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324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
sums. In December 2011, Orson Welles' 1941 Oscar for "Citizen Kane" (Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy. On December 20, 2011, it sold in an onl... | 300 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
to offer it to the Academy first. Russell defended his decision, saying, "I don't know why anybody would be critical. My wife's health is much more important than sentimental reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar isn't." Harold Russell is the only Academy Award-winning actor to ever sell an Osca... | 301 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
them in its treasury.
## Other awards presented by the Academy.
In addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student A... | 302 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
- Scientific and Engineering Award (in the form of a bronze tablet);
- Technical Achievement Award (annual) (in the form of a certificate);
- The John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation (since 1978) (in the form of a medal);
-... | 303 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of over 8,000 .
Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy's co... | 304 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
of hours.
All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures.
New... | 305 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
of a study conducted by the "Los Angeles Times" were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS' voting membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were Caucasian, 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60. 33% of voting members are former nom... | 306 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except for the Best Foreign Language Film, Best Documentary Feature, and Best Documentary Short Subject).
The Best Foreign Language Film award does not require a U.S. release. It requires the film to be submitted as its country's offic... | 307 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
official selection.
The Best Documentary Short Subject award has noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead covering a one-year period starting on September 1 and ending on August 31 ... | 308 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
silver, or bronze medal winner in the Documentary category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible.
For example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, "The Hurt Locker", was actually first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards, as it did not play its Oscar-qualify... | 309 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels. Effective with the 90th Academy Awards, presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series will be ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award. This followed the win of "", an eight-hour presentation that was screened i... | 310 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
production credits for all related categories. Then, each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases.
In late December, ballots and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote... | 311 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
ranked preferentially. In certain categories, including Foreign Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches.
In most categories, the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members. Since... | 312 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
in Oscar season. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members so as to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified. It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders. For example, a producer of... | 313 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of th... | 314 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
television broadcast.)
The Academy Awards is the world's longest running awards show televised live in all U.S. time zones (excluding territories outside mainland North America), Canada, and the United Kingdom, and gathers billions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world. The Oscars were first televis... | 315 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
for broadcast in international markets (especially those outside of the Americas) in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadc... | 316 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA Basketball Tournament, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. (In 1976 and 1977, ABC's regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite NBC'... | 317 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public. Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The production ... | 318 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier. For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office. In 2010, the Academy contemplat... | 319 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
in the mail). Furthermore, a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League playoff games. In 2018, the Academy announced that the ceremony would be moved from late February to mid February beginning with the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020.
Originally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the ... | 320 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members. This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the segment having a "popularity contest" feel as the audience var... | 321 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty-three minutes. In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners' acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed "the single most hated thing on the ... | 322 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
accepting his Best Costume Design award for "Phantom Thread"). The "Wall Street Journal" analyzed the average minutes spent across the 2014–2018 telecasts as follows: 14 on song performances; 25 on the hosts' speeches; 38 on prerecorded clips; and 78 on the awards themselves, broken into 24 on the introd... | 323 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself. Currently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of production staff and hosting, although ABC i... | 324 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of "Titanic", which generated close to US$500 million at the North American box office and 1.2 billion dollars worldwide pre-Oscars, with the final box office haul during its initial 1997–98 run being 600.8 million US$ in the US and 1.84... | 325 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
"Midnight Cowboy") which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.
By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budgeted, independent film "Crash" (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 mill... | 326 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
film ("No Country for Old Men").
# Venues.
In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.
Gr... | 327 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California... | 328 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories (Drama and Comedy). At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematogr... | 329 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
in the ceremony.
Following dissent from Academy members, they announced that they would indeed air all 24 categories live. This followed a number of proposals (including introducing a Popular Film category) that the Academy had announced but did not implement.
## Proposed categories.
The Board of Gove... | 330 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on a consistent annual basis.
