brittlewis12/Memphis-CoT-3B-GGUF
Text Generation • 3B • Updated • 127 • 3
post_title stringlengths 5 304 | post_text stringlengths 0 37.5k | post_scores int64 15 83.1k | comment_text stringlengths 200 9.61k | comment_score int64 10 43.3k |
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What is Billet material? | I watch a bunch of car videos and they talk about billet blocks and such, i was wondering what billet is and i cant find any easy explanation to what it is | 24 | Billet is just the name for a chunk of metal. In the automotive world it's often used as a short hand for parts that were machined out of a big block of material, as opposed to cheaper castings where molten metal is poured into a mold pressed out of sheet metal. Machining is more expensive for large quantities but it c... | 54 |
[Star Trek] How do captains pick a warp speed? | How does Picard, or anyone for that matter, decide at what warp speed to travel? Obviously there are times when they need to get somewhere in a hurry and he says, warp 9 or maximum warp, but the rest of the time he just seems to pick a number at random.
He rolls a warp 6.5
Is there some guide as to recommended spee... | 275 | It was always weird to me that the captain was deciding the speed. Seems like that's the navigator's job.
"Lt. Smith, Starfleet wants us at Starbase 12 in two days. Set a course."
"Aye aye, sir." *does a bunch of math* "Helm, come about to 185 mark 3, warp 6." | 216 |
[Chess] Why is there such a massive disparity of fighting ability between Queens and Kings? | If the answer is simply, "he's too busy thinking" then please answer "why are bishops so much better at fighting than pawns, who are often dipicted as foot soldiers."
Thank you.
I'd write more, but I need to step aside to dodge a castle, which is currently traversing the country-side at an alarming speed. | 87 | The queens and bishops move through social means to achieve their goals. Castles project power. Knights have some social power, and some military might, so they can be unpredictable. Kings' power comes from those around him. He can move as he likes, but his strength is in his people, not his own arm. And pawns are weak... | 152 |
[Star Trek] On the subject of the Kobayashi Maru... why do they still give the test when literally everyone knows it's a no win situation? | Logic dictates that if this is a character building assessment, meant to have a palpable sense of urgency, danger and responsibility, it shouldn't work if everyone, literally everyone, knows it is unbeatable and that ultimately their choice doesn't matter.
Any choice you make, any chain of reasoning you have, is going... | 16 | Nobody tells the cadets details about the Maru test before they take it.
The cadets know it's daunting, maybe even unbeatable, they don't know why.
In fact the strategic choice in the scenario is simple. There's only one right choice- to fight, and there's only one endgame, to live long enough for the civilians to es... | 22 |
ELI5: Why is it hard to make a fist when you first wake up? | 33 | When you go to sleep, in a simplified sense, your brain deactivates your muscles. When you just wake up, your muscles are also beginning to "wake up" so it would be hard for you to have total control of them right off the bat. | 16 | |
ELI5: Why society accepts women wearing trousers, while men can not wear skirts (unless they are traditional clothing) (Also, no pun intended, I really would like to know the logic) | 46 | There is no special reason why men couldn't wear "skirts" or "dresses" - a kilt is basically a skirt, the traditional gear many ancient peoples wore into battle was basically a skirt, what we call "robes" are basically dresses. (And in some languages, a woman's dress is still called a "robe".) Men's kilts/robes would,... | 45 | |
[Harry Potter] Why wouldn’t Dumbledore ask for a magical time turning device to see who/what the whole “Heir of Slytherin” was? | I can understand after a single student is petrified; they probably thought they were dealing with a controllable issue… but after the second and third?
I know, I know… “But magical time travel can be dangerous business.. and shouldn’t be used wantonly”
The ministry makes exceptions and trusts a 13 year girl with th... | 64 | Time-Turners are strictly controlled by the Ministry, and the Ministry kind of hates Dumbledore. The Ministry is okay with students using Time-Turners to be in two places at once, but they're already scared of one Dumbledore; no way they trust him enough to allow him to make two or more of himself exist at the same tim... | 48 |
[Warhammer 40.000] What if the Emperor actually has a text to speach device? | We all know the series 'If-the-emperor-had-a-text-to-speech-device'. But what would most likely happen if the Mechanicus installed a tts device on the Golden Throne in the canon 40k universe? | 32 | Step one is probably instructing the Mechanicum to repair the Golden Throne. Step two is ears-only for the Chief Custodes: kill the Emperor so that He may be reborn/reincarnated/regenerated.
Step Three: step off the Golden Throne and start cleaning house. | 41 |
[Avatar] Why do benders only live in their respective nations? | If I was a waterbender, I'd learn to heal, move to another nation, and then charge through the nose to save people's lives. But they're not doing that. They all stay in the water tribes where their skills are basically worthless. The same goes for earthbenders who seem like they could make a killing in the fire nation.... | 31 | For what we saw from Wan's backstory, the world of Avatar has been in conflict since Vaatu was released and the humans started roaming by themselves (maybe even before that, and that's how they ended up in the back of the turtle lions), first with the spirits, then with each other.
The following era might be a series ... | 21 |
[Fairly Oddparents] How were Cosmo and Wanda able to grant Timmy's wishes after (s)he was turned into a girl, even though he now had a different voice? | In another episode, they couldn't grant his wish when he had a different voice than his own. | 15 | I think you're talking about the episode where he swapped voices with Chip Skylark and they had to get Chip to make the wish instead. The difference is that when he became a girl that was still 'his' voice. It belonged to him, his body just changed. He was gunna have Cosmo and Wanda until later into his teenage years, ... | 30 |
What is dandruff and how does it form? | 16 | Sebum is the oily stuff your skin releases, and more of it is released on your scalp than most other places on the body.
There is a fungus that every human has that feeds on sebum.
The dandruff comes from your body having an inflammation response to the fungus, which leads to a faster pace in skin cells being grown.
... | 12 | |
Eli5 How do newborn babies expel all the fluid in their lungs after they are born? | The inside of a womb is full of fluid. As the fetus matures within the womb, it’s lungs should not have any air inside of them right? So, when the baby is born, how does the baby expel all of the fluid from its lungs in order to breathe air? | 51 | To start, when a mother is pushing, the birth canal compresses the lungs and fluid can be expelled out.
