| |
| """SecureCodePairs v1.2.0 extension records (part 7): cross-language deepen (SCP-000241+). |
| |
| Deepens Ruby/C/C++/Scala/Go/JS/TS/C#/PHP/Rust/Kotlin/Swift/YAML with more |
| classes and domains. Built with json-safe helpers. |
| """ |
| import json |
| from typing import List, Dict |
|
|
| L: List[Dict] = [] |
|
|
|
|
| def rec(**kw): |
| L.append(kw) |
|
|
|
|
| |
| rec(id="SCP-000241", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="Mass assignment via update_attributes", |
| description="A Rails controller updates all params including admin flag.", |
| owasp="A04:2021 - Insecure Design", owasp_api="API3:2023 - Broken Object Property Level Authorization", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-915", mitre_attack="T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='def update\n @user.update_attributes(params[:user]) # Vulnerable: binds admin\nend', |
| secure_code='def update\n @user.update_attributes(params.require(:user).permit(:name, :email)) # Secure\nend', |
| patch='--- a/users_controller.rb\n+++ b/users_controller.rb\n@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@\n-def update\n @user.update_attributes(params[:user])\n+ @user.update_attributes(params.require(:user).permit(:name, :email))\n end', |
| root_cause="All params bound to model.", |
| attack="POST user[admin]=1 escalates.", impact="Privilege escalation.", |
| fix="Use strong parameters.", guideline="Always permit explicit params.", |
| tags=["mass-assignment", "rails", "ruby", "auth"], |
| metadata={"domain": "E-commerce", "input_source": "request_body", "auth_required": True}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000242", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="Command injection via backticks", |
| description="A Rails task runs a shell command via backticks with user input.", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-78", mitre_attack="T1059 - Command and Scripting Interpreter", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='def ping(host)\n `\u0060ping -c1 #{host}\u0060` # Vulnerable: shell interpolation\nend', |
| secure_code='def ping(host)\n raise "bad host" unless host.match?(/\\A[\\w.-]+\\z/)\n system("ping", "-c1", host) # Secure: arg array\nend', |
| patch='--- a/ping.rb\n+++ b/ping.rb\n@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@\n-def ping(host)\n `\u0060ping -c1 #{host}\u0060`\n+ raise "bad host" unless host.match?(/\\A[\\w.-]+\\z/)\n+ system("ping", "-c1", host)', |
| root_cause="Shell interpolation of user input.", |
| attack="host=;cat /etc/passwd executes.", impact="Command injection.", |
| fix="Use system() with arg array.", |
| guideline="Avoid shell interpolation in Ruby.", |
| tags=["command-injection", "rails", "ruby", "rce"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "query_param", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000243", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="Insecure comparison of session token", |
| description="A Rails app compares tokens with == allowing timing attacks.", |
| owasp="A02:2021 - Cryptographic Failures", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-208", mitre_attack="T1600 - Weaken Encryption", |
| severity="Low", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='def valid?(t); t == session[:token]; end # Vulnerable: timing', |
| secure_code='def valid?(t)\n ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(t, session[:token]) # Secure\nend', |
| patch='--- a/session.rb\n+++ b/session.rb\n@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@\n-def valid?(t); t == session[:token]; end\n+def valid?(t)\n+ ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(t, session[:token])\n+end', |
| root_cause="Non-constant-time comparison.", |
| attack="Brute-force token via timing.", impact="Token recovery.", |
| fix="Use secure_compare.", guideline="Use constant-time comparison.", |
| tags=["crypto", "rails", "ruby", "timing"], |
| metadata={"domain": "Authentication systems", "input_source": "cookie", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000244", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="Path traversal in send_file", |
| description="A Rails controller serves a file from a user path.", |
| owasp="A01:2021 - Broken Access Control", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-22", mitre_attack="T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='def download\n send_file("/uploads/#{params[:name]}") # Vulnerable: traversal\nend', |
