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BVI is an application that can be used on a 3D Full Body Scanner to determine individual health risk , whether the scanning hardware uses visible light optical information or otherwise .	The BVI is used on a 3D full body scanner to determine the health risk of the person scanned .
People of different age , gender or ethnicity will have different body shapes and recent studies have highlighted the limitations of BMI as an indicator of individual health risk .	Recent studies have shown the limitations of BMI as an indicator of individual health risk .
BVI measures where the weight and the fat are distributed on a person 's body , rather than the total weight or total fat content .	The total weight or total fat content are not used .
The Body Volume Index ( BVI ) is a new measurement for obesity , proposed as an alternative to the Body Mass Index ( BMI ) .	The Body Volume Index is a proposed alternative to the Body Mass Index ( BMI ) .
Whereas the BMI of a person is measured manually by total weight and height , BVI is calculated by using 3D full body data to determine volume or weight distribution .	The BMI can be measured manually , using the height and weight of a person .
A number of medications are useful for preventing further episodes of gout , including xanthine oxidase inhibitor ( including allopurinol and febuxostat ) and uricosurics ( including probenecid and sulfinpyrazone ) .	A number of medications are useful for preventing further episodes of gout , including xanthine oxidase inhibitor ( including allopurinol and febuxostat ) , and uricosurics ( including probenecid and sulfinpyrazone ) .
However , both the white blood cells and ESR may be elevated due to gout in the absence of infection .	Both the white blood cells and ESR may be elevated due to gout in the absence of infection .
Pegloticase is administered as an intravenous infusion every two weeks , and has been found to reduce uric acid levels in this population .	Pegloticase is administered as an intravenous infusion every two weeks and has been found to reduce uric acid levels in this population .
All synovial fluid samples obtained from undiagnosed inflamed joints should be examined for these crystals .	All synovial fluid samples obtained from undiagnosed , inflamed joints should be examined for these crystals .
The metatarsal-phalangeal joint at the base of the big toe is affected most often , accounting for half of cases .	The metatarsal-phalangeal joint at the base of the largest toe is affected most often , accounting for half of cases .
Diuretics have been associated with attacks of gout .	Diuretics are associated with attacks of gout .
Other joints , such as the heels , knees , wrists and fingers , may also be affected .	Other joints , such as the heels , knees , wrists , and fingers , may also be affected .
Urate-lowering measures should be increased until serum uric acid levels are below 300-360 µmol \ / l ( 5.0-6 .0 mg\/dl ) , and are continued indefinitely .	Urate-lowering measures should be increased until serum uric acid levels are below 300-360 µmol \ / L ( 5.0-6 .0 mg\/dL ) .
Colchicine may interact with other commonly prescribed drugs , such as atorvastatin and erythromycin , among others .	Colchicine may interact with other commonly prescribed drugs such as atorvastatin and erythromycin .
Other conditions that look similar include pseudogout and rheumatoid arthritis .	Other conditions which present similarly include pseudogout and rheumatoid arthritis .
Gout was historically known as `` the disease of kings '' or `` rich man 's disease . ''	Gout was historically known as `` the disease of kings '' or `` the disease of rich men '' .
A white blood cell count as high as 40.0 × 109\/l ( 40,000 \ / mm3 ) has been documented .	A white blood cell count as high as 40.0 × 109\/L ( 40,000 \ / mm3 ) has been documented in people with gout .
Gout can present in a number of ways , although the most usual is a recurrent attack of acute inflammatory arthritis ( a red , tender , hot , swollen joint ) .	Gout can present in a number of ways , although the most common is a recurrent attack of intense inflammatory arthritis ( a red , tender , hot , swollen joint ) .
Gouty tophi , in particular when not located in a joint , can be mistaken for basal cell carcinoma , or other neoplasms .	Gouty tophi , especially when not in a joint , can be mistaken for basal cell carcinoma , or other cancers .
High levels of uric acid in the blood ( hyperuricemia ) is the underlying cause of gout .	A very high , abnormal level of uric acid in the blood ( hyperuricemia ) is the basic cause of gout .
A definitive diagnosis of gout is based upon the identification of monosodium urate crystals in synovial fluid or a tophus .	A definitive diagnosis of gout is based upon the identification of monosodium urate ( MSU ) crystals in joint fluid or a tophus .
