender tail-like spadix that protrudes from the spathe. The specific epithet (species name) “andraeanum” was given in honor of Edouard Francis André, a French botanist, horticulturist, horticulture professor and editor, and landscape architect, who collected the species in Colombia in 1875.
FAMILY MATTERS Anthuriums are members of the Araceae (arum/aroid) family. Close relatives include callas (Zantedeschia), peace lilies (Spathiphyllum), Chinese evergreens (Aglaonema), elephant’s-ear plants (Caladium and Alocasia), dumb canes (Dieffenbachia), arrowheads (Nephthytis/Syngonium), pothos (Epipremnum) and Philodendrons.
HOME SWEET HOME All species of Anthuriums are native to the tropical rain forests of Central and South America, with A. andraeanum indigenous to Colombia.
•Buy Anthuriums when 50 percent to 75 percent of the spadices are “rough.” The “bumps” on the spadices are the actual flowers, and spadix maturity is determined by the number of open flowers (or degree of “roughness”).
• Avoid flowers that show signs of chill injury (discoloring of the spathes, browning and/or wilting of the spadices). (See “Vase Life Extenders: Refrigeration.”)
Anthuriums contain oxalic acid crystals and several toxic proteins that can cause skin irritation in some people as well as severe mouth burning, if ingested.
To view 49 Alstroemeria varieties, please download the PDF.
If you have trouble viewing these PDF (portable document
format) files, download a copy of the free Adobe Reader.
Some information provided by:
Botanica, by R.G. Turner Jr. and Ernie Wasson
Chain of Life Network® , www.chainoflife.org
Cut Flowers, by C. Gelein
Cut Flowers of the World
by Johannes Maree and Ben-Erik van Wyk
Hortus Third, by Liberty Hyde Bailey and Ethel Zoe Bailey
Stearn’s Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners
by William T. Stearn | <urn:uuid:c7d2776c-1e3b-4604-89db-bc8dc621623b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.superfloralretailing.com/issues/2012/12/cutflower.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878107 | 1,363 | 2.875 | 3 |
Point Counterpoint: Speeches That Persuade
Question: What's a great way to stop an argument?
Answer: Drop a hard fact on it.
As you learned in “Why Not See It My Way?: Persuasion and Argumentation,” persuasive essays appeal to reason, ethics, and/or emotion. Persuasive speeches are no different. Like their cousin the persuasive essay, persuasive speeches rely on accurate logic and facts (as well as emotion) to move their listeners to action or belief. Here's how to do it.
When you write a speech, use punctuation not only to indicate the usual sentence breaks, but also to allow you to pause for emphasis when necessary.
As Easy as One, Two, Three
There are three basic types of persuasive speeches:
Don't forget that your speech is being written to be heard, not read, so write for the ear, not the eye. Speech is straightforward and conversational, so it calls for short, familiar words; action verbs; personal pronouns; contractions; and subject-verb-object sentence order. You can even use incomplete sentences if they convey your meaning well.
As you decide which type of persuasive speech best suits your audience and purpose, ask yourself these questions:
Vote Early and Often
Election addresses, for example, are speeches of policy. As a result, they always try to prove that something should or should not be done. The password is should.
Savvy candidates follow these three caveats:
Nearly all candidates attempt to create dissatisfaction with existing conditions to convince the audience that these conditions need to be changed—and they're the ones to do it. Candidates craft speeches that point out flaws and failure. Follow these steps when you write and deliver a campaign speech:
But people don't make decisions based on logic alone. Emotional appeals make the audience want to do what you ask. When combined with direct requests, emotional appeals make surprisingly strong election campaigns.
Model Persuasive Speech
As a first baseman for the New York Yankees, Lou Gehrig played in 2,130 consecutive games from 1925 to 1939, setting a major league record. On July 4, 1939, he stood before 60,000 fans at Yankee Stadium and confirmed what everyone seemed to know, that the “Pride of the Yankees” had been diagnosed with a deadly disease. Less than two years later, on June 2, 1941, he died in Riverdale, New York. Here is his famous farewell speech.
When it comes to writing models, study the best. For a great persuasive speech, try Abraham Lincoln's “House Divided” address (1858). Lincoln delivered this speech when he was nominated for the Senate. It was probably Lincoln's most radical statement about the implications of the slavery issue, as he predicted that “this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.”
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Writing Well © 2000 by Laurie Rozakis, Ph.D.. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. | <urn:uuid:1dde7b2a-c357-439b-b110-349181e1c573> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.infoplease.com/cig/writing-well/point-counterpoint-speeches-that-persuade.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00171-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950733 | 652 | 3.109375 | 3 |
FDA Has The Right Idea With Graphic Smoking Warnings
Clearly, the US Food and Drug Administration has been right to fight for graphic warnings about smoking, with success with this approach in Canada signifying the results would be likewise good in the United States. The US Food and Drug Administration was planning to move ahead with orders for such labels in 2012 prior to being blocked by a decision from a federal judge. As is so often true in dealing with legal issues of this nature in a paradoxically mixed up American society, this court order to protect the sales of what is actually poison in the form of cigarettes made little sense to health conscious people. The question many people continue to raise is would these labels have worked in helping to lower smoking rates?
When Canadian researchers used graphic cigarette warning labels in Canada, they found a statistically significant lowering of smoking rates, in comparison to the USA, reports the scientific journal Tobacco Control. It has been concluded that the adoption of graphic warning labels in cigarettes lowers smoking prevalence. It has been estimated that if the USA had adopted these warning labels in 2012, the total number of adult smokers in the USA would have decreased approximately 5.3–8.6 million in 2013.
Graphic US warning labels on cigarette packs could have dramatic effects
In a discussion of this research the University of Waterloo has written that graphic warning labels on cigarette packs could lead to 8.6 Million fewer smokers in the United States. This of course could save millions of lives. Researchers in Canada found that graphic warning labels placed on cigarette packs was associated with a decrease in smoking rates in Canada of between 12 percent and 20 percent between 2000 and 2009. These researchers have estimated that if the same model which was used in Canada was applied to the United States, the presence of graphic warnings against smoking cigarettes would potentially lead to a decrease of millions of smokers. | <urn:uuid:628fc8e3-da4f-4011-95cf-a6faf4408534> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.emaxhealth.com/11402/graphic-cigarette-smoking-warnings-could-save-lives | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00138-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966278 | 370 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Originally Posted by Xuoxo
What is a Google dance?
The name "Google Dance" is often used to describe the index update of Google search engine. Google's index update occurs on average once a month. Can be identified by significant movement in search results and, especially Google's cache of all indexed pages reflecting the status of Google last crawl. However, the update does not proceed as an index switch to another at a point in time. In fact, it takes several days to complete the update of the index. During this period, the old and the new index alternate on. In a first stage, the results of the new index occur sporadically. But later, appear more frequently. Google dances.
Expertise in Google
The Google search engine pulls its results from more than 10. 000 servers that are simple Linux PCs are used by Google for reasons of cost. Naturally, an index update can not be processed on all servers at the same time. A server after the other has to be updated with the new index.
Many webmasters believe that during the Google Dance, Google is somehow able to control whether a new index server or a server with an old index responds to a search query. But, since Google's index is inverse, this would be very complicated. As discussed below, no such control in the system. In fact, the reason for the Google Dance is Google's way of using the Domain Name System (DNS).
Google Dance and DNS
Not only does Google index spans more than 10,000 servers, but these servers are, for now, placed in eight different data centers. These data centers are mainly in the U.S. (Ie, Santa Clara, California and Herndon, Virginia), in fact, in early June 2002 Google European data center in Zurich, Switzerland went online. It is very likely that more data centers to come, which may be spread across the world. However, in January and April 2003, Google has made two data centers in the stream is back in the U.S..
In order to drive traffic to all these data centers, Google thoeretically could record all queries centrally and then send the data centers. But this would obviously be ineffective. In fact, each data center has its own IP address (numerical address on the Internet) and how these IP addresses accessed is managed by the Domain Name System.
Basically, the DNS works like this: On the Internet, data transfers always take place in between the IP addresses. The information about which domain resolves to the IP address is provided by DNS name servers. When a user enters a domain in your browser, a name server configured at the local level it takes the IP address of that domain by contacting the name server that is responsible for that domain. (The DNS is structured hierarchically. That illustrates the process would go beyond the scope of this article.) IP address is cached in the server names, so you do not need to contact the responsible name server each Once you create a connection to a domain.
This is written by you or you copied from somewhere and posted here ? | <urn:uuid:9e4567df-42a3-4b85-9a12-72b158bf39f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.go4expert.com/forums/google-dance-post89176/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941989 | 630 | 2.75 | 3 |
A micronutrient powder with low doses of highly absorbable iron and zinc reduces iron and zinc deficiency and improves weight-for-age z-scores in South African children
Smuts, Cornelius Mattheus
Van Stujivenberg, Martha E.
Kruger, Herculina Salomè
MetadataShow full item record
Micronutrient powders (MNP) are often added to complementary foods high in inhibitors of iron and zinc absorption. Most MNP therefore include high amounts of iron and zinc, but it is no longer recommended in malarial areas to use untargeted MNP that contain the Reference Nutrient Intake for iron in a single serving. The aim was to test the efficacy of a low-iron and -zinc (each 2.5 mg) MNP containing iron as NaFeEDTA, ascorbic acid (AA), and an exogenous phytase active at gut pH. In a double-blind controlled trial, South African school children with low iron status (n = 200) were randomized to receive either the MNP or the unfortified carrier added just before consumption to a high-phytate maize porridge 5 d/wk for 23 wk; primary outcomes were iron and zinc status and a secondary outcome was somatic growth. Compared with the control, the MNP increased serum ferritin (P < 0.05), body iron stores (P < 0.01) and weight-for-age Z-scores (P < 0.05) and decreased transferrin receptor (P < 0.05). The prevalence of iron deficiency fell by 30.6% (P < 0.01) and the prevalence of zinc deficiency decreased by 11.8% (P < 0.05). Absorption of iron from the MNP was estimated to be 7–8%. Inclusion of an exogenous phytase combined with NaFeEDTA and AA may allow a substantial reduction in the iron dose from existing MNP while still delivering adequate iron and zinc. In addition, the MNP is likely to enhance absorption of the high native iron content of complementary foods based on cereals and/or legumes. | <urn:uuid:02e45999-c658-4b64-8c5d-8dcd79592343> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/7654 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918092 | 450 | 2.8125 | 3 |
At the beginning of the space program hardly anyone thought of photographs from space as anything more than a branch of industrial photography. There were pictures of the spaceships, and launches, and of astronauts in training, but these were all pictures taken on the ground.
When John Glenn became the first American in orbit, bringing a camera was an afterthought. An Ansco Autoset 35mm camera, manufactured by Minolta, was purchased in a local drug store and hastily modified so the astronaut could use it more easily while in his pressure suit. At the time, everything that John Glenn did was deemed an experiment. At the beginning of the program, no one knew for certain whether weightlessness would prevent a man from seeing, or from breathing, or from eating and swallowing. Photography was deemed nothing more than a recreational extra.
Not only was little expected of those first pictures taken from space, but there was serious concern that taking pictures of other nations from orbit would be seen as an act of ill will and even one of war, as sovereign and sensitive nations might resent having pictures taken from orbit. But space photography developed quickly. Weather satellites permitted weather predictions as never before, saving lives and billions of dollars. In the first decade of the space program, satellites were orbited for Earth resources and for mapping. Satellites took over many of the intelligence gathering responsibilities that aircraft such as the high-flying U-2 previously provided.
Nearly 100,000 photographs taken by NASA's lunar probes, Ranger, Surveyor, and Lunar Orbiter, helped to map Apollo's landing sites. The first photographs from the Moon came in 1964 when Ranger 7 radioed photographs back as it plunged into the lunar surface, crashing and being destroyed in the process. Next, Surveyor probes landed softly on the surface. Beginning in 1966, the probes dug, analyzed, and transmitted pictures from the same height an astronaut would see as he was standing there. Then Lunar Orbiters methodically mapped much of the Moon, examining the candidate sites for manned landings. These spacecraft carried fully automated film processing laboratories. After processing, the film was scanned for radio transmission of the pictures back to Earth.
Unmodified Hasselblad 550C medium format cameras were first used on the last two Mercury one-man missions in 1962 and 1963. The Hasselblads proved the mainstay of the early space program and were used throughout the Gemini two-man spaceflights in 1965 and 1966. In addition to the excellent mechanical and optical properties of the cameras and their Zeiss lenses, the cameras were relatively simple to use, and film was pre-loaded into magazines that could easily be interchanged in mid-roll when lighting situations changed. In addition to the Hasselblads, on the second Gemini mission, history was made when the first picture of a spacecraft in orbit was taken by astronaut Ed White as he floated outside his spacecraft. He used a Zeiss Contarex 35mm camera mounted atop his gas-powered maneuvering gun.
Two human missions, Apollos 8 and 10, orbited the Moon before the Apollo 11 landing. On Apollo 8 human beings saw, with their own eyes, the Earth as a sphere in space. Few sights in human history have been as exhilarating as that first Earthrise over the lunar horizon. These new views of the Earth in space were an unforeseen revelation. Interest in ecology and the protection of the Earth's environment can be traced to these first missions to another world.
On Apollo 8, Hasselblad EL electric cameras were used for the first time. The electric motor in these Hasselblads largely automated the picture taking process. The astronauts needed only to set the distance, lens aperture, and shutter speed, but once the release button was pressed, the camera exposed and wound the film and tensioned the shutter. Two Hasselblad EL cameras, each with a Planar f 2.8/80mm [normal] plus a single Sonnar f5.6/250mm [telephoto] lens and seven magazines of 70mm film, were carried. The cameras, film magazines, and lenses used on Apollo 8 had black anodized surfaces to eliminate reflections. Modifications to the cameras included special large locks for the film magazines and levers on the f-stop and distance settings on the lenses. These modifications facilitated the camera's use by the crew operating with pressurized suits and gloves. Additionally, the cameras had no reflex mirror viewfinder and instead a simple sighting ring assisted the astronaut in pointing the camera.
Each film magazine would typically yield 160 color and 200 black and white pictures on special film. Kodak was asked by NASA to develop thin new films with special emulsions. On Apollo 8, three magazines were loaded with 70 mm wide, perforated Kodak Panatomic-X fine-grained, 80 ASA, b/w film, two with Kodak Ektachrome SO-168, one with Kodak Ektachrome SO-121, and one with super light-sensitive Kodak 2485, 16,000 ASA film. There were 1100 color, black and white, and filtered photographs returned from the Apollo 8 mission.
In addition to the Hasselblad cameras, Apollo 8 carried a black and white television camera, a 16mm motion picture camera, exposure meters, several types of filters, and other camera accessories.
A comprehensive set of camera equipment was carried on board Apollo 11. This included two 16mm Maurer motion picture film cameras, a color television camera in the orbiting Columbia, and a black and white TV camera outside of the lunar module to transmit to Earth Neil Armstrong's first steps on the Moon's surface. A Kodak stereo close-up camera was used to film the lunar soil from only inches away. Three Hasselblad 500EL cameras were carried.
Two of the Hasselblad cameras were identical to those carried on the earlier Apollo 8 and 10 lunar orbit missions. During the Moon landing one Hasselblad was left aboard the Command Module Columbia, which remained in lunar orbit. Two were taken on the Lunar Module Eagle to the Moon's surface.
The Data Camera used on the lunar surface during the Apollo 11 mission and later Moon landings was a 500EL with additional modifications. A transparent glass Reseau plate, or register glass, engraved with grid markings was placed between the film magazine and the camera body, immediately in front of the film plane. The plate is engraved with crosses to form a grid and the intersections accurately calibrated to a tolerance of 0.002 mm. The crosses were recorded on every exposed film frame. From the markings, it is possible to calibrate distance and heights in photos taken either on the lunar surface or from space. Such markings were not new or unique to the space program. They were commonly used for large format scientific and aerial photography prior to the Moon landings, when the large size of the photographic negative could be distorted either during exposure or the printing process.
When film is normally wound in a camera, static electricity is generated on the film surface. This electricity is dispersed by metal rims and rollers, which guide the film, and by humidity in the surrounding air. In the lunar surface camera, however, the film was guided by the Reseau plate's raised edges. As glass is a poor electrical conductor, and with the absence of surrounding air, the charge built up between the glass surface and the film could become so great that sparks could occur between the plate and the film. In order to conduct the static electricity away and prevent sparking, the side of the plate facing the film was coated with a thin transparent conductive layer and silver deposited on the edges of the conductive layer. The electrical charge was then led to the metallic parts of the camera body by contact springs.
The outer surface of the 500EL data camera was colored silver to help maintain more uniform internal temperatures in the violent extremes of heat and cold encountered on the lunar surface. Lubricants used in the camera mechanisms had to either be eliminated or replaced because conventional lubricants would boil off in the vacuum and potentially could condense on the optical surfaces of the lenses, Reseau plate, and film.
Two film magazines for the lunar surface Hasselblad 500EL data camera were carried for use on the Moon's surface. Thirty-three rolls of the same film types as used on the earlier missions were carried on the Apollo 11 mission. The film used for Apollo 11 was loaded and several test shots exposed prior to flight. When the film magazines were returned for processing after the mission, the test shots were cut off and processed first. These were compared against accurate color charts to ensure that there would be no defects in processing the remainder of the film and that the colors would be most accurate.
Each film magazine was finished in the same silver color as the camera body. The film magazines were each fitted with a tether ring. To the ring, a cord was attached that permitted the entire camera to be lowered from the lunar module cabin to Neil Armstrong on the surface using a clothesline-like arrangement. The exposed film magazines were lifted from the surface in the same manner. The camera and lens were left behind and still rest on the Moon's surface at Tranquility Base.
The Apollo 11 Kodak Stereo Close-Up Camera
Seven months prior to the Apollo 11 mission, a new camera was commissioned by NASA. The camera would be used by the crew to take close-up stereo views of the lunar soil and rocks. The camera had a shutter speed of 1/100th of a second, an aperture of f/22.6, film was held approximately 10 inches from the lunar surface, and lighting was provided by an integral electronic flash.
The camera was designed for ease of use by the astronaut in his bulky pressure suit. The camera was rested on the soil and the astronaut would simply press down on a trigger on a long handle to expose the frames. Each exposure resulted in two side-by-side photographs of the same area of the surface. The surface photographed measured three inches by three inches. The size of the exposed film was one inch square.
After Apollo 11
Five more flights landed on the Moon after Apollo 11. On all, the photographic equipment and films were similar to that taken on the first landing. On Apollo 15, the 250mm telescopic lens was added to the Hasselblad lunar surface complement. By the time of Apollo 17, a total of 18 rolls of film were taken to the lunar surface.
Astronaut Training for Lunar Photography
The Apollo astronauts underwent intensive training in preparation for their Moon explorations. Over the several years prior to the Moon missions, scientific and photographic training was provided. Astronauts were encouraged to take training cameras on trips to become more familiar with the camera operation and to enhance their photographic technique. Tutorials were provided to the crews on the equipment, its operation, as well as on the scientific purposes. The crews visited geologic sites in Nevada, Arizona, and Hawaii, frequently simulating their lunar traverse, completely outfitted with sample bags, checklists, simulated backpacks, lunar rock hammer, core-sampling equipment, and typically using Hasselblad EL cameras similar to those they would use on the Moon. As the use of the camera was mostly automated, the most crucial training was in pointing the camera which was attached to their chest control packs for the suit's environmental control system. The astronaut would point his body in order to aim the cameras. Films taken during the practice exercises were processed and returned to the crewmen who would study the results.
From December 1968 to December 1972, twenty-seven astronauts traveled to the Moon and twelve walked upon its surface. There were nine voyages across the quarter million miles. The treasures of Apollo included the samples of the lunar surface and the photographs the astronauts took. The photographs of Apollo, today, three decades later, help us to relive the experience.
Many of the photographs taken by astronauts are available at the GReat Images in NASA
photo database and in the galleries associated with the Apollo Lunar Surface
Journals. We also have a page devoted to more general information about the
Gary H. Kitmacher, Author
Steve Garber, NASA History Web Curator
For further information email email@example.com | <urn:uuid:97de3da7-3cee-471a-92db-fb7127228cd1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/apollo_photo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00137-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968399 | 2,507 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Addictive behaviour such as drug and alcohol abuse may be associated with poor development of the so-called “love hormone” system in our bodies during early childhood, scientists say.
The groundbreaking idea has resulted from a review of worldwide research into oxytocin, known as the “love hormone” because of its important role in enhancing social interactions, maternal behaviour and partnership, said researchers at the University of Adelaide.
Dr Femke Buisman-Pijlman from the University of Adelaide’s School of Medical Sciences said some people’s lack of resilience to addictive behaviours may be linked to poor development of their oxytocin systems.
“We know that newborn babies already have levels of oxytocin in their bodies, and this helps to create the all-important bond between a mother and her child,” Buisman-Pijlman said in an edition of the journal Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior which dealt with the current state of research linking oxytocin and addiction.
“But our oxytocin systems aren’t fully developed when we’re born – they don’t finish developing until the age of three, which means our systems are potentially subject to a range of influences both external and internal,” Buisman-Pijlman said.
She said the oxytocin system develops mainly based on experiences.
“The main factors that affect our oxytocin systems are genetics, gender and environment. You can’t change the genes you’re born with, but environmental factors play a substantial role in the development of the oxytocin system until our systems are fully developed,” Buisman-Pijlman said.
“Previous research has shown that there is a high degree of variability in people’s oxytocin levels. We’re interested in how and why people have such differences in oxytocin, and what we can do about it to have a beneficial impact on people’s health and wellbeing,” she said.
She said studies show that some risk factors for drug addiction already exist at four years of age.
“And because the hardware of the oxytocin system finishes developing in our bodies at around age three, this could be a critical window to study. Oxytocin can reduce the pleasure of drugs and feeling of stress, but only if the system develops well,” Buisman-Pijlman said.
Her theory is that adversity in early life is key to the impaired development of the oxytocin system.
“This adversity could take the form of a difficult birth, disturbed bonding or abuse, deprivation, or severe infection, to name just a few factors,” Buisman-Pijlman said.
“Understanding what occurs with the oxytocin system during the first few years of life could help us to unravel this aspect of addictive behaviour and use that knowledge for treatment and prevention,” she said. | <urn:uuid:d80fa371-cb2e-4040-96eb-2465f31f6042> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/love-hormone-may-protect-against-addiction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950082 | 616 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Step 4: Breeding spiny leaf insects
If you have a male and female stick insect, they will probably mate and the female will begin laying eggs within a few weeks. When changing the newspaper on the floor of the cage, take a minute to collect any eggs that lie among the excrement. The excrement is dry, and smells like eucalyptus so you don't need to worry about it smelling bad. the eggs are oval, with a small orange lump on one end. they are easily discernible from the droppings which are cylindrical.
Note that parthenogenesis is possible in spiny leaf insects- the female can lay eggs without a male but they will be genetically uniform and identical to their mother and siblings.
Store the eggs in a tupperware lined with tissue paper (make sure that the paper has no harmful chemicals added). Once a day, remove the lid of the tupperware and lightly spray the eggs with your plant mister. drill several very small holes in the lid so that the moisture can escape, otherwise the humidity will result in fungal growth which can be harmful to the eggs.
If you can get it, coco-peat is also a good substrate for the eggs, and I would recommend it over tissue paper because it holds its moisture for longer. You can buy it in bricks from gardening stores which expand to form 5 or so litres of the stuff quite cheaply
The eggs will eventually hatch, although it can sometimes take more than a year for them to do so. check the tupperware every day when you spray the eggs for newborns- they will look like ant/scorpion hybrids, small black insects with curly tails.
You can house the baby stick insects the same way you house the adults, but add some young leaf growth to the cage as the babies wont eat the older growth until they are more mature. Make ABSOLUTELY sure that the cage you house them in is completely escape proof- you wouldn't believe how small a gap a baby spiny leaf insect can escape through. I keep my spiny leaf insect babies (known as nymphs) in a whole separate container which is more escape-proof than a fly screen cage.
After the nymphs' first molt they will turn brown and begin looking like miniature adults. This will take about 2-3 weeks. once they have had their first molt, they will be much larger, and they will no longer "run". At this stage you can introduce them to the main cage. | <urn:uuid:a4c110ef-ebe8-4487-987a-fc2e3404a457> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-keep-a-pet-spiny-leaf-insect/step4/Breeding-spiny-leaf-insects/?comments=all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958118 | 520 | 2.625 | 3 |
As a child, Anthony Foxx knew he couldn’t ride his bike far from home without being blocked by a freeway. By the time he became U.S. transportation secretary he understood why.
“We now know — overwhelmingly — that our urban freeways were almost always routed through low-income and minority neighborhoods, creating disconnections from opportunity that exist to this day,” [...] “I really believe that this is an issue that has been on the shelf collecting dust for a long time,” Foxx said. — washingtonpost.com
Related stories in the Archinect news:The U.S. just got $4 billion to spend on self-driving carsWhy American infrastructure funding keeps facing such an uphill battleRobert Moses vs. Jane Jacobs: The Opera
While searching for images of highway interchanges in urban areas, I came across these historic aerial photos of Detroit on a message board, showing how the city fabric has slowly eroded. It’s a remarkable record of a process that has scarred many other American cities. — usa.streetsblog.org
A new video by doctoral student and an associate professor at Arizona State University visualizes the expansion of LA's roads, starting in 1888 and running all the way up to 2010 [...]
Variations in color denote the age of the thoroughfares, with green being the oldest roads and red being newest. Watch as the map blooms with color in the fifties and the trend carries on through the eighties to the present. — la.curbed.com
"Growth of the Los Angeles Roadway Infrastructure, 1888 - 2010", by Andrew M. Fraser and Mikhail V. Chester, Ph.D., of Arizona State University:Compare with the following video of Los Angeles' overall growth as a city during the 20th century, from NYU's Stern Urbanization Project:
So it is that nearly a third of the interstate system consists of stretches through our cities, in the form of loops, spurs and freeways. So it is that American motorists drive nearly twice as many miles on urban interstates as they do the lengthier rural legs. So it is that every metropolis in the country has reorganized itself around these roads, and that they've shaped where we live and work, how we shop, what we eat, and how we pass our time. — theatlanticcities.com
It is, first and foremost, a visual and sound buffer placed between residents and the diesel trucks rumbling along the 103 Freeway to and from the Port of Long Beach.
But the wall, two fences stuffed with mulch generated from Long Beach tree trimmings, is also environmentally friendly; it will eventually be seeded with trees and shrubs that will leech vehicle exhaust from the air and transform the pollution into oxygen. — presstelegram.com
Berlin's J. MAYER H. is currently designing a series of twenty rest areas along a new highway in the Caucasus Republic of Georgia, connecting Azerbaijan and Turkey. Two rest areas have already been completed, and a third one is currently under construction with completion scheduled for this year. Here are some photos of the two stations, Gori and Lochini. — bustler.net
SUBMIT NEWS: submit in 60 seconds! | <urn:uuid:7705d8c6-1333-4230-ba4d-fa6dbf887fca> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://archinect.com/news/tag/122631/highway | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959533 | 674 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This week, the Connecticut Health Committee passed a bill they hope will ban teens from tanning beds. The state senate and house still need to pass the bill before it becomes state law. Nationally, anti-tanning bed regulations have increased significantly over the past decade due to rapidly increasing skin cancer rates and new studies on the negative health effects of indoor tanning.
Also in the news this week, New Jersey officially signed their teen tanning bed ban into law. Now, no one under 17 years of age will be able to use a UV tanning bed. Curious where your state stands?
Tanning bed legislation in the U.S.
- 5/2/2012, Vermont became the second state to ban indoor tanning for those 18 years and younger.
- 10/9/2011, California became the first state to prohibit indoor tanning for children under age 18.
- As of today, over 30 states restrict indoor tanning use by minors.
National Conference of State Legislatures Indoor Tanning Laws for Minors (July 2012) | <urn:uuid:e172e546-d261-4754-b3ab-8534d0e5bccf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.coolibar.com/tanning-bed-legislation-where-are-we-now/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929159 | 216 | 2.671875 | 3 |
On the occasion of the inaugural Nautilus Quarterly, we asked Nicholas Carr to survey the prospects for a print publication. Here he shows why asking if digital publications will supplant printed ones is the wrong question.
Gutenberg we know. But what of the eunuch Cai Lun?
A well-educated, studious young man, a close aide to the Emperor Hedi in the Chinese imperial court of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai invented paper one fateful day in the year 105 A.D. At the time, writing and drawing were done primarily on silk, which was elegant but expensive, or on bamboo, which was sturdy but cumbersome. Seeking a more practical alternative, Cai came up with the idea of mashing bits of tree bark and hemp fiber together in a little water, pounding the resulting paste flat with a stone mortar, and then letting it dry into sheets in the sun. The experiment was a success. Allowing for a few industrial tweaks, Cai’s method is still pretty much the way paper gets made today.
Cai killed himself some years later, having become entangled in a palace scandal from which he saw no exit. But his invention took on a life of its own. The craft of papermaking spread quickly throughout China and then, following the Silk Road westward, made its way into Persia, Arabia, and Europe. Within a few centuries, paper had replaced animal skins, papyrus mats, and wooden tablets as the world’s preferred medium for writing and reading. The goldsmith Gutenberg would, with his creation of the printing press around 1450, mechanize the work of the scribe, replacing inky fingers with inky machines, but it was Cai Lun who gave us our reading material and, some would say, our world.
Paper may be the single most versatile invention in history, its uses extending from the artistic to the bureaucratic to the hygienic. Rarely, though, do we give it its due. The ubiquity and disposability of the stuff—the average American goes through a quarter ton of it every year—lead us to take it for granted, or even to resent it. It’s hard to respect something that you’re forever throwing in the trash or flushing down the john or blowing your nose into. But modern life is inconceivable without paper. If paper were to disappear, writes Ian Sansom in his recent book Paper: An Elegy, “Everything would be lost.”
But wait. “An elegy”? Sansom’s subtitle is half joking, but it’s also half serious. For while paper will be around as long as we’re around, with the digital computer we have at last come up with an invention to rival Cai Lun’s. Over the last decade, annual per-capita paper consumption in developed countries has fallen sharply. If the initial arrival of the personal computer and its companion printer had us tearing through more reams than ever before, the rise of the Internet as a universal communication system seems to be having the opposite effect. As more and more information comes to be stored and exchanged electronically, we’re writing fewer checks, sending fewer letters, circulating fewer reports, and in general committing fewer thoughts to paper. Even our love notes are passed between servers.
It’s hard to respect something that you’re forever throwing in the trash or flushing down the john or blowing your nose into.
In 1894, Scribner’s Magazine published an essay by the French litterateur Octave Uzanne titled “The End of Books.” Thomas Edison had just invented the phonograph, and Uzanne thought it inevitable that portable “devices for registering sound”—he called them “pocket phono-operagraphs”—would soon replace books and periodicals. Flipping through printed sheets of paper demanded far too much effort from the “man of leisure,” he argued. “Reading, as we practice it today, soon brings on great weariness; for not only does it require of the brain a sustained attention which consumes a large proportion of the cerebral phosphates, but it also forces our bodies into various fatiguing attitudes.” The printing press and its quaint products, he proclaimed, were no match for modern technology.
You have to hand it to Uzanne. He anticipated the arrival of the audiobook, the iPod, and even the smartphone. About the obsolescence of the printed page, however, he was entirely wrong. Books, magazines, and newspapers would go on being published and read in ever greater quantities. Yet Uzanne’s prophesy would enjoy continuing popularity. It would come to be repeated over and over again during the 20th century. Every time a new communication medium came along—radio, telephone, motion picture, television, CD-ROM—pundits would send out, usually in printed form, another death notice for the press. H. G. Wells wrote a book proclaiming that microfilm would replace the book.
In 2011, the Edinburgh International Book Festival featured a session titled—why mess with a winner?—“The End of Books.” One of the participants, Scottish novelist Ewan Morrison, declared that, “within 25 years the digital revolution will bring about the end of paper books.” Baby boomers, it seemed obvious to Morrison, would be the last generation to read words inked on pages. The future of the book, the magazine, and the newspaper—the future of the word—lay in “e-publishing.” Unlike Uzanne, who was merely speculating, Morrison could point to hard facts about trends in reading and publishing. People were flocking to the screen. Paper was toast.
Now, just two years later, the outlook for the printed page has brightened. New facts, equally hard, suggest that words will continue to appear on sheets of paper for a good long while. E-book sales, which skyrocketed after the launch of Amazon’s Kindle in late 2007, have fallen back to earth in recent months—they rose by just 5 percent in the first quarter of this year, according to publishers’ reports—while sales of hardcovers and trade paperbacks have remained surprisingly resilient. Printed books still account for about three-quarters of overall book sales in the United States, and if sales of used books, which have been booming, are taken into account, that percentage likely rises higher. A recent survey revealed that even the biggest fans of e-books continue to purchase a lot of printed volumes.
Even our love notes are passed between servers.
Periodicals have had a harder go of it, thanks to the profusion of free alternatives online. But subscriptions to print magazines seem to be stabilizing this year. Although some publications are struggling to survive, others are holding on to their readers. Digital subscriptions, while growing smartly, still represent only a tiny slice of the market, and a lot of magazine readers don’t seem eager to switch to e-versions. A survey of owners of iPads and other tablet computers, conducted earlier this year, found that three-quarters of them still prefer to read magazines on paper. There are even some glimmers in the beleaguered newspaper business. The spread of paywalls and the bundling of print and digital subscriptions appear to be tempering the long-term decline in print circulation. A few major papers, including The New York Times, Arizona Republic, and Tampa Bay Times, have even gained some print readers this year.
What’s striking is that the prospects for print have improved even as the use of media-friendly mobile computers and apps has exploded. If physical publications were dying, you would think their condition should be deteriorating rapidly now, not stabilizing.
Our eyes tell us that the words and pictures on a screen are pretty much identical to the words and pictures on a piece of paper. But our eyes lie. What we’re learning now is that reading is a bodily activity. We take in information the way we experience the world—as much with our sense of touch as with our sense of sight. Some scientists believe that our brain actually interprets written letters and words as physical objects—a reflection of the fact that our minds evolved to perceive things, not symbols.
The differences between page and screen go beyond the simple tactile pleasures of good paper stock. To the human mind, a sequence of pages bound together into a physical object is very different from a flat screen that displays only a single “page” of information at a time. The physical presence of the printed pages, and the ability to flip back and forth through them, turns out to be important to the mind’s ability to navigate written works, particularly lengthy and complicated ones. We quickly develop a mental map of the contents of a printed text, as if its argument or story were a voyage unfolding through space. If you’ve ever picked up a book that you read long ago and discovered that your hands were able to locate a particular passage quickly, you’ve experienced this phenomenon. When we hold a physical publication in our hands, we also hold its contents in our mind.
The spatial memories seem to translate into more immersive reading and stronger comprehension. A recent experiment conducted with young readers in Norway found that, with both expository and narrative works, people who read from a printed page understand a text better than those who read the same material on a screen. The findings are consistent with a series of other studies on the process of reading. “We know from empirical and theoretical research that having a good spatial mental representation of the physical layout of the text supports reading comprehension,” wrote the Norwegian researchers1. They suggested that the ability of print readers to “see as well as tactilely feel the spatial extension and physical dimensions” of an entire text likely played a role in their superior comprehension.
What we’re learning now is that reading is a bodily activity. We take in information the way we experience the world—as much with our sense of touch as with our sense of sight.
That may also explain why surveys in the U.S. and other countries show that college students continue to prefer printed textbooks to electronic ones by wide margins. Students say that traditional books are more flexible as study tools, encourage deeper and more attentive reading, and promote better understanding and retention of the material. It seems to be true, as Octave Uzanne suggested, that reading printed publications consumes a lot of “cerebral phosphates.” But maybe that’s something to be celebrated.
Electronic books and periodicals have advantages of their own, of course. They’re convenient. They often provide links to other relevant publications. Their contents can be searched and shared easily. They can include animations, audio snippets, and interactive features. They can be updated on the fly. When it comes to brief news reports or other simple stories, or works that we just want to glance at rather than read carefully, electronic versions may well be superior to printed ones.
We were probably mistaken to think of words on screens as substitutes for words on paper. They seem to be different things, suited to different kinds of reading and providing different sorts of aesthetic and intellectual experiences. Some readers may continue to prefer print, others may develop a particular taste for the digital, and still others may happily switch back and forth between the two. This year in the U.S., some 2 billion books and 350 million magazines will roll off the presses. Something tells me Cai Lun isn’t turning in his grave just yet.
Nicholas Carr is the author, most recently, of The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. He’s working on a book about automation. | <urn:uuid:ce616aef-7790-4c76-a40c-17719e537d8c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nautil.us/issue/4/the-unlikely/paper-versus-pixel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960272 | 2,437 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Jian Sun, 33
Better image searches
Microsoft Research Asia
Problem: Images are hard for search engines to index because computers find it difficult to identify their content. Algorithms called classifiers can sort images using statistical techniques, but that presents something of a chicken-and-egg problem: ideally, "you need millions of [classified] images to train a classifier," says Jian Sun, a researcher at Microsoft Research Asia in Beijing.
Solution: Sun developed a way to make it easy for humans to train computers in picture classification. With his system, which was recently incorporated into Microsoft's Bing Images search engine, users enter a search term--say, "cloudy sky." Using its existing classification algorithm, Bing makes its best attempt to present a grid of images that match the search term. The user can click on a nearly right image and ask to see similar pictures, repeating the process until the perfect image appears. As the user refines the search, each click is fed back into the classifier. This means the next time a user searches for "cloudy sky," Bing will immediately present a more relevant set of images than before. The system is also being used to help other researchers develop image search algorithms; incorporating results from Bing, Sun has released a training database containing 100,000 categorized images. --David Cohen
Learning machine: Bing lets users refine search results (top), producing images that better match a search term (middle). New searches will then produce better initial results (bottom). | <urn:uuid:f1cd5cda-f220-4a81-9592-cb74734ae200> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www2.technologyreview.com/tr35/profile.aspx?trid=966 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910574 | 303 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Black Units take San Juan Hill: Eric Wittenberg posted a thorough overview of the Spanish-American War and emphasized the commissions of Civil War veterans. Let’s see, how do you secure overseas markets, distract the nation from growing labor unrest, and complete the reunion of North and South? Commission ex-Civil War officers and declare war! Today in my classes we talked about the background and immediate causes of the war. A few of the students suggested connections with the way we went to war with Iraq which led to an interesting discussion of the role of media in shaping popular perception. Our textbook mentioned that it was black units that actually seized San Juan Hill. While Teddy Roosevelt brought together an array of characters for his volunteer cavalry unit, the army was still segregated along racial lines. According to Eric Foner, “when the Rough Riders reached the top of San Juan Hill, they found that black units had preceded them–a fact Roosevelt omitted in his reports of the battle, which were widely reproduced in the popular press.” (pp. 665-66) I don’t know enough to confirm this, so if anyone has additional information I would appreciate a reference. Foner cites Louis Perez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (1998) in the reference section.
Thanks for reading this post. Scroll down, leave a comment and join the conversation. Follow me on Twitter and join the Civil War Memory Facebook group for continuous updates and additional links to newsworthy items from around the interwebs. Stay up to date by subscribing to this blog’s feed. You can also check out my recently published book, Remembering the Battle of the Crater: War as Murder. | <urn:uuid:2365714b-b087-4f0b-a3d8-7f92da8b28ba> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://cwmemory.com/2006/02/16/black-units-take-san-juan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954036 | 353 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Author: (Rüppell, 1837)
In its area the only requiem shark with long upper and lower labial furrows, the first dorsal origin well behind the anal origin, and long preanal ridges. Key to species and diagnostic features give characters separating this from other, similar species in its genus.
Prenarial snout 4 to 5.4% of total length; upper labial furrows long, 1.4 to 2% of total length; total count of enlarged hyomandibular pores on both sides of head just behind mouth angle usually over 16; teeth serrated in adults; teeth not well-differentiated between sexes; total tooth rows usually 25/24. First dorsal origin usually over or slightly in front of pectoral free rear tips; second dorsal origin ranges from above last third of anal base to over its insertion; pectoral anterior margin usually equal to or shorter than first dorsal length from origin to free rear tip. Posterior monospondylous precaudal centra greatly enlarged; precaudal centra usually less numerous than caudals (rarely the two are equal), precaudals 55 to 79, total centra 121 to 162. Size moderate, males maturing over 60 cm total length. Colour grey, grey-brown or purplish brown above, pale below, pectoral fins with a light margin.
Eastern Atlantic: Madeira and Mauritania to Angola. Indo-West Pacific: South Africa and Red Sea to Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, China (including Taiwan Province), Japan, The Philippines, Australia (Queensland).
Habitat and Biology:
An abundant inshore and offshore shark of continental shelves, at depths of a metre or less down to about 200 m. It often occurs off sandy beaches, in midwater or near the bottom, and sometimes in estuaries, but it does not tolerate very low salinities and does not range into fresh water. Off Natal, South Africa, numbers fluctuate throughout the year, with greatest abundance in summer.
A viviparous shark, with a yolk-sac placenta; number of young 1 to 8 per litter, usually 2 to 5. Off South Africa mating occurs in summer, young are born in summer after a gestation period of about a year, and maturation occurs at about two years of age; maximum age is at least 8 years. Inthe eastern Atlantic, young are also born in summer, but in winter off Bombay, India.
The milk shark feeds primarily on bony fishes but also takes cephalopods and other invertebrates. Its diet includes lizard fish, wrasses, goatfishes, sardines and herring, threadfins, hairtails, croakers, mojarras, tonguesoles, squid, octopi, cuttlefish, crabs, shrimp and sea snails.
This species is harmless to people. It is often preyed upon by larger sharks, but off Natal, South Africa, the use of gillnets to reduce the numbers of large, dangerous sharks off beaches has resulted in an increase in numbers of milk sharks through reduced predation by larger sharks.
Maximum exceptionally to 178 cm, but most adults smaller, less than 1.1 m; males maturing at about 68 to 72 cm, and reaching 178 cm; females maturing at about 70 to 81 cm and reaching 165 cm; size at birth between 25 and 39 cm.
Interest to Fisheries:
This is one of the most abundant sharks if not the most abundant shark in the inshore waters where it occurs, and is a ready object of artisanal and smallscale commercial fisheries as well as offshore fishing fleets. It is caught on longlines, hook-and-line, in bottom trawls, and probably other gear and utilized fresh and possibly dried salted for food and for fishmeal.
The name 'milk shark' refers to the use of its flesh in India to promote lactation in women.
Lectotype: Naturmuseums Senckenberg, SMF 2783, 440 mm stuffed specimen, designated by Klausewitz (1960:292). Type Locality: Djedda, Red Sea. | <urn:uuid:ab120617-b55d-4209-8a1e-93a2a6f867b2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=sharks&id=472 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901062 | 879 | 2.75 | 3 |
Emma Kon, 25, made news in the United Kingdom after doctors performed multiple surgeries to remove seven parts of her brain in an effort to treat an epileptic condition which crippled her with up to 100 seizures each day.
Now, about nine months after her treatments, Kon told the U.K.'s Daily Mail that she has had no seizures and is feeling well.
While epilepsy experts say that complications from brain surgery usually occur immediately after the operation and that reduced seizure activity is a good sign that a person is in recovery, side effects of drastic brain surgery can arise unexpectedly.
And epilepsy, a disease that affects about three million people in the United States, can be a wily disease that may return without warning in a different part of the brain.
Removing Brain Bits
Brain surgery can be a common and successful way to treat some forms of epilepsy.
"Some epilepsies are amenable to surgery and some are not," said Dr. Emad Eskandar, director of functional neurosurgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. "If we can pinpoint the source of epilepsy to one or two foci in a relatively safe area of the brain, there is a good chance of curing or significantly reducing the number of seizures with surgery."
Eskandar said the success rate of surgery to remove a portion of the brain -- and about half of patients with epilepsy have problem areas in the temporal lobes, in the center of the brain -- is about 80 percent, and patients show a reduced rate of seizures.
And removing even a significant chunk of nonessential brain tissue -- those parts responsible for bodily functions, which we could not live without -- may have no outward effect on how the patient thinks or behaves post-surgery.
"Are they neurologically OK? Yes," Eskandar said. "If a part of the brain is the seizure's focus, that means it's not working properly anyway. Either the person has a mild deficit that they have already adapted to or over time the function of that area has moved to another part of the brain."
Epilepsy Surgery Leaves Some With Memory Gaps
Despite the relative success of surgery for epilepsy, patients are sometimes left with distinct holes in their thinking, reasoning or memory post-surgery.
Jim Barron, 64, from Sharon, Mass., had surgery to remove a brain tumor that was causing seizures during which he would smell bad odors, see colors more intensely and experience deja vu. After being treated at the National Institutes of Health in 1964, Barron said he no longer had seizures unless he was over-stimulated by illness or intense emotions, such as his divorce.
"It really solved the problem," said Barron, and reported that he had only had five seizures in the past 30 years, compared to up to 30 per day at his worst, pre-surgery.
But the operation affected parts of his memory, especially his short-term memory.
"Everybody thinks you're perfectly OK and then you're caught on a cliff," Barron said. "I come to a point in my thoughts and stop because there's nothing there."
Removing Discrete Brain Areas Is Unusual
It is unclear whether Kon had surgery to remove an area of brain with seven regions in it, such as a hippocampus, amygdala, areas responsible for memory or speech, or if seven distinct regions were removed, the latter being rare.
"It's unusual for us to go after multifocal epilepsy with [surgery]," said Dr. Aviva Abosch, director of epilepsy surgery at the University of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis.
Abosch suggested that doctors may have identified several problem areas interspersed with essential brain areas in Kon's left temporal lobe, a region that contains areas for speech, memory and emotional processing, and where Kon's seizures were shown to originate from. Kon may have had several chunks from that area removed, leaving the essential areas intact.
But, depending on how much of the brain is affected, there is concern that a patient will develop seizures again in other areas.
"Sometimes, after general anesthetic, people have this honeymoon period where seizures go away. But then they come back," Abosch said.
Patients with these types of recurrences in epilepsy remain a mystery to their doctors, as Carlton Zeigler, 47, said he remains to his doctors.
Seizures Can Return in Time
Zeigler had adolescent onset epilepsy and began treatment with medications, which did not work. He has since had two brain surgeries and one surgery to implant a vagus nerve stimulator to disrupt oncoming seizures. Following each treatment, his seizures become less frequent. But eventually, they return in force.
His surgeries, which were done to remove potential seizure-inducing regions in his right temporal lobe, left Zeigler with memory loss and less emotional control.
"These three surgeries have not managed to control my seizures," Zeigler said. "At this point, my case has [my doctors] completely puzzled. We're doing more testing." | <urn:uuid:57f53ef3-c57f-4570-a4ba-83b90c96cb68> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://abcnews.go.com/Health/MindMoodNews/story?id=7885128&page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972583 | 1,034 | 2.609375 | 3 |
With the expansion of education into online environment, one of the challenges an instructor faces is seemingly impersonal character of online learning. To overcome this barrier, instructors record their lectures, presentations, notes and feedback and publish them in their courses for students to watch. Even though using media in online education is an excellent way to provide students with engaging instruction, instructors often have difficulties with the technical portion of media production. In this blog entry, I will give you tips for creating online presentations that are effective from a visual and sound point of view.
– Font – use sans serif for text on screen. Arial is a font that is easier to read online than Times New Roman.
– Color – for online presentations, use solid light background and dark color text. Try to use no more than 3 colors and remember, white is a color, too (use it!).
– Layout – your online material needs to be clear and well structured. Consider using tables, charts, and graphics. When you use graphics, use only relevant images and place them in a structured manner with a lot of white space around them.
– Equipment – have headsets of high quality. Do not have the microphone too close to your mouth, but to the side and slightly lower than your lips.
– Drink – try not to drink anything while you’re recording. However, if you are recording a longer lecture, you might need to drink something to moisturize your vocal cords. Drink water with no ice in it, ice is noisy in the glass and it freezes up your vocal cords. Coffee should be without creamer and sugar, they gum up your mouth, which makes disturbing noises when recording.
– Strategies while recording – when you are recording, do not pause too long, keep talking, otherwise your audience will think there is something wrong with their equipment. Maintain energy while recording, enthusiasm is contagious. Smile even though nobody can see you, your students can hear a smile in your voice.
When creating online presentations, it is not enough to know the content and have the right equipment. It is what you do with the content and the equipment that makes a difference in your students’ academic lives. | <urn:uuid:9871a035-df60-400b-8bfd-62803dcdaa1c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://usailc.org/blog/2011/11/online-presentation-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944269 | 442 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Just 15 kilometres from the city centre, these primitive landscapes seem to be from a different land altogether, but this is a waterway that continues to steadily flow towards Paris. One hundred years ago, it still managed to slide its way through the city walls and on headfirst into the Seine, but by the time it arrived at that point it was a pestilent soup rather than a pristine stream.
In and around Paris it was a river that was put to work, primarily in the tanning industry. After centuries of abuse, it had become a dead channel, clogged with blood and dyes. At the beginning of the 20th century, the city authorities decided that they had had enough, covered over the stream and directed it away from the Seine and into the city's sewerage system.
Walking alongside the Bièvre in these timeless locations it is hard to imagine that this is one of the only rivers in the world that has no natural discharge. Is this a picture of how it once was along its entire length, up to what became Paris at its meeting point with the Seine?
Beyond the boundaries of Paris it has continued to thrive, and a project was recently announced to open up more stretches to visitors. Certain groups still militate for an uncovering of the river along its entire length, but in reality Paris has today developed away from one of its natural sources.
It is impossible to wind back time, but thankfully it is sometimes still possible to visit the past. | <urn:uuid:fcd69d08-fb00-4b93-9f61-3f9fceac9d1e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://parisisinvisible.blogspot.fr/2011/06/back-in-time-by-bievre.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986218 | 304 | 3.171875 | 3 |
All you typically need is a very small resistor and a high gain amplifier...
How high is the gain is depended on your current demands and the value of the resistor,
The gain is easily adjustable so it's recommended over the resistor change.
You SHOULD by the way calculate the wattage of the resistor, which is the current that goes through multiplied by the voltage drop on the resistor.
By judging using as a power supply the solar panels, you shouldn't need "big" resistors (wattage)...
Some AVRs have a 100x gain on some ADC channels (see the datasheet)
You may be able to get away with it, if the current demands aren't great ;-)
I am using a PIC micro controller, to be specific the PIC16F1827. I don't quite understand how a resistor and high gain amplifier could be used to measure current though. Could you explain?
Here are the specs for the panels:
Peak Power (Pmax,W): 270 W
Power Tolerance (%): ±3%
Max Power Voltage (Vmp): 35.5 V
Max Power Current (Imp): 7.61 A
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc): 44.5 V
Short Circuit Current (Isc): 8.30 A | <urn:uuid:7413dba0-59c5-4b07-9227-f00b41f937d0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.societyofrobots.com/robotforum/index.php?topic=11536.0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917405 | 267 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Any change in your life can lead to stress. This includes even pleasurable activities, such as vacations or new forms of recreation. You can also be in a stressful situation such as a difficult job or a long-term illness of a spouse. If you think you might be experiencing stress, this assessment may help you identify its effects on you.
You probably know some of the common signs of stress. They include a pounding heart, sweaty palms, and feeling anxious. But you may respond to stress in many other ways too, from feeling irritable to driving recklessly. Recognizing how you react to stress is an important step toward managing it.
Everyone responds to stress differently. This assessment will help you identify your particular stress profile. Listed below are the kinds of physical, mental, and emotional responses people may have to stress—some of which you may not have considered before. Review these lists and think about which reactions apply to you when you’re under stress. Check all the reactions you have experienced in stressful situations.
In each category, check any symptoms you’ve had in the past month. Remember, the reactions you choose may be indicators of stress. But stress is only one of the possible causes of these symptoms. Talk with your health care provider if you have questions or concerns about the items you check.
About Your Stress Profile
Because everyone responds to stress differently, it's important to recognize your own stress profile. Recognizing when you're under stress is an important step toward learning to manage it. Review the items you checked below. Some or all of these reactions may make up your stress profile.
You have not selected any of the common symptoms of stress from the list. Since you did not check any reactions to stress, stress level is probably low. However, any event has the potential of causing stress. You might want to review the ways to decrease reactions to stress in the 'Minimize Stress' section below. That way, when you do have a stress response, you'll have tools to help you cope with it.
Your physical reactions
- Tightness in the chest
- Muscle aches (neck, shoulders, back, or legs)
- Constipation or diarrhea
- Problems with digestive system
- Change in appetite (increase or decrease)
- Tense muscles and muscle cramps
- Sleep problems (too much or too little)
- Nervous habits (nail biting, tongue clucking)
- Dry mouth or throat
- High blood pressure
- Excessive sweating
- Pounding heart
- Grinding teeth
- Nervous tic
- Difficulty breathing
- Frequent colds
Your thoughts and feelings
- Wanting to cry, or crying easily
- Getting upset about little annoyances
- Feeling low self-esteem
- Feeling fearful and anxious
- Feeling tired most of the time
- Always feeling rushed
- Having difficulty concentrating
- Being forgetful
- Feeling confused
- Feeling impatient
- Feeling irritable
- Feeling like nobody likes you
- Lacking joy
- Feeling helpless
- Not getting along with people
- Withdrawing from friends and family
- Not trusting people
- Lowered sex drive
- Being more or less active than usual
- Driving recklessly
- Lashing out
- Getting angry easily
- Making errors
- Turning to alcohol, tobacco, or drugs for relief
The items you checked may be responses to the stress in your life. The more items you checked, the more likely stress is having an impact on your life. Stress can affect your body, mind, emotions, and behavior. Although a little stress isn't harmful, persistent, long-term stress can raise your risk for illnesses, including obesity, heart disease, peptic ulcers, and asthma. Long-term stress can cause digestive problems and weaken your immune system.
The first step to managing stress is to recognize when you are under stress and find out what triggers it. Look over the symptoms you've checked. Keep these symptoms in mind as you go through each day. If you notice one of these symptoms, ask yourself what may have triggered it.
Keeping a stress log can help you recognize when you are under stress and identify what caused it. For a week, keep track of anything, big or small, that triggers feelings of stress. Note the date and time. Also record your response. What were your stress symptoms? By the end of the week, you’ll know your stressors and how you react to them. Once you understand your stress response, you’ll be able to handle stress better.
The symptoms you checked may be indicators of stress. But stress is only one of the possible causes of these symptoms. Talk to your health care provider if you have questions or concerns about your symptoms.
You can't eliminate all the stress in your life, but you can reduce it. Here are some ideas on how to do that:
- Realize that you can't control everything. Take responsibility for what you can and learn to let go of those things that are beyond your control. Focus on managing stressful situations and understand that the cause of your stress may never be completely eliminated.
- Don't be afraid to say "no." If additional responsibilities or commitments will make you feel stressed, turn them down. Stand up for yourself; don't let others' desires or demands take precedent.
- Plan ahead for stressful events. If you need to give a speech, for instance, give yourself time to prepare for it.
- Approach changes in your life as challenges or opportunities instead of threats.
- Be realistic about goals you set for yourself.
- Exercise most days of the week. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each day.
- Get enough sleep.
- Follow a healthy diet.
- Get involved in hobbies or social events that are pleasurable.
- Meditate or practice stress-reduction techniques.
- Practice deep breathing. When you are stressed, you take shallow breaths.
This shallow breathing triggers an increase in stress hormones. To calm down, breathe deeply. Deep breathing puts a break on your heart rate, brings down your blood pressure, and boosts the amount of oxygen you take in. Deep breathing also helps you feel in control. | <urn:uuid:61ca80c6-0a76-4bfe-9f12-9d4d33d3fe11> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://krames.forthealthcare.com/Wellness/Stress/Tools/42,RespondingtoStressMRA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938631 | 1,291 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Scudder, Nathan F
Data from wind-tunnel tests on a model of the NY-1 airplane were used in a study of the effect on the steady spin of a number of factors considered to be important. The factors were of two classes, mass distribution effects and aerodynamic effects. The study indicated that mass extended along the longitudinal axis has no detrimental effect or is even slightly beneficial, mass extended along the lateral axis is detrimental if the airplane spins with the inner wing tip far down, and mass extended along the normal axis, if of considerable magnitude, has a strong favorable effect. The aerodynamic effects considered in terms of rolling, pitching, and yawing moments added to those for a conventional airplane showed that added stable rolling moment could contribute favorable effect on the spin only in decreasing the amount of inward sideslip required for equilibrium. Negative pitching moment of moderate magnitude has unfavorable effect on a high-angle-of-attack spin, and stable yawing moment has pronounced beneficial effect on the spin. Experimental data from various sources were available to verify nearly all the deductions resulting from the study of the curves. When these results were considered for the purpose of deciding upon the best means to be developed for controlling the spin, the yawing-moment equilibrium was found to offer the most promising field for research. The wing-cellule yawing moment, of which the shape of the chord-force curve is an approximate measure, should be made as small as possible in the unstable sense and the damping yawing moment of the tail should be made as large as possible. The most serious unfavorable effect on the damping yawing moment of the tail is the blanketing of the vertical surfaces by the other parts of the tail.
An Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file of the entire report: | <urn:uuid:9337bd86-f89a-4e0b-a7d3-4db3d4d62730> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=1032 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939317 | 365 | 3.25 | 3 |
Effect Of Climate Change On Agriculture: Droughts, Heat Waves Cut Global Cereal Harvests By 10 Percent In 50 Years
As average global temperatures begin to rise due to human activity, scientists say the drastic effects of climate change continue to take effect all over the world.
One of the most severely affected sectors is the field of agriculture. In the past decades, extreme weather conditions caused by climate change have disrupted global food production.
"The food system is already stressed in many ways," said Professor Navin Ramankutty of the University of British Columbia, an expert on global food security and sustainability.
With the adverse effects of climate change, Ramankutty said the phenomenon is becoming an additional stressor to global food production.
The Effects Of Climate Change On Global Cereal Harvests
Ramankutty is the senior author of a new study featured in the journal Nature, which examined the link between weather-related disasters and food production.
Along with a team of researchers from UBC and McGill University, Ramankutty found that extreme heat waves and droughts have reduced global cereal harvests such as maize, wheat and rice by 10 percent in a span of 50 years.
The impact persists even in areas where farming is technologically advanced, researchers said.
In the study, the team looked into the "fertilizing effect" in which high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could have visible effects on crops, an effect that could outweigh the damage caused by droughts and heat waves.
Ramankutty and his colleagues analyzed records that contained national food production of 16 different cereal crops in 177 countries, and compared the effects of 2,800 weather disasters that occurred from 1964 to 2007.
After evaluating their data, the team created a detailed snapshot of how extreme weather conditions affected global cereal harvests.
In North America, Europe and Australia, droughts and heat waves had both caused an average reduction in cereal harvests by about 20 percent. They also found that the average reduction in cereal harvests caused by droughts and heat waves increased from 6.7 percent in the mid-1980s to 13.7 during more recent years.
Nations With Advanced Agricultural Technologies
Pedram Rowhani, a co-author of the study, said they found that the production cut was far worse in richer countries, and they predict that these extreme weather conditions will continue in the future.
The team also found that nations with advanced agricultural technologies and farming methods were more susceptible to heat waves and droughts compared to nations that are less advanced.
Corey Lesk of McGill University, the first author of the study, said crops and farming methods across North America are very uniform across huge areas. If a drought hits and damages the crops, it will result in a massive domino effect and all the crops will suffer, he said.
In the developing world, the farming systems are made up of patchworks of small fields with diverse crops.
"If a drought hits, some of those crops may be damaged, but others may survive," said Lesk.
With that, Rowhani said that if governments do not adapt agricultural systems to become more resilient to these shocks, more losses will occur in the future.
Still, Lesk said farmers in developed nations rarely rely on harvests for direct food, and they usually have access to crop insurance in case of extreme weather. Their optimal strategy should be to maximize yields instead of minimizing the risks of weather-related crop damage, he said.
On the bright side, the study also found that extreme weather conditions have no significant and lasting effects on food production in the years following weather-related disasters.
"Our findings may help guide agricultural priorities and adaptation efforts, to better protect the most vulnerable farming systems and the populations that depend on them," said Ramankutty.
Scientist Says Agriculture Benefits From Carbon Emissions
Meanwhile, a former delegate of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said climate change provides several benefits for agriculture.
In a report, Indur Goklany, a science and technology policy analyst at the U.S. Department of the Interior, said carbon has the ability to fertilize plants, and that it has led to an increase in fossil fuel emissions.
This plant fertilization greatly contributes to the health of crops and is accountable for increasing crop harvests by 10 to 15 percent, he said.
Aside from that, wild places on the planet have turned greener because of the increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Plants had also become stronger during droughts because carbon dioxide has boosted plants' water-quality.
Contrary to previous notions that only look at the negative effects of global warming, the benefits of carbon dioxide are only being realized now.
"My report should begin to restore a little balance," added Goklany.
Photo: Elias Gayles | Flickr | <urn:uuid:818c5785-aa45-4d53-a552-b9c307d3eb09> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.techtimes.com/articles/122311/20160107/effect-of-climate-change-on-agriculture-droughts-heat-waves-cut-global-cereal-harvests-by-10-percent-in-50-years.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955284 | 1,006 | 3.921875 | 4 |
ELKINS - Holiday parties and family gatherings mean increased exposure to flu viruses, so representatives of Davis Health System urge everybody to get a flu shot before it's too late.
This year's vaccine will protect against the viruses that are likely to be most common this year.
Misti Shine, a nurse and infection preventionist, says, "The vaccine is a quadrivalent flu vaccine that protects against two A viruses - H1N1 and H3N2 - and two B viruses."
She said the best way to prevent the flu is to be vaccinated. "Folks should be vaccinated especially if they are in the high risk category including children younger than 5, adults 65 years of age and older and pregnant women."
Shine said influenza, or the flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by a virus. Serious outcomes of flu can require hospitalization and can, on occasion, lead to death.
Locally, the flu vaccine is being offered at various locations, including the Elkins-Randolph County Health Department. Residents can get vaccinated from 1 to 4 p.m. on Tuesdays and from 3 to 4 p.m. Wednesdays and Thursdays.
"We can bill insurance for the vaccine this year," Debbie VanPelt said. People will need their insurance card, she adds.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the flu is a contagious respiratory illness that affects the nose, throat and lungs - it can cause mild to severe illness including symptoms of fever, chills, cough, sore throat, runny nose, stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches and fatigue, and vomiting and diarrhea in children.
The flu is spread mainly by droplets made when people with the flu cough, sneeze or talk. The droplets land on the mouths or noses of people nearby. People also spread the flu by touching a surface or object that has the flu virus on it and then touching their own mouth, eyes or nose.
Complications of the flu can include bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections, dehydration and worsening of chronic medical conditions such as congestive heart failure, asthma or diabetes.
This year, the CDC recommends that everyone who is at least six-months-old should get a flu vaccine for the season, and they say vaccinations should begin as soon as the flu vaccination is available. That's ideally by October, but getting vaccinated later can be protective as long as flu viruses are circulating. The flu usually peaks in January or later.
Shine also provided CDC fliers with tips about caring for people who get the flu.
The fliers say that most people with mild illness do not need medical care or antiviral drugs. Emergency warning signs in children with the flu include fast breathing, trouble breathing, bluish skin color, not waking up, and fever with a rash.
Medical attention should be sought for any infant who is unable to eat, has trouble breathing, has no tears when crying or has significantly fewer wet diapers than normal.
In adults, seek emergency medical treatment when flu causes difficult breathing or shortness of breath, pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen, sudden dizziness, confusion and severe and persistent vomiting.
The CDC recommends people with the flu stay home for at least 24 hours after fever is gone. People with the flu also should stay away from others as much as possible, drink plenty of water and other clear liquids, treat fever and cough with medicines you can buy at the store, and contact a doctor if very sick, pregnant or suffering from a medical condition such as asthma, diabetes or heart disease.
Flu vaccinations are available at many local physician offices and pharmacies. Davis Memorial Hospital will offer flu vaccine clinics, and the dates and times will be posted when available.
Information about flu and related illnesses is available on-line at www.cdc.gov.
Contact Beth Christian Broschart by calling 304-636-2124, ext. 114 or by e-mail at bbroschart@theinter
mountain.com. Follow her on Twitter at IMT_Broschart. | <urn:uuid:194c5fc3-dba6-4a68-8041-6c084229a23e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theintermountain.com/page/content.detail/id/566448/Flu-shot-is-best-way-to-stop-sickness.html?nav=5014 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957185 | 841 | 3 | 3 |
Congress Misses Opportunity to Move Our Transportation System Into the 21st Century
Last week, before heading out for their July 4 break, Congress passed a two-year transportation bill that was the product of months of negotiations between the Senate and House or Representatives. While the Senate was thankfully able to keep unrelated, anti-environmental riders out of the final bill (namely permitting the Keystone XL pipeline, and pre-empting EPA safeguards on toxic coal ash), the transportation bill that was passed was a step backwards from the Senate version that held so much promise. This was a missed opportunity to move our transportation policy into the 21st century.
Going into the conference committee, the Senate brought a two-year bill that would take steps to reduce our dependence on oil by making biking and walking safer, giving local officials more control over transportation funding, extending transit commuter benefits, and revamping our planning process to be more performance-based.
The House, unable to pass their disastrous transportation proposal, instead came to conference with a 30-day extension of current transportation law and three anti-environmental riders – gutting our nation's environmental review process, pre-empting EPA safeguards on coal ash, and permitting the Keystone XL tar sands oil pipeline.
However, in negotiating the final bill, House Republican negotiators extracted significant concessions by threatening to walk away from negotiations and the millions of jobs that would be saved or created. Below are just a few of the backwards steps made in conference:
- Complete streets eliminated – House negotiators successfully removed a provision that would have made streets safer for everyone, including cyclists and pedestrians, not just drivers.
- Transit commuter tax benefit parity eliminated – The final bill does not include the extension of the transit commuter tax benefit at the same level of parking benefits. This means that commuters now get nearly twice the tax break for driving to work instead of taking transit.
- Public input in environmental reviews reduced – Perhaps the most egregious changes came as rollbacks of the environmental review process. Republicans have long wanted to eviscerate the 40-year old National Environmental Policy Act, which ensures the public has a say in highway and transit projects that will significantly impact local communities. Although the Senate was able to fight off the most egregious demands, the House still won significant concessions. Cash strapped state agencies will now face financial penalties if they don’t make decisions on time, leading to rushed approvals (or rejections) of projects instead of well thought out decisions. Further, the bill now eliminates public comment on a whole raft of projects, including projects under an arbitrary threshold of $5 million. Projects built in the existing right of way are also exempt from environmental reviews, allowing the significant widening of existing roads without public input.
- National goals watered down – The Senate bill included a set of national goals for our transportation system, which the US DOT would then report progress on meeting every two years. While the final bill includes a set of goals, Republican negotiators successfully removed the goal of “energy conservation and security.” Our transportation system uses two-thirds of the nation’s oil, and eliminating a goal of conserving energy in transportation just leaves progress on reducing oil use for another day.
- States allowed to waive investments in safe biking and walking infrastructure – The Senate bill already reduced the total amount of funding available for safe biking and walking infrastructure, but it did require half of the remaining funding to be sent to cities and towns and the other half competitively awarded by states. The House successfully won the rights for states to opt out of using their half of the funding on safe biking and walking infrastructure all together. As state DOTs are squeezed for cash, many will likely choose not to fund biking and walking infrastructure, even though trends suggest more people than ever want this transportation option.
- Grand Canyon overflights process derailed – To add insult to injury, the final bill would even derail a two-decade long process to reduce noise from airplanes flying over the Grand Canyon. Never mind that this flight-related provision was snuck into the surface transportation bill, it meddles in a stakeholder process conducted by the National Park Service that is nearing its completion.
The transportation bill that was passed harkens back to highway, not transportation, bills passed decades ago and proves that Congress is still behind current trends. It is increasingly clear that people want clean transportation choices, like public transit and safe biking and walking, not expanded highways and more sprawl.
The bill that was passed will be in place for the next 27 months. Over that time, I have no doubt that cities and towns will continue to show leadership in building innovative transportation projects that make communities more livable and sustainable. It will be even more critical, though, for all of us to spend the next 27 months educating our Representatives and Senators about the kind of transportation system that we want to see in the future.
If you want to help ensure the next transportation bill moves our transportation system into the 21st century, I would urge you to join Sierra Club's transportation campaign, which is working to improve transportation systems in cities and states nationwide and to make sure Congress knows that we must invest in a transportation system that uses less oil.
-- Jesse Prentice-Dunn, Washington Representative for the Sierra Club Green Transportation Campaign | <urn:uuid:53303ede-b0c4-4565-a6be-6b25d65d3e8d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://sierraclub.typepad.com/compass/2012/07/final-transportation-bill.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00041-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958402 | 1,069 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The English Romance in Time is a study of English romance across the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It explores romance motifs - quests and fairy mistresses, passionate heroines and rudderless boats and missing heirs - from the first emergence of the genre in French and Anglo-Norman in the twelfth century down to the early seventeenth. This is a continuous story, since the same romances that constituted the largest and most sophisticated body of secular fiction in the Middle Ages went on to enjoy a new and vibrant popularity at all social levels in black-letter prints as the pulp fiction of the Tudor age. This embedded culture was reworked for political and Reformation propaganda and for the 'writing of England', as well as providing a generous reservoir of good stories and dramatic plots. The different ways in which the same texts were read over several centuries, or the same motifs shifted meaning as understanding and usage altered, provide a revealing and sensitive measure of historical and cultural change. The book accordingly looks at those processes of change as well as at how the motifs themselves work, to offer a historical semantics of the language of romance conventions. It also looks at how politics and romance intersect - the point where romance comes true.
The historicizing of the study of literature is belatedly leading to a wider recognition that the early modern world is built on medieval foundations. This book explores both the foundations and the building. Similarly, generic theory, which previously tended to operate on transhistorical assumptions, is now acknowledging that genre interacts crucially with cultural context - with changing audiences and ideologies and means of dissemination. The generation into which Spenser and Shakespeare were born was the last to be brought up on a wide range of medieval romances in their original forms, and they could therefore exploit their generic codings in new texts aimed at both elite and popular audiences. Romance may since then have lost much of its cultural centrality, but the universal appeal of these same stories has continued to fuel later works from Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress to C.S. Lewis and Tolkien.
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Rent The English Romance in Time 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Helen Cooper. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Oxford University Press.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now. | <urn:uuid:4e7fa3cd-b7bb-4fe4-a4ba-c0337d3b10f3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/the-english-romance-in-time-1st-edition-9780199532582-0199532583?ii=13&trackid=b2ccbd8a&omre_ir=1&omre_sp= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962951 | 490 | 2.515625 | 3 |
If the answer's 2010, what could the question be?
What happens when you add the digits of a number then multiply the
result by 2 and you keep doing this? You could try for different
numbers and different rules.
Explore Alex's number plumber. What questions would you like to ask? What do you think is happening to the numbers?
48 is called an abundant number because it is less than the sum of
its factors (without itself). Can you find some more abundant
Well now, what would happen if we lost all the nines in our number
system? Have a go at writing the numbers out in this way and have a
look at the multiplications table.
In a Magic Square all the rows, columns and diagonals add to the 'Magic Constant'. How would you change the magic constant of this square?
In this section from a calendar, put a square box around the 1st,
2nd, 8th and 9th. Add all the pairs of numbers. What do you notice
about the answers?
Start with four numbers at the corners of a square and put the
total of two corners in the middle of that side. Keep going... Can
you estimate what the size of the last four numbers will be?
Investigate what happens when you add house numbers along a street
in different ways.
Can you design a new shape for the twenty-eight squares and arrange
the numbers in a logical way? What patterns do you notice?
This problem is based on the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Investigate the different numbers of people and rats there could have been if you know how many legs there are altogether!
Arrange eight of the numbers between 1 and 9 in the Polo Square
below so that each side adds to the same total.
There are to be 6 homes built on a new development site. They could
be semi-detached, detached or terraced houses. How many different
combinations of these can you find?
Investigate this balance which is marked in halves. If you had a weight on the left-hand 7, where could you hang two weights on the right to make it balance?
We can arrange dots in a similar way to the 5 on a dice and they
usually sit quite well into a rectangular shape. How many
altogether in this 3 by 5? What happens for other sizes?
"Ip dip sky blue! Who's 'it'? It's you!" Where would you position yourself so that you are 'it' if there are two players? Three players ...?
When newspaper pages get separated at home we have to try to sort
them out and get things in the correct order. How many ways can we
arrange these pages so that the numbering may be different?
If we had 16 light bars which digital numbers could we make? How
will you know you've found them all?
Suppose we allow ourselves to use three numbers less than 10 and
multiply them together. How many different products can you find?
How do you know you've got them all?
These caterpillars have 16 parts. What different shapes do they make if each part lies in the small squares of a 4 by 4 square?
An investigation that gives you the opportunity to make and justify
EWWNP means Exploring Wild and Wonderful Number Patterns Created by Yourself! Investigate what happens if we create number patterns using some simple rules.
When Charlie asked his grandmother how old she is, he didn't get a
straightforward reply! Can you work out how old she is?
Investigate the different ways you could split up these rooms so
that you have double the number.
Complete these two jigsaws then put one on top of the other. What
happens when you add the 'touching' numbers? What happens when you
change the position of the jigsaws?
Explore Alex's number plumber. What questions would you like to
ask? Don't forget to keep visiting NRICH projects site for the
latest developments and questions.
Investigate the different ways these aliens count in this
challenge. You could start by thinking about how each of them would
write our number 7.
Which times on a digital clock have a line of symmetry? Which look
the same upside-down? You might like to try this investigation and
How many different sets of numbers with at least four members can
you find in the numbers in this box?
How many shapes can you build from three red and two green cubes? Can you use what you've found out to predict the number for four red and two green?
How could you put eight beanbags in the hoops so that there are
four in the blue hoop, five in the red and six in the yellow? Can
you find all the ways of doing this?
Lolla bought a balloon at the circus. She gave the clown six coins
to pay for it. What could Lolla have paid for the balloon?
The challenge here is to find as many routes as you can for a fence
to go so that this town is divided up into two halves, each with 8
You cannot choose a selection of ice cream flavours that includes
totally what someone has already chosen. Have a go and find all the
different ways in which seven children can have ice cream.
In how many ways can you stack these rods, following the rules?
If you have three circular objects, you could arrange them so that
they are separate, touching, overlapping or inside each other. Can
you investigate all the different possibilities?
This challenge encourages you to explore dividing a three-digit number by a single-digit number.
This challenge asks you to investigate the total number of cards that would be sent if four children send one to all three others. How many would be sent if there were five children? Six?
Ana and Ross looked in a trunk in the attic. They found old cloaks
and gowns, hats and masks. How many possible costumes could they
Suppose there is a train with 24 carriages which are going to be put together to make up some new trains. Can you find all the ways that this can be done?
I like to walk along the cracks of the paving stones, but not the
outside edge of the path itself. How many different routes can you
find for me to take?
Can you find out how the 6-triangle shape is transformed in these
tessellations? Will the tessellations go on for ever? Why or why
Using different numbers of sticks, how many different triangles are
you able to make? Can you make any rules about the numbers of
sticks that make the most triangles?
The red ring is inside the blue ring in this picture. Can you rearrange the rings in different ways? Perhaps you can overlap them or put one outside another?
Take 5 cubes of one colour and 2 of another colour. How many
different ways can you join them if the 5 must touch the table and
the 2 must not touch the table?
What is the smallest number of tiles needed to tile this patio? Can
you investigate patios of different sizes?
Here is your chance to investigate the number 28 using shapes,
cubes ... in fact anything at all.
How many different ways can you find of fitting five hexagons
together? How will you know you have found all the ways?
Can you continue this pattern of triangles and begin to predict how many sticks are used for each new "layer"?
Vincent and Tara are making triangles with the class construction set. They have a pile of strips of different lengths. How many different triangles can they make? | <urn:uuid:844d9f14-0107-4ca2-8753-3b7f37a4cf67> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nrich.maths.org/public/leg.php?code=-333&cl=1&cldcmpid=6851 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00124-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950119 | 1,605 | 3.46875 | 3 |
This baroque Bethlehem scene, crafted in the 17th century by the monk Kaspar, includes 48 figures made from straw, paper, gypsum.
Nativity scenes are one of the most recognizable and loved Christmas customs today and the words crèche and manger have come to describe the depiction of Christ's birth.
The word crèche is the French word for nativity scene which translates into crib in English. That and other translations are derived from the Latin word cripia, meaning manger.
In Italy the word presepio means manger or crib and is thought to have been used for the first time to describe St Mary Major's Basilica on the Esquiline Hill in Rome, known since the seventh century as Sancta Maria ad praesepe because below the altar of the church is a reliquary said to contain pieces of the original manger.
It's kept in a niche the same dimensions as the cave where Jesus was born. It was in this church that the earliest presepio was installed as a permanent fixture in a side chapel for the first Rome jubilee in 1300.
Specifically though, the modern presepio is a three dimensional representation of the birth of Jesus Christ composed of mobile figures arranged according to the artistic sense of the builder as well as realistic elements such as houses, rocks, plants etc.
The presepio cannot be separated from the scenery. In fact without scenery around the figures representing the holy event, it becomes a model of the nativity but not a presepio.
The tradition of a permanent presepio on view all the year round in a side chapel remained until the 16th century. It then underwent another evolution when St. Cajeta (d.1547) of Naples started to carve figures from everyday life for the presepio.
This development was widely copied and reached its climax during the Baroque and Rococo periods (1600s and 1700s) when everyday village characters such as the washerwoman and the cripple were included.
The Council of Trent (1543 to 1563) encouraged the use of the presepio as an expression of popular piety and the Jesuits and Franciscans took the tradition with them when they set out to evangelize both Europe and the recently discovered lands of the New World.
In the 18th century, a presepio that was commissioned by Charles II of Naples started the Naples style nativity, which today still includes figures from everyday life. Six master woodcarvers worked on the scene from 1780 through 1820, adding new figures each year.
The Holy Family and the procession of the Magi were placed in a setting that portrayed contemporary life in 18th century Naples. Ordinary people were shown going about their ordinary lives - shoemakers and innkeepers, bakers and fruit vendors, fishmongers and butchers, carpenters and blacksmiths, and the beggars, the poor and the derelict.
There is always the market with its fruit and vegetables, hams, fish, shellfish, salamis and sausages, cheeses, olives, the butcher's shop with beef and pork, rabbit and game, pizza, macaroni, eggs.
Figurines representing royalty were dressed in fine fabrics fashioned by the queen and court damsels. The presepio became so popular that in the late 1700s shops even sold miniature jewels to ornate the figurines.
The Neapolitan presepio is now regarded as a true form of art and perhaps the best known one in America is the Neapolitan Baroque Crèche displayed annually at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
In centuries-old workshops and artist studios in Naples, the tradition continues and artisans sculpt everything from traditional 18th-century figures to contemporary figures that include politicians and movie stars.
Traditionally, the main focus of Christmas decorations in Italy remains the presepio. They can be found in public squares, shops and other public areas including one that is erected on the Spanish Stairs.
In 17th century France, mechanical, portable presepio became popular. The portable presepio was a sort of theatre with puppets which told the Christmas story of the birth of the Saviour.
However, the French Revolution swept away every type of presepio and it was only with the Concordat reached between Pius VII and Napoleon that the presepio tradition returned.
In the early 19th century a figure maker, Jean Louis Lagnel, started producing inexpensive clay statues called santons or "little saints." So even the poorest of families could afford clay figures and the tradition spread to the humblest of homesteads. Today, nearly every French home at Christmas time displays a crèche, which serves as the focus for the Christmas celebration.
The tradition of Nativity displays is also popular in German-speaking countries, particular those rooted in the Catholic faith. Many regions still keep the custom of "searching for an inn" for which small nativity scenes are carried from home to home, looking precisely for "somewhere to stay."
Nativity scenes called szopka in Poland are extremely ornate structures, often modelled on St. Mary's Basilica in Krakow. They can be up to two metres high and three metres wide.
They have three parts: the upper level shows angels announcing the birth of Jesus, the centre level shows the Nativity scene and the lower level shows Polish peasants and the three wise men. Portable szopka are carried from house to house by children who sing carols.
Likewise in Hungary the "Bethlehem" in the shape of a church or a little chest is also carried from house to house by children sometimes dressed as angels, who sing and dance.
In Spain children to go from home to home carrying a basket bearing a portable presepio which they uncover as they sing Christmas carols and receive gifts and sweets.
In Russia the wertep consists of a chest with two levels decorated with a Christmas star and animated with puppets. The upper level shows the religious scene: the adoration of the Magi, the massacre of the Holy Innocents and the death of Herod. The lower floor exhibits scenes of daily life.
In Mexico, often an entire room of a home is needed to display a nacimiento that features hundreds of figures and other pieces that represent a village surrounding the stable.
Among the figures are women making tortillas, farmers milking cows, mothers nursing infants, vegetable and pottery merchants, and shepherds. They may also include the Garden of Eden, St. John the Baptist, Herod's soldiers destroying the innocent children, Jesus at the well with Mary Magdalene, Mary at the base of the cross, and other biblical scenes.
Today, almost 800 years later after the first Nativity was created by St. Francis in the village of Greccio near Assisi, the portrayal of the Christmas story has taken root around the world, and it has its expression in almost every culture around the globe.
(Theresa Hanley is a correspondent with The New Freeman for the Diocese of Saint John, N.B. She can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.) | <urn:uuid:c24d80f7-6959-49e0-96a5-87b38ac3af4a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://wcr.ab.ca/DesktopModules/SunBlog/Handlers/Print.aspx?id=1816 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96378 | 1,521 | 3.578125 | 4 |
In the context of commerce, delivery refers to the process of bringing products from one point to another.
Such a process makes it possible for businesses to bring their products to consumers, preferably in an efficient manner, while incurring as little cost as possible. In order for this to be possible, a transport network should be available. This enables the transfer of goods through various channels. Cargo may be carried along roads or railroads. They may also be transported by sea with the use of ships or sent over via air with the help of airlines.
Other products may be delivered by way of other channels. For instance, electricity is made available with the use of power grids. The Internet is made available through the creation of computer networks.
While the general idea of simply making goods available to users falls under delivery, the more specific process involved in getting the product from the producer to the consumers may be referred to as distribution. Companies which are tasked with getting products from the producers or manufacturers to the point of sale are called distributors. Products do not usually travel from the producer directly to the consumer. It is usually necessary for these to be brought to a storage facility, such as a warehouse, before they are delivered to the point of sale where they are made available to consumers.
In order to facilitate such transfers, it is necessary to identify the most efficient and appropriate vehicles to be used. Certain vehicles are specially equipped to transport specific products. For instance, oil tankers and concrete mixers transport very specific product types. Trucks, ships, and similar vehicles may carry a more varied selection of goods. | <urn:uuid:5a4bb70b-8f6b-433d-be46-48667c5a3184> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.businesspundit.com/encyclopedia/general-business/delivery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96263 | 321 | 3.625 | 4 |
Introduction Triacylglycerols, also known as triglycerides, are the simplest lipids formed by fatty acids. It is made up of three fatty acids ester linked to a single glycerol. Most triacylglycerols contain two or three different fatty acids. Triacylglycerols are nonpolar, hydrophobic, and insoluble in water. This is due to the ester linked bond between the polar hydroxyls of glycerol and the polar carboxylates of the fatty acids. Common triacylglycerols are vegetable oils, dairy products, and animal fat.
Functions Triacylglycerols are stored as fat droplets in large amounts in vertebrate fat cells, and in plants as oils in the seeds. Triacylglycerol is a better stored energy source than polysaccharides because oxidation of triacylglycerols produces more than twice as much energy than the oxidation of carbohydrates. In addition, due to triacylglycerol's characteristic of being hydrophobic, it does not require hydration, thus it saves the organism the energy required to carry the extra water.
Also, triacylglycerol located under the skin can function as insulation, in addition to being an energy source.
- Cox, Michael M. and Nelson, David L. Principles of Biochemistry. 5th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2008. Print. | <urn:uuid:f719aa2c-d17f-429d-9d6b-f4c9a26a081e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Triacylglycerols | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938927 | 302 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Details about Rising China and Its Postmodern Fate:
China's sense of today and its view of tomorrow are both rooted in the past--and we need to understand that connection, says China scholar Charles Horner. In Rising China and Its Postmodern Fate, Horner offers a new interpretation of how China's changed view of its modern historical experience has also changed China's understanding of its long intellectual and cultural tradition. Spirited reevaluations of history, strategy, commerce, and literature are cooperating--and competing--to define the future.The capstone of modern China was the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 and its rejection of Confucianism, capitalism, and modernity. Yet today's rising China retains few vestiges of what Mao wrought. What then, Horner asks, is post-Mao, postmodern China? Where did it come from? How did it get here? Where is it going?Contemporary views of the great periods in Chinese history are having a significant influence on the development of rising China's national strategy, says Horner. He looks at the revival of interest in, and changing interpretations of, three dynasties--the Yuan (1272-1368), the Ming (1368-1644), and the Qing (1644-1912)--that, together with the People's Republic of China, provide examples of great power success.The future of every major country is now connected to China's, and this book explains how China, now seeing itself as the complex and thriving result of the old and the new, is poised to change the world.
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Rent Rising China and Its Postmodern Fate 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Charles Horner. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by University of Georgia Press.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now. | <urn:uuid:4f6721b3-0158-431d-bbec-d28b40fd3172> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/rising-china-and-its-postmodern-fate-1st-edition-9780820338781-0820338788 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941838 | 404 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Article 17 abolishes "untouchability", and its practice in any form is made an offence punishable under the law. No article in the Constitution was adopted with such unanimity and so great an acclamation and enthusiasm as this article.
It was the only one which had the special distinction of having been adopted with cries of "Mahatma Gandhi Ki Jai". Some critics of the Constitution ask the question: "What is the right that is created by this article?" It is true that is does not create any special privileges for anyone.
Yet, it is a great fundamental right, a charter of deliverance to one-sixth of the Indian population from perpetual subjugation and despair, from perpetual humiliation and disgrace. We have already seen, while discussing the nature of fundamental rights, that a right is a remedy against a disability.
The abolition of untouchability becomes a right in that sense. The custom of untouchability had not only thrown millions of the Indian population into abysmal gloom and despair, shame and disgrace, but it had also eaten into the very vitals of the nation. There could be no better sign of the determination to eradicate the evil than incorporating this Article into the chapter on Fundamental Rights in the Constitution.
It may not be inappropriate in this context to recall what Gandhi feelingly said on one occasion on the subject. He said: "I do not want to be re-born, but if I am re-born, I wish that I would be reborn as a Harijan, as an untouchable, so that I may lead a continuous struggle against the oppression and indignities that have been heaped upon these classes of people".
Again, it may not be inappropriate to recall here that it was an irony of fate that a man who was driven from one school to another, who was forced to take his lessons outside the classroom and who was thrown out of the hotels in the dead of night, all because he was an untouchable, was entrusted with the task of framing the Constitution which embodies this Article and which dealt the death-blow to this pernicious social custom. That person was no other than Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution.
With the epic fast of Mahatma Gandhi in 1932 in protest against the "communal award" by which the Scheduled Castes were to be given a separate electorate, a vigorous movement against untouchability was launched on a national basis. Solemn pledges were taken by many members of the Indian National Congress and others that untouchability would no longer find any asylum in the country.
The movement brought forth some good results. Many temples were thrown open, and the rigours of untouchability had become a thing of the past at least in the urban centers of the country. But the evil of untouchability still lingered in many forms and in many parts of the country. Speaking on the Untouchability Offences Bill, which was passed into an Act in 1955, the then Home Minister of India G.B. Pant said?
"This cancer of untouchability has entered into the very vitals of our society. It is not only a blot on the Hindu religion, but it has created intolerance, sectionalism and fissiparous tendencies. Many of the evils that we find in our society today are traceable to this heinous monstrosity.
It was really strange that Hindus with their sublime philosophy and their merciful kind-heartedness even towards insects should have been party to such intolerable dwarfing of manhood. Yet, untouchability has been there for centuries and we have now to atone for it. The idea of untouchability is entirely repugnant to the structure, spirit and provisions of the Constitution."
The Untouchability Offences Act came into force in June 1955. In one sense it may be said to be an expansion of Article 15 of the Constitution. The Act intended to make the enforcement of any disability against the Scheduled Castes illegal.
It provided that when the victim is a member of a Scheduled Caste, the commission of the forbidden act should be presumed to have been done on the ground of untouchability. It has lain down that whatever is open to the general public or to Hindus generally should be equally open to members of the Scheduled Castes also.
Thus, for example, no shop may refuse to sell and no person may refuse to render any service to any person on the ground of untouchability. Every person is entitled to such services on the terms on which they may be obtained in the ordinary course of business by any other person.
Any refusal on that ground entails cancellation of any license required in respect of such profession. Any act which interferes in any manner with the exercise of such rights by any person was made an offence punishable with imprisonment for six months or a fine up to Rs. 500 or both. A subsequent offence is punishable with both imprisonment and fine. All offences under the Act are cognizable and may be compounded with leave of the Court.
The Untouchability Offences Act was amended in 1976 making its penal clauses more stringent. The Act has been also renamed as the Protection of Civil Rights Act. One significant new provision of the Act is that a person convicted of an untouchability offence will be disqualified for contesting the elections. It was for the first time that such a provision became a law in the history of elections in India.
In spite of the constitutional provisions, the operation of the Untouchability Offences Act and judicial pronouncements, India cannot yet claim to have rooted out the evil of untouchability completely. In the fight against social evils, legislation is only one of many weapons.
To adopt an article in the Constitution against untouchability and make it a fundamental right, or pass an Act of Parliament making its practice an offence, and then expect overnight to have a society devoid of this centuries- old evil, would be too optimistic.
There is no room for complacency in spite of the existence of these enactments. Legislation is a poor remedy for prejudices. The battle against every form of untouchability and social discrimination has to be carried to the hearts and minds of prejudiced people through mass contact, the mustering of public opinion and social action. Simultaneously, there must be a vigilant watch over offenders with a view to punishing every aggressive manifestation of caste discrimination. | <urn:uuid:fd8b7cf4-5f10-4aa6-8a2c-7dcc2e527778> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.preservearticles.com/2011111216875/short-essay-on-the-abolition-of-untouchability-in-india.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971527 | 1,318 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Pluto's smallest moons get official names
The two smallest known moons orbiting Pluto have been officially christened by the International Astronomical Union, which is in charge of approving celestial names.
American non-profit science research group SETI Institute said the moon earlier known as P4, which was discovered in the summer of 2011, has been named Kerberos, after the three-headed dog of Greek mythology.
The second one called P5, which was discovered in the summer of 2012, has been named Styx, after the mythological river that separates the world of the living from the realm of the dead, Xinhua reported.
The moons join Pluto's previously known moons Charon, Nix and Hydra.
The SETI Institute said Pluto's moons are all named for characters associated with the underworld of Greek and Roman mythology, according to the International Astronomical Union rules.
The two names were selected based on the results of an unprecedented internet vote that was held during February 2013, with the ballot receiving almost 500,000 votes, including 30,000 write-in suggestions, the institute said.
"I was overwhelmed by the public response to the naming campaign," said Mark Showalter, senior research scientist at the SETI Institute, who led the team of astronomers in the discoveries of Kerberos and Styx.
Kerberos is the Greek form of the name Cerberus, which was ranked second in the voting, and Styx was ranked third, the institute said.
The top vote went to "Vulcan", based on a suggestion from actor William Shatner of TV's "Star Trek", but it was rejected because that name has already been used in astronomy.
The name also happens to be shared by the Roman god of volcanoes but the Roman god is not closely associated with Pluto, it said. | <urn:uuid:11a31433-c6bb-4ece-b307-184477bd1622> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.deccanherald.com/content/342416/pluto039s-smallest-moons-get-official.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981354 | 373 | 3.34375 | 3 |
From July to September there are lots of great, tasty local fruits and vegetables available throughout the country. However for the rest of the year it is not possible to cultivate crops such as lettuce. Now there is an alternative to having produce shipped in from other regions, sometimes over large distances.
This is a tried and tested method of growing plants in nutrient rich water. Some countries such as Israel have been cultivating crops for decades using hydroponics. The system uses only ten percent of the water used by regular farming and is normally carried out in a greenhouse. This means the people have access to fresh produce all year round despite the hot and arid conditions.
Researchers have carried out test on lettuce grown in different conditions to see whether people could tell the difference. One experiment asked subjects to rate organic, regular and hydroponic lettuce for taste, texture and appearance. The subjects did not notice much difference between the three types and said that they liked them all equally.
Buying hydroponic produce in Alaska has a number of advantages. Firstly, it is often cheaper than products from far away. This is because it is local and has not travelled long distances incurring high transport costs. This is also better for the environment as there is less vehicle pollution.
Local produce is fresher. It can be picked at the optimum time for taste and texture. If lettuce has travelled a long way it has often degraded and the flavor is impaired. There are also more nutrients in local produce as the nutrients in vegetables start to break down as soon as they are picked. It is important that people get sufficient nutrients from food for physical and mental well-being. Studies have shown that the levels of nutrients in food have been falling for decades and could be impacting health. These vitamins and minerals are essential for healthy bodies and may fight off serious illnesses such as cancer.
There is another way that hydroponic farming impacts health and that is because the method requires fewer chemicals to be used on the plants. It usually takes place in a greenhouse and so there are fewer pests and insects to contest with. The farmers use far less bug spray. They also do not need to put many chemical fertilizers on the crops as there is no water run-off. The nutrients come from natural additives in the water which the plants grow in.
There are lots of great reasons to buy fresh hydroponic lettuce in Alaska. It has a less negative impact on the environment and is healthier for individuals. Fresh, affordable lettuce is now available year round.
About the Author: | <urn:uuid:b6921475-dfc5-4a66-94f0-bacc68a7e104> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bucanero04.blogspot.fr/2013/06/there-are-some-great-reasons-to-buy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971205 | 511 | 3.28125 | 3 |
A Justice Site
CSUDH - Habermas - UWP - Archives
California State University, Dominguez Hills
University of Wisconsin, Parkside
Soka University Japan - Transcend Art and Peace
Created: September 24, 2003
Latest Update: September 24, 2003
Site Copyright: Jeanne Curran and Susan R. Takata and Individual Authors, September 2003.
"Fair use" encouraged.
David Ausubel's concept of using advance organizers like little flags or titles and subtitles to help you organize what you are about to read into a familiar structural pattern was popular already in the late sixies. the idea is cogently explained in AN ADVANCE ORGANIZER APPROACH TO DISTANCE LEARNING COURSE PRESENTATION By John W. Coffey and Alberto J. Caņas, a PDF file on the site.
The idea of the advance organizer was suggested by Ausubel (1968) well before hypermedia, distance learning initiatives, etc., became pervasive. Ausubel suggests that advance organizers might foster meaningful learning by prompting the student regarding pre-existing superordinate concepts that are already in the student's cognitive structure, and by otherwise providing a context of general concepts into which the student can incorporate progressively differentiated details. Ausubel claims that by presenting a global representation of the knowledge to be learned, advance organizers might foster "integrative reconciliation" of the subdomains of knowledge - the ability to understand interconnections among the basic concepts in the domain. This paper describes a new approach to distance learning course delivery based upon advance organizers.
". . . The advent of the Internet and hypermedia/multimedia has given rise to a broad range of possible representations that may be utilized as advance organizers. Modern advance organizers take the form of text passages (Herron, 1994; Kang, 1996), graphical representations (Gay & Mazur, 1991), maps (Jones, Farquhar, & Surry, 1995), and description + pictures (Herron, Hanley, & Cole, 1995). When applied to hypermedia, advance organizers might present global concepts, indicate paths through the content, or foster access to individual components. Krawchuk (1996) presents a taxonomy of advance organizers that includes traditional textual summaries and basic themes that are presented before instruction, organizations rendered in lines and arrows (like flowcharts), and pictorial graphic organizers. The latter category includes concept maps that present nonlinear representations of information and knowledge to be learned. This brief discussion of the literature documents the variety of advance organizers that might be utilized for a course of study. It is apparent that advance organizers have been used in a variety of ways to help students learn about a topic of study." Introduction to the file. | <urn:uuid:c9bb2f70-e36b-4b8d-a145-d2dae8896eb0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas/advorg03.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894192 | 558 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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A proctosigmoidoscopy is a procedure for examination of the anus, rectum, and distal sigmoid colon. It may involve the use of a proctoscope, sigmoidoscope, or colonoscope. These instruments all provide visual examination of the intestine, as well as the ability to obtain tissue samples for biopsy.
The large intestine, or colon, is approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) long. It begins on the right side of the abdomen as the ascending colon. This portion of the colon extends from the cecum to the hepatic flexure. The transverse colon then proceeds across the abdomen from the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure. At this point, the descending colon goes down the left side of the abdomen, to the S-shaped sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus.
The sigmoid colon is the portion of the colon where stool may be stored until it is passed into the rectum. The rectum is usually about 4.7 inches (12 cm) long, and ends at the anus. Stool may be temporarily stored in the rectum until defecation.
Proctosigmoidoscopy may be recommended if someone is experiencing changes in bowel habits, blood or mucus in stools, abdominal pain, or severe itching, known as pruritis. This type of examination may be suggested for those who have a family history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cancer, or other digestive tract diseases. Other symptoms that may prompt a physician to perform a proctosigmoidoscopy include previous occurrences of polyps, unusual flatulence, or urinary tract issues.
In preparation for the procedure, a patient will be likely be given directions for a bowel cleansing. Individual physician’s preparation instructions will vary, but may include a laxative product and clear liquid diet for several hours prior to the procedure, as well as an enema. The sigmoid colon must be free of stool so that the area may be examined thoroughly.
The instrument used for proctosigmoidoscopy is usually a sigmoidoscope, though proctoscopes and colonoscopes may be used as well. Generally, the flexible scope is preferred to the rigid model for comfort reasons. The chosen scope will likely have a light, camera, bellows, and a biopsy instrument.
During proctosigmoidoscopy, the doctor may use the bellows to blow air into the bowel. This inflates the area so that all areas may be properly visualized with the camera apparatus. If a polyp or other unusual lesion is observed, the biopsy instrument may be inserted through the scope to remove a sample of the tissue for lab analysis.
As with any medical procedure, there are risks to proctosigmoidoscopy. There is a rare chance of perforation of the bowel wall with the scope. If this occurs, surgery may be necessary to repair the torn tissue.
@Nefertini, preparing for a colonoscopy involves cleaning out the colon. Your doctor will likely want you to consume a liquid diet the day before your procedure and eat only things like broth and gelatin. You will also have to take a laxative. Many doctors prescribe a powder that you mix with water and drink, but some prescribe a pill form. Expect to spend the day before your colonoscopy in the bathroom cleaning out your bowels as these laxatives start working right away, but it is a necessary process to go through so your doctor can get a clear view of your bowel during your test.
I have to have one of these tests. What does preparing for a colonoscopy involve?
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:e83750ef-cb74-4ed6-883b-ffe2d0a65779> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-proctosigmoidoscopy.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00133-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913795 | 821 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Researchers looking into the concept of "collective intelligence" have discovered that factors for working effectively in a group are highly correlated to being a woman.
Some research published in Science is of interest to developers facing the prospect of managing or working in teams.
The research by Professors Thomas Malone (MIT) and Anita Woolley (Carnegie Mellon) set out to to discover whether "collective intelligence" can be used to predict group performance over a wide range of tasks in the same way as "general intelligence" applies to individual performance.
The result of a first study, involving 40 3-person groups supported the hypothesis that a general collective intelligence factor c exists in groups and this was confirmed in a further study in which people were assigned, again randomly, to 152 groups of 2 to 5 members.
The finding of the research as summarized in June 2011's Harvard Business Review is that:
There’s little correlation between a group’s collective intelligence and the IQs of its individual members. But if a group includes more women, its collective intelligence rises.
Thomas Malone confessed that prior to the studies he was afraid that collective intelligence would be just the average of the IQs of its members so this came as both surprising and intriguing. Also surprising were that factors such as group satisfaction, group cohesion and group motivation were not correlated with collective intelligence.
While the simplistic explanation is that collective intelligence is correlated with more females in a group this is not the whole story. The factor that effected group performance was the "social sensitivity" of group members - how much they paid attention to each other - and this in turn correlates with gender, women are more socially sensitive than men. Groups in which there was turn-taking and where criticism was constructive did better than groups in which smart individuals dominated. In addition, Malone and Wooley's on-going research suggests that:
teams need a moderate level of cognitive diversity for effectiveness. Extremely homogeneous or extremely diverse groups aren’t as intelligent.
So when you are recruiting for your next team don't worry about getting all the best brains together, consider the soft skills of listening and sharing ideas instead.
Harvard Business Review
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how to interpret standard deviation results
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Standard deviation is a widely used measurement of variability or diversity used in statistics and probability theory. It shows how much variation or ' dispersion' there is from the 'average' ( mean, or expected/budgeted value). A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to
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Question:I did an ANOVA test with an online calculator. I am really not sure how to interpret these results. The original story was that "psychologists are interested in studying the influence of media on aggressive behavior in kids. Among 15 subjects (n=15) five are exposed to violent video games, 5 to games and 5 to movies. After exposure, subjects were then observed by researchers and the # of aggressive behaviors of each subject was recorded by researchers yielding the following distribution of values. (I put those values into the test.)
I just dont know how to interpret these findings into words....... can anyone help me with this?
The results of a ANOVA statistical test performed at 18:47 on 2-APR-2009
Source of Sum of d.f. Mean F
Variation Squares Squares
between 1485. 2 742.5 11.27
error 790.8 12 65.90
total 2276. 14
The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.002
Group A: Number of items= 5
25.0 38.0 39.0 42.0 47.0
Mean = 38.2
95% confidence interval for Mean: 30.29 thru 46.11
Standard Deviation = 8.17
Hi = 47.0 Low = 25.0
Median = 39.0
Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 5.20
Group B: Number of items= 5
8.00 19.0 22.0 23.0 31.0
Mean = 20.6
95% confidence interval for Mean: 12.69 thru 28.51
Standard Deviation = 8.32
Hi = 31.0 Low = 8.00
Median = 22.0
Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 5.40
Group C: Number of items= 5
5.00 11.0 14.0 18.0 26.0
Mean = 14.8
95% confidence interval for Mean: 6.890 thru 22.71
Standard Deviation = 7.85
Hi = 26.0 Low = 5.00
Median = 14.0
Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 5.60 Also... the question is also asked on the form: "What form of media seems to have the strongest effect on aggressive behavior and are the means significantly different?"
I have no idea how to actually interpret that and I am stuck, new to this.....
Answers:It is hard to tell you what media seems to have the effects, since you only refer to them as Group A, B and C, so you will have to look that up yourself.
'What form of media seems to have the strongest effect on aggressive behavior?'
Just describe the data here.
For example, say that Group A has a mean of 38.2, with a highest value of 47 and a low of 25. Do the same for the other groups and say that it appears that Group A has the highest of all groups, and B is greater than C.
'Are the means significantly different?'
Basically, the ANOVA results are telling you that there is a significant difference in recorded aggressive behaviours for the three groups.
How can you tell that it is significant?
One way is to compare the alpha value you used in running the analysis. You have not reported it, but the most often used is 0.05, so I will assume it is that.
If you look at the p value you got in your results, you will see that it is equal to 0.002. Since 0.002 is smaller than 0.05, your result is significant.
As it turns out, your p value is lower than all three most often use alpha values (.10, .05, .01) so that's great :)
So what you can say is that there is significant differences in aggressive behaviour after exposure to violent video games, games and movies, with F(2,12)=11.27, p<0.05 with Group A showing greater aggressive behaviour than both B and C, and B greater than C.
You could also mention the confidence intervals.
These show that you can be 95% confident that the true population value falls between these values and because the range of these values do not include 0, the result is statistically significant.
Question:I've got to hand this in for tomorrow. No problems. But I can't do standard deviation!
It's these online worksheets, and the teacher expects them to be done. I have tried my hardest to work it out revision guides, etc. No help
There are four questions:
1) A teacher records results on the length of time taken to do a test:
24, 18, 21, 17, 25, 19, 23, 17, 25, 15
Find the mean: Find the S.D
Once they have completed the test, each pupil sits a mental arithmetic test, which takes 5 mins.
Write the New Mean Write the new S.D
2) 23 archers take part in a competition, they get a score out of 600. The sum of their scores is 11 362 the sum of the squares of the scores is 5645713
Find the mean: Find the S.D
One archer's score is incorrectly recorded as 341. He actually scored 346
Find the new mean Find the new S.D
3) Afolabi goes swimming twice a week. He records how many lengths he swims each time here are the results
28 2 Find the mean length Find the S.D.
The next time he goes swimming he does 9 lengths. How does this affect the S.D? Increase. Decrease. Can't tell
4) A teacher asks her closs how long they spend doing their homework.
Answers:Any graphing calculator can find these numbers for you. To do it by hand, mean is the sum of the numbers divided by how many numbers there are, and SD is the square root of the sum of the squares of the differences of the numbers and the mean all divided by how many numbers there are minus one.
First find the mean.
M = (24 + 18 + 21 + 17 + 25 + 19 + 23 + 17 + 25 + 15)/10
M = 20.4
(24-20.4)^2 = 12.96
(18-20.4)^2 = 5.76
(21-20.4)^2 = .36
(17-20.4)^2 = 11.56
(25-20.4)^2 = 21.16
(19-20.4)^2 = 1.96
(23-20.4)^2 = 6.76
(17-20.4)^2 = 11.56
(25-20.4)^2 = 21.16
(15-20.4)^2 = 29.16
122.4 / (10 - 1) = 122.4 / 9 = 13.6
sqrt(13.6) = 3.688
Mean is 20.4, SD is 3.688.
Question:Okay, so I have no idea how standard deviations work, and I'd like to know how I'm doing in my physics class. Every week I'm given a 6-question physics quiz.
My grade: 4
Standard deviation: 1.11226682
My grade: 3
Standard deviation: 1.23840629
My grade: 4
Standard deviation: 0.95606288
Winning answer would give me a grade for each quiz and maybe an explanation of how it all works.
Answers:standard deviation is a measure of dispersion; if it is low it means the results were very close to the mean. So for quiz one, since the s.d. is about one, it means most people got between 4 and 6.
after looking at those figures, it looks like you're at the bottom end of the class...
Question:I did a 10 question pre & post survey of the same 10 people. The mean difference is -1.3, Degrees of freedom= 9, standard error of the mean of d= .86, t-statistic for paired data = -1.51, Critical value for alpha .05 would be 2.262.
Now I am not sure how to know whether I accept or reject the null hypothesis. Not even sure what the null hypothesis should be.
My research is whether or not medication improves the school performance of ADHD children. Pre-Survey (before meds) and after survey (while on meds).
I have all these numbers and don't know how to make since of them. Guess I should've paid more attention in that statistics class!
Answers:It's very difficult to answer what the null hypothesis should be. If you don't know what you're comparing, then why do the test? I assume you are comparing pre and post test results. Your null hypothesis would most likely be that the test results are the same for both tests. It also sounds like you're preforming a one-sided test on what could be a two-sided test. You would reject any statistic that is above 2.262 or below -2.262 and this would give you an alpha of .05 (.025 on each tail). Basically it looks like you found a two-sided significant value (2.262) but think you're doing a one-sided test. If you're looking to see if there's a significant difference period, then you'd use the two-sided test. If you want to see if the second test scored better, then use the one - sided. (It'd be a lot easier to explain this if I knew exactly how you did the math). If you go above the significant value or below it then you reject the null. Regardless, this won't change your result in this case since your value is -1.51. Basically, any statistic outside of alpha means you reject the null because you have a statistically significant reason to say that the data in the first test is different than the data in the second test. You are making sure there is a significant difference in the data in order to say the medication made a change. Based on your results, you aren't seeing a change since the results. You would not reject the null hypothesis. This means that, based on your results, this drug does not alter test results in patients with ADHD. And yes, you should have paid more attention in statistics class. This stuff really isn't that difficult but you seem so lost. If you plan on doing more of this type of thing I'd suggest taking a stats class again or at least getting a stats textbook and look at it. Also, make sure this is the correct test and that you did it correctly. Based on what you've said, I'm assuming that your resulting t-statistic is correct and that you're using the correct test. It sounds like you have (comparing two results given what it's for) but make sure.
How To Calculate Standard Deviation :Expand the description and view the text of the steps for this how-to video. Check out Howcast for other do-it-yourself videos from stevenkittinger and more videos in the Mathematics Tests category. You can contribute too! Create your own DIY guide at www.howcast.com or produce your own Howcast spots with the Howcast Filmmakers Program at www.howcast.com Standard deviation quantifies how diverse the values of your data set are, and is useful in determining how different your numbers are from each other. To complete this How-To you will need: Data A calculator Step 1: Collect your data Collect your data to create the data set from which you wish to calculate the standard deviation. Step 2: Calculate the mean of the data set Calculate the average, or mean, of the data set by adding all of the numbers of the set and dividing the total by the number of items in your set. Tip: Calculate the mean of a set consisting of two, five, six, and seven by adding two plus five plus six plus seven, and then dividing by four -- the number of items in your set. The mean is five. Step 3: Subtract the mean from each number; square result Subtract the mean from the first number in your data set, and square the differences. Continue with each number in your data set. Tip: With the set consisting of two, five, six, and seven, calculate two minus five and get negative three. Square that for a total of nine. Continue with the other numbers in the set. Step 4: Add squares together; divide by ...
Standardized Testing : How to Interpret Standardized Test Scores :To interpret standardized test scores, understand that the SAT has a 2400 maximum score and the ACT has a 36 maximum score, and each test is divided into several sections. Understand the different test scores, keeping in mind the percentages do not correspond to letter grade percentages, with testing advice from astandardized test prep instructor in this free video on education. Expert: Brian Leaf Contact: www.brianleaf.com Bio: Brian Leaf, MA, is the author of McGraw-Hill's Top 50 Skills for SAT/ACT Success series and has instructed SAT, ACT, GED and SSAT preparation to thousands of students. Filmmaker: David Pakman | <urn:uuid:7c03e50c-f04e-4cfa-a0ec-7570fe681821> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.edurite.com/kbase/how-to-interpret-standard-deviation-results | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929979 | 2,878 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Did you know that the blood-sucking parasite known as the tick is actually nearly 900 different species? Or that the tick is not an insect, but an arachnid?
Anything you might want to know about the scourge of dogs everywhere can be found at the U.S. National Tick Collection (USNTC). The USNTC is a part of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and is housed at Georgia Southern University’s Institute for Coastal Plain Science in Statesboro, Ga. The USNTC is the largest continuously curated tick collection in the world, with 96 percent of the world’s recognized tick species and specimens from every continent.
Smithsonian Science talked to Lorenza Beati, USNTC’s curator, about ticks.
Q: How long have ticks been on the planet?
Beati: This is a much debated issue. There are few fossil ticks, and they are relatively recent, appearing 100-to-90 million years ago. Morphologically, they are pretty identical to modern ticks, so there is little to learn from fossils.
Q: Where do ticks live?
Beati: Ticks live on all continents: They parasitize reptiles, mammals, birds and even (rarely) amphibians. They are not associated with water environments, with the exception of one tick that is found on sea snakes. One species, Ixodes uriae, has an odd, disjunctive distribution (they are found in the arctic region and Antarctica) and feeds on sea birds. Ticks can be nidicolous (live in the nests and burrows of their hosts) or free in the environment.
Q: Why are ticks a source of vector-borne disease?
Beati: Ticks carry an enormous variety of pathogens, including bacteria (Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease, for instance), viruses (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, to cite the most deadly), protozoa and even nematodes.
The many different pathogens that use ticks as vectors puzzled everybody until it was discovered that ticks locally immunosuppress their hosts near the bite site. To be able to feed for an extended amount of time (sometimes more than 10 days) without being detected or dislodged, ticks have to outwit the host immune response. They immunosuppress their host by injecting salivary gland products at the bite site that decrease the local cellular and humoral immune response.
Ticks also inoculate anti-histaminics, analgesics and anti-coagulants into their hosts. By immunosuppressing the bite site they become a perfect syringe for pathogens. The pathogens can proliferate rapidly at the bite site and can then spread more effectively to the rest of the body of the host. For a pathogen, the choice of a tick as vector is a very smart evolutionary move.
Q: How do ticks find their hosts?
Beati: Ticks have developed different host-seeking strategies. Some ticks, like the Lyme disease vector I. scapularis, lay in wait for their hosts in vegetation in a position known as “questing.” Others like Hyalomma run after hosts, and some, like many soft tick species, simply share the same dwellings with their hosts.
All ticks have an organ that is used to detect odorants produced by their hosts, heat, and other chemical stimuli. When a host is detected, ticks questing on the vegetation will outstretch their front legs and ready themselves to grasp at anything that walks by. Ticks do not jump or fly and, therefore, a host has to brush against the tick for a questing tick to be able to climb on it.
Some ticks use eyesight to detect hosts.
Q: Do ticks thrive more in hot or cold weather?
Beati: Different ticks have developed different survival strategies that make them more or less susceptible to weather conditions. Some thrive in the desert where they chase their host by running on hot sand; others require heavily forested humid environments and quest passively on vegetation waiting for a host to go by.
Ticks can live in bird nests in Antarctica or in bat caves in South America where humans can barely breathe.
In terms of species richness, tropical environments host a slightly higher number of species.
Q: Why are ticks resistant to cold?
Beati: They have anti-freeze proteins. Ticks also enter diapause, a phase in which they basically shut down their metabolism until conditions are again favorable for questing and becoming active.
Is climate change increasing the prevalence of ticks?
Climatic change will likely cause the displacement of ticks from some areas to others. For instance, the tick I. ricinus in Europe is now reaching higher elevations in the Alps than it did 30–40 years ago. I expect the effect of climate change on ticks will be different depending on the tick species. In some areas ticks will disappear (ticks that like humidity will not do well in hot/arid conditions) and in others they will increase.
Q: How is the U.S. National Tick Collection used in research?
Beati: The collection is used for morphological and molecular studies on tick taxonomy. Ticks identified by the curators for external scientists are also used in eco-epidemiological studies on tick-borne diseases, tick control studies, and ecological surveys. The curators collaborate with dozens of scientists all over the world and these collaborations generate a continuous flow of publications, online products, and educational contents.
Q: Is there anything positive to say about ticks?
Beati: Some of the molecules produced by tick salivary glands (anti-histaminics and anti-hemostatics) have been and are being investigated as possible alternative products in human medicine. An anti-freeze protein in ticks may actually have antibiotic properties. The sialome tick is very complex, and scientists are just starting to explore its possible use in human/veterinary medicine.
Q: Among the approximately 900 tick species found in the national collection, do you have a favorite?
Beati: No, because of the enormous variety of survival strategies developed in ticks, each is a fantastic story in itself. | <urn:uuid:1391eb6f-0568-4ed5-a79d-00a6140dc4a2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://insider.si.edu/2015/02/tickstick/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00094-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94807 | 1,288 | 3.90625 | 4 |
An Elegy On The Glory Of Her Sex Mrs Mary Blaize
Good people all, with one accord
Lament for Madam Blaize,
Who never wanted a good word,—
From those who spoke her praise.
The needy seldom passed her door,
And always found her kind;
She freely lent to all the poor,—
Who left a pledge behind.
She strove the neighbourhood to please
With manners wondrous winning;
And never followed wicked ways,—
Unless when she was sinning.
At church, in silks and satins new,
With hoop of monstrous size,
She never slumbered in her pew,—
But when she shut her eyes.
Her love was sought, I do aver,
By twenty beaux and more;
The king himself has followed her,—
When she has walked before.
But now her wealth and finery fled,
Her hangers-on cut short all;
The doctors found, when she was dead,—
Her last disorder mortal.
Let us lament in sorrow sore,
For Kent Street well may say
That had she lived a twelvemonth more,—
She had not died today.
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Provide your analysis, explanation, meaning, interpretation, and comments on the poem An Elegy On The Glory Of Her Sex Mrs Mary Blaize here. | <urn:uuid:045518d6-02b2-4de2-8b7d-9c1e655a992e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.poetrysoup.com/famous/poem/18346/An_Elegy_On_The_Glory_Of_Her_Sex_Mrs_Mary_Blaize | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944196 | 320 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Nearly half of all men and more than 1 in 10 women use tobacco in many developing countries, and women are starting to smoke at earlier ages, according to the largest survey to date on international tobacco use. If current trends continue, warns the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco could kill a billion people around the world in this century.
The authors of the new study say the numbers call for urgent changes in tobacco policy and regulation in developing nations. While tobacco use is declining in industrialized countries, it remains strong — or is even increasing — in low- and middle-income countries, a trend the authors attribute to powerful pro-tobacco forces worldwide.
“Our data reflect industry efforts to promote tobacco use,” said lead study author Gary Giovino of the School of Public Health and Health Professions at the University at Buffalo in New York, in the statement. “These include marketing and mass media campaigns by companies that make smoking seem glamorous, especially for women. The industry’s marketing efforts also equate tobacco use with Western themes, such as freedom and gender equality.”
The study, the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), looked at smoking trends among people ages 15 and older from 16 countries, estimating that there are 852 million tobacco users in these countries. GATS targeted 14 low- and middle-income countries — Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay and Vietnam — and also included data from the United States and the United Kingdom for comparison.
Nationally representative surveys were conducted during face-to-face interviews with 248,452 participants in the GATS countries in 2008-10. Data from the U.K. and the U.S. came from the U.K. General Lifestyle Survey and U.S. Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, respectively, which had a total of 188,895 respondents. The researchers’ extensive sampling was enough to estimate tobacco use among 3 billion people.
Most tobacco users smoke cigarettes: 41% of men and 5% of women, but other popular forms of tobacco include cigars, chewing tobacco and water pipes. Already, nearly 6 million people die from tobacco-related causes each year, according to WHO. Other key findings from the study:
- About 49% of men and 11% of women in GATS countries used tobacco (smoked, smokeless or both)
- Although women’s tobacco use rates remain low, women are beginning to smoke as early as men, around age 17
- Countries with the highest number of quitters were the U.S. and the U.K., as well as Brazil and Uruguay, “where tobacco control activities are strongest.”
- Quit rates were lowest in China, India, Russia and Egypt. “In India and Bangladesh, smokeless tobacco use is very high and oral cancer rates are among the highest in the world,” says Giovino.
(PHOTOS: Cigarette Warnings Around the World)
China had the largest number of tobacco users overall, at 301 million people, followed by India, with 274 million. The problem is lack of anti-tobacco regulations. “China National Tobacco, for example, which is owned by the Chinese government, sponsors dozens of elementary schools, where students are subjected to pro-tobacco propaganda. Some messages even equate tobacco use with academic success,” said Giovino.
Smoking rates were highest in Russia, however, where 60% of men and 22% of women use tobacco; by comparison, 53% of men and 2% of women in China use tobacco. Tobacco use rates were also high in Ukraine (50% of men, 11% of women) and Turkey (48% of men, 15% of women). “In countries like Russia, Ukraine, and Turkey, use among adolescents and young adults is very high and indicates a public health crisis in their future unless effective action is taken to reduce use,” says Giovino.
In some countries the rates are rising. CNN reported:
“One place where we know it’s gone up, unfortunately, is Egypt — as a result of the revolution,” said Edouard Tursan D’Espaignet of WHO”s tobacco control program.
The GATS study found 38% of men and less than 1% of women smoked in Egypt as of 2010.
However, government regulations limiting smoking in certain places fell apart after Hosni Mubarak’s regime was ousted last year, and “the tobacco industry walked in very, very aggressively” to market its product amid the chaos, said Tursan D’Espaignet.
“We are hearing things like ‘Smoking is a way to show you’re free from the previous regime,'” he said.
Tobacco company marketing is a central part of the problem, say the study authors. In poorer countries, pro-tobacco forces can spend a lot more money than their tobacco-control counterparts.
In richer countries like the U.S., in contrast, tobacco use has been declining: currently, about 19% of adults smoke. Smoking among teens has also been dropping, but the rate of decline has recently stalled, as states cut funding for tobacco-control programs.
And while cigarette consumption fell 33% in the U.S. over the previous decade, there was a corresponding 123% increase in the consumption of other smokable tobacco, like pipes and cigars, including among teens. Why? They’re cheaper. “The U.S. industry is expanding to promote use of other tobacco products such as snuff and cigars — many of these are flavored,” says Giovino.
Some countries are making huge strides in getting people to quit. In Australia, for example, the country’s High Court upheld a ruling this week barring company logos from appearing on cigarette packs; starting in December, cigarette boxes will come in plain packaging emblazoned with grim health warnings and disturbing photos of the health effects of smoking. The country is urging other governments to adopt the same policy.
To solve high tobacco consumption worldwide, Giovino says three groups that need to be held accountable: the tobacco industry; governments, which can choose to regulate tobacco or not; and consumers.
“All three have a role to play in changing the trends, but experience tells us that the interplay between pro-tobacco and anti-tobacco forces is what determines trends in tobacco use,” says Giovino. “So we want to reduce the pro-tobacco forces and increase anti-tobacco forces.”
Proven ways to reduce smoking rates include enforcing tobacco advertising bans, raising the price of tobacco products, helping smokers quit and protecting people from secondhand smoke, and raising awareness about the hazards of smoking by using warning labels and increasing public education campaigns.
The study was published in the British medical journal The Lancet. | <urn:uuid:e2e3c15b-f40f-49d6-9929-21de784838b1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://healthland.time.com/2012/08/17/largest-ever-survey-on-global-tobacco-use-issues-dire-warnings/?iid=hl-main-feature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954632 | 1,452 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Kalends of January fifth feria, twelfth of the moon. AD 1086.
Mael Ísu ua Brolcháin, eminent in wisdom and piety and in poetry in both languages, sent forth his spirit:
- On the seventeenth of the Kalends of February 16 Jan.,
The eve of the feast of fair Fursa,
Mael Ísu ua Brolcháin died.
Alas! who is there to whom it is not a grievous loss?
Mael Sechlainn ua Faelán, an excellent ex-layman, Mac Bethad ua Conchobuir, king of Ciarraige, Erchad ua Maelfhoghamair, chief bishop of Connacht, Mael Coeimghein, noble bishop of the Ulaid, Fiachna ua Rónán, superior of Cluain Dolcáin, fell asleep in peace.
Amalgaidh son of Ruaidrí ua Ruadacán was killed by the men of Fernmag.
Tairdelbach ua Briain, king of Ireland, died in Cenn Coradh after great suffering and long repentance, and after receiving the Body of Christ and His Blood, on the day before the Ides 14th of July in the seventy-seventh year of his age:
Tadc, his son, moreover, died a month later.
- Tuesday night on the day before the Ides of July,
On the feast of James with clear mystery,
On the twenty-ninth of the moon died
The strong high-king Tairdelbach.
The defeat of Crinach was inflicted on Mael Sechlainn by the Laigin and the foreigners, and in it fell Mael Ciarán ua Cadusaigh, king of Brega, and many others.
A defeat was inflicted by the Airthir on the Uí Echach, in which fell Domnall ua hAiteidh.
The defeat of Eochaille was inflicted by the Ulaid on the Airgialla and on ua Ruadacán, in which fell Cumuscach ua Laithéin, king of Síl Duibtire, and Gilla Moninne ua Eochada, chief of Clann Sínaigh, and many others. | <urn:uuid:e9a15598-2ed2-4a44-904d-de54274a1e3d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100001A/text656.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928145 | 509 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Computers and Eye Strain
Posted on Jun 27, 2011
As computers become part of our everyday lives, more and more people are experiencing a variety of ocular (eye) symptoms related to computer use. These include eyestrain, tired eyes, irritation, redness, blurred vision, and double vision – collectively referred to as computer vision syndrome. The visual effects of various display characteristics such as lighting, glare, display quality, refresh rates, and radiation affect how your eyes feel. Offices tend to keep the humidity low to protect the computers, however the dry air irritates the eyes. Indeed, the major contributor to computer vision syndrome symptoms by far appears to be dry eye.
Eye health tips when using the computer/PDAs
- Remember to blink (blinking rates go down from 21 times/minute to seven times/minute)
- Look in the distance for at least one minute every hour
- Have an ergonomic specialist at work optimize your computer area
What is dry eye?
Dry eye (stinging, burning, gritty sensation, reflex tearing) is also associated with aging, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, long-term contact lens wear, LASIK eye surgery, menopause, long-standing blepharitis and a relative dietary deficiency of omega-3 essential fatty acids. There are two general ways that someone can get dry eyes — decreased tear production or increased tear evaporation.
Home care for dry eye
One drop in each eye at least four times per day and as often as needed. Do not use drops that say they “get the red out.”
Twice a day, at morning and bedtime. After soaking your eyes for at least five to ten minutes, keep eyes closed and gently wipe your eyelashes with the cloth to remove any debris or crust from your eyelids. Minimize eye make up and remove it thoroughly before going to sleep.
Omega-3 fatty acids:
These have been shown to balance the tear film on the eyes and have countless other health benefits, including preventing heart disease. I recommend taking fish oil and/or flaxseed oil every day. You can take the pills (as directed on the bottle) sold in the vitamin section of stores, or eat the food source. If you choose to eat fish, Alaskan wild salmon, trout, sardines and herring are the safest and best sources, and should be eaten three times per week.
If you choose to ingest flaxseed oil, use the refrigerated oil (e.g, in a smoothie or salad dressing, keeping it cold) or use ground flax seed, two tablespoons per day (e.g. on your cereal or salad.) The whole seeds and the flour baked into products do not work. Walnuts, avocado and soybeans are also good vegetarian sources. I find it easiest and least expensive to buy whole flax seeds and grind them with a coffee grinder. Put them in a “ziplock” bag in your freezer and eat two tablespoons per day. You can also buy them in a vacuum sealed pack and then refrigerate.
Tips to treating more extreme cases of dry eye
- Over the counter lubricant ointment (e.g. Refresh PM) at bedtime
- Cool mist humidifier in bedroom
If after three months you are still having symptoms, ask your doctor about prescriptive eye drops, punctal plugs and other treatments. | <urn:uuid:69f6c1ff-e530-4bcf-ace4-f4982e2a7b2e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pamfblog.org/2011/06/computers-eye-strain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937616 | 712 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Woods Hole Science Center
Sea-Floor Character and Sedimentary Processes in the Vicinity of Woods Hole, Massachusetts
The multibeam-echosounder (fig. 16) and sidescan-sonar (fig. 17) data collected from Woods Hole displayed as grids and images of the sea floor, which provide detailed information on benthic character, combined with the subbottom seismic-profile and verification data are used to interpret the surficial geology (fig. 18).
Surveyed depths within the study area range from less than 3 m to almost 27 m (fig. 16). The shallowest areas are found along the shorelines and on isolated bathymetric highs such as Nonamesset Shoal. Many small, individual, rounded bathymetric highs are also scattered across these shallow areas, around Great Ledge, and on the sea floor in Vineyard Sound in the southeastern part of the study area. These features that give the sea floor in these areas a rough appearance are interpreted to be boulders (figs. 19, 20). Although the boulders average 1 to 5 m in width, the largest, known as Coffin Rock, exceeds 12 m across. These rocky areas are lag deposits remaining from the winnowed sediments of the Buzzards Bay moraine.
At least five large, isolated depressions (greater than 100 m in nominal diameter) are present in Great Harbor and within the Inner Harbor. One of these depressions (fig. 21), a complex northwest-trending elongate feature that lies west of Juniper Point, is the deepest spot in the study area, approaching 27 m in depth. Bathymetric changes throughout most of the study area are typically gradual. However, notably along the edge of Parker Flat, depth can change dramatically (fig. 22). In this area, relief is more than 5 m and the slope is nearly vertical in places.
Many smaller depressions, which we interpret to be pockmarks (see the Character and Processes section), are present at the northern end of Little Harbor (figs. 23, 24). These depressions average about 0.5 m deep and 7 m wide, but range up to 14 m in diameter. The morphology of the features is quite varied. Some are rounded, others are irregular; some are flat floored, others have a central peak; some have steep sides, whereas the sides of others slope more gently.
South of Woods Hole in Vineyard Sound, the sea floor slopes gently to the southeast. Most of the benthic complexity in this part of the study area consists of the alternating narrow elongate bathymetric highs and lows revealing the crests and troughs of adjacent sand waves (fig. 25). Crests of the sand waves in the Woods Hole channel between Nonamesset Shoal and Great Ledge trend roughly east-west. Elsewhere, crest orientation in the larger sand-wave fields varies from 315° to 45°, but averages north-south. Amplitudes of the larger of these bedforms exceed 1.5 m, and wavelengths can exceed 25 m.
Distinctive tonal patterns revealed on the sidescan-sonar mosaic (fig. 17) include (1) complex patches of high and low backscatter with individual high-backscatter targets (objects), (2) areas of relatively high backscatter (light tones), (3) areas of relatively low backscatter (dark tones), and (4) alternating bands of high and low backscatter in a “tiger-stripe” pattern. Boundaries between patterns are commonly gradational; backscatter is not uniform throughout these areas. Water-column phenomena, such as turbulence around obstructions on the bottom, are also present on the image.
The complex patches of high and low backscatter with individual high-backscatter targets delineate the rocky, bouldery areas of the Buzzards Bay moraine (fig. 26). Rocky areas are concentrated along shorelines, such as around Nobska and Juniper Points and Grassy Island, and around Great Ledge. Areas characterized by relatively high backscatter are concentrated adjacent to the bouldery deposits and on the crests of bathymetric highs. The higher backscatter tends to be produced by coarser grained sediments, typically gravel and gravelly sand, and reflects higher energy environments. Patches characterized by relatively low backscatter (fig. 27) are found at the northern end of Little Harbor and in the Inner Harbor formed by the convex side of Penzance Point. These areas coincide with lower energy environments that prevail in areas protected from the strong tidal- and storm-driven currents. The lower backscatter tends to be produced by finer grained Holocene marine sediments, typically silty sand and clayey silt.
Areas characterized by alternating bands of high and low backscatter include much of the southern part of the study area in Vineyard Sound and in the channel between Nonamesset Shoal and Great Ledge. This “tiger-stripe” pattern (fig. 28), which is produced by sand waves and megaripples, results from a combination of topographic changes affecting the angle of incidence of the sidescan sonar and the differences in sediment texture commonly present between crests and troughs of sand waves (Reineck and Singh, 1980).
Click on figures for larger images. | <urn:uuid:eb70810b-8e82-47de-b425-a8e288eb1c01> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/pubs/of2008-1004/html/overview.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923119 | 1,123 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Here's a simple chart of which oils fall into the Omega-3, Omega-6, Omega-9, and other fat categories. Be sure to cook with healthy oils! Most doctors recommend you get twice to three times the Omega-3s as Omega-6s on a daily basis. Research is still being done, but a common recommendation is 2g/day of Omega-3s and 1g/day of Omega-6s.
Omega-3 oils are "linolenic" and should be served cold. Heating these oils would destroy the omega-3 component.
Omega-6 oils are "linoleic" and can be heated up to 212F (the boiling point of water).
Omega-9 oils are "monounsaturated" and can be heated to 325F without damaging their health properties.
Saturated Fats can take high heat levels without damage. They are not exactly "healthy", but they do not form trans fatty acids at high heats.
Whether you're baking, deep frying or doing any other form of cooking, be sure to check this chart and use an oil appropriate to that temperature range. If you heat an oil past its smoke-point, it damages the flavor, loses the health benefits and turns the oils into trans fatty acids, which are dangerous.
Four oils which CAN be served hot without great risk of trans fatty acids forming are canola, grapeseed, sunflower and peanut oils. These will lose their health benefits, but will not become unhealthy.
Stay far away from any oil that is processed and already has trans-fatty-acids, which are extremely unhealthy. Oil you buy should have been made "cold pressed". Also avoid Hydrogenated oils - margarine and vegetable shortening are two forms of these.
Oils should be stored in dark locations and should be stored in light blocking containers. If you are buying heat-processed oils in clear containers, you are doing your body more harm than good! Once opened, oils should be stored in the refrigerator until used. The exception to this is olive oil, which can survive opened in cool temperatures. Most oils should be used within a year.
Cooking Oil Type and Use Chart
Good Fats, Bad Fats and Ugly Fats
Polyunsaturated and Monounsaturated Good Fats
Good Fats are REALLY Good
Omega-3 Fats, Fish Oil, DHA and EPA
Olives and Olive Oil
Avoid Soybean Oil
McDonalds and Partially Hydrogenated Oils
Trans Fats, Deep Frying and Atkins
Healing the Damage of Trans Fatty Acids
Lisa Shea's Library of Low Carb Books | <urn:uuid:e1bfc632-c477-465e-a19c-47a54fdb5073> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art15712.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934044 | 556 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Spirit Possession Syndrome is often confused with Multiple Personality Disorder, there are however distinct differences between the two. Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is the fragmenting of the personality usually as a response to extreme physical, emotional and/or sexual abuse during childhood. Different sub-personalities are formed that are more equipped to deal with these abusive episodes. An individual who suffers from this disorder may experience amnesia while one of the sub-personalities is in control, however, many who suffer from MPD will remain conscious and suffer unexplainable physical or emotional symptoms.
As an example, a petite female may have a personality of a large and angry man in order to fend off any physical threats or assaults. Another personality, a small child as an example, may present itself in order to gain sympathy and thus avoid verbal attacks. A third personality that enjoys sexual contact with older men might be used as a way to avoid the pain of a sexual assault. These examples, while hypothetical, show how the personality might divide itself in order to deal with extreme stress.
Spirit Possession Syndrome (SPS) is the actual physical or mental attachment of a consciousness to another person; the most common of which are earthbound spirits. The attachments may be benevolent, malevolent or neutral in intention. Spirits may attach themselves to a human being for many reasons including fear of the unknown after death, drug or alcohol addiction that is carried on after death, or to love and support a loved one. Spirits can enter the system during times of stress or extreme emotion, surgery, sexual ecstasy, physical, mental or emotional abuse. As this is not an inclusive list, it does give the range of possibilities of entry by earthbound spirits.
When an earthbound spirit(s) attaches itself to an individual, it can resemble MPD in that the fears and preferences of the attaching spirit can override the preferences of the individual and often can produce amnesia while the attaching spirit is in control.
While MPD and SPS resemble each other, the goal of treatment is quite different. In treating MPD, the goal is to reintegrate the sub-personalities back into the larger personality; while treating SPS, the goal is simply to remove the attaching spirit from the person suffering from SPS.
When an individual suffers a trauma, the person’s Psyche (defined as the sum total of all his experiences) fragments. In other word, a piece or the psyche (mind/soul) of that person is left behind. That mind-fragment then may attach to another person after separation. If that individual dies, the soul fragment may stay attached to that person after he’s gone, even if the fragmented person is still alive.
An example of this was a woman whom had her deceased brother attached to her. Even though both parties were agreeable to the idea of him going to the light, the brother said it was to far away and was unable to detach. In querying her brother further, they discovered that a mind-fragment of their mother was still attached to her dead brother and thus keeping him from moving into the light.
Mind-fragments appear to be able to go just about anywhere. They can remain with detached body parts, can go into the Light, or be found in past lives. Attachment of mind-fragments of people who are living to those who are deceased does not seem out of the realm of possibility when viewed from this perspective. The death of a popular leader or entertainer may bring rise to such grief that fragmentation may occur in the population in general. This may cause fragmentation and result in the attachment of mind-fragments of those who deeply mourn these individuals. It seems that in the spirit world, all things are possible and most go beyond the understanding of the ego.
Categories of Mind Fragments
Below are the categories of mind-fragmentation including Sub-Personality and Alter Personality, Fragment Sub-personality, Submerging, Shifting, Fading, Separation, Evacuation, Pre-Natal Separation and Dissipation.
Sub-personality and Alter Personality
This category of mind fragmentation can resemble paranoia. These personalities usually form for the purpose of protecting the individual or helping him meet unfulfilled needs and are often formed during childhood while experiencing or witnessing severe trauma. The treatment for this condition is to illicit cooperation from the sub-personality and eventual integration into the main personality.
Shifting is the moving of consciousness out of the body and is often a coping mechanism for people who suffer abuse or other trauma. The client may feel spacey and may often “drift away”. It is a feeling of not being in the body. The fragment stays outside but close to the body.
Fading is the feeling that one would just like to become invisible in the world and is a condition usually found among children of alcoholics. Because of the fear of past and possibility of future pain, the fragment would choose to be invisible as a way to avoid this pain.
Separation is a percentage of leaving and following at a safe distance still attached to the original soul-mind. This separation can be caused by the loss of a relationship, limbs, accidents, surgeries or severe traumas. This separation leaves the person susceptible to spirit attachment.
Evacuation is a more distant form of separation and is usually caused by terror. The physical fragmentation can occur with the separation of limbs from the body and often occur during amputations, battle wounds or other instances where body parts may have been removed both in past and present lives.
Pre-Natal Fragmentation occurs when the soul does not fully join the baby at birth. This is usually caused by the soul rejected the life journey before birth. Soul Theft occurs when one person attempts to gain power over another person or may be caused by black magic or hexes.
Dissipation, or an unrecoverable fragment that has dissipated or dissolved into nothingness may be caused by a loss of a love that seemed emotionally severe to the client. Shattering can also occur as the fragments are shattered into little pieces. It is necessary to call on assistance for what the author refers to as soul rescue teams.
When an individual places a spell or a curse on an individual or a group, soul fragment(s) of the witch leaves and attaches to the person(s) that are involved. The fragments are accompanied by dark entities because one who practices black magic openly enlists the help of the darkness. When discovered, sending the fragments back to the “curser” or to the light is the remedy for healing curses.
A hex is used in witchcraft or magic. To put a hex on someone is to put a spell on him. This spell is usually done for harm, but always is an attempt to control the individual and take away his free will. When one puts a hex on someone, they fragment and those fragments attach to the person who has been hexed.
Other Entity Types
Other entity types include earthbound spirit, mind fragments, thought forms or various non-human entities including demonic beings.
Therapeutic Techniques that Uncover Entities
Past-Life Therapy Techniques.
When using past-life therapy to assist a client in understanding karma and letting go of the karmic residue, it appears that attachment from a past life can be a major source of the problem. In other words, the client may be dealing with a past life of an incarnate spirit or a fragment of the client attached to another and remaining in that life. An example of the former may include an attached spirit seeking revenge on the client for a past life conflict. Discovering this, the client can undergo SRT and PLT in alleviation of the problem.
Most of us have gone through some trauma in this or another lifetime resulting in the fragmenting of the soul-mind. This can result in a greater susceptibility to attached entities. When the attached entity is released, the mind fragment can be recovered assisting the client back to wholeness.
The direct approach.
When a therapist suspects an attachment, asking if there is anybody else here often takes the entity by surprise and will elicit a response from the attached entity. Listening to the client and watching for somatic clues is important in any therapy; the direct approach requires trust and confidence within the therapist.
Connected Breathing Technique.
This technique is especially useful for those who are uncomfortable expressing emotions and communicating. Attached spirits often causes hesitancy. The increased energy makes it difficult for attached spirits to remain hidden.
The Six Phases to Spirit Releasement Therapy (SRT):
SRT is carried out in six phases including: Discovery and identification of any attached discarnate spirits or entities; Differential diagnosis; Dialogue with the spirit; Release of the spirit into the light; Sealing Light Meditation; and ongoing therapy (p. 209). Each of these phases will be described below.
Discovery and identification of any attached discarnate spirits of entities.
One can identify an attached entity by noticing the presentation of the client during therapy. If the client identifies his behavior or feelings as not being his, this usually indicates an attachment. During this stage, the client is asked to identify the incarnate by finding out its name, how he manifests in his body, emotions and reactions and how and when it was able to attach to the client. The entity will usually identify itself as separate from the client.
This part of the sequence involves discovering what type of attachment(s) is involved. The attachments can be an earthbound spirit, a mind fragment, thought forms or various non-human entities including demonic beings. Combinations of these attachments can also be found which may include earthbound spirits that have demonic attachments or mind fragments of living people that attached during past lives. Almost any combination is possible and has been found by the author. Understanding the nature of the attachment determines the necessary procedure in regard to its releasement.
Dialogue with the spirit.
Ordering an attached spirit to the Light causes resistance to the process of SRT. The dialogue with the spirit is to help it meet its needs and give it incentive to move on. This dialogue is used to break through the resistance of the attached entity and give it a greater motivation to go to the Light. When dealing with human entities, this is accomplished by clearing the residue that may be keeping it attached, or showing it that its efforts are harmful and fruitless. With non-human entities or demonic spirits, a tough love approach of capturing it and showing it its spark is used to overcome the fear of the Light and other dark beings.
Release of the spirit into the Light.
Once the conflicts are resolved and the resistance to letting go is dealt with, the attached entity is requested to go to the Light. The entity is asked to notice the Light and notice any familiar or trustworthy guides (such as angels) are there to guide him to the Light. The entity often apologizes and goes to the Light with these beings. The entity is directed to the Light set it on its spiritual path. Casting out the spirit invites attachment to another person.
Sealing Light Meditation.
Once the spirit has moved into the Light, “Cleanup Teams of the Light” are summoned to clean up any residue that may have been left behind and are asked to fill up the individual with white healing light. “The Healing Teams of the Light” fix any wounds left behind because of the attachment. The meditation has the client fill himself with white light emanating from his divine spark. This light expands beyond his physical body and encases and protects him. The client is requested to perform this regularly and often as a means of self-healing and protection.
One session is usually not enough when considering the lifetimes of karmic debt. Also, other attachments may still be present. Ongoing therapy assists the client in continuing to let go of the burdens and debts they he has accumulated through the ages.
Remote Depossession is a technique where on individual will act as a surrogate for another individual in SRT. This is done for an individual who is unwilling or unable to release an attached spirit because of insufficient mental capacity or is under the control of the attached entity or demonic spirit.
This process is done through the induction of an altered state of consciousness. The surrogate will visualize the person and ask that individuals higher self if permission is given for the process to continue. If the answer is yes, then the surrogate looks into the eyes of that person to establish a connection with him. The surrogate may then perceive the presence of attached entities by noticing other faces, eyes or feel the presence of another. Once the fact of spirit attachment is ascertained, the client and therapist make sure that the boundaries between the therapist and the entity are established and the SRT is continued.
SRT is most effectively done in person with the full knowledge of the original subject;
healing is most effective when the person acknowledges the problem and takes full responsibility for his healing. Remote SRT should be done only when the subject cannot work in person.
Techniques for Releasing a Spirit into the Light.
Once all needs have been met, resistance bypassed and conflicts resolved, the attached spirits are usually willing to go to the Light. With all of these issues handled, the Light will appear to be closer and brighter. The following is the sequence of techniques for releasing a spirit into the Light.
The spirit is asked if there is anyone who is familiar to him in the Light. He is instructed to look for someone he trusted once earlier in his life. Once this person is found, he is asked to take his hand and is encouraged to communicate to the client one last time. This usually takes the form of an apology. He is then asked to repair any physical or emotional damage that he may have caused due to his attachment with the client. He is sent to the Light and the client is instructed to watch the spirit until it is fully in the Light.
Question the credentials of the person that appears from the Light. If that person has red eyes, an aggressive or impatient manner or is egotistical in some way, it may be a dark spirit attempting to deceive him away from the Light. Several deceiver spirits may come before a being from the Light can get to him. He notes that one should look beyond the trappings of what we believe angels to be and note how the being reacts. Asking the being a holy figure (Christ, Buddha, Mohammad, etc.) is their Lord and Master will denote whether the spirit is from the Light or a dark entity. Avoidance of the question or indirectly answering it denotes a dark entity. If these entities show up during this process, calling on the Archangel Michael and his army to gather up these spirits as well as any wayward spirits is suggested. Clean up Angels of the Light as well as Healing Angels of the Light are enlisted to assist the client’s healing.
“Sealing Light” Meditation
Focus on your heart center where your divine spark resides. Just as the beings that attached to you noticed your spark, as they attached to you like a moth to a flame, I would like you to draw the same attention to yourself and notice how truly attractive, loving and healing your core essence is. Bath yourself in the unconditionally loving and healing light that is your essence.
Allow the warmth and light that is you to begin to expand throughout your entire body. See the flame begin to lovingly expand, warming your entire body. Allow the warmth to extend from your body into your head (pause). Feel the warmth moving into your extremities now, into your arms, out into your hands and all the way through to your fingertips. Extend that healing light into your legs, into your arms and all the way down to your toes (pause)
Allow your divine Light to extend beyond your body now as it forms a protective/attractive shell around you. Trust that this divine energy will heal all that comes into its field taking away all need for entities to attach to it. Trust that your Light will allow those things that are you to radiate out into the universe while it also protects you from inappropriate attachments both carnate and incarnate.
Before we leave this space, I would like to recommend that you practice this meditation often. Whenever you feel stress or poignant emotions, whenever you wake up or go to bed, bring this healing energy into and around you. When you do this, the staying power of this space will become a permanent resident within your being. When you do this, you remind yourself of your own Love, Light and Divinity.
The Importance of Forgiveness
Anger, guilt and shame all seem to be binding emotions. During SRT, the client may become angry at the attached entity for the discomfort and harm that was caused him. If the client decides to seek retribution or even desires it, the residue that remains may cause the client to again deal with this situation again either in this life or another lifetime. Many demonic spirit attachments engage because of the need for revenge. Forgiveness is necessary for both parties as it brings to closure the difficult and uncomfortable events that began the attachments in the first place. It is important to try to forgive the perpetrator. Discovering what happened, being honest about how the client feels about it, learning to understand the perpetrator’s point of view and understanding that he did the best he could seems to me to be the way toward true forgiveness. | <urn:uuid:f20157c4-81a4-4b11-a9d4-a3c0302a58e3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://spiritpossession.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955946 | 3,585 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Flying into the future
So can we anticipate three-hour flights to Australia?
No, I don't expect there to be an accompanying tourism boom. The hypersonic aircraft would most likely be used by the military or for space travel.
NASA and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research awarded you a five-year grant worth up to half a million dollars. What are you working on?
Two postdoctoral students and I are developing new ultra-high-performance ceramic composite materials capable of sustaining hypersonic flight temperatures of 2,000 degrees Celsius.
How will you test the materials?
We're using multi-scale simulation techniques ranging from quantum chemical calculations to multimillion-atom simulations and continuum methods.
Doesn't NASA already use heat-resistant, high-performance materials in things like rocket nozzles?
Yes, but a rocket nozzle is used one time. For the two or three minutes after the blast, the materials can sustain that. But with a hypersonic vehicle, this extreme environment needs to be sustained much longer. You want something reusable that doesn't require an incredibly high amount of maintenance.
Given that, could erosion also be a problem?
Yes. At hypersonic speed, the wear caused by air reduces the lifetime of the structure. The ceramic composite must be hard and durable enough to withstand this erosion at high speed and high temperature.
Could such materials be used in other things?
The possibilities are endless. Speed-of-flight is only one application. Developing materials capable of sustaining super-high temperatures could, for example, lead to more efficient energy plants.
What's the timeline for all this?
Our first findings will be released in about a year, and the materials could be developed within 10 to 15 years. I believe we'll have a hypersonic aircraft within 30 years. | <urn:uuid:ddaf8753-bfc8-476d-bf5b-201b074bff73> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.uta.edu/ucomm/researchmagazine/2010/energy/fly.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927341 | 376 | 2.765625 | 3 |
the internet Polish Genealogical Source
St. Mary Parish - Otis IN
A history of the parish from the 1948 Jubilee Book
In looking up the early records of New Durham township, one finds Otis was the third village to he formed in the township. The first name of the place was Salem Crossing, given by the Michigan Southern Railroad in 1852, which was the name recognized by the United States government when the post office was established there. Matthias Seberger was the first postmaster.
When the Louisville, New Albany and Chicago, now the Monon railroad, was built through the place in 1853, that corporation named it LaCroix. As it was confusing to call the place by two names, years afterwards some offered as a substitute the name of Packard, after the Hon. Jasper Packard, at that time the representative to Congress. The modesty of that gentleman led him to recommend another name, and accordingly, in 1872, the name was changed to Otis.
During the Civil War, all who went south from northeastern Indiana were compelled to come to Otis and take the Monon line. The hotel was always full of travelers and it was a lively place. Dr. Clark C. Warren was the first resident physician. The business of the village of Otis in 1876 comprised two blacksmith shops, one carpenter, one depot agent. two druggists, three general stores, one hotel, one market, two physicians, two shoemakers, one tailor, one telegraph operator, one undertaker and one wagon maker.
This interesting bit of history was taken from the History 0f LaPorte County by Jasper Packard and also from the Twentieth Century History and Biographical Record of LaPorte County by the Rev. E. D. Daniels, found in the Westville Library.
The history of St. Mary's Parish of Otis, is typical of all Catholic parishes in the United States. They all undergo the same process; founding. Growth and stabilizing and sometimes decline as is the case of if many so called farmer parishes.
It is interesting to go “way, way, back” and learn why a certain group of people settled in a certain community. With the Poles as with other groups of immigrants. two factors were responsible for their leaving Europe ‑ quest for a livelihood (bread) and freedom for oppression.
Once a family settled, in a short time, relatives, friends. a so all from the same village or country of Europe joined them.
With Otis was the same. The first parishioners came from Posen ‑ then under Germany ‑ more specifically from the villages of Keynia. Szubin arid Krolikowo. a few families from East Prussia. Why they settled near Otis?
Already in 1855 Poles were settling in Northern Indiana LaPorte counts offered an opportunity for the immigrants to follow their European vocation, farming. The first settlers hired out as farm hands arid lumberjacks. In time they cleared the laud of timber arid started farming, bought a tract of land arid settled down A Pole and a Roman Catholic is synonymous: I tell the number of families grew to about 100 families, their spiritual needs were ministered to them by Father Bartosz. a Pole, who was pastor of St. Joseph's church of LaPorte, Indiana. Holy Mass was said and the Sacraments administered in private homes of the farmers, especially in the home of Jacob Lewandowski, as being centrally located.
This state of affairs existed until 1871. In the fall of that year. Rev. Francis Szulak, a Jesuit and his host Jacob Lewandowski cattle to the conclusion, that the Poles should have their own place of worship ‑ a church. Food and fuel were plentiful, but money was scarce, nevertheless the first appeal of Father Szulak, "as responsible for $200.00) in cash and pledges. Father Szulak, encouraged by this generosity of the group appointed John Kajzer. Albert Nowak, Martin Janicki and John Wozniak to carry on. In a few months, these pioneers. contributed $712.00. With this "enormous capitol" work began on finding a suitable place for the new church. There were three suggestions: One was to build the church in Holmsville ‑ second on the farm of Albert Nowak and the third on the farm of Mr. Tomczak, finally it was decided to build near the crossing of two Railroads ‑ Salem Crossing. Even then there were varied opinions as to the exact location of the new church. After many pros and cons ‑ the majority decided on the present site, This property was owned by Frederich arid Dorothy Hannemanon. The area consisted of two acres ‑ 37,100 feet. The deal was closed on April 13, 1872 for the price of $454..00. In the fall of that year, ground was broken for the new church, which was completed in the spring of 1873.
The new church was a wooden structure; 50 feet long, 30 feet wide and 20 feet high, with a tower 70 feet high. The price of the building was $2,530.00 and John Renkawic was the contractor, of Michigan City, Indiana. With the permission of the Bishop Joseph Dwenger, Rev. Szulak, blessed the new edifice, in the presence of Rev. John Oechtering, of LaPorte and Rev. Peter Koncz, of Chesterton, Indiana. The first resident pastor of St. Mary's was Rev. Peter Korrcz. This Rev. Koncz, held the pastorate of Otis until July of 1875, during all this time he, served a church at South Bend, Indiana once a north and held services at Rolling Prairie, New Carlisle and Terre Coupe, a few times a year. Until 1876. there were no other parish buildings, but the church. In the month of May of that year, the priest's residence was built by the above mentioned Renkawic for the price of $975.00. In 1877 plans were laid for a burial place, surveying, landscaping and fencing was completed in 1878. The following year, in 1879, Rev. Vincent Barzynski, C. R., of Chicago, conducted the first five day mission.
After the year 1876, the Poles began settling in other parts of Indiana. The parish records of St. Mary's Church of Otis, show Poles of Rolling Prairie, New Carlisle, Terre Coupe and South Bend, affiliated with Otis. When in the year 1876, the Poles of South Bend erected their own church, the above mentioned villages were served from South Bend.
The first resident pastor of Otis was the Rev. Peter Konca. The salary of the pastor at that time was $400.00 from Otis and $175.00 from South Bend. Rev. Louis Machdzicki, succeeded as the second pastor of St. Mary's. This zealous priest organized many church and fraternal societies.
The Stations of the Cross were erected and consecrated on January 13, 1878. He devoted his entire time and energy to the new parish, since more Polish priests were serving the newly organized parishes.
On August 6. 1881, a Polish refugee Franciscan priest, the Rev. Urban Raszkiewicz, became the pastor of Otis. This pious priest left many fine memories in the minds of the many ‑ now living people of Otis. Besides the spiritual care of his flock, Father Urban devoted much of his spare time to his vineyard. From the talks of many old priests still living ‑ Monsignor Frank Jensen of Hammond ‑ Otis was the sure place to obtain liturgical sacramental wine, made with painstaking care and even piety, by Rev. Urban and the school boys. The visits to Otis, by the few priests, were numerous and long, as Father Urban had the reputation as a generous host. As the "old priest" was growing old, he was assisted by the Rev. Alexander Buechier. This young priest was a "product" of Otis. He was raised at the rectory, as Mrs. Buechler, was a house keeper for Father Raszkiewicz, young Alex attended the Otis parochial school and after the death of his benefactor, Father Urban Raszkiewicz, became pastor.
The "old priest", Father Raszkiewicz "is" still with his Otis people. A fine red granite stone at the parish cemetery marks his resting place. The stone bears this inscription:
Rev. Urban Raszkiewicz
Born in Lithuania
July 27, 1824
Ordained Priest, September 8, 1848
Died at Otis, February 11, 1909
He is the only priest buried in the parish cemetery. Many are the stories told of Father Urban. The one told by Monsignor Frank Jansen, of St. Joseph's church of Hammond, Indiana, speaks of his great humility. According to Monsignor Jansen, Bishop Aldering, offered Father Urban "The Purple". The bishop received a very humble letter from Father Urban, which said in part, "I must thank you for this high honor, as I thank your predecessor, but on judgment day, I want to appear as a Franciscan". It must be remembered, Father Raszkiewicz, was a "son" of St. Francis of Assisi; leaving Germany during Emperor Bismarck's "Kulturkampf". After the death of Father Raszkiewicz, the records of the parish show, that three Polish priests served the spiritual needs of the Otis parish: Rev. Alexander Buechler, Rev. Peter Budnik and Rev. Thomas Jankowski. Their stay was of a short duration, but our Vital Statistics Records show, that the life of the parish went on as usual. Speaking of records, in another part of this Memorial are pictures of records: Birth, Marriage and Death. These records even today are of vital importance. The old timers did not "bother" the County with their records of birth or death, so the church records are the only proof of age and events.
On July 6, 1914, Rev. John Wroblewski, came as pastor of St. Mary's at Otis. This "artist priest" began at once to add his artistic touch to both the buildings and the grounds. Both the interior and exterior of the church were redecorated. Three new altars decorated the church. The interior of the church was lined with tin. Even after all these years ‑ the coster‑blue spruces, hemlocks, birches, junipers, and four or five varities of pine, are a "growing monument" to Rev. John Wroblewski.
Just as the buildings were all in excellent condition; misfortune struck Otis. Fire on February 21, 1917, destroyed the church and the rectory. The school was the only building left standing, and in this building Holy Mass was said. Undaunted by this severe blow, on May of 1918 the people of Otis, began the building of a new church, which was completed in May of 1919. The price of the new church was $24,000.00. For a year Rev. Wroblewski "boarded out", as the new rectory was not completed until 1922. The remaining five years of his stay at Otis, Rev. John Wroblewski, devoted to trees ‑ all kinds of trees, and paying off the parish debt, which was quite a task, since the parish had dwindled down to 90 families.
Rev. John Biernacki, now Very Rev. Monsignor, pastor of St. Casimir's church of Hammond, was the next pastor of Otis. When the writer of this history asked Monsignor Biernacki, for his "biography" while at Otis, Monsignor Biernacki wrote this: "I was in Otis from July 15, 1927 to September 15, 1932. If you say that much in your book, I will be satisfied. It won't make much copy for your book, I know. But really, I can't remember that I did anything noteworthy for the Otis parish. The paying of a few thousand dollars should not count; it was done for my own peace of mind as well as for the relief of the people. The one thing which I remember best of all is that I was happy in Otis and that I was leaving it with a heavy heart The experiences of the past 15 years have made the Otis part of my life a bit dim and hazy". Monsignor Biernacki, we will respect your modesty, but for your own personal satisfaction, your five years are well remembered here, and I am sure, they will add before Almighty God, to the many fine achievements in your priestly career.
On September 15, 1932 Rev. John Biernacki and Rev. John S. Hosinski, "exchanged" parishes. The former going to St. Casmir's at Hammond, and the Rev. John S. Hosinski coming to Otis. During his six years at Otis, the Rev. John S. Hosinski did a lot of "repair work". The rectory was stucco covered. The new pastor removed the stucco and put on wood. The school basement was excavated and made into a "refreshment place" during the famous Otis chicken dinners. On November 15, 1938, the Rev. John S. Hosinski left Otis to realize his life's ambition to become a gentleman farmer.
The present pastor, Rev. Louis F. Bozik, came here from San Pierre, Indiana. As this history is written by this pastor, anything he did or what he contributed to this parish must be judged by visiting Otis and talking to the members of this parish.
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Last Updated on October 20, 2011 | <urn:uuid:9b344193-5631-4c3d-be84-b6e563c8dbde> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ipgs.us/parishhistories/stmaryotisin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981774 | 2,973 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Attaining and maintaining a healthy weight is an ongoing battle that for many adults involves endless dieting—and a search for a magic bullet to blast away those extra pounds.
One weapon Americans have pinned their hopes on is fat-free foods—but are they effective in helping you battle the bulges?
The truth is that eating fat-free foods won’t necessarily make you lose weight. That’s because it’s the amount of calories you take in, not the amount of fat, that determines whether you gain, lose, or maintain weight.
Used in moderation, though, fat-free foods can help reduce your daily calorie count.
The best way to determine if a fat-free food will help you reach your goal of cutting your total calories is to read the nutrition label.
Products labeled no-fat or low-fat can have as many or even more calories than the regular product, and the only way you’ll know this is to read and compare the labels.
It may seem illogical, but when food producers cut the fat out of foods, they have to replace it with something—and that something is often extra sugar or other carbohydrates, which add calories.
It’s also important to check the serving sizes of fat-free foods. For example, if the serving size is one cookie and you grab four, you’ll have to multiply the calories per serving to determine your intake.
Fill ‘er up
Another problem with fat-free foods is their low-level of satiety or their ability to make you feel full. That's why it’s so easy to eat a lot of them—their lack of fat doesn’t satisfy hunger.
Fat in food creates a feeling of fullness—the sense that you’ve had enough to eat. If there’s no fat, it’s more likely you will keep on eating until you’re stuffed, ending up with many more calories than you would have gotten from eating a smaller serving of a food that contained a little fat.
In addition, many people consume larger quantities of low-fat or nonfat foods than they do of regular foods, thinking they will break even. They also rationalize that because they’re eating some low-fat or nonfat foods, they can eat larger servings of foods that aren’t low in fat.
Everything in moderation
You can still include fat-free or low-fat foods in a balanced, calorie-conservative diet. The best use of these foods is as a replacement for full-fat foods, such as salad dressing, sour cream, mayonnaise, and cream cheese.
Focus on adding more fresh fruits and vegetables to your diet. These foods are good for you, are essentially fat-free, and have a high level of satiety because they contain fiber.
The bottom line: Don’t put too much faith in products labeled fat-free at the expense of making smarter decisions about portion size, your overall diet, and the amount of exercise you get. These are the real keys to a healthy weight.
Take the Diet QuizWeight management is a growing concern in ...Diet Quiz ► | <urn:uuid:907065ea-1b3d-4537-9627-d36f09a0c615> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.stvincent.org/Health-Library/Integrated-Nutrition-Center/Healthy-Practices/Eating-for-Weight-Management/The-Skinny-on-Fat-Free-Foods.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00041-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954107 | 662 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Published April 1998. Revised September 2013.
Provides an overview of the latest scientific findings on methamphetamine, including short- and long-term health consequences, effects on pregnancy, and potential prevention and treatment options.
Published January 2014. Revised January 2014.
Presents research-based principles of adolescent substance use disorder treatment; covers treatment for a variety of drugs including, illicit and prescription drugs, alcohol, and tobacco; presents settings and evidence-based approaches unique to treating adolescents.
Published April 2001. Revised March 2014.
Brochure, in question-and-answer format, that provides facts about marijuana for parents and offers tips for talking with their children about the drug and its potential harmful effects.
Published April 2007. Revised July 2014.
Provides scientific information about the disease of drug addiction, including the many harmful consequences of drug abuse and the basic approaches that have been developed to prevent and treat the disease.
Published December 2009. Revised September 2014.
Provides journalists with the latest findings on the science of drug abuse and addiction and commonly abused drugs, and lists resources for more information.
Published October 1997. Revised November 2014.
Offers the latest scientific information on heroin use and its consequences as well as treatment options available for those struggling with heroin addiction.
Published July 2001. Revised November 2014.
Examines the non-medical use of prescription drugs—opioids, central nervous system depressants, and stimulants—describing adverse health effects of their use and the prevention and treatment of addiction.
Published March 2001. Revised February 2015.
Offers the latest research findings on hallucinogens and dissociative drugs, describing what they are, how they are abused, and basic facts about different drugs within this classification of drugs. | <urn:uuid:a6054758-498e-49d8-8ebf-be32318c23d3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/all-ebooks/date/asc?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918827 | 357 | 2.65625 | 3 |
(helping verb) is (main verb) moving
A Main Verb is an action word or otherwise helps to make a statement.
Examples: runs, jumps, swims, fishes, flies, hops, eats, devours, consumes, inhales, is, are, seems.
Kyle devoured the pizza.
A Helping Verb helps the main verb fit into the sentence.
Example: has, been, is, have been.
Kyle has been eating all afternoon | <urn:uuid:67e4819d-3bd0-477b-8f7d-f6ce8e9abcb1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1234989431 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00088-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93728 | 99 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Sixty-one percent of Americans believe they’re knowledgeable about energy issues, including sources of electrical power and energy efficiency, but more than half have never heard the term “smart grid,” according to a Harris Interactive poll released today.
Americans older than 65 claim to be the most knowledgeable about energy, and 75 percent of men believe they have a grasp of energy issues. Only 47 percent of women say the same. Overall, the public indicates that benefits outweigh risks for wind (75 percent), solar power (77 percent), natural gas (64 percent) and geothermal (52 percent). Americans are less certain about the benefits of nuclear (42 percent) and coal (38 percent). Sixty-nine percent of Americans believe that nuclear waste disposal is a national issue The survey was conducted before the catastrophe at Japan’s Fukushima nuclear plant.
Eight in ten Americans (84 percent) say they turn off lights and appliances when not in use to conserve energy. Americans are also replacing incandescent bulbs with fluorescent bulbs (60 percent), using power strips (60 percent) and low-wattage bulbs (56 percent), purchasing Energy Star appliances (53 percent) and reducing hot water usage (51 percent). They’re much less likely to take on more complex tasks such as weather stripping, sealing gaps and installing energy-efficient products. Even fewer—a mere 5 percent--conduct home energy evaluations or audits.
Because most Americans have never heard the term 'smart grid,' it’s not surprising that only 38 percent believe it would increase the use of solar, wind and other renewable sources. Twenty-four percent believe that smart grids would cause electricity costs to rise.
“Coal provides approximately half (49 percent) of electrical power production in the United States, is the most heavily used source of energy and is being subjected to a high degree of regulatory scrutiny.” Jeanne Bonds, senior director for energy and utilities at Harris Interactive, states. “It is estimated that 16 percent of the existing U.S. coal plant will be shut down over the next five years because of the cost of regulatory compliance. The question is – what will replace coal, especially in the eastern U.S.?”
Because Americans’ knowledge of alternative energy sources remains limited, Bonds sees a need for more education on the pros and cons of each energy source, including factors such as current and future use, reliability, cost, environmental impacts, safety, security and ways to become more energy efficient. | <urn:uuid:1d4e029b-d7a2-4790-80d1-af85c40203a6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.motherearthliving.com/The-Good-Life/we-need-to-talk-about-energy-alternatives.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936979 | 510 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Researchers Use Blue Light to Treat Sleep Disturbances in the Elderly
Seniors receive the experimental light treatment while playing cards in the residence dining room.
In a recent pilot study, scientists at the Lighting Research Center demonstrated how exposure to blue light can reduce sleep disturbances and increase the likelihood of stable, consolidated sleep in seniors. The study included subjects with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an illness often accompanied by severely irregular sleep/wake patterns, as well as those without dementia who simply have trouble sleeping.
The occurrence of sleep disturbances increases as we age. Researchers have long believed the disturbances often result from a disruption of the body’s circadian rhythms—biological cycles that repeat approximately every 24 hours, including the sleep/wake cycle.
“Our circadian rhythms are synchronized by the 24-hour light/dark cycle, and exposure to light and dark stimuli help to set the body’s internal ‘master clock’ to match the solar day,” says LRC light and health researcher Mariana Figueiro, Ph.D., principal investigator of the sleep study. “Light stimulus travels through the retina, the light-sensitive nerve tissue lining the back wall of the eye, to reach the master clock in the brain. However, a combination of age-related changes may influence the amount and magnitude of light/dark stimulus affecting the circadian system.”
The LRC designed the luminaires for the study using LEDs donated by Nichia.
Age-related influences on the circadian system
As we age, the lens in the eye thickens and the pupil shrinks, reducing the amount of light passing through to the retina. Moreover, as we age, the circadian system may require a stronger light/dark stimulus due to deteriorating neural processes in the brain. Finally, adoption of an indoor lifestyle can create an environment with little variation in light/dark intensity, resulting in a weak light/dark stimulus to the circadian system.
“Physical changes to the eye, neural changes in the brain, and lifestyle changes can mute the light/dark signal sent to the body’s master clock, presumably contributing to major sleep disturbances in seniors,” said Mark Rea, Ph.D., LRC director and co-principal investigator on the pilot study. “There needs to be a distinct, repeated pattern of light and dark to tell the circadian system the solar time.”
The power of blue
Daylight is a mixture of wavelengths dominated by short, visible wavelength light that, in isolation, gives a blue visual sensation, like the blue sky. In fact, according to Rea, blue sky is the best stimulus for the circadian system.
“Blue sky is ideal for stimulating the circadian system because it’s the right color and intensity, and it’s ‘on’ at the correct time for the right duration—the entire day,” said Rea.
Figueiro agrees that blue light is the most effective and efficient at stimulating the circadian system. However, she explains that it isn’t just the color that is important, but rather the entire 24-hour pattern of light intensity, spatial distribution, timing, and duration, all in combination with the color.
Exposure to other light colors, as well as exposure to white light, can stimulate the circadian system, but it may take longer to get the desired response and the intensity required may cause visual discomfort, according to Figueiro.
The LRC research team set out to demonstrate that exposure to blue light, followed by darkness at bedtime, would create a light/dark pattern that the circadian system would recognize and react to.
Details of the pilot study
The research team studied the effects of blue-light treatment on seniors at a skilled nursing facility in upstate New York. In the four-week study, the residents were exposed to tabletop LED luminaires for two hours every day from 6:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m.
For the first two weeks, one group composed of both AD and non-AD residents was exposed to blue LEDs, while another group of both AD and non-AD residents was exposed to red LEDs, a condition introduced as a placebo control. While the circadian system responds best to blue light, it is essentially non-responsive to long-wavelength radiation (red light), according to Figueiro.
After a short break, the second two-week phase of the experiment began. The residents exposed to blue light in the first phase were exposed to red light in the second phase, and vice versa.
Blue-light treatment results in longer sleep intervals
Over the course of the experimental light treatment, the research team analyzed the percentage of time the subjects slept between midnight and 6 a.m. The study showed statistically significant increases in sleep after blue-light treatment during this period for all subjects.
The non-AD subjects were found asleep 90 percent of the time between midnight and 6:00 a.m. after blue light exposure and only 67 percent of the time after red light (placebo) exposure. The AD subjects exposed to the blue-light treatment were found asleep 67 percent of the time compared to AD subjects exposed to the placebo treatment who were found asleep only 54 percent of the time.
The non-AD subjects’ stronger response to the blue-light treatment was expected, according to Figueiro, as AD patients have more fragmented sleep patterns than healthy older adults.
Figueiro had previously studied the effects of blue light exposure on the sleep efficiency of AD subjects in 2002, but this recent pilot study was the first time she tested the theory on non-AD subjects having sleep problems.
“It was exciting to replicate our earlier study and expand our research to include non-AD subjects in order to demonstrate that blue-light treatment can have a significant, positive effect on the sleep efficiency of older adults,” said Figueiro. “The consistencies in our research support the theory that blue light can be a powerful, non-pharmacological treatment for sleep disorders in seniors and should be considered in the design and operation of senior housing.”
The LRC is pursuing additional funding for further research on the subject and hopes to motivate manufacturers to design luminaires that can be attached to glasses, television sets, or computer screens for the purpose of providing light treatment for those with sleep disorders, according to Rea.
The study was sponsored by the Alliance for Solid-State Illumination Systems and Technologies (ASSIST). The LEDs were provided by Nichia America Corp., and the luminaires were custom-built by the LRC.
The Lighting Research Center (LRC) is part of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and is the leading university-based research center devoted to lighting. Founded in 1988, the Lighting Research Center has built an international reputation as a trusted and reliable source for objective information about lighting technologies, applications, and products. Its mission is to advance the effective use of light and create a positive legacy of change for society and the environment. | <urn:uuid:547c47aa-38ea-47a0-9355-96f50666fdd0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/news/enews/Apr05/general245.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946902 | 1,452 | 3.453125 | 3 |
To celebrate the 60th anniversary of the first successful ascent of K2, the second tallest mountain in the world, located in Pakistan, a team of Pakistani climbers and three Italians, reached the summit at 22:30 GMT on Friday, reports BBC.
The Pakistani climbers, identified as Hassan Jan, Ali Durani, Rahmat Ullah Baig, Ghulam Mehdi, and Ali and Muhammad Sadiq, were part of the “K2 60 Years Later” expedition, and became the first Pakistani team to reach the summit. Italians Achille Compagnoni and Lino Lacedelli made the first successful ascent of K2 on July 31, 1954. K2's peak elevation is 8,611 meters, around 28,251 feet, and the mountain is considered to be more difficult than Mount Everest, the world's tallest mountain.
The expedition was organized by EvK2Cnr Association and included science and environmental research, such as installing a climate monitoring station at the Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram mountain range, reports Montagna.tv. The team left from Skardu, the capital of Skardu District in Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, on June 14. Agostino Da Polenza, who led three K2 expeditions, will help the team from base camp and said of the climbers, “Last year I met the Pakistani team at Broad Peak Base Camp. Receiving my compliments the Pakistani mountaineers told me their dream to climb K2 and asked for help. I was glad to help them," reports Montagna.tv.
Although several Pakistani climbers have reached the K2 summit, this is the first team to accomplish the feat, notes the BBC. Tamara Lunger, Klaus Gruber Michael Cuhcchi and Radek Jaros reached the summit shortly after the Pakistani team. The push for the summit began during the night, with Lunger saying on her blog after reaching camp 4, just below the bottleneck of K2 "We’ve carried as little as possible and 'just' did 500 meters of altitude today, but our goal was to save our energies as tonight we’ll head for the summit. We’re a group of 30 people, 6 women beyond us, but just a few will try the summit without oxygen."
A video of Ali Durani radioing to base camp from the K2 summit can be viewed here.
Continue Reading Below | <urn:uuid:f00a3c75-26cf-4fee-a30d-0cecfac159dc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ibtimes.com/k2-60-years-later-pakistani-team-reaches-summit-second-tallest-mountain-1639986 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00148-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960878 | 500 | 2.609375 | 3 |
National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society is one of the world's largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations. Founded in January 27, 1888 to "increase and diffuse geographic knowledge," the Society works to inspire people to care about the planet. It reaches more than 350 million people worldwide each month through its official journal, National Geographic, and four other magazines; National Geographic Channel; television documentaries; radio programs; films; books; DVDs; maps; and interactive media. National Geographic has funded more than 8,000 scientific research projects and supports an education program combating geographic illiteracy.
Description[change | change source]
The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world. Its interests include geography, archaeology and natural science, the promotion of environmental and historical conservation, and the study of world culture and history. The National Geographic Society’s logo is a yellow portraitframe - rectangular in shape - which appears on the margins surrounding the front covers of its magazines and as its channel logo. | <urn:uuid:75941fcf-7bf7-4202-a350-342801e37d39> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930687 | 226 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The Plains & Eastern Clean Line will make possible billions of dollars of investments in new renewable energy projects that could not otherwise be built due to the limitations of the existing electric transmission grid. This project will bring about tremendous rural economic development, create thousands of permanent and temporary construction jobs, and dramatically reduce carbon dioxide pollutants by millions of tons. In addition, the wind farms made possible by the transmission line will incentivize the manufacturing of wind turbines and enable significant financial contribution to local communities through employment opportunities, property taxes and landowner royalties. State and local governments can use these additional tax revenues to support schools and other community services.
In addition to job creation benefits, the direct current (DC) transmission technology will enable the direct delivery of clean power at a competitive cost.
For detailed information on project-related benefits, please click on the tabs below.
The Plains & Eastern Clean Line is estimated to create thousands of construction jobs and hundreds of direct jobs maintaining and operating the wind farms and the transmission line. In addition to these jobs, the Plains & Eastern Clean Line will spur increased employment opportunities in many sectors including manufacturing of turbines, towers and cable, and hospitality.
The project will make possible over $7 billion of new renewable energy investments that will increase demand for wind turbines and components and likely create business opportunities throughout the wind energy supply chain. The Plains & Eastern Clean Line will also result in a significant increase in property tax revenues, landowner payments and direct economic benefit to rural communities.
The Plains & Eastern Clean Line will be responsible for bringing online 4,000 megawatts (MW) from new clean energy projects that otherwise would not be built due to limitations of the existing electric transmission grid.
Clean energy delivered by the Plains & Eastern Clean Line project will provide enough energy to power more than 1 million homes per year in the Mid-South and southeastern United States.
The Plains & Eastern Clean Line will deliver 4,000 megawatts of new clean energy generation. Wind energy generation allows other generators to run less and burn less fuel, eliminating the need for the equivalent amount of energy derived from fossil fuels, thereby reducing pollution. According to a study by Leidos, the Plains & Eastern Clean Line will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by more than 13 million tons, equivalent to removing 2.7 million cars from the road annually. In addition, the project will reduce nitrogen oxide pollution (a contributor to smog) by approximately 5,000 tons per year, emissions of sulfur dioxide (a precursor to acid rain) by 11,000 tons per year, and mercury pollution by 194 pounds per year.
The Plains & Eastern Clean Line will reduce water withdrawal by over 3.4 billion gallons per year that would otherwise be needed for cooling thermal power plants.
By utilizing direct current technology, the Plains & Eastern Clean Line will complement the existing alternating current (AC) system. DC transmission lines are more efficient than comparable voltage AC lines, with substantially lower energy losses when moving large amounts of power long distances. It also serves to improve the reliability and security of the electric supply, while using narrower easements (less land) than comparable AC lines. This will result in less acreage affected by the new lines, less effect on the way farmers and ranchers use their land, and less visual impact.
The Plains & Eastern Clean Line is estimated to create thousands of construction jobs and hundreds of direct permanent jobs to operate the wind farms and transmission lines in Oklahoma. Local communities will benefit from increased revenues from both the transmission line infrastructure and supporting wind farms. According to the U.S. Department of Energy’s Final Environmental Impact Statement, in the first year of operation, Clean Line will pay an estimated $13 million in ad valorem taxes to Oklahoma counties and rural communities where the electric transmission project is located. Payments would continue to be made annually for as long as the line is in service and would support schools, and other community services.
The Plains & Eastern Clean Line will allow Oklahoma to maintain its position as one of the leading clean energy states in the country, by making possible over $7 billion in new investments in wind farms that could not otherwise be built due to the limitations of the existing electric transmission grid. In addition, businesses like Pelco Structural and Siemens that are involved in the wind energy and transmission supply chains will see increased demand for their products and services as a result of the construction of the project and associated wind farms.
The Plains & Eastern Clean Line will provide substantial amounts of low-cost, clean energy to Arkansas consumers. The project will also bring about rural economic development, create hundreds of jobs in Arkansas to construct the transmission line, and will reduce harmful air pollutants by millions of tons per year. Local communities will benefit from increased revenues from both the transmission line infrastructure. In Arkansas, we have developed a local contribution agreement to confirm and memorialize our commitment to provide voluntary payments to Arkansas counties and other taxing jurisdictions. The voluntary payments, to be made on an annual basis, total approximately $5 million in the first year and $140 million over the first 40 years of the project’s operation.
In addition, the Plains & Eastern Clean Line and the new wind farms made possible by the transmission line will create demand for manufacturers of wind turbine components and transmission components in Arkansas. Arkansas is the home of facilities operated by companies such as LM Wind Power and General Cable. Completion of the Plains & Eastern Clean Line should lead to increased employment for those companies and others involved in the wind energy and transmission sectors.
The Plains & Eastern Clean Line is estimated to create hundreds of construction jobs in western Tennessee. In addition, Tennessee communities and businesses will benefit by receiving the cost-effective renewable energy delivered by the Plains & Eastern Clean Line. The project will allow for lower wholesale electricity prices and lower emissions, creating significant environmental benefits for the state. | <urn:uuid:16570850-c113-42b7-bd78-3f5c01e747c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.plainsandeasterncleanline.com/site/page/benefits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929264 | 1,177 | 2.8125 | 3 |
|Dominican Republic Table of Contents
The coup effectively negated the 1962 elections by installing a civilian junta, known as the Triumvirate, dominated by the UCN. The initial head of the Triumvirate, Emilio de los Santos, resigned on December 23 and was replaced by Donald Reid Cabral. The Triumvirate never succeeded in establishing its authority over competing conservative factions both inside and outside the military; it also never convinced the majority of the population of its legitimacy. The widespread dissatisfaction with Reid and his government, coupled with lingering loyalties to Bosch, produced a revolution in April 1965.
The vanguard of the 1965 revolution, the perredeistas (members of the PRD) and other supporters of Bosch, called themselves Constitutionalists (a reference to their support for the 1963 constitution). The movement counted some junior military officers among its ranks. A combination of reformist military and aroused civilian combatants took to the streets on April 24, seized the National Palace, and installed Rafael Molina Ureña as provisional president. The revolution took on the dimensions of a civil war when conservative military forces, led by army general Elías Wessín y Wessín, struck back against the Constitutionalists on April 25. These conservative forces called themselves Loyalists. Despite tank assaults and bombing runs by Loyalist forces, however, the Constitutionalists held their positions in the capital; they appeared poised to branch out and to secure control of the entire country.
On April 28, the United States intervened in the civil war. President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered in forces that eventually totaled 20,000, to secure Santo Domingo and to restore order. Johnson had acted in the stated belief that the Constitutionalists were dominated by communists and that they therefore could not be allowed to come to power. The intervention was subsequently granted some measure of hemispheric approval by the creation of an OAS-sponsored peace force, which supplemented the United States military presence in the republic. An initial interim government was headed by Trujillo assassin Imbert; Héctor García Godoy assumed a provisional presidency on September 3, 1965. Violent skirmishes between Loyalists and Constitutionalists went on sporadically as, once again, elections were organized.
Source: U.S. Library of Congress | <urn:uuid:a2bd512f-b1c5-4f8a-898c-42c6d7ef16ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/13.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00120-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965493 | 470 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Fifth Knowledge Lecture:
AZOTH is a word formed from the initial and final letters of the Greek, Latin and Hebrew Alphabets thus: — A and Z, Aleph and Tau, Alpha and Omega. It is used with various meanings by different writers but generally signifies Essence.
The following names occur in Qabalistic writings:—
AIN — the Negative (Nothing — Not) AIN SOPH (Limitless) AIN SOPH AUR (The Limitless Light)
These are the Veils of the Negative Existence depending from Kether.
ARIK ANPIN — MACROPROSOPUS or The Vast Countenance is a title of Kether, and another of its titles is the Ancient of Days, AATIK YOMIN
Kether or the Vast Countenance emanates first as ABBA, the Supernal Father, and AIMA the Supernal
ABBA The Supernal Father is referred to YOD of Tetragrammaton, and
AIMA The Supernal Mother is referred to HEH.
ELOHIM is a name given to these two Persons united.
As Elohim they become the parents of THE SON ZAUIR ANPIN , also called MICROPROSOPUS or the LESSER COUNTENANCE.
ABBA is referred to YOD and the Sephira CHOKMAH. AIMA is referred to HEH and the Sephirah BINAH. ZAUIR ANPIN is referred to the six Sephiroth—Chesed, Geburah, Tiphareth, Netsach, Hod, and Yesod, and of these especially to TIPHARETH.
MALKAH The Queen, and KALAH The Bride are titles of MALKUTH considered as the Spouse ofZauir Anpin, the Microprosopus.
The Letters of the Name YHVH contain these meanings, thus:—
YOD is referred to ABBA.
HEH to AIMA.
VAU to ZAUIR ANPIN.
HEH (final) to MALKAH.
These Letters are also referred to the Four Worlds and the Four Suits of the Tarot thus:—
YOD ATZILUTH WANDS
HEH BRIAH CUPS
VAU YETZIRAH SWORDS
HEH (f) ASSIAH PENTACLES
ýn each of the four worlds are the Ten Sephiroth of that World, and each Sephirah has its own ten Sephiroth, making 400 Sephiroth in all — the number of the letter TAU, The Cross, The Universe, the Completion of all things.
The Tarot is thus referred to The Tree of Life:
the four aces are placed on the Throne of Kether — the remaining small cards of the suit desired on the respective Sephiroth, 2 on Chokmah, 3 on Binah, etc. The 22 Trumps are then arranged on the Paths between them, according to the Letters to which they correspond.
the kýng and queen of the suit are placed beside Chokmah and Binah respectively; the Knight and Knave by Tiphareth and Malkuth.
the tarot trumps thus receive the equilibrium of the Sephiroth they connect.
the admýssýon badges used in the grade of Philosophus are as follows:
the calvary cross of twelve squares, admitting to the Path of Qoph, the 29th Path, refers to the Zodiac and to the Eternal River of Eden divided into Four Heads:
Nahar — The River
2. Pison 3. Gihon 4. Pharath
the pyramýd of the four elements admits to the Path of Tzaddi, the 28th Path.
On the sides are the Hebrew Names of the Elements. On the apex is the word Eth — Essence,
and on the base the word Olam meaning World.
THE CALVARY CROSS OF TEN SQUARES admits to the Path of Peh, Mars — the 27th Path. The Ten Squares are referred to the Ten Sephiroth in balanced disposition. It is also the opened out form of the double Cube of the Altar of Incense.
THE CROSS OF THE HEGEMON'S BADGE admits to the Grade of Philosophus. This cross embraces Tiphareth, Netsach, Hod and Yesod, and rests upon Malkuth. The Calvary Cross of Six Squares also refers to the six Sephiroth of Microprosopus and is the opened out form of the cube.
Finally we have the symbol of Venus on the Tree of Life
It embraces all ten Sephiroth on the Tree. It is a fitting emblem of the isis of Nature. Since it contains all the Sephiroth its circle should be made larger then that of Mercury shown in a previous diagram.
ANOTHER ARRANGEMENT OF THE TREE
There are various formats of the Sephiroth. The most frequent has already been given, but there is another in common usage and will be seen to have been employed in some of the large Altar diagrams of both the Practicus and Philosophus Grade. It is often referred to as The Seven Palaces of Assiah attributed to the ten Sephiroth.
This drawing represents the triad of elements operating through the Sephiroth and reflected downwards into the Tree. Air is reflected straight down the Middle Pillar, from Kether through Tiphareth to Yesod and the upper quadrant of Malkuth. Water is relfected cross-wise from Binah through Chesed to Hod. Fire is reflected cross-wise from Chokmah through Geburah to Netzach. Malkuth therefore becomes the receptacle of the other three elements.
THE REFLECTION OF THE ELEMENTS DOWN THE TREE
MEDITATION NUMBER FIVE
Let the PHILOSOPHUS meditate upon the symbol of the Fire Triangle in all its aspects. Let him contemplate the symbol of the Planet VENUS until he realises the Universal Love which would express itself in perfect service to all mankind and which embraces Nature both visible and invisible.
Let him identify himself with the powers of FIRE, consecrating himself wholly until the Burnt Sacrifice is consummated and the Christ is conceived by the Spirit.
Let him meditate upon the Triplicity of Fire - its attributes and correspondences.
MEDITATION NUMBER SIX
Let the Aspirant meditate upon the Cross in its various forms and aspects as shown in the Admission Badges throughout the Grades.
Let him consider the necessity and prevalence of sacrifice throughout nature and religion. Let him realise the saying of the Master, ‘Whosoever shall save his life shall lose it, and whosoever shall lose his life shall save it.’
‘Except an ear of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone, but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit.’
Let him endeavour to realise his own place and relative importance in the Universe, striving to stand outside himself and allowing only such claims as he would allow to another.
Let him carefully abstain from talking of himself, his feelings or experiences that he may gain continence of speech, and learn to control the wasteful activities of his mind.
Let him contemplate the Sun as thinly veiled in clouds. | <urn:uuid:cc5bd895-1131-405f-be4a-ff97f92b2376> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hermetics.org/gd/GD-5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928495 | 1,579 | 2.984375 | 3 |
By Tom Jackson
Over the past decade the California Air Resources Board has engaged in a vast and unprecedented experiment. The aim of the experiment was to force diesel truck and heavy equipment construction operations to drastically cut their exhaust emissions by selling off older machines, or installing expensive new engines and/or exhaust after treatment devices. If construction and trucking did this, goes CARB’s theory, it would significantly reduce California’s smog, and lead to less cancer and improved health for its citizens.
In the last four issues of Equipment World we’ve documented the devastating impact these regulations have had on the construction industry in California and how air quality regulators in other parts of the country are eyeing California as a possible model for their own regions. We also showed how CARB staff was surprised by public testimony at its April 22 board meeting with revelations that the agency had over-estimated the emissions from heavy equipment by anywhere from 200 to 400 percent. CARB is hinting that it may hold off enforcement of these regulations for a couple of years. But that still leaves tens of thousands of construction jobs and companies in limbo in a state devastated more than most by the recession.
The core of this issue isn’t California’s or any state’s right to safeguard its air and the health of its citizens. That’s a given. What everything hinges on is whether or not the science justifies the policy.
In our opinion it does not. Here’s why:
If you’ve read any of the news articles about off-road emission regulations in recent years you no doubt have seen the statistic that – according to the EPA – Tier 4 reductions in diesel emissions will prevent 12,000 premature deaths, 8,900 hospitalizations and 1 million lost work days nationwide, saving more than $80 billion dollars annually. This has been so often repeated that it is assumed to be a scientific certainty. The trouble is the numbers are wildly speculative.
What everything hinges on is whether or not the science justifies the policy. In our opinion it does not.
According to the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization that provides impartial reviews of the science of air pollution and health, the science is anything but settled. Its 2003 study “Research on Diesel Exhaust and Other Particles,” said in essence that none of the current science could prove a link between diesel exhaust in the air we breathe and cancer, heart and lung disease or asthma.
One of the studies reviewed by HEI (Garshick et al 1987, 1988) looked at lung cancer rates among railroad workers and has been trumpeted by CARB as evidence of diesel’s deadly health effects. Yet HEI recommended against using the data, noting that the study actually showed a decreasing risk of cancer the longer these workers remained on the job.
In 2010 HEI published “Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions, Exposure and Health Effects,” which said that nearly all the claims that exposure to emissions in high traffic areas harmed human health were “error prone” and “inadequate and insufficient,” or at best “suggestive but not sufficient.”
The problem isn’t dishonest scientists, it’s that proving something in the lab is different than proving it in a large urban environment with hundreds of uncontrolled variables. It has been proven too much diesel exhaust in the lab is harmful to animals, but outdoors how much is too much? Nobody can say with any degree of certainty.
This hasn’t stopped CARB or the EPA, which has still to grant the waiver CARB needs to enforce its regulations, from speculating on possible health effects. The California EPA looked at Garshick’s railroad workers study and concluded that such exposures would result in anywhere from 1 to 24 excess deaths per 10,000 people. The federal EPA reviewed all the relevant data and came up with a “possible” risk of 0.1 to 10 excess deaths per 10,000. The spread between the smallest and largest numbers in both these sets is so large as to be essentially meaningless – insufficient to base policy on or establish a risk-reward ratio.
Policy before science
This enormous variability in the numbers ought to have given policy makers pause to reconsider, but it has not. According to Bill Davis, executive vice president of the Southern California Contractors Association, CARB’s most recent health study, “Methodology for Estimating Premature Deaths Associated with Long-term exposure to Fine Airborne Particulate Matter in California,” likewise failed to established a link between human health and diesel exhaust. And in a June 14 letter to CARB, the SCCA and several other industry associations accused some of the report’s authors of having conflicts of interest and reviewing their own material instead of allowing independent sources to do the reviews.
By the time construction picks up again – if it ever picks up again in California – new machines that produce 95 percent fewer emissions from the factory will be in the field and keeping emissions well below mid-decade peaks reached when CARB was drafting its rules.
The lead technical author of the report was shown to have committed credential fraud, having claimed a PhD when in fact he had purchased a mail-order degree from a diploma mill. CARB board members who knew about this failed to disclose it until after a contentious and costly truck emissions rule was passed based on the report. CARB later agreed to issue a new report in April, but as of mid-July, has yet to produce one.
The recession has cut machine hours (hence emissions) in California almost in half and it looks like current total diesel emissions are already far below CARB’s original target and will remain so for years. By the time construction picks up again – if it ever picks up again in California – new machines that produce 95 percent fewer emissions from the factory will be in the field and keeping emissions well below mid-decade peaks reached when CARB was drafting its rules. Despite its best intentions, CARB does not have the science or the emissions inventory to justify such a huge and expensive undertaking.
What’s to be done? CARB has already taken a promising first step by agreeing to recalculate the volume of emissions. But a lot more is needed. CARB should:
• Hit up the federal government for enough money to adequately research the issue so that it can prove or disprove these “suggestive but not sufficient” theories. If diesel emissions are such a big health threat then the subject should get the same level of research funding as cancer or global warming studies.
• Reconstitute the board membership and include representatives from the construction and trucking industries. We think a “team of rivals” approach to deliberating these issues would produce a better outcome.
• Compensate the companies and market segments that have lost money playing by the rules – including contractors, rental stores and the aftermarket industry.
• Declare a firm moratorium on rules until all these issues can be addressed.
Likewise we suggest that other state and federal air quality agencies considering CARB-like regulations stop issuing new regulations until the science is solid and based on today’s emissions levels – not the levels from 10 or 15 years ago when off-road engines produced 10 times as many emissions as today’s equipment. You can’t have good policy if you base it on bad information.
Settle the science, then develop the policy. EW | <urn:uuid:34963423-8b74-4170-a9ca-0b8924ed3b0e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.equipmentworld.com/california-crack-down-part-v/?full-article=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957181 | 1,553 | 2.625 | 3 |
History lies heavily on South Africa, and Adam Hochschild brings to bear a lifetime's familiarity with the country in an eye-opening work that blends history and reportage. Hochschild looks at the tensions of modern South Africa through a dramatic prism: the pivotal nineteenth-century Battle of Blood River -- which determined whether the Boers or the Zulus would control that part of the world -- and its contentious commemoration by rival groups 150 years later. This incisive book offers an unusual window onto a society that remains divided. In his epilogue, Hochschild extends his view to the astonishing political changes that have occurred in the country in recent years -- and the changes yet to be made.
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Rent The Mirror at Midnight 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Adam Hochschild. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now. | <urn:uuid:85a385ab-28ce-40e6-9e99-9efaf7656e10> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/the-mirror-at-midnight-1st-edition-9780618758258-0618758259 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933171 | 224 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Inside a thermal vacuum at Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, technicians prepare NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander for environmental testing.
The Phoenix lander was encapsulated in its aeroshell -- which included both the back shell and heat shield -- as it was subjected to extreme cold and heat in a vacuum, space-like condition. The spacecraft undergoes extensive environmental testing to confirm Phoenix will perform in the extreme conditions it will experience during its trip from Earth to Mars, during its arrival and landing, and while it works on the surface of Mars.
The Phoenix mission is led by Principal Investigator Peter H. Smith of the University of Arizona, Tucson, with project management at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and development partnership with Lockheed Martin Space Systems. International contributions for Phoenix are provided by the Canadian Space Agency, the University of Neuchatel (Switzerland), the University of Copenhagen, and the Max Planck Institute in Germany. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
Photojournal Note: As planned, the Phoenix lander, which landed May 25, 2008 23:53 UTC, ended communications in November 2008, about six months after landing, when its solar panels ceased operating in the dark Martian winter. | <urn:uuid:55d5abc8-c1be-4a5b-a4dd-e605087818ad> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA09204 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930672 | 246 | 3.5 | 4 |
Annual or perennial herbs or
suffrutices. Leaves (in ours), serrate, crenate-serrate or lobed. Flowers orange, yellow or cream. Epicalyx
0. Fruit of 5 to 12 mericarps, dehiscent at the
apex, base or indehiscent, usually acute, beaked or awned, each containing one seed.
Note that Malvastrum
coromandelianum looks like a species of Sida and
grows in similar habitats, but may be easily separated by its 3 linear epicalyx bracts. Similarly, Hibiscus sidiformis, as the name suggests, somewhat resembles a
Sida and, indeed, lacks an epicalyx. However, it would
be readily separated by the fruit.
Worldwide: c. 200 species in tropical and warm zones, but especially America
Zimbabwe: 12 taxa. | <urn:uuid:b4484f8d-fe3c-472b-91a5-84db66ca5c2f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=939 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862834 | 195 | 2.875 | 3 |
Greenhouse Tomatoes in a New
York High Tunnel
The Tomato Magazine
By Judson Reid and Helene Dillard
In New York State’s Finger Lakes
region, greenhouse tomato production
has increased dramatically over the last five years. Most of this growth is
the result of an influx of Mennonite and Amish growers seeking alternative
horticultural production methods. However, heating a greenhouse through a New
York winter requires high-energy input and can be cost prohibitive. An alternative
to a fully heated greenhouse is the hoop house or high tunnel. Unlike greenhouses,
these structures have no supplemental heat or automated ventilation. High tunnels
can be moved, which offers an advantage for rotating into fresh soil for tomato
culture, to avoid pest and disease build-up, as well as nutrient depletion.
No Electricity Required
The high tunnel is an appropriate fit for Mennonite and Amish growers. There
is no electricity required, in fact no automation at all. Temperature manipulation
and ventilation are all done manually, which capitalizes on the abundant
labor available on these farms. High tunnels also appear to decrease the
need for fungicide applications when compared to field grown tomatoes.
Until this trial determinant, field varieties were grown in high tunnels.
Working with cooperating grower Howard Hoover, we decided to investigate
varieties would perform better than determinate field types in an unheated
high tunnel at a Penn Yan, NY farm. We submitted a proposal to the USDA’s
Northeast Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education program (NE-SARE),
and received approval. The projects goals were to:
• Compare 4 tomato varieties in an unheated high tunnel by measuring yield
in total weight, total number of fruit, and mean fruit weight.
• Compare vertical to horizontal trellising.
• Observe disease and insect pest trends in the high tunnel, and manage them
in a sustainable manner.
• Share our information with other growers in the region.
Performed Well in
Unheated High Tunnels
The results were exciting. We found that indeterminate varieties that had previously
only been grown in heated greenhouses would perform well in an unheated high
tunnel. The indeterminate varieties yielded more consistently over time than
the determinate variety in our trial. This may be an advantage or disadvantage
depending on market windows. If a grower prefers a heavy flush of fruit prior
to availability of field grown tomatoes, the determinate variety may be preferable.
Alternatively if the grower desires a long, sustained harvest, the indeterminate
types may be superior.
The high tunnel may decrease pesticide inputs. For example, no pesticides were
used in this trial. Minor levels of foliar diseases occurred in the high tunnel,
but none approached an economic threshold. An interesting development was widespread
late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in field grown tomatoes throughout the
region. The disease was present in the farmer’s home garden 30 feet from
the high tunnel, yet no late blight was observed within the tunnel.
The warm, dry environment is also great for working together with family. When
it is raining outside and fieldwork has to be put on hold, children and parents
can be together in the hoop house to pull weeds, trellis, prune and harvest.
Tomato fruit maturity in high tunnels appears to coincide well with profitable
price windows at produce auctions found among Mennonite and Amish communities.
Our high tunnel tomato trial was a success, not only because our data showed
clear differences between varieties, but also because we were able to share
this information with other greenhouse tomato growers throughout the Finger
Lakes. At a high tunnel twilight meeting convened in early August, over 40
tomato growers from the region observed our treatments and yields.
The information above is from only one year of data. Fortunately NE-SARE has
funded the project for a second year to include three high tunnels. Included
in the 2005 trial will be a colored bell pepper trial in which biological disease
control strategies will be examined, and a certified organic high tunnel will
be studied where heirloom tomatoes are produced.
Editor’s Note: Judson Reid is an area vegetable specialist
with the Cornell Cooperative Extension, Penn Yan, N.Y. He can be reached
email@example.com; Helene Dillard is a professor, Department of Plant
Pathology, and director, Cornell Cooperative Extension, NYSAES, Cornell
University, Geneva, N.Y.
© 2005 Columbia Publishing
>> Return to top
Columbia Publishing & Design | <urn:uuid:3952bf7f-f4ef-4829-aefb-652d1c232bd5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.columbiapublications.com/tomatomagazine/june2005/greenhousetomatoes.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917273 | 969 | 2.671875 | 3 |
There is a webpage where you can find mention of this: http://jeff560.tripod.com/set.html
Here's an extract
The null set symbol (Ø) first appeared in N. Bourbaki Éléments de mathématique Fasc.1: Les structures fondamentales de l'analyse; Liv.1: Theorie de ensembles. (Fascicule de resultants) (1939): "certaines propriétés... ne sont vraies pour aucun élément de E... la partie qu’elles définissent est appelée la partie vide de E, et designée par la notation Ø." (p. 4.)
André Weil (1906-1998) says in his autobiography that he was responsible for the symbol:
Wisely, we had decided to publish an installment establishing the system of notation for set theory, rather than wait for the detailed treatment that was to follow: it was high time to fix these notations once and for all, and indeed the ones we proposed, which introduced a number of modifications to the notations previously in use, met with general approval. Much later, my own part in these discussions earned me the respect of my daughter Nicolette, when she learned the symbol Ø for the empty set at school and I told her that I had been personally responsible for its adoption. The symbol came from the Norwegian alphabet, with which I alone among the Bourbaki group was familiar.
The citation above is from page 114 of André Weil's The Apprenticeship of a Mathematician, Birkhaeuser Verlag, Basel-Boston-Berlin, 1992. Translated from the French by Jennifer Gage. The citation was provided by Julio González Cabillón.
You should also note that Nicolas Bourbaki is a collective pseudonym for a group of French-speaking mathematicians.
Concerning your question, I remember one of my math professor telling us that in fact, it was a claim by both André Weil and Claude Chevalley, but I can't find the citation for Chevalley.
I've found also this lecture about history of math from a Canadian University (in French), where this issue is mentioned: http://www.mat.ulaval.ca/fileadmin/Cours/MAT-2500/Bourbaki.pdf | <urn:uuid:4b19f1ec-cafd-49c9-9959-f3f59dde8d45> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/184943/which-symbol-should-be-used-for-an-empty-set/184962 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00088-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881001 | 506 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The response was overwhelming. Parents wrote and thanked her for introducing and, for some, reintroducing the classic Steinbeck novel Of Mice and Men into their homes. Parents and students were reading together and continued with more Steinbeck’s works during the summer.
Denise’s story is a prime example of “Reading for All,” the West Virginia Board of Education (WVBOE) reading initiative launched nearly six years ago. She brought reading into the homes and parents became involved with their children’s assignments. For some, she reminded them of the joy of reading.
The WVBOE recognized a need for professional development in the area of reading and, as a result, it launched “Reading for All,” which focuses on three phases: Learn to Read for grades kindergarten through four; Read to Learn for grades five through 12; and Read to Succeed which continues through adulthood.
The WVBOE also created the West Virginia Reading Academy. The Reading Academy has provided intensive professional development in reading to K-3 principals and educators for more than five years. During those five years, approximately 650 educators representing 120 schools participated in the Academy.
One year later, the West Virginia Department of Education Reading Cadre was formed. Within a few months, this group of dedicated teachers delivered reading professional development to Regional Education Service Agencies (RESAs), counties and schools throughout West Virginia. The training was tailored to the reading needs of the particular county or school served. The Cadre has received recognition and accolades from venues including other states, the United States Department of Education and The International Reading Association.
Last year 21 counties were awarded Reading First grants. These with eight additional anticipated counties will share more than $6 million dollars per year for the next three years. The United States Department of Education announced in 2002 that West Virginia would receive approximately $43.8 million over the next six years to administer the Reading First program.
Earlier this month the third annual West Virginia Reading Research Symposium was held, which sparked our educators’ minds with new research on effectively teaching our children to learn to read. The symposium is designed to provide three days of scientific research on reading education to educators from across West Virginia.
This dedication and hard work has definitely reaped positive results National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) scores revealed our fourth graders have remained above the national average for the second year in a row. It was delightful to learn that Wayne Elementary received the 2003 Exemplary Reading Program Award from the International Reading Association and the West Virginia Reading Association. More recently, West Virginia was one of only two states in the nation to receive the prestigious International Reading Association’s Five Star Policy Award by demonstrating that it guarantees quality education and student achievement by implementing excellent reading policies, programs and initiatives.
With all of these accolades and recognitions, there is still work to do. Too many children are still entering public school without the stimulation and experiences they need to be academically successful. Attention must focus on these early grades and cultivate environments that promote language and learning.
There is no challenge more critical or more important to the success of West Virginia students and ultimately the success of this country than the successful teaching of reading.
Everyone must do his/her part to help our students achieve. The West Virginia Board of Education will continue to do its part by maintaining its focus on reading. Parents can do their part by supporting reading instruction at home and making reading a part of every day. | <urn:uuid:cee4f7c6-965a-4789-8504-d38bcb344bfb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://wvde.state.wv.us/news/941/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971776 | 714 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Anyone who follows the media has probably heard many times that the rich are getting richer, the poor are getting poorer, and incomes of the population in general are stagnating. Moreover, those who say such things can produce many statistics, including data from the Census Bureau, which seem to indicate that.
On the other hand, income tax data recently released by the Internal Revenue Service seem to show the exact opposite: People in the bottom fifth of income-tax filers in 1996 had their incomes increase by 91 percent by 2005.
The top one percent "the rich" who are supposed to be monopolizing the money, according to the left saw their incomes decline by a whopping 26 percent.
Meanwhile, the average taxpayers' real income increased by 24 percent between 1996 and 2005.
How can all this be? How can official statistics from different agencies of the same government the Census Bureau and the IRS lead to such radically different conclusions?
There are wild cards in such data that need to be kept in mind when you hear income statistics thrown around especially when they are thrown around by people who are trying to prove something for political purposes.
One of these wild cards is that most Americans do not stay in the same income brackets throughout their lives. Millions of people move from one bracket to another in just a few years.
What that means statistically is that comparing the top income bracket with the bottom income bracket over a period of years tells you nothing about what is happening to the actual flesh-and-blood human beings who are moving between brackets during those years.
That is why the IRS data, which are for people 25 years old and older, and which follow the same individuals over time, find those in the bottom 20 percent of income-tax filers almost doubling their income in a decade. That is why they are no longer in the same bracket.
That is also why the share of income going to the bottom 20 percent bracket can be going down, as the Census Bureau data show, while the income going to the people who began the decade in that bracket is going up by large amounts.
Unfortunately, most income statistics, including those from the Census Bureau, do not follow individuals over time. The Internal Revenue Service does that and so does a study at the University of Michigan, but they are the exceptions rather than the rule.
Following trends among income brackets over the years creates the illusion of following people over time. But the only way to follow people is to follow people.
Another wild card in income statistics is that many such statistics are about households or families whose sizes vary over time, vary between one racial or ethnic group and another, and vary between one income bracket and another.
That is why household or family income can remain virtually unchanged for decades while per capita income is going up by very large amounts. The number of people per household and per family is declining.
Differences in the number of people per household from one ethnic group to another is why Hispanics have higher household incomes than blacks, while blacks have higher individual incomes than Hispanics.
Considering the millions of dollars being paid to each of the anchors who broadcast network news, surely these networks can afford to hire a few statisticians to check the statistics being thrown around, before these numbers are broadcast across the land as facts on which we are supposed to base policies and elect presidents.
Now that the Internal Revenue data show the opposite of what the media and the politicians have been saying for years, should we expect either to change? Not bloody likely.
The University of Michigan study, which has been going on for decades, shows patterns very similar to those of the IRS data. Those patterns have been ignored for decades.
Too many in the media and in politics choose whatever statistics fit their preconceptions. | <urn:uuid:b72a86b3-8e26-4a89-a677-c59dadf8ef8b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell112007.php3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97175 | 758 | 2.53125 | 3 |
It took Denmark more than two decades to essentially eradicate salmonella in its poultry industry. The effort involved twists and U-turns. Here's a timeline:
1988 - Salmonella illnesses traced to chicken meat spike.
1989 - Industry adopts voluntary measures, testing broiler flocks three weeks before slaughter. Positive flocks are butchered at the end of the day to avoid cross contamination.
1992 - Industry starts testing egg layer flocks and positive flocks are slaughtered.
1993 - Co-op Denmark requires processors to work towards salmonella-free chicken; introduces salmonella-free label.
1993 - 1996 - Industry introduces sanitation measures; feed is treated
Dec. 1996 - Denmark adopts National Salmonella Control Program, allocating about $30 million from government, $5 million from industry to compensate farmers who have to kill egg-laying flocks; scientists change testing to make it more sensitive; antibiotics and vaccines are banned; program declares zero tolerance for salmonella.
1997 - Country suspends killing egg-layer flocks because of threat of egg shortage; refuses to buy contaminated breeding stock; eggs cause spike in salmonella illnesses.
1998 - No raw eggs sold from hens with salmonella.
2011 - No illnesses traced to Danish chicken meat; only a dozen cases traced to eggs.
Timeline: Denmark's crackdown on salmonella. | <urn:uuid:8be4906c-2d23-4b1e-955e-e7015c481fa7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2014/03/contaminated_chicken_timeline.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883251 | 288 | 3.5 | 4 |
The Gabriella Patser Program
The Gabriella Patser Program was established to ensure that low-income, uninsured women and men under the age of 40 have access to critical diagnostic services for breast health problems, and to benefit from early detection of breast cancer.
Understanding the Affordable Care Act’s Impact:
Why the Patser Program is Still Critical for the Uninsured
What is the Affordable Care Act?
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law on March 23, 2010 to reform health care in America. The intention of the ACA is to make health insurance coverage more secure and reliable for Americans who have it, make coverage more affordable for families and small business owners, and bring down skyrocketing healthcare costs that have put a strain on individuals, families, employers, and the Federal budget.
What is the Gabriella Patser Program?
Bay Area Cancer Connections’ Gabriella Patser Program was established in December 1994 to ensure that women and men’s access to breast cancer screening and diagnostic procedures would not be limited by ability to pay. The goal of this program is to fill the gap in services for uninsured, low income women under the age of 40 and men of all ages who present with a breast health issue suspicious of breast cancer. These women and men are below the federal poverty line, and are not eligible for California’s Cancer Detection Program which only provides breast cancer screening and diagnostic services for women who are age 40 and above. The Gabriella Patser Program partners with 113 referral clinics and 39 medical providers throughout 10 Bay Area counties to grant these critical breast screening and diagnostic services. In addition, the program provides personal navigation of the medical system, Spanish/English interpretation assistance, breast health education, emotional support, and case management.
What are the barriers to ACA enrollment?
Among those who remained uninsured in 2014, the Kaiser Family Foundation found that the most common barrier to health insurance enrollment was not being able to afford coverage (34%). Another 15% reported that the main reason they remained uninsured was that they didn’t qualify for coverage or financial help.
Who is still uninsured?
While the ACA is expected to reduce California’s uninsurance rate by at least half, it is projected that between 2.7 and 3.4 million Californians will remain uninsured by 2019. Californians projected to remain uninsured are also more likely to live in households with incomes of 200% of the Federal Poverty Level or less, which is equivalent to $23,340 for a single individual and $47,700 for a family of four in 2014. Low-income households are projected to make up approximately two-thirds of the remaining uninsured in 2019, compared to 38% of the California population.
In Santa Clara County an estimated 167,584 Santa Clara County residents still remain uninsured. There are a number of reasons why: some are ineligible for coverage due to documentation status; some missed signing up for coverage during Covered California enrollment periods; others cannot afford the coverage offered through their employer; and other still are no enrolled into Medi-Cal or simply choose not to enroll.
Why is the Gabriella Patser Program still needed?
The program exists to help those who don’t have access to healthcare for breast cancer screening and diagnostics. Because two-thirds of Californians projected to remain uninsured are low income, adequate funding for Bay Area Cancer Connections’ Gabriella Patser Program continues to remain an important priority.
To learn more about this program please contact Colleen Kleier, Director of Programs and Services.
Which Californians will Lack Health Insurance under the Affordable Care Act?
By Laurel Lucia, Miranda Dietz, Ken Jacobs, Xiao Chen, and Gerald F. Kominski
UC Berkeley Center for Labor Research and Education
UCLA Center for Health Policy Research
How does the Program work?
A primary care medical professional must examine you and determine if your breast health issue and situation are appropriate for application to the program.
There are currently over 90 community clinics throughout the Greater Bay Area participating as referral agencies for the Patser Program. Each clinic has been trained on how to refer a patient to the program and has the application forms in their office.
To find a referral clinic near you call Donaji Olivares, Program Coordinator at (650) 326-6299, ext. 21.
- Women under the age of forty. Men of any age.
- Breast health problem suspicious of a malignancy or a strong family history of breast cancer (two first-degree relatives).
- Uninsured or under-insured.
- Family income less than or equal to 200 percent of the Federal Poverty Level.
- Clients receive the necessary services to diagnose their breast health issue from participating Patser providers (physicians and facilities in the area who contract with BCC to provide these services at reduced rates).
- Service may include breast ultrasound, mammography, surgical consultation, breast MRI, and biopsy.
- Clients receive these services free of charge. Providers bill BCC directly for the services provided.
- Help is provided to clients every step of the way to navigate the medical system, including interpreting and transportation assistance.
Why women under 40?
Early detection makes a critical difference in women’s chances of survival, especially young women whose tumors are often more aggressive and may require more aggressive treatments than their post-menopausal counterparts.
California has a state-funded program that provides screening and diagnostic services to underserved women over 40, but there are no resources for women under 40 or men of any age. The Gabriella Patser Program provides a safety net for the young women who present at risk for breast cancer but do not qualify for state assistance due to their age. | <urn:uuid:df1f5ff2-4de5-4653-888f-d0387ebafcf8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bcconnections.org/our-services/access-to-care/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951727 | 1,179 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Asthma is a disease of the human respiratory system in which the airways narrow, often in response to a "trigger" such as exposure to an allergen, cold air, exercise, or emotional stress. This narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, which are the hallmarks of asthma.
Asthma is such a common disease now that everybody has heard of it and probably knows a few people who have it. In general, asthma is caused by an irritation of the airways. What causes the irritation varies between people and between attacks.† Some common irritants or triggers are: ††† * Dust ††† * Pollen ††† * Dust mites ††† * Tobacco ††† * Allergens ††† * Hay fever ††† * Viral infections such as a cold or flu ††† * Animal hair ††† * Sudden weather or temperature changes ††† * Exercise
If you have ever wondered how to get rid of Asthma you are not alone. Asthma has infected literally millions of adults and children all over the world and many more are finding out that they have this frustrating disease every day. So How to get Rid of Asthma is something on people’s minds and was also on mine for a long time as my wife has suffered with severe Asthma from childhood.
We have tried every natural remedy that we heard would help to relieve her symptoms and found minimal relief at best.
Sodium benzoate is a preservative found in margarine, sauces, cool drinks and some dried fruits. This particular preservative causes respiratory problems such as asthma and bronchitis.
Children who were fed cow's milk as babies are more prone to asthma. If breast-feeding is not an option, it is important to choose a formula not based on cow's milk. Soya milk or goat's milk are better choices. Whether breast-fed or not, asthmatic children usually have an allergy to dairy produce, sugar and wheat. If handled without fuss, this need not be too great a problem in later life.
The nebulizer is likened to a metered-dose inhaler and it has been argued that nebulizers are no more effective than inhalers used with a spacer. But patients experiencing a severe asthma attack may not be able to inhale deeply and renders inhalers ineffective even after several attempts as the medications may not be delivered deeply into the lungs.
Cereals must be oat or rice based. Mid afternoon, have a grated stewed apple with cinnamon/clove, or half an avocado to prevent cravings for sweets or crisps, Perhaps a bowl of vegetable broth or chicken soup for dinner.
However, the highest concentration of dust mites is found in the place where you spend one third of your life - your bed. Dust mites thrive in the warm, dark, humid conditions that your bed provides and most particularly in the mattress.
The more you eat Vitamin C, the better it is for your asthma, and the easier your natural asthma control becomes. Things such as Limes, Lemons, Oranges, Strawberries, and Tomatoes, are all things that have Vitamin C.
You will soon start to notice your lungs opening up, and you will feel it a lot easier to breathe in a matter of minutes. Time and time again this has been known to work, as it will aid you with the tightness in your chest, and probably one of the most used natural cures for asthma.
Reflexology can be extremely beneficial - ask the reflexologies to pay particular attention to your adrenal glands and kidneys as well as the heart. Sunshine for at least 30 minutes per day on the skin and naked eye, benefits the endocrine system, which in turn promotes healthy adrenal glands and a return to homeostasis.
The weed stinging nettle was recently scientifically tested for its antihistamine properties, with encouraging results. Hay fever and asthma sufferers experienced dramatic improvements after drinking nettle tea.
For patients having their first asthma attack, it is wise to see a doctor soon afterwards to discuss the disease. By learning about asthma and your triggers, you can manage it and reduce the likelihood of attacks.
Having asthma is serious but need not change your life very much. Learning about your disease is the first step to leading a normal life, and then some simple precautions can be followed to minimize attacks and complications.
By adrianna smith
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by WWH terms and conditions. | <urn:uuid:4ca097bf-ae87-4832-a8cd-49da820165e8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.worldwidehealth.com/health-article-Asthma-Problem-How-to-Get-Rid-of-it.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956949 | 1,078 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Healthy, No-Nonsense Nutrition
Know your diet and nutrition facts from fables.
By John Casey
Reviewed By Brunilda Nazario
The fact that good nutrition and long-term weight management are pretty much the same thing is one of life's pleasant surprises. The better you eat, the more likely you are to have a stable weight over time and to be generally healthier over time.
It's too bad that weight management and nutrition are so often surrounded by misinformation that makes good eating seem mysterious or impossible. Here's a look at some eating facts and fables from food experts' perspectives.
Is poultry healthier than beef?
"Certainly skinless, white meat chicken is lower in total fat and saturated fat than beef," says Connie Crawley, RD, an extension nutrition and health specialist in the Department of Food and Nutrition at the University of Georgia. "But some cuts of beef are pretty lean, too, and beef is a good source of protein and iron and B vitamins. It all depends on the cut and the preparation."
Beef, in general, is higher in saturated fat than poultry, but a lean cut of beef may have less saturated fat than a fatty cut of poultry with skin.
"Grilled white meat chicken breast without skin is a lean, relatively low-calorie, high-quality protein source," says David L. Katz, MD, associate clinical professor of Public Health & Medicine at the Yale University School of Medicine.
Overall, "the best 'meats' are fish, and white meat poultry without skin," says Katz, who also directs the Yale Prevention Research Center and is the author of The Way to Eat.
If you're eating beef, do so only occasionally, in moderation, and stick to lean cuts, these experts advise. Trim visible fat, and avoid meat that is "marbled" in appearance, as that appearance is due to high fat content.
"Processed deli meats are not only high in fat, but also many other undesirable nutrients, such as sugar, salt, and often chemical flavorings and colorants, and are certainly best avoided," Katz says.
Will eating after 8 p.m. cause weight gain?
No. The time of day during which you choose to eat has no bearing on how your body processes food, according to our experts. Any extra calories you take in will be stored as fat whether you eat them at noon or midnight.
That's not to say that evening eating isn't a problem for many dieters. It's easy in the evening to snack while relaxing.
"When we eat in front of the television, we aren't paying attention to what we are eating," says Lauren Solotar, chief psychologist and obesity researcher at The May Institute in Walpole, Mass. "Research shows that people who eat in front of the TV report feeling like they haven't eaten at all. It appears that the food eaten doesn't register all that well when we are distracted."
Will I get high blood pressure if I eat too much salt?
In the majority of cases of high blood pressure, the cause is not known. If you have high blood pressure, limiting the amount of salt you eat can help control it. Increasing salt can worsen high blood pressure but does not cause it.
The average American eats about 6 to 18 grams of salt every day. Your body actually needs only about 0.5 grams of salt each day.
The AHA recommends that healthy adults should limit sodium to no more than 2,400 mgs per day, or 2.4 grams. This is about 1 teaspoon of sodium.
If that sounds easy enough, keep in mind that most sodium in our diet is added to food while it's being commercially processed or prepared at home. That's why you need to be aware of both natural and added sodium content when you choose foods to lower the amount of sodium you eat. When buying prepared and prepackaged foods, read the labels. Many different sodium compounds are added to foods. These are listed on food labels. Watch for the words soda and sodium.
Can a diet high in milk cause asthma?
"For years, milk has been accused of causing excess mucus production," says Connie Crawley. "I have never seen any controlled studies that prove this."
Asthma is an inflammatory condition generally related to allergy, says Katz. "Allergy to milk proteins is fairly common, so it is likely that in some instances a milk allergy leads to asthma." Most cases of asthma, he adds, have nothing to do with milk.
"Most children and adolescents in the U.S. drink too little milk, which is the optimal dietary source of calcium needed for bone health. Skim milk, and other nonfat dairy products, are the best sources because they are free of the extra calories and saturated fat of regular dairy. "
Are fresh and frozen vegetables better than canned?
Don't knock canned foods. "If you rinse canned foods to remove added salt or sugar, they can be every bit as nutritious as fresh and frozen foods." Says Lisa Giannetto, MD, assistant clinical professor in the Duke Executive health program at Duke University Medical Center. That's because some produce at stores may have been sitting around for long enough to have lost some of its nutritive value.
"If you get them fresh directly off the vine and the frozen is kept below freezing and not thawed during transit or storage, they are probably more nutritious than canned since canned usually has a lot of added sodium and it does sit in liquid," says Crawely.
Katz says that "canned vegetables are certainly better than no vegetables. Much of the nutrient value is retained in canned vegetables because they usually are processed right after harvest."
The really important thing about vegetables is to eat them, says Giannetto. "Rinse the salt out of canned foods and use them if their convenience makes the difference between eating vegetables and not eating them. Many of us are simply not getting anywhere near the servings of fruits and vegetables we need."
Do carbs really make you fat?
No matter what the source, excess calories make you fat.
A gram of fat has more than twice the calories of a gram of either carbohydrate or protein. So if you're snacking on a high-fat food, you will eat many more calories than you would in a similarly sized high-carbohydrate food.
But it is a well-documented fact that a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet can cause rapid weight loss, say our experts. According to the American Dietetic Association, low-carbohydrate diets trigger short-term weight loss through a process called ketosis. This process kicks in when your body is in short supply of carbohydrates, a prime source of energy for the entire body, but especially for the brain, which operates exclusively on carbohydrates. During ketosis, your carbohydrate-depleted body grabs other sources, including ketones from stored fat or protein from muscle, to satisfy daily energy needs.
Many nutrition experts do not support low-carb diets.
"Low-carb diets, in epidemiological studies, are linked to increased incidence of colon cancer, formation of kidney stones, kidney disease, and even osteoporosis," says Neal Barnard, MD, president of the Physicians Commission for Responsible Medicine, a nonprofit research group based in Washington, D.C. "The weight loss you see in low-carb diets isn't all that much better than what you see in studies of low-fat, vegetarian diets."
John Casey is a freelance writer in New York City.
Published Nov. 3, 2003. | <urn:uuid:5390a83f-30b9-4fd6-855c-c595ce27533e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=52296 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96517 | 1,558 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Details about American Heritage History of the United States:
For more than four decades, American Heritage's reputation for engaging, impeccably researched historical journalism has made it one of the most respected names in American story-telling. In that same tradition of quality comes the American Heritage History of the United States, an entirely new work of history which is a worthy successor to the American Heritage New History of the Civil War and the American Heritage New History of World War II.In this rich and inspiring book, acclaimed historian Douglas Brinkley takes us on the incredible journey of the United States--a nation formed from a vast wilderness of mountains and streams on whose fringes a few small colonies made a bold cast at freedom, then burgeoned into an expanding democracy, and ultimately flourished as a world power. From the first primitive maps outlining a New World to the faded daguerreotypes of young men in uniforms standing beside Confederate flags; to pictures of hopeful immigrant families arriving at Ellis Island; to the stirring photographs of Civil Rights marchers; to the terrible images of the Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing--the history of America offers a stunning album of people and events.
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Rent American Heritage History of the United States 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Douglas Brinkley. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Penguin Group USA, Inc.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now. | <urn:uuid:6325d362-7443-40dc-8b4c-286974e1427c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/american-heritage-history-of-the-united-states-1st-edition-9780670869664-067086966x?ii=24&trackid=ae7b5b39&omre_ir=1&omre_sp= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912249 | 313 | 2.859375 | 3 |
EBC Exercise 18 Using the DSP for Audio Processing
In the previous exercise you saw how to bring audio into the Beagle and send it out again. You also did some processing on the audio. All this was done on the ARM processor. The DM3730 on the BeagleBoard has both an ARM processor and a C64x fixed-point DSP. This exercise shows you how to use the DSP via C6Run. C6Run is a set of tools which will take in C files and generate either an ARM executable, or an ARM library which will leverage the DSP to execute the C code.
There are two uses of C6Run, exposed through two different front-end scripts. They are called C6RunLib and C6RunApp. We focus on C6RunLib here.
Examine the Files
- Copy the AudioThru files from here to your Beagle.
- Change directories to AudioThru/lab06d_audio_c6run.
# cd lab06d_audio_c6run # ls
These are the same files as used in audio thru lab. The files audio_process.c and audio_process.h are new. audio_thread.c has been changed slightly. Makefile is completely different.
Edit autio_thread.c and search for audio_process. There are two occurrences. I'll talk about the first on later, go to the second.
$ gedit audio_thread.c audio_process((short *)outputBuffer, (short *)inputBuffer, blksize/2);
I've replaced the call to memcpy() with the call to audio_process. Pointers to the input and output buffers are passed along with the number samples in the buffers. Note blksize is the number of chars in the buffers. We're working with 16-bit samples, so everything is converted to shorts.
Look in audio_process.c. Presently all it does is a memcpy() when called.
Before the first make the paths need to be set up. Do this:
$ source ~/c6run_build/environment.sh $ source ~/c6run_build/loadmodules.sh
The first source
There are 3 groups of files here. The source code (*.c and *.h), object files for running on the ARM (gpp) only (audioThru_arm, gpp, gpp_lib) and objects files for running on the DSP (audioThru_dsp, dsp, dsp_lib). What's significant is that the same source code produced both sets of objects (dsp, gpp). It's how the source is compiled determines where it is run.
Run the apps.
# ./audioThru_arm # ./audioThru_dsp
Both will run until you hit ctrl-C. To hear something you need to hookup your mp3 player to the input on the Beagle and speakers to the output.
Once you are sure it is working, try building everything from scratch.
# make clean # make
By default make creates both the ARM only and DSP objects. make takes about 20 seconds on my Beagle.
Experiment with the code
Now that you have something working, play around a bit. git is installed so you can preserve the present contents of the files with:
# git add Makefile audio_input_output.c audio_process.c audio_thread.c # git commit -m "Initial commit"
If needed you can use git to retrieve the original version of the files.
Things to try:
- There are places in the code where timing can be displayed. Remove the comments and display the times. How often is the main loop executed? How long does the DSP take? What's the overhead for the DSP?
- Try making the DSP do more than pass through. Zero out the left channel to be sure it is working.
- Try changing the sampling rate and buffer sizes. What setting cause the buffers to overflow or underflow?
- Implement your own processing on the DSP. Do a simple FIR lowpass filter, etc.
- Switch the input to the microphones on the web cam and listen to your voice. | <urn:uuid:ca003761-778a-4841-9058-eb2c290b2997> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://elinux.org/index.php?title=EBC_Exercise_18_Using_the_DSP_for_Audio_Processing&oldid=63901 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90198 | 894 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Elementary Written Persian
- Course Code:
- Unit value:
- Taught in:
- Full Year
The emphasis in this course is on giving the students a reasonable grounding in the basics of Persian grammar and syntax and introduce them to a range of non-technical vocabulary by way of reading simple texts.
There are no entry qualifications for this course.
Objectives and learning outcomes of the course
At the end of the course students should be able to read simple texts and a good understanding of the basic structures of Persian grammar.
Teaching consists of twice-weekly language classes following elementary grammar books and specially produced handouts. One of the weekly lectures is given over to the formal teaching of grammar, followed by completing related exercises and reading and translating practice; however, the students will be using some oral Persian skills.
Scope and syllabus
As an elementary language "open option" this course is intended for those students who wish to learn the basics of the Persian grammar and acquire enough vocabulary to be able, with the aid of a dictionary, to read very basic modern texts and conduct basic natural everyday conversation. Emphasis is put on writing, reading and language skills.
Method of assessment
One three-hour written examination taken in May/June (80%); an in class text of 1.5 hours duration taken in week 3, term 2 (20%).
- Teach Yourself Modern Persian by Narguess Farzad.
- Reading material in the form of selections from modern fiction and current journalism is also provided.
Other useful titles:
- L. P. Elwell-Sutton, Colloquial Persian, Routledge & Kegan Paul 1976
- Leila Moshiri, Colloquial Persian (with cassette), Routledge 1988
- Wheeler M. Thackston, An Introduction to Persian, Iranbooks 1993
Dictionaries and Other Reference Books:
- The New Unabridged English-Persian Dictionary, 5 volumes
- A. Aryanpour-Kashani, Persian-English, English-Persian Dictionaries Haim, English-Persian, Persian-English Dictionaries
- Hooshang Amuzegar, A Dictionary of Common Persian and English Verbs (with Persian synonyms and examples), Payam Publishers 1988 | <urn:uuid:03f69abc-122c-49b3-86ee-3508c232e813> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.soas.ac.uk/courseunits/155901053.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878722 | 470 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- A naturally occurring compound
(extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew tree) that has been
approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for
treating advanced breast or ovarian cancers.
- A measure of the average kinetic
energy of a substance. Determines the direction of heat
- A substance that causes fetal
- A principle that explains a body of
facts and the laws based on them.
- The study of energy and its
- A procedure for quantitative analysis
by carrying out a reaction in solution by measurement of volumes
using a reactant of known concentration.
- A unit of pressure equal to 1 mmHg or
1/760 of an atmosphere.
- The degree to which a substance is
- A group of three elements whose
chemical and physical properties aresomewhat related.
- A rare isotope of hydrogen with one
proton and two neutrons.
- The lowest part of the earth's
atmosphere, extending from the surface of the planet to the bottom
of the stratosphere.
Glossary created by David Shaw (Madison Area Technical College) for The Chemistry Place.
Information Please® Chemistry Place, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:c2c399d4-92a5-4f0b-b395-e1980ef92c02> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.infoplease.com/chemistry/glossary/t.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843305 | 264 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Bioavailability of iron from fortified maize using stable isotope techniques
Background: The high prevalence of iron deficiency and anaemia among South African children highlights the need for iron fortification, especially with a highly bioavailable iron compound. Fortification of staple foods is an adequate strategy to provide additional iron to populations at risk. In South Africa it is mandatory to fortify maize meal and wheat flour with iron, as well as other micronutrients. Elemental iron, specifically electrolytic iron, is currently the preferred choice but other compounds that might be more effective in alleviating iron deficiency are under consideration. Objectives: The objective of this study was to provide information about the bioavailability of ferrous fumarate and NaFeEDTA from maize meal porridge in young children, which would assist in selecting a bioavailable alternative to electrolytic iron in the South African National Food Fortification Programme, Methods: A randomized parallel study design was used, with each of the 2 groups further randomised to receive either one of two test regimens in a crossover design in which each child acted as his/her own control. Iron bioavailability was measured with a stable-isotope technique based on erythrocyte incorporation 15 days after intake. Results: The mean absorption of iron from NaFeEDTA and ferrous fumarate from the maize porridge meal was 11.5% and 9.29% respectively. NaFeEDTA and ferrous fumarate are both sufficiently bioavailable from a maize based meal rich in phytates. Conclusion: Both NaFeEDTA and ferrous fumarate would provide a physiologically important amount of iron should they replace electrolytic iron as fortificant in maize flour fortification. The final choice between ferrous fumarate and NaFeEDTA as when it comes to finding the alternative iron fortificant will depend on factors such as technical compatibility, bioavailability, relative cost and organoleptic characteristics.
- ETD@PUK | <urn:uuid:cc011c7e-5fb2-4047-9d1c-b71f7725dee8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93666 | 399 | 3.21875 | 3 |
NASA's global warming satellite falls to Earth
VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, California - A NASA satellite designed to track carbon dioxide emissions failed to reach orbit and landed in the ocean early Tuesday in a mishap that could jeopardize its mission to better understand climate change.
The Taurus XL rocket carrying the Orbiting Carbon Observatory blasted off as planned at 1:55 a.m. PST (4:55 EST) from Vandenberg Air Force Base on California's Central Coast.
Several minutes into the flight, launch managers declared a "contingency plan" after the payload fairing failed to separate from the launch vehicle. The fairing protects the spacecraft as the launch vehicle flies through the atmosphere. | <urn:uuid:a653a8e9-6a1f-4c2d-873b-7bb36ecea807> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/39365 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902801 | 145 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Kent District Library is here to provide you and your child with the skills needed to succeed in school and in life. KDL's Early Lit Bits newsletter is full of FUN and simple activities that will help foster that growth. For more information regarding the skills your child needs before he or she learns to read, visit the Play-Grow-Read section of the KDL website. You can also stop by any KDL branch in order to speak with one of our helpful youth librarians. We hope to see you soon!
|Learning with Crafts|
Glove and Plate Puppets
Here's a way to use up leftover paper plates from the holiday season and odd mittens or gloves that have lost their mates. You can skip the paper plate if you wish and glue eyes and decorations directly onto a glove or mitten. (Gloves make excellent bug puppets!) Talking, singing, and acting out stories with children are great ways to help them get ready to read.
Gloves or mittens
Glue (super tacky glue is best)
Sturdy paper plates
Glue a glove onto the back of each sturdy plate.
Use art supplies to decorate the paper plates to make people faces or fantasy creatures.
Children place a hand inside the glove or mitten and manipulate the puppet to act out a favorite story or song.
from Making Toys for Preschool Children by Linda Miller and Mary Jo Gibbs: Gryphon house Inc. 2002
Dot by Patricia Intriago
"Dot here, dot there. Lots of dots everywhere!" This new concept book will certainly be a hit and perhaps inspire your little artist to create her own book of dots. The text is spare and the dots are vivid, changing color to represent stop and go, or hiding behind a square to represent shyness. In a one-on-one setting, point to the words as you read them and ask your child why the pictures reflect the words. Why do you think these dots are "light?" They look like bubbles! Showing the relationships between words and pictures is one way to get your child ready to read. Because the pictures in the book are large and bright, this book would also work well in a group setting, inviting children to guess what the dots represent without even seeing the words. Reading this together may also spark conversation about opposites, a fun concept to discuss with pre-readers. Playing word games in which your child guesses the opposites of familiar words is another wonderful way to get ready to read!
|KDLville Early Literacy Play Spaces|
The Cascade branch has gone to the zoo with its KDLville space. Children are able to care for the various stuffed animals in the zoo and use pictures to figure out what animal eats what food from the zoo kitchen.
Our animals are some of the best cared for animals around, and enjoyed by all ages! | <urn:uuid:9e178d0f-54fa-4b32-a269-d9474710370f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs028/1102260675081/archive/1109037260595.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942251 | 592 | 3.546875 | 4 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field
This invention relates generally to methods and systems for programmatically discovering common contacts, including business, professional and personal contacts.
2. Description of the Related Art
People and businesses prefer to associate with people and businesses with which they are familiar. In the case where one who is searching for a person or business cannot find a person or business with whom the searcher is familiar, it is usually desired by the searcher to associate with one that is recommended by or at least known to someone who is also known by the searcher. This is particularly the case in the area of social or business introductions and networking. People must meet in order to build a relationship which will promote collaboration.
- SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
People are often reluctant to approach another person of interest without an introduction by a third party who has at least some knowledge of both people. Even where someone is recognized by their appearance, their identity may be unknown and uncertain, and an introduction never occurs. It is frequently the case that persons or entities that do not know one another have common contacts; however, as this fact remains unknown to either party, introductions still do not occur. In order to determine if one's friends or business acquaintances know of a person or business, the searcher must frequently call or correspond with several people in order to obtain a name of a person or business known to an acquaintance. This can be tedious, time consuming and intrusive on the time of others, such that many do not attempt to obtain such a referral.
The present invention is a method for generating a list of common contacts. The method can include the steps of first retrieving a plurality of contacts from an exposed, remotely accessible contact list; first comparing the first retrieved contacts to stored contacts in a locally accessible contact list; first identifying common contacts among the first compared contacts; second retrieving a plurality of contacts from an exposed, remotely accessible contact list associated with one of the first retrieved contacts; second comparing the second retrieved contacts to the locally stored contacts; second identifying common contacts among the second compared contacts; and, storing the identified common contacts in a list of common contacts. Importantly, the list of contacts can be stored locally or remotely, so long as the list of contacts can be accessed locally.
Importantly, this process can repeat for each contact retrieved in the first list for which no match is identified. Hence, the method can further include the step of repeating the second retrieving, second comparing and second identifying steps for each first retrieved contact not identified as a common contact in the first identifying step. Also, the second retrieving step can include the step of second retrieving a plurality of contacts from an exposed, remotely accessible contact list associated with one of the first retrieved contacts not identified as a common contact in the first identifying step.
In a second aspect of the present invention, a method generating a list of common contacts also can include the steps of: exchanging contact lists over a physical communications link; comparing contacts in the exchanged contact lists to identify matching contacts; and, storing the matched contacts in a common contact list. The exchanging step can include the steps of: establishing a wireless communications link; and, exchanging the contact lists over the established wireless communications link. Finally, in yet another aspect of the present invention, a method of generating a list of common contacts, can include the steps of: accessing a contact list in a remotely accessible database of contacts; comparing contacts in the contact list with contacts in a stored database of contacts, the comparison producing matching contacts; and, providing a visual hyperlink for each matching contact produced by the comparing step. Importantly, the list of contacts can be stored locally or remotely, so long as the list of contacts can be accessed locally.
The present invention also can include a common contact identification system. A common contact identification system can include at least two contact lists, a comparator for comparing contacts in each of the contact lists, and a common contact list including contacts matched by said comparator. Each contact list can include a plurality of contacts. Each contact list further can have a publicly accessible interface through which the contacts can be accessed remotely. As such, the comparator can identify matching contacts in each of the contact lists.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the system of the present invention, each contact list can be stored in a storage medium selected from the group consisting of a database, a contact management program data store, an e-mail program address book, an instant messenger address book, a cellular phone address book and a personal digital assistant address book. Moreover, the system can further include a communications link between the contact lists over which the contacts in the contact lists can be transmitted. The communications link can be one of an infrared communications link, a short range radio frequency communications link, and a TCP/IP wireline link. Finally, the common contact list can include at least one hyperlinked address of a matched contact.
There are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a method and system according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an alternate method and system according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 3 is a flow chart diagram of a method for performing the invention.
The present invention is a method and system for generating lists of common contacts through which people, in a business or social context, can establish relationships with one another. A system which has been configured according to the present invention can be used to promote collaboration between parties by fostering trust when they discover one or more common contacts known and trusted by each party. Thus, the method and system of the present invention can be used to programmatically identify common contacts between parties thereby enhancing knowledge about each other and engendering a sense of trust. Through this sense of trust, the exchange of information and collaboration can be facilitated.
In the present invention, personal contact information which has been organized into contact lists can be published. By publishing contacts lists, the contacts contained therein can be publicly exposed to others who might establish contact with others in order to discover common contacts. Notably, the contact lists can be in the form of electronically stored personal address books, buddy lists commonly associated with instant messenger clients, contact lists often used in e-mail programs, address books provided with personal digital assistants, cell phone contact lists and phone books used to store contacts in a cellular phone, etc.
In operation, a method for generating a list of common contacts can include the steps of publishing a contact list containing contacts; accessing the contact list of another, comparing the contacts in each of the published contact list and the accessed contact list to identify matching contacts; and, providing an identifier for each matched contact. In the present invention, searchers can search for common contacts in accordance with the inventive method. Likewise, targets can provide a publicly accessible interface to an associated contact list with which searchers can identify common contacts. The searcher, the target and the contacts can be persons. Moreover, the searcher, the target and the contacts also can be businesses or business entities. Finally, the searcher, the target and the contacts can be in any combination of persons and/or business entities.
Each contact can itself be a target with a set of contacts of its own. Notably, when searching for common contacts among the contact lists of the searcher and the target, the contacts in contact lists associated with the target also can be searched in the same manner to determine whether the searcher and target share “friends of friends”. This process can repeat for every contact in the contact list associated with the target. Alternatively, this process can repeat only for those contacts in the contact list of the target for which no match has been identified. Finally, the process optionally can continue for additional layers of contacts—“friends of friends of friends” and so on.
The contacts can be provided from any suitable source. In one aspect, the contacts of the targets are created and assembled in a dedicated database. In another aspect, the contacts are provided from existing sources such as personal address books, e-mail address books and instant messaging address books. The database of contacts of each target can be searched by the searcher by suitable methods. In one aspect, the database of the target is transmitted to the searcher. In another aspect, there is an exchange of databases between searcher and target, in which case both parties are both searchers and targets. The transmission of data can be performed by suitable methods. In one aspect, the transmission is performed by infrared port-to-port transmission. In another aspect, the transmission is performed by narrowcasting. In another aspect, the contact list of the targets is searched on a public portal server.
The method and system of the invention are shown in FIG. 1. A searcher 10 has a database of contacts 12. Targets 14, 16, and 18 have respective contact databases 15, 17, and 19. Although three targets are shown, it will be appreciated that any number of targets can be searched by each searcher 10. Also, although the contact databases for the target are shown as individual databases, such could be combined in a single database 24 and searched through suitable means such as a public portal server.
Transmission of the data for searching can be by suitable methods. This transmission can be by any suitable method and, as indicated by the arrows 30, can be an exchange of data between searcher and target such that each searcher is also a potential target and each target is a potential searcher. In some instances, a target will not have contacts in the respective target database which matches any of the contacts of the searcher 10. In this instance, further searching can be performed. There is shown in FIG. 2, a search method and system to perform such searching. The searcher 40 having a database of contacts 44 searches a target 48 having a database of contacts 52. The database of contacts 52 for target 48 includes contacts 56, 60, and 64. The contacts 56, 60, and 64 each have a respective database of contacts 57, 61, and 65. Each respective database of contacts 57, 61 and 65 for the contacts 56, 60, and 64 are then searched to determine if there is a match with the database of contacts 44 for the searcher 40. In this manner, the search proceeds through contacts of contacts such that the nearest contact to the searcher 40 is determined.
The location of a match requires that the searcher be notified that a match has occurred. Further, the searcher must receive an identifier of the target. The identifier can be suitable identification information such as name, address, email address, telephone number, and the like. It is not necessary, however, that the identity of the target be disclosed. For example, the identifier can provide only a means of communicating with the target, without the disclosure of the identity of either the searcher or the target. Any suitable method of communication can be provided, such as e-mail, instant messaging, and a voice and/or video communications link, although other methods of communication could be utilized. The system can permit the parties to disclose their respective identities only when such is desired.
A method for performing the invention is disclosed in FIG. 3. The searcher 60 provides a search query 64. A target database of contacts is searched in step 68. The target database of contacts is compared with the database of contacts of the searcher 60 in step 72 to determine if there is a match. If so, an identifier is sent to the searcher in step 76. If not, it is determined if the databases of contacts for all targets have been searched in step 80. If not, the next target database of contacts is searched in step 68. If so, the search ends in step 84. It is alternatively possible to search the databases of contacts for all targets, notwithstanding that a match has been made. This will provide the searcher with all matches.
This invention can be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof; and, accordingly, reference should be had to the following claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention. | <urn:uuid:8114e24f-5c08-490d-82e0-2221e9fd2aee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.google.com/patents/US20030028526?dq=patent:7076806 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00056-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931713 | 2,524 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Asia-Pacific Humanitarian Bulletin 2013
Natural Disasters in Asia-Pacific 2013
Regional Humanitarian Partnerships Forum 2013
Partnering with Regional Organizations
NATURAL DISASTERS IN ASIA-PACIFIC 2013
In an intense year the largest natural disasters in 2013 were heavily concentrated in Asia and the Pacific. The year was marked by 137 natural disasters in the region, compared with 93 separate events in 2012. The number of people killed by disasters was almost six times higher in 2013 than in 2012. The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters recorded a total of 18,375 people killed and 82 million affected. China and the Philippines experienced the greatest number of disasters in 2013.
The increase in the number of deaths is mainly due to Super Typhoon Haiyan (called Yolanda in the Philippines), which was the deadliest event of 2013, killing more than 6,000 people and leaving 14 million affected. However, the number of people affected by natural disasters in 2013 was only slightly higher than the number in 2012. The South-East Asia floods from June to October 2013 affected more than 3.9 million people in four countries (Cambodia, Viet Nam, Lao PDR and Thailand). China and India were also heavily affected by floods. Other notable events during the year in the region included the Bohol Earthquake (the Philippines), Super Typhoon Utor (China and the Philippines), Tropical Storm Trami (China and the Philippines), Typhoon Nari (the Philippines and Viet Nam) and Typhoon Mahasen (Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). Major political and religious conflicts continued in Mindanao in the Philippines, and in Kachin and Rakhine States in Myanmar.
The most frequently occurring hazards in the region were floods, which accounted for 40 per cent of the region’s disasters, while 35 per cent were storms. Together, these two types of disasters were responsible for almost 90 per cent of people affected or killed. Of the 29 disasters that prompted the deployment of international humanitarian tools and services (e.g. Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC), and OCHA Situation Reports), 10 were tropical cyclones and eight were floods. Flooding and storms were the most common and destructive disasters in the Asia-Pacific region between 2000 and 2013, with the exceptions being those years when large seismic events, such as the Indian Ocean tsunami, the Wenchuan earthquake and the Japan tsunami, caused large numbers of deaths.
The overall economic losses from natural disasters in Asia-Pacific during 2013 were nearly double those registered in 2012. The three costliest events of the year in Asia-Pacific, which each caused more than US$10 billion in losses, occurred in China (a 6.6 magnitude earthquake in Sichuan Province and severe drought across central and eastern China) and the Philippines (Typhoon Haiyan).
To learn more about OCHA's activities, please visit http://unocha.org/. | <urn:uuid:c60cb9fd-89da-4784-90fe-3349de980223> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/asia-pacific-humanitarian-bulletin-2013 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962219 | 612 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In computer programming, a transaction usually means a sequence of information exchange and related work (such as database updating) that is treated as a unit for the purposes of satisfying a request and for ensuring database integrity. For a transaction to be completed and database changes to made permanent, a transaction has to be completed in its entirety. A typical transaction is a catalog merchandise order phoned in by a customer and entered into a computer by a customer representative. The order transaction involves checking an inventory database, confirming that the item is available, placing the order, and confirming that the order has been placed and the expected time of shipment. If we view this as a single transaction, then all of the steps must be completed before the transaction is successful and the database is actually changed to reflect the new order. If something happens before the transaction is successfully completed, any changes to the database must be kept track of so that they can be undone.
By submitting your email address, you agree to receive emails regarding relevant topic offers from TechTarget and its partners. You can withdraw your consent at any time. Contact TechTarget at 275 Grove Street, Newton, MA.
A program that manages or oversees the sequence of events that are part of a transaction is sometimes called a transaction monitor. Transactions are supported by Structured Query Language, the standard database user and programming interface. When a transaction completes successfully, database changes are said to be committed; when a transaction does not complete, changes are rolled back. In IBM's Customer Information Control System product, a transaction is a unit of application data processing that results from a particular type of transaction request. In CICS, an instance of a particular transaction request by a computer operator or user is called a task. | <urn:uuid:c0d9bf1c-3430-423e-bf88-778617a0f583> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/transaction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949315 | 345 | 2.875 | 3 |
SITE OF STEAM WORKS
Contributed by PHGS
Steamburg was named from the number of steam works in operation there and is situated south-west of the center, on the A.&G.W.R.R. (later the Erie) and in 1874 contained two hotels, four groceries, a wagon shop, shoe shop, blacksmith shop, spoke and hub factory, sawmill and about 75 inhabitants.
Settlement was commenced in 1819 by Nathan CROOK, who came from Orange Co., Vt., and the following year erected the first sawmill in the town. In 1820, he was joined by his father Charles CROOK and two brothers, Charles Jr. and Ira, also from Orange Co. and Joshua BARNES from Massachusetts. William EARL, a native of New Jersey, came in from Genesee County in 1821. Eastman PRESCOTT and his father settled on the site of Steamburg and Isaac MORRILL in the north-west part, in the same year.
Milton HELMS, a native of Connecticut, moved in from Otsego County in 1826. The first birth was that of Martha, daughter of Charles CROOK Jr., in the spring of 1823. The first school was taught in the summer of 1831 by Miss E. SANFORD. The first inn and store were kept in 1822 by Philemus HALL.
The first religious services were held by the Congregationalists in 1823, under the direction of Rev. Wm. J. WILCOX.
In 1892, the village of Steamburg had over 150 inhabitants, the Railroad depot, post office, school, two general stores, two hotels, a saw and planing mill, shoe shop, two blacksmith shops, meat market, the Union Free church, town hall and physician's office.
The first settler on the site was Eastman PRESCOTT, who came at an early day, but no effort to found a village was made until after the completion of the railroad. Up to that time, village of Cold Spring (on the Allegany River) had become famous as a lumbering center, but with the building of the railroad, its principal business interests were diverted to Steamburg, which gradually assumed a position of considerable importance as a lumber town.
Meletiah PRICE, it is said, erected the first frame building in the village. The first blacksmith was probably a Mr. GEER. The first store in Steamburg was erected in 1856 by Freedom JEFFORDS and kept by Howard FULLER and B.G. CASLER. The second one, built in 1871 by E. L. LYON, was kept by Robert CARSON and the third, built in 1873 by Franklin JACKSON and occupied by the NUTTING brothers.
The first hotel, the A.&G.W. House, was built by Moses B. WELLS in 1864. His successor as landlord, was Dana GROUT. Mr. WELLS again took it a year later and changed its name to the Travelers' Home. In 1867 he closed it and the following year, it was reopened by Alpha FLAGG and Howard WRIGHT as the Steamburgh House, by which name it was known for many years. The succeeding proprietors have been Alpha FLAGG, H.K. WHELPLEY, Mr. FLAGG again, Horace S. FREDERICK, Chauncey EARL, Mr. FLAGG, Henry STAPLES, and finally MR. FLAGG who closed it July 1, 1892 and occupied it as a dwelling until he traded it with Floyd EDDY in 1910 for farm property in Hotchkiss Hollow.
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Chat and Meeting Room | Disclaimer | <urn:uuid:ab36acee-d385-44f1-9489-069f0b4937b4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.paintedhills.org/CATTARAUGUS/Steamburg.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985564 | 850 | 2.625 | 3 |
Florida Ecological Restoration Inventory
Ecological Benefit Descriptions
Benefit threatened/endangered species: Habitat to
support threatened/endangered species will be directly benefited.
Create buffers from physical disturbances:
Restoration activities would buffer an existing natural area from nearby
Expand/restore/enhance natural community: Increase
the spatial extent of a natural community.
Improve/protect aquifer recharge: Restoration
activities would contribute to improving or protecting aquifer recharge.
Improve/protect water quality: Eliminating or
controlling nutrient, chemical or other contaminant sources nearby or on this
unit will add to improving overall water quality of the system or decrease
nutrient loading to the soils/sediments within waterways.
Improve/restore fish and wildlife habitat:
Restoration activities would specifically benefit fish and wildlife species.
Improve/restore hydrologic connections: Improving
hydrologic connections (natural flow) affects the transport of materials into
and out of wetland systems; also affects the ability to receive flood waters
and moderate flow, receive and improve surface water run-off. Wetlands
disconnected and reconnected may also have an improved hydroperiod.
Improve/restore normal hydrology:
Improving/restoring normal hydrology affects the systems ability for normal
biogeochemical processing. Although restoring hydrologic connection, may
improve/restore the hydroperiod, the ecological benefit is different. For
isolated wetlands by nature are not hydrologically connected to other wetlands
and surface water bodies.
Protect cultural resource: Cultural resources will
be protected as a direct result of this project. | <urn:uuid:65e62d67-0de6-493e-8003-e35854582fa3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/wetlands/feri/benefits.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867262 | 340 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Paid to poo: Combating open defecation in India
- 30 August 2015
- From the section Health
Using a toilet is something most people take for granted - but about 1.1 billion people around the world defecate in the open because they do not have access to proper sanitation. Now a scheme in India is aiming to instil better toilet habits in children by "paying them to poo".
Open defecation is a practice where people relieve themselves in fields, bushes, open spaces and into open bodies of water.
It poses a serious threat to the health of children. Hundreds of thousands of children die every year because of diseases transmitted through human waste.
In India, nearly half of the population - more than 590m people - relieve themselves in the open.
For many it's a daily ritual and often something they do even when public facilities are available.
Now a state council in the Gujarati city of Ahmedabad has come up with a scheme where children are being paid to use public toilets. Campaigners hope it will improve the situation in a country where diseases such as diarrhoea kill about 200,000 children every year.
People who live in the slums of Chandoliya in Ahmedabad use the railway tracks to do what most would do only in private, especially early in the morning before the crowds and the heat develop.
"We've made public toilets but people still don't use them," said Anil Prajapati, chairman of the Gujarat Sanitation Development Organisation.
"Some of these people fear that there are witches inside or that their children will be kidnapped.
"These people have come from small villages, and so they are not used to the practice."
When people defecate in the open, flies feed on the waste and then carry small amounts away on their bodies. The flies then come into contact with food.
Human waste can also run into wells and streams, contaminating water that may be used for drinking or bathing.
Ingested bacteria and worms spread diseases, causing sickness and malnutrition.
Faecally transmitted infections are also the main reason why nearly half of Indian children under five are underdeveloped.
So health officers at Ahmedabad Municipal Council came up with a new approach to try to encourage residents to use the toilets, some of which are free while others cost money to use.
"We have 320 public toilets and we are not taking any payment in 143 toilets," said Dr Bhavin Solanki.
"We have observed some children are still doing open defecation just in front of the pay-and-use.
"So we realised we have to introduce some other scheme. We are giving one rupee (less than a penny) to the children per day, or we're giving them chocolates to encourage use of the toilets."
It's a scheme that Bhumi Datadia is taking advantage of.
The five-year-old lives in a tiny room with her two siblings and parents. Like many others in her neighbourhood, a nearby river or public toilets are her only options.
"Look at the size of my house. Where do I have space to build a toilet?" said Bhumi's mother, Jayashree.
Under the new scheme, Bhumi is making one rupee every time she uses a public toilet. Her visits are recorded on a card and she receives her money at the end of the month.
"The toilets are good," said Bhumi. "I will use the money I make for school."
The city council has plans to scale up the project and it might start paying adults to use public toilets.
"The idea is to understand you are rewarded for good behaviour," said D Thara, commissioner of Ahmedebad Municipal Corporation.
"Once children start using the toilets, adults won't do it any more. Children themselves will become the motivators."
But people in another part of the city say it won't be easy to convince them to change.
They say the toilets are not kept clean and that their children are often stopped from entering the facilities because some of them use too much water.
Open defecation also has wider effects on a country, affecting education, income, women's safety and dignity.
"It's not safe for women to go to the toilet in the open," said Mr Prajapati.
"When they go out at night, anything can happen. It's happening everywhere in India. We want to stop this."
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made eliminating open defecation in India a priority, and wants every home to be installed with a toilet by 2019.
In recent years, India has implemented well-funded sanitation campaigns, but few have worked.
Some campaigners say that building toilets is not enough and that more needs to be done to reshape attitudes.
But the people behind this scheme hope their alternative approach could be a crucial first step towards ending open defecation in India. | <urn:uuid:9df7c577-ec2e-4e79-acfe-1abc16811e6b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bbc.com/news/health-33980904 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966383 | 1,020 | 2.953125 | 3 |
(6) A row of small fragments of glass was laid along one margin of a leaf; no effect was produced in 2 hrs. 10 m., but after 3 hrs. 25 m. there seemed to be a trace of inflection, and this was distinct, though not strongly marked, after 6 hrs. The glands in contact with the fragments now secreted more freely than before; so that they appear to be more easily excited by the pressure of inorganic objects than are the glands of Pinguicula vulgaris. The above slight inflection of the margin had not increased after 24 hrs., and the glands were now beginning to dry. The surface of a leaf, near the midrib and towards the base, was rubbed and scratched for some time, but no movement ensued. The long hairs which are situated here were treated in the same manner, with no effect. This latter trial was made because I thought that the hairs might perhaps be sensitive to a touch, like the filaments of Dionaea. [page 394]
(7) The flower-peduncles, sepals and petals, bear glands in general appearance like those on the leaves. A piece of a flower-peduncle was therefore left for 1 hr. in a solution of one part of carbonate of ammonia to 437 of water, and this caused the glands to change from bright pink to a dull purple colour; but their contents exhibited no distinct aggregation. After 8 hrs. 30 m. they became colourless. Two minute cubes of albumen were placed on the glands of a flower-peduncle, and another cube on the glands of a sepal; but they were not excited to increased secretion, and the albumen after two days was not in the least softened. Hence these glands apparently differ greatly in function from those on the leaves.]
From the foregoing observations on Pinguicula lusitanica we see that the naturally much incurved margins of the leaves are excited to curve still farther inwards by contact with organic and inorganic bodies; that albumen, cabbage seeds, bits of spinach leaves, and fragments of glass, cause the glands to secrete more freely;—that albumen is dissolved by the secretion, and cabbage seeds killed by it;—and lastly that matter is absorbed by the glands from the insects which are caught in large numbers by the viscid secretion. The glands on the flower-peduncles seem to have no such power. This species differs from Pinguicula vulgarisand grandiflora in the margins of the leaves, when excited by organic bodies, being inflected to a greater degree, and in the inflection lasting for a longer time. The glands, also, seem to be more easily excited to increased secretion by bodies not yielding soluble nitrogenous matter. In other respects, as far as my observations serve, all three species agree in their functional powers. [page 395]
Utricularia neglecta—Structure of the bladder—The uses of the several parts—Number of imprisoned animals—Manner of capture—The bladders cannot digest animal matter, but absorb the products of its decay—Experiments on the absorption of certain fluids by the quadrifid processes—Absorption by the glands—Summary of the observation on absorption— Development of the bladders—Utricularia vulgaris—Utricularia minor—Utricularia clandestina. | <urn:uuid:28338d49-c480-40df-9030-48119acebe1c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/5765/255.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964981 | 692 | 2.546875 | 3 |
(Last Updated on : 17/12/2013)
Indian plants are of diverse types and categories. These varied types of plants in India not only look different but also have various utilities and features. Some Indian plants grow throughout the year, while the other blooms only twice a year. Further, there are certain Indian plants that are used for medicinal purposes and there are some plants that serve solely the purpose of decoration and ornamentation. Some plants are considered as Indian annual plants
, which live for a year or less than a year. These types of Indian plants are popularly known as seasonal flowering plants as they flower only for maximum three to four months. These annual plants normally grow through seeds. They grow, flower, and reproduce more seeds and finally die, within a year. Asters, Marigolds
, Balsam, Basil, Dianthus, Petunias and Salvias are some of the important Indian annual plants.
Types of plants
Biennial plants in India
takes two years to grow from seed to execution, bloom and die. These types of seasonal flowering Indian plants bloom in the second year of plantation. In order to have flowers one year after another, one has to plant seeds of biennial flowers every year. Foxglove is the most common biennial plant in India. Perennial plants are those types of Indian plants that bloom throughout the year. Bleeding Heart, Gerberas, Anthuriums, Geraniums, Water Lily
, are some widespread perennials in India. These particular type pf plants mainly grow in acidic soils. Watering should be deep, sporadic and applied directly to the soil for the proper growth of these plants.
Shrubs in India are a common sight. They are basically woody plants having slightly short stems with branches almost near the ground. Shrubs are generally used for ornamental purposes. Flowering shrubs are bushy and blossom flowers all through the year. Ixora, Mosanda, Pentas, Hibiscus and Lantana are the most common shrubs in India.
Ornamental shrubs are found with evergreen foliage throughout the year, but do not have any flower. Juniperus, Aralia, Acalypha
and Crotons are the common ornamental shrubs found in India. The flowering and ornamental trees are the attractive growths usually seen in gardens. Peacock flower tree, Cornus Florida, Magnolia, Cassia fistula, Hydrangea Paniculata, Tecoma argentea and Jacaranda trees are some of the most common flowering and ornamental trees in India. Besides, Rangoon Creeper
, Coral tree
and Railway creeper, Bougainvilleas are probably the most wanted creeper for ornamentation in India. Climbers are those plants that require a support to grow as they have soft stems.
The bulb plants in India
are particular stem structures, which are planted underneath the soil. Bulb plants grow; flower then the leaves remain for sometime and fade away completely until next year. Daffodils, Tulips, Bluebells are the best examples of bulb plants in India. Indian medicinal plants
are broadly used in different treatment methods like Ayurveda
and so on. Kharjuri, Tulsi
, Bael fruit
, Ashoka tree
, Neem tree
are some of the primary medicinal plants grown in India. Apart from all these Indian plants there are vines, creepers and climbers which are basically the vertically growing plants with a support and often used as fences and borders.
Medicinal values of plants
Kariyat: It is also known as the "creat". It is an annual herb which grows erect up to a height of 1.4 feet, tastes bitter, with smooth leaves and white flowers, and is very useful for medicinal purposes. Since the ancient times this plant is used for medicinal purposes. Kariyat is the main ingredient for ayurveda medicines.
Malabar Nut: This plant is pretty useful for curing common cough, asthma and cold. Malabar Nut is a common name in the world of ayurveda medicines and has its mention in Sanskrit scriptures.
Blue Pussy Leaf: This is often used as a salt substitute and the sap of this plant is very useful for dealing with insects and other worms.
Mountain Knot Grass: This plant is very useful for addressing the issues relating to kidney and gall bladder. Ayurveda suggests internal intake of decoction of the plant to help dissolve the stone and also clear the urinary tract.
Indian plants are known for their wide range of characteristics, benefits and appearance. Indian plants have ornamented every nook and corner of the nation with its bright coloration and lovely flowers. | <urn:uuid:7b79c122-6cb0-48d9-af8e-3aa7966bafb3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.indianetzone.com/38/plants_india.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949512 | 983 | 3.5 | 4 |
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