| secure_code='def download\n name = File.basename(params[:name])\n path = Rails.root.join("uploads", name)\n raise "no" unless path.to_s.start_with?(Rails.root.join("uploads").to_s)\n send_file(path) # Secure\nend', |
| patch='--- a/files_controller.rb\n+++ b/files_controller.rb\n@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@\n-def download\n send_file("/uploads/#{params[:name]}")\n+ name = File.basename(params[:name])\n+ path = Rails.root.join("uploads", name)\n+ raise "no" unless path.to_s.start_with?(Rails.root.join("uploads").to_s)\n+ send_file(path)', |
| root_cause="Unsanitized filename joined to path.", |
| attack="name=../../config/secrets.yml reads secret.", impact="File disclosure.", |
| fix="Basename + confine to base.", guideline="Confine file paths.", |
| tags=["path-traversal", "rails", "ruby", "file-read"], |
| metadata={"domain": "Backend", "input_source": "query_param", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000245", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="SQL injection in find_by with raw SQL", |
| description="A Rails model uses a raw SQL fragment with user input.", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-89", mitre_attack="T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='def self.search(q)\n where("name LIKE \u0027%#{q}%\u0027") # Vulnerable\nend', |
| secure_code='def self.search(q)\n where("name LIKE ?", "%#{q}%") # Secure: bound\nend', |
| patch='--- a/user.rb\n+++ b/user.rb\n@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@\n-def self.search(q)\n where("name LIKE \u0027%#{q}%\u0027")\n+ where("name LIKE ?", "%#{q}%")', |
| root_cause="String interpolation into SQL.", |
| attack="q=%\u0027 OR 1=1 leaks rows.", impact="Data disclosure.", |
| fix="Use bound params.", guideline="Bind all SQL params.", |
| tags=["sqli", "rails", "ruby", "injection"], |
| metadata={"domain": "E-commerce", "input_source": "query_param", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000246", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="Open redirect in redirect_to", |
| description="A Rails action redirects to a param without validation.", |
| owasp="A01:2021 - Broken Access Control", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-601", mitre_attack="T1566 - Phishing", |
| severity="Medium", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='def go\n redirect_to params[:url] # Vulnerable\nend', |
| secure_code='def go\n url = params[:url]\n redirect_to (url if url&.start_with?("/")) || root_path # Secure\nend', |
| patch='--- a/links_controller.rb\n+++ b/links_controller.rb\n@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@\n-def go\n redirect_to params[:url]\n+ url = params[:url]\n+ redirect_to (url if url&.start_with?("/")) || root_path', |
| root_cause="Unvalidated redirect target.", |
| attack="url=//evil.com phishing.", impact="Phishing.", |
| fix="Allowlist relative paths.", guideline="Validate redirects.", |
| tags=["open-redirect", "rails", "ruby", "phishing"], |
| metadata={"domain": "Authentication systems", "input_source": "query_param", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000247", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="Weak secret token in secrets.yml", |
| description="A Rails app commits a static secret_key_base.", |
| owasp="A02:2021 - Cryptographic Failures", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-798", mitre_attack="T1552.001 - Unsecured Credentials: Credentials In Files", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='production:\n secret_key_base: "abc123static" # Vulnerable', |
| secure_code='production:\n secret_key_base: "<%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>" # Secure: env', |
| patch='--- a/config/secrets.yml\n+++ b/config/secrets.yml\n@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@\n-production:\n secret_key_base: "abc123static"\n+production:\n secret_key_base: "<%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>"', |
| root_cause="Static secret in repo.", |
| attack="Forge signed cookies.", impact="Auth bypass.", |
| fix="Load from env/secret.", guideline="Externalize secret_key_base.", |
| tags=["secrets", "rails", "ruby", "config"], |
| metadata={"domain": "Backend", "input_source": "source_code", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000248", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="Cross-site scripting in raw HTML", |
| description="A Rails view renders a param with raw().", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-79", mitre_attack="T1059.007 - Command and Scripting Interpreter: JavaScript", |
| severity="Medium", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='<div><%= raw(@comment) %></div> <!-- Vulnerable: unescaped -->', |
| secure_code='<div><%= @comment %></div> <!-- Secure: escaped -->', |
| patch='--- a/show.html.erb\n+++ b/show.html.erb\n@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@\n-<div><%= raw(@comment) %></div>\n+<div><%= @comment %></div>', |
| root_cause="raw() disables escaping.", |
| attack="comment=<script>steal()</script> runs.", impact="XSS.", |
| fix="Use default escaping.", guideline="Avoid raw() on user input.", |
| tags=["xss", "rails", "ruby", "template"], |
| metadata={"domain": "E-commerce", "input_source": "db", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000249", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="IDOR on message read", |
| description="A Rails action returns a message by id without owner check.", |
| owasp="A01:2021 - Broken Access Control", owasp_api="API1:2023 - Broken Object Level Authorization", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-639", mitre_attack="T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='def show\n @msg = Message.find(params[:id]) # Vulnerable: no owner\nend', |
| secure_code='def show\n @msg = current_user.messages.find(params[:id]) # Secure: scoped\nend', |
| patch='--- a/messages_controller.rb\n+++ b/messages_controller.rb\n@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@\n-def show\n @msg = Message.find(params[:id])\n+ @msg = current_user.messages.find(params[:id])', |
| root_cause="No ownership scoping on read.", |
| attack="Enumerator reads others messages.", impact="PII disclosure.", |
| fix="Scope by owner.", guideline="Scope reads by owner.", |
| tags=["idor", "rails", "ruby", "access-control"], |
| metadata={"domain": "E-commerce", "input_source": "path_param", "auth_required": True}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000250", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="No rate limit on password reset", |
| description="A Rails reset has no throttle, enabling enumeration.", |
| owasp="A07:2021 - Identification and Authentication Failures", owasp_api="API4:2023 - Unrestricted Resource Consumption", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-307", mitre_attack="T1110 - Brute Force", |
| severity="Medium", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='def create\n User.send_reset(params[:email]) # Vulnerable: no throttle\n redirect_to root_path\nend', |
| secure_code='def create\n if rate_limited?("reset", request.ip); render status: 429; return; end\n User.send_reset(params[:email])\n redirect_to root_path\nend', |
| patch='--- a/passwords_controller.rb\n+++ b/passwords_controller.rb\n@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@\n-def create\n User.send_reset(params[:email])\n+ if rate_limited?("reset", request.ip); render status: 429; return; end\n+ User.send_reset(params[:email])\n redirect_to root_path', |
| root_cause="No throttle on reset.", |
| attack="Mass reset emails; enumerate.", impact="Abuse, enumeration.", |
| fix="Rate limit reset.", guideline="Throttle password reset.", |
| tags=["rate-limiting", "rails", "ruby", "auth"], |
| metadata={"domain": "Authentication systems", "input_source": "request_body", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000251", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="CSRF protection disabled", |
| description="A Rails controller skips CSRF for a state-changing action.", |
| owasp="A01:2021 - Broken Access Control", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-352", mitre_attack="T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| severity="Medium", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='class ApiController < ApplicationController\n skip_before_action :verify_authenticity_token # Vulnerable\nend', |
| secure_code='class ApiController < ApplicationController\n protect_from_forgery with: :exception # Secure\nend', |
| patch='--- a/api_controller.rb\n+++ b/api_controller.rb\n@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@\n-class ApiController < ApplicationController\n skip_before_action :verify_authenticity_token\n+ protect_from_forgery with: :exception', |
| root_cause="CSRF skipping on mutating action.", |
| attack="Cross-site POST forges change.", impact="Unauthorized action.", |