## Current special categories.
- Academy Honorary Award: since 1929
- Academy Scientific and Technical Award (three different awards)... | 331 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
the Academy Awards, many studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the "Oscar season". This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than quality. William Friedkin, an Academy Award-w... | 332 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
campaigns are intended to spread negative perceptions of other movies nominated and are believed to be perpetrated by those that were involved in creating the movie. Examples of whisper campaigns include the allegations against "Zero Dark Thirty" suggesting that it justifies torture and the claim that "L... | 333 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
selecting specific genres of movies to be awarded. This has led to the coining of the term 'Oscar bait', describing such movies. This has led at times to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience, e.g., by favoring 'Oscar bait' over audience favorites, or favoring histor... | 334 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
of nominees have been non-white, with the rate of winners being even more polarizing. More white actresses have won Oscars for yellowface portrayals of Asian characters than actual Asian actresses. The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott, popularized on social media by the #OscarsSoWhite,... | 335 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
that proved in time to be more popular and/or renowned than the one actually awarded, or presented as a "career honor" to recognize a distinguished nominee's entire body of work.
## Recognition of streaming media film.
Following the 91st Academy Awards in February 2019 in which the Netflix-broadcast fi... | 336 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
Oscar-winning films and have much wider and earlier distribution than other Best Picture-nominated films, while still being able to meet the minimal theatrical-run status to qualify for an Oscar. The United States Department of Justice, having heard of this potential rule change, wrote a letter to the Ac... | 337 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
enjoy limited theatrical runs.
## Refusing the award.
Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for "The Informer"). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards cere... | 338 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
saying, "I don't want any part of it."
The third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972's "The Godfather"), citing the film industry's discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando sent actress and civil... | 339 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
the announcement, handed the envelope to Dunaway, which listed Emma Stone as Best Actress for "La La Land" and led to the confusion. The proper winner was announced after the acceptance speeches by "La La Land" producers Fred Berger, Jordan Horowitz and Marc Platt.
The following year, Beatty and Dunaway... | 340 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
claims that Goldman (in 2000 and 2009) pitched a concept to Disney for a live-action film titled "Looney", which was about a socially awkward animator who creates a self-inspired TV cartoon called "Zootopia". Disney twice rejected the pitch, but Goldman accused the company of copying the name, themes, se... | 341 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
claims on November 8, 2017.
- "The Shape of Water": In February 2018, the estate of Paul Zindel initiated a lawsuit in United States District Court for the Central District of California against director Guillermo del Toro and associate producer Daniel Kraus, alleging that "The Shape of Water" "brazenly... | 342 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
violated the regulations.
- "The Circus" (1928) – The film was removed by the Academy from competitive categories, in order to award Charlie Chaplin a special award.
- "Hondo" (1953)
- "High Society" (1955) – Withdrawn from screenwriting ballot after being mistaken for the 1956 movie of the same title... | 343 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
"Alone yet Not Alone"
One film was disqualified after winning the award, and had the winner return the Oscar.
- "Young Americans" (1969)
# Associated events.
The following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards:
- César Awards
- Nominees luncheon
- Governors Awards
- The 25t... | 344 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley
- Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center
- The Governors Ball is the Academy's official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue... | 345 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be as high as US$80,000. The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status.
Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a... | 346 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
included Judith Hoag, Carolyn Hennesy, Kate Linder, Chris Mulkey, Jim O'Heir, and NBA player John Salley.
# Television ratings and advertisement prices.
From 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD; all previous years are live viewing.
# Trademark.
The term "Oscar" is a registered trademark of the AMPAS; h... | 347 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
nguage, it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field.
