| |
| """SecureCodePairs v1.1.0 extension records (part 2): SCP-000087+. |
| |
| Domains: fintech, FHIR/healthcare, Kubernetes, IoT. |
| Languages deepened: Python, Java, Go, TypeScript, C#, PHP, Kotlin, Swift, Rust. |
| """ |
| from typing import List, Dict |
|
|
| RECORDS_EXT2: List[Dict] = [ |
| |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000087", |
| "language": "Python", |
| "framework": "FastAPI", |
| "title": "Missing idempotency on payment endpoint", |
| "description": "A payment endpoint processes the same request twice if retried, double-charging.", |
| "owasp": "A04:2021 - Insecure Design", |
| "owasp_api": "API3:2023 - Broken Object Property Level Authorization", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-840", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| "severity": "High", |
| "difficulty": "Intermediate", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "@app.post('/pay')\n" |
| "def pay(req: PaymentReq):\n" |
| " # Vulnerable: no idempotency key check\n" |
| " charge_card(req.user, req.amount)\n" |
| " return {'ok': True}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "@app.post('/pay')\n" |
| "def pay(req: PaymentReq, idem: str = Header(...)):\n" |
| " # Secure: dedupe by idempotency key\n" |
| " if redis.exists('idem:' + idem):\n" |
| " return {'ok': True, 'cached': True}\n" |
| " charge_card(req.user, req.amount)\n" |
| " redis.setex('idem:' + idem, 86400, '1')\n" |
| " return {'ok': True}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/pay.py\n" |
| "+++ b/pay.py\n" |
| "@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@\n" |
| "-def pay(req: PaymentReq):\n" |
| "- charge_card(req.user, req.amount)\n" |
| "+def pay(req: PaymentReq, idem: str = Header(...)):\n" |
| "+ if redis.exists('idem:' + idem):\n" |
| " return {'ok': True, 'cached': True}\n" |
| "+ charge_card(req.user, req.amount)\n" |
| "+ redis.setex('idem:' + idem, 86400, '1')\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "No idempotency key, so client retries cause duplicate charges.", |
| "attack": "Network retry or replay of the request double-charges the customer.", |
| "impact": "Financial loss, customer trust damage.", |
| "fix": "Require and dedupe on an idempotency key per mutating request.", |
| "guideline": "Make payment endpoints idempotent via idempotency keys.", |
| "tags": ["business-logic", "fintech", "fastapi", "idempotency"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Banking", "input_source": "header", "auth_required": True}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000088", |
| "language": "Java", |
| "framework": "Spring Boot", |
| "title": "Rounding error in interest calculation", |
| "description": "A Spring service uses binary floating point for money, causing rounding drift.", |
| "owasp": "A04:2021 - Insecure Design", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-682", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| "severity": "Medium", |
| "difficulty": "Intermediate", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "public BigDecimal interest(double principal, double rate) {\n" |
| " // Vulnerable: double for currency\n" |
| " return BigDecimal.valueOf(principal * rate);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "public BigDecimal interest(BigDecimal principal, BigDecimal rate) {\n" |
| " // Secure: BigDecimal throughout, explicit rounding\n" |
| " return principal.multiply(rate)\n" |
| " .setScale(2, RoundingMode.HALF_UP);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/InterestService.java\n" |
| "+++ b/InterestService.java\n" |
| "@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@\n" |
| "- return BigDecimal.valueOf(principal * rate);\n" |
| "+ return principal.multiply(rate)\n" |
| "+ .setScale(2, RoundingMode.HALF_UP);\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Binary floating point cannot represent decimal currency exactly, introducing drift.", |
| "attack": "Repeated calculations accumulate cents of error, enabling arbitrage or loss.", |
| "impact": "Incorrect balances, financial discrepancy.", |
| "fix": "Use BigDecimal (or integer minor units) with explicit rounding for all money.", |
| "guideline": "Never use float/double for currency; use BigDecimal with scale.", |
| "tags": ["fintech", "spring", "java", "rounding"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Banking", "input_source": "server", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000089", |
| "language": "Go", |
| "framework": "Gin", |
| "title": "Missing signature verification on webhook", |
| "description": "A Gin webhook handler trusts the body without verifying the provider's HMAC signature.", |
| "owasp": "A08:2021 - Software and Data Integrity Failures", |
| "owasp_api": "API2:2023 - Broken Authentication", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-345", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| "severity": "High", |
| "difficulty": "Intermediate", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "func webhook(c *gin.Context) {\n" |
| " body, _ := c.GetRawData()\n" |
| " // Vulnerable: no signature check\n" |
| " processEvent(json.RawMessage(body))\n" |
| " c.Status(200)\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "func webhook(c *gin.Context) {\n" |
| " body, _ := c.GetRawData()\n" |
| " sig := c.GetHeader(\"X-Signature\")\n" |
| " // Secure: verify HMAC\n" |
| " mac := hmac.New(sha256.New, []byte(os.Getenv(\"WEBHOOK_SECRET\")))\n" |
| " mac.Write(body)\n" |
| " if !hmac.Equal([]byte(sig), []byte(hex.EncodeToString(mac.Sum(nil)))) {\n" |
