Datasets:

jw4202
/

BriefMe

Error code:   DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception:    DatasetGenerationCastError
Message:      An error occurred while generating the dataset

All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'Metrics'}) and 1 missing columns ({'ToC_Avg_judge_score'}).

This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using

hf://datasets/jw4202/BriefMe/arg_comp/held_out.json (at revision 525efd531ee801c8ab0baa9c5d70771d84ef79f0)

Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1831, in _prepare_split_single
                  writer.write_table(table)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 714, in write_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
                             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2272, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2218, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              file: string
              text: string
              reference: string
              Metrics: struct<avg_gen_tokens: double, avg_gen_tokens_common: double, avg_levenshtein: double, avg_norm_leve (... 154 chars omitted)
                child 0, avg_gen_tokens: double
                child 1, avg_gen_tokens_common: double
                child 2, avg_levenshtein: double
                child 3, avg_norm_levenshtein: double
                child 4, bertscore: double
                child 5, bleu: double
                child 6, bleurt: double
                child 7, legal_bertscore: double
                child 8, meteor: double
                child 9, rouge1: double
                child 10, rouge2: double
                child 11, rougeL: double
              -- schema metadata --
              pandas: '{"index_columns": [], "column_indexes": [], "columns": [{"name":' + 549
              to
              {'file': Value('string'), 'text': Value('string'), 'reference': Value('string'), 'ToC_Avg_judge_score': Value('float64')}
              because column names don't match
              
              During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1455, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
                                       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1054, in convert_to_parquet
                  builder.download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 894, in download_and_prepare
                  self._download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 970, in _download_and_prepare
                  self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1702, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1833, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
              
              All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'Metrics'}) and 1 missing columns ({'ToC_Avg_judge_score'}).
              
              This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
              
              hf://datasets/jw4202/BriefMe/arg_comp/held_out.json (at revision 525efd531ee801c8ab0baa9c5d70771d84ef79f0)
              
              Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)

Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.