| fix="Keep CSRF protection.", guideline="Don't skip CSRF on state changes.", |
| tags=["csrf", "rails", "ruby", "config"], |
| metadata={"domain": "E-commerce", "input_source": "form_field", "auth_required": True}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000252", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="Business logic: integer overflow in points", |
| description="A Rails service adds loyalty points without overflow guard.", |
| owasp="A04:2021 - Insecure Design", owasp_api="API3:2023 - Broken Object Property Level Authorization", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-190", mitre_attack="T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| severity="Medium", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='def add_points(u, n)\n u.points += n # Vulnerable: wraps at max\nend', |
| secure_code='def add_points(u, n)\n u.points = [u.points + n, MAX_POINTS].min # Secure: cap\nend', |
| patch='--- a/loyalty.rb\n+++ b/loyalty.rb\n@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@\n-def add_points(u, n)\n u.points += n\n+ u.points = [u.points + n, MAX_POINTS].min', |
| root_cause="Unbounded integer addition.", |
| attack="Add huge n to overflow to small.", impact="Logic abuse.", |
| fix="Cap accumulators.", guideline="Validate numeric bounds.", |
| tags=["business-logic", "rails", "ruby", "overflow"], |
| metadata={"domain": "E-commerce", "input_source": "request_body", "auth_required": True}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000253", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="Insecure random with rand", |
| description="A Rails token generator uses Kernel.rand.", |
| owasp="A02:2021 - Cryptographic Failures", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-338", mitre_attack="T1600 - Weaken Encryption", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='def token\n SecureRandom.base64(16) # vulnerable if SecureRandom not loaded\nend', |
| secure_code='require "securerandom"\ndef token\n SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64(24) # Secure: CSPRNG\nend', |
| patch='--- a/token.rb\n+++ b/token.rb\n@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@\n-def token\n SecureRandom.base64(16)\n+require "securerandom"\n+def token\n+ SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64(24)', |
| root_cause="Non-CSPRNG token (or missing require).", |
| attack="Predict token values.", impact="Token forgery.", |
| fix="Use SecureRandom always.", guideline="Use CSPRNG for tokens.", |
| tags=["crypto", "rails", "ruby", "tokens"], |
| metadata={"domain": "Authentication systems", "input_source": "server", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000254", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="File upload without type check", |
| description="A Rails upload stores any content type.", |
| owasp="A04:2021 - Insecure Design", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-434", mitre_attack="T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='def create\n Upload.create!(file: params[:file]) # Vulnerable: any type\nend', |
| secure_code='ALLOWED = %w[image/png image/jpeg].freeze\ndef create\n raise "bad" unless ALLOWED.include?(params[:file].content_type)\n Upload.create!(file: params[:file]) # Secure\nend', |
| patch='--- a/uploads_controller.rb\n+++ b/uploads_controller.rb\n@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@\n-def create\n Upload.create!(file: params[:file])\n+ raise "bad" unless ALLOWED.include?(params[:file].content_type)\n+ Upload.create!(file: params[:file])', |
| root_cause="No content-type validation.", |
| attack="Upload .rb webshell.", impact="RCE.", |
| fix="Allowlist types; randomize name.", guideline="Validate upload types.", |
| tags=["file-upload", "rails", "ruby", "rce"], |
| metadata={"domain": "E-commerce", "input_source": "form_field", "auth_required": True}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000255", language="Ruby", framework="Rails", |
| title="Authorization missing on destroy", |
| description="A Rails destroy action has no ownership or role check.", |
| owasp="A01:2021 - Broken Access Control", owasp_api="API1:2023 - Broken Object Level Authorization", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-862", mitre_attack="T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| severity="Critical", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='def destroy\n Comment.find(params[:id]).destroy # Vulnerable: anyone\nend', |