It is an option for the 3 % of people who are intolerant to other medications .	It will be a treatment option for the 3 % of people who are intolerant to other medications .
About 10 % of people with hyperuricemia develop gout at some point in their lifetimes .	About 10 % of people with hyperuricemia develop gout at some point in their lives .
The immunosuppressive drugs ciclosporin and tacrolimus are also associated with gout , the former more so when used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide .	The immunosuppressive drugs ciclosporin and tacrolimus are also associated with gout .
Hyperuricemia is a classic feature of gout , but it occurs nearly half of the time without hyperuricemia , and most people with raised uric acid levels never develop gout .	Gout occurs nearly half of the time without hyperuricemia and most people with raised uric acid levels never develop gout .
This test is difficult to perform , and often requires a trained observer .	This test is difficult to perform , and often requires a trained technician .
Other medicines that increase the risk include niacin and aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) .	Other medicines associated with causing gout attacks include niacin and aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) .
Other conditions commonly complicated by gout include : polycythemia , lead poisoning , renal failure , hemolytic anemia , psoriasis , and solid organ transplants .	Gout often makes these other problems worse or harder to treat : polycythemia , lead poisoning , renal failure , hemolytic anemia , psoriasis , and solid organ transplants .
They are not recommended until a person has had two attacks of gout , unless destructive joint changes , tophi , or urate nephropathy exist , as medications have not been found cost-effective until this point .	This treatment is not recommended until a person has suffered two gout attacks , unless destructive joint changes , tophi , or urate nephropathy exist .
The consumption of coffee , vitamin C and dairy products , as well as physical fitness , appear to decrease the risk .	Coffee , vitamin C , and dairy products , as well as physical fitness appear to decrease the risk .
Three genes called SLC2A9 , SLC22A12 and ABCG2 have been found commonly to be associated with gout , and variations in them can approximately double the risk .	Two genes called SLC2A9 and ABCG2 are commonly associated with gout .
Long-standing elevated uric acid levels ( hyperuricemia ) may result in other symptomatology , including hard , painless deposits of uric acid crystals known as tophi .	High levels of uric acid in the blood over a long period of time ( hyperuricemia ) may cause other symptoms such as hard , painless deposits of uric acid crystals known as tophi .
Under polarized light microscopy , they have a needle-like morphology and strong negative birefringence .	Under polarized light microscopy , the crystals have a needle-like shape and strong negative birefringence .
The increase is believed due to increasing risk factors in the population , such as metabolic syndrome , longer life expectancy and changes in diet .	Metabolic syndrome , longer life expectancy , and changes in diet are the most common risk factors .
For those at risk of gastric side effects from NSAIDs , an additional proton pump inhibitor may be given .	A proton pump inhibitor may be given to people at risk of experiencing gastric side effects .
In a 24-hour urine excretion of more than 800 mg , which indicates overproduction , a xanthine oxidase inhibitor is preferred .	A 24-hour urine excretion of more than 800 mg indicates overproduction and xanthine oxidase inhibitors are the preferred drugs for providing treatment .
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors ( including allopurinol and febuxostat ) block uric acid production , and long-term therapy is safe and well tolerated , and can be used in people with renal impairment or urate stones , although allopurinol has caused hypersensitivity in a small number of individuals .	Xanthine oxidase inhibitors ( including allopurinol and febuxostat ) block uric acid production .
The most important differential diagnosis in gout is septic arthritis .	The most important diagnosis to rule out in gout is septic arthritis ( an infection in the joint ) .
Other symptoms may rarely occur along with the joint pain , including fatigue and a high fever .	Other symptoms that may rarely occur include fatigue and a high fever .
However , it may also present as tophi , kidney stones , or urate nephropathy .	The disease may also appear as tophi , kidney stones , or urate nephropathy ( kidney disease due to urate crystals ) .
Gout ( also known as podagra when it involves the big toe ) is a medical condition usually characterized by recurrent attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis-a red , tender , hot , swollen joint .	Gout ( also known as podagra when it involves the largest toe ) is a medical condition .
While indomethacin has historically been the most commonly used NSAID , an alternative , such as ibuprofen , may be preferred due to its better side effect profile in the absence of superior effectiveness .	While indomethacin has historically been the most commonly used NSAID , ibuprofen may be preferred due to its lack of side effects .
