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(spatharios), surrenders the city in exchange for a safe departure. Europe Emperor Louis the Pious is reinstated as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. He promises his sons Pepin I and Louis the German a greater share of the inheritance. His eldest son Lothair I is pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy. February... | Anatolia (modern Turkey), and capture a number of Byzantine forts. Heraclea Cybistra and Tyana fall to the Arabs. Fall – Muslim Arabs reinvade Sicily, and lay siege to Palermo. Symeon, Byzantine commander of the imperial bodyguard (spatharios), surrenders the city in exchange for a safe departure. Europe Emperor Louis ... |
is murdered in the royal palace of Boukoleon at Constantinople after a 6-year reign. Former friends have acted on the instructions of his wife Theophano. Nikephoros is succeeded by his nephew John I Tzimiskes, who becomes co-emperor and regent. He sends Theophano into exile to the island of Prinkipo (Prince Islands). E... | will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 969th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 969th year of the 1st millennium, the 69th year of the 10th century, and the 10th and last year of the 960s decade. Events By place Byzantine Empire October 28 – Siege of Antioch: Byzanti... |
for five days, is beheaded near the Iria River (Lombardy). King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage. Olybrius becomes the second candidate for the western throne. He is the husband of Placidia, who is being held in Vandal captivity. November 19 – Li... | King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage. Olybrius becomes the second candidate for the western throne. He is the husband of Placidia, who is being held in Vandal captivity. November 19 – Libius Severus, Roman senator from Lucania, is declared emper... |
21 – Guy III, duke of Spoleto, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Stephen V. His son Lambert is proclaimed king of Italy, at the capital of Pavia in Lombardy. Summer – Orso, Lombard prince of Benevento, is deposed after the capture of Benevento by the Byzantines. Benevento becomes the capital of the thema of Longoba... | September 14 – Pope Stephen V dies after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded by Formosus, former cardinal bishop of Portus, as the 111th pope of the Catholic Church. Births Abd al-Rahman III, Umayyad caliph (or 889) Ali ibn Buya, founder of the Buyid Dynasty (or 892) Gao Conghui, prince and ruler of Jingnan (d. 948) Lin Di... |
using Greek fire. Battle of Kedouktos (near Heraclea): Khan Omurtag of Bulgaria sends a relief army, and defeats the Byzantine rebels. Europe Emperor Louis I performs public penance for causing his nephew Bernard's death 4 years earlier, at his palace of Attigny (Ardennes), before Pope Paschal I, and the Frankish noble... | authority). The earliest known mention of the Serbs, in Einhard's Royal Frankish Annals. Britain King Ceolwulf I of Mercia invades Powys (Wales), but is beaten back by King Cyngen. However, Ceolwulf does destroy the fortress of Deganwy, and later takes the kingdom under his control (approximate date). Al-Andalus Al-Hak... |
the papal practice of handing the imperial sword over, as a symbol of temporal power in the Holy Roman Empire). Britain King Ceolwulf I of Mercia is deposed by Beornwulf, who takes the throne of Mercia. During his rule he rebuilds the Abbey of St. Peter, and presides over two synods at Clofesho. Japan May 30 – Emperor ... | the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Michael II defeats the rebel forces under Thomas the Slav in Thrace. He and his supporters are forced to seek refuge in Arkadiopolis (modern Turkey). After five months of blockade, Thomas surrenders and is delivered to Michael, seated o... |
will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place India A group of Persio-Assyrian adherents of the Church of the East, under the leadership of two Persian bishops Prod (or Proth, also known as Aphroth) and Sappor (also known as Sabrisho), reach Kerala, India and reside in Quilon. Europe Emperor L... | of the Julian calendar. Events By place India A group of Persio-Assyrian adherents of the Church of the East, under the leadership of two Persian bishops Prod (or Proth, also known as Aphroth) and Sappor (also known as Sabrisho), reach Kerala, India and reside in Quilon. Europe Emperor Louis the Pious begins a military... |
East Anglia, but is killed in battle. He is succeeded by Ludeca, as ruler of Mercia. Prince Aethelwulf, a son of King Egbert of Wessex, invades Kent, and drives out its pro-Mercian king Baldred. Byzantine Empire May – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, organises an uprising in Sicily against Emperor Michael II. He proclaims... | succeeded by Ludeca, as ruler of Mercia. Prince Aethelwulf, a son of King Egbert of Wessex, invades Kent, and drives out its pro-Mercian king Baldred. Byzantine Empire May – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, organises an uprising in Sicily against Emperor Michael II. He proclaims himself Emperor (with the title of basileus... |
The Muslims under Asad ibn al-Furat defeat a Byzantine relief army sent from Palermo, and backed by a Venetian fleet led by Giustiniano Participazio. Al-Furat decides to break off the siege at Syracuse, as his forces suffer greatly from lack of food. Later he dies during an outbreak of an epidemic. Summer – Euphemius, ... | ships and retreat overland westward to Mazara del Vallo.Vasiliev (1935), pp. 83–84. Europe Al-Andalus: The city of Merida (modern Spain) rises twice in one year against the Umayyad Emirate. Kydonia, on the northwest coast of Crete, is destroyed by Saracen pirates (approximate date). Alcamo in Sicily is founded by the M... |
continues the work of Giustiniano, in construction of St. Mark's Basilica. Britain King Egbert of Wessex invades Mercia, ousts his rival Wiglaf, and attempts to rule directly from Wessex. He is recognized as overlord (bretwalda) of other English kingdoms. Winter – Battle of the River Dore: Egbert of Wessex leads his ar... | freezes over. China The Bai kingdom of Nanzhao captures the city of Chengdu, in Sichuan Province. By topic Religion Ansgar, Frankish abbot of Corvey (modern Westphalia), is appointed missionary to Sweden by Louis the Pious, at the request of the Swedish king Björn at Haugi. The city of Wiesbaden (Germany) is first ment... |
Births Adalard, Frankish nobleman (approximate date) Athanasius I, bishop of Naples (d. 872) Carloman of Bavaria, Frankish king (or 828) Charles, Frankish bishop (or 825) Engelberga, Frankish empress (approximate date) Irmgard, Frankish abbess (or 833) Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Muslim physician (approximate date) Junayd of Bag... | known for the Historia's list of the 12 battles of King Arthur (approximate date). Hirsau Abbey (modern Germany) is founded by the Rhenish Franconian count Erlafried of Calw (approximate date). Ansgar, a Frankish missionary, visits the trade city Birka, located at Lake Mälaren in Sweden (approximate date). Births Adala... |
Louis the German, revolt against their father, Emperor Louis the Pious. They gather an army of Slav allies and conquer Swabia. Berengar the Wise, count (or duke) of Toulouse, attacks the Frankish domains of Bernard of Septimania, taking Roussillon (along with Vallespir, Razès, and Conflent). Britain and Ireland The Fla... | and Conflent). Britain and Ireland The Flag of Scotland: According to legend, King Óengus II of Fortriu leads an army of Picts and Scots, against the invading Angles from Northumbria, near Athelstaneford. The town of Clondalkin (modern Ireland) is sacked by Vikings from Denmark, and the monastery is burnt to the ground... |