| secure_code='def destroy\n Comment.where(id: params[:id], user_id: current_user.id).destroy_all # Secure\nend', |
| patch='--- a/comments_controller.rb\n+++ b/comments_controller.rb\n@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@\n-def destroy\n Comment.find(params[:id]).destroy\n+ Comment.where(id: params[:id], user_id: current_user.id).destroy_all', |
| root_cause="No ownership on delete.", |
| attack="Anyone deletes any comment.", impact="Data loss.", |
| fix="Scope delete by owner.", guideline="Authorize deletions.", |
| tags=["authorization", "rails", "ruby", "broken-access-control"], |
| metadata={"domain": "E-commerce", "input_source": "path_param", "auth_required": True}) |
|
|
| |
| rec(id="SCP-000256", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Buffer overflow in strcpy", |
| description="A C function copies input with strcpy into a fixed buffer.", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-120", mitre_attack="T1203 - Exploitation for Client Execution", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='void copy(char *in) {\n char buf[32];\n strcpy(buf, in); // Vulnerable: no bounds\n}', |
| secure_code='void copy(char *in) {\n char buf[32];\n strncpy(buf, in, sizeof(buf) - 1); // Secure: bounded\n buf[sizeof(buf)-1] = \u002700\u0027;\n}', |
| patch='--- a/copy.c\n+++ b/copy.c\n@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@\n- strcpy(buf, in);\n+ strncpy(buf, in, sizeof(buf) - 1);\n+ buf[sizeof(buf)-1] = \u002700\u0027;', |
| root_cause="Unbounded copy into stack buffer.", |
| attack="Long input overwrites return address.", impact="RCE.", |
| fix="Use bounded copies.", guideline="Avoid strcpy; use strncpy/snprintf.", |
| tags=["buffer-overflow", "c", "memory-safety"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "argv", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000257", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Format string vulnerability", |
| description="A C program uses user input as a printf format.", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-134", mitre_attack="T1203 - Exploitation for Client Execution", |
| severity="Medium", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='void log_msg(char *m) {\n printf(m); // Vulnerable: format string\n}', |
| secure_code='void log_msg(char *m) {\n printf("%s", m); // Secure: positional\n}', |
| patch='--- a/log.c\n+++ b/log.c\n@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@\n- printf(m);\n+ printf("%s", m);', |
| root_cause="User input as format.", |
| attack="%x.%x reads stack.", impact="Info leak.", |
| fix="Use %s positional.", guideline="Never use user input as format.", |
| tags=["format-string", "c", "logging"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "argv", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000258", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Use-after-free", |
| description="A C program dereferences memory after free.", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-416", mitre_attack="T1203 - Exploitation for Client Execution", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Advanced", |
| vulnerable_code='void proc() {\n int *p = malloc(8); *p = 1;\n free(p);\n *p = 2; // Vulnerable: use-after-free\n}', |
| secure_code='void proc() {\n int *p = malloc(8); *p = 1;\n free(p); p = NULL; // Secure: null after free\n if (p) *p = 2;\n}', |
| patch='--- a/proc.c\n+++ b/proc.c\n@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@\n- free(p);\n- *p = 2;\n+ free(p); p = NULL;\n+ if (p) *p = 2;', |
| root_cause="Deref after free.", |
| attack="Heap spray / type confusion.", impact="Memory corruption.", |
| fix="Null pointers after free.", guideline="Set freed pointers to NULL.", |
| tags=["use-after-free", "c", "memory-safety"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "internal", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000259", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Integer overflow in allocation", |
| description="A C function multiplies for allocation size without overflow check.", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-190", mitre_attack="T1203 - Exploitation for Client Execution", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Advanced", |
| vulnerable_code='void *make(size_t n, size_t sz) {\n return malloc(n * sz); // Vulnerable: overflow\n}', |
| secure_code='void *make(size_t n, size_t sz) {\n if (n > 0 && sz > 0 && n > SIZE_MAX / sz) return NULL; // Secure\n return malloc(n * sz);\n}', |
| patch='--- a/make.c\n+++ b/make.c\n@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@\n- return malloc(n * sz);\n+ if (n > 0 && sz > 0 && n > SIZE_MAX / sz) return NULL;\n+ return malloc(n * sz);', |
| root_cause="Unchecked multiplication for size.", |
| attack="Trigger small allocation, overflow.", impact="Memory corruption.", |
| fix="Check overflow before alloc.", guideline="Validate allocation sizes.", |
| tags=["integer-overflow", "c", "memory-safety"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "argv", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000260", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Double free", |
| description="A C program frees the same pointer twice.", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-415", mitre_attack="T1203 - Exploitation for Client Execution", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Advanced", |
| vulnerable_code='void run() {\n char *p = malloc(16);\n free(p); free(p); // Vulnerable: double free\n}', |
| secure_code='void run() {\n char *p = malloc(16);\n free(p); p = NULL; // Secure: null after free\n}', |
| patch='--- a/run.c\n+++ b/run.c\n@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@\n- free(p); free(p);\n+ free(p); p = NULL;', |
| root_cause="Freeing same pointer twice.", |
| attack="Heap corruption / RCE.", impact="Memory corruption.", |
| fix="Null after free.", guideline="Avoid double free.", |
| tags=["double-free", "c", "memory-safety"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "internal", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000261", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Command injection via system()", |
| description="A C program passes user input to system().", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-78", mitre_attack="T1059 - Command and Scripting Interpreter", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='void run(char *f) {\n char cmd[128];\n sprintf(cmd, "convert %s out.png", f);\n system(cmd); // Vulnerable\n}', |
| secure_code='void run(char *f) {\n if (strpbrk(f, ";|&$\u0027\"") != NULL) return; // Secure: validate\n char cmd[128];\n snprintf(cmd, sizeof cmd, "convert %s out.png", f);\n system(cmd);\n}', |
| patch='--- a/run.c\n+++ b/run.c\n@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@\n- sprintf(cmd, "convert %s out.png", f);\n- system(cmd);\n+ if (strpbrk(f, ";|&$\u0027\"") != NULL) return;\n+ snprintf(cmd, sizeof cmd, "convert %s out.png", f);\n+ system(cmd);', |
| root_cause="User input into shell command.", |
| attack="f=img.png;cat /etc/passwd executes.", impact="Command injection.", |
| fix="Validate + avoid system.", guideline="Avoid system() with input.", |
| tags=["command-injection", "c", "rce"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "argv", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000262", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Insecure temporary file", |
| description="A C program creates a temp file with a predictable name.", |
| owasp="A01:2021 - Broken Access Control", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-377", mitre_attack="T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| severity="Medium", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='void save(char *d) {\n int fd = open("/tmp/data.txt", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT, 0644); // Vulnerable: predictable\n write(fd, d, strlen(d));\n}', |
| secure_code='void save(char *d) {\n char tmpl[] = "/tmp/dataXXXXXX";\n int fd = mkstemp(tmpl); // Secure: unpredictable\n write(fd, d, strlen(d));\n}', |
| patch='--- a/save.c\n+++ b/save.c\n@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@\n- int fd = open("/tmp/data.txt", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT, 0644);\n+ char tmpl[] = "/tmp/dataXXXXXX";\n+ int fd = mkstemp(tmpl);\n write(fd, d, strlen(d));', |
| root_cause="Predictable temp file name.", |
| attack="Symlink / pre-create the file.", impact="File tampering.", |
| fix="Use mkstemp.", guideline="Use mkstemp for temp files.", |
| tags=["temp-file", "c", "file-write"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "internal", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000263", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Off-by-one in loop copy", |
| description="A C loop copies N+1 bytes into an N-byte buffer.", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-193", mitre_attack="T1203 - Exploitation for Client Execution", |
