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H: Current flowing inside voltage source or battery
Current is the flow of charges (many say electrons).
Do these charges flow just between the terminals of the source/battery (terminal to terminal) ?
Or
These charges flow through/inside the source/battery as well?
What i know is that the positive terminal is the lac... |
H: Difference between SVM and sinusoidal PWM in BLDC
In this answer Answer to question regarding difference between 6-step and FOC, the author said:
"Likewise if you have gone to the effort to implement a FOC you might as well implement a SVM block to maximise the utilisation of your DClink voltage (sinusoidal PWM is ... |
H: Does NRZ-I have a synchronization problem?
I'm new to EE, just have a question on synchronization.
I was reading a book which says:
NRZ-I has no problem with sequences of 1s, but has problem with sequences of 0s.
It certainly has a synchronization problem with sequences of 0s. But for sequences of 1s, it is still... |
H: What would be an LDOs output if the input is its rated ouput
I have an LDO TLV733 that output 3.3 volts. I need that the rail would always be 3.3v because anything below that the slaves data pins might get damaged because the host signal is 3.3v. The input voltage can range from 3.3 volts to 5 volts. Anything beyon... |
H: How standard relays mitigate the problem of electrical arc?
I disassembled (tore apart?) an old 812H-1C-C relay to see what's inside, and found an expected piece of metal which moves between two other pieces of metal when activated by an electromagnet.
I was however surprised that there is nothing special to preven... |
H: Why is the verification of Thevenin's theorem more accurate than that of Superposition theorem?
In my first course on Electrical Engineering, we have an experiment in the Electrical lab that asks us to verify the Thevenin theorem and the Superposition theorem and cross-check our results with our calculations on pap... |
H: balanced to unbalanced audio switch
I have an audio source input, that I am putting through the circuit below to create a balanced audio signal.
There will be one of these for each channel, left and right.
I have been asked to provide a "balanced or unbalanced switch", so that a user can flip the switch and have e... |
H: Why adding capacitor to a 10x passive oscilloscope probe
I'm trying to understanding input impedance and its circuitry of a simple, passive oscilloscope 10x probe. From reading Input Impedance of an Oscilloscope and the video EEVblog #453 - Mysteries of x1 Oscilloscope Probes Revealed, I don't understanding why we ... |
H: how to transform 120V AC to 5V DC 5A load using flyback transformer circuit? Setting frequency - low cost, low footprint - change load capacity
i am using a flyback transformer circuit to keep the footprint small and cost efficient. Its been suggested to me to keep the frequency high so the transformer can remain s... |
H: Variation in collector current if we change the collector resistor in a common emitter transistor
If we increase the collector resistance then how will the collector current change?
I understand the circuit behavior if i neglect early effect but when i try to include it that is allow Ic to vary with Vce i get lost... |
H: PWM Three Phases with PIC
I am trying to program a PIC18F4550 to control a 3 Phase BLDC motor.
I have doubts about how to make the program, since I have seen many examples that what they do is use the TIMER to generate the 3 shifted PWM signals.
And I don't know why the PWM module that this PIC has is not used to d... |
H: Can switching adaptor perform constant current mode?
I want to ask about wall adapter (switching) with 2.5mm jack
let's assumed its label as 9V 2A.
I saw many tutorial even some product use normal adapter (2.5mm jack) with BMS module to charge Li-ion cells. (for this function BMS just over voltage protect and bal... |
H: Calculate resistance of coil/inductor made of PCB traces
This is to be a NFC coil/inductor of 1.1uH according do ST's eDesignSuite tool, with 7 turns.
The drawing above follows these parameters:
ST's tool give inductance value as 1.1uH, but also I need to know the resistance of entire track, in ohms.
I have meas... |
H: Can cells get burned in EPROM by programming twice?
I have ordered my monthly electronic components dosage online, due to the covid-19 disease... in my dosage and for the first time I got an UV EPROM and started a personal challenge of programming it myself without following any tutorials because 1. I didn't find a... |
H: Why are inverter modules extremely oversized in VFDs?
I was checking a faulty Schneider VFD (ATV312H037N4) which is rated for a nominal output current of 1.5 A. Turns out the rectifier bridge of the inverter module (FP10R12YT3) blew up and after reading the datasheet I was surprised to find out that the IGBTs are r... |
H: XTR116 4-20 mA Transmitter Measuring Problem
I have created the following circuit:
On the DAC side, output in the range of 0-4.095 V, VREF = 4.095 and VCC_ISO = 5 volts. Totally normal. But XTR116, I cannot control less than 16 mA current. Between 16-20 mA ıs normal. But I have never seen less than 16 mA. Vcomplia... |
H: Phase relationships in AC circuits
Is it wrong to use the mnemonics "ELI the ICE" [ From my understand means if its inductive current LAGS voltage and if its capacitive current LEADS] in understanding the phase relationship of a Parallel RLC circuit? because I've just read in a book that its the opposite because g... |
H: Why CMOS turns on when input voltage is zero?
When the input voltage is high, Q1 is off and Q2 is on. In this case, the shorted Q2 pulls the output voltage down to ground. On the other hand, when the input voltage is low, Q1 is on and Q2 is off.
Now, the shorted Q1 pulls the output voltage up to VDD.
BUT I read th... |
H: Using a LiPo battery or different battery for outside project
First I am sorry if this is the wrong section to post this, I have been searching for a clear answer and haven't found one yet.
I have a project that I want to keep outside. I have a solar panel, charging circuit and a Lipo battery. It works great, thoug... |
H: Idle supply current at frequency or vcc
I'm trying to figure out how much power I can expect my ATTiny84 to use in idle mode and I'm not sure which of the two graphs from the datasheet I should use, or why there are two in the first place. I intend to run it at a clock speed of 1MHz and off of a 3V battery. Also, i... |
H: Opamp input bias current and current sources
I have a current source connected to a load and I want to measure the voltage at the output of the source, and therefore I would like to buffer this voltage.
In this configuration, I am under the impression that the opamp will always draw the same amount of current from ... |
H: Solar Panel-Photocell Wiring
I am trying to help my dad with a project of his where were trying to build a lighthouse powered by solar panel in which it spins a motor at night and charges battery during the day. This is a DC application. We have the front end, being charging the battery all figured out. However, th... |
H: Mounting a heavy PCB in standing position
Due to space restriction I want to mount the PCB vertically and secure it with M3 screws to the box bottom like this:
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
It's a power source board with a lot of big capacitors and is heavy, I'm not sure about doing i... |
H: What's the difference between similarly rated DC motors with different nominal voltages?
I'm looking at a datasheet that describes several versions of the "same" DC motor. The versions are mostly similar (e.g. same size, no-load speed...) except for the nominal voltage, no-load current and nominal torque. What's th... |
H: Modify LED circuit with a MOSFET
I have this existing LED circuit with 2 LED strips with built in resisitors and 1 switch. Normally 1 LED strip is always on and when the switch is closed the other LED strip also turns on. Power Source is a Sealed Lead Acid battery 6Ah and the switch is a regular rocker switch.
I w... |
H: What board should I use to control my 3D printer
I'm trying to build a simple experimental FDM 3D printer as a hobby.
As I said it's a simple printer with only basic functionalities such as receiving the slicer file to print from a slicer software from PC and sending back the print status to the PC.
Following are o... |
H: Clip a PCB against a 3 mm plastic protection
Is there a way to clip the PCB against the 3mm plastic protection surface? The image is below.
I need that it stays in the position shown in the image, with the connectors side sticking out.
That PCB is just for the example, it will be a new PCB so I can change its form ... |
H: Trying to understand this Class D amp (using IR2113) circuit
I understand the concept of the Class D amp and this circuit, but in this particular case there is one part I just don't get.
What I don't understand is how the low side of the signal should work at the power stage. In case of the high side as I understa... |
H: ST ST25R95 - NFC chip - Impedance of transmission lines
I will supply the chip with 3.3V, and the datasheet of ST25R95 IC shows it has a ZOUT of 27R at this condition.
There is a circuit between NFC antenna/coil/inductor and the IC, the LC filter and matching circuit:
My doubt is about the black lines shown on pi... |
H: My oscilloscope tells me I vibrate at 60Hz. How?
As I live in North America, my initial hypothesis is that I'm picking the 60Hz from my house's power line.
But, to my understanding, my body can't be a 60Hz antenna (1/4 wave antenna length for 60Hz is ~1250 km.)
I feel like my understanding of "indirect" coupling is... |
H: Activate 3 or more PWM signals in PIC
I am doing a PWM with the PIC18f4550 and it managed to do it.
But only activate an output by varying the value of CCP1CON.
What I want to achieve is to have three PWM outputs and then be able to offset them to control a BLDC motor.
I attach the part of the code where I initiali... |
H: Am I calculating my shunt FET power dissipation correctly?
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
I'm designing an LED driver circuit that requires very fast PWM switching at a high resolution (10bit at 30khz requiring a minimum pulse width ~30ns). In order to achieve the pulse timing required,... |
H: Is this the right convention for SPI modes?
The table shown here, under "Clock Polarity and Clock Phase" doesn't agree with my conclusions from table for SPI modes on Wikipedia.
I'd like to distinguish between whether the one on the first like is another convention, or is it just just that 11 and 10 are mistankely ... |
H: which voltage regulator to use for 12v 2A?
I have looked into using 12v linear voltage regulators, coming down from 16V, i need 2 amps and the regulator is only rated for 1.5A (7812 linear voltage regulator)
i am looking for a solution for getting 2A through the regulator.
my fan is 1.68A rated at 12V and i'd like... |
H: Solar powered mini water pump: how to turn it on/off automatically
I have acquired a mini water pump (5V 1.0A) and several solar panels (each: 5V 200mA). What I try to achieve is to pump water from a container above a vertical hydroponic system and let it flow down back to the container while watering the plants in... |
H: What does a High Impedance input mean for an ADC
The ADC ADS131M08 list a feature:
Can someone elaborate what this feature implies? Does this mean i can place a 300 Kohm resistor in series with the inputs? There is even a reference on page 88 with 900Kohm for measuring 220 VAC.
Because if it is it would be great ... |
H: Summing amplifier design
I'm learning about op amps and I have the following problem. I need to make a circuit using one op amp that give me the following output (Vi input, Vo output)
I know that the output will be like
$$
v_o = 4\,v_i+6
$$
So I assume that I can make this work with an additive non-inverter ampli... |
H: How resolve "logic" is an unknown type error in Vivado synthesis?
the verilog code at
output logic PIPE_PCLK;
AI: logic and bit are added in SystemVerilog 2012.
You need to tell Vivado the file is in SystemVerilog. It's documented
in chapter 8 of UG901 - Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Synthesis and
App... |
H: Boost Converter Stuck at Around 80 Volts
I'm building a boost converter that utilizes a 555 timer switching at 60 kHz at a 96% duty cycle which drives an IRF3205 MOSFET to power a hand wound inductor (calculated to have ~330 uH) with a 6A10 diode and a 400 V, 80 uF capacitor at 5 volts. My goal is to achieve 360 vo... |
H: 'true' balanced audio?
I was working on the below circuit, to create a balanced audio output.
But have been told this creates a differential audio output, not a 'true' balanced audio output.
"A true balanced output would couple interference on one leg to the other, improving common mode rejection at the receiver. ... |
H: How is the current measured in this setup?
I came across this article where they measure the current called leakage current, but they are not using an ammeter or DMM.
I couldn't understand what(which device) they use to measure the current. What is the way of measuring current and what device is used in this case?... |
H: How can current be in different phases in the same wire at the same time?
We know that either in ideal or practical transformer in no-load condition, the exciting current has two components Ic(core loss component) and Im(magnetizing component). Now since the same current will flow through the winding, how can the t... |
H: 4-20 mA output from Arduino for VFD
I'm a beginner with electronics, so everything has to be explained in simple terms to me.
I have an Arduino with a program which provides a value via the Analog output, so that is anything from 0-5 V.
On the other side, I have a VFD with an IO card which allows it to connect to a... |
H: Is the current, Ids, through a MOSFET truly 0 when in the cutoff region?