| " c.Status(401); return\n" |
| " }\n" |
| " processEvent(json.RawMessage(body))\n" |
| " c.Status(200)\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/webhook.go\n" |
| "+++ b/webhook.go\n" |
| "@@ -2,5 +2,12 @@\n" |
| "- processEvent(json.RawMessage(body))\n" |
| "+ sig := c.GetHeader(\"X-Signature\")\n" |
| "+ mac := hmac.New(sha256.New, []byte(os.Getenv(\"WEBHOOK_SECRET\")))\n" |
| "+ mac.Write(body)\n" |
| "+ if !hmac.Equal([]byte(sig), []byte(hex.EncodeToString(mac.Sum(nil)))) {\n" |
| "+ c.Status(401); return\n" |
| "+ }\n" |
| "+ processEvent(json.RawMessage(body))\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Webhook authenticity is not verified, so anyone can forge events.", |
| "attack": "Attacker posts fake 'payment succeeded' events to grant themselves credit.", |
| "impact": "Fraud, unauthorized state changes.", |
| "fix": "Verify the provider HMAC signature on every webhook before processing.", |
| "guideline": "Always verify webhook signatures (HMAC) before acting on events.", |
| "tags": ["fintech", "gin", "go", "webhook"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Banking", "input_source": "request_body", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000090", |
| "language": "TypeScript", |
| "framework": "NestJS", |
| "title": "Client-side amount manipulation in checkout", |
| "description": "A NestJS checkout trusts the price sent from the client instead of the server catalog.", |
| "owasp": "A04:2021 - Insecure Design", |
| "owasp_api": "API3:2023 - Broken Object Property Level Authorization", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-602", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| "severity": "High", |
| "difficulty": "Intermediate", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "@Post('checkout')\n" |
| "checkout(@Body() b: { itemId: string; price: number }) {\n" |
| " // Vulnerable: trusts client price\n" |
| " return this.billing.charge(b.price);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "@Post('checkout')\n" |
| "async checkout(@Body() b: { itemId: string }) {\n" |
| " // Secure: look up authoritative price server-side\n" |
| " const item = await this.catalog.get(b.itemId);\n" |
| " return this.billing.charge(item.price);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/checkout.controller.ts\n" |
| "+++ b/checkout.controller.ts\n" |
| "@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@\n" |
| "-checkout(@Body() b: { itemId: string; price: number }) {\n" |
| "- return this.billing.charge(b.price);\n" |
| "+async checkout(@Body() b: { itemId: string }) {\n" |
| "+ const item = await this.catalog.get(b.itemId);\n" |
| "+ return this.billing.charge(item.price);\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Price is taken from the client, so an attacker can set it to 0.01.", |
| "attack": "Intercept the request and change price to 0.01 to buy at a discount.", |
| "impact": "Revenue loss, fraud.", |
| "fix": "Never trust client-supplied prices; derive totals server-side from the catalog.", |
| "guideline": "Compute prices server-side from authoritative sources.", |
| "tags": ["fintech", "nestjs", "typescript", "price-tampering"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "E-commerce", "input_source": "request_body", "auth_required": True}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000091", |
| "language": "Python", |
| "framework": "Django", |
| "title": "Reusable token (no expiry) for password reset", |
| "description": "A Django reset token never expires and is stored in plaintext, enabling reuse.", |
| "owasp": "A07:2021 - Identification and Authentication Failures", |
| "owasp_api": "API2:2023 - Broken Authentication", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-640", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1600 - Weaken Encryption", |
| "severity": "High", |
| "difficulty": "Intermediate", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "def issue_reset(user):\n" |
| " token = secrets.token_urlsafe(16)\n" |
| " # Vulnerable: no expiry, plaintext store\n" |
| " Cache.set('reset:' + user.id, token)\n" |
| " return token\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "def issue_reset(user):\n" |
| " token = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)\n" |
| " # Secure: hash + short TTL\n" |
| " Cache.set('reset:' + user.id, sha256(token), 900)\n" |
| " return token\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/auth.py\n" |
| "+++ b/auth.py\n" |
| "@@ -2,5 +2,6 @@\n" |
| "- token = secrets.token_urlsafe(16)\n" |
| "- Cache.set('reset:' + user.id, token)\n" |
| "+ token = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)\n" |
| "+ Cache.set('reset:' + user.id, sha256(token), 900)\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Reset tokens lack expiry and are stored reversibly, allowing indefinite reuse.", |
| "attack": "Attacker who sees the token once can reset the password indefinitely.", |
| "impact": "Persistent account takeover.", |
| "fix": "Set short TTLs and store only token hashes; invalidate after use.", |
| "guideline": "Reset tokens must expire and be single-use; store hashes only.", |
| "tags": ["fintech", "django", "python", "auth"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Authentication systems", "input_source": "server", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000092", |
| "language": "C#", |
| "framework": "ASP.NET Core", |
| "title": "Insecure direct object reference on bank account", |