| severity="Medium", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='void cp(char *src, char *dst, int n) {\n for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) dst[i] = src[i]; // Vulnerable: <= off-by-one\n}', |
| secure_code='void cp(char *src, char *dst, int n) {\n for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) dst[i] = src[i]; // Secure: < not <=\n}', |
| patch='--- a/cp.c\n+++ b/cp.c\n@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@\n- for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) dst[i] = src[i];\n+ for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) dst[i] = src[i];', |
| root_cause="Loop bound off-by-one.", |
| attack="Write one byte past buffer.", impact="Memory corruption.", |
| fix="Correct loop bounds.", guideline="Audit loop bounds.", |
| tags=["off-by-one", "c", "memory-safety"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "internal", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000264", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Null pointer dereference", |
| description="A C function dereferences a pointer that may be NULL.", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-476", mitre_attack="T1203 - Exploitation for Client Execution", |
| severity="Medium", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='void show(User *u) {\n printf("%s\\n", u->name); // Vulnerable: u may be NULL\n}', |
| secure_code='void show(User *u) {\n if (!u) return; // Secure: NULL check\n printf("%s\\n", u->name);\n}', |
| patch='--- a/show.c\n+++ b/show.c\n@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@\n- printf("%s\\n", u->name);\n+ if (!u) return;\n+ printf("%s\\n", u->name);', |
| root_cause="Missing NULL check.", |
| attack="Pass NULL to crash service.", impact="DoS.", |
| fix="Check pointers before deref.", guideline="Null-check inputs.", |
| tags=["null-deref", "c", "memory-safety"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "argv", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000265", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Hardcoded credentials in binary", |
| description="A C client embeds a password string in source.", |
| owasp="A02:2021 - Cryptographic Failures", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-798", mitre_attack="T1552.001 - Unsecured Credentials: Credentials In Files", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='const char *PW = "admin123"; // Vulnerable: hardcoded', |
| secure_code='char *get_pw() { return getenv("APP_PW"); } // Secure: from env', |
| patch='--- a/client.c\n+++ b/client.c\n@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@\n-const char *PW = "admin123";\n+char *get_pw() { return getenv("APP_PW"); }', |
| root_cause="Credential in binary.", |
| attack="Extract string from binary.", impact="Credential leak.", |
| fix="Load from env/secret.", guideline="Externalize credentials.", |
| tags=["secrets", "c", "config"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "source_code", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000266", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Stack buffer overflow via gets", |
| description="A C program reads input with gets().", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-120", mitre_attack="T1203 - Exploitation for Client Execution", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='void read_line() {\n char buf[64];\n gets(buf); // Vulnerable: no bound\n}', |
| secure_code='void read_line() {\n char buf[64];\n if (fgets(buf, sizeof buf, stdin) == NULL) return; // Secure: bounded\n}', |
| patch='--- a/read.c\n+++ b/read.c\n@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@\n- char buf[64];\n- gets(buf);\n+ char buf[64];\n+ if (fgets(buf, sizeof buf, stdin) == NULL) return;', |
| root_cause="gets() has no bounds.", |
| attack="Overflow stack with long input.", impact="RCE.", |
| fix="Use fgets with size.", guideline="Never use gets().", |
| tags=["buffer-overflow", "c", "memory-safety"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "stdin", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000267", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Insecure rand() for token", |
| description="A C service generates a session token with rand().", |
| owasp="A02:2021 - Cryptographic Failures", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-338", mitre_attack="T1600 - Weaken Encryption", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Intermediate", |