After, when a baby is born, it coughs and breathes! Over a couple hours, all the fluid is cleared out either by coughing the fluid out forcefully, air replacing the fluid in the lungs, or by the baby's body re-absor... | 100 |
Can a government reasonably run a never-ending deficit? | Got into a bit of a tussle about this but the alleged economist refused to explain, so I’m here because this has genuinely got me thinking.
Is it genuinely feasible to do this? To just continue running a deficit without worrying about running a surplus at any point (&therefore cuts)? What effects might the level... | 19 | Say a road costs $1 million to build, but is expected to generate economic activity worth $5 million in tax revenue over its 30 year lifespan. Take out a 30 year loan, build the road, pay the installments and then do it again when the road has reached the end of its service life and needs to be rebuilt. Do this for man... | 12 |
[MUC/Infinity War] If Tony's Ultron project went as planned, how would it have fared against Thanos. (NO ENDGAME SPOILERS) | 45 | Tony's "suit of armor around the world" would have almost certainly stopped Thanos with four Stones. Tony by himself was more or less holding his own, and if you added a few dozen robots with nanotech-suit level capabilities, Thanos would have been in real trouble.
Giving Thanos the Time Stone makes this more difficul... | 56 | |
[Lord of the Rings] Did Gandalf always looks like a wizened old man or was he a dark-haired babe a few centuries back? | 31 | He's always (at least since entering the world) appeared to be a wizened old man. That was the form the Istari (wizards) took in order to convey their wisdom and humility for the purposes of guiding the kingdoms of Men.
Remember that the wizards are not mortal Men but immortal Maiar, angelic beings in the direct servi... | 69 | |
Eli5: why can't metal be clear? | 89 | Typically, the same properties that make metals conductive (the way they move electrons) makes them opaque. Color and transparency relate to how photons (light) interacts with a material. So something is transparent when photons can pass through roughly without distortion. In metals, however, there's a cloud of very mo... | 58 | |
[Hobbit] After the events of the book Hobbit, was there a event of mass inflation? | After the events of the Hobbit, incredible amount of gold is brought back into the economy, did this cause a huge amount of inflation, did the price of gold decrease very fast like in the case of Mansa Musa and Egypt? Also was there a huge deflation after Smaug took over Erebor? | 17 | No. Dwarves are not fools when it comes to economics, and the Lonely Mountain represented only one Dwarven city. There are others.
It likely stayed in the hands of a few choice Dwarves, granting them immense wealth (Bilbo being one of the recipients, of course), and they likely leaked enough to keep the economy stable... | 41 |
[LOTR] Does gandalf the white remember his friends? | When gandalf the grey dies and white takes over, does this new gandalf have memories of gandalf the grey and all his relationships with his fellowship friends or is he basically a completely new person? | 19 | He remembers everything. You how every once in a while you will wake up from such a deep sleep that you question who, where, and what you are? That’s basically what happened to Gandalf.
It will take a minute to reorient thousands of years of experience in middle earth on top of countless eons as basically an Archange... | 28 |
CMV: The Pledge of Allegiance to the US flag as said in public schools is meaningless and a waste of time | Let me first say that I myself am a conservative-libertarian person who really appreciates it when elected officials, military members, judges and law enforcement officers swear to protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. I like listening to the national anthem and other patriotic songs at sports games... | 35 | I always felt like requiring students to do this five days a week every single week for the majority of their adolescence was a little cultish.
I think it’s even weirder that when you mention how it’s creepy some Americans talk about how you’re like anti-nationalist or something lol.
There’s nothing wrong with knowi... | 10 |
Hypothetically, if cell division in a human body suddenly stopped all at once, how long would that human live? | Or perhaps it's easier to ask how quickly he might die. Obviously there are potentially too many variables at play to accurately predict a realistic scenario, but assuming no injuries or disease, how long would he last?
Follow up question: if somehow telomeres were suddenly completely eradicated in a person's DNA, wou... | 61 | All of your granulocytes would be gone within 3 days. You would be extremely prone to infection after this point. Your stomach lining would disappear within three days, your sperm too. Within a week, you would be unable to digest nutrients because the epithelia of the intestines would be gone.
Assume you make it this ... | 62 |
ELI5: In regards to the James Webb telescope(congrats, NASA!): How does the solar shield NOT act like a solar wind sail, which would cause the telescope to be steadily pushed away from us and require frequent re-alignment? | 140 | Good question. You gotta see which force is acting against that pressure. The telescope is not at the L2 exactly, but slightly "before" so it has the ever slightest tendency to get pulled towards the sun. This gravitational force is bigger than the solar wind pressure, so you need fuel to ever stay as close to L2 as po... | 115 | |
What modern day structures will last the longest? | Engineering: Out of all the monuments and other buildings that were built in the last 75 years, which ones will still be around if humans stopped maintaining them? For example Egypt still has buildings from thousands of years ago. | 33 | You guys are going about this the wrong way..I see your hoover dam and raise you the shit we left on the moon. We left reflectors, vehicles and various other things on the moon. Moonquakes do happen sometimes but they will last a long long time | 41 |
If I were able to stand next to Voyager I where it is now in interstellar space, would I be able to see it? | I was wondering if there would be enough light (photons) out there to bounce off the spacecraft and hit our retina or if it would appear to be a silhouette against a starry sky? Or dimly lit.
I got to thinking about this after watching Star Trek recently and wondering if there was enough light in deep space to make th... | 62 | You can easily estimate how well is voyeger 1 illuminated. Direct sunlight is about 50,000 lux. Illuminance falls with distace squared. Voyeger is 125 AU far. So illuminance is roughly 50,000/125**2 = 3.2 lux. So Voyager is better lit than open terain in the light of the full moon, which is about 0.5 lux. Even in the d... | 31 |
[General Sci-Fi/Time-Travel] Is it really so bad to change the past? | So our civilization has just discovered time travel, and it allows you to make changes in the past that effect the future/present. Is it wrong to change the past in ways that will effectively re-write history, even if it causes some people to never exist?
I mean, can a person who never existed be a victim?
What if it'... | 16 | Congratulations! You just discovered it isn't so bad to change the past!