| "description": "An ASP.NET Core controller returns an account by id without verifying ownership.", |
| "owasp": "A01:2021 - Broken Access Control", |
| "owasp_api": "API1:2023 - Broken Object Level Authorization", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-639", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| "severity": "Critical", |
| "difficulty": "Beginner", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "[HttpGet(\"accounts/{id}\")]\n" |
| "public Account Get(string id) => _repo.GetAccount(id); // Vulnerable: no owner check\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "[HttpGet(\"accounts/{id}\")]\n" |
| "public IActionResult Get(string id, [FromClaims] string userId)\n" |
| "{\n" |
| " var acc = _repo.GetAccount(id);\n" |
| " if (acc == null || acc.OwnerId != userId) return NotFound();\n" |
| " return Ok(acc);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/AccountsController.cs\n" |
| "+++ b/AccountsController.cs\n" |
| "@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@\n" |
| "-public Account Get(string id) => _repo.GetAccount(id);\n" |
| "+public IActionResult Get(string id, [FromClaims] string userId) {\n" |
| "+ var acc = _repo.GetAccount(id);\n" |
| "+ if (acc == null || acc.OwnerId != userId) return NotFound();\n" |
| "+ return Ok(acc); }\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Account lookup is keyed only by id, not by the authenticated owner.", |
| "attack": "User enumerates account ids to read other customers' balances.", |
| "impact": "Disclosure of financial data (PII).", |
| "fix": "Scope lookups to the authenticated principal.", |
| "guideline": "Enforce object-level authorization on financial records.", |
| "tags": ["fintech", "aspnet", "csharp", "idor"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Banking", "input_source": "path_param", "auth_required": True}, |
| }, |
| |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000093", |
| "language": "Java", |
| "framework": "Spring Boot", |
| "title": "FHIR resource IDOR across tenants", |
| "description": "A Spring FHIR server returns a Patient resource by id without tenant scoping.", |
| "owasp": "A01:2021 - Broken Access Control", |
| "owasp_api": "API1:2023 - Broken Object Level Authorization", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-639", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| "severity": "Critical", |
| "difficulty": "Intermediate", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "@GetMapping(\"/fhir/Patient/{id}\")\n" |
| "public Patient read(@PathVariable String id) {\n" |
| " // Vulnerable: no tenant filter\n" |
| " return fhirDao.read(Patient.class, id);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "@GetMapping(\"/fhir/Patient/{id}\")\n" |
| "public Patient read(@PathVariable String id, @TenantId String tenant) {\n" |
| " // Secure: scope by tenant\n" |
| " Patient p = fhirDao.read(Patient.class, id);\n" |
| " if (!p.getTenant().equals(tenant)) throw new NotFoundException();\n" |
| " return p;\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/FhirController.java\n" |
| "+++ b/FhirController.java\n" |
| "@@ -2,4 +2,7 @@\n" |
| "- return fhirDao.read(Patient.class, id);\n" |
| "+ Patient p = fhirDao.read(Patient.class, id);\n" |
| "+ if (!p.getTenant().equals(tenant)) throw new NotFoundException();\n" |
| "+ return p;\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "FHIR reads are not scoped by tenant, so one clinic reads another's patients.", |
| "attack": "Intercept and change Patient id to scrape PHI across tenants.", |
| "impact": "HIPAA violation, mass PHI disclosure.", |
| "fix": "Apply tenant scoping on every FHIR read/write.", |
| "guideline": "Tenant-isolate all PHI resources; verify on every access.", |
| "tags": ["fhir", "spring", "java", "healthcare"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Healthcare", "input_source": "path_param", "auth_required": True}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000094", |
| "language": "Python", |
| "framework": "FastAPI", |
| "title": "Unvalidated FHIR Observation value", |
| "description": "A FastAPI endpoint stores a FHIR Observation value without validating type/range, enabling injection.", |
| "owasp": "A03:2021 - Injection", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-20", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| "severity": "Medium", |
| "difficulty": "Intermediate", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "@app.post('/fhir/Observation')\n" |
| "def obs(o: dict):\n" |
| " # Vulnerable: stores arbitrary value\n" |
| " db.observations.insert_one(o)\n" |
| " return {'ok': True}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "@app.post('/fhir/Observation')\n" |
| "def obs(o: ObservationModel):\n" |
| " # Secure: pydantic validation of code/value/unit\n" |
| " if not (0 <= o.valueQuantity.value <= 1000):\n" |
| " raise HTTPException(422, 'out of range')\n" |
| " db.observations.insert_one(o.dict())\n" |
| " return {'ok': True}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/fhir_obs.py\n" |
| "+++ b/fhir_obs.py\n" |
| "@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@\n" |
| "-def obs(o: dict):\n" |
| "- db.observations.insert_one(o)\n" |
| "+def obs(o: ObservationModel):\n" |
| "+ if not (0 <= o.valueQuantity.value <= 1000):\n" |
| "+ raise HTTPException(422, 'out of range')\n" |
| "+ db.observations.insert_one(o.dict())\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Observation payload is stored without schema/range validation, allowing malformed or hostile data.", |