(modern Spain), a buffer zone between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River. Abbasid Caliphate August 7 – Caliph Al-Ma'mun dies after a 20-year reign. He is succeeded two days later by his half-brother al-Mu'tasim, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. Ibn Hisham, Muslim historian, collects oral traditions that form the basis f... | Frankish count, usurps the Catalan counties (pagi) of Pallars and Ribagorza, in the Spanish March (modern Spain), a buffer zone between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River. Abbasid Caliphate August 7 – Caliph Al-Ma'mun dies after a 20-year reign. He is succeeded two days later by his half-brother al-Mu'tasim, as ruler of t... |
Pious is restored as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. After his re-accession to the throne, his eldest son Lothair I flees to Burgundy. Danish Vikings raid the trading settlement of Dorestad (present-day Wijk bij Duurstede), located in the south-east of the province of Utrecht (modern Netherlands). Summer – The Vikin... | Picts. By topic Religion July 20 – Ansegisus, Frankish abbot and advisor of former emperor Charlemagne, dies at Fontenelle Abbey in Normandy (or 833). Births Aud the Deep-Minded, Icelandic queen Euthymius I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 917) Lady Shuiqiu, wife of Qian Kuan (d. 901) Mo Xuanqing, Chinese sc... |
emperor's chancellor Li Zhongyan to subdue the eunuchs' influence, troops under the eunuchs' command slaughter many officials and other associates. By topic Religion November 1 – Pope Gregory IV promotes the celebration of the feast of All Saints, throughout the Frankish Empire. Births Ahmad ibn Tulun, Muslim governor ... | Zong plots to free the court from the influence of his palace eunuchs. In the northeast sector of the capital Chang'an, after the failure of the emperor's chancellor Li Zhongyan to subdue the eunuchs' influence, troops under the eunuchs' command slaughter many officials and other associates. By topic Religion November ... |
and put in prison, but he is able to escape. By topic Religion Winter – Pope John XI, the son of de facto Roman ruler Marozia, dies at Rome after a four-year reign. Births Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad, Mu'tazilite theologian (d. 1025) Eochaid ua Flannacáin, Irish cleric and poet (d. 1004) Elvira Ramírez, princess and regent... | Spring – Arnulf I ("the Bad") of Bavaria invades Italy, crossing through the Upper Adige (modern Tyrol). He proceeds towards Verona to join his supporters. King Hugh of Provence takes a Burgundian army against him, and defeats Arnulf at Gossolengo, forcing him to return to Bavaria. Summer – Caliph Al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah... |
of the Emirate of Mosul. The Fatimid general Jawhar al-Siqilli launches a military campaign in the west of the Maghreb. He resumes his expansion, together with the Zirids, and conquers Fez (modern-day Morocco). Japan July 5 – Emperor Murakami dies after a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old son Reizei, wh... | pays him 1,500 pounds of gold to invade the Bulgarian Empire). The imperial delegation arrives in Macedonia, but goes nowhere with Nikephoros II. Far from offering Byzantine Italy as dowry for Theophano, Nikephoros refuses to accept the claims of Otto I. Otto I renews the imperial treaty with Pietro IV Candiano, doge o... |
of Hubert, Duke of Spoleto, and a relative of Otto I. Waldrada brings him a large dowry, including the possessions of Ferrara, Friuli and Treviso (Northern Italy). Fall – Otto I departs for a third expedition in Italy and fights in Lombardy against the partisans under Adalbert II of Ivrea. In November an imperial count... | of Adelaide of Burgundy — second wife of Emperor Otto I (the Great), from her first marriage with King Lothair II, member of the Bosonid Dynasty). Lothair strengthens his ties with the Holy Roman Empire. He temporarily remains in control of the cities of Arras and Douai. The latter becomes a flourishing textile market ... |
Events By place Africa Khazrun ben Falful, from the Maghrawa family Banu Khazrun, begins ruling Tripoli, on the African continent. Asia March 17 – The Buddhist ruler of Butuan, in the Philippines (P’u-tuan in the Sung Dynasty records), Sari Bata Shaja, makes the first tributary mission to China. The Changbai Mountains ... | family Banu Khazrun, begins ruling Tripoli, on the African continent. Asia March 17 – The Buddhist ruler of Butuan, in the Philippines (P’u-tuan in the Sung Dynasty records), Sari Bata Shaja, makes the first tributary mission to China. The Changbai Mountains volcano, located on the present-day Chinese-Korean border, er... |
7 – Henry II, a cousin of Otto III, is elected and crowned as King of Germany by Archbishop Willigis at Mainz. Henry does not recognise the coronation of Arduin. Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives the Duchy of Carinthia (modern Austria) - Henry is the first King to b... | dies, at the age of 22, of smallpox at Castle of Paterno (near Rome) after a 19-year reign. He leaves no son, nor a surviving brother who can succeed by hereditary right to the throne. Otto is buried in Aachen Cathedral alongside the body of Charlemagne. February 15 – At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles and secon... |
annual tribute. By topic Art Construction of the Brihadisvara Temple in Tamil Nadu (modern India), during the Chola Dynasty (Early Medieval period). Religion May 12 – Pope Sylvester II dies after a 4-year pontificate. He is succeeded by John XVII as the 140th pope of the Catholic Church. November 6 – John XVII dies aft... | February 9 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Duke Bolesław I (the Brave) of Poland. The following months, Boleslaus' brothers Jaromír and Oldřich flee to Germany and place themselves under the protection of King Henry II, while Boleslaus orders the massacre of his Bohemian leading nobles ... |
Basil has reconquered about half of the Bulgarian Empire. Europe Spring – King Henry II crosses with an expeditionary force through the Brenner Pass to Trento. After initial military successes against Arduin of Ivrea, he receives the homage of the Italian clergy and Lombard noble families. May 14 – Henry II is crowned ... | (MIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire Battle of Skopje: Emperor Basil II defeats the Bulgarian forces near Skopje (modern North Macedonia). Leaving his army behind, Samuel of Bulgaria manages to escape. Basil continues h... |
Pisan fleet sacks the city of Reggio Calabria. Pisa becomes one of the four commercial Maritime Republics (the other three are Genoa, Venice and Amalfi), which fight each other for control of the Mediterranean Sea. British Isles March 25 – King Kenneth III of Scotland is killed in the battle of Monzievaird in Strathear... | – King Kenneth III of Scotland is killed in the battle of Monzievaird in Strathearn. He is succeeded by his cousin Malcolm II ("Forranach, the Destroyer", son of the late King Kenneth II) as ruler of Scotland. Summer – Danish Viking raiders under Sweyn Forkbeard continue to ravage the cities (mostly poorly defended) in... |
ever recorded, SN 1006, occurs in the constellation of Lupus. It is observed and described in China, Japan, Iraq, Egypt, and Europe and possibly depicted in North American rock art. Modern astronomers now consider its distance at about 7,200 light-years. The supernova provides enough light to read by on a night with a ... | Europe and possibly depicted in North American rock art. Modern astronomers now consider its distance at about 7,200 light-years. The supernova provides enough light to read by on a night with a dark moon. Births October 23 – Wen Yanbo, grand chancellor (d. 1097) Al-Lakhmi, Fatimid scholar and jurist (d. 1085) Constant... |