How?
Well, the second time travel is invented, then - on a long enough timeline - someone will have traveled into the past. From your perspective in the present, it already happened.
Since you are still here, in a non-erased realty/non-ripped-s... | 18 |
Why does covering the eyes of a person impede our ability to identify them so much? | Like when they put a black bar over a person's eyes in a photo to conceal their identity. Most of the face is left untouched and yet it is hard for the human brain to identify the person. Why? | 78 | There are a *lot* of variable features about eyes. They can be different colors, wildly different shapes of the overall socket, the eyebrows are distinct, single-lid/double-lid, how deep the indentation is, the relation of the forehead to the eye opening, the shape of the actual opening of the lids, the expressions the... | 36 |
[ATLA] What would have happened if Azulon ordered Ozai to kill Azula instead of Zuko? | 35 | Effectively the same thing. Ozai would prepare to kill Azula out of obedience to his father and ruler, Ursa would make the same bargain to save her child, Ozai would take it and have Azulon assassinated and Ursa would be exiled for her part.
The real change would be Azula's reaction - she either feels betrayed at her ... | 47 | |
ELI5: Can animals become feral? | So when humans are raised by other animals (and are removed from human contact), they become "feral" as in they can't properly / have a hard time communicating with other people and generally have a tough time learning a human language.
That being said, can animals become feral? Suppose a puppy is taken from his mothe... | 22 | Pigs revert. When domesticated pink pigs escape barnyards and get into the woods, their hair grows thick and bristly and they grow tusks. It doesn't take them generations to do this, the actual pig who escaped gets wild again. | 25 |
Are a butterfly and a caterpillar the same animal genetically? | How can an organism achieve such a drastic transformation using the same genome? Does a caterpillar's DNA undergo a rewrite when it metamorphoses? Is there some sort of inherent gene editing going on? | 5,902 | They have the same genome yes. And it shouldn't be that surprising, the same genome that produces your eye is the same genome which produces your kidneys, two very different organs. One of the biggest discoveries from the human genome project was that the absolute number of genes is not that high, it's the regulation o... | 5,924 |
CMV: The amount of power that certain words are invested with by our society is extremely unhealthy. | This post is prompted by a news story that I've seen posted elsewhere on Reddit:
https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/nicholas-campbell-impasse-racism-1.6231055?__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar
I refer to this quote in particular:
>He said two Black crew members were given the option to leave the production with full pa... | 50 | Why do you think society is conditioning minorities to be sensitive, and not minorities trying to condition society to be more sensitive towards them?
Why do you think society instills certain words with power, and it's not society reacting to how much power the words already have? | 24 |
ELI5 - Why do older movies/shows/news/recordings have a much different "tone" of voice and feel to them? Like if you watch old movies like "It's a Wonderful Life" or hear any of Kennedy/FDR's speeches, it sounds so different than the voices on tv today? | Sorry for the awful explanation...
Edit: Thank you everyone for the detailed and thorough explanations! | 79 | The Mid-Atlantic accent, or Transatlantic accent, is a purposefully-cultivated accent of English that blends together the most prestigious features of American and British English (specifically Received Pronunciation for the latter). Adopted in the early 20th century mostly by American aristocrats and Hollywood actors,... | 75 |
Do we have satellites around other celestial bodies? | I’ve always wondered. We do fly-bys with probes, but why not just park an imaging satalite above, say, Jupiter so we can monitor it and its moons for years? Or do we already have something like that? | 17 | Yes, several planets in the Solar System do. The oldest of which, the 2001 Mars Oddessey orbiter, has been in orbit around another planet longer than any other satellite.
**Mercury**
* MESSENGER - the First Mercury orbiter was deliberately crashed in 2015 after 4 years in orbit. The orbiter achieved 100% mapping of M... | 34 |
[Batman] Is Bruce Wayne or Alfred good at plumbing or home electrical? Wayne Manor is old, a plumber or electrician would eventually need to work on that house and surely see some plumbing or wiring leading to the Batcave. | 82 | The irony is, even if a plumber did find out bruce wayne was batman? That wouldn't actually be a problem. Ok, Bruce Wayne is batman. The last house had a meeting with the mafia in it. The one before that had a serial killer dungeon. You don't get far as a plumber or electrician in gotham if you go to the paper when you... | 90 | |
[Marvel] What are Tony Stark's arms doing in the Hulkbuster armor? | The iron man suit is fascinating technology, and although it's never entirely clear how it functions, it seems reasonable to assume that Mr. Stark's extremities fit within the suit, thus dictating it's humanoid shape.
however, the Hulkbuster suit is different. It's barely in a human shape, and certainly not to human p... | 33 | Ever hear of something called a Waldo?
it's a puppetry interface. You move your hand, and the movement is read by a small computer, turned into precise movement data (joint moves 32 degrees, 2nd joint moves 22 degrees, etc), and transmitted to a motor to move whatever it's connected to.
Stark operates the hands by w... | 48 |
CMV: President Regan is the most economically and socially destructive president we will ever have in America. | I'll try and keep this brief
In my opinion, President Reagan is probably the most destructive, corrupted president we will ever have. He has does more destruction of the American life and the American dream then any president before him has done and after.
To be fair, this is like who's the tallest kids in elementary... | 19 | Andrew Jackson is generally agreed to have participated in ethnic cleansing against the first nations/Indians at the time, committed War Crimes, supported Slavery and Profited from it, and during his life time duelled about a hundred people.
Regan is a bad president may be true, the worst is a stretch. | 15 |
Eli5: What is understeer and oversteer? | 43 | Understeer- the car doesn’t turn enough
Oversteer - the car turns too much
That’s the basic way to remember it. In practice it looks like the car plowing straight forward when it understeers, and spinning out when it oversteers. You can also remember which is which by the fact that drifting is just “controlled overst... | 74 | |
ELI5: Historically speaking, what's the connection between Canada and France? | 26 | In the game of exploration and claiming the European countries with sailing ships started exploring the Americas. The Spanish claimed any land they sighted and touched ignoring all natives on the lands. The other countries followed suit.
