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http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Rust
Rust
const FILE: &'static str = include_str!("./unixdict.txt");   fn is_ordered(s: &str) -> bool { let mut prev = '\x00'; for c in s.to_lowercase().chars() { if c < prev { return false; } prev = c; }   return true; }   fn find_longest_ordered_words(dict: Vec<&str>) -> Vec<&str> { let mut result = Vec::new(); let mut longest_length = 0;   for s in dict.into_iter() { if is_ordered(&s) { let n = s.len(); if n > longest_length { longest_length = n; result.truncate(0); } if n == longest_length { result.push(s); } } }   return result; }   fn main() { let lines = FILE.lines().collect();   let longest_ordered = find_longest_ordered_words(lines);   for s in longest_ordered.iter() { println!("{}", s.to_string()); } }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Palindrome_detection
Palindrome detection
A palindrome is a phrase which reads the same backward and forward. Task[edit] Write a function or program that checks whether a given sequence of characters (or, if you prefer, bytes) is a palindrome. For extra credit: Support Unicode characters. Write a second function (possibly as a wrapper to the first) which detects inexact palindromes, i.e. phrases that are palindromes if white-space and punctuation is ignored and case-insensitive comparison is used. Hints It might be useful for this task to know how to reverse a string. This task's entries might also form the subjects of the task Test a function. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Smalltalk
Smalltalk
isPalindrome := [:aString | str := (aString select: [:chr| chr isAlphaNumeric]) collect: [:chr | chr asLowercase]. str = str reversed. ].  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_names
Number names
Task Show how to spell out a number in English. You can use a preexisting implementation or roll your own, but you should support inputs up to at least one million (or the maximum value of your language's default bounded integer type, if that's less). Support for inputs other than positive integers (like zero, negative integers, and floating-point numbers) is optional. Related task   Spelling of ordinal numbers.
#FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC
dim shared as string*9 lows(0 to 19) = {"", "one", "two", "three", "four",_ "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine", "ten", "eleven", "twelve",_ "thirteen", "fourteen", "fifteen", "sixteen", "seventeen",_ "eighteen", "nineteen"} dim shared as string*7 tens(0 to 9) = {"", "", "twenty", "thirty", "forty",_ "fifty", "sixty", "seventy", "eighty", "ninety"} dim shared as string*8 lev(0 to 3) = {"", "thousand", "million", "billion"}   function numname_int( byval n as integer ) as string if n = 0 then return "zero" if n < 0 then return "negative " + numname_int( -n ) dim as integer t = -1, lasttwo, hundreds redim as integer triples(0 to 0) dim as string ret, tripname while n > 0 t += 1 triples(t) = n mod 1000 n \= 1000 wend for i as integer = t to 0 step -1 tripname = "" if triples(i) = 0 then continue for lasttwo = triples(i) mod 100 hundreds = triples(i)\100 if lasttwo < 20 then tripname = lows(lasttwo) + tripname + " " else tripname = tens(lasttwo\10) + "-" + lows(lasttwo mod 10) + " " + tripname end if if hundreds > 0 then if lasttwo > 0 then tripname = " and " + tripname tripname = lows(hundreds)+" hundred" + tripname end if if i=0 and t>0 and hundreds = 0 then tripname = " and " + tripname tripname += lev(i)+" " ret = ltrim(ret) + ltrim(tripname) next i return ltrim(rtrim(ret)) end function   function numname( n as double ) as string if n=int(n) then return numname_int(int(n)) dim as string prefix = numname_int( int(abs(n)) )+" point " dim as string decdig = str(abs(n)-int(abs(n))), ret if n < 0 then prefix = "negative "+prefix ret = prefix for i as uinteger = 3 to len(decdig) ret = ret + numname(val(mid(decdig,i,1)))+" " next i return ltrim(rtrim(ret)) end function   print numname(0) print numname(1.0) print numname(-1.7) print numname(910000) print numname(987654) print numname(100000017)  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_reversal_game
Number reversal game
Task Given a jumbled list of the numbers   1   to   9   that are definitely   not   in ascending order. Show the list,   and then ask the player how many digits from the left to reverse. Reverse those digits,   then ask again,   until all the digits end up in ascending order. The score is the count of the reversals needed to attain the ascending order. Note: Assume the player's input does not need extra validation. Related tasks   Sorting algorithms/Pancake sort   Pancake sorting.   Topswops