King Henry II of Germany founds the Archdiocese of Bamberg during a synod held in Frankfurt. Ælfheah of Canterbury travels to Rome to receive his pallium – symbol of his status as an archbishop – from Pope John XVIII. The Keraites, a Turco-Mongolian tribe, are converted to Nestorianism (a sect of Christianity). Births ... | prince). By topic Religion November 1 – King Henry II of Germany founds the Archdiocese of Bamberg during a synod held in Frankfurt. Ælfheah of Canterbury travels to Rome to receive his pallium – symbol of his status as an archbishop – from Pope John XVIII. The Keraites, a Turco-Mongolian tribe, are converted to Nestor... |
and his men are ambushed and defeated in the woods. Bagrat III adds more lands to his realm, and becomes the first ruler of the Kingdom of Georgia (until 1014). The oldest known mention is made of the city of Gundelfingen (Southern Germany). Abkhazia and Iberia are unified into the Kingdom of Georgia. England King Æthe... | 1014). The oldest known mention is made of the city of Gundelfingen (Southern Germany). Abkhazia and Iberia are unified into the Kingdom of Georgia. England King Æthelred the Unready orders a new fleet of warships built, organised on a national scale. It is a huge undertaking, but is completed the following year. Arabi... |
(a province of the Byzantine Empire). He and his brother-in-law Dattus (or Datto) mobilises a large army and invades southern Italy. November 1 – Berber forces led by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam defeat the Umayyad caliph Muhammad II in the battle of Alcolea. He enters the city of Córdoba, which is sacked by Berbers and Casti... | of 1002. August - A large Viking army led by Thorkell the Tall lands on Kent and proceeds to terrorize most of Southern England.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Asia Spring – General Gang Jo leads a coup against King Mokjong. He is deposed and sent into exile in Chungju. After murdering Mokjong, Gang Jo places Hyeonjong on th... |
The oldest known mention is made of the city of Soest (modern Germany). Births Æthelberht, king of Wessex (approximate date) Al-Musta'in, Muslim caliph (d. 866) Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese regent (d. 891) Ibn al-Rumi, Muslim poet (d. 896) Luo Hongxin, Chinese warlord (d. 898) Mihira Bhoja, king of the Gurjara-Prati... | of Carhampton: Danish Vikings arrive in West Saxon, North Devon and Somerset. King Egbert of Wessex fights them, but he is forced to withdraw. Europe July 4 – Pactum Sicardi: Prince Sicard of Benevento signs a 5-year armistice with the duchies of Sorrento, Naples and Amalfi. He recognizes the trade of merchants among t... |
The city of Naples (modern Italy) is attacked by Saracens from Egypt demanding an annual payment (approximate date). Britain King Drest IX dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousin Eóganan, as ruler of the Picts. By topic Astronomy April 10 – Comet Halley passes approximately 5 million km from Earth, its... | The Slavs in the vicinity of Thessaloniki revolt against the Byzantine Empire. Theophilos undertakes an evacuation of some Byzantine captives, who are settled in trans-Danubian Bulgaria. Europe Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, sends his prime-minister Isbul against the Smolyani (a Slavic tribe in Byzant... |
Britain Battle of Hingston Down: The West Saxons, led by King Egbert of Wessex, defeat a combined force of Cornish and Danish Vikings, at Hingston Down in Cornwall. King Fedelmid mac Crimthainn of Munster calls for a great royal meeting at Cluain-Conaire-Tommain, between himself and King Niall Caille mac Áeda of Uí Néi... | the city wall. After two weeks of repeated attacks, the Byzantine defenders surrender. The city is sacked and plundered, 70,000 inhabitants are slaughtered, and the survivors are sold as slaves. Europe King Pepin I of Aquitaine dies after a 21-year reign. Emperor Louis the Pious appoints his youngest son Charles the Ba... |
calendar. Events By place Europe Prince Sicard of Benevento is assassinated by a conspiracy among the nobility. He is succeeded by Radelchis I, chief army officer and treasurer of Sicard, who proclaims himself ruler of Benevento. He imprisons Siconulf, heir and brother of Sicard, in Taranto. But Amalfitan merchants, le... | Sicard, in Taranto. But Amalfitan merchants, led by Landulf I, the gastald of Capua, and with the support of Guaifer, rescue him from prison. Siconulf is proclaimed prince of Salerno, and a civil war erupts, which splits the Lombard principality in Southern Italy. Third Civil War: King Louis the German, grandson of Cha... |
Ireland) inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies of Leinster and Dublin near Lyons Hill (County Kildare). Central Asia The Karakhanids invade from north of the Syr Darya River, ending the Samanid Empire (modern Iran). The Samanid domains are split between the Ghaznavid Dynasty and the Karakhanids. By topic Relig... | Fujiwara no Shoshi (she later becomes empress) December: Empress Teishi gives birth to Prince Atsuyasu (who becomes the imperial heir) but on the next day, her rival, Fujiwara no Shoshi is promoted to Consort Europe King Bermudo II abdicates in favor of his 5-year-old son Alfonso V as ruler of León. Moorish invaders ha... |
through a valley near Roopkund (modern India) were killed when caught out in the open in a sudden hailstorm. Their remains were discovered in 1942. Mesoamerica Uxmal becomes the capital of a large state in the Puuk hills region of northern Yucatán (modern Mexico). The city is connected by causeways (sakbe) to other imp... | to legend) by the Ethiopian goatherder Kaldi in East Africa, who notices that his goats become energetic after chewing the red berries from certain wild bushes (approximate date). Religion April 22 – Gunther becomes archbishop of Cologne (modern Germany). June 18 – Perfecto, a Christian priest in Muslim Córdoba, is exe... |
granaries, its local government administration, some of its written records, and the treatment of travellers, along with the use of ceramics, rice wine, and tea (approximate date). Europe August 22 – Battle of Jengland: Duke Erispoe takes command of the Breton forces after his father Nominoe, king of Brittany, dies. He... | Ealhhere, attacks a Viking fleet off the coast at Sandwich, and captures nine of the enemy vessels while the remainder flees. China Suleiman al-Tajir, Muslim merchant and traveller, visits China during the Tang Dynasty. He observes the manufacturing of Chinese porcelain at Guangzhou, and writes of his admiration for it... |
of the Croats" (dux Chroatorum), and to his country as the "state of the Croats" (regnum Chroatorum). Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 23-year reign in which the Bulgarians have expanded into Upper Macedonia and Serbia. He is succeeded by his son Boris I, as monarch of Bulgaria. Emperor Lot... | his son Boris I, as monarch of Bulgaria. Emperor Lothair I and his (half) brother Charles the Bald join forces to remove the Vikings from the island of Oscelles, in the River Seine. After this fails, Charles again pays them tribute (Danegeld). Britain A Viking fleet of 350 vessels enters the Thames Estuary before turni... |