I was testing a circuit using this circuit simulator and found that the nMOS transistor had a current of a few nanoamps running through it when it was in the "off" state. This was unexpected because I was taught (and found online) that the cur... |
H: Mutual induction
I need to find the mutual induction between two coils.
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
The circuit look more or less like the one I have linked. I don't know how to calculate the mutual induction between the two coils. Does anyone have any experience they would like to ... |
H: Decode/Analyse the following UART signals
I have sent a 2 and a 9 using UART. The baud rate is 9600, there is no parity, and it has 8 data bits.
As we know 9 is represented as 1001 in binary. However, this is what I get from my UART signal:
A 2 is represented as 0010 but this is what I get from my UART signal:
I ... |
H: Specific transistor for voltage regulating?
In 2SD1047 NPN transistor datasheet described the application for power supplies and the description is:
The device is a NPN transistor manufactured using new BiT-LA (Bipolar
transistor for linear amplifier) technology. The resulting transistor
shows good gain linear... |
H: USB 3: keyed connector protocol adherence necessary?
The USB 2 specification presents the concept of the "Keyed Connector Protocol" in chapter 6 section 2 (6.2). Basically, as I understand it, this limits the use of type A receptacles to downstream outputs form USB hosts or hubs. This is how it is meant to be:
+--... |
H: Change antenna so bluetooth beacon works in all directions equally well?
I am looking at using a long range bluetooth LE beacon on a project. The beacon comes with a SMA interface whip antenna that has the following radiation characteristics. It is over my head to clearly understand the report but I think it is i... |
H: Feedback regarding isolation practices on a 5V/Mains PCB
I am currently designing a PCB for a project including PID-control of a heater. The heater runs on mains (220V) and is controlled using zero-crossing switching to regulate the power and minimize EMI and THD.
I already designed multiple PCBs , also ones with m... |
H: Calculating power consumption in portable air conditioning unit
Apologies for this likely very simple/stupid question.
I have a portable AC (air conditioning) unit that's supposed to be "energy efficient". On the back of the unit, it tells me some details about the unit's power consumption:
Voltage: 115 V-60 Hz
Cur... |
H: Height adjustment of PCBs in increments of 0.05 mm
I have a 1.55 mm thick FR4 PCB with a thru-hole sensor on it. I was told these 1.55 mm are more of a suggestion than a number you can rely on. In fact the tolerances of FR4 PCBs are around 10 percent. This means that a 1.55 mm thick FR4 PCB can have around 0.1 mm o... |
H: Radioactivity counter
I am designing a Geiger counter which measures radioactivity. I am planning to this using the photoelectric effect.
The band gap of insulators is pretty big and only gamma particles are energetic enough to jump an electron from the valence band to the conduction band.
Where can I find a photo-... |
H: Maximum AND minimum duty cycle in SPICE converter simulation
I am modeling a Push-Pull Converter in LTSpice and implemented this for a simple voltage feedback PWM control. This works great and I have added a bit on the end that allows for a maximum duty cycle control, as shown:
What I'm noticing is that when the du... |
H: Using a slider potentiometer with an Arduino
I'm new to electronics and in the process of building a Joystick using an Arduino Leonardo. I am reusing parts from an old Joystick from the 90s https://www.amazon.com/F-15E-HAWK-Tactical-Control-Joystick-Pc/dp/B0012N0EOQ.
This is my sketch to test:
const int X_AXIS_PIN ... |
H: Hidden wire detector using BJT transistors
I made a hidden wire detector from this tutorial. It works, but I'm not quite understand why. Here is the circuit:
I used 2SC1815 transistors and the value of R was 1K0. My antenna was made of 300 mm length copper wire with diameter 0.3 mm. I've measured its inductance - ... |
H: NFC - design of inductor/"antenna" made of PCB traces
I did a layout of a NFC PCB inductor/"antenna"(I know it is not one exactly) drawn only on top side copper (nothing drawn on other layers at inductor area), and I wonder if there will be a considerable loss of working distance range on the opposite side due the ... |
H: What is the purpose of this disk over a Samtec connector?
With beautification in mind I decided to attach 3D-STEP models to elements on my PCB.
