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Permafrost is substrate that has been frozen for a minimum of 2 years .	Permafrost is a substrate ( layer of soil ) that has been frozen for two or more years .
The top layer is called the active layer .	The dirt on top of the permafrost is called the active layer .
Arctic ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors in the arctic , the region north of the Arctic Circle ( 66 33 ' ) .	The arctic is all land and water north of the Arctic Circle ( 66 33 ' ) .
This DVD release is the first version of the film in the United States to include both Japanese and English language tracks , as Fox did not have the rights to the Japanese audio track for their version .	This DVD release is the first version of the movie in the United States to include both Japanese and English language tracks , as Fox did not have the rights to the Japanese audio track for their version .
Troma Films , under their 50th St. Films banner , distributed the dub of the film co-produced by Jerry Beck .	Troma Films , under their 50th St. Films banner , produced a 1993 dub of the movie co-produced by Jerry Beck .
The film won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize and the Mainichi Film Award for Best Film in 1988 .	It won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize in 1988 .
is a 1988 Japanese animated fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and produced by Studio Ghibli .	, or My Neighbour Totoro on UK DVD box titles , is a 1988 animated movie written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and produced by Studio Ghibli .
The film was re-released by Walt Disney Pictures on March 7 , 2006 and by Madman on March 15 , 2006 .	The movie was re-released by Disney on March 7 , 2006 .
Mei decides to walk to the hospital to bring some fresh corn to her mother .	Later , Mei decides to run away to try to find her mother at the hospital , and gets lost .
Tamil Nadu Liberation Army ( TNLA ) is a small militant separatist movement in India .	The Tamil Nadu Liberation Army ( TNLA ) is a small militant separatist movement in Tamil Nadu .
Darkhan ( Mongolian : Дархан , blacksmith ) is the third-largest city in Mongolia and the capital of Darkhan-Uul Aimag ( Darkhan-Uul Province ) .	Darkhan ( Mongolian : Дархан ) is a city in Mongolia .
However , the actual lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors , including operating voltage , manufacturing defects , exposure to voltage spikes , mechanical shock , frequency of cycling on and off , lamp orientation , and ambient operating temperature , among other factors .	The lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors , including operating voltage , manufacturing defects , exposure to voltage spikes , mechanical shock , frequency of cycling on and off , lamp orientation , and ambient operating temperature .
The U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes to mitigate this problem .	The U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes to avoid this problem .
In the case of a 5-minute on\/off cycle the lifespan of some CFLs may be reduced to that of incandescent light bulbs .	In the case of a 5-minute on\/off cycle the lifespan of a CFL can be reduced to `` close to that of incandescent light bulbs '' .
A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp , but can save over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp 's lifetime .	A CFL can save over US$ 30 in electricity costs over the lamp 's lifetime compared to an incandescent lamp .
A compact fluorescent lamp ( CFL ) , also called compact fluorescent light , energy-saving light , and compact fluorescent tube , is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp ; some types fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps .	A compact fluorescent lamp ( CFL ) , is a type of lamp ( light bulb ) designed to fit into the same space and usually also socket as an incandescent bulb , but with the advantages of a fluorescent lamp .
CFLs are extremely cost-effective in commercial buildings when used to replace incandescent lamps .	Many CFLs can directly replace an existing incandescent lamp .
Cold-cathode CFLs will start and perform in a wide range of temperatures due to their different design .	Cold cathode CFLs are designed for many more on\/off cycles than standard CFLs .
Since CFLs use much less energy than incandescent lamps ( ILs ) , a phase-out of ILs would result in less carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) being emitted into the atmosphere .	CFLs have a longer rated life and use less energy than an incandescent lamp of the same brightness .
For example , Sylvania 's Daylight CFLs have a color temperature of 3,500 K , while most other lamps called daylight have color temperatures of at least 5,000 K. CFLs typically have a rated service life of 6,000-15 ,000 hours , whereas standard incandescent lamps have a service life of 750 or 1,000 hours .	CFLs typically have a rated lifespan of 6,000 to 15,000 hours , whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a lifespan of 750 hours or 1,000 hours .
Pope Gregory V , né Bruno of Carinthia ( Latin : Gregorius V ; c. 972 - 18 February 999 ) was Pope from 3 May 996 to his death in 999 .	Gregory V ( Latin : Gregorius Quintius ; c. 972-18 February 999 ) , also known as Bruno of Carinthia , was a German priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 139th Pope from 3 May 996 to 18 February 999 .
Gregory V was the first German Pope .	He was the first German Pope .
He was a son of the Salian Otto I , Duke of Carinthia , who was a grandson of the Emperor Otto I the Great .	Bruno of Carinthia was a son of Otto I , Duke of Carinthia .
In Brazil , where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonization , it has dispersed spontaneously in the wild in some places , as its fruits are eagerly sought by various native birds such as thrushes , tanagers and the Great Kiskadee .	In Brazil , where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonisation , it has spread out in the wild in some places , as many native birds such as thrushes , tanagers and the Great Kiskadee want their fruits .
The tree was introduced to Florida , USA in 1911 by the USDA , and is also now commonly grown in Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago .	The tree was also introduced to Florida , USA in 1911 by the USDA , and is also now commonly planted in Suriname .
A slow growing species , it can reach heights of up to 30 m and can live more than 100 years .	A fairly fast growing species , it can grow as high as 30 metres , and can live more than 100 years .
The fruits develop by May or June and resemble large berries .	This is followed by the fruit which appears in May-June and resembles a large berry .
Syzygium cumini , jambul , jambolan , jamblang , or jamun , is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae .	Jambul or Jamun or Jamblang ( Syzgium cumini ) , Nava Pazham ( Tamil ) is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae , native to India and Indonesia .
Books can also be borrowed from libraries .	Books can be borrowed from a library or bought from a bookstore .
An encyclopedia is a book or set of books designed to have more in-depth articles on many topics .	Many books have photographs or drawings .
The novel is the most common form of fiction book .	There are two main kinds of book text : fiction and non-fiction .
During the American Civil War coffee was also scarce in the South : For the stimulating property to which both tea and coffee owe their chief value , there is unfortunately no substitute ; the best we can do is to dilute the little stocks which still remain , and cheat the palate , if we can not deceive the nerves .	In the American Civil War there was a similar story - `` For the stimulating property to which both tea and coffee owe their chief value , there is unfortunately no substitute ; the best we can do is to dilute the little stocks which still remain , and cheat the palate , if we can not deceive the nerves . ''
Grain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances .	The Southern Banner , 1865 ) Grain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances .
Some ingredients used include : almond , acorn , asparagus , malted barley , beechnut , beetroot , carrot , chicory root , corn , soybeans , cottonseed , dandelion root ( see dandelion coffee ) , fig , boiled-down molasses , okra seed , pea , persimmon seed , potato peel , rye , sassafras pits , sweet potato , wheat br...	Some ingredients used include : almond , acorn , asparagus , barley and malt , beech nut , beetroot , carrot , chicory root , corn , cotton seed , dandelion root , fig , boiled-down molasses , okra seed , pea , persimmon seed , potato peel , rye , sassafras nut , sweet potato .
Ground roasted chicory root has been sold commercially on a large scale since around 1970 , and it has become a mainstream product , both alone and mixed with real coffee .	Chicory has been sold commercially on a large scale since around 1970 , and it has become a mainstream product .
In World War II , acorns were used to make coffee , as were roasted chicory and grain .	In World War II , acorns were used to make coffee , however it tasted foul .
It reached its height of popularity in the United States during World War II when coffee was sharply rationed .	It reached the height of its popularity during World War II .
Coffee substitutes are non-coffee products , usually without caffeine , that are used to imitate coffee .	Coffee substitutes are products that try to taste like coffee .
It was widely used during the American Civil War on both sides , and has long enjoyed popularity especially in New Orleans , where Luzianne has long been a popular brand in this respect .	It was widely used during the American Civil War on both sides .
The newton metre is a unit of torque ( also called `` moment '' ) in the SI system .	Newton metre is the unit of moment in the SI system .
Newton metres and joules are `` dimensionally equivalent '' in the sense that they have the same expression in SI base units : Again , N ⋅ m and J are distinguished in order to avoid misunderstandings where a torque is mistaken for an energy or vice-versa .	A newton metre is dimensionally equivalent to a joule .
Pollock was born in Cody , Wyoming , in 1912 , the youngest of five sons .	Pollock was born in Cody , Wyoming .
Paul Jackson Pollock ( January 28 , 1912 - August 11 , 1956 ) , known as Jackson Pollock , was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement .	Jackson Pollock ( January 28 , 1912 - August 11 , 1956 ) was an American painter .
The teams played a shortened season , due to a lockout of the players by the owners .	Twenty-six teams each played 48 games , a shortened season , due to a lockout of the players by the owners .
Note : No . = Division rank , CR = Conference rank , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , GF = Goals For , GA = Goals Against , Pts = Points Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold .	Note : W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , GF = Goals For , GA = Goals Against , Pts = Points
The Transcendental Meditation movement refers to the programs and organizations connected with the Transcendental Meditation technique and founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi .	The Transcendental Meditation technique , or TM technique is a kind of meditation that was developed by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi .
The meditation practice involves the use of a mantra and is practiced for 15-20 minutes twice per day while sitting with one 's eyes closed .	The meditation technique is practiced while sitting down with the eyes closed and is practiced twice a day .
The Transcendental Meditation technique has been described as both religious and non religious , as an aspect of a new religious movement , as rooted in Hinduism , and as a non-religious practice for self-development .	The Transcendental Meditation technique is learned in seven steps .
Transcendental Meditation ( TM ) refers to a specific form of mantra meditation called the Transcendental Meditation technique , and can also refer to the organizations within the Transcendental Meditation movement and to the movement itself .	He gave this method for meditation the name , Transcendental Meditation .
The Late Heavy Bombardment ( commonly referred to as the lunar cataclysm , or the LHB ) is a hypothetical event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago ( Ga ) .	The Late Heavy Bombardment ( LHB ) or lunar cataclysm , is a period of time about 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago .
Alternatively , other researchers argue that the lunar sample data do not require a cataclysmic cratering event near 3.9 Ga and that the apparent clustering of impact melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling material affected by a single large impact basin .	Some think that the the apparent clustering of impact melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling .
Evidence for the LHB event is primarily from dating lunar samples brought back by the Apollo astronauts , which ( dates ) imply that most impact melt rocks were formed in this rather narrow interval of time .	The evidence for this event comes from the dating of lunar samples , which indicates that most impact melt rocks formed at that time .
As these planets migrated , resonances would be `` swept '' through the asteroid belt and Kuiper belt .	One popular theory is that the gas giant planets migrated in orbit at this time , causing objects in the asteroid belt and\/or Kuiper belt to be forced into orbits which reached the terrestrial planets .
A Midsummer Night 's Dream is a comedy play by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written between 1590 and 1596 .	A Midsummer Night 's Dream is a play by William Shakespeare .
Hermia and Lysander have escaped to the same forest in hopes of eloping .	Hermia and Lysander decide to run away .
Lysander returns to loving Hermia , while Demetrius continues to love Helena .	He makes Lysander love Hermia again , and makes Demetrius love Helena .
In the opening scene , Hermia refuses to follow her father Egeus ' instructions to marry Demetrius , whom he has chosen for her , because she wishes to marry another man named Lysander .	She loves another man named Lysander .
Pope Innocent V ( Latin : Innocentius V ; c. 1225 - 22 June 1276 ) , born Pierre de Tarentaise , was Pope from 21 January to 22 June 1276 .	Pope Innocent V ( Latin : Innocentius Quintus ; c. 1225 - June 22 , 1276 ) , born Pierre de Tarentaise , was an French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 186th Pope from January 21 to June 22 , 1276 .
In early life , he joined the Dominican Order , in which he acquired great fame as a preacher .	He joined the Dominican Order .
He was born around 1225 near Moûtiers in the Tarentaise region of the County of Savoy , but another hypothesis affirms he was born in La Salle .	He was born around 1225 in the Tarentaise region of southeastern France .
Die Hard with a Vengeance ( also known as Die Hard 3 ) is a 1995 American action film and the third in the Die Hard film series .	Die Hard with a Vengeance is a 1995 American action movie starring Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson .
He demands that suspended police officer Lt. John McClane be dropped in Harlem wearing a sandwich board that says `` I hate niggers '' .	His first task is to have John McClane to go Harlem and stand around for 15 minutes with a sign that says `` I hate niggers '' with his gun taped to his back so that he can not reach it .
Anthrax is an American thrash metal band from New York City , New York .	Anthrax is a thrash metal band from New York City , USA .
The band was named after the disease the two saw listed in a biology textbook , using it because it sounded `` sufficiently evil '' .	Scott Ian named the band after the disease after he saw it in a biology textbook , as he thought it sounded `` sufficiently evil '' ( evil enough ) .
A short time later during 1992 , Joey Belladonna was fired from Anthrax .	However , Joey Belladonna was fired from Anthrax in 1992 and was replaced with John Bush , who was in a band called Armored Saint that had recently broke up .
In early 2010 Joey Belladonna returned to Anthrax for shows in the summer of 2010 as well as committing to the band for Worship Music .	However , Joey Belladonna once again returned to Anthrax in 2010 on a permanent basis .
Shortly afterward , bassist Frank Bello announced he was leaving the band to join Helmet and was replaced for touring purposes by Fates Warning and Armored Saint member Joey Vera .	Whilst touring , Frank Bello left and was replaced by Armored Saint member Joey Vera .
On January 4 , 2013 , Anthrax announced that lead guitarist Rob Caggiano had left the band stating : `` Rob has been an integral part of Anthrax for so many years , as our lead guitarist , in a production capacity , but most of all , as our close friend .	Guitar player Rob Caggiano left Anthrax at the beginning of 2013 .
Anthrax was formed in mid-1981 by guitarists Scott Ian Rosenfeld and Danny Lilker .	Anthrax was formed by guitar players Scott Ian and Danny Lilker in 1981 .
He was replaced by Charlie Benante 's nephew Frank Bello .	They were replaced with Frank Bello ( Charlie Benante 's nephew ) and Joey Belladonna .
Around the same time , it was confirmed that Rob Caggiano would return as lead guitarist .	New singer Dan Nelson was announced and Rob Caggiano returned .
In some cases , signs were placed at the town 's borders with statements similar to the one posted in Hawthorne , California , which read `` Nigger , Do n't Let The Sun Set On YOU In Hawthorne '' in the 1930s .	Some towns placed signs at the town 's borders with statements similar to the one posted in Hawthorne , California , which read `` Nigger , Do n't Let The Sun Set On YOU In Hawthorne '' in the 1930s .
The term came from signs that were posted stating that people of color had to leave the town by sundown .	The term came from signs that were allegedly posted stating that people of color had to leave the town by sundown .
However , as sociologist James W. Loewen writes in his book on the subject , it is impossible to precisely count the number of sundown towns at any given time , because most towns have not kept records of the ordinances or signs that marked the town 's sundown status .	However , as sociologist James Loewen writes in his book on the subject , it is impossible to precisely count the number of sundown towns at any given time , because most towns have not kept records of the ordinances or signs that marked the town 's sundown status .
Several other books also demonstrate the existence of sundown towns ; examples include Following the Color Line , by Ray Stannard Baker ; Free But Not Equal , by V. Jacque Voegeli ; Black Ohio and the Color Line , by David Gerber ; The Negro in Indiana , by Emma Thornbrough ; Mobile Americans : Residential and Social M...	Sundown towns are mentioned in Following the Color Line , by Ray Stannard Baker ; Free But Not Equal , by V. Jacque Voegeli ; Black Ohio and the Color Line , by David Gerber ; The Negro in Indiana , by Emma Thornbrough ; Mobile Americans : Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha , by Howard Chudacoff ; Race and Kinshi...
A sundown town is a town , city , or neighborhood in the US that was purposely all-white .	A sundown town is a town that is or was purposely all-white .
One example according to Loewen is that in 1870 , Chinese made up one-third of the population of Idaho .	Loewen says one example is that in 1870 , Chinese made up one-third of the population of Idaho .
They are also sometimes known as `` sunset towns '' or `` gray towns '' .	Such towns are also sometimes called `` sunset towns '' or `` gray towns '' .
James W. Loewen 's book , Sundown Towns : A Hidden Dimension of American Racism ( 2005 ) describes the phenomenon .	James Loewen 's book , Sundown Towns describes sundown towns .
In some cases , the exclusion was official town policy or through restrictive covenants agreed to by the real estate agents of the community .	In some cases , keeping minorities out was official town policy , through restrictive covenants written in land deeds , or by agreement between the real estate agents of the community .
Visual treatments include Robby Heason 's documentary Trouble Behind and Marco Williams ' documentary Banished .	Visual treatments include Robby Heason , Trouble Behind ( Cicada Films , 1990 ) , and Marco Williams , Banished ( banishedthefilm.com \ / ) .
Since 2001 the director of the festival has been Dieter Kosslick .	Since 2001 the director of the festival has been is Dieter Kosslick .
The European Film Market ( EFM ) , a film trade fair held simultaneously to the Berlinale , is a major industry meeting for the international film circuit once a year .	The European Film Market ( EFM ) , a film trade fair , is held at the same time as the Berlinale .
Around twenty films compete for the awards called the Golden and Silver Bears .	Around twenty films competing for the awards called the Golden and Silver Bears .
McLuhan is known for coining the expressions the medium is the message and the global village , and for predicting the World Wide Web almost thirty years before it was invented .	McLuhan is known for coining the expressions the medium is the message and the global village .
His work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory , as well as having practical applications in the advertising and television industries .	His work was a cornerstone of media studies , and had some practical applications in the advertising and television industries .
With the arrival of the internet , however , interest in his work and perspective has renewed .	With the arrival of the internet , however , there was renewed interest in his work and perspective .
Herbert Marshall McLuhan , CC ( July 21 , 1911 - December 31 , 1980 ) was a Canadian philosopher of communication theory and a public intellectual .	Herbert Marshall McLuhan , CC ( July 21 , 1911 - December 31 , 1980 ) was a Canadian Professor of English literature who turned his attention to media .
McLuhan 's The Gutenberg Galaxy : The Making of Typographic Man ( written in 1961 , first published in Canada by University of Toronto Press in 1962 ) is a pioneering study in the fields of oral culture , print culture , cultural studies , and media ecology .	McLuhan 's The Gutenberg Galaxy : the making of typographic man ( 1962 ) was a history of print , and its effect on society .
His famous aphorism `` the medium is the message '' ( elaborated in his 1964 book , Understanding Media : The Extensions of Man ) calls attention to this intrinsic effect of communications media .	His best-known work was Understanding Media : The Extensions of Man .
Naughty Dog developed three Crash Bandicoot sequels over the next several years .	Naughty Dog would developed three Crash Bandicoot sequels over the next several years .
In 2004 , Naughty Dog 's studio president and co-founder , Jason Rubin , left the company to work on a new project named Iron and the Maiden .	In 2004 , Naughty Dog 's studio president and co-founder , Jason Rubin left the company to work on a new game named Iron and the Maiden .
Gavin and Rubin produced a sequence of progressively more successful games , including Rings of Power for the Sega Genesis\/Mega Drive and Way of the Warrior for the 3DO .	Gavin and Rubin produced more successful games , including Rings of Power for the Sega Genesis and Way of the Warrior for the 3DO .
After developing Crash Team Racing , the company began working on Jak and Daxter for the PlayStation 2 .	After developing the fourth Crash Bandicoot game ( Crash Team Racing ) , the company began working on Jak and Daxter for PlayStation 2 .
Mark Cerny , who was a programmer for Sonic the Hedgehog 2 for Sega , convinced Naughty Dog to focus its new resources on creating a character-based platform game that would fully exploit the 3D capabilities of the new systems .	Mark Cerny , who had produced Sonic the Hedgehog 2 for Sega , convinced Naughty Dog to focus its new resources on creating a character-based platform game that would be in 3D .
The latter - a very low-budget but still plausible offering - prompted Universal Interactive Studios to sign the duo to a three-title deal and fund the expansion of the company .	Universal Studios signed a deal with the duo to a three-title deal and fund the expansion of the company .
Naughty Dog , Inc. ( known as Jam Software before renaming in 1989 ) is an American video game developer based in Santa Monica , California .	As Jam Software As Naughty Dog
Founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1984 as an independent developer , the studio was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2001 .	Naughty Dog is a video game company founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1986 .
For the standard normal distribution , a is − 1\/2 , b is zero , and c is .	The normal distribution is a probability distribution .
Many new parks are currently being planned and legally passed by various Parliaments and Legislatures at the urging of dedicated individuals around the globe who believe that `` in the end , dedicated , inspired people empowered by effective legislation will ensure that the spirit and services of wilderness will thrive...	Many new parks are currently being planned and legally passed by various Parliaments and Legislatures at the urging of dedicated individuals around the globe who believe that `` in the end , dedicated , inspired people empowered by effective legislation will ensure that the spirit and services of wilderness will thrive...

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