Sea, but they are repulsed. King Olof leads Swedish Vikings in retaliation, and attacks the towns of Seeburg and Apuolė (modern Courland). Viking marauders in Gaul sail eastward from Nantes without opposition, and reach Tours. The monasteries at Saint-Florent-le-Vieil and Marmoutier are ravaged. King Charles the Bald b... | Year 853 (DCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire May 22 – A Byzantine fleet (85 ships and 5,000 men) sacks and destroys the port city of Damietta, located on the Nile Delta in Egypt. A large quantity of weapons and su... |
territory in the vicinity of the Croatian–Bulgarian border in present-day northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. None of warring sides emerges victorious, Bulgarian forces retreat and finally both parties subsequently conclude a peace treaty. Britain King Æthelwulf of Wessex sends his two youngest sons, Alfred and Æthelr... | is fought on the Croatian territory in the vicinity of the Croatian–Bulgarian border in present-day northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. None of warring sides emerges victorious, Bulgarian forces retreat and finally both parties subsequently conclude a peace treaty. Britain King Æthelwulf of Wessex sends his two younge... |
by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims. The marriage is a diplomatic alliance between Wessex and the West Frankish Kingdom. Winter – Æthelwulf returns to Wessex to face a revolt by his eldest son Æthelbald, who usurps the throne. Æthelwulf agrees to give up the western part of his kingdom, in order to avoid a civil war. He ke... | Bald cedes the county of Maine to Erispoe, ruler (duke) of Brittany—this in return for an alliance against the Vikings. King Ordoño I of Asturias is said to have begun the repopulation of the town of León in the northwest of Spain (approximate date). Britain October 1 – King Æthelwulf of Wessex marries the 12- or 13-ye... |
for his nephew Pepin II ("the Younger"). King Charles the Bald flees to Burgundy; he is saved by the help of the bishops, and by the fidelity of the family of the Welfs, who are related to Judith (second wife of former emperor Louis the Pious). Viking raiders, led by Björn Ironside, set fire to the earliest church on t... | April 17 – Pope Benedict III dies after a 3-year reign, in which he has intervened in a political conflict between the sons of Emperor Lothair I. He is succeeded by Nicholas I, as the 105th pope of Rome. Synod of Quierzy: The bishops remain loyal to Charles the Bald during the invasion of his dominions by Louis the Ger... |
Viking chieftains Hastein and Björn Ironside (a son of Ragnar Lodbrok) begin an expedition, and sail from the Loire River with a fleet of 62 ships, to raid cities and monasteries in the Mediterranean Sea. Viking raiders invade the Kingdom of Pamplona (Western Pyrenees), and capture King García Íñiguez I, somewhere in t... | in Fes (modern Morocco), by Fatima al-Fihri (recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest university in the world). China September 7 – Emperor Xuān Zong (Li Yi) dies after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his eldest son Yi Zong, as ruler of the Tang Dynasty. Syria 859 Syrian coast earthquake. It a... |
making additional inputs, the aircraft would have stabilized". Contributing factors were characteristics of the Airbus A300-600's sensitive rudder system design and elements of the American Airlines Advanced Aircraft Maneuvering Training Program. The manner in which the vertical stabilizer separated concerned investiga... | JAL flight in front of it at 9:15:36. In response to a new wave of turbulence, Molin alternated between moving the rudder from the right to the left and back again in quick succession from 9:15:52, causing sideslip until the lateral force caused composite lugs that attached the vertical stabilizer to fail at 9:15:58. T... |
English"), describing the Danes as "God's judgement on England". Births May 11 – Anawrahta, founder of the Pagan Empire (Burma) (d. 1077) Al-Bakri, Andalusian historian and geographer (d. 1094) Cynan ab Iago, king of Gwynedd (approximate date) Iestyn ap Gwrgant, king of Morgannwg (d. 1093) Deaths February 3 – Sweyn For... | Symbol of the Faith is used for the first time during the Roman Mass, after Henry II, the newly crowned Holy Roman Emperor, ask the Pope to add it – together with the filioque clause. Prior to this date, the Creed has not been used at all during the liturgy. Wulfstan, archbishop of York in England, preaches his Latin h... |
assassinated by his Turkish guard, starting the period of troubles known as the "Anarchy at Samarra" (861–870). He is succeeded by his son Al-Muntasir, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, a Muslim military leader, start rebelling against Abbasids and founds the Saffarid Dynasty in 870s. He rules ove... | after midnight, the Turk guards burst in the chamber where the Caliph and al-Fath were having supper. Al-Fath was killed trying to protect the Caliph, who was killed next. His son, Al-Muntasir, who now assumed the caliphate, initially claimed that al-Fath had murdered his father, and that he had been killed after; with... |
and the Frankish heartland against Viking raids. He hires the services of Weland, a Viking chieftain based on the Somme, to attack the Seine Vikings at their base on the Isle of Oissel. Weland besieges the Vikings—they offer him a huge bribe (6,000 pounds of silver) to let them escape. Summer – The Viking chieftains Ha... | – Viking raiders led by Weland sail to England and attack Winchester (the capital of Wessex), which is set ablaze. He spreads inland, but is defeated by West Saxon forces, who deprive him of all he has gained. December 20 – King Æthelbald of Wessex dies after a 2½-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother, sub-king Æt... |
Lothair II receives Lower Burgundy and a part of the Jura Mountains. King Louis the German suppresses the revolt of his son Carloman (for the second time), who wants a partition (mainly of Bavaria) of the East Frankish Kingdom. Viking raiders again plunder Dorestad (modern Netherlands), a Frankish port on the mouth of ... | invasion by Muslim forces, led by Umar al-Aqta, Emir of Malatya. The Muslims raid deep into Byzantine territory, reaching the Black Sea coast at the port city of Amisos. Petronas annihilates the Arabs near the River Lalakaon, in Paphlagonia (modern Turkey). Europe January 25 – Emperor Louis II claims Provence, after th... |
Kassia, a Byzantine abbess and hymnographer, dies. She is one of the first Early Medieval composers of many hymns. Births Al-Nayrizi, Persian mathematician (d. 922) Baldwin II, Frankish margrave (approximate date) Jinseong, queen of Silla (approximate date) Lady Ren Neiming, Chinese noblewoman (d. 918) Louis III, king ... | no more than 1,000 men) of Vikings, led by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson, invades East Anglia. King Edmund of East Anglia buys peace with a supply of horses. Viking king Ragnar Lodbrok is captured by the Northumbrians in battle, and killed by being thrown into a pit filled with poisonous snakes, on the order... |
renew ties with the West. Pope Nicholas I forbids the use of torture, in prosecutions for witchcraft (approximate date). Births June 10 – Uda, emperor of Japan (d. 931) September 19 – Leo VI, Byzantine emperor (d. 912) Carloman II, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (approximate date) Robert I, king of the West Frankish... | Uda, emperor of Japan (d. 931) September 19 – Leo VI, Byzantine emperor (d. 912) Carloman II, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (approximate date) Robert I, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (d. 923) Yao Yi, chancellor of Later Tang (d. 940) Deaths April 21 – Bardas, Byzantine chief minister and regent May 27 – Ordoño ... |
Egypt as governor, by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tazz. He becomes the founder of the Tulunid Dynasty (until 905). Muslim Arab forces under Muhammad II, emir of the Aghlabid Dynasty (modern Tunisia), conquer the island of Malta and raid into the mainland of Italy. Asia May 11 – The earliest extant printed book, an illustr... | of Brittany, leads a joint campaign against the Loire Vikings. He is forced to defend south-eastern Brittany unaided, and mobilizes levies raised at Poitiers to defeat the Vikings. Al-Andalus: The city of Mérida rises against the Umayyad rule. Emir Muhammad I regains control, and has the walls of the city destroyed. He... |
a large part of the Sanriku coast on the northeastern side of the island of Honshu. The first Gion Festival is held in order to combat an epidemic thought to be caused by an angry deity. Mesoamerica The last monument ever erected at Tikal, Stela 11, is dedicated by ruler (ajaw) Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II. By topic Religion ... | to be repaired. Europe August 8 – Lothair II, King of Middle Francia (Lotharingia), dies at Piacenza, on his way home from meeting Pope Adrian II at Rome, to get assent for a divorce. Lotharingia is subsequently divided between Lothair's uncles, Charles the Bald of France and Louis the German. Britain The Danes, led by... |
island) on the Senne River (modern Belgium). England Tynwald (or Tynwald Court), the parliament of the Isle of Man, is founded. It remains active as the longest continuous parliament in the world. Africa Jawhar as-Siqilli is dismissed as vizier of Egypt after an unsuccessful campaign in Syria (near Damascus). He is rep... | force, under General Bardas Phokas (the Younger), inflicts a crushing defeat on the rebels of General Bardas Skleros, at Sarvenis (modern Turkey). Skleros manages to escape, and finds shelter with his Muslim allies. The rebellion is subdued without difficulty. Europe Vitale Candiano, doge of Venice, abdicates for healt... |
Cid), the standard-bearer of Sancho, to take an oath denying any involvement in his brother's death. England May 27 – The Accord of Winchester establishes the primacy of the Archbishop of Canterbury over the Archbishop of York, in the Church of England. King William I (the Conqueror) invades Scotland and receives the s... | Qavurt, a brother of Alp Arslan, claims the Seljuk throne for himself and occupies the capital of Isfahan. China Shen Kuo, Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman, is appointed as the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy – where he begins his work with the colleague Wei Pu on accurately plotting the orbital pat... |
and ended on December 31, 1059. Significant | 1050, and ended on December 31, 1059. Significant people Godwin, Earl |
about 200 million in the year AD 1 to about 300 million in the year 1000. In Western Eurasia (Europe and Near East), the first millennium was a time of great transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. The 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Lat... | Middle Ages. The 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations. The second half of the millennium is characterized as the Early Middle Ages in Europe, and marked by the Viking expansion in the west, th... |
Poland (1025–1385): see Medieval Poland Old Swiss Confederacy (from c. 1300): see Medieval Switzerland Medieval Italy Kingdom of Italy Papal States Maritime republics Kingdom of Sicily Medieval Spain: see also Reconquista Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031) Crown of Aragon (1035–1479) Crown of Castile (1030–1479) Emirate o... | dynasty (1229–1574) Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1554) East Asia Goryeo (918–1392) Hoysala Empire (1026–1343) Jin dynasty (1115–1234) Joseon dynasty Khmer Empire (802–1431) Liao dynasty (907–1125) Mongol Empire (1206–1368) Ming dynasty (1368–1644) Pagan Kingdom (849–1287) Song dynasty (960–1279) Western Xia (1038–1227) Yua... |
of Sub-Saharan Africa was likely below 10 million. The population of Oceania was likely less than one million people. Ancient history Timeline 10th century BC Near East: Neo-Assyrian Empire Near East: Shoshenq I invades Canaan Aegean: Helladic period ends 9th century BC Egypt: 872 BC: Nile floods the Temple of Luxor Eg... | in the early centuries of the millennium, supplanted by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century. Ancient Egypt is in decline, and falls to the Achaemenids in 525 BC. In Greece, Classical Antiquity begins with the colonization of Magna Graecia and peaks with the conquest of the Achaemenids and the subsequent flourishin... |
for a discussion regarding the accuracy and resolution of dates for events of the 2nd millennium BC in the Near East (Babylon, etc.). Middle Bronze Age Spending much of their energies in trying to recuperate from the chaotic situation that existed at the turn of the millennium, the most powerful civilizations of the ti... | Pastoral Neolithic Nok culture Events c. 2000 BC – Seima-Turbino Phenomenon c. 1700–1300 BC – Palace complex in Knossos, Crete, was built. c. 1700 BC earthquake damages palaces at Knossos and Phaistos. 1627 BC Minoan eruption c. 1600 BC–1360 BC Egyptian domination over Canaan and Syria. c. 1575 BC Nubian Kerma sacks Eg... |
BC–3100 BC: Helladic culture in mainland Greece. c. 3200 BC–2800 BC: Ozieri culture. Founding of Europe's oldest civilization, the Minoan Civilization in 3000 BC. Corded Ware culture (also Battle-axe culture, or Single Grave culture). Late Maikop culture. Late Vinca culture. Globular Amphora culture. Early Beaker cultu... | In Ancient Egypt, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Old Kingdom. In Mesopotamia, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Akkadian Empire. In what is now Northwest India and Pakistan, the Indus Valley Civilization developed a state society. World population growth relaxes after the burst due to the Neoli... |
contemporary to the Kurgan culture, is a candidate for the origin of Bronze production and thus the Bronze Age. Kura-Araxes 3400–2000 BC – earliest evidence found on the Ararat plain. Egypt Naqada culture on the Nile, 4000–3000 BC. First hieroglyphs appear thus far around 3500 BC as found on labels in a ruler's tomb at... | from pictographic proto-writing in the later 4th millennium. Mesopotamia's "proto-literate" period spans the 35th to 32nd centuries. The first documents unequivocally written in the Sumerian language date to the 31st century, found at Jemdet Nasr. Dams, canals, stone sculptures using inclined plane and lever in Sumer. ... |
civilisation advanced in this millennium with the beginnings of three noted cultures from around 5000 BC. The Yangshao culture was based in the Huang He (Yellow River) basin and endured for some 2,000 years. It is believed that pigs were first domesticated there. Pottery was fired in kilns dug into the ground and then ... | Chinese civilisation advanced in this millennium with the beginnings of three noted cultures from around 5000 BC. The Yangshao culture was based in the Huang He (Yellow River) basin and endured for some 2,000 years. It is believed that pigs were first domesticated there. Pottery was fired in kilns dug into the ground a... |
October 13 British forces under Francis Nicholson conduct the successful Siege of Port Royal against a French Acadian garrison and the Wabanaki Confederacy at the Acadian capital, Port Royal, marking the start of British control of what became Nova Scotia. October 10 – Great Northern War – Capitulation of Estonia: the ... | first physician to suggest the possibility of performing a lumbar colostomy for an obstruction of the colon. Beijing becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Istanbul. Jacob Christoph Le Blon, working in Amsterdam, invents a three-color printing process with red, blue, and yellow plates, a precursor ... |