Improvement may be seen within four hours , and treatment is recommended for one to two weeks .	Improvement may be seen within 4 hours .
It is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood .	High levels of uric acid in the blood may also cause crystals to form in the kidneys .
Its side effects ( primarily gastrointestinal upset ) limit its usage .	Its side effects , primarily gastrointestinal upset limit its use .
Overall , probenecid appears less effective than allopurinol .	Note that probenecid appears to be less effective than allopurinol .
Gout frequently occurs in combination with other medical problems .	Gout often happens with other medical problems .
Gout has become more common in recent decades , affecting about 1-2 % of the Western population at some point in their lives .	Gout has become more common .
They also lead to improvement when injected into the joint ; a joint infection must be excluded , however , as steroids worsens this condition .	A joint infection must be excluded if the condition worsens .
Renal underexcretion of uric acid is the primary cause of hyperuricemia in about 90 % of cases , while overproduction is the cause in less than 10 % .	Overproduction of uric acid is the cause in less than 10 % of all cases .
Chronic lead exposure and lead-contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout due to the harmful effect of lead on kidney function .	Frequent lead exposure and lead-contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout because lead harms the kidney function .
A body mass index greater than or equal to 35 increases a male 's risk of gout threefold .	Males have three times the chance of getting gout when the body mass index is greater than or equal to 35 .
NSAIDs are the usual first-line treatment for gout , and no specific agent is significantly more or less effective than any other .	NSAIDs are the most common treatment for gout .
Recent studies have found that other dietary factors once believed associated are , in fact , not , including the intake of purine-rich vegetables ( e.g. , beans , peas , lentils , and spinach ) and total protein .	Eating purine-rich vegetables ( e.g. , beans , peas , lentils , and spinach ) large amounts of protein do not contribute to developing gout .
They are not usually started until one to two weeks after an acute flare has resolved , due to theoretical concerns of worsening the attack , and are often used in combination with either an NSAID or colchicine for the first three to six months .	These medications are often used in combination with either an NSAID or colchicine for the first 3-6 months .
Glucocorticoids have been found as effective as NSAIDs and may be used if contraindications exist for NSAIDs .	Glucocorticoids may be used if it is not possible to use NSAIDs .
Gastrointestinal upset , however , depends on the dose , and the risk can be decreased by using a smaller yet still effective dose .	The occurrence of gastrointestinal upset depends on the dose .
The uric acid crystallizes , and the crystals deposit in joints , tendons , and surrounding tissues .	The crystals then stay in joints , tendons , and surrounding tissues .
Thus , the diagnostic utility of measuring uric acid level is limited .	The usefulness of measuring uric acid levels is limited .
When levels are between 415 and 530 μmol \ / l ( 7 and 8.9 mg\/dl ) , the risk is 0.5 % per year , while in those with a level greater than 535 μmol \ / l ( 9 mg\/dL ) , the risk is 4.5 % per year .	When uric acid levels in the blood are between 415 and 530 μmol \ / L ( 7 and 8.9 mg\/dL ) , the chance of getting gout is 0.5 % per year .
In such cases , the alternative drug , febuxostat , has been recommended .	In such cases , the alternative drug febuxostat has been recommended .
Uricosuric medications are typically preferred if undersecretion of uric acid , as indicated by a 24-hour collection of urine results in a uric acid amount of less than 800 mg , is found .	Uricosuric drugs are preferred for treating gout if there is not enough uric acid in the urine defined by a 24-hour collection of urine with less than 800 mg of uric acid .
Elevated levels of uric acid may also lead to crystals precipitating in the kidneys , resulting in stone formation and subsequent urate nephropathy .	This causes stone formation followed by urate nephropathy .
Colchicine is an alternative for those unable to tolerate NSAIDs .	Colchicine is an alternative treatment for people that are unable to tolerate NSAIDs .
The occurrence of gout is partly genetic , contributing to about 60 % of variability in uric acid level .	Inherited factors are about 60 % responsible for the variability in uric acid level .
Most ectopic pregnancies occur in the Fallopian tube ( so-called tubal pregnancies ) , but implantation can also occur in the cervix , ovaries , and abdomen .	Ectopic pregnancies are also called tubal pregnancies because they usually occur in a fallopian tube .
There is no inflammation of the tube in ectopic pregnancy .	There are two main ways to treat an ectopic pregnancy .
Fallopian cilia are sometimes seen in reduced numbers subsequent to an ectopic pregnancy , leading to a hypothesis that cilia damage in the Fallopian tubes is likely to lead to an ectopic pregnancy .	Because in an ectopic pregnancy the egg grows ( usually ) in the fallopian tube , the fallopian tube can become damaged , making it more likely for another egg to get stuck there .
An ectopic pregnancy is a potential medical emergency , and , if not treated properly , can lead to death .	An ectopic pregnancy can not become a baby .
The vast majority of ectopic pregnancies implant in the Fallopian tube .	The likeness of another ectopic pregnancy depends on the amount of damage to the fallopian tube , and the health of the tubes .
Merman was married and divorced four times : Merman had two children with Levitt : Ethel ( born July 20 , 1942 ) and Robert , Jr. ( born August 11 , 1945 ) .	Merman was married and divorced four times : Merman had two children with Levitt : Ethel ( born July 20 , 1942 ) , and Robert , Jr. ( born August 11 , 1945 ) .
Ethel Levitt died on August 23 , 1967 , of a drug overdose that was ruled accidental .	Ethel Levitt died on August 23 , 1967 , of an accidental drug overdose .
Ethel Merman ( January 16 , 1908 - February 15 , 1984 ) was an American actress and singer .	Ethel Merman was an American actress and singer .
Merman was devastated at this turn of events and called the loss of the role , `` The greatest professional disappointment of my life . ''	Merman said it was `` The greatest professional disappointment of my life . ''
Despite the acclaim , Merman lost the Tony Award to her close friend Mary Martin in The Sound of Music and jokingly quipped , `` How are you going to buck a nun ? ''	She lost to her close friend Mary Martin in The Sound of Music .
Among the many standards introduced by Merman in Broadway musicals are `` I Got Rhythm '' , `` Everything 's Coming Up Roses '' , `` Some People '' , `` Rose 's Turn '' , `` I Get a Kick Out of You '' , `` It 's De-Lovely '' , `` Friendship '' , `` You 're the Top '' , `` Anything Goes '' , and `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' , which later became her theme song .	`` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' became her theme song .
However , prior to the show 's closing it was announced that Rosalind Russell had been signed to star instead .	Rosalind Russell was given the role in the movie .
Known primarily for her belting voice and roles in musical theater , she has been called `` the undisputed First Lady of the musical comedy stage . ''	She was known for her powerful voice and roles in musical theater .
The DNA sequence from which a non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene .	The DNA sequence from which a non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an ` RNA gene ' .
A non-coding RNA ( ncRNA ) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein .	A non-coding RNA ( ncRNA ) is a functional RNA molecule which is not translated into a protein .
Less-frequently used synonyms are non-protein-coding RNA ( npcRNA ) , non-messenger RNA ( nmRNA ) and functional RNA ( fRNA ) .	Less-used synonyms are : non-protein-coding RNA ( npcRNA ) , non-messenger RNA ( nmRNA ) and functional RNA ( fRNA ) .
Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as transfer RNA ( tRNA ) and ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) , as well as RNAs such as snoRNAs , microRNAs , siRNAs , snRNAs , exRNAs , and piRNAs and the long ncRNAs that include examples such as Xist and HOTAIR ( see here for a more complete list of ncRNAs ) .	Non-coding RNA genes include abundant and important RNAs such as transfer RNA ( tRNA ) and ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) ; also RNAs such as snoRNAs , microRNAs , siRNAs , snRNAs , exRNAs , and piRNAs and the long noncoding RNAs ( long ncRNAs ) .
The first non-coding RNA to be characterised was an alanine tRNA found in baker 's yeast , its structure was published in 1965 .	The first non-coding RNA to be analyzed was an alanine tRNA found in baker 's yeast .
The number of ncRNAs encoded within the human genome is unknown , however recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest the existence of thousands of ncRNAs . , but see Since many of the newly identified ncRNAs have not been validated for their function , it is possible that many are non-functional .	However recent studies suggest the existence of thousands of ncRNAs . , but see Since the function of newly identified ncRNAs has not been proved , it is possible that many are non-functional .
On March 22 , 2008 , Hager went against the FCW Southern Heavyweight Champion Heath Miller in New Port Richey , Florida to determine the true Heavyweight Champion .	On March 22 , 2008 , Hager went against the FCW Southern Heavyweight Champion Heath Miller , in New Port Richey , Florida , to determine the true Heavyweight Champion .
His first loss came in the form of a Raw dark match , at the TV taping on August 18 , 2008 , when he lost to William Regal .	His first loss came in the form of a Raw dark match , at the TV taping on August 18 , 2008 when he lost to William Regal .
He successfully defended his championship against Edge and Jericho in a triple threat match on the April 16 episode of SmackDown , and against Randy Orton in an Extreme Rules match at the Extreme Rules pay-per-view .	He defended his championship against Edge and Jericho in a triple threat match on the April 16 episode of SmackDown , and against Randy Orton in an Extreme Rules match at the Extreme Rules pay-per-view .
He later defeated Dreamer in a wrestling match and an `` Amateur Wrestling Challenge '' competition .	He later defeated Dreamer in a wrestling match and an `` All American Challenge '' competition .
In 2006 , Hager had a WWE tryout in Deep South Wrestling , and in September 2006 , under his real name , he made his in-ring debut for DSW , defeating Antonio Mestre in a dark match .	In 2006 , Hager had a WWE tryout in Deep South Wrestling , and in September 2006 , Hager made his in-ring debut for Deep South Wrestling defeating Antonio Mestre in a dark match .
In 2009 , on the January 13 episode of ECW , Swagger defeated Hardy to win his first title in WWE , the ECW Championship .	On the January 13 , 2009 episode of ECW , Swagger defeated Hardy to win the ECW Championship , which is his first title in WWE .
At the Fatal 4-Way pay-per-view on June 20 , Swagger lost the championship to Rey Mysterio in a fatal four-way match , also involving CM Punk and The Big Show .	At the Fatal 4-Way pay-per-view on June 20 , he lost the championship to Rey Mysterio in a fatal four-way match , which also had CM Punk and The Big Show .
Swagger cashed in the contract during the SmackDown taping on March 30 , 2010 , after the World Heavyweight Champion Chris Jericho had been speared by Edge .	Swagger cashed in his Money in the Bank contract during the SmackDown taping on March 30 , 2010 , after the World Heavyweight Champion Chris Jericho had been speared by Edge .
His undefeated streak in singles competition ended on the February 3 episode of ECW when he lost to Finlay in a non-title match .	His undefeated streak in singles matches ended on the February 3 episode of ECW , when he lost to Finlay .
Both championships were on the line , and Hager defeated Miller to become the undisputed heavyweight champion in FCW .	Both titles were on the line and Hager defeated Miller to become the undisputed heavyweight champion in Florida Championship Wrestling .
On September 9 , 2008 , Hager made his debut on the ECW brand under the ring name Jack Swagger , winning a match against a jobber He immediately established himself as a heel by starting a feud with Tommy Dreamer .	On September 9 , 2008 , Hager made his start on the ECW brand under the ring name Jack Swagger , winning a match against a local wrestler .
After weeks of feuding , their rivalry ended in November in an Extreme Rules match , which Swagger won to extend his undefeated streak in ECW .	After weeks of fighting , the two ended their rivalry in an Extreme Rules match , which Swagger won to extend his undefeated streak .
As the match had never started , Swagger retained the contract for use at a future date .	As the match had never started , Swagger kept the contract for use at a future date .
Following his championship win , Swagger began to develop a more serious persona : previously he had been known for doing pushups and beating his chest during his ring entrance .	after his championship win , Swagger changed into a more serious Swagger which was different from his last persona , where he was known for doing pushups and beating his chest during his ring entrance .
In August 2007 , Hager was reassigned to Florida Championship Wrestling , where he began a feud with TJ Wilson .	In August 2007 , Hager went back to Florida Championship Wrestling , where he began a rivalry with TJ Wilson .
On the first episode of Raw following WrestleMania , Swagger tried to cash in his Money in the Bank contract against the WWE champion John Cena , but changed his mind when he realized that Cena was not incapacitated enough to be defeated easily .	On the episode of Raw after WrestleMania , Swagger tried to cash in his Money in the Bank contract on John Cena , but changed his mind when he saw that Cena was not hurt enough for Swagger to beat .

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