#Forth
Forth
include random.fs   variable flips create nums 9 cells allot   : .array ( addr len -- ) 0 ?do dup @ . cell+ loop drop ;   : shuffle ( addr len -- ) 2 swap do dup i random cells + over @ over @ swap rot  ! over ! cell+ -1 +loop drop ;   : sorted? ( addr len -- ) 1- cells bounds ?do i 2@ < if unloop false exit then cell +loop true ;   : init 0 flips ! nums 10 1 do i over ! cell+ loop drop begin nums 9 shuffle nums 9 sorted? 0= until cr nums 9 .array ;   : reverse ( addr len -- ) 1- cells bounds begin 2dup > while over @ over @ >r over ! over r> swap ! cell+ swap 1 cells - swap repeat 2drop ;   : flip ( n -- ) dup 2 10 within 0= if . ." must be within 2 to 9" exit then nums swap reverse 1 flips +! nums 9 sorted? if cr ." Got it in " flips @ . ." tries!" else cr nums 9 .array then ;   init 1 2 8 5 7 6 9 4 3 ok 7 flip 9 6 7 5 8 2 1 4 3 ok  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Logo
Logo
to test :thing if empty? :thing [print [list or word is empty]] end   print empty? []  ; true print empty? "|| ; true
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Lua
Lua
  isnil = (object == nil) print(isnil)  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#jq
jq
# The 1-d cellular automaton: def next: # Conveniently, jq treats null as 0 when it comes to addition # so there is no need to fiddle with the boundaries . as $old | reduce range(0; length) as $i ([]; ($old[$i-1] + $old[$i+1]) as $s | if $s == 0 then .[$i] = 0 elif $s == 1 then .[$i] = (if $old[$i] == 1 then 1 else 0 end) else .[$i] = (if $old[$i] == 1 then 0 else 1 end) end);     # pretty-print an array: def pp: reduce .[] as $i (""; . + (if $i == 0 then " " else "*" end));   # continue until quiescence: def go: recurse(. as $prev | next | if . == $prev then empty else . end) | pp;   # Example: [0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0] | go
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#Julia
Julia
  function next_gen(a::BitArray{1}, isperiodic=false) b = copy(a) if isperiodic ncnt = prepend!(a[1:end-1], [a[end]]) + append!(a[2:end], [a[1]]) else ncnt = prepend!(a[1:end-1], [false]) + append!(a[2:end], [false]) end b[ncnt .== 0] = false b[ncnt .== 2] = ~b[ncnt .== 2] return b end   function show_gen(a::BitArray{1}) s = join([i ? "\u2588" : " " for i in a], "") s = "\u25ba"*s*"\u25c4" end   hi = 70 a = bitrand(hi) b = falses(hi) println("A 1D Cellular Atomaton with ", hi, " cells and empty bounds.") while any(a) && any(a .!= b) println(" ", show_gen(a)) b = copy(a) a = next_gen(a) end a = bitrand(hi) b = falses(hi) println() println("A 1D Cellular Atomaton with ", hi, " cells and periodic bounds.") while any(a) && any(a .!= b) println(" ", show_gen(a)) b = copy(a) a = next_gen(a, true) end  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Numerical_integration
Numerical integration
Write functions to calculate the definite integral of a function ƒ(x) using all five of the following methods: rectangular left right midpoint trapezium Simpson's composite Your functions should take in the upper and lower bounds (a and b), and the number of approximations to make in that range (n). Assume that your example already has a function that gives values for ƒ(x) . Simpson's method is defined by the following pseudo-code: Pseudocode: Simpson's method, composite procedure quad_simpson_composite(f, a, b, n) h := (b - a) / n sum1 := f(a + h/2) sum2 := 0 loop on i from 1 to (n - 1) sum1 := sum1 + f(a + h * i + h/2) sum2 := sum2 + f(a + h * i)   answer := (h / 6) * (f(a) + f(b) + 4*sum1 + 2*sum2) Demonstrate your function by showing the results for:   ƒ(x) = x3,       where   x   is     [0,1],       with           100 approximations.   The exact result is     0.25               (or 1/4)   ƒ(x) = 1/x,     where   x   is   [1,100],     with        1,000 approximations.   The exact result is     4.605170+     (natural log of 100)   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,5000],   with 5,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   12,500,000   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,6000],   with 6,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   18,000,000 See also   Active object for integrating a function of real time.   Special:PrefixIndex/Numerical integration for other integration methods.
