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They pledged to donate ten cents to the zoo for every tub of Knut sweets it sold .	They promised to give ten cents to the zoo for every package of Knut sweets it sold .
On 19 March 2011 , Knut unexpectedly died at the age of four .	Knut died on 19 March 2011 because of a brain disease .
Around 400 journalists visited the Berlin Zoo on what was dubbed `` Knut Day '' to report on the cub 's first public appearance to a worldwide audience .	About 400 journalists visited Berlin Zoo on what was called `` Knut Day '' to make reports all over the world .
Wolfram Graf-Rudolf , the director of the Aachen Zoo , agreed with Albrecht and stated that the zookeepers `` should have had the courage to let the bear die '' after it was rejected , arguing that the bear will `` die a little '' every time it is separated from its caretaker .	Wolfram Graf-Rudolf , the director of the Aachen Zoo , agreed with Albrecht .
Knut was the first polar bear to have been born and survive in the Berlin Zoo in over 30 years .	Knut was born at Berlin Zoo .
At the end of March 2008 , Markus Röbke , one of the keepers who helped rear Knut , reported that the bear should leave the zoo as soon as possible in order to help him acclimate to a life alone .	At the end of March 2008 , Markus Röbke , one of the zookeepers who helped raise Knut , said the bear should leave the zoo to help him get used to living alone .
The gummy bears sold so well that the Bonn-based company had to expand production to a second factory to deal with demand .	The gummy bears sold very quickly as well .
The book was published in Germany by Ravensburger on 26 July 2007 and US publishing company Scholastic released the English version , entitled Knut : How one little polar bear captivated the world , in the United States in November of the same year .	The book was published in Germany by Ravensburger on 26 July 2007 .
Knut ( German pronunciation : ( ˈknuːt ) ( listen ) ; 5 December 2006 - 19 March 2011 ) was a polar bear who was born in captivity at the Berlin Zoological Garden .	Knut ( 5 December 2006 - 19 March 2011 ) was a polar bear who was born in captivity at the Berlin Zoo .
The Berlin Zoo registered `` Knut '' as a trademark in late March 2007 .	Berlin Zoo made Knut a trademark in late March 2007 .
She was presented to the public on 23 September , and was due to briefly share Knut 's enclosure while her regular home in Munich underwent repairs .	She shared Knut 's enclosure for a short time while her regular home had repairs .
Shah reportedly approached the Berlin Zoo with a purported $ 3.5 million film deal .	Shah reportedly suggested a $ 3.5 million movie deal to the zoo .
Directed by Michael Johnson , the film depicts how Knut was rescued after his mother abandoned him and also features a polar bear family from the Arctic and two brown bear cubs from Belarus .	Directed by Michael Johnson , the movie was about how Knut was rescued after his mother did not take care of him .
After the German tabloid newspaper Bild ran a quote from an animal rights activist that decried keeping the cub in captivity , fans worldwide rallied in support of his being hand-raised by humans .	People began to protest for him after a German newspaper called Bild-Zeitung quoted an animal rights activist saying the young cub had to die .
The Berlin Zoo rallied in support of the baby polar bear , vowing not to harm him and rejecting the suggestion that it would be kinder to euthanise him .	Berlin Zoo agreed to support the baby polar bear , and promised not to harm him .
The zoo later released statements that they wish to keep Knut , and the mayor of Berlin , Klaus Wowereit , also declared he wanted the still-adolescent cub to stay in the capital .	However , the zoo said that they still wanted to keep Knut .
For example , on 16 April 2007 , Knut was removed from display due to teething pains resulting from the growth of his right upper canine tooth , but initial reports vaguely stated that he was suffering from an unknown illness and subsequently put on antibiotics .	For example , on 16 April 2007 , Knut took a break from his display because of teething pains , but reports said that he might have an unknown sickness .
In November 2007 and weighing over 90 kg ( 198 lb ) , Knut was deemed too dangerous for close handling and his interaction with human handlers was further diminished .	In November 2007 , Knut weighed over 90 kg ( 198 lb ) and became too dangerous to be cared for closely .
Neumünster had previously tried to negotiate with Berlin Zoo , but later sought a court ruling in their favor .	Neumünster had tried to be friendly with Berlin Zoo at first , but now was trying to use the court to make them give part of the money that came from Knut .
, `` Knut Is n't Cute Anymore '' , `` Goodbye Knut '' and `` Panda in Berlin '' .	, `` Knut Is n't Cute Anymore '' , and `` Goodbye Knut '' - `` Goodbye Knut '' was about Knut moving to the Neumünster Zoo .
A plate of six-inch glass , strong enough to resist a mortar blast , was erected between him and zoo visitors .	Very strong six-inch glass was put up between him and the zoo visitors .
Knut 's need for round-the-clock care required that Dörflein not only sleep on a mattress next to Knut 's sleeping crate at night , but also play with , bathe , and feed the cub daily .	Dörflein had to sleep on a mattress next to the cub at night because Knut needed care .
At one time the subject of international controversy , he became a tourist attraction and commercial success .	Because of his fame , Knut became a tourist attraction and commercial success .
Much ado was also made about a death threat that was sent shortly before 15:00 local time on Wednesday 18 April 2007 .	There were also many death threats , like the one sent on Wednesday 18 April 2007 .
Children protested outside the zoo , and e-mails and letters expressing sympathy for the cub 's life were sent from around the world .	Both children and adults supported him , and e-mails and letters asking the zoo to let the cub live were sent from around the world .
Tosca rejected her cubs for unknown reasons , abandoning them on a rock in the polar bear enclosure .	However , she left her cubs on a rock in the polar bear enclosure and did not take care of them .
In response , the police increased their security measures around the bear .	The police increased the bear 's security .
Her arrival sparked international interest , as many sources mused that the two bears ( although sexually immature ) would soon be `` dating '' .	Her arrival interested people from all over the world , because many sources thought the two bears ( although they were sexually immature ) would soon be `` dating '' .
It falls on the same day of the week as New Year 's Day in common years .	Every year , this date falls on the same day of the week as New Year 's Eve , and it also falls on the same day of the week as New Year 's Day in Common years .
Hugo I Henckel von Donnersmarck ( 1811-1890 ) ( a steelworks founder and owner ) , and Guido Henckel von Donnersmarck ( 1830-1916 ) were both wealthy industrialists .	Hugo I Henckel von Donnersmarck ( 1811-1890 ) ( a steelworks founder and owner ) , and Guido Henckel von Donnersmarck ( 1830-1916 ) were both rich industrialists .
The Henckel von Donnersmarcks are a Silesian noble family from the former region of Spiš in Upper Hungary , now in Slovakia .	The Henckel von Donnersmarcks are a Silesian noble family from the former region of Spiš in Upper Hungary .
In return for his service he gained a number of privileges ; in 1607 he was ennobled and became Lazarus ( I ) Henckel von Donnersmarck .	In return for his service he gained several privileges ; in 1607 he was granted nobility and became Lazarus ( I ) Henckel von Donnersmarck .
Following the defeat of the Third Reich in 1945 , the Henckel von Donnersmarcks completely lost their fortune due to the forced expulsion from eastern Germany by both Polish and Soviet forces , but retained their position as aristocrats .	Following the defeat of the Third Reich in 1945 , the Henckel von Donnersmarcks completely lost their fortune .
Lazarus Henckel ( or Lazarus the Elder ) ( 1551-1624 ) was a banker and mine owner , and financier to Rudolf II , Holy Roman Emperor for his war with the Turks .	Lazarus Henckel ( or Lazarus the Elder ) ( 1551-1624 ) was a banker and mine owner .
Lazarus the second ( or Lazarus the Younger ) ( 1573-1664 ) , called the lazy received the title of Freiherr ( Baron ) from Ferdinand of Habsburg at Regensburg in 1636 , in 1651 from Ferdinand Karl of Austria and Tyrol he received the title Graf ( Count ) in Innsbruck .	In 1651 from Ferdinand Karl of Austria and Tyrol he received the title Graf ( Count ) in Innsbruck .
During the 15th and 16th Centuries lived John II ( 1481-1539 ) , an eminent scholar who corresponded with Martin Luther , Erasmus of Rotterdam and Philipp Melanchthon .	He was a well-known scholar who shared ideas with Martin Luther , Erasmus of Rotterdam and Philipp Melanchthon .
The Inns also provide libraries , dining facilities and professional accommodation .	The Inns also provide libraries , dining facilities and professional accommodations to members .
There were also minor Inns of Chancery , including Clement 's Inn , Clifford 's Inn and Lyon 's Inn ( attached to the Inner Temple ) ; Strand Inn and New Inn ( attached to the Middle Temple ) ; Furnival 's Inn and Thavie 's Inn ( attached to Lincoln 's Inn ) ; and Staple Inn and Barnard 's Inn ( attached to Gray 's Inn...	Over the centuries the number of active Inns of Court was reduced to four , which are Lincoln 's Inn , Gray 's Inn , Inner Temple and Middle Temple .
Although the idea of a power law had been suggested by 19th-century researchers , Stevens is credited with reviving the law and publishing a body of psychophysical data to support it in 1957 .	Although the idea of a power law had been suggested by 19th century researchers , Stevens is credited with reviving the law and publishing a body of psychophysical data to support it in 1957 .
Stevens ' power law is a proposed relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and its perceived intensity or strength .	Stevens ' power law is a proposed relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and the intensity or strength that people feel .
The general form of the law is where is the magnitude of the physical stimulus , ψ ( I ) is the subjective magnitude of the sensation evoked by the stimulus , a is an exponent that depends on the type of stimulation and k is a proportionality constant that depends on the units used .	The general form of the law is where is the magnitude of the physical stimulus , is the psychophysical function capturing sensation ( the subjective size of the stimulus ) , is an exponent that depends on the type of stimulation and is a proportionality constant that depends on the type of stimulation and the units use...
It is often considered to supersede the Weber-Fechner law on the basis that it describes a wider range of sensations , although critics argue that the validity of the law is contingent on the virtue of approaches to the measurement of perceived intensity that are employed in relevant experiments .	Most people think that it describes a wider range of sensations than Weber-Fechner law .
Although Charles 's wife Catherine of Braganza was barren , he stayed with her but had numerous mistresses .	Though Charles 's wife Catherine of Braganza was barren , he stayed with her but had numerous mistresses .
This article deals with the most senior figures who were descended from Charles 's illegitimate sons ; the names of his daughters are also mentioned .	This article deals with the most senior figures who were descended from Charles ' illegitimate male children ; the names of his daughters are also mentioned .
Diana , Princess of Wales , was descended from two of Charles 's illegitimate sons ; Henry Fitzroy , 1st Duke of Grafton , and Charles Lennox , 1st Duke of Richmond .	Diana , Princess of Wales was descended from two of Charles ' illegitimate sons ; Henry Fitzroy , 1st Duke of Grafton and Charles Lennox , 1st Duke of Richmond .
Although some of Charles 's children made claims to the throne , most notably his first son The Duke of Monmouth , their illegitimacy meant that after Charles 's death , his brother James , Duke of York , became king .	Although some of Charles ' children made claims to the throne , most notably his first son James Scott , 1st Duke of Monmouth , their illegitimacy meant that after Charles ' death , his brother James , Duke of York became king instead .
The descendants of Charles II of England , Stuart monarch of the Kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of France , are numerous ; lines from his many illegitimate children exist to this day .	The descendants of Charles II of England , Stuart monarch of the Kingdom of England , Kingdom of Scotland and Kingdom of Ireland , are numerous ; lines of his many illegitimate children exist to this day .
Over the centuries , several of Charles 's descendants have made names for themselves , including Augustus FitzRoy , 3rd Duke of Grafton , who became Prime Minister of Great Britain , the cricket pioneer Charles Lennox , 1st Duke of Richmond , and the parliamentary reformer Charles Lennox , 3rd Duke of Richmond .	Over the years several of Charles ' senior descendants have made names for themselves , including Augustus FitzRoy , 3rd Duke of Grafton who became Prime Minister of Great Britain , cricket pioneer Charles Lennox , 1st Duke of Richmond , parliamentary reformer Charles Lennox , 3rd Duke of Richmond .
This means that her son , Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , will become the first descendant of Charles II to occupy the British throne , if he succeeds as expected .	This means should her son Prince William , Duke of Cambridge take to the British throne as he is expected to , William would become the first blood descendant of Charles II to do so .
The lowland paca is found from southern Mexico to northern Argentina .	Pacas are found from southern Mexico to northern Argentina .
In the wild , pacas eat fruits from understory trees and fallen fruits from taller trees , but can also eat leaves , buds , flowers , fungi , and insects .	Pacas in zoos eat fruits , vegetables , raw meat , lizards , and insects .
Another 11 performances were presented after that .	Another 11 performances were given after that .
The National Theatre was opened for the first time on 11 June 1881 , to honor the visit of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria .	It was opened on June 11 1881 to honor the visit of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria .
On 16 May 1868 , the foundation stone was laid , and in November the foundations were completed .	The first stone was laid on May 16 , 1868 .
Then the theater was closed down to enable the completion of the finishing touches .	Then the theater was closed down to finish the building .
While this work was under way a fire broke out on 12 August 1881 , which destroyed the copper dome , the auditorium and the stage of the theater .	While people were working to finish it a fire broke out on August 12 1881 which destroyed most of it .
Solenopsis are stinging ants and most of their common names reflect this , for example , ginger ants and tropical fire ants .	They are also called ginger ants and tropical fire ants .
Colonies are founded by small groups of queens or single queens .	There is a separate group of fire ants living in California .
When he exhibited it in 1836 , Constable appended a text to the title : `` The mysterious monument of Stonehenge , standing remote on a bare and boundless heath , as much unconnected with the events of past ages as it is with the uses of the present , carries you back beyond all historical records into the obscurity of...	When he exhibited it in 1836 , Constable appended a text to the title : `` The mysterious monument of Stonehenge , standing remote on a bare and boundless heath , as much unconnected with the events of past ages as it is with the uses of the present , carries you back beyond all historical records into the obscurity of...
Possibly more than any other aspect of Constable 's work , the oil sketches reveal him in retrospect to have been an avant-garde painter , one who demonstrated that landscape painting could be taken in a totally new direction .	Possibly more than any other aspect of Constable 's work , the oil sketches reveal him to be an avant-garde painter , one who showed that landscape painting could be taken in a totally new direction .
Constable also became interested in painting rainbow effects , for example in Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows , 1831 , and in Cottage at East Bergholt , 1833 .	p128 Constable also became interested in painting rainbow effects , for example in Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows , 1831 , and in Cottage at East Bergholt , 1833 .
Constable once wrote in a letter to Leslie , `` My limited and abstracted art is to be found under every hedge , and in every lane , and therefore nobody thinks it worth picking up '' .	p56 Constable once wrote in a letter to Leslie , `` My limited and abstracted art is to be found under every hedge , and in every lane , and therefore nobody thinks it worth picking up '' .
Constable 's watercolors were also remarkably free for their time : the almost mystical Stonehenge , 1835 , with its double rainbow , is often considered to be one of the greatest watercolors ever painted .	The almost mystical Stonehenge , 1835 , with its double rainbow , is often considered to be one of the greatest watercolors ever painted .
One of the most expressionistic and powerful of all his studies is Seascape Study with Rain Cloud , painted about 1824 at Brighton , which captures with slashing dark brushstrokes the immediacy of an exploding cumulus shower at sea .	One of the most expressionistic and powerful of all his studies is Seascape Study with Rain Cloud , painted in around 1824 at Brighton , which captures with slashing dark brushstrokes an exploding shower at sea .
Constable painted many full-scale preliminary sketches of his landscapes to test the composition in advance of finished pictures .	p64 Constable painted many full-scale preliminary sketches of his landscapes in order to test the composition in advance of finished pictures .