| vulnerable_code='char *tok() {\n static char t[17];\n sprintf(t, "%ld", random()); // Vulnerable: weak\n return t;\n}', |
| secure_code='#include <openssl/rand.h>\nchar *tok() {\n static unsigned char t[16];\n RAND_bytes(t, 16); // Secure: CSPRNG\n return hex(t, 16);\n}', |
| patch='--- a/tok.c\n+++ b/tok.c\n@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@\n- sprintf(t, "%ld", random());\n+#include <openssl/rand.h>\n+ RAND_bytes(t, 16);', |
| root_cause="Non-CSPRNG token.", |
| attack="Predict token sequence.", impact="Session hijack.", |
| fix="Use RAND_bytes / getrandom.", guideline="Use CSPRNG for tokens.", |
| tags=["crypto", "c", "tokens"], |
| metadata={"domain": "Authentication systems", "input_source": "server", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000268", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Unchecked return of malloc", |
| description="A C program uses malloc result without NULL check.", |
| owasp="A03:2021 - Injection", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-252", mitre_attack="T1203 - Exploitation for Client Execution", |
| severity="Medium", difficulty="Beginner", |
| vulnerable_code='void *p = malloc(n);\nmemcpy(p, src, n); // Vulnerable: p may be NULL', |
| secure_code='void *p = malloc(n);\nif (!p) return -1; // Secure: check\nmemcpy(p, src, n);', |
| patch='--- a/alloc.c\n+++ b/alloc.c\n@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@\n-void *p = malloc(n);\n-memcpy(p, src, n);\n+void *p = malloc(n);\n+if (!p) return -1;\n+memcpy(p, src, n);', |
| root_cause="Unchecked allocation.", |
| attack="Force OOM to get NULL then crash.", impact="DoS / corruption.", |
| fix="Check malloc return.", guideline="Always check alloc returns.", |
| tags=["memory-safety", "c", "error-handling"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "internal", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000269", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Race condition on shared file", |
| description="A C program checks then opens a file (TOCTOU).", |
| owasp="A01:2021 - Broken Access Control", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-367", mitre_attack="T1203 - Exploitation for Client Execution", |
| severity="High", difficulty="Advanced", |
| vulnerable_code='if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) { fd = open(path, O_RDONLY); } // Vulnerable: TOCTOU', |
| secure_code='fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);\nif (fd >= 0) { struct stat st; fstat(fd, &st); } // Secure: fd-based', |
| patch='--- a/open.c\n+++ b/open.c\n@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@\n-if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) { fd = open(path, O_RDONLY); }\n+fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);\n+if (fd >= 0) { struct stat st; fstat(fd, &st); }', |
| root_cause="Check-then-open race.", |
| attack="Swap file between access and open.", impact="Arbitrary read.", |
| fix="Operate on fd.", guideline="Avoid TOCTOU with fd.", |
| tags=["toctou", "c", "race-condition"], |
| metadata={"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "file", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| rec(id="SCP-000270", language="C", framework="POSIX", |
| title="Improper certificate validation (always true)", |
| description="A C TLS client ignores certificate verification.", |
| owasp="A02:2021 - Cryptographic Failures", owasp_api="", owasp_llm="", |
| cwe="CWE-295", mitre_attack="T1557 - Adversary-in-the-Middle", |
| severity="Critical", difficulty="Advanced", |
| vulnerable_code='SSL_CTX_set_verify(ctx, SSL_VERIFY_NONE, NULL); // Vulnerable: no verify', |
| secure_code='SSL_CTX_set_verify(ctx, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, NULL); // Secure: verify peer\nSSL_CTX_set_default_verify_paths(ctx);', |
| patch='--- a/tls.c\n+++ b/tls.c\n@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@\n-SSL_CTX_set_verify(ctx, SSL_VERIFY_NONE, NULL);\n+SSL_CTX_set_verify(ctx, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, NULL);\n+SSL_CTX_set_default_verify_paths(ctx);', |
| root_cause="Certificate verification disabled.", |
| attack="MITM intercepts TLS.", impact="Credential/data theft.", |
| fix="Enable peer verification.", guideline="Always verify TLS peers.", |
| tags=["tls", "c", "mitm"], |
| metadata={"domain": "Banking", "input_source": "network", "auth_required": False}) |
|
|
| RECORDS_EXT7 = L |
|
|