file string	text string	reference string	ToC_Avg_judge_score float64
Docket18-315_Brief001.pdf	I. THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT'S DECISION CREATED A THREE-WAY CIRCUIT SPLIT II. THE DECISION BELOW IS WRONG III. [MISSING]	III. ALLOWING RELATORS TO LENGTHEN THE LIMITATIONS PERIOD UNDER SUBSECTION 3731(b)(2) IMPOSES SIGNIFICANT BURDENS ON FALSE CLAIMS ACT DEFENDANTS	3.33
Docket18-483_Brief003.pdf	I. If the Court denies review of the Down syndrome protections at issue in this case, lower courts and future litigants would benefit from an accompanying statement clarifying that such policies present a question of first impression under this Court's abortion precedents A. To date, 12 federal judges in two circuits h...	i. Roe stands for the proposition that different durational rules may attach to different government interests	3.62
Docket18-1432_Brief006.pdf	A. Per the statutory text, an order denying CAT relief is outside the scope of Section 1252(a)(2)(C) 1. AEDPA specifically defined a "final order of removal" and an order denying CAT relief does not qualify 2. [MISSING] 3. Neither CAT's implementing regulations nor the REAL ID Act subject CAT claims to Section 1252(a)(...	2. The government's effort to escape the statutory definition lacks merit	3.71
Docket19-267_Brief016.pdf	A. The First Amendment prohibits governmental interference with ecclesiastical appointments B. The ministerial exception extends to any employee of a religious organization who performs an important religious function 1. Hosanna-Tabor recognized a ministerial exception grounded in the Religion Clauses' special solicitu...	C. The ministerial exception bars respondents' employment-discrimination claims	4.33
Docket20-1410_Brief012.pdf	A. Bedrock Criminal-Law Principles Make Consciousness Of Wrongdoing A Presumptively Necessary Ingredient Of A Felony Offense B. [MISSING] C. Overdeterrence Considerations Support Requiring Mens Rea For The Relevant Facts Separating Lawful From Unlawful Conduct	B. Mens Rea Requirements Have Particular Importance Where Complex Regulatory Schemes Are Backed By Criminal Penalties	4.33
Docket22-381_Brief003.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. This Case Presents An Ideal Opportunity To Resolve These Important Circuit Splits. A. Further Percolation Is Unnecessary. B. Smagin's Vehicle Arguments Are Unpersuasive. C. Smagin's Unpersuasive Defense Of The Decision Below Confirms That Certiorari Is Necessary.	I. Smagin Cannot Undermine The Splits CMB Monaco Has Identified As To The Case-Dispositive Issue Of RICO Standing.	3.4
Docket20-7622_Brief005.pdf	A. The dual-sovereignty rule requires successive prosecutions undertaken by separate sovereigns B. The CFR Courts are federal Article I courts that exercise federal sovereignty C. [MISSING] D. Practical considerations strongly favor reversal 1. A rule requiring prosecutions by separate sovereigns would be manageable 2....	C. Sacrificing tribal defendants' constitutional rights would not honor tribal sovereignty	3.14
Docket17-340_Brief014.pdf	CONGRESS HAS REGULATED THE CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS OF MOTOR CARRIERS AND OWNER-OPERATORS SINCE THE 1950S A. Congress and The ICC First Mandated Motor Carrier Control of and Responsibility for Owner-Operators B. The Expansion of The Leasing Rules to Address Motor Carrier Exploitation of Owner-Operators C. The Provisio...	2. The ICC Termination Act Granted a Specific Private Right of Action in Federal Court	4
Docket21-857_Brief006.pdf	The saving clause in 28 U.S.C. 2255(e) does not apply to petitioner's claim A. Section 2255 is not inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of petitioner's detention 1. The text of Section 2255(e) focuses on opportunity, not results a. Section 2255 is inadequate or ineffective only if a sentencing court cannot ad...	3. An expansive reading of the saving clause would lead to illogical and unadministrable results	3.55
Docket17-387_Brief004.pdf	I. By Preventing Courts from Resolving Disputes Between Utilities and Indian Tribes, the Broad Rule Sought by the Upper Skagit Would Harm the Public Interest II. By Barring Use of Eminent Domain to Acquire Rights-of-Way, the Broad Rule Sought by the Upper Skagit Would Harm the Public Interest III. Condemnation Cases Sh...	IV. Condemnation of "Allotment Land" Should Not Be Foreclosed	4
Docket21-1450_Brief003.pdf	I. The Second Circuit Had Appellate Jurisdiction II. 18 U.S.C. section 3231 Does Not Apply to Foreign Sovereigns A. The First Congress Did Not Authorize Criminal Jurisdiction Over Foreign Sovereigns B. [MISSING] C. Nothing Since 1789 Counsels a Different Result III. The FSIA Dictates that U.S. Courts Cannot Hear Prosec...	B. Statutory Context Confirms that the First Congress Did Not Authorize Criminal Prosecutions of Foreign Sovereigns	4
Docket21-1271_Brief041.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. State legislatures do not act independently of state constitutional constraints when fulfilling their duty under the Elections Clause to enact state laws governing congressional elections.	I. Judicial review, in itself, does not usurp the role of state legislatures under the Elections Clause, whether it occurs in state or federal court.	4
Docket21-954_Brief007.pdf	I. DHS May Not Rescind MPP When Doing So Would Violate Its Mandatory Detention Obligations A. Section 1225(b) imposes a mandatory detention obligation on DHS B. [MISSING] 1. DHS must use its contiguous-removal authority if it cannot otherwise fully comply with its detention obligations 2. DHS cannot parole aliens on a ...	B. DHS may not rescind MPP when doing so will cause it to violate section 1225(b)'s detention mandate	3.55
Docket17-494_Brief007.pdf	I. This Case Is Properly Presented II. This Case Presents A Constitutional Question For This Court, Not Congress III. [MISSING]	III. Respondents' Background, "Factual" Arguments Are Overstated	3.33
Docket22-660_Brief001.pdf	I. The court of appeals ignored Congress's decision not to require evidence of impermissible motive. II. [MISSING]	II. The Second Circuit's error has the potential to impact a growing set of statutory regimes.	3.5
Docket20-480_Brief002.pdf	I. THIS PETITION IS AN EXCELLENT VEHICLE TO RESOLVE A DEEP SPLIT ON AN IMPORTANT QUESTION OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION II. [MISSING]	II. THE GOVERNMENT'S MERITS ARGUMENTS ARE IRRELEVANT AT THIS STAGE AND WRONG	3.5
Docket19-368_Brief015.pdf	I. Intermediate Businesses Depend On The Personal Jurisdiction Supplied By The Stream-Of-Commerce Rule A. Home builders are an important example of how businesses themselves depend on the stream-of-commerce rule B. Courts have been fairly applying the stream-of-commerce test for years C. [MISSING]	C. The Stream-Of-Commerce Rule Is Correct	3.5
Docket19-1189_Brief012.pdf	I. The Court may review the entirety of a remand order in a case removed under Sections 1442 or 1443 A. The plain language of Section 1447(d) authorizes full review B. [MISSING] C. Complete review accords with federal appellate procedure in similar contexts D. Complete review is important to the business community and ...	B. Complete review corrects important errors without delay or encouraging baseless removal	3.33
Docket18-1195_Brief007.pdf	I. This Court lacks jurisdiction because the decision below does not present the Petitioners' or any other federal question A. Petitioners did not press their question in the courts below, and the decision below did not pass on it B. The decision below rests on adequate and independent state law grounds II. The decisio...	B. Petitioners exaggerate the case's national importance and urgency	3.89
Docket21-1043_Brief011.pdf	Sections 32(1)(a) and 43(a)(1)(A) of the Lanham Act provide a remedy for use of a plaintiff's U.S. trademark abroad only if that use is likely to cause consumer confusion in the United States A. Under this Court's modern two-step framework for assessing the territorial reach of federal statutes, application of the Lanh...	D. Treating consumer confusion as the focus of the pertinent Lanham Act provisions accords with fundamental trademark principles and with international agreements to which the United States is a party	3.78
Docket19-1257_Brief024.pdf	I. IN VOTE-DENIAL CASES SECTION 2 DOES NOT AND CANNOT PREDICATE RELIEF ON THE ABILITY TO INFLUENCE ELECTIONS II. PETITIONERS' INTERPRETATION OF SECTION 2 IS INCONSISTENT WITH THIS COURT'S PRECEDENT AND WOULD LEAVE VOTERS WITHOUT RECOURSE EVEN FOR INTENTIONAL DISCRIMINATION A. [MISSING] i. Native Americans Live Prohibit...	A. Geographic Isolation Leaves Native Americans Vulnerable to Disenfranchisement	3.86
Docket17-965_Brief011.pdf	I. The Plain Meaning of Sections 1182 (f) and 1152(a)(1)(A) Yields No Conflict Or Check On The President's Authority To Suspend Entry of Aliens A. The text of Section 1182 (f) unambiguously grants the President broad power to suspend entry to any alien or any class of aliens whose entry he finds would be detrimental to...	B. The statutory framework, legislative history, and prior executive practice all support rather than undermine the plain language of Section 1182 (f)	3.86
Docket19-783_Brief015.pdf	I. PETITIONER'S INTERPRETATION OF THE CFAA, IF ADOPTED, WOULD LIMIT THE APPLICABILITY OF THE CFAA ALMOST ENTIRELY TO THE ACTIONS OF OUTSIDERS, RENDERING IT INEFFECTIVE AGAINST THE OFTEN FAR MORE SIGNIFICANT THREAT POSED BY FAITHLESS INSIDERS TO CONFIDENTIAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION A. Modern Financial Firms Gat...	A. Giving Weight to the Terms of Employment Contracts and Policies Reinforces the Common Understanding that One's Rights Concerning the Property of Another Extend Only as Far as They Are Granted	3.73
Docket20-1573_Brief009.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. Since Iskanian, plaintiffs routinely use PAGA to avoid their promises to arbitrate III. The proliferation of PAGA cases harms individuals and businesses IV. This Court should reverse	I. PAGA gives plaintiffs carte blanche to sue businesses for even minor employment violations	2.75
Docket18-935_Brief004.pdf	I. The UK's Evolving Interpretation of Habitual Residence A. Habitual residence is not defined by the Hague Conference B. [MISSING] C. Court of Justice of the European Union cases leading to the modern UK SC approach D. The modern UK SC approach E. The significance of parental intent in the modern UK SC approach II. Ot...	B. Ex P Shah —The early approach to habitual residence focusing on parental intent	3.43
Docket17-130_Brief017.pdf	I. The current appointment process does not secure the independence of administrative law judges A. SEC ALJs operate under institutional pressures to conform to the SEC's wishes B. SEC ALJs must follow agency rules, interpretations, and other policies C. SEC ALJs do not conduct hearings in an impartial and independent ...	II. Lack of Prior Background or Expertise in Securities Law Renders SEC ALJs Vulnerable to Agency Bias and Influence	3.78
Docket20-480_Brief005.pdf	I. THE PLAIN TEXT OF THE UNIFORMED-SERVICES EXCEPTION APPLIES TO DUAL STATUS TECHNICIANS A. The word "as" does not limit the uniformed-services exception to a subset of dual-status technicians' service B. There is no other textual basis for excluding dual-status technicians from the uniformed-services exception C. Legi...	III. RESPONDENT'S RULE COULD PROVE DIFFICULT TO ADMINISTER	3.83
Docket19-251_Brief045.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. Petitioners' facial challenges to the Schedule B requirement fail A. California's requirement is substantially related to the State's regulatory and law enforcement interests B. Petitioners failed to demonstrate a significant burden on First Amendment rights C. Petitioners' arguments concerning the fit...	I. Nonpublic reporting requirements are subject to exacting scrutiny, not strict scrutiny	4
Docket19-1257_Brief013.pdf	I. The Constitution does not recognize disparate impact claims, and any congressional recognition of such claims is subject to constitutional limits A. Section 2 must be restrained in order to satisfy constitutional standards B. The text of Section 2 creates only a results test of limited scope C. The Ninth Circuit's a...	1. Gingles and the 1982 Senate Factors should not be transferred to the vote denial context	3.67
Docket20-18_Brief007.pdf	I. Neither the common law nor founding-era history tolerate the warrantless entry of a home based on pursuit of a nonviolent misdemeanant A. Citizens' homes have special status under the Fourth Amendment B. The exceptions to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement are grounded in historical practice II. Warrantless ...	A. The right of privacy is highest in the home and the interests of the government are low	3.57
Docket19-251_Brief039.pdf	The [MISSING]	The Ninth Circuit's Ad Hoc Balancing Test for Protecting Donor Confidentiality Undermines the Categorical Protection for Evidentiary Privileges Recognized in Jaffee	5
Docket17-5716_Brief005.pdf	The statutory minimum sentences for petitioners' offenses preclude them from seeking sentence reductions under 18 U.S.C. 3582(c)(2) A. The "sentencing ranges" for petitioners' offenses were statutory minimums that the Commission cannot "lower" B. The substantial-assistance departures that petitioners received under 18 ...	3. The sentencing proceedings in petitioners' cases illustrate the proper procedure for a substantial-assistance departure under Section 3553(e)	3.62
Docket21-12_Brief007.pdf	I. [MISSING] A. Appellees' Injuries Are Traceable to BCRA Section 304 And Redressed by the Judgment Holding Section 304 Unconstitutional B. Appellees' Unpaid Loan, whether "Self-Inflicted" or Not, Establishes Their Standing II. The District Court Correctly Held that the Loan-Repayment Limit Is Unconstitutional A. Becau...	I. The District Court Correctly Held that Appellees Have Standing	4.14
Docket19-251_Brief024.pdf	I. In seeking to distinguish political speech disclosure law, Petitioners and the Ninth Circuit rehearing en banc denial dissent understate how the First Amendment protects political speech and do so in ways that can undermine First Amendment rights to political speech II. Regarding regulation, i.e., disclosure, of pol...	VI. Strict scrutiny, not substantial relation exacting scrutiny, applies to some political speech disclosure law	3.17
Docket18-15_Brief020.pdf	THIS [MISSING]	THIS CASE IS THE PRODUCT OF A SUSTAINED EFFORT TO DISABLE PUBLIC INTEREST REGULATION THAT THIS COURT SHOULD REJECT	3
Docket18-916_Brief022.pdf	A. [MISSING] B. This Court's precedent strongly supports the government's reading of Section 314(d) C. Precluding review of Section 315(b) determinations furthers the AIA's purposes	A. The text, structure, and history of the AIA demonstrate that the USPTO's Section 315(b) determinations are not reviewable	4
Docket17-1268_Brief007.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. Punitive Damages May Not Be Awarded Retroactively Under section 1605A(c) A. The Landgraf Presumption Applies to Punitive Damages Under section 1605A(c) B. Neither section 1605A(c) nor section 1083 of the 2008 NDAA Provides a Clear Statement of Retroactive Intent for Punitive Damages III. Punitive Damag...	I. The District Court Lacked Subject-Matter Jurisdiction	4
Docket17-1471_Brief010.pdf	I. Shamrock Oil Should Not Be Extended To Third-Party Counterclaim Defendants A. Nothing in Shamrock Oil Supports Extending Its Rule to Third-Party Counterclaim Defendants B. Jackson Identifies No Valid Reason to Extend Shamrock Oil to Third-Party Counterclaim Defendants II. Home Depot Was Entitled To Remove This Actio...	A. The Text, Structure, and Purpose of CAFA Confirm That a Third-Party Counterclaim Defendant Can Remove	3.83
Docket21-1599_Brief001.pdf	A. Congress Provided Important Procedural Protections Against Undue IRS Intrusion Into Private Records B. The Sixth Circuit Gives The IRS Virtually Unlimited Power To Trample Privacy Rights C. [MISSING]	C. The IRS Has Little To Gain By Not Providing Notice Of Summonses To Innocent Third Parties	3.67
Docket22-166_Brief001.pdf	I. MINNESOTA'S PROPERTY TAX SYSTEM IMPLICATES THIS COURT'S EXCESSIVE FINE CLAUSE JURISPRUDENCE. II. CIRCUIT SPLITS ARE SPLIT IN APPLYING THIS COURT'S JURISPRUDENCE. A. Lower Courts Are Struggling To Apply the Grossly Disproportional Standard, Resulting in a Circuit Split. B. There is A Circuit Split on Whether Civil Pe...	C. The Court Should Reaffirm The Historical Importance of the Excessive Fines Clause.	3.33
Docket21-418_Brief030.pdf	I. Many People Exercise their Religion Through Outward Expressions of Faith that Cannot Fairly Be Attributed to their Employers II. Banning Overt Expressions of Faith by Public Employees on the Job Would Violate the No Religious Test Clause A. The history of the No Religious Test Clause shows that it was designed to pr...	B. Converting protected individual religious expression into regulable government speech imposes a religious test for government employment	3.75
Docket18-916_Brief009.pdf	I. THE DIRECTOR'S DECISION TO INSTITUTE INTER PARTES REVIEW OVER A TIME-BAR CHALLENGE UNDER 35 U.S.C. section 315(b) IS APPEALABLE A. [MISSING] B. The Director Does Not Have Unfettered Discretion to Institute an IPR, Let Alone One that Is Time Barred C. The Agency Would Exceed its Authority by Instituting a Time-Barred...	A. The Director's Congressionally-Granted Discretion Is Limited to Decisions to Deny Institution	4.29
Docket17-961_Brief001.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. Allowing Class Counsel and the District Court to Redirect Class Members' Remedial Settlement Funds to Non-Parties Favored by Them Raises Serious Due Process Concerns III. The Ninth Circuit's Interpretation of Rule 23(e)(2) Also Raises Significant Article III Case or Controversy Concerns	I. Interpreting Rule 23(e)(2) to Permit a Binding Settlement that Redirects Class Action Settlement Funds From Class Members to Third Parties (Often Advocacy Groups) Would Raise Serious First Amendment Concerns	4.33
Docket19-309_Brief013.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. THE TWO-PARTY PROVISION FURTHERS THE PARTISAN INTERESTS OF DELAWARE'S PREDOMINANT POLITICAL PARTIES, NOT LEGITIMATE OR COMPELLING STATE INTERESTS	I. THE TWO-PARTY PROVISION VIOLATES LIBERTARIAN PARTY MEMBERS' CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS	4
Docket19-1392_Brief038.pdf	I. JUDICIAL PREOCCUPATION WITH VIABILITY LEADS TO ERRONEOUS DECISIONS II. THIS COURT'S ABORTION JURISPRUDENCE IS BUILT ON A PAGAN FOUNDATION III. [MISSING] IV. THIS COURT'S DECISIONS HAVE DE FACTO ESTABLISHED PAGANISM AS OUR NATION'S RELIGION A. Elevation of the Collective over the Individual B. Evicting God from Gover...	III. THIS COURT HAS CONSTITUTIONALIZED MORAL ISSUES AND UNDERMINED MORALITY	3.38
Docket21-1168_Brief009.pdf	I. Pennsylvania's registration jurisdiction scheme is not based on consent. II. Pennsylvania's regime violates basic due process principles. A. Mallory's position would expand general jurisdiction by gutting Goodyear and Daimler. B. Mallory's position violates the principles behind this Court's modern personal jurisdic...	IV. Pennsylvania Fire does not control here.	3.54
Docket18-1048_Brief005.pdf	The [MISSING] A. The New York Convention does not categorically prohibit the application of domestic law doctrines that allow nonsignatories to compel arbitration B. The application of domestic law contract and agency doctrines that allow a nonsignatory to compel arbitration turns on the parties' consent as informed by...	The New York Convention does not categorically prohibit enforcement of an arbitration agreement by a nonsignatory	3.67
Docket20-493_Brief003.pdf	A. [MISSING] B. This Court's review is warranted	A. The court of appeals' decision is incorrect	3
Docket18-443_Brief002.pdf	I. The CCA's decision on remand conflicts with this Court's mandate in Moore I, which provided clear instructions, based on clinical standards, for determining intellectual disability for Eighth Amendment purposes A. This Court provided the CCA with a clear mandate regarding the constitutional standard for diagnosing i...	II. The CCA's refusal to follow the holding in Moore I raises serious rule of law concerns that can be remedied only by this Court	4.11
Docket21-12_Brief008.pdf	I. The "Trust Deficit" Justification for the "Appearance of Corruption" Model Is Not Supported by Modern Research or Experience A. Modern Research Shows an "Appearance of Corruption" Does Not Threaten Confidence in Representative Government B. [MISSING] C. This Case Illustrates How It Is Easy to Show an Impermissible "...	B. An "Appearance of Corruption" Must Be An Appearance of Quid Pro Quo Corruption, Not An "Appearance of Influence or Access"	4
Docket19-357_Brief009.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. THE CITY'S CONDUCT VIOLATED THE AUTOMATIC STAY III. THE CITY'S PROPOSED STATUTORY SCHEME DOES NOT FIT COHERENTLY OR HARMONIOUSLY WITH CHAPTER 7 OF THE BANKRUPTCY CODE	I. SECTION 542(a) IS MANDATORY AND SELF-EXECUTING	3.67
Docket20-493_Brief003.pdf	A. The court of appeals' decision is incorrect B. [MISSING]	B. This Court's review is warranted	3
Docket22-535_Brief010.pdf	I. Congress did not intend open-ended delegations of emergency powers to the executive branch A. Congress has recognized that, unless properly checked, emergency powers are subject to abuse B. Congress has recognized the need both to delegate and to constrain the use of emergency powers II. This Court's construction of...	2. How close is the nexus between the emergency and the action taken?	3.6
Docket19-1257_Brief008.pdf	I. The Questions Here Are Far-Reaching And Of Exceptional Importance A. The Ninth Circuit Majority Invalidated Common Election Measures Despite Trial Conclusions Favoring The State B. The Appellate Outcome Turned On The Legal Test, Not New Fact Finding C. [MISSING] II. Respondents Cannot Paper Over The Well-Acknowledge...	C. Amici —Including Public Officials From Over Twenty States In Eight Circuits —Confirm The Questions Are Important And Far-Reaching	3.75
Docket20-5279_Brief007.pdf	I. THE RULE OF LENITY SHOULD BE APPLIED RIGOROUSLY TO MANDATORY MINIMUM SENTENCING STATUTES A. The Rule of Lenity Helps Avoid the Particularly High Costs of Reading Mandatory Minimums Too Broadly B. The Risk of Reading Mandatory Minimums Too Broadly Is Also Particularly High II. JUDICIAL EXPERIENCE WITH 18 U.S.C. secti...	B. Evading or Resisting Arrest Does Not Clearly Involve Multiple Different "Occasions"	4.17
Docket21-1484_Brief010.pdf	I. THE SUPREME COURT RETAINS EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OVER THE DETERMINATION OF ENTITLEMENTS TO WATER FROM THE MAINSTREAM A. The Injunctive Relief Sought by the Proposed Third Amended Complaint Necessarily Entails the Judicial Determination of the Nation's Unquantified Claim to Mainstream Water B. Repeated Citation to Ad...	2. The 1934 Boundary Act, while adding land to the Navajo Reservation in Arizona, did not, and could not, amend the 1868 Treaty or otherwise extend any provisions of the Treaty to the subsequently added land	3.92
Docket17-1091_Brief011.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. CHANGES IN THE LEGAL BACKDROP SUPPORT ELIMINATION OF THE DUAL SOVEREIGNTY EXCEPTION	I. THE DUAL SOVEREIGNTY EXCEPTION TO THE DOUBLE JEOPARDY CLAUSE IS AT ODDS WITH THE TEXT, HISTORY, AND STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION	4.5
Docket17-961_Brief002.pdf	I. Without meaningful judicial oversight of proposed cy pres class-action settlements, class members are deprived of their legal claims without due process A. Present opt-out mechanisms for class-action participation result in effectively zero participation by class members B. Without meaningful class participation, cl...	E. The Court should require the Ninth Circuit to honor its Rule 23 obligations and avoid deprivations of due process	3.43
Docket17-6086_Brief008.pdf	I. Federal Courts Have Abandoned the Non-delegation Doctrine, and Significant Law-making Power is Now Concentrated in the Executive Branch A. The Modern Intelligible Principle Test Allows the Executive Branch to Make Law and Decide Policy B. Although Federal Courts Now Treat the Nondelegation Doctrine as a Dead Letter,...	1. The Constitution does not expressly authorize Congress to delegate its exclusively legislative powers	3.87
Docket19-431_Brief024.pdf	I. [MISSING] A. The APA Authorizes Courts To "Set Aside" Regulations In Their Entirety And To "Stay" Their "Effective Date" Pending Litigation B. Amici's Suggestion That Courts May "Set Aside" Regulations Only As To Particular Plaintiffs Defies Text and Precedent C. The Government And Amici's Policy Concerns Are For Co...	I. THE APA AUTHORIZES UNIVERSAL RELIEF FROM REGULATORY ACTION	4.4
Docket19-1392_Brief041.pdf	I. LIFE, AND THEREFORE PERSONHOOD, BEGINS AT CONCEPTION A. Science provides a clear picture as to what occurs at the moment of conception. B. Conception creates a new person II. LAW, INCLUDING OUR CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, EXISTS TO ADVANCE AND PROTECT NATURAL RIGHTS AND THE COMMON GOOD—ESPECIALLY THE RIGHT TO LIFE A. The na...	B. Our Nation was created to animate the natural law	3.71
Docket20-601_Brief005.pdf	I. THE ATTORNEY GENERAL IS JURISDICTIONALLY BARRED FROM INTERVENING BECAUSE HE WAS BOUND BY FINAL JUDGMENT AND FAILED TO TIMELY APPEAL A. The Attorney General's Failure to Appeal a Judgment to Which He Was Bound Deprived the Court Below of Jurisdiction B. Appellate Intervention Affords No End-Run Around These Jurisdict...	A. The Sixth Circuit's Conclusion That the Attorney General's Motion to Intervene Was Untimely Was Not an Abuse of Discretion	3.78
Docket21-806_Brief009.pdf	I. PETITIONERS KNEW OF THE LIABILITY EXPOSURE FOR VIOLATIONS OF FEDERAL LAW AND REGULATIONS, INCLUDING FNHRA, WHEN THEY ACCEPTED FEDERAL FUNDING A. Petitioners accepted the liability risk for violations of FNHRA because it was incredibly lucrative B. Petitioners negotiated their liability risk related to violations of ...	3. Damage caps	2.83
Docket19-1414_Brief001.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. The Ninth Circuit's opinion is not in tension with state court decisions III. The "Bad Men" treaty argument was not raised below and should not be addressed here	I. The Ninth Circuit's opinion is consistent with this Court's jurisprudence	2.67
Docket21-468_Brief007.pdf	I. [MISSING] A. The Dormant Commerce Clause Protects All States' Policy Choices on an Equal Basis B. The Dormant Commerce Clause Is Essential to Maintaining the Separation of Powers C. The Dormant Commerce Clause Protects the Right to Earn a Living 1. Protectionist state legislation prohibits sale of "ungraded" butter ...	I. The Constitution's Structure Requires Robust Enforcement of the Dormant Commerce Clause	3.86
Docket18-956_Brief002.pdf	I. [MISSING] A. Software Encompasses Collaborative, Functional Elements Not Present in Traditional Creative Works Subject to Copyright Protection B. A Flexible Fair Use Doctrine Is Essential To Accommodate the Modern Software Development Approach — As Courts Have Long Recognized C. Experience Has Shown That a Flexible ...	I. A Flexible Fair Use Doctrine Is Critical To Balancing the Interests of Copyright Protection and Follow-On Innovation in Software	4.25
Docket18-587_Brief019.pdf	I. [MISSING] A. Respondents' Equal Protection Claim Challenges a General Policy Decision, Which Should be Reviewed Under the Arlington Heights Framework B. Respondents' Claim of Intentional Racial Discrimination Meets the "Outrageous" Requirement of AADC II. The Lower Courts Correctly Concluded that Respondents Plausib...	I. Respondents' Intentional Racial Discrimination Claim is Cognizable	2.83
Docket18-328_Brief004.pdf	I. THE FDCPA'S LIMITATIONS PERIOD BEGINS TO RUN, AS THE STATUTE PROVIDES, ON "THE DATE ON WHICH THE VIOLATION OCCURS." A. The FDCPA's Plain Language Answers the Question Presented B. [MISSING] C. Adhering to the FDCPA's Text Serves the Purposes of Statutes of Limitations Generally, and of the FDCPA in Particular II. PE...	B. This Court's Precedents Confirm that the FDCPA Means What It Says	3.75
Docket19-431_Brief012.pdf	I. INTERPRETING THE ACA TO LIMIT AGENCIES' AUTHORITY TO EXPAND RELIEF FROM THE CONTRACEPTIVE MANDATE IS IN DEROGATION OF THE CONSTITUTION'S VESTING OF ALL LEGISLATIVE POWERS IN CONGRESS A. The ACA Includes No Intelligible Principle to Guide the Agencies in Determining What "Additional Preventive Care" They Should Manda...	C. When Agencies Undertake Lawmaking Functions that Were Vested in Congress, Rules that Reduce the Scope of Regulatory Reach Raise Fewer Self-Governance Concerns	3.86
Docket17-312_Brief003.pdf	The Ninth Circuit exceeded its authority by invalidating the security policy in this case A. The Ninth Circuit lacked statutory authority for its decision 1. The district court's orders were not "final decisions" immediately appealable under 28 U.S.C. 1291 2. The Ninth Circuit did not have authority to issue a writ of ...	B. Respondents' claims had become moot before the Ninth Circuit adjudicated them	4
Docket20-1530_Brief038.pdf	I. Section 111 Does Not Clearly Empower EPA To Reorganize American Industry II. EPA's New Powers Offend Federalism III. Section 111 Requires Source-Specific Regulation IV. [MISSING]	IV. This Case Is Not Moot — And Petitioners Have Standing	4.25
Docket19-968_Brief029.pdf	I. This Court should decline to create an Article III exception that excludes nominal damages awards from ordinary justiciability rules. A. Nominal damages redress past constitutional injury. B. This Court's decisions confirm that nominal damages' primary purpose is past redress of valuable —even priceless— rights. C. ...	B. The majority rule does not eliminate the mootness doctrine.	3.73
Docket19-7_Brief022.pdf	I. SMALL BUSINESSES ARE CRITICAL TO THE NATION'S ECONOMY II. SMALL BUSINESSES FACE THE SAME FINANCIAL CHALLENGES AS CONSUMERS A. [MISSING] B. Small businesses are harmed by abusive lending practices C. Small businesses depend on the integrity of the consumer financial markets because small businesses draw on personal w...	A. Small businesses, particularly minority- and woman-owned ones, face barriers in accessing credit	3.86
Docket19-968_Brief005.pdf	I. [MISSING] A. The Circuits are divided on whether victims of past constitutional violations can recover nominal damages as their sole remedy B. The Circuits have long been divided on whether nominal damages are legal or equitable II. The Eleventh Circuit's decision threatens the integrity of constitutional protection...	I. Certiorari is vital to resolve a deep three-way Circuit split that, if left unresolved, will chill First Amendment freedoms and leave governments free to violate the Constitution without consequences	3.62
Docket19-123_Brief025.pdf	I. IF THE CITY DID ITS OWN VETTING OF FOSTER CARE FAMILIES, THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE WOULD REQUIRE THAT SAME-SEX COUPLES BE GIVEN FULL, OPEN, AND EQUAL ACCESS AS FOSTER CARE FAMILY APPLICANTS A. Same-sex couples and LGBTQ children are constitutionally entitled to equal treatment, free of disadvantage or stigma B. [M...	B. If the City chose to do its own foster care placement, any arrangement that targeted and disadvantaged same-sex couples plainly would be unconstitutional	4
Docket21-5592_Brief001.pdf	I. The Standard Governing Stay Requests II. The Lower Courts Did Not Clearly Abuse Their Discretion in Denying a Stay of Execution A. Ramirez failed to show a likelihood of success on the merits, let alone the required substantial showing 1. Ramirez's challenge to TDCJ's denial of his verbal-prayer request is unexhaust...	ii. Ramirez fails to make a strong showing rebutting that TDCJ's policy satisfies the least restrictive means test	3.19
Docket17-1705_Brief009.pdf	I. [MISSING] A. Text and Context Require Construing the Hobbs Act More Narrowly than Respondent and the Government's Reading B. The Hobbs Act Did Not Provide a Prior, Adequate, and Exclusive Opportunity for Judicial Review of the 2006 Order C. Respondent and the Government's Position Cannot Be Squared with Other Agency...	I. THE HOBBS ACT DOES NOT PRECLUDE TCPA DEFENDANTS FROM OBTAINING JUDICIAL REVIEW OF FCC LEGAL INTERPRETATIONS	4
Docket21-376_Brief019.pdf	I. ICWA Exceeds Article I Power A. The Court has not recognized a plenary and exclusive power that would permit ICWA B. Congress's enumerated powers do not support ICWA 1. Indian Commerce Clause 2. Treaty Clause 3. "War Powers" 4. Territory Clause C. Unenumerated powers cannot sustain ICWA II. [MISSING] A. Texas has st...	II. ICWA Violates Equal Protection	3.71
Docket20-543_Brief005.pdf	I. There is no split of authority which can be resolved in this case A. [MISSING] B. The lower courts uniformly hold that ANCs do not have recognized governing bodies of an Indian Tribe C. The current case is not a vehicle for resolving an alleged difference between the Ninth Circuit and the District of Columbia Circui...	A. There is no split of authority in the lower courts, and never will be a split of authority in the lower courts, on the interpretation of whether ANCs qualify for funds under Title V of the CARES Act	3.4
Docket20-303_Brief017.pdf	IV. THE TERRITORY CLAUSE ARGUMENT V. LIBERTY AND PROPERTY ARE ENSHRINED IN DUE PROCESS, EQUAL PROTECTION AND IN THE RIGHTS, PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF PERSONS AND CITIZENS VI. [MISSING] VII. THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS, PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF THE INHABITANTS OF PUERTO RICO VIII. THE STATUS OF THE INHABITANTS OF PUER...	VI. THE INSULAR CASES OF DOWNES V. BIDWELL AND BALZAC V. PORTO RICO	3
Docket20-382_Brief004.pdf	I. THE D.C. CIRCUIT COURT CORRECTLY FOLLOWED THE MAJORITY VIEW THAT CERCLA SECTION 113(F)(3)(B) DOES NOT REQUIRE A SETTLEMENT TO RESOLVE CERCLA SPECIFIC LIABILITY IN ORDER FOR THE SETTLEMENT TO TRIGGER A CONTRIBUTION ACTION. A. A Strict Requirement for CERCLA Specific Language Would Undermine Site-Specific Negotiations...	B. The Court's Ruling Is Counter to the Goals of CERCLA and Will Allow Parties Responsible for Pollution to Escape Liability for the Pollution They Caused.	4.2
Docket21-328_Brief006.pdf	I. Enforcement of arbitration agreements under the FAA involves the interplay of both federal and state law II. [MISSING]	II. Where generally applicable principles of state contract law provide for waiver of contract rights regardless of prejudice, the FAA does not superimpose a requirement of prejudice	4
Docket20-1530_Brief036.pdf	I. Section 111 Does Not Authorize EPA To Restructure the Nation's Electricity Sector A. Turning Off Sources Is Not a "System of Emission Reduction" B. Whether and How To Restructure an Entire Industrial Sector Is a Paradigmatic Major Question C. No Respondent Identifies Clear Congressional Authorization for EPA To Rest...	III. Respondents' Various Justiciability Arguments Are Meritless	3.67
Docket22-174_Brief018.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. With Lemon put to rest, Title VII's reasonable accommodation/undue hardship balancing test should resemble its ADA cognate. A. Title VII's and the ADA's parallel text, history, and purposes make them sister statutes. B. Courts may look to already-prevailing interpretations of "reasonable accommodation"...	I. Hardison was haunted by Lemon.	3.5