| "attack": "Post an Observation with a script payload later rendered in a clinician dashboard (stored XSS).", |
| "impact": "Data integrity loss, stored XSS in viewers.", |
| "fix": "Validate FHIR resources against the profile (type, range, required fields).", |
| "guideline": "Validate all FHIR resources server-side before persistence.", |
| "tags": ["fhir", "fastapi", "python", "input-validation"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Healthcare", "input_source": "request_body", "auth_required": True}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000095", |
| "language": "C#", |
| "framework": "ASP.NET Core", |
| "title": "Missing audit log on PHI access", |
| "description": "An ASP.NET Core healthcare API reads PHI without writing an audit trail.", |
| "owasp": "A09:2021 - Security Logging and Monitoring Failures", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-778", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1562.001 - Impair Defenses: Disable or Modify Tools", |
| "severity": "Medium", |
| "difficulty": "Beginner", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "[HttpGet(\"records/{id}\")]\n" |
| "public Record Get(int id) {\n" |
| " // Vulnerable: no audit log\n" |
| " return _repo.Get(id);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "[HttpGet(\"records/{id}\")]\n" |
| "public Record Get(int id, ClaimsPrincipal user)\n" |
| "{\n" |
| " var r = _repo.Get(id);\n" |
| " _audit.Log(new PhiAccess { User = user.Identity.Name, RecordId = id, At = DateTime.UtcNow });\n" |
| " return r;\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/RecordsController.cs\n" |
| "+++ b/RecordsController.cs\n" |
| "@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@\n" |
| "- return _repo.Get(id);\n" |
| "+ var r = _repo.Get(id);\n" |
| "+ _audit.Log(new PhiAccess { User = user.Identity.Name, RecordId = id, At = DateTime.UtcNow });\n" |
| "+ return r;\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "PHI access is not audited, failing compliance and incident response needs.", |
| "attack": "An insider scrapes records with no trace, evading detection.", |
| "impact": "Undetected PHI abuse; compliance failure (HIPAA).", |
| "fix": "Emit immutable audit logs for every PHI read/write.", |
| "guideline": "Audit all PHI access with user, record, and timestamp.", |
| "tags": ["fhir", "aspnet", "csharp", "audit"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Healthcare", "input_source": "path_param", "auth_required": True}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000096", |
| "language": "JavaScript", |
| "framework": "Express", |
| "title": "HL7v2 injection in message builder", |
| "description": "An Express service builds HL7v2 messages by concatenating patient fields without escaping separators.", |
| "owasp": "A03:2021 - Injection", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-93", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application", |
| "severity": "Medium", |
| "difficulty": "Advanced", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "function hl7(patient) {\n" |
| " // Vulnerable: unescaped field with pipe/newline\n" |
| " return `PID|1|${patient.name}|${patient.dob}`;\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "function esc(s) { return String(s).replace(/[\\r\\n|]/g, ''); }\n" |
| "function hl7(patient) {\n" |
| " // Secure: strip HL7 field/segment separators\n" |
| " return `PID|1|${esc(patient.name)}|${esc(patient.dob)}`;\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/hl7.js\n" |
| "+++ b/hl7.js\n" |
| "@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@\n" |
| "+function esc(s) { return String(s).replace(/[\\r\\n|]/g, ''); }\n" |
| " function hl7(patient) {\n" |
| "- return `PID|1|${patient.name}|${patient.dob}`;\n" |
| "+ return `PID|1|${esc(patient.name)}|${esc(patient.dob)}`;\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Patient fields containing HL7 separators corrupt the message or inject segments.", |
| "attack": "name=EVN|1|admin sets a fake segment altering downstream routing.", |
| "impact": "Message corruption, false data, misrouting.", |
| "fix": "Escape HL7 separators and validate field contents.", |
| "guideline": "Escape/encode structured-message separators before concatenation.", |
| "tags": ["healthcare", "hl7", "express", "injection"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Healthcare", "input_source": "request_body", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000097", |
| "language": "YAML", |
| "framework": "Kubernetes", |
| "title": "Container running as root with privileged", |
| "description": "A Kubernetes Pod manifest runs as root with privileged: true, enabling host escape.", |
| "owasp": "A05:2021 - Security Misconfiguration", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-250", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1611 - Escape to Host", |
| "severity": "Critical", |
| "difficulty": "Beginner", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "apiVersion: v1\n" |
| "kind: Pod\n" |
| "spec:\n" |
| " containers:\n" |
| " - name: app\n" |
| " image: app:1.0\n" |
| " securityContext:\n" |
| " privileged: true # Vulnerable\n" |
| " runAsUser: 0 # Vulnerable: root\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "apiVersion: v1\n" |
| "kind: Pod\n" |
| "spec:\n" |
| " securityContext:\n" |
| " runAsNonRoot: true\n" |
| " runAsUser: 1000\n" |
| " seccompProfile:\n" |
| " type: RuntimeDefault\n" |
| " containers:\n" |
| " - name: app\n" |