The power of his physical effects was sometimes apparent even in the full-scale paintings which he exhibited in London ; The Chain Pier , 1827 , for example , prompted a critic to write : `` the atmosphere possesses a characteristic humidity about it , that almost imparts the wish for an umbrella '' .	The The Chain Pier , 1827 , for example , prompted a critic to write : `` the atmosphere possesses a characteristic humidity about it , that almost imparts the wish for an umbrella '' .
These large sketches , with their free and vigorous brushwork , were revolutionary at the time , and they continue to interest artists , scholars and the general public .	These large sketches , with their free and vigorous brushwork , were revolutionary at the time .
He could never have imagined how influential his honest techniques would turn out to be .	p129 He could never have imagined how influential his honest techniques would turn out to be .
In addition to the full-scale oil sketches , Constable completed numerous observational studies of landscapes and clouds , determined to become more scientific in his recording of atmospheric conditions .	p89 In addition to the full-scale oil sketches , Constable completed numerous studies of landscapes and clouds , to become more scientific in his recording of atmospheric conditions .
`` The world is wide '' , he wrote , `` no two days are alike , nor even two hours ; neither were there ever two leaves of a tree alike since the creation of all the world ; and the genuine productions of art , like those of nature , are all distinct from each other . ''	`` The world is wide '' , he wrote , `` no two days are alike , nor even two hours ; neither were there ever two leaves of a tree alike since the creation of all the world ; and the genuine productions of art , like those of nature , are all distinct from each other '' .
To convey the effects of light and movement , Constable used broken brushstrokes , often in small touches , which he scumbled over lighter passages , creating an impression of sparkling light enveloping the entire landscape .	To convey the effects of light and movement , Constable used broken brushstrokes , often in small touches , which he worked over lighter passages .
The sketches themselves were the first ever done in oils directly from the subject in the open air .	p9 The sketches were the first ever done in oils directly from the subject in the open air .
Although Constable produced paintings throughout his life for the `` finished '' picture market of patrons and R.A. exhibitions , constant refreshment in the form of on-the-spot studies was essential to his working method .	p51 Although Constable produced paintings throughout his life for the market of patrons and R.A. exhibitions , on-the-spot studies were essential .
The oil sketches of The Leaping Horse and The Hay Wain , for example , convey a vigor and expressiveness missing from Constable 's finished paintings of the same subjects .	The sketches for The Leaping Horse and The Hay Wain study convey a vigor missing from his finished oil paintings of the same subjects .
`` I have done a good deal of skying '' , Constable wrote to Fisher on 23 October 1821 ; `` I am determined to conquer all difficulties , and that most arduous one among the rest '' .	p68 `` I have done a good deal of skying '' , Constable wrote to Fisher on 23 October 1821 .
He was never satisfied with following a formula .	He never just followed a formula .
In this habit he is known to have been influenced by the pioneering work of the meteorologist Luke Howard on the classification of clouds ; Constable 's annotations of his own copy of Researches About Atmospheric Phaenomena by Thomas Forster show him to have been fully abreast of meteorological terminology .	p110 In this habit he is known to have been influenced by the pioneering work of the meteorologist Luke Howard on the classification of clouds .
is a song by American recording artist Usher .	is a song by American singer Usher .
It was written by Usher , Lil Jon , Sean Garrett , Patrick J. Que Smith , Ludacris , Robert McDowell and LRoc , and features guest vocals from Lil Jon and Ludacris .	It was written by Lil Jon , Sean Garrett , Patrick J. Que Smith , Ludacris , Robert McDowell , and LRoc .
The song ranked second on the Billboard Hot 100 2000-2009 Decade-end chart .	The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 12 weeks .
became Usher 's fourth number-one single , Lil Jon 's first and Ludacris ' second .	It features Lil Jon and Ludacris .
is the first song to mix `` mainstream R&B and menacing Southern crunk . ''	The song is an R&B and crunk song .
`` Yeah '' won a Best Rap\/Sung Collaboration at the 47th Grammy Awards , while being nominated for Record of the Year .	The song won Best Rap\/Sung Collaboration at the 47th Grammy Awards .