# See also.
- List of film awards
- List of Academy Award records
- List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees
- List of actors with Academy Award nominations
# Further reading.
- Brokaw,... | 348 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
Anarchism
Anarchism is an anti-authoritarian political philosophy that rejects hierarchies deemed unjust and advocates their replacement with self-managed, self-governed societies based on voluntary, cooperative institutions. These institutions are often described as stateless societies, although several aut... | 349 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
of communism, collectivism, syndicalism, mutualism, or participatory economics. As anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a single particular worldview, many anarchist types and traditions exist and varieties of anarchy diverge widely. Anarchist schools of thought can differ fundamentally, sup... | 350 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
"a-" (i.e. "without") and the word "arkhos" (i.e. leader or ruler). The suffix -ism denotes the ideological current that favours anarchy. The word "anarchism" appears in English from 1642 as "Anarchisme" the word "anarchy" from 1539. Various factions within the French Revolution labelled their opponents as "a... | 351 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
himself an anarchist () was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865), marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid-19th century. Since the 1890s and beginning in France, the term "libertarianism" has often been used as a synonym for anarchism and its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States. O... | 352 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
Hence it might be true to say that anarchism is a cluster of political philosophies opposing authority and hierarchical organization (including the state, capitalism, nationalism and all associated institutions) in the conduct of all human relations in favour of a society based on voluntary association, on fr... | 353 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
the rejection of the state apparatus
- 3. belief that human nature allows humans to exist in or progress toward such a non-coercive society; and
- 4. a suggestion on how to act to pursue the ideal of anarchy
# History.
## Prehistoric and ancient world.
During the prehistoric era of mankind, an establishe... | 354 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
anarchist attitudes were articulated by tragedians and philosophers. Aeschylus and Sophocles used the myth of Antigone to illustrate the conflict between rules set by the state and personal autonomy. Socrates questioned Athenian authorities constantly and insisted to the right of individual freedom of conscio... | 355 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
Europe. This kind of tradition later gave birth to religious anarchism. In Persia, a Zoroastrian Prophet known as Mazdak was calling for an egalitarian society and the abolition of monarchy, but he soon found himself executed by the king. In Basra, religious sects preached against the state. In Europe, variou... | 356 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
towards anarchism with the optimism for social progress.
## Classical anarchism.
The turning point towards anarchism was the French Revolution in which the anti-state and federalist sentiments began to take a form, mostly by Enragés and "sans-culottes". Some prominent figures of anarchism begun developing t... | 357 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
Bakunin took mutualism and extended it to collectivist anarchism. Bakunin's current (Jura Federation) entered the class worker union called the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), later known as the First International, formed in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents. Due to its links to acti... | 358 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
the workers movement that officially took place in the Fifth Congress of the IWA in the Hague, 1872. The major reason lay in fundamentally different approaches on how the workers would emancipate themselves. Marx was advocating for the creation of a political party to take part in electoral struggles whereas ... | 359 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
overlapped collectivism. Anarcho-communists, who drew inspiration from the 1871 Paris Commune, advocated for free federation and distribution of goods according to one needs. The major argument of anarcho-communism was that Bakunian perspective would lead to antagonism among collectives.
At the turning of th... | 360 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
time, a minority of anarchists embarked into utilizing of violence in order to achieve their political ends. This kind of strategy is named as propaganda of the deed. The dismemberment of the French socialist movement into many groups and the execution and exile of many Communards to penal colonies following ... | 361 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
took part enthusiastically in the Russian Revolution. During the revolution, anarchists had concerns, but they opted for the revolution rather than supporting the Whites. However, they met harsh suppression after the Bolshevik government was stabilized. Anarchists in central Russia were either imprisoned, dri... | 362 |
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group that would push for the revolution while the latter were against anything that would resemble a political party. The victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War did serious damage to anarchist movements internationally. Many workers and activists saw the Bolsh... | 363 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
(CNT and FAI) once again allied themselves with various currents of leftists. Spain had a long anarchist tradition and anarchists played an important role in the Civil War. In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of B... | 364 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
World War II, the anarchist movement was severely damaged. However, the 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism. The main causes of such a revival may have been the perceived failure of Marxism–Leninism and the tension build by the Cold War. During this era, anarchism was mostly part of other movements critica... | 365 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
with vigour during the second wave of feminism in the 1960s.
Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist and anti-globalisation movements. Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the World T... | 366 |
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groups and the use of decentralised technologies such as the internet. A significant event of this period was the confrontations at the WTO conference in Seattle in 1999. Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the Zapatistas in Chiapas, Mexico, and the Democratic Federation of Northern Sy... | 367 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
to state or social control over the individual) while those in the social wing emphasise positive liberty to achieve one's potential and argue that humans have needs that society ought to fulfil, "recognising equality of entitlement". In a chronological and theoretical sense, there are classical—those created... | 368 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
anarchism may accept the existence of a minimal state as unfortunate and usually temporary, necessary evil, but argue that citizens do not have a moral obligation to obey the state when its laws conflict with individual autonomy. One reaction against sectarianism within the anarchist milieu was anarchism with... | 369 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
schools of thought or currents are not distinct entities, but intermingle with each other.
## Classical.
Collectivist and communist anarchism and anarcho-syndicalism are all considered to be forms of social anarchism. Mutualism and individualism were the other notable anarchist currents through the 19th and... | 370 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
Proudhon proposed spontaneous order, whereby organisation emerges without central authority, a "positive anarchy" where order arises when everybody does "what he wishes and only what he wishes" and where "business transactions alone produce the social order".
Proudhon distinguished between ideal political po... | 371 |
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cooperatives and promoting certain nationalisation schemes.
Mutualist anarchism is concerned with reciprocity, free association, voluntary contract, federation and credit and currency reform. According to the American mutualist William Batchelder Greene, each worker in the mutualist system would receive "jus... | 372 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
call LIBERTY".
### Collectivist anarchism.
Collectivist anarchism, also referred to as revolutionary socialism or a form of such, is a revolutionary form of anarchism, commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin and Johann Most.
At the epicentre of collectivist anarchism lies the belief in the potential of hu... | 373 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
the workers as a whole to revolt and forcibly collectivise the means of production. However, collectivisation was not to be extended to the distribution of income as workers would be paid according to time worked, rather than receiving goods being distributed according to need as in anarcho-communism. This po... | 374 |
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compensation for labour, some held out the possibility of a post-revolutionary transition to a communist system of distribution according to need.
### Anarcho-communism.
Anarcho-communism, also known as anarchist-communism, communist anarchism and libertarian communism, is a theory of anarchism that advocat... | 375 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
to his need".
Anarcho-communism developed out of radical socialist currents after the French Revolution, but it was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the First International. The theoretical work of Peter Kropotkin took importance later as it expanded and developed pro-organisationalist and ... | 376 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Revolution within the Spanish Civil War starting in 1936, anarcho-communism existed in most of Aragon, parts of the Levante and Andalusia as well as in the stronghold of Catalonia. Along with the Republicans, it was crushed by the combined forces of the Francisco F... | 377 |
12 | Anarchism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism | Anarchism
a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society democratically self-managed by workers. The basic principles of anarcho-syndicalism are workers' solidarity, direct action and workers' self-management. Anarcho-syndicalists believe that only direct action... | 378 |
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society) should be self-managing. They should not have bosses or business agents—rather, the workers should be able to make all the decisions that affect them themselves. Rudolf Rocker was one of the most popular voices in the anarcho-syndicalist movement. He outlined a view of the origins of the movement, wh... | 379 |
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Individualist anarchism.
Individualist anarchism refers to several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants such as groups, society, traditions and ideological systems. Individualist anarchism is not a single phil... | 380 |
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state as a present "necessary evil" that would become increasingly irrelevant and powerless by the gradual spread of knowledge. Godwin advocated individualism, proposing that all cooperation in labour be eliminated on the premise that this would be most conducive with the general good.
An influential form of... | 381 |
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for God, state, or morality. To Stirner, rights were "spooks" in the mind and he held that society does not exist, but "the individuals are its reality". Stirner advocated self-assertion and foresaw unions of egoists, non-systematic associations continually renewed by all parties' support through an act of wi... | 382 |
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anarcho-individualist, who drew inspiration from Proudhon. Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) was an important early influence in individualist anarchist thought in the United States and Europe. Thoreau was an American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher a... | 383 |
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"Liberty".