#Mathematica.2FWolfram_Language
Mathematica/Wolfram Language
leftRect[f_, a_Real, b_Real, N_Integer] := Module[{sum = 0, dx = (b - a)/N, x = a, n = N} , For[n = N, n > 0, n--, x += dx; sum += f[x];]; Return [ sum*dx ]]   rightRect[f_, a_Real, b_Real, N_Integer] := Module[{sum = 0, dx = (b - a)/N, x = a + (b - a)/N, n = N} , For[n = N, n > 0, n--, x += dx; sum += f[x];]; Return [ sum*dx ]]   midRect[f_, a_Real, b_Real, N_Integer] := Module[{sum = 0, dx = (b - a)/N, x = a + (b - a)/(2 N), n = N} , For[n = N, n > 0, n--, x += dx; sum += f[x];]; Return [ sum*dx ]]   trapezium[f_, a_Real, b_Real, N_Integer] := Module[{sum = f[a], dx = (b - a)/N, x = a, n = N} , For[n = 1, n < N, n++, x += dx; sum += 2 f[x];]; sum += f[b]; Return [ 0.5*sum*dx ]]   simpson[f_, a_Real, b_Real, N_Integer] := Module[{sum1 = f[a + (b - a)/(2 N)], sum2 = 0, dx = (b - a)/N, x = a, n = N} , For[n = 1, n < N, n++, sum1 += f[a + dx*n + dx/2]; sum2 += f[a + dx*n];]; Return [(dx/6)*(f[a] + f[b] + 4*sum1 + 2*sum2)]]
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Ruby
Ruby
descriptions = { :fly => "I don't know why S", :spider => "That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her.", :bird => "Quite absurd T", :cat => "Fancy that, S", :dog => "What a hog, S", :goat => "She opened her throat T", :cow => "I don't know how S", :horse => "She's dead, of course.", } animals = descriptions.keys   animals.each_with_index do |animal, idx| puts "There was an old lady who swallowed a #{animal}."   d = descriptions[animal] case d[-1] when "S" then d[-1] = "she swallowed a #{animal}." when "T" then d[-1] = "to swallow a #{animal}." end puts d break if animal == :horse   idx.downto(1) do |i| puts "She swallowed the #{animals[i]} to catch the #{animals[i-1]}." case animals[i-1] when :spider, :fly then puts descriptions[animals[i-1]] end end   print "Perhaps she'll die.\n\n" end
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Scala
Scala
val wordsAll = scala.io.Source.fromURL("http://www.puzzlers.org/pub/wordlists/unixdict.txt").getLines.toSeq   /** * Given a sequence of words return a sub-sequence of the * words that have characters in sorted order. */ def orderedWords( words:Seq[String] ) : Seq[(String)] = {   def isOrdered( s:String ) : Boolean = (s.foldLeft( (true,'@') ){ case ((false,_),_) => return false case ((true,prev),c) => ((prev <= c),c) })._1   wordsAll.filter( isOrdered(_) ).toSeq }   val ww = orderedWords( wordsAll ).sortBy( -_.length )   println( ww.takeWhile( _.length == ww.head.length ).mkString("\n") )
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Palindrome_detection
Palindrome detection
A palindrome is a phrase which reads the same backward and forward. Task[edit] Write a function or program that checks whether a given sequence of characters (or, if you prefer, bytes) is a palindrome. For extra credit: Support Unicode characters. Write a second function (possibly as a wrapper to the first) which detects inexact palindromes, i.e. phrases that are palindromes if white-space and punctuation is ignored and case-insensitive comparison is used. Hints It might be useful for this task to know how to reverse a string. This task's entries might also form the subjects of the task Test a function. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#SNOBOL4
SNOBOL4
define('pal(str)') :(pal_end) pal str notany(&ucase &lcase) = :s(pal) str = replace(str,&ucase,&lcase) leq(str,reverse(str)) :s(return)f(freturn) pal_end   define('palchk(str)tf') :(palchk_end) palchk output = str; tf = 'False'; tf = pal(str) 'True' output = 'Palindrome: ' tf :(return) palchk_end   * # Test and display palchk('Able was I ere I saw Elba') palchk('In girum imus nocte et consumimur igni') palchk('The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs') end
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_names
Number names
Task Show how to spell out a number in English. You can use a preexisting implementation or roll your own, but you should support inputs up to at least one million (or the maximum value of your language's default bounded integer type, if that's less). Support for inputs other than positive integers (like zero, negative integers, and floating-point numbers) is optional. Related task   Spelling of ordinal numbers.
#Fortran
Fortran
program spell   implicit none integer :: e integer :: i integer :: m integer :: n character (9), dimension (19), parameter :: small = & & (/'one ', 'two ', 'three ', 'four ', & & 'five ', 'six ', 'seven ', 'eight ', & & 'nine ', 'ten ', 'eleven ', 'twelve ', & & 'thirteen ', 'fourteen ', 'fifteen ', 'sixteen ', & & 'seventeen', 'eighteen ', 'nineteen '/) character (7), dimension (2 : 9), parameter :: tens = & & (/'twenty ', 'thirty ', 'forty ', 'fifty ', 'sixty ', & & 'seventy', 'eighty ', 'ninety '/) character (8), dimension (3), parameter :: big = & & (/'thousand', 'million ', 'billion '/) character (256) :: r   do read (*, *, iostat = i) n if (i /= 0) then exit end if if (n == 0) then r = 'zero' else r = '' m = abs (n) e = 0 do if (m == 0) then exit end if if (modulo (m, 1000) > 0) then if (e > 0) then r = trim (big (e)) // ' ' // r end if if (modulo (m, 100) > 0) then if (modulo (m, 100) < 20) then r = trim (small (modulo (m, 100))) // ' ' // r else if (modulo (m, 10) > 0) then r = trim (small (modulo (m, 10))) // ' ' // r r = trim (tens (modulo (m, 100) / 10)) // '-' // r else r = trim (tens (modulo (m, 100) / 10)) // ' ' // r end if end if end if if (modulo (m, 1000) / 100 > 0) then r = 'hundred' // ' ' // r r = trim (small (modulo (m, 1000) / 100)) // ' ' // r end if end if m = m / 1000 e = e + 1 end do if (n < 0) then r = 'negative' // ' ' // r end if end if write (*, '(a)') trim (r) end do   end program spell
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_reversal_game
Number reversal game
Task Given a jumbled list of the numbers   1   to   9   that are definitely   not   in ascending order. Show the list,   and then ask the player how many digits from the left to reverse. Reverse those digits,   then ask again,   until all the digits end up in ascending order. The score is the count of the reversals needed to attain the ascending order. Note: Assume the player's input does not need extra validation. Related tasks   Sorting algorithms/Pancake sort   Pancake sorting.   Topswops
#Fortran
Fortran
program Reversal_game implicit none   integer :: list(9) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 /) integer :: pos, attempts = 0   call random_seed do while (sorted(list)) call Shuffle(list) end do write(*, "(9i5)") list write(*,*) do while (.not. Sorted(list)) write(*, "(a)", advance="no") "How many numbers from the left do you want to reverse? : " read*, pos attempts = attempts + 1 list(1:pos) = list(pos:1:-1) write(*, "(9i5)") list write(*,*) end do write(*,*) write(*, "(a,i0,a)") "Congratulations! Solved in ", attempts, " attempts"   contains   subroutine Shuffle(a) integer, intent(inout) :: a(:) integer :: i, randpos, temp real :: r   do i = size(a), 2, -1 call random_number(r) randpos = int(r * i) + 1 temp = a(randpos) a(randpos) = a(i) a(i) = temp end do end subroutine   function Sorted(a) logical :: Sorted integer, intent(in) :: a(:) integer :: i   do i = 1, size(a)-1 if(list(i+1) /= list(i)+1) then Sorted = .false. return end if end do Sorted = .true. end function   end program
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#M2000_Interpreter
M2000 Interpreter
  Module CheckWord { Declare Alfa "WORD.APPLICATION" Declare Alfa Nothing Print Type$(Alfa)="Nothing" Try ok { Declare Alfa "WORD.APPLICATION" \\ we can't declare again Alfa   } If Not Ok Then Print Error$ ' return Bad Object declaration } CheckWord  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Maple
Maple
a := NULL; a := is (NULL = ()); true if a = NULL then print (NULL); end if;  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Mathematica.2FWolfram_Language
Mathematica/Wolfram Language
x=Null;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#K
K
f:{2=+/(0,x,0)@(!#x)+/:!3}
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Numerical_integration
Numerical integration
Write functions to calculate the definite integral of a function ƒ(x) using all five of the following methods: rectangular left right midpoint trapezium Simpson's composite Your functions should take in the upper and lower bounds (a and b), and the number of approximations to make in that range (n). Assume that your example already has a function that gives values for ƒ(x) . Simpson's method is defined by the following pseudo-code: Pseudocode: Simpson's method, composite procedure quad_simpson_composite(f, a, b, n) h := (b - a) / n sum1 := f(a + h/2) sum2 := 0 loop on i from 1 to (n - 1) sum1 := sum1 + f(a + h * i + h/2) sum2 := sum2 + f(a + h * i)   answer := (h / 6) * (f(a) + f(b) + 4*sum1 + 2*sum2) Demonstrate your function by showing the results for:   ƒ(x) = x3,       where   x   is     [0,1],       with           100 approximations.   The exact result is     0.25               (or 1/4)   ƒ(x) = 1/x,     where   x   is   [1,100],     with        1,000 approximations.   The exact result is     4.605170+     (natural log of 100)   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,5000],   with 5,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   12,500,000   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,6000],   with 6,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   18,000,000 See also   Active object for integrating a function of real time.   Special:PrefixIndex/Numerical integration for other integration methods.
#MATLAB_.2F_Octave
MATLAB / Octave
function integral = leftRectIntegration(f,a,b,n)   format long; width = (b-a)/n; %calculate the width of each devision x = linspace(a,b,n); %define x-axis integral = width * sum( f(x(1:n-1)) );   end
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Rust
Rust
enum Action {Once, Every, Die} use Action::*;   fn main() { let animals = [ ("horse" , Die , "She's dead, of course!") , ("donkey", Once , "It was rather wonky. To swallow a donkey.") , ("cow" , Once , "I don't know how. To swallow a cow.") , ("goat" , Once , "She just opened her throat. To swallow a goat.") , ("pig" , Once , "Her mouth was so big. To swallow a pig.") , ("dog" , Once , "What a hog. To swallow a dog.") , ("cat" , Once , "Fancy that. To swallow a cat.") , ("bird" , Once , "Quite absurd. To swallow a bird.") , ("spider", Once , "That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her.") , ("fly" , Every, "I don't know why she swallowed the fly.") ];   for (i, a) in animals.iter().enumerate().rev() { println!("There was an old lady who swallowed a {}\n{}", a.0, a.2);   if let Die = a.1 {break}   for (swallowed, to_catch) in animals[i..].iter().zip(&animals[i+1..]) { println!("She swallowed the {} to catch the {}.", swallowed.0, to_catch.0);   if let Every = to_catch.1 { println!("{}", to_catch.2); } }   println!("Perhaps she'll die.\n"); } }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Scala
Scala
case class Verse(animal: String, remark: String, die: Boolean = false, always: Boolean = false)   val verses = List( Verse("horse", "She’s dead, of course!", die = true), Verse("donkey", "It was rather wonky. To swallow a donkey."), Verse("cow", "I don’t know how. To swallow a cow."), Verse("goat", "She just opened her throat. To swallow a goat."), Verse("pig", "Her mouth was so big. To swallow a pig."), Verse("dog", "What a hog. To swallow a dog."), Verse("cat", "Fancy that. To swallow a cat."), Verse("bird", "Quite absurd. To swallow a bird."), Verse("spider", "That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her."), Verse("fly", "I don’t know why she swallowed the fly.", always = true) )   for (i <- 1 to verses.size; verse = verses takeRight i; starting = verse.head) { println(s"There was an old lady who swallowed a ${starting.animal},") println(starting.remark) if (!starting.die) { for (List(it, next) <- verse.sliding(2,1)) { println(s"She swallowed the ${it.animal} to catch the ${next.animal},") if (next.always) println(next.remark) } println("Perhaps she’ll die!") println } }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Scheme
Scheme
  (define sorted-words (let ((port (open-input-file "unixdict.txt"))) (let loop ((char (read-char port)) (word '()) (result '(()))) (cond ((eof-object? char) (reverse (map (lambda (word) (apply string word)) result))) ((eq? #\newline char) (loop (read-char port) '() (let ((best-length (length (car result))) (word-length (length word))) (cond ((or (< word-length best-length) (not (apply char>=? word))) result) ((> word-length best-length) (list (reverse word))) (else (cons (reverse word) result)))))) (else (loop (read-char port) (cons char word) result))))))   (map (lambda (x) (begin (display x) (newline))) sorted-words)  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Palindrome_detection
Palindrome detection
A palindrome is a phrase which reads the same backward and forward. Task[edit] Write a function or program that checks whether a given sequence of characters (or, if you prefer, bytes) is a palindrome. For extra credit: Support Unicode characters. Write a second function (possibly as a wrapper to the first) which detects inexact palindromes, i.e. phrases that are palindromes if white-space and punctuation is ignored and case-insensitive comparison is used. Hints It might be useful for this task to know how to reverse a string. This task's entries might also form the subjects of the task Test a function. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#SQL
SQL
SET @txt = REPLACE('In girum imus nocte et consumimur igni', ' ', ''); SELECT REVERSE(@txt) = @txt;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_names
Number names
Task Show how to spell out a number in English. You can use a preexisting implementation or roll your own, but you should support inputs up to at least one million (or the maximum value of your language's default bounded integer type, if that's less). Support for inputs other than positive integers (like zero, negative integers, and floating-point numbers) is optional. Related task   Spelling of ordinal numbers.
#Go
Go
package main   import "fmt"   func main() { for _, n := range []int64{12, 1048576, 9e18, -2, 0} { fmt.Println(say(n)) } }   var small = [...]string{"zero", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine", "ten", "eleven", "twelve", "thirteen", "fourteen", "fifteen", "sixteen", "seventeen", "eighteen", "nineteen"} var tens = [...]string{"", "", "twenty", "thirty", "forty", "fifty", "sixty", "seventy", "eighty", "ninety"} var illions = [...]string{"", " thousand", " million", " billion", " trillion", " quadrillion", " quintillion"}   func say(n int64) string { var t string if n < 0 { t = "negative " // Note, for math.MinInt64 this leaves n negative. n = -n } switch { case n < 20: t += small[n] case n < 100: t += tens[n/10] s := n % 10 if s > 0 { t += "-" + small[s] } case n < 1000: t += small[n/100] + " hundred" s := n % 100 if s > 0 { t += " " + say(s) } default: // work right-to-left sx := "" for i := 0; n > 0; i++ { p := n % 1000 n /= 1000 if p > 0 { ix := say(p) + illions[i] if sx != "" { ix += " " + sx } sx = ix } } t += sx } return t }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_reversal_game
Number reversal game
Task Given a jumbled list of the numbers   1   to   9   that are definitely   not   in ascending order. Show the list,   and then ask the player how many digits from the left to reverse. Reverse those digits,   then ask again,   until all the digits end up in ascending order. The score is the count of the reversals needed to attain the ascending order. Note: Assume the player's input does not need extra validation. Related tasks   Sorting algorithms/Pancake sort   Pancake sorting.   Topswops
#FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC
package main   import ( "fmt" "math/rand" "sort" "time" )   func main() { rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano()) var k []int for { k = rand.Perm(9) for i, r := range k { if r == 0 { k[i] = 9 } } if !sort.IntsAreSorted(k) { break } } fmt.Println("Sort digits by reversing a number of digits on the left.") var n, score int for { fmt.Print("Digits: ", k, ". How many to reverse? ") i, _ := fmt.Scanln(&n) score++ if i == 0 || n < 2 || n > 9 { fmt.Println("\n(Enter a number from 2 to 9)") continue } for l, r := 0, n-1; l < r; l, r = l+1, r-1 { k[l], k[r] = k[r], k[l] } if sort.IntsAreSorted(k) { fmt.Print("Digits: ", k, ".\n") fmt.Print("Your score: ", score, ". Good job.\n") return } } }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#MATLAB_.2F_Octave
MATLAB / Octave
a = []; b=''; isempty(a) isempty(b) if (a) 1, else, 0 end;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Maxima
Maxima
if obj == undefined then print "Obj is undefined"
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#Kotlin
Kotlin
// version 1.1.4-3   val trans = "___#_##_"   fun v(cell: StringBuilder, i: Int) = if (cell[i] != '_') 1 else 0   fun evolve(cell: StringBuilder, backup: StringBuilder): Boolean { val len = cell.length - 2 var diff = 0 for (i in 1 until len) { /* use left, self, right as binary number bits for table index */ backup[i] = trans[v(cell, i - 1) * 4 + v(cell, i) * 2 + v(cell, i + 1)] diff += if (backup[i] != cell[i]) 1 else 0 } cell.setLength(0) cell.append(backup) return diff != 0 }   fun main(args: Array<String>) { val c = StringBuilder("_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__") val b = StringBuilder("____________________") do { println(c.substring(1)) } while (evolve(c,b)) }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Numerical_integration
Numerical integration
Write functions to calculate the definite integral of a function ƒ(x) using all five of the following methods: rectangular left right midpoint trapezium Simpson's composite Your functions should take in the upper and lower bounds (a and b), and the number of approximations to make in that range (n). Assume that your example already has a function that gives values for ƒ(x) . Simpson's method is defined by the following pseudo-code: Pseudocode: Simpson's method, composite procedure quad_simpson_composite(f, a, b, n) h := (b - a) / n sum1 := f(a + h/2) sum2 := 0 loop on i from 1 to (n - 1) sum1 := sum1 + f(a + h * i + h/2) sum2 := sum2 + f(a + h * i)   answer := (h / 6) * (f(a) + f(b) + 4*sum1 + 2*sum2) Demonstrate your function by showing the results for:   ƒ(x) = x3,       where   x   is     [0,1],       with           100 approximations.   The exact result is     0.25               (or 1/4)   ƒ(x) = 1/x,     where   x   is   [1,100],     with        1,000 approximations.   The exact result is     4.605170+     (natural log of 100)   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,5000],   with 5,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   12,500,000   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,6000],   with 6,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   18,000,000 See also   Active object for integrating a function of real time.   Special:PrefixIndex/Numerical integration for other integration methods.
#Maxima
Maxima
right_rect(e, x, a, b, n) := block([h: (b - a) / n, s: 0], for i from 1 thru n do s: s + subst(x = a + i * h, e), s * h)$   left_rect(e, x, a, b, n) := block([h: (b - a) / n, s: 0], for i from 1 thru n do s: s + subst(x = a + (i - 1) * h, e), s * h)$   mid_rect(e, x, a, b, n) := block([h: (b - a) / n, s: 0], for i from 1 thru n do s: s + subst(x = a + (i - 1/2) * h, e), s * h)$   trapezium(e, x, a, b, n) := block([h: (b - a) / n, s: 0], for i from 1 thru n - 1 do s: s + subst(x = a + i * h, e), ((subst(x = a, e) + subst(x = b, e)) / 2 + s) * h)$   simpson(e, x, a, b, n) := block([h: (b - a) / n, s: 0], for i from 1 thru n do s: s + subst(x = a + i * h, e) + 2 * subst(x = a + (i - 1/2) * h, e), (subst(x = a, e) - subst(x = b, e) + 2 * s) * h / 6)$   /* some tests */   simpson(log(x), x, 1, 2, 20), bfloat; 2 * log(2) - 1 - %, bfloat;   trapezium(1/x, x, 1, 100, 10000) - log(100), bfloat;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Scratch
Scratch
$ include "seed7_05.s7i";   const array array string: verses is [] ( [] ("fly", "I don't know why she swallowed the fly."), [] ("spider", "That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her."), [] ("bird", "Quite absurd. To swallow a bird."), [] ("cat", "Fancy that. To swallow a cat."), [] ("dog", "What a hog. To swallow a dog."), [] ("pig", "Her mouth was so big. To swallow a pig."), [] ("goat", "She just opened her throat. To swallow a goat."), [] ("cow", "I don't know how. To swallow a cow."), [] ("donkey", "It was rather wonky. To swallow a donkey."), [] ("horse", "She's dead, of course!"));   const proc: main is func local var integer: verseNumber is 0; var integer: animal is 0; begin for key verseNumber range verses do writeln("There was an old lady who swallowed a " <& verses[verseNumber][1] <& ","); writeln(verses[verseNumber][2]); if verseNumber <> length(verses) then for animal range verseNumber downto 2 do writeln("She swallowed the " <& verses[animal][1] <& " to catch the " <& verses[pred(animal)][1] <& ","); end for; if verseNumber <> 1 then writeln(verses[1][2]); end if; writeln("Perhaps she'll die!"); writeln; end if; end for; end func;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Seed7
Seed7
$ include "seed7_05.s7i";   const array array string: verses is [] ( [] ("fly", "I don't know why she swallowed the fly."), [] ("spider", "That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her."), [] ("bird", "Quite absurd. To swallow a bird."), [] ("cat", "Fancy that. To swallow a cat."), [] ("dog", "What a hog. To swallow a dog."), [] ("pig", "Her mouth was so big. To swallow a pig."), [] ("goat", "She just opened her throat. To swallow a goat."), [] ("cow", "I don't know how. To swallow a cow."), [] ("donkey", "It was rather wonky. To swallow a donkey."), [] ("horse", "She's dead, of course!"));   const proc: main is func local var integer: verseNumber is 0; var integer: animal is 0; begin for key verseNumber range verses do writeln("There was an old lady who swallowed a " <& verses[verseNumber][1] <& ","); writeln(verses[verseNumber][2]); if verseNumber <> length(verses) then for animal range verseNumber downto 2 do writeln("She swallowed the " <& verses[animal][1] <& " to catch the " <& verses[pred(animal)][1] <& ","); end for; if verseNumber <> 1 then writeln(verses[1][2]); end if; writeln("Perhaps she'll die!"); writeln; end if; end for; end func;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Seed7
Seed7
$ include "seed7_05.s7i";   const func boolean: isOrdered (in string: word) is func result var boolean: ordered is TRUE; local var integer: index is 0; begin for index range 1 to pred(length(word)) do if word[index] > word[succ(index)] then ordered := FALSE; end if; end for; end func;   const proc: write (in array string: wordList) is func local var string: word is ""; begin for word range wordList do writeln(word); end for; end func;   const proc: main is func local var file: dictionary is STD_NULL; var string: word is ""; var integer: length is 0; var array string: wordList is 0 times ""; begin dictionary := open("unixdict.txt", "r"); if dictionary <> STD_NULL then readln(dictionary, word); while not eof(dictionary) do if isOrdered(lower(word)) then if length(word) > length then length := length(word); wordList := [] (word); elsif length(word) = length then wordList &:= word; end if; end if; readln(dictionary, word); end while; close(dictionary); end if; write(wordList); end func;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Sidef
Sidef
var words = [[]] var file = %f'unixdict.txt'   file.open_r(\var fh, \var err) -> || die "Can't open file #{file}: $#{err}"   fh.each { |line| line.trim! if (line == line.sort) { words[line.length] := [] << line } }   say words[-1].join(' ')
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Palindrome_detection
Palindrome detection
A palindrome is a phrase which reads the same backward and forward. Task[edit] Write a function or program that checks whether a given sequence of characters (or, if you prefer, bytes) is a palindrome. For extra credit: Support Unicode characters. Write a second function (possibly as a wrapper to the first) which detects inexact palindromes, i.e. phrases that are palindromes if white-space and punctuation is ignored and case-insensitive comparison is used. Hints It might be useful for this task to know how to reverse a string. This task's entries might also form the subjects of the task Test a function. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Swift
Swift
import Foundation   // Allow for easy character checking extension String { subscript (i: Int) -> String { return String(Array(self)[i]) } }   func isPalindrome(str:String) -> Bool { if (count(str) == 0 || count(str) == 1) { return true } let removeRange = Range<String.Index>(start: advance(str.startIndex, 1), end: advance(str.endIndex, -1)) if (str[0] == str[count(str) - 1]) { return isPalindrome(str.substringWithRange(removeRange)) } return false }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_names
Number names
Task Show how to spell out a number in English. You can use a preexisting implementation or roll your own, but you should support inputs up to at least one million (or the maximum value of your language's default bounded integer type, if that's less). Support for inputs other than positive integers (like zero, negative integers, and floating-point numbers) is optional. Related task   Spelling of ordinal numbers.
#Groovy
Groovy
def divMod(BigInteger number, BigInteger divisor) { def qr = number.divideAndRemainder(divisor) [div:qr[0], remainder:qr[1]] }   def toText(value) { value = value as BigInteger def units = ['zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine', 'ten', 'eleven', 'twelve', 'thirteen', 'fourteen', 'fifteen', 'sixteen', 'seventeen', 'eighteen', 'nineteen'] def tens = ['', '', 'twenty', 'thirty', 'forty', 'fifty', 'sixty', 'seventy', 'eighty', 'ninety'] def big = ['', 'thousand'] + ['m', 'b', 'tr', 'quadr', 'quint', 'sext', 'sept', 'oct', 'non', 'dec'].collect { "${it}illion"}   if (value < 0) { "negative ${toText(-value)}" } else if (value < 20) { units[value] } else if (value < 100) { divMod(value, 10).with { "${tens[div]} ${units[remainder]}".replace(' zero', '') } } else if (value < 1000) { divMod(value, 100).with { "${toText(div)} hundred and ${toText(remainder)}".replace(' and zero', '') } } else { def chunks = [] while (value != 0) { divMod(value, 1000).with { chunks << remainder value = div } } if (chunks.size() > big.size()) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Number overflow") } def text = [] (0..<chunks.size()).each { index -> if (chunks[index] > 0) { text << "${toText(chunks[index])}${index == 0 ? '' : ' ' + big[index]}" if (index == 0 && chunks[index] < 100) { text << "and" } } } text.reverse().join(', ').replace(', and,', ' and') } }   // Add this method to all Numbers Number.metaClass.toText = { toText(delegate) }   println toText(29) println 40.toText() println toText(401) println 9003.toText() println toText(8011673) println 8000100.toText() println 4629436.toText() 948623487512387455323784623842314234.toText().split(',').each { println it.trim() }   def verifyToText(expected, value) { println "Checking '$expected' == $value" def actual = value.toText() assert expected == actual }   verifyToText 'nineteen', 19 verifyToText 'one thousand, two hundred and thirty four', 1234 verifyToText 'twenty three million, four hundred and fifty nine thousand, six hundred and twelve', 23459612 verifyToText 'one thousand, nine hundred and ninety nine', 1999 verifyToText 'negative six hundred and one', -601 verifyToText 'twelve billion and nineteen', 12000000019 verifyToText 'negative one billion, two hundred and thirty four million, five hundred and sixty seven thousand, eight hundred and ninety', -1234567890 verifyToText 'one hundred and one', 101 verifyToText 'one thousand and one', 1001 verifyToText 'one million, one hundred and one', 1000101 verifyToText 'one million and forty five', 1000045 verifyToText 'one million and fifteen', 1000015 verifyToText 'one billion, forty five thousand and one', 1000045001
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_reversal_game
Number reversal game
Task Given a jumbled list of the numbers   1   to   9   that are definitely   not   in ascending order. Show the list,   and then ask the player how many digits from the left to reverse. Reverse those digits,   then ask again,   until all the digits end up in ascending order. The score is the count of the reversals needed to attain the ascending order. Note: Assume the player's input does not need extra validation. Related tasks   Sorting algorithms/Pancake sort   Pancake sorting.   Topswops
#Go
Go
package main   import ( "fmt" "math/rand" "sort" "time" )   func main() { rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano()) var k []int for { k = rand.Perm(9) for i, r := range k { if r == 0 { k[i] = 9 } } if !sort.IntsAreSorted(k) { break } } fmt.Println("Sort digits by reversing a number of digits on the left.") var n, score int for { fmt.Print("Digits: ", k, ". How many to reverse? ") i, _ := fmt.Scanln(&n) score++ if i == 0 || n < 2 || n > 9 { fmt.Println("\n(Enter a number from 2 to 9)") continue } for l, r := 0, n-1; l < r; l, r = l+1, r-1 { k[l], k[r] = k[r], k[l] } if sort.IntsAreSorted(k) { fmt.Print("Digits: ", k, ".\n") fmