overthelex/defectradar-annotations

DefectRadar Human Annotations

Human expert annotations of definitional defects in Ukrainian legislation. Gold-standard labels for the LegDefQA benchmark.

Annotation Task

Given a legal definition extracted from Ukrainian legislation, the annotator classifies it along two independent dimensions.

Dimension 1: Circulus in definiendo

Question: Does the definition add at least one distinguishing criterion that is not already present in the term itself?

Label	Description	Example
TRUE_DEFECT	Definition is normatively empty -- it restates the term without adding content	"програмно-апаратна помилка" defined as "помилка у програмному забезпеченні"
DOMAIN_REUSE	Root word repeats but the genus provides substantive narrowing	"Державний реєстр лікарських засобів" defined as "єдина державна інформаційна система, що містить відомості про зареєстровані лікарські засоби"
FALSE_POSITIVE	Pipeline error -- no actual morphological or semantic overlap	Rare; indicates extraction or lemmatization error

Dimension 2: Ignotum per ignotum

Question: Can a jurist apply this norm without consulting other laws for the meaning of terms used in the definition?

Label	Description	Example
CRITICAL	Term undefined anywhere in the legislative corpus; norm is inapplicable without subjective interpretation	"креативне вираження" -- not defined in any Ukrainian law
CROSS_REF	Term is defined in another law; an explicit cross-reference would resolve the gap	Financial terms in payment services law defined only in Banking Law
COMMON	Well-known term; no statutory definition needed	General terms like "особа", "майно"
FALSE_POSITIVE	Pipeline error -- term is actually defined in the same law	Extraction missed the definition

Sampling Strategy

300 definitions sampled from 5,799 extracted by DefectRadar from 44,021 active Ukrainian legislative acts:

Stratum	Count	Description
circulus	50	Pipeline flagged circulus only
ignotum	100	Pipeline flagged ignotum only
both	50	Pipeline flagged both defects
clean	100	Pipeline found no defects

Data Schema

Each annotation record contains:

{
  "annotator_id": "string",
  "definition_id": 1234,
  "rada_id": "1089-IX",
  "definiendum": "term being defined",
  "pipeline_circulus": true,
  "pipeline_ignotum": false,
  "human_circulus": "TRUE_DEFECT|DOMAIN_REUSE|FALSE_POSITIVE|SKIPPED",
  "human_circulus_comment": "optional free text",
  "human_ignotum": "CRITICAL|CROSS_REF|COMMON|FALSE_POSITIVE|SKIPPED",
  "human_ignotum_comment": "optional free text",
  "timestamp": "2026-06-02T...",
  "stratum": "circulus|ignotum|both|clean"
}

Annotation Tool

Interactive tool: overthelex/defectradar-annotator

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset
# After consolidation:
ds = load_dataset("overthelex/defectradar-annotations")

Related Resources

• Pipeline output: overthelex/ua-defectradar (5,799 definitions with pipeline labels)
• Paper: DefectRadar: Automated Detection of Definitional Defects in Legislation (Ovcharov & Kyrychenko, 2026)

Citation

@article{ovcharov2026defectradar,
  title={DefectRadar: Automated Detection of Definitional Defects in Legislation via Morpho-Semantic NLP Pipeline over 24,000 Ukrainian Laws},
  author={Ovcharov, Volodymyr and Kyrychenko, Ihor},
  year={2026}
}