From these early influences, individualist anarchism in different countries attracted a small yet diverse following of Bohemian artists and intellectuals, free love and birth control advocates (see anarchism and issues related to love and sex), individualist naturists and nudists (see anarcho-natu... | 384 |
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Post-classical and contemporary.
Anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical social movements of the left. Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti-globalization movement, whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation. As the movement shaped 21st cen... | 385 |
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eclectic, drawing upon various sources and syncretic, combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches.
Anticapitalism stays prominent within contemporary anarchism, continuing the tradition of classical anarchism.
Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory, practice and tendency... | 386 |
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and a refusal to negotiate or compromise with class enemies.
Green anarchism, or eco-anarchism, is a school of thought within anarchism that emphasises environmental issues, with an important precedent in anarcho-naturism and whose main contemporary currents are anarcho-primitivism and social ecology. Writin... | 387 |
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violence". According to AbdelRahim, civilization was the result of the human development of technologies and grammar for predatory economics. Language and literacy, she claims, are some of these technologies.
Anarcho-pacifism is a tendency that rejects violence in the struggle for social change (see non-viol... | 388 |
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by the teachings of religions. While many anarchists have traditionally been sceptical of and opposed to organized religion, many different religions have served as inspiration for religious forms of anarchism, most notably Christianity as Christian anarchists believe that biblical teachings give credence to ... | 389 |
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behind the anarchist federations grouped around the contemporary global International of Anarchist Federations.
Platformism is a tendency within the wider anarchist movement based on the organisational theories in the tradition of Dielo Truda's "Organisational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Dra... | 390 |
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of anarchism's relationship to traditional left-wing politics. Some post-leftists seek to escape the confines of ideology in general also presenting a critique of organisations and morality. Influenced by the work of Max Stirner and by the Marxist Situationist International, post-left anarchy is marked by a f... | 391 |
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as a solution to the issues faced by the LGBT community, mainly heteronormativity, homophobia, transphobia and biphobia. It arose during the late 20th century based on the work of Michel Foucault's "The History of Sexuality" (1976).
Left-wing market anarchism strongly affirm the classical liberal ideas of se... | 392 |
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in favour of self-ownership in a free market. Anarcho-capitalism developed from radical American anti-state libertarianism and individualist anarchism, drawing from Austrian School economics, study of law and economics and public choice theory. There is a strong current within anarchism which believes that an... | 393 |
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left-libertarianism, or libertarian socialism, and combines it with transhumanism and post-humanism. It can be described as a "liberal democratic revolution, at its core the idea that people are happiest when they have rational control over their lives. Reason, science, and technology provide one kind of cont... | 394 |
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decentralised free association. Anarcha-feminists believe that the struggle against patriarchy is an essential part of class struggle and the anarchist struggle against the state. In essence, the philosophy sees anarchist struggle as a necessary component of feminist struggle and vice versa. Anarcha-feminists... | 395 |
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liberation and social revolution and argued that the two objectives were equally important and should be pursued in parallel. In order to gain mutual support, they created networks of women anarchists. The second wave of anarcha-feminism arose in the 1960s.
# Internal issues and debates.
As anarchism is a p... | 396 |
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and religion with anarchism is widely disputed. Similarly, anarchism enjoys complex relationships with ideologies such as Marxism, communism, collectivism and trade unionism. Anarchists may be motivated by humanism, divine authority, enlightened self-interest, veganism, or any number of alternative ethical do... | 397 |
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direct action methods such as nonviolence, counter-economics and anti-state cryptography to bring about an anarchist society. About the scope of an anarchist society, some anarchists advocate a global one while others do so by local ones.
# Topics of interest.
Intersecting and overlapping between various sc... | 398 |
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sexual encounter between consenting adults. He was also a consistent proponent of polyamory. In Germany, the Stirnerists Adolf Brand and John Henry Mackay were pioneering campaigners for the acceptance of male bisexuality and homosexuality. More recently, the British anarcho-pacifist Alex Comfort gained notor... | 399 |
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