The French discovered the Mississippi River and claimed all the lands drained b... | 24 | |
ELI5: how come airplanes only have a seatbelt across the lap? | Why don’t they have a cross body belt like cars do? | 25 | car accident means you're likely to fly forward; crossbody seatbelt keeps you from moving horizontally. plane turbulence means you're likely to fly up as it falls; crosslap seatbelt keeps you from moving vertically. | 36 |
Can molten iron rust? What about gaseous/plasma iron? | 43 | Yes, it can, and does. Converting molten crude iron into molten iron oxide is one of the steps in iron refining; oxygen gas is pumped into a furnace containing molten iron and other impurities. The iron oxide can be converted back into elemental iron by adding CO gas or elemental carbon (coke) to make CO2.
Gaseous... | 27 | |
If neutrons have no charge, what force causes them to stay in the nucleus of an atom? And do electrons ever come into contact with nuclei? | 57 | There is a nuclear force that bounds protons and neutrons together in a nucleus. You may have heard of the strong nuclear force that holds quarks together inside of protons and neutrons, and the nuclear force is a manifestation of that. It's similar to how van der Walls forces that keep atoms near each other are a mani... | 27 | |
ELI5: Why do the spouses of celebrities get so much money in the case of divorce when it's clear they wouldn't make near so much money had the relationship never happened? | 536 | In the eyes of the court, a marriage means two people becoming one person.
Imagine a blue crayon marries a red crayon. The law no longer sees them as two separately colored crayons but as one purple crayon. A divorce would be like breaking the crayon in half. It doesn't turn back into a red and blue crayon but, instea... | 1,135 | |
ELI5 Why Thailand has such a high proportion of male-to-female transgendered people. | I've noticed that Thailand has a large number of male-to-female transgenders, commonly called kathoeys or ladyboys. Why is this? Is it a cultural thing? | 337 | Its because there are fewer cultural niches for gender expression. In our culture we have a defined group for lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender people, and many many subgroups for other sexual expressions. In Thailand, if you are born male and do not conform to sexual norms, you are kathoey, whether you are tra... | 258 |
CMV: Hospitals delivering babies should have a policy of assumed paternity testing unless both parents express that the opt-out. | There are many things hospitals do during or shortly after delivery as a matter of policy. Many new parents don't even realize they are being done, or didn't realize they would be done until the delivery. This includes a hearing test, blood typing, and testing for around [31 different disorders](https://www.babycenter.... | 24 | How are the samples from the father being obtained? You would surely need to ask the alleged father's permission to take samples from him, so it essentially amounts to offering the father a paternity test, which doesn't seem that different than the current system. | 22 |
ELI5: Why is it that we are told to unplug modem/router for 30 seconds when we are having issues with our internet? Why is 30 better than 1 second? | 255 | A lot of modern technology contains capacitors! These are like energy buckets, little batteries that fill up when you put a current through them, and discharge otherwise. 10 seconds is the time it takes most capacitors to discharge enough for the electronics they’re powering to stop working. That’s why when you turn yo... | 266 | |
Suppose we shoot a charged particle down the axis of a solenoid with a magnetic field. It will spiral around the lines of the field, therefore generating its own co-axial magnetic field. Is the new field directed against the solenoid field or along it? | 34 | The particle will rotate in a direction such that the magnetic field that it produces will point **against** the field of the solenoid. (Assuming an ideal solenoid, the momentum of the particle can't be *exactly* in the longitudinal direction. It must have some transverse component, or it won't spiral.)
The magnetic m... | 11 | |
ELI5 What are black holes? | 24 | It's a point of infinite density. It's essentially a point at which matter has become so compressed and squashed down that it has a ridiculously strong gravitational field around it which consumes everything, even light. | 12 | |
ELI5: Why is no mouth CPR what everyone is told to do now? | Is it because an untrained person will do it wrong, or are the breaths simply not worth doing? When I was trained to do CPR it was with breaths so should i just not do them now? | 60 | The breaths aren't worth doing. Keeping the heart pumping (doing the compressions) is far more important. This is because while people will lose consciousness from carbon dioxide build up in a couple of minutes, the average person actually has enough oxygen in their blood to stay alive for for a while (nearly 20 minute... | 61 |
[Marvel] Can Galactus resist the Mind/Soul stone? | 21 | On its own, yeah atleast the soul stone. Adam warlock once noted that galactus souls is too alien and was beyond the soul stones power. Most likely Becasue his soul is replaced by the power cosmic and he is closer to a abstract being than a mortal being with a soul.
As for the mind stone, maybe not. Both thanos and od... | 12 | |
[Warhammer 40k] What's the best place in the galaxy to end up at? | So, I fucked up a wish on a cursed monkey's paw and I'm about to be sucked into the warhammer 40k verse.
Yeah. Sucks.
But! I do at least get to choose where in the setting I end up. I've been looking through some of the fluff and I've got several places down as *oh sweet jesus no,* but not so many down as recom... | 38 | There are paradise worlds in the Imperium that enjoy luxury and comfort that is all but indescribable. Granted, you usually have to have the combined wealth of several systems to bankroll a life on such an extravagant world, but the option is still there.
Likewise, there are many more planets that have levels of secu... | 52 |
CMV: English is an objectively hard language to learn, especially its spelling. | Disclaimer: my native language is Dutch, and the only other language I speak fluently is English. I know some Spanish, French and German to but not anywhere close to fluency.
I want to discuss this topic because this is quite hard to get perspectives on, and since I am not a linguist I am not aware if there is any sci... | 22 | English isn't gendered.
In most other languages, you have to worry about whether the word for boat is masculine or feminine, you have to worry if the word for mailbox is male or female.
Not so with English. Non-people are just genderless.
This makes English much easier to learn, since you don't have to memorize a... | 19 |
CMV: Children should be taught psychology/basics of human behaviour right from a young age in school. | I don't mean Psychology as a subject per se, but we should be taught how to understand our own behaviour from a very young age in schools itself. It should be taught and given as much importance as any other academics.
Imagine how many stable adults we would have if they were taught all this from their childhoods. Th... | 3,903 | Psychology is an ever changing field and it is changing relatively quickly now. Unlike math.