One of them is a connector from Samtec. They do provide a STEP models for a download, but it was immediately suspicious to me, that the preview had this weird disc over the... |
H: Which diodes are used in a high amperage rectifying circuit? (4007 are 1A rated) and other components
I recently designed a power supply that was good for about 700mA power and used these diodes
https://www.diodes.com/assets/Datasheets/ds28002.pdf They are 4007 diodes. As I am checking the datasheets for my 5A pow... |
H: USB Type C swap A/B rows for easier routing
I'm routing a USB-C receptacle on a carrier board for a System on Module. The location and orientation of the receptacle and the SoM headers are dictated by the design of the device.
I noticed that if I would swap the signals running from the SoM to the A and B rows of th... |
H: Matrix has a voltage drop on a coil that should not be receiving any current
I am making a matrix of electromagnets (each with about 120 Ohms resistance) and I am using a circuit like this for the columns (low side of the switch):
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
For the high side (rows ... |
H: Rocker style light switch: do I need an isolated power supply
I'm building a Wi-Fi controllable light switch that will use rocker style (up/down) plastic buttons. My plan is to have all the electronics enclosed behind a metal gang plate (the part that screws onto the gang box) in it's own plastic enclosure.
I woul... |
H: Do I need to connect both GND and both VCC on this addressible LED?
I'm working with APA102-2020 addressable RGB LEDs (datasheet here). Each component has two GND pads and two VCC pads. Testing with a multimeter, I find that each pair of pads is connected (ie GND-GND and VCC-VCC). In the PCB I'm designing, should I... |
H: PIC16F887 PWM multiple output
I am trying to design a control for a BLDC motor with a PIC16F887.
I have managed to activate a PWM output and be able to vary it with a potentiometer.
The point is, I need to get 6 PWM signals out.
When I change the CCP1CON I can vary the PWM output but it is always one.
I attach the ... |
H: High Voltage applied to TVS diode
I am using the below input circuit which has this SM6T36CAY 36V TVS diode.
The input voltage range is 12-36V and the output is the same only dropping the diode forward voltage.
Typical load current is around 80mA.
My case :
I applied around 130V at the input side by mistake whi... |
H: A basic question about RF multiplexer practical use
Below shows an RF switch(multiplexer):
So what I understand is that the same RF input is routed to multiple outputs. This can be I guess used to couple the same RF signal to many different equipment such as spectrum analyser, oscilloscope ect.
But lets say the sc... |
H: How bootstrap capacitor voltage is added to source voltage?
Circuit diagram below is a high side n-channel mosfet with bootstrap(while C1 is discharging)
It says that after charging of bootstrap capacitor:
The upper optocoupler opt1 gets ON for 1s and lower optocoupler Opt2 remains OFF for 1s. The capacitor C1 no... |
H: Find constants of ideal op amp circuit problem
Alright, I'm currently learning more about circuit analysis and op-amps using an electrical engineering and measurement book; the problem is that most questions don't have answers, and I don't really understand what they want me to do during this problem.
I've done so... |
H: Understanding the Base voltage of PNP when driving NPN transistor is cut off and there is no clear DC bias voltage
I am studying the Art of Electronics and trying to apply what I have learned to a motor driver circuit from an MITx intro to control systems course (https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-control-syst... |
H: What is the correct pin spacing for this footprint?
I'm trying to import an IC footprint into CAD software and can't seem to nail down the exact dimension for pin spacing. The two supporting documents seem to conflict with each other (Land Patterns here, and Package Drawings here).
In the drawings document the pin ... |
H: Proof of linearity of a transistor
When we deal with a transistor we break it up into two parts,
1 The DC bias.
2 The small signal perturbations.
Then we add the currents/voltages from the both the analysis to get the total response.
But what is the proof that we can do this procedure?
As an example say I've a DC... |
H: Identify component (diode?) based on photo
I am currently fixing a Akai MPK Mini mk2 midi controller with a loose USB port.
In addition to the USB, it is missing one part labeled as D1. It can be seen in the attached picture circled in red. I think the text on the component reads 62S? Any idea on what component it ... |
H: Series internal resistance of Power Supply
I have this power supply - GPC-3030D
There are 3 independent channels. 2x (30V/3A) and 1x (5V/3A)
To find the internal resistance of the voltage source channels, its just 30V/3A = 10Ohms and 5V/3A = 1.66Ohms.
Is it correct?
AI: You can estimate the effective internal resis... |
H: Transistor base voltage and current
I want to use a transistor to control a 5v power source but Im confused on how to control the base pin.
How much voltage can I put on the base pin? I've seen tutorials which use 5v with a 1k resistor, but doesnt this exceed the saturation voltage of 0.7v?
Also if I were to use a ... |
H: Simple 300-400VDC/100A power supply for EV charging from 400V 3-phase/32A
I would like to purchase or build a simple AC-DC power supply, with 400V/32A 3-phase input, and DC output adjustable (by a microcontroller which I would add) between 300-400VDC and upto 100A (not exceeding 22kW total). The purpose would be to... |
H: Use 2 of the 8 cables of an existing ethernet connection
There is an Ethernet cable that runs from a server room to an office. That cable is connected to a router. There are times when we need to reset that router and I will like to do that remotely. There is only one Ethernet cable that runs to the office I wish t... |
H: LTspice counter component how does it works?
I find this component on LTspice but I have some troubles to know how it works. It asks me to enter 2 parameters. I could understand that It needs to know the "divide" number but what is the second parameter ? I supposed one of the outputs is the complementary of the oth... |
H: Ideal inductor AC current LTspice
I am simulating an ideal inductor in LTSpice connected to a 1Vpk 50Hz sine wave and 1 ohm resistor.
The current through the inductor seems really low, at peak being around 3.2mA
As the current through the inductor should be the integral of the voltage multiplied by the inductance i... |
H: Using SPST Switch as Button using Capacitor, which type?
Before I start, know that I'm still very much a beginner at electrical engineering. I'm building a switch box to be used for PC simulators using mainly (non-momentary) SPST switches and a USB encoder.
However, most games/sims can't use these kind of switches... |
H: Why do the television manufacturers (Samsung, Sony, LG, so on) exceed the voltage capacity on LED strips (backlight) on TVs?
I don't understand why manufacturers always exceed voltage to backlight TV (LED strips.) For example, I'm fixing a TV with some LEDs burned out.
This is the backlight:
There are two LED stri... |
H: Choosing a zener for dynamic Rload variations
I am attempting to simplify a schematic by using a zener diode as a regulator for a small radio. At peak, the radio will consume about 50mA @ 3.3V, and in its low power sleep state, virtually nothing (a couple uA). In a previous experiment, where a Zener diode with 1mA ... |
H: Switch 12V loads with MCU and BDW93C darlington or IRF630N
Task is to switch 2 loads with an MCU (3.3V 10mA max) and few IRF630N, BDW93C and sample pack of S901x transistors (of switch relevant components).
12V loads, likely important context for question:
0.3A 3-pin fan, want speed control, research points to low... |
H: NPN BJT NOR gate to drive LED. Base resistance problem
Here's a circuit I'm trying to get working :
I have two digital signals (B and C in the diagram) coming from a CD40174 flipflop.
I use these to light up two LED's.
I also use these as the input for a transistor based NOR gate the output of which I call A.
I al... |
H: Heinner OMX-600 blender motor not turning
I have this blender that won't spin when switched on, the leds turn on tough.
I managed to take it apart:https://i.stack.imgur.com/wqbRY.jpg
From the mains power (!caution is used all times!) we have:
on line going to a micro-switch that I shunted (it's purpuse is to make... |
H: How does HFI (high frequency injection) work with BLDC motors
How does HFI work with BLDC motors.
In this video: VESC HFI: Sensorless position tracking at zero speed he explains how HFI works, however i don't get how it can work with motors that have trapezoid back-EMF such as the one he is using.
The code belongs ... |
H: How to make hex file for attiny402 microcontroller using winavr
I have written a code in the 'Programmer's Notepad' of winavr. But when I went to make the hex file, I didn't find the attiny402 microcontroller in 'mfile'.
Can anyone help me? Now, what should I do? it is very urgent for me.
thank you
AI: Winavr ha... |
H: LM7805 Voltage Regulator stops working when input voltage increases
I have the following circuit:
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
I designed the PCB, had it printed and now I am testing it.
When I power it up the following happens:
When V1 stays below 27.8V circa, everything works fine.... |
H: Exceed recommended power supply range on analog switch
I would like to use an analog switch in my design (NLAS5223C).
The recommended power supply range is up to 4.5V, and the absolute maximum rating is up to 7.0V (relevant specs attached below.)
I'm wondering, if it safe to use this device with the power supply ra... |
H: Why do people learn electronics? Need some practical examples
Examples of why one would to learn electronics are:
1) He works (or intend to) as an electrical engineer
2) He likes (or needs to) repair electronic equipment
One thing I find it difficult to understand is that some people build circuits just for fun. An... |
H: Unable to generate AM wave using opamp log antiog multiplier
I was trying to make a op amp based AM modulator. I used a log anti-log multiplier to generate the below waveform.
This is the output I am getting as from this circuit
What I intended to generate
AI: Your circuit idea might be flawed and I can't unders... |
H: Difference between DC polarity symbols
On some devices, the DC polarity symbol uses diamonds or squares for the poles instead of circles. Do these two styles represent any electrical of mechanical difference, or is it purely cosmetic?
AI: The purpose is always to see the polarity of the output pins, everything else... |
H: Wall Voltage in 3Phase
I have a relatively simple question on the grid voltage. When we say the voltage from the wall is 220 Vrms is that the line-line voltage or is that the phase voltage. ie are the two output lines from a socket both hot (in which case each line’s magnitude would be 220/sqrt(3) Vrms) or is one ... |
H: Should an unused VCC pin with a higher voltage be left unconnected?
I'm trying to integrate an ESP32-PICO-KIT/V4.1. into a small project.
The documentation for the PICO power supply says this:
There are three mutually exclusive ways to provide power to the board:
1) Micro USB port, default power supply
2) 5V / GND... |
H: What does it mean to send CAN messages at 10Hz or 100Hz? Is this configurable on Linux SocketCAN
I understand the meaning of message transfer speed, i.e. a theoretical maximum of 1Mbit/second, and the 8Mbit/second in the CAN FD.
That's essentially the rate at which bits are travelling on the copper for a lack of be... |
H: Battery charger mAh rating - Can it be ignored if battery type is the same?
I have used a brand of NiMH batteries for years with a charger from the same manufacturer. After reading up on batteries I found the following statement on battery university All about chargers
The Ah rating of a battery can be marginally ... |
H: How to analize an ideal diode circuit with sinusoidal sources and storage elements (inductors and capacitors)?
In my first Electronics classes, we learned how to analyze a circuit with AC sources and ideal diodes but with only resistive elements. In such cases, the currents and voltages respond instantly to inputs ... |
H: What's the purpose of a drill symbol?
I use OrCAD environment for designing PCBs but I've never thought about what is the purpose of a Drill Symbol in padstack creator. The diameter is set in the Drill bookmark and other parameters like antipads or thermal pads in Design Layers. I can see it in the layout file. Wh... |
H: Emitter-Follower Class A amplifier
I was trying to solve a problem from SEDRA-SMITH book. I got stuck so I refer to the solution. When Studying how the author solved the problem I got even more confused.
Let's refer first to the given vbe and ic in the question. As per the explanation in the earlier chapter of th... |
H: Design a MOD-N counter using LS293 circuits
This is the internal scheme of the LS293 circuit.
I understand that the CP0 frequency will be divided by 2 and the CP1 will be divided by 8, but I don't understand how to use this circuit to build a mod-n counter.
AI: you have access to the reset pin. exploit that, as pa... |
H: MOS current mirror region of operation
The mosfet M1 is clearly in saturation as gate and drain terminals are shorted. Why we take M2 also in saturation? I know Vgs1 = Vgs2 and they are identical MOS but i cant justify why M2 should be in saturation, as drain voltage of M2 can be any value..
AI: According to Sedra... |
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