Van Rompuy, is designated the first permanent President of the European Council, a position he takes up on December 1, 2009. November 10 - Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 was released November 13 – Having analyzed the data from the LCROSS lunar impact, NASA announces that it has found a "significant" quantity of water i... | Council, a position he takes up on December 1, 2009. November 10 - Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 was released November 13 – Having analyzed the data from the LCROSS lunar impact, NASA announces that it has found a "significant" quantity of water in the Moon's Cabeus crater. November 23 – In the Philippines, at least 5... |
player (b. 1914) Maclyn McCarty, American geneticist (b. 1911) January 3 – Will Eisner, American cartoonist, writer, and entrepreneur (b. 1917) January 7 – Rosemary Kennedy, American socialite (b. 1918) January 10 – Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b. 1927) January 11 – Jerzy Pawłow... | player and national coach (b. 1928) March 6 Hans Bethe, German-American physicist (b. 1906) Teresa Wright, American actress (b. 1918) March 8 – Aslan Maskhadov, Chechen separatist leader, 3rd President of Ichkeria (b. 1951) March 14 – Akira Yoshizawa, Japanese artist (b. 1911) March 15 – Otar Korkia, Georgian professio... |
Rhodes, although only Feracle has fallen to their attacks. October 13 (Friday the 13th, at dawn) – All Knights Templar in France are simultaneously arrested by agents of King Philip IV, to be later tortured into "confessing" heresy. November 18 (according to legend) – William Tell shoots an apple off his son's head in ... | Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December January 18 – King Albert I of Germany raises his son Rudolf to the throne, of the Kingdom of Bohemia. July 7 – Edward II becomes King of England. September 5 – Pope Clement V confirms the Knights Hospitaller possession of Rhode... |
couple is not accepted because of the social gap between them. Births April 3 – Xing Zong, emperor of the Liao dynasty (d. 1055) June 9 – Deokjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1034) July 25 – Casimir I the Restorer, duke of Poland (d. 1058) August 24 – Fujiwara no Genshi, Japanese empress (d. 1039) October 28 – Henry I... | emperor of Japan. Fujiwara no Michinaga is appointed regent. Japanese poet Koshikibu no Naishi (lady-in-waiting to Dowager Empress Shōshi) and her husband Fujiwara no Kiminari (son of Michinaga) have a son, but the couple is not accepted because of the social gap between them. Births April 3 – Xing Zong, emperor of the... |
"the Black" is made duke of Bavaria by his father, Conrad II, after the death of his predecessor Henry V. Pietro Barbolano becomes 28th doge of Venice. Asia A Zubu revolt against the Liao dynasty is suppressed, with the Zubu forced to pay an annual tribute of horses, camels and furs. Births Lidanus, Lombard Benedictine... | Conrad II, after the death of his predecessor Henry V. Pietro Barbolano becomes 28th doge of Venice. Asia A Zubu revolt against the Liao dynasty is suppressed, with the Zubu forced to pay an annual tribute of horses, camels and furs. Births Lidanus, Lombard Benedictine abbot (d. 1118) Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumb... |
Nicholas II dies after a 2-year pontificate at Florence. He is succeeded by Alexander II as the 156th pope of the Catholic Church in Rome. The Speyer Cathedral is consecrated in Speyer (modern Germany). Births Al-Maziri, Zirid imam, jurist and scholar (d. 1141) Al-Tughrai, Persian poet and alchemist (d. 1121) Roger Bor... | Sosols (a tribe in Estonia) destroy the Kievan Rus' fortification of Yuryev in Tartu, and carry out a raid on Pskov. Africa Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin succeeds to the throne of Morocco, following the Almoravid conquest. By topic Religion July 27 – Pope Nicholas II dies after a 2-year pontificate at Florence. He is succee... |
resigns his throne after a 7-year reign and retires into the Monastery of Stoudios. Battle of Kalavrye: The imperial forces of General Alexios Komnenos are victorious over the rebellious army (12,000 men) under Nikephoros Bryennios (the Elder), governor (doux) of the Theme of Dyrrhachium. Bryennios is captured and late... | Since the city can receive help from the sea, the siege will last until 1083. China By this year, the iron industry in the Song Dynasty is producing a total weight of 127,000,000 kg (125,000 t) of iron product per year. By topic Religion July 11 – The Romanesque tympanum of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Galicia (... |
independence after its founder, Ruben I, succeeds in establishing his authority in the mountainous regions of Cilicia. Africa The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, conquers Tangier, Badis and Hunayn. China Shen Kuo, Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, begins his defensive military campaign against the Tanguts of... | is deposed, signed in a decree by Henry IV. King Alfonso VI (the Brave) of León and Castile establishes Latin liturgy in the Catholic Church, in place of the Hispanic Rite. Benno II, bishop of Osnabrück, founds the Benedictine abby of Iburg Castle (modern Germany). Births Adelard of Bath, English philosopher (d. 1152) ... |
and occupies Corfu and Kefalonia with the support of Ragusa and the Dalmatian cities. King Halsten Stenkilsson is killed and his brother Inge the Elder is deposed in Svealand (modern Sweden). Inge is replaced by his brother-in-law Blot-Sweyn. Seljuk Empire The Seljuk Turks under Sultan Malik-Shah I conquer Byzantine An... | Alan I (le Noir), viscount of Rohan (d. 1147) Ali ibn Yusuf, ruler of the Almoravids (d. 1143) Bahram-Shah, ruler of the Ghaznavids (d. 1157) Charles I (the Good), count of Flanders (d. 1127) David I, king of Scotland (approximate date) Li Qingzhao, Chinese female poet and writer Rainier, margrave of Montferrat (approx... |
his brother Eric I (the Good) as ruler of Denmark. England After attacking four Norwegian merchant ships (lying in the River Tyne), Robert Mowbray, earl of Northumberland, is called for by King William II (the Red) to explain his actions. Instead, Mowbray rises up in rebellion against William along with other Norman no... | is consecrated in Valence (approximate date). Births July 4 – Usama ibn Munqidh, Syrian diplomat and poet (d. 1188) December 22 – Roger II, king of Sicily (d. 1154) Amadeus III, count of Savoy and Maurienne (d. 1148) Fujiwara no Taishi, Japanese empress (d. 1156) Geoffrey of Monmouth, English historian (d. 1155) Hérima... |
Byzantine Empire Battle of Beroia: Emperor John II Komnenos transfers the Byzantine field army from Asia Minor (where it has been engaged against the Seljuk Turks) to the Balkans. The Pechenegs who have set up their camp (defended by a circular formation of wagons) near Beroia (modern Bulgaria) are defeated. John order... | Sicily to suppress the Italo-Norman raiders. The same year (related?), the Muslim population of Malta rebels against the Normans. Eurasia Siege of Tbilisi: The Georgians led by King David IV ('the Builder') re-conquer the city of Tbilisi from the Emirate of Tbilisi after a 1-year siege. David makes it his capital and u... |
the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1120, and ended on | and ended on December 31, 1129. Significant people |
Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1130, and ended on | The 1130s was a decade of the Julian |