Docket19-5807_Brief001.pdf	I. EDWARDS' CLAIMS FAIL UNDER AEDPA A. [MISSING] B. Edwards Cannot Show a Violation of Clearly Established Federal Law II. INDEPENDENT STATE LAW GROUNDS SUPPORT THE DENIAL OF RELIEF III. PETITIONER WAS DENIED A CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY BY THE FIFTH CIRCUIT	A. The Petition Makes No Attempt to Address AEDPA's Requirements for Federal Habeas Relief	4
Docket17-1026_Brief010.pdf	I. Prejudice Should Be Presumed When An Attorney Disregards His Client's Instruction To Appeal Following An Appeal Waiver A. By Failing To Appeal, An Attorney Forfeits A Proceeding To Which The Defendant Was Entitled B. An Attorney's Refusal To File An Appeal Requested By His Client Usurps A Decision Committed To The C...	III. Even Under The Other Side's Rules, Mr. Garza Is Entitled To Have His Appeal Reinstated	4
Docket22-506_Brief003.pdf	I. Missouri's Claimed Injury is Not Cognizable Because It Relies on Speculative and Uncertain Harms to MOHELA A. Missouri Cannot Derive Standing From Prospective Harm to MOHELA Because MOHELA is Separate From the State 1. The Text and History of MOHELA's Enabling Act Establish That MOHELA is Independent of the State fo...	II. The Other Respondent States Do Not Demonstrate a Significant Risk of Economic Harm Arising From the Secretary's Debt Discharge Plan	4.22
Docket20-1029_Brief008.pdf	Petitioner's ban on digitizing off-premises but not on-premises signs violates the First Amendment A. Petitioner's distinction between on-premises and off-premises signs is content-based and thus subject to strict scrutiny 1. Under Reed, petitioner's distinction between on-premises and off-premises signs is content-bas...	2. Petitioner's attempts to limit and distinguish Reed should be rejected	3.64
Docket22-200_Brief006.pdf	I. Section 11 Is Not Limited To Registered Shares A. Section 11 Applies To Any Security Whose Sale Is Permitted Only Because Of The Filing Of The Challenged Registration Statement 1. The Difference Between The Parties' Interpretation Of "Such Security" Is Narrow 2. The Ninth Circuit's Reading Better Comports With The A...	7. The Untenable Consequences Of Petitioners' Interpretation Are Not The Result Of Modern, Unforeseen Developments	3.94
Docket17-1672_Brief005.pdf	I. SECTION 3583(K) VIOLATES THE JURY TRIAL RIGHT BY ALTERING THE STATUTORY RANGE OF REIMPRISONMENT ON THE BASIS OF POST-CONVICTION JUDICIAL FACT FINDING A. Section 3583(k) is distinct from the system of supervised release the Court considered in Johnson B. Under a straightforward application of Apprendi, section 3583(k...	1. Section 3583(k) acts as a mandatory sentencing enhancement, increasing both the minimum and maximum term of reimprisonment	4
Docket18-725_Brief003.pdf	I. An Offense "Renders" An Alien "Inadmissible" If It Triggers The Alien's Adjudication Of Inadmissibility A. Overview of parties' positions B. An offense "renders" an alien "inadmissible" or "removable" if it triggers the adjudication of inadmissibility or removability 1. The plain meaning of "render," "the alien," an...	1. Petitioner's alternative view is more consistent with the text than the government's	3.25
Docket18-935_Brief003.pdf	I. THE SIXTH CIRCUIT ERRED IN REVIEWING THE DISTRICT COURT'S HABITUAL-RESIDENCE DETERMINATION FOR CLEAR ERROR A. [MISSING] B. Longstanding Appellate Practice Supports De Novo Review C. Appellate Courts' Institutional Advantages Support De Novo Review D. The Sixth Circuit's Reasoning In Applying Clear-Error Review Is No...	A. The Statutorily Recognized Need For Uniform Interpretation Of The Convention Supports De Novo Review	4
Docket21-1270_Brief004.pdf	I. Section 363(m) does not impose a jurisdictional limitation on appellate review of sale or lease orders A. Statutory limitations on relief are not jurisdictional unless Congress has clearly made them so B. Congress did not clearly indicate that Section 363(m) is jurisdictional C. The arguments to the contrary lack me...	2. Respondent's arguments also fail	3.75
Docket20-443_Brief002.pdf	I. [MISSING] II. The First Circuit's fact-bound holding that the jury was deprived of relevant mitigating evidence does not warrant review. A. The First Circuit's decision does not warrant review. B. The First Circuit correctly determined that excluding the Waltham evidence was prejudicial error. C. The First Circuit c...	I. This Court should deny certiorari.	3.62
Docket18-587_Brief005.pdf	I. There is no need for "prompt intervention" by this Court II. Petitioners' merits arguments provide no reason for review A. Reviewability B. [MISSING] C. The motion to dismiss	B. The preliminary injunction	2.6
Docket21-309_Brief010.pdf	I. The FAA exempts the employment contracts of airline employees who load and unload cargo A. Airline employees are a "class of workers engaged in commerce" in the same way as seamen and railroad employees B. Even if the relevant class is cargo loaders, they are "engaged in commerce." 1. When the FAA was enacted, it wa...	2. The more recent usage of the phrase "engaged in commerce" as a term of art also encompasses cargo loaders	3.82
Docket22-500_Brief004.pdf	I. Federal public policy should govern the enforceability of maritime choice-of-law clauses A. Federal policy has historically governed maritime choice-of-law clauses 1. Before Wilburn Boat, maritime contracts were governed exclusively by federal law 2. After Wilburn Boat, federal policy still governs choice-of-law cla...	3. The decision below departs from the historical consensus	3.88
Docket22-611_Brief003.pdf	I. Public Officials Who Use Social Media to Invoke the Pretense of Authority and to Serve Governmental Functions Can Act "Under Color of" Law A. The State-Action Inquiry Is Ill-Suited to a Rigid Test B. "Under Color of Law" Includes Conduct Under Pretense of Law C. Identifying State Action Often Requires Consideration ...	D. Appearance and Function Help Determine When a Public Official's Social Media Use Is State Action	4
Docket21-1271_Brief029.pdf	I. The decennial drawing of single-member congressional districts occurs pursuant to federal regulations enacted by Congress. A. The statutory phrase "by law" includes state courts. B. [MISSING] C. When Congress enacted 2 U.S.C. section 2c, members of Congress understood that state courts and state constitutions could ...	B. The statutory phrase "by law" includes state constitutions.	3.38
Docket17-1618_Brief014.pdf	In [MISSING] A. State and federal appellate decisions on same-sex marriage consistently treated sex and sexual orientation classifications as distinct B. This Court has also treated the categories of sex and sexual orientation as distinct	In the context of the same-sex marriage litigation, this Court, and lower state and federal courts, have had occasion to hold that discrimination against gays and lesbians is a form of sex discrimination but have consistently treated these classifications as distinct	3.33

End of preview.

task_categories: - summarization - text-generation language: - en tags: - legal-nlp - case-retrieval - legal-summarization - argument-completion size_categories: - 10K<n<100K

Dataset Card for BriefMe

Dataset Details

Dataset Description

Legal work involves reading, writing and reasoning about large volumes of text. For instance, in litigation, attorneys must search and interpret prior case law to construct convincing arguments to stake out a strong position. They present these to a judge in the form of a document called a brief.

BriefMe is a legal NLP corpus that presents three tasks on which to train and evaluate language models to assist in legal brief writing and argumentation:

(1) Argument Summarization: given a section of text from a brief, summarize the argument as a section heading for that part of the brief
(2) Argument Completion: given a set of arguments comprised of the section headings in a brief, complete the missing argument
(3) Case Retrieval: given a context window of text from the brief, retrieve the judicial opinion that supports the argument in the brief

Argument completion is a novel task that leverages the inherent structure of a brief, where briefs are split into multiple sections that constitute sub-arguments about the state of the law as interpreted by that attorney, and effective arguments fit together into a cohesive whole that logically walks the judge step-by-step to the attorney's preferred outcome.

BriefMe is built using legal briefs filed in cases argued in the Supreme Court of the United States.

Language(s) (NLP): English
License: CC-BY

Dataset Sources

Repository: https://github.com/utahnlp/BriefMe
Paper: BriefMe: A Legal NLP Benchmark for Assisting with Legal Briefs

Dataset Structure

Summarization data contains the following fields:

-file: str: The filename of the brief pdf that served as the original source of the text.
-text: str: The section of text from the brief to be summarized.
-reference: str: The header that corresponds to the text and also serves as a gold reference.
-judge_outcome: str: The output of the LLM judge's (GPT-o3-mini) rating of the reference. 
-judge_score_verb: str: Text rating of the reference.
-judge_score: int: LLM judge score out of 5.

Completion data contains the following fields:

-file: str: The filename of the brief pdf that served as the original source of the text.
-text: str: The set of arguments represented by headings from the brief with one argument masked.
-reference: str: The missing argument heading from the brief.
-ToC_Avg_judge_score: float: LLM judge score out of 5.

Retrieval data contains the following fields:

-section_header: str: The header of the section that corresponds to the text that contains the context window.
-context: str: The text surrounding the masked citation that provides query context for the retrieval model.
-citation_value_orig: str: The case citation that points to the reference case in the standard legal form of <volume number> <reporter> <page number>.
-query_contains_other_citations: bool: Whether the retrieval query contains other citations within the context.

Retrieval corpus contains the following fields: - id: str: The citation as it would appear in legal text, composed of the volume, reporter abbreviation, and page (e.g., "538 U.S. 600") - cited_text: list or str: Either a list of strings containing the texts that match that citation in courtlistener, or if there is was no such match, a string ""

Preprocessed data contains the following fields: - filename: str: The unique filename of the brief document scraped from supremecourt.gov. - text: str: The raw text as extracted from the file using pypdf2. - docket_num: str: The docket number used by the U.S. Supreme Court to identify a case in its internal and public-facing systems. - court: str: The court that heard the case (all "SCOTUS") - arguments: str: The arguments as extracted from the table of contents. - cleaned_text_alt: str: The full text of the brief with non-ASCII and other encoding errors removed. - cleaned_content_alt: str: The longform text of the brief that has been split from the table of contents and other preceding material using regular expressions. - cleaned_args: list: A list of the extracted arguments from the table of contents. - sections_alt: list: A list of dictionaries with the argument as key matched to its section text in the brief as the value. - url: str: The url from where the pdf brief was downloaded. - arg_structure: json: A graph representing the relationships of the headers, with each header given its children and parents.

Data Splits

Subset Name	Train	Dev	Test	Held-Out
arg_summ	18,642	2,345	2,345	164
arg_comp	3,377	1,275	1,253	215
case_retrieval*	58,469	7,314	7,303	-

Subset Name	Cases
retrieval_corpus	24,525

*The size of the case_retrieval data splits is less than those reported in the paper because we applied additional filtering. Because of limitations with courtlistener, some examples cited to cases that were not contained in our retrieval corpus, and were removed from our experiments.

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

A model that could assist a legal professional in drafting briefs could offer notable productivity gains. Although there is a growing number of legal NLP datasets, none contain legal briefs in significant numbers or explicitly capture the logic of legal argumentation.

To this end, we present BriefMe, an annotated dataset of Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) briefs with annotations to support three tasks. We construct BriefMe from briefs hosted on the Supreme Court's website.

We formulate the tasks based on the structure of SCOTUS briefs. This structure follows a convention where each section and subsection state a concise version of the arguments that are contained in that section, with each section building toward the ultimate argument. Leveraging this structure, we construct a dataset where each section or subsection is accompanied by a section heading, which can serve as a built-in gold reference for a summarization task. Taken together, the headings capture the step-by-step argument of the brief, and form the basis for a novel argument completion task.

Source Data

Briefs were scraped from www.supremecourt.gov. The judicial opinion retrieval corpus is compiled using the Court Listener API.

Data Collection and Processing

Review the related paper for details on data collection and processing.

Who are the source data producers?

Briefs were produced by attorneys arguing cases in front of the Supreme Court. Judicial opinions are produced by U.S. judges.

Annotations

Annotation process

Headings for the argument completion and summarization tasks include a rating from an LLM judge that was calibrated against human annotators with legal training retained through Qualtrics. These ratings can be used to filter the data for a higher quality set. See the related paper for additional details.

Personal and Sensitive Information

The data may contain personal information, although all data is from publicly filed court documents or judicial opinions, so it may not be considered "private."

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

[More Information Needed]

Citation

BibTeX:

@inproceedings{woo2025BriefMe, author = {Woo, Jesse and Hashemi Chaleshtori, Fateme and Marasovi{'c}, Ana and Marino, Kenneth}, title = {BriefMe: A Legal NLP Benchmark for Assisting with Legal Briefs}, booktitle = {{ACL} '25: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vienna, July 27 - August 1, 2025}, year = {2025}, }

APA:

Jesse Woo, Fateme Hashemi Chaleshtori, Ana Marasović, and Kenneth Marino. 2025. BriefMe: A Legal NLP Benchmark for Assisting with Legal Briefs. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025, Vienna, Austria. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Dataset Card Contact

Jesse Woo: jw4202@columbia.edu

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