| " image: app:1.0\n" |
| " securityContext:\n" |
| " allowPrivilegeEscalation: false\n" |
| " readOnlyRootFilesystem: true\n" |
| " capabilities:\n" |
| " drop: [\"ALL\"]\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/pod.yaml\n" |
| "+++ b/pod.yaml\n" |
| "@@ -3,7 +3,14 @@\n" |
| "- securityContext:\n" |
| "- privileged: true\n" |
| "- runAsUser: 0\n" |
| "+ securityContext:\n" |
| "+ runAsNonRoot: true\n" |
| "+ runAsUser: 1000\n" |
| "+ seccompProfile:\n" |
| "+ type: RuntimeDefault\n" |
| "+ securityContext:\n" |
| "+ allowPrivilegeEscalation: false\n" |
| "+ readOnlyRootFilesystem: true\n" |
| "+ capabilities: { drop: [\"ALL\"] }\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Privileged root containers can escape to the node via the kernel.", |
| "attack": "A compromised container mounts /host and reads node secrets or pivots.", |
| "impact": "Full node/cluster compromise.", |
| "fix": "Run as non-root, drop capabilities, disable privilege escalation, use seccomp.", |
| "guideline": "Apply Pod Security Standards; never run privileged/root in prod.", |
| "tags": ["kubernetes", "privilege", "yaml", "container"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Microservices", "input_source": "manifest", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000098", |
| "language": "YAML", |
| "framework": "Kubernetes", |
| "title": "Missing NetworkPolicy allows lateral movement", |
| "description": "A namespace has no NetworkPolicy, so any pod can reach any other pod (including the DB).", |
| "owasp": "A05:2021 - Security Misconfiguration", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-923", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1021 - Remote Services", |
| "severity": "High", |
| "difficulty": "Intermediate", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "# Vulnerable: no NetworkPolicy -> flat network\n" |
| "apiVersion: v1\n" |
| "kind: Service\n" |
| "metadata:\n" |
| " name: db\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1\n" |
| "kind: NetworkPolicy\n" |
| "metadata:\n" |
| " name: default-deny\n" |
| "spec:\n" |
| " podSelector: {}\n" |
| " policyTypes: [Ingress, Egress]\n" |
| "---\n" |
| "apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1\n" |
| "kind: NetworkPolicy\n" |
| "metadata:\n" |
| " name: allow-app-to-db\n" |
| "spec:\n" |
| " podSelector:\n" |
| " matchLabels: { app: db }\n" |
| " ingress:\n" |
| " - from:\n" |
| " - podSelector:\n" |
| " matchLabels: { app: api }\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/networkpolicy.yaml\n" |
| "+++ b/networkpolicy.yaml\n" |
| "@@ -1,5 +1,23 @@\n" |
| "+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1\n" |
| "+kind: NetworkPolicy\n" |
| "+metadata: { name: default-deny }\n" |
| "+spec:\n" |
| "+ podSelector: {}\n" |
| "+ policyTypes: [Ingress, Egress]\n" |
| "+---\n" |
| "+kind: NetworkPolicy\n" |
| "+metadata: { name: allow-app-to-db }\n" |
| "+spec:\n" |
| "+ podSelector: { matchLabels: { app: db } }\n" |
| "+ ingress:\n" |
| "+ - from:\n" |
| "+ - podSelector: { matchLabels: { app: api } }\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Absence of NetworkPolicy leaves pod-to-pod traffic unrestricted.", |
| "attack": "A compromised web pod connects directly to the database pod.", |
| "impact": "Lateral movement, data access.", |
| "fix": "Apply default-deny and explicit allow policies between tiers.", |
| "guideline": "Use NetworkPolicies to segment pod traffic by tier.", |
| "tags": ["kubernetes", "network", "yaml", "segmentation"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Microservices", "input_source": "manifest", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000099", |
| "language": "YAML", |
| "framework": "Kubernetes", |
| "title": "Image pulled from unpinned tag (latest)", |
| "description": "A Deployment references an image by mutable :latest tag, enabling supply-chain drift.", |
| "owasp": "A08:2021 - Software and Data Integrity Failures", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-494", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1195.001 - Supply Chain Compromise: Compromise Software Dependencies", |
| "severity": "High", |
| "difficulty": "Beginner", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "spec:\n" |
| " containers:\n" |
| " - name: app\n" |
| " image: registry/app:latest # Vulnerable: mutable tag\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "spec:\n" |
| " containers:\n" |
| " - name: app\n" |
| " image: registry/app@sha256:9f86d0818... # Secure: digest-pinned\n" |
| " imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/deploy.yaml\n" |
| "+++ b/deploy.yaml\n" |
| "@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@\n" |
| "- image: registry/app:latest\n" |
| "+ image: registry/app@sha256:9f86d0818...\n" |
| "+ imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Mutable image tags let an attacker-controlled rebuild run as the same deployment.", |
| "attack": "Attacker pushes a malicious :latest; the next rollout runs it.", |
| "impact": "Supply-chain compromise of workloads.", |
| "fix": "Pin images by immutable digest and verify signatures (cosign).", |
| "guideline": "Pin images by sha256 digest; sign and verify with cosign.", |
| "tags": ["kubernetes", "supply-chain", "yaml", "image"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Microservices", "input_source": "manifest", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000100", |
| "language": "Go", |
| "framework": "Kubernetes Operator", |
| "title": "Operator grants excessive RBAC", |
| "description": "A Kubernetes operator's ClusterRole grants wildcard verbs/resources, violating least privilege.", |
| "owasp": "A05:2021 - Security Misconfiguration", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-269", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1078 - Valid Accounts", |
| "severity": "High", |
| "difficulty": "Intermediate", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "rules:\n" |
| "- apiGroups: [\"*\"]\n" |
| " resources: [\"*\"] # Vulnerable: wildcard\n" |
| " verbs: [\"*\"] # Vulnerable: all verbs\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "rules:\n" |
| "- apiGroups: [\"app.example.com\"]\n" |
| " resources: [\"widgets\", \"widgets/status\"]\n" |
| " verbs: [\"get\", \"list\", \"watch\", \"update\", \"patch\"]\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/role.yaml\n" |
| "+++ b/role.yaml\n" |
| "@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@\n" |
| "- resources: [\"*\"]\n" |
| "- verbs: [\"*\"]\n" |
| "+ resources: [\"widgets\", \"widgets/status\"]\n" |
| "+ verbs: [\"get\", \"list\", \"watch\", \"update\", \"patch\"]\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Wildcard RBAC grants far more than the operator needs.", |
| "attack": "A compromised operator can read secrets cluster-wide or delete workloads.", |
| "impact": "Cluster-wide privilege escalation.", |
| "fix": "Scope RBAC to specific API groups/resources/verbs; avoid wildcards.", |
| "guideline": "Apply least-privilege RBAC; never use wildcard resources/verbs.", |
| "tags": ["kubernetes", "rbac", "go", "least-privilege"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Microservices", "input_source": "manifest", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000101", |
| "language": "Python", |
| "framework": "Kubernetes Operator", |
| "title": "Secret exposed in operator log", |
| "description": "An operator logs the full resource spec including a Secret reference's literal value.", |
| "owasp": "A09:2021 - Security Logging and Monitoring Failures", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-532", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1562.001 - Impair Defenses", |
| "severity": "Medium", |
| "difficulty": "Beginner", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "def reconcile(req):\n" |
| " # Vulnerable: logs secret contents\n" |
| " logging.info('spec=%s', req.obj['spec'])\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "SENSITIVE = {'password', 'token', 'secret'}\n" |
| "def _redact(spec):\n" |
| " return {k: '***' if k.lower() in SENSITIVE else v for k, v in spec.items()}\n" |
| "def reconcile(req):\n" |
| " logging.info('spec=%s', _redact(req.obj['spec']))\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/operator.py\n" |
| "+++ b/operator.py\n" |
| "@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@\n" |
| "- logging.info('spec=%s', req.obj['spec'])\n" |
| "+ def _redact(spec):\n" |
| "+ return {k: '***' if k.lower() in SENSITIVE else v for k, v in spec.items()}\n" |
| "+ logging.info('spec=%s', _redact(req.obj['spec']))\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Full resource specs containing secrets are written to logs.", |
| "attack": "Anyone with log access reads secret values.", |
| "impact": "Secret disclosure.", |
| "fix": "Redact sensitive fields before logging; never log secrets.", |
| "guideline": "Redact secrets in all logs; scrub sensitive keys.", |
| "tags": ["kubernetes", "logging", "python", "secrets"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "Microservices", "input_source": "request_body", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000102", |
| "language": "C", |
| "framework": "Embedded", |
| "title": "Hardcoded WiFi credentials in firmware", |
| "description": "An embedded IoT firmware stores WiFi credentials as string literals in flash.", |
| "owasp": "A02:2021 - Cryptographic Failures", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-798", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1552.001 - Unsecured Credentials: Credentials In Files", |
| "severity": "High", |
| "difficulty": "Beginner", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "const char *SSID = \"HomeNet\";\n" |
| "const char *PSK = \"password123\"; // Vulnerable: hardcoded\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "char ssid[33], psk[64];\n" |
| "// Secure: load from secure element / provisioning at first boot\n" |
| "if (load_credentials(ssid, psk) != 0) {\n" |
| " enter_provisioning_mode();\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/wifi.c\n" |
| "+++ b/wifi.c\n" |
| "@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@\n" |
| "-const char *SSID = \"HomeNet\";\n" |
| "-const char *PSK = \"password123\";\n" |
| "+char ssid[33], psk[64];\n" |
| "+if (load_credentials(ssid, psk) != 0) {\n" |
| "+ enter_provisioning_mode();\n" |
| "+}\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Credentials compiled into firmware are recoverable by dumping flash.", |
| "attack": "Attacker extracts the firmware and reads the WiFi PSK for network access.", |
| "impact": "Network compromise via recovered credentials.", |
| "fix": "Store credentials in a secure element; provision at first boot.", |
| "guideline": "Never store secrets in firmware; use secure provisioning.", |
| "tags": ["iot", "c", "secrets", "firmware"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "source_code", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000103", |
| "language": "C", |
| "framework": "Embedded", |
| "title": "Unauthenticated MQTT control topic", |
| "description": "An IoT device subscribes to a control topic without auth, allowing remote actuation.", |
| "owasp": "A01:2021 - Broken Access Control", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-306", |
| "mitre_attack": "T0883 - Internet Accessible Device", |
| "severity": "Critical", |
| "difficulty": "Intermediate", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "void on_message(char *topic, char *payload) {\n" |
| " // Vulnerable: no auth on control topic\n" |
| " if (strcmp(topic, \"device/cmd\") == 0) actuate(payload);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "void on_message(char *topic, char *payload, mqtt_conn *c) {\n" |
| " // Secure: require authenticated client + signed command\n" |
| " if (!c->authenticated) return;\n" |
| " if (strcmp(topic, \"device/cmd\") == 0 && verify_sig(payload, c->pubkey))\n" |
| " actuate(payload);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/mqtt.c\n" |
| "+++ b/mqtt.c\n" |
| "@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@\n" |
| "- if (strcmp(topic, \"device/cmd\") == 0) actuate(payload);\n" |
| "+ if (!c->authenticated) return;\n" |
| "+ if (strcmp(topic, \"device/cmd\") == 0 && verify_sig(payload, c->pubkey))\n" |
| "+ actuate(payload);\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Control commands are accepted from any client without authentication or integrity.", |
| "attack": "Attacker publishes to device/cmd to unlock doors or change settings.", |
| "impact": "Physical safety/security compromise.", |
| "fix": "Require authenticated, signed commands over TLS MQTT.", |
| "guideline": "Authenticate and sign IoT control commands; use MQTT over TLS.", |
| "tags": ["iot", "c", "mqtt", "auth"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "network", "auth_required": True}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000104", |
| "language": "Python", |
| "framework": "MicroPython", |
| "title": "Telnet exposed without authentication on device", |
| "description": "An IoT gateway starts a Telnet server with no auth, giving root shell access.", |
| "owasp": "A07:2021 - Identification and Authentication Failures", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-306", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1021 - Remote Services", |
| "severity": "Critical", |
| "difficulty": "Beginner", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "import utelnet\n" |
| "# Vulnerable: telnet with no auth\n" |
| "utelnet.start(port=23, login=None, password=None)\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "import ussl, socket\n" |
| "# Secure: SSH/TLS with key auth only\n" |
| "server = socket.socket()\n" |
| "server = ussl.wrap_socket(server, keyfile='dev.key', certfile='dev.crt')\n" |
| "server.bind(('', 22))\n" |
| "server.listen(1)\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/shell.py\n" |
| "+++ b/shell.py\n" |
| "@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@\n" |
| "-utelnet.start(port=23, login=None, password=None)\n" |
| "+server = socket.socket()\n" |
| "+server = ussl.wrap_socket(server, keyfile='dev.key', certfile='dev.crt')\n" |
| "+server.bind(('', 22))\n" |
| "+server.listen(1)\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "An unauthenticated Telnet server exposes a root shell on the LAN.", |
| "attack": "Anyone on the network connects and gains full device control.", |
| "impact": "Complete device compromise.", |
| "fix": "Disable Telnet; use SSH/TLS with key-based auth.", |
| "guideline": "Never expose unauthenticated shells; use SSH/TLS with keys.", |
| "tags": ["iot", "python", "telnet", "auth"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "network", "auth_required": True}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000105", |
| "language": "C", |
| "framework": "Embedded", |
| "title": "Lack of firmware signature verification", |
| "description": "An IoT bootloader flashes any uploaded firmware without verifying a signature.", |
| "owasp": "A08:2021 - Software and Data Integrity Failures", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-494", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1195.002 - Supply Chain Compromise: Compromise Software Supply Chain", |
| "severity": "Critical", |
| "difficulty": "Advanced", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "void flash(const uint8_t *img, size_t len) {\n" |
| " // Vulnerable: no signature check\n" |
| " write_to_flash(img, len);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "void flash(const uint8_t *img, size_t len) {\n" |
| " // Secure: verify ECDSA signature with root public key\n" |
| " if (!ecdsa_verify(ROOT_PUB, img, len - 64, img + len - 64))\n" |
| " return;\n" |
| " write_to_flash(img, len - 64);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/bootloader.c\n" |
| "+++ b/bootloader.c\n" |
| "@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@\n" |
| "- write_to_flash(img, len);\n" |
| "+ if (!ecdsa_verify(ROOT_PUB, img, len - 64, img + len - 64))\n" |
| "+ return;\n" |
| "+ write_to_flash(img, len - 64);\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Firmware is flashed without verifying a trusted signature, enabling malicious images.", |
| "attack": "Attacker uploads a trojaned firmware that persists on the device.", |
| "impact": "Persistent device compromise, botnet recruitment.", |
| "fix": "Verify firmware signatures (ECDSA) against a rooted public key before flashing.", |
| "guideline": "Verify signed firmware; reject unsigned/modified images.", |
| "tags": ["iot", "c", "firmware", "supply-chain"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "network", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000106", |
| "language": "Python", |
| "framework": "IoT Gateway", |
| "title": "Default credentials on management API", |
| "description": "An IoT gateway API accepts a hardcoded default admin password.", |
| "owasp": "A07:2021 - Identification and Authentication Failures", |
| "owasp_api": "API2:2023 - Broken Authentication", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-1392", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1078.001 - Valid Accounts: Default Accounts", |
| "severity": "Critical", |
| "difficulty": "Beginner", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "def login(u, p):\n" |
| " # Vulnerable: default password\n" |
| " if u == 'admin' and p == 'admin':\n" |
| " return issue_token(u)\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "def login(u, p):\n" |
| " user = db.get_user(u)\n" |
| " if user and argon2.verify(p, user.pw_hash):\n" |
| " if not user.force_reset:\n" |
| " return issue_token(u)\n" |
| " return None\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/auth.py\n" |
| "+++ b/auth.py\n" |
| "@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@\n" |
| "- if u == 'admin' and p == 'admin':\n" |
| "- return issue_token(u)\n" |
| "+ user = db.get_user(u)\n" |
| "+ if user and argon2.verify(p, user.pw_hash):\n" |
| "+ return issue_token(u)\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "A static default credential grants trivial admin access.", |
| "attack": "Attacker logs in as admin with 'admin'/'admin'.", |
| "impact": "Full device/gateway takeover.", |
| "fix": "Store hashed credentials; force password change on first login; no defaults.", |
| "guideline": "No default credentials; use hashed passwords and forced reset.", |
| "tags": ["iot", "python", "default-creds", "auth"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "form_field", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000107", |
| "language": "C", |
| "framework": "Embedded", |
| "title": "Stack-based buffer overflow in HTTP header parse", |
| "description": "An embedded web server copies a header value into a fixed stack buffer without bounds.", |
| "owasp": "A03:2021 - Injection", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-120", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1203 - Exploitation for Client Execution", |
| "severity": "Critical", |
| "difficulty": "Advanced", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "void parse_header(char *line) {\n" |
| " char val[64];\n" |
| " // Vulnerable: strcpy from attacker input\n" |
| " strcpy(val, strchr(line, ':') + 1);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "void parse_header(char *line) {\n" |
| " char val[64];\n" |
| " char *v = strchr(line, ':') + 1;\n" |
| " // Secure: bounded copy\n" |
| " strncpy(val, v, sizeof(val) - 1);\n" |
| " val[sizeof(val) - 1] = '\\0';\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/httpd.c\n" |
| "+++ b/httpd.c\n" |
| "@@ -3,4 +3,6 @@\n" |
| "- strcpy(val, strchr(line, ':') + 1);\n" |
| "+ char *v = strchr(line, ':') + 1;\n" |
| "+ strncpy(val, v, sizeof(val) - 1);\n" |
| "+ val[sizeof(val) - 1] = '\\0';\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "strcpy into a fixed buffer allows overflow with a long header value.", |
| "attack": "Send a huge header to overflow the stack and hijack execution.", |
| "impact": "Remote code execution on the device.", |
| "fix": "Use bounded copies (strncpy + NUL) or length-checked parsers.", |
| "guideline": "Avoid strcpy; bound all copies; compile with stack protectors.", |
| "tags": ["iot", "c", "buffer-overflow", "http"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "network", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| { |
| "id": "SCP-000108", |
| "language": "C++", |
| "framework": "Embedded", |
| "title": "Unencrypted telemetry transmission", |
| "description": "An IoT device sends sensor telemetry over plain HTTP, exposing it to interception.", |
| "owasp": "A02:2021 - Cryptographic Failures", |
| "owasp_api": "", |
| "owasp_llm": "", |
| "cwe": "CWE-319", |
| "mitre_attack": "T1557 - Adversary-in-the-Middle", |
| "severity": "Medium", |
| "difficulty": "Beginner", |
| "vulnerable_code": ( |
| "void send_telemetry(const std::string& data) {\n" |
| " // Vulnerable: plain HTTP\n" |
| " http_post(\"http://collector/ingest\", data);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "secure_code": ( |
| "void send_telemetry(const std::string& data) {\n" |
| " // Secure: HTTPS with cert pinning\n" |
| " https_post(\"https://collector/ingest\", data, COLLECTOR_PINNED_CERT);\n" |
| "}\n" |
| ), |
| "patch": ( |
| "--- a/telemetry.cpp\n" |
| "+++ b/telemetry.cpp\n" |
| "@@ -2,4 +2,5 @@\n" |
| "- http_post(\"http://collector/ingest\", data);\n" |
| "+ https_post(\"https://collector/ingest\", data, COLLECTOR_PINNED_CERT);\n" |
| ), |
| "root_cause": "Telemetry is transmitted without transport encryption, exposing data in transit.", |
| "attack": "On-path attacker reads sensor data or injects false telemetry.", |
| "impact": "Data interception/modification.", |
| "fix": "Use TLS with certificate pinning for all device communication.", |
| "guideline": "Encrypt all device telemetry with TLS + cert pinning.", |
| "tags": ["iot", "cpp", "tls", "telemetry"], |
| "metadata": {"domain": "IoT", "input_source": "network", "auth_required": False}, |
| }, |
| ] |
|
|