to Egypt while his camp is plundered by the Crusaders. Eustace returns to Jerusalem in triumph, but later dies on June 15. May 30 – The Venetian fleet arrives at Ascalon and instantly set about attacking the Fatimid fleet. The Egyptians fall into a trap, caught between two Venetian squadrons, and are destroyed or captu... | common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Levant April 18 – King Baldwin II of Jerusalem is captured by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – while preparing to practice falconry near Gargar on the Euphrates. Most of the Crusader army is massacred, and Bal... |
between King Stephen of England and David I of Scotland. July 22 – Pope Innocent II, invading the Kingdom of Sicily, is ambushed at Galluccio and taken prisoner. July 25 By the Treaty of Mignano, Pope Innocent II proclaims Roger II of Sicily as King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia and Prince of Capua. Battle of Ourique: The ... | Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin Dynasty general Wuzhu. Europe January 25 – Godfrey II, Count of Louvain becomes Duke of Brabant. April 8 – Second Council of the Lateran: Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated by Pope Innocent II. April 9 – The Treaty of Durham is signed, between King Stephen of England and David I of ... |
Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1140, and ended on | the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1140, and |
Tunisia and Libya – thereby opening up more of the mercantile wealth of the Muslim world to Sicilian merchants. On June 18, George of Antioch conquers Tripoli and establishes more Sicilian authority. The Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min conquers most of Morocco from the Almoravids. By topic Climate A rainy year causes the ... | will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe March 31 – Bernard of Clairvaux, commissioned by Pope Eugene III, preaches the Second Crusade at Vézelay, in Burgundy. King Louis VII of France and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, take up the cross. In a repeat of the events of 1096, C... |
retreat to Nicaea wounded by arrows. In Seljuk territory the Crusaders are harassed all the way and demoralised by the intensified attacks. Many of the weakest people fall behind and are captured by the Muslims. November – The combined forces of Louis VII and Conrad III meet at Lopardium and march along the coastal roa... | defeat at the end of October. Louis sends a military escort for Conrad and agrees to rendezvous at Lopardium. The German crusaders under Otto of Freising follow the coastal road before turning inland, up the Gediz River valley to Philadelphia. Otto's force is ambushed by the Seljuk Turks, just outside Laodicea, losing ... |
Louis VII repudiates his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine and has it annulled on grounds of misconduct and consanguinity – returning her lands and titles. Eleanor re-marries within 6 weeks Henry of Anjou, who had claimed the counties of Anjou and Maine, and the province of Touraine upon the death of his father Geoffrey... | Algeria). The city of Béjaïa becomes one of the main naval bases of the Almohads. Mesoamerica Matlacohuatl becomes ruler of the city-state Azcapotzalco located in the Valley of Mexico (until 1222). By topic Religion Synod of Kells-Mellifont: The present diocesan system of Ireland is established (with later modification... |
Minus). Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev, founds and fortifies the town of Moscow and erects wooden Kremlin within the settlement (approximate date). December 25 – King Sverker I (the Elder) is murdered on his way to church. He is succeeded by his rival, Eric IX (the Holy), as ruler of Sweden. Africa The independe... | the suzerainty of William I as ruler of Sicily and Italy. September 17 – Frederick I makes the Margraviate of Austria a duchy and gives the Babenberg Dynasty special privileges (the Privilegium Minus). Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev, founds and fortifies the town of Moscow and erects wooden Kremlin within the se... |
(MCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe January 5 – Bolesław IV (the Curly), High Duke of Poland, dies after a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his half-brother Mieszko III (the Old), and as duke of Sandomierz in Lesser Poland... | Leaning Tower of Pisa, begins. Algebraic chess notation is first recorded. Agriculture King Béla III invites Cistercian and Premonstratensian monks to Hungary. They introduce advanced agricultural methods in the realm (approximate date). Religion February 21 – Thomas Becket is canonized by Pope Alexander III. His tomb ... |
help in his restoration of the Polish throne. But Frederick demands a payment of 10,000 silver. November 1 – The 14-year-old Philip II is crowned at Rheims by Archbishop William of the White Hands. He becomes joint ruler of France, together with his father King Louis VII. King William I (the Lion) establishes two castl... | 17 – A large offensive, by the Almohad army led by Yusuf I in southern Portugal, aims at the reconquest of the Alentejo. Further north, an Almohad fleet sails to attack Lisbon, but is repelled by the Portuguese, near the Cape Espichel. The Portuguese fleet later manages to enter in the harbor of Ceuta, and destroy a nu... |
to Tripoli, but the situation remains unchanged. May 1 – Battle of Cresson: A Muslim reconnaissance force (some 7,000 men) under Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri, defeats a small Crusader army near Nazareth. Only Gerard de Ridefort, commander of the Crusaders, and a handful of knights escape death or capture. The Muslims scatte... | Summer – Saladin begins a campaign that paves the way for further Muslim inroads into Christian territory. Al-Adil invades Palestine with the Egyptian army, and captures the strategic castle of Mirabel (Majdal Yaba). By mid-September, Saladin has captured the cities of Acre, Jaffa, Gaza and Ascalon (blockaded by the Eg... |
leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe January 22 – King Ferdinand II dies after returning from a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. He is succeeded by his 16-year-old son Alfonso IX, who becomes ruler of León and Galicia. He convenes at the ... | Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. May – Saladin besieges the Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers, in Syria. Seeing that the castle is too well defended, he decides instead to march on the Castle of Margat, which he also failed to capture. July – Saladin marches through the Buqaia, and occupies Jabala and Lattakie... |
rescue mission to free his mother, and with a mercenary army defeats the Breton-Lusignan forces. Arthur is captured by William de Braose and is handed over to John who imprisoned him in the Château de Falaise in Normandy. Many other important knights are captured and shipped to England (where John treated them badly an... | is captured by William de Braose and is handed over to John who imprisoned him in the Château de Falaise in Normandy. Many other important knights are captured and shipped to England (where John treated them badly and keeps them as prisoners in dungeons). July 27 – Battle of Basian: Seljuk forces (some 150,000 men) und... |
Yellow River, capturing several garrisons and defeating an imperial army. The Mongols besiege the capital Zhongxing – which holds a well-fortified garrison of some 70,000 men (hastily reinforced with another 50,000). Genghis lacks the proper equipment and experience to take the city. In October, an attempt to flood the... | also acquires an exemption of her merchants from all tariffs, and the right to establish "a church, a market and a court" in every city of Achaea. July 22 – Massacre at Béziers: The Crusader army, led by Simon de Monfort, arrives in the Languedoc area, and makes camp at Béziers, to start a siege. The citizens, believin... |