The issue is that whatever they learn will be obsolete and quite probably wrong by the time they reach adulthood, and that would only retard their lives and careers. | 416 |
Why do russian RD-180 engines run oxygen rich? | As far as I know, every other rocket engine in existence favours fuel-rich operation. I know efficiency is inversely proportional to molar mass, and oxygen is lighter than RP-1, so is that the main reason why ther RD-180 is such a good engine? If so, what made it possible to run it oxygen rich and what prevented the US... | 3,342 | The fuel mix for the preburner needs to be oxygen-rich, because a fuel-rich mix with RP-1 could generate soot and clog stuff up.
In a hydrogen-oxygen engine that's not a concern, so for example the SSME uses a fuel-rich mix in its preburner. That's also the easier thing to build, because an oxygen-rich preburner means... | 1,326 |
ELI5:What’s the purpose of long words which have short, simple equivalents? | 22 | In English, words do not need to have purposes. You cannot take a word to court and have it banished for shiftlessness and vagrancy. However, writers can have a purpose for using particular words. Often the purpose for using longer words is clarity and precision.
Short words tend to accumulate a lot of different me... | 25 | |
Why shouldn't we be a 'happy pig'? | 'It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied.'
The quote is from John Stuart Mill, but why? Why is that better? Why should we be a dissatisfied human? Who do you think should be a dissatisfied human?
I’m not questioning whether some happiness is inferior to others, but thinking about to be a pers... | 15 | >The quote is from John Stuart Mill, but why? Why is that better?
His argument is that people who have tried both prefer the "higher" pleasures to the lower pleasures.
>Why should we struggle for knowledge, for education, for a better ‘future’, rather than happily enjoying our lives?
Mill thinks that strugglin... | 17 |
What are Ph.D. qualifying exams like at your university? | I'm a Ph.D. student getting ready to take my qualifying exams next month in mechanical engineering and I'm wondering what the exams are like at your university and in your department?
For example: I will take 3 exams (both written and oral) in which I must demonstrate a graduate level understanding of courses taught ... | 25 | We (in a theology department) are given year to read four lists of books (a common "paradigmatic" list, a "major" and "minor" list, and one on the planned dissertation topic), and then we do a 12-hour written exam with one question from each of the lists, followed by a two hour oral defense with the four-person committ... | 13 |
How do I argue FOR something in philosophy? | This may seem a very stupid question, but it's something fundamental I am struggling with. I've never had a real problem arguing my theses in a literary sense, as in for an English class. Yet, when it comes to philosophy, I have a hard time figuring out how to form any meaningful argument FOR an idea of a philosopher.
... | 18 | Think about how philosophy is done. Somebody argues a point, then somebody else produces a counter-argument to show why they think the first was wrong. Maybe it's best to find a counter-argument to something you believe in, and then say why you don't think it's valid. That way, you'll find yourself defending (and thus ... | 13 |
How does my computer differentiate between different programming languages? How does a computer treat different file extensions? | If I write code in a text editor, and save it under a certain file extension, how does my computer know what type of code should be running? How exactly does a computer differentiate between, say, Java code, JS code, CPP code, etc.?
Does it compare the code to a database? Is the computer programmed to know based on th... | 18 | A file extension is just part of the file name. It doesn't actually enforce anything. You can have your OS try to open any file with any program. On Mac, it's right click -> open with -> enable all programs -> select whatever. Go ahead, open an image in a text editor and see the binary data interpreted as text... | 19 |
are black holes super cold? | My thought was black holes are so powerful that nothing escapes so they must be very cold.
Secondly if some heat escapes does escape does that mean the area around a black hole is Super hot?
Thank you for your answers. | 3,845 | The temperature of a black hole (due to Hawking radiation) depends on its mass: the more massive it is, the colder it appears to be. Astrophysical black holes are quite cold; a black hole with 5 times the mass of the Sun is about 10^-8 K, meaning that radiation is entirely undetectable. Tiny black holes that could conc... | 2,598 |
In Star Trek If the Federation did not have/need currency how did they barter with other species? | 26 | The UFP as a whole does not have currency/credit per se - but many people have different mass/energy allocations due to either their socio-economic status or responsibilities.
While this is not money - every living being is allocated, at a minimum, enough mass/energy (power and raw materials for replicators/transporte... | 12 | |
[Batman] School Shooting | If one of Batman's sidekicks happened to be at school when a shooting took place; how would he feel if they reacted to it?
He normally doesn't like them doing anything without it being an order, they'd be in a public open space possibly with none of their gear and at least one shooter, but lives at risk | 17 | Considering the opponents that the Bat family usually go up against, a lone shooter in an enclosed building should be no sweat for them.
There’s no reason why they shouldn’t stop the shooter. Unlike real life, skilled martial artists can (somehow) reliably avoid automatic fire while closing distance with the shooter.... | 36 |
I don't think "truth" is all that important. CMV | What's so great about having a great, deep, profound understanding of the universe and its workings? Animals have no idea about religion, science, art, philosophy, modern medicine, technology, etc, and yet they live and die just fine. They each accomplish what they need to to keep the natural order going for another ge... | 19 | I'll definitely agree with you that animals do a great job of dying, as you've pointed out. Is that our goal though? To "die just fine on our own"? If you were in cardiac arrest, would you rather the doctor use the defibrillator that our search for truth has allowed us to create, or would you prefer to die just fine... | 23 |
[Karate Kid] Pai Mei (Kill Bill) replaces Mr. Miyagi as Daniel Larusso's master. What changes? | **Scenario**: When Daniel is attacked at Halloween, he crosses paths with Pai Mei. After noticing Pai Mei's skill, he asks that he train him. Pai Mei accepts, and puts him through the exact same training he put the Bride through, meaning harsh physical conditioning and his style of martial arts.
After a few months, he... | 28 | Daniel goes to the tournament and kicks ass! The parking lot incident involving Kreese and Johnny still happens, but this time, Pai Mei yanks one of Kreese's eyes out. Pai Mei ends up in prison so the trip to Okinawa doesn't happen. As for Round 3, Daniel kills Mike Barnes and as a result, ends up in prison. | 23 |
Why does spicy food make us sweat? Are our bodies actually increasing in heat? | 227 | The way capsaicin works is that it stimulates the receptors for heat. So while your body heat isn't increasing, it feels to your nerve endings like it is.
Very intensely spicy food can also cause pain, irritation, and discomfort, which can trigger stress responses including sweating. | 158 | |
[LOTR] Is Sauron a reality warper? When was the height of his power, before or after he forged the Rings? What could he do with the ring that he couldn't on his own? Could every wizard working together mimic/match/exceed his most impressive feats? Is he even 'dead?' | 131 | Is Sauron a reality warper? No, he's more of a master manipulator. Think Mind Stone, not Reality Stone.
The height of his power was after he forged the ring and still had it in his possession. By putting part of his soul into the Ring, he was able to amplify his power tremendously.
The evil of Sauron and the Ring ma... | 118 | |
ELI5: Computers. How could people make a pile of metal "understand" bits of code and do an action according to that? | 22 | It starts with a transistor. A transistor is basically a piece of electronic that has 2 states, on or off - think of a light switch. If its on, electricity passes. If its off, electricity doesnt pass. So, with one transistor, you can represent 2 values - on or off, true or false, 0 or 1. It can be whatever you call it.... | 21 | |
ELI5: If someone has a limb amputated, what causes them to feel like it's still there after it's gone? ie. ghost limbs? | If the doctor cut the nerve endings off (which I assume what would happen), why would they still feel the limb that is no longer there? My grandmother (who is 80 years old currently), allegedly had her mother experience this. She told me that her mother's amputated limbs (due to complication with diabetes) had the doct... | 15 | The pathways in your brain are strengthened with use. That's why toddlers fall down so much: it's not just that their legs are tiny, it's that they've never done it before. After a year or two they can walk all the time. The neural connections for the muscles and nerves in their legs are reinforced.
Now imagine all t... | 22 |
ELI5: Why does a piece of bread placed in the same container as stale or hard cookies make them soft again? | Saw this trick somewhere on the interwebs, tried it on some overdone cookies of mine and it worked like a charm. No idea why. | 32 | Staleness is just a lack of moisture. A piece of bread contains just a bit of moisture, which can evaporate and soak into the other items, making them no longer stale. Nothing special about the bread, you can use any slightly damp object that's food-safe. | 18 |
[The Boys] How would Homelander react if Blindspot had moved out of the way? | >!So Homelander wasn't impressed with Blindspot. But what if he had "seen" the attack coming and had backflipped out of the way or something? Would Homelander be more impressed with him, or would he just laser him or something?!< | 33 | No, it wasn't about Blindspots qualifications, it was about Homelander having control over the 7's recruitment.
Homelander would've probably took a few more swings, then nail him with laser vision, because Homelander is that much of a d-bag. | 48 |
ELI5: If I'm holding a stick that is light years long but has weight of just a gram. If I move my hand slighty, would the end of the stick also move at the same time? | 15 | No. Your hand imparts a pressure on the end of the stick and it must propagate to the end of the stick through the material of the stick. This pressure wave moves at a characteristic speed depending on the material, also called the "speed of sound" within that material. It will be well below light speed in all cases. | 38 | |
ELI5: Why does mathematics work to describe reality (physics)? | 329 | Cheating really. Its not a coincidence that mathematics happens to describe reality. We intentionally developed mathematics based on reality. It was quite literally tailored to do just that.
We looked at reality and found relationships , describing those relationships is what math/physics is. | 339 | |
ELI5: Why are certain fruits, such as grapefruit and cranberries, dangerous to eat whilst taking blood thinning medication like Warfarin? | 8,840 | Warfarin and other drugs are metabolized (broken down) into active or inactive compounds by enzymes in your liver. Grapefruit and other foods contain substances that can inhibit the activity of these enzymes, stopping the metabolism of these drugs. It can either lead to dangerously high levels of the drugs remaining in... | 4,276 | |
[Marvel/DC]I'm sick of getting beaten up by the hero. Which villain should I go work for | 49 | Ra's Al Ghul.
You'll spend 99% of your time wearing a ninja mask among hundreds of others, so anytime Batman comes around into your exotic cave base and starts beating everyone up, just fall to the floor and play unconscious so he'll think that you already had your turn against him. Your fellow ninjas won't know any b... | 127 | |
ELI5: What do people mean when they say "...because of the economy"? | What exactly are they referring to?
As far as I can tell, the economy isn't doing anything to me that affects my spending decisions/job opportunities, so either I'm totally missing something, or it doesn't apply to me (incredibly unlikely - I'm probably just ignorant). | 34 | An economist in the 1700s, Adam Smith coined the term 'The Invisible Hand' to describe the small effects that changes to the economy can have that may not seem to affect you directly.
For example if interest rates go up your company may not be able to borrow money for a new factory this year. If there's no factory you... | 39 |
If I were to live my life dictated by Søren Kierkegaard, what would he tell me? | I’m making a d&d character who lives like how Kierkegaard lived (or at least how he philosophized). What are key things I need to know about his philosophies to make this work? | 147 | He wouldn't tell you anything directly about how you ought to live: to do so would deprive you of authenticity. He'd tell you to pursue a relationship with someone really hard and then, after it fails, be totally soured on love forever. He'd say lots of things are ironic and absurd. He'd be a very good rule follower (i... | 151 |
[Dark Souls 3] Ok, what is actually going on with the sun? | From down here it looks like a black hole and is literally bleeding sun material down to the Earth. I understand the flame is dying so thats it but surely it would just become dimmer and dimmer without doing all that freaky stuff? | 42 | In the first age of fire, Gwyn created a number of seals aimed at preventing the age of dark from ever coming to pass. The bonfires, the darksign on humans that causes them to become undead, the time stasis through fillianore, and lastly himself linking the first flame. By the time of DS3, the age of dark is pressing... | 49 |
If Nitrogen is so unreactive, then why is it used in explosives and fuels? | For an example, nitromethane(CH3NO2) and Hydrazine(N2H4) are both used as fuels, and when they are mixed together they produce an explosive salt. Why does this happen? | 121 | The nitrogen *molecule* (N2) is unreactive. Nitrogen compounds can be as reactive as their weakest bonds. A molecule is highly reactive if its bonds can be easily broken and recombined to a more stable molecule. When this happens, this generally liberates energy (heat in most cases). For example, when you burn methane,... | 101 |
Why does a word sound weird after saying it over and over? | 33 | It's called semantic satiation, and neuroimaging results suggest that it has to do with how people process semantics rather than sensory satiation / adaptation (Kounios, Kotz, & Holcomb, 2000).
**References**
Kounios, J., Kotz, S. A., & Holcomb, P. J. (2000). On the locus of the semantic satiation effect: Evi... | 19 | |
[Marvel] Is galactus a celestial? If not what's the difference between him and celestials? | 108 | Galactus is the last survivor of the universe that existed before this one, and gained cosmic power as part of the process of doing so. The origin of the Celestials is uncertain, but they're native to our own universe. Galactus is far more powerful than any individual Celestial. | 100 | |
ELI5: How do bugs know to sting/bite humans incase of feeling threatened, but not other large moving things such as branches? | Given the sheer difference in size, how are they even able to perceive us as living threats to them? | 29 | Humans are warm-blooded, so the heat we emit is one of the easiest ways to differentiate us.
We also have human-specific smells. Sweat, our breath, and hormones are all ways bugs and other animals identify us. For example, mosquitoes are attracted to carbon dioxide from our breath, so people who breathe more heavily ... | 15 |
[Overwatch] Why does nobody use the terms ‘super-hero’ or ‘super-villain’? | I know that characters like Pharah and D.Va are using technology that is relatively mundane in-universe, but it’s not like the cast is lacking in characters with abnormal talents or augmentations. Off the top of my head, Tracer, Reaper, Widowmaker, Genji, Winston, Soldier 76 and Doomfist could all potentially qualify a... | 34 | Superheroes generally work alone or with sidekicks. Sometimes they have large super-teams, but they're loosely held together. Overwatch works together as a single organization. Superheroes usually have secret identities. Nobody in Overwatch does. Superheroes rarely kill people. Overwatch even gave their medic a gun. Su... | 29 |
[BSG] If the skinjob Cylons are supposed to be nearly biologically identical to real humans, why do their spines glow when they have sex? | Unless I'm missing something, I don't think this was ever explained. Seems like this would be quite the dead giveaway of a Cylon detector if the colonials could just go ahead and sexually torture the Cylons to orgasm, and it seemed like a good portion of the fleet didn't have any qualms about torturing Cylons. | 27 | The Spine glows due to the fluorescing nerves that were originally engineered into the skin jobs (sj), as a way of debugging their nervous systems. Most of the acitivating genes have been disabled, but under intense stimulation, parts of the sj Cyolns can be induced to fluoresce. The fluorescing materials, being limi... | 31 |
[Scooby-Doo] Has There Ever Been A Mystery The Gang Couldn't Solve? Do They Have Any Cold Cases? | 420 | I believe the film *The Thirteenth Ghost of Scooby Doo* deals with Fred and Velma joining the others in (a few years later, in-universe time) tracking down the ghost that was never actually found during the series *The 13 Ghosts of Scooby Doo*.
With the series being one of the ‘magic and ghosts are real’, and Velma b... | 333 | |
Is the weight of a line distributed throughout the line, or is it "felt" at every point along the line? | Imagine a length of monofilament fishing line (which for these purposes we'll assume is uniform and undamaged in any way) that is suspended vertically. Now let's assume that it's a reallllllly long length, long enough that the total weight of the length surpasses the line's rated breaking strength. This would be hund... | 19 | At a theoretical steady-state, the tension in the line at any location is equal to the weight of all the line below that location. So, the entire upper half of the line is overloaded, and liable to break at any location in that half. In other words, it can't actually reach that theoretical steady-state, it's an impossi... | 27 |
[Spiderman] Since Spiderman's fingertips have those tiny barbs that allow him to latch on to things, wouldn't it be more effective for him to slap his foes rather than punch? | Doesn't he have those little hooks protrusions coming out of his palm, that allow him to climb stuff? So I was thinking, why not smack foes across the face rather than punch them?
&#x200B;
Plus, assuming those hooks can hold his body weight when hanging from stuff, it must mean they're pretty strongly rooted in h... | 140 | Have you ever heard of “the mark of Cain”?
Look it up. Spider-Man literally uses what you describe to rip skin off of his foes and leave deadly or potentially fatal scars in their faces.
Ben Riley and and “Cain” are two Spider-Man clones who are more lethal that regular peter Parker so they tend to use they method m... | 146 |
Power generator; rpm = output? | My father worked at the power plant in my home town. We were talking about steam pressures and turbine rotations per minute. He said once the rotor is synced to the grid at say 3,600rpm, that you can't just add more steam to get more electricity output. He started telling me about amps on the rotor and the phases of th... | 32 | Increasing excitation voltage of the rotating generator field will increase generator output to the grid. As the excitation voltage goes up, the resistance on the rotating generator increases, requiring more steam. Speed must be constant because the generator output has to be in phase with the grid. So you CAN get more... | 25 |
ELI5: How much sleep do I really need? | 64 | That question is completely impossible to answer without knowing you. Sleep requirements depend of the person, age (generally, the younger you are the more sleep you need), and time of year (you need less sleep in the summer, and more in the winter). | 17 | |
ELI5: Why do people enjoy carbonated drinks, but dislike them when have gone flat? | 17 | Carbonation makes the drink acidic by producing carbonic acid, so sodas are usually extra-sweet to counter that. But after the drink has gone flat, it has all the sweetness with none of the acidic tang, which doesn't taste as good. | 28 | |
CMV: The famous checks and balances will fail if President Trump manages to appoint a conservative Supreme Court Justice | Going by what has transpired in the last 10 days of Trump's presidency, there are three major problems:
1. Leaders of congress are all unwilling to stand up to Trump despite having made tall claims about bans on immigration being unconstitutional. ([Source](https://mic.com/articles/166980/donald-trump-muslim-ban-repub... | 21 | Replacing Scalia with a conservative justice will result in a court with four conservatives, four liberals, and a moderate libertarian. Justice Kennedy will be the swing vote on left/right power grab issues, and he is no fan of tyranny. Not that any of the other eight justices are either. | 17 |
ELI5: Why is global warming a political issue? | I don't understand why this issue has become so highly politicized. Why is the dialogue aimed more towards party politics than science? | 44 | Well, a lot of it stems from the praised/dreaded word: regulation. The praise or dread really depends on which side of the debate you're on.
In a nutshell, Conservative minded people tend to feel that regulation stifles business, growth, and the economy in general. The logic goes that if a company has to jump throug... | 35 |
ELI5: How in the HELL does electromagnetism work? | Seriously, I’ve been baffled to this day about charges, what “positive” and “negative” actually mean, and how magnets can repel or pull towards one another just based on proximity. How do the molecules know they’re close to each other? Is it some basic chemical principle that says “okay, you do this”, or is it somethin... | 17 | Certain particles have charges. Charges can be one of two types, called positive and negative. There's no real reason positive charges are called positive or negative charges are called negative, that's just convention. A charge is surrounded by an electric field, and a moving or spinning charge is surrounded by a magn... | 13 |
Is it canon that Batman and Scooby Doo exist in the same universe? | I was thinking about the old crossover specials and got to wondering. | 24 | Scooby Doo: Mystery Incorporated [S1E25] confirms canonically that Scooby Doo and Jonny Quest have a shared universe. Venture Brothers [S1E07] confirms that Venture Brothers and Jonny Quest have a shared universe- it's also briefly alluded to (by Jonny Quest, in Venture Brothers [S04E07]) that Scooby Doo and Venture Br... | 54 |
ELI5: In html, what is the difference between a div id and a class | And how and when would you use one over the other?
I cannot wrap my head around this concept.
Thanks! | 70 | An id is a unique thing - an identifier for a specific object. A class is a name for multiple similar/identical objects.
Imagine you create a long list of <person id="x" class="y"> tags. Values for id are social security numbers - values for class are "student", "assistant", "professor". Obviously you can have ... | 25 |
ELI5: Why do older TVs make that high-pitched ringing noise when powering on | 21 | The high pitched sound is the flyback transformer. It makes a high voltage charge that accelerates the electrons. It's not supposed to vibrate and make a sound, but after time, and many on-off cycles, most begin to whine. Alas, Tube TVs are first cousins to the dinosaur these days, and finding a replacement transfor... | 14 | |
ELI5: Despite every other form of technology has improved rapidly, why has the sound quality of a telephone remained poor, even when someone calls on a radio station? | 4,442 | This gets asked often and you have a slight misconception. Telephone quality has remained the same, because what's called Plain Old Telephone Service (or POTS) *is* pretty much the same because it's ubiquitous and it works.
But the technology that's used for what telephones are used for *has* improved - we have *othe... | 2,519 | |
[Batman] How come supervillains never go after Bruce Wayne? | He might as well be the king of Gotham, can you imagine the leverage even the average criminal would have if they got their hands on him? Not only that, but they would pretty much be catching Batman with his pants around his ankles. | 526 | They do now and again. Harley and Ivy kidnapped him in one of the Christmas episodes of BTAS. The Joker attacked his party in The Dark Knight. The Penguin felt a personal sense of rivalry with him in Batman Returns; ditto the Riddler in Batman Forever; ditto Black Mask and Hush in the comics.
The thing is... Bruce Way... | 609 |
ELI5: When people go outside to take a breath of fresh air, why does that help calm them down? | 165 | Going outside firstly removes the trigger and stimulus that's causing the stress - and so they can get out of an emotionally charged situation. Fresh air may also be a change in temperature, so they have a different physical response too, and that may help them breathe deeper, giving the stress hormones a chance to di... | 160 | |
ELI5: What is electricity? | ELI5
What is electricity exactly and how is it caused? I hear multiple things like it's the movement of electrons, but that doesn't make sense to me cause electrons are always moving. Isn't it wave energy that travels by means of electrons?
I also don't understand Voltage visually. I understand it's the amount of joule... | 17 | Electricity is a relative phenomenon. Charge is a static property of some particles, like the electron and the proton. These are not the same thing.
If you have an object with lots of unbalanced change (more electrons than protons or vice verse) it produces a static electric field in the region around it, even if tha... | 13 |
After you leave a company, where is line between your code, their code, and code that was heavily inspired by your time at the company? | If you leave a job without signing an NDA, or noncompete, where is the line between the code you wrote for them, and starting a new project that was very similar?
If you wrote tools to scrape websites for a company, would you be getting into hot water if you started writing new code that scraped websites?
At first gl... | 22 | The line is very clear. If you are an employee of the company and made it on their time then they own the code 100% and you taking a copy is theft or intellectual property.
You can go off on your own and produce a competing product just fine, but you better be sure you they can't come after you for theft of the code,... | 30 |
[General] what happens if someone with super strength gets indigestion? | Someone asked about superman eating, but what about literally explosive diarrhea? Feel free to make jokes, but I'm challenging someone to consider the ramifications and physics of super muscles contracting uncontrollably. | 19 | Batman would allot a small sum of $75,000 to Wayne Enterprises r&d department for an undisclosed "humanitarian project". Soon, the fortress of solitude is fitted with The Batcan, a state of the art toilet made of Nth metal, infused with low grade green kryptonite. Not enough to harm a kryptonian, but enough to da... | 25 |
[Lord of the Rings] How does an Elf know that it is their time to sail West? | 102 | Generally speaking, when they begin to grow tired of Middle-earth. To be clear, however, it's not as though this is some ingrained instinctual thing. It's a conscious decision and not all Elves decide to sail West. Some just linger in Middle-Earth or the East and fade away. Also, some Elves traveled West several millen... | 80 | |
[MCU] Spoilers - Connections between Iron Man 3 and Captain America 2 | So after watching The Winter Soldier today, I was struck by a thought. Was Aldrich Killian's A.I.M. funded by Hydra?
I feel like Hydra would have been extremely interested in Extremis as a potential replacement for the super soldier serum. Additionally, Killian's plan to install a puppet president seems like somethin... | 29 | In agents of shield the clairvoyant continues research on the super soldier formula from Ironman 3 (the centipede project). It's later revealed that the clairvoyant is actually a shield agent who works for hydra. This would seem to imply that hydra was funding it from the start.
Tl;Dr Yes. | 19 |
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