The song was released as the lead single from Usher 's fourth studio album Confessions ( 2004 ) on January 27 , 2004 , after Usher was told by Arista Records , his label at the time , to record more tracks for the album .	It was released on February 3 , 2004 as the lead single from Confessions ( 2004 ) .
Depending on the specific field of study , completion of a PhD program usually takes four to eight years of study after the Bachelor 's Degree ; those students who begin a PhD program with a master 's degree may complete their PhD degree a year or two sooner .	The PhD\/DPhil degree usually takes between three to six years of full time study to complete after a Master 's degree .
It is usually required for the student to hold an Honours degree or a Master 's Degree with high academic standing , in order to be considered for a PhD program .	To be admitted to a PhD\/DPhil program , a person usually has to have completed a Master 's degree that is related to the PhD\/DPhil degree .
Joseph Walter `` Joe '' Jackson ( born July 26 , 1928 ) is a talent manager and the father of the Jackson family of entertainers which includes music superstars Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson .	Joe Jackson ( born July 26 , 1928 ) is a talent manager .
Jackson has a daughter born on August 30 , 1974 named Joh ` Vonnie Jackson who was born while Jackson was in a 25-year-long affair with a woman named Cheryl Terrell .	Jackson also has a daughter with Cheryl Terrell .
Jackson began working with his sons ' musical group in the early 1960s , first working with his three eldest sons , Jackie , Tito and Jermaine .	In 1963 , Jackie , Tito and Jermaine started a band called The Jackson Brothers .
Other inventions included a centrifugal motor , a multi-radial wheel and a mechanical propulsion device .	Other inventions of his included a centrifugal motor , a multi-radial wheel and a mechanical propulsion tool .
Unaipon took out provisional patents for 19 inventions but was unable to afford to get any of his inventions fully patented .	Unaipon took out provisional patents for 19 inventions , but he could not afford to get any of his inventions fully patented .
Unaipon left school at 13 to work as a servant for C.B. Young in Adelaide where Young actively encouraged Unaipon 's interest in literature , philosophy , science and music .	Unaipon left school at 13 to work as a servant for C. B. Young in Adelaide , where Young encouraged Unaipon 's interest in literature , philosophy , science and music .
They have recently been republished in their original form , under the author 's name , as Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines .	They were republished in their original form in 2006 , under the author 's name , as Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines .
The travel brought him into contact with many intelligent people sympathetic with the cause of Aboriginal rights , and gave him the opportunity to lecture on Aboriginal culture and rights .	His travels brought him into contact with many people sympathetic with the cause of Aboriginal rights .
His most successful invention ( provisional patent 15 624 ) , a shearing machine that converted curvilineal motion into the straight line movement which is the basis of modern mechanical shears , was introduced without Unaipon receiving any financial return and , apart from a 1910 newspaper report acknowledging him as ...	His most successful invention was a shearing machine ( provisional patent 15 624 ) that converted curvilineal motions into the straight-line movement that is the basis of modern mechanical shears .
On 4 January 1902 he married Katherine Carter ( née Sumner ) , a Tangane woman .	On 4 January 1902 , he married Katherine Carter ( née Sumner ) , a Ngarrindjeri woman of the Tangane tribe .
Some of Unaipon 's traditional Aboriginal stories were published in a 1930 book , Myths and Legends of the Australian Aboriginals , under the name of anthropologist William Ramsay Smith .	Some of Unaipon 's traditional stories were published in book in 1930 , called Myths and Legends of the Australian Aboriginals .
Unaipon is featured on the Australian $ 50 note in commemoration .	Unaipon 's portrait is featured on the Australian $ 50 bank note in commemoration .
He was later employed by the Aborigines ' Friends ' Association as a deputationer , in which role he traveled and preached widely in seeking support for the Point McLeay Mission .	After he married , he worked for the Aborigines ' Friends ' Association as a deputationer , in which he traveled widely throughout South Australia preaching for the Point McLeay Mission .
In 1890 , he returned to Point Mcleay where he apprenticed to a bootmaker and was appointed as the mission organist .	In 1890 , he returned to Point Mcleay , where he worked as an apprentice bootmaker .

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