Pope Innocent III against the Barons, takes the oath to go on Crusade. By doing so, Innocent declares John to be his vassal and claims ownership of the whole kingdom (with political protection under church law). On April 1, Innocent sends a letter to the Barons, asking them to halt their actions against John. May 5 – R... | subjected to the rule of law, by confirming the status of trial by jury, on June 19. August – John (Lackland) rejects the Magna Carta and writes to Innocent III – asking him to cancel the charter on grounds that he signed it against his will. At the same time, John continues to build up his mercenary army. September 13... |
1180s was a decade of the Julian Calendar | The 1180s was a decade of the |
of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1190, | a decade of the Julian Calendar which began |
Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1110, | of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1110, and |
the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December January 8 – The forces of Francesco Grimaldi storm the castle of Monaco (the House of Grimaldi will remain rulers of the principality into the 21st Century). May 3 – Near Rome, Stefano Colonna captures the treasure sent by the Caetani family to the Pope... | of Francesco Grimaldi storm the castle of Monaco (the House of Grimaldi will remain rulers of the principality into the 21st Century). May 3 – Near Rome, Stefano Colonna captures the treasure sent by the Caetani family to the Pope. July 11 – King Louis IX of France is canonized. August 28 – Edward I of England unsucces... |
by William I, Count of Holland, making it the oldest city in present-day Netherlands. Polish forces under Konrad I drives out the heathen Prussians, from the Masovian territory of Chełmno Land. Levant Summer – Raymond-Roupen, prince of Antioch, invades Armenian Cilicia, together with his mother, Alice, and establishes ... | including new curtain walls, an improved water-filled ditch, and a water gate, so that he can enter the castle directly from the Thames. May 17 – The 12-year-old Henry III is crowned at Westminster Abbey. He is reminded of his duties as king to maintain peace, defend the rights of the English crown, and the barons swea... |
continuing to pursue the Mongols deeper into the steppes. By the end of May, the allied forces reach the banks of the Kalka River. The Polovtsian vanguard is way ahead of the rest of the Russian army, which gives them a triumphant feeling. Meanwhile, Subutai and Jebe set up a trap against the Russian forces. May 31 – B... | The Mongol army invades Polovtsian territory and defeats the Polovtsians in a great battle near the Don River. Several Polovtsian leaders are killed – while the remainder flees westwards, across the Dnieper River, to seek support by various Russian princes. Steppe lands east of the Dnieper fall under Mongol control, Su... |
the Tartu stronghold, only the islands of Saaremaa and Muhu remain under Estonian control. England Spring – Falkes de Bréauté, English high sheriff and a rival of Henry III, refuses to relinquish his castles and starts a rebellion. Cardinal Stephen Langton and forces under Hubert de Burgh deal with Falkes and the castl... | Northern Gascony. The English forces in Poitou are under-strength and lack support from the Poitevin nobles; as a result, the province quickly falls into French hands by the end of June. September – Abdallah al-Adil (the Just), governor in Al-Andalus, challenges the Almohad throne and captures Seville. He marches to Ma... |
count of Provence, but Marseille and Nice rebel. Siege of Avignon: Crusader forces under Louis VIII besiege Avignon. They dig trenches facing the city walls – which are connected on both sides of the Rhône with pontoon bridges. On August 8, Louis launches an assault led by Count Guy II of Saint-Pol, but the attackers a... | all but annihilated – Prussia. King Sancho II (the Pious) launches an offensive against the Almohad Caliphate during the Reconquista, and takes the city of Elvas. Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson is overthrown as ruler of the Kingdom of the Isles, and is replaced by his half-brother, Olaf the Black. Mongol Empire Summer – Genghis... |
in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. After the ceremony, he proceeds to the palace of the Hospitallers – where he holds a council to discuss the defense of Jerusalem. Frederick orders the Tower of David and the Gate of St. Stephen are to be repaired at once and he hands over the royal residence attached to the Tower of... | be repaired at once and he hands over the royal residence attached to the Tower of David to the Teutonic Order. May 1 – Frederick II departs from Acre, while he and his suite pass down the "Street of the Butchers" to the harbour, the people crowd out of the doors, and pelts him with entrails and dung. Meanwhile, Odo of... |
– therefore sealing its fate of falling to the Mongol Empire. During the encounter also called the Battle of the Three-Peak Mountain, Emperor Aizong of Jin orders the Jin army (some 150,000 men) to intercept the Mongols. The Jin soldiers are constantly harassed by small groups of Mongol cavalry on the way. When they ar... | ruler of Al-Andalus, and takes control of the city. Beginning the foundation of the Nasrid Dynasty. England July 29 – King Henry III dismisses his justiciar (chief justice minister) and regent Hubert de Burgh, and replaces him with the Frenchmen Peter des Roches and Peter de Rivaux, thereby irritating his barons. Peter... |
as ruler of Sweden (possibly after a civil war between the two of them). It is also possible that Canute dies of natural causes, and Eric peacefully then returns as king. King Andrew II of Hungary proclaims his son, Coloman of Galicia, as ruler (or ban) of Bosnia, who passes it on to Prijezda, a cousin of Matej Ninosla... | This is the beginning of a process that will lead to the rise of the Mali Empire. By topic Religion November – Pope Gregory IX proclaims war on the city of Rome after a local revolt forces him into exile. He issues the papal bull Rachel suum videns, calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land. Lund Cathedral in Sweden i... |
Tolui Khan) conquer the Alans and the northern Caucasian tribes. Later, Möngke makes a raid of reconnaissance as far as Kiev. Europe June 8 – Treaty of Stensby: The Teutonic Knights sign a agreement with King Valdemar II (the Conqueror). William of Modena, Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master Hermann Balk and Val... | annihilating thousands of Mongols. Finally, Kolovrat is slain from afar by siege-weaponry. Batu Khan shows admiration for his bravery and as a sign of respect, returns his body and allows his soldiers to return home. Autumn – The Mongols under Batu Khan retire, leaving behind the ruined northern Rus' territories. He sp... |
– King Louis IX (the Saint) leaves Paris together with his wife, Queen Margaret of Provence, and her sister Beatrice of Provence. Two of Louis' brothers, Charles of Anjou and Robert of Artois, are also present. He is followed by his cousins, Hugh IV of Burgundy and Peter Mauclerc, both are veterans of the Barons' Crusa... | defeated by the Lombard League at Parma. Much of Frederick's treasure is lost, while he is hunting in the Taro Valley. November 23 – Siege of Seville: Castilian forces under King Ferdinand III (the Saint) recaptures the city of Seville from the Almohads, after a 16-month siege. Prince Alfonso of Castile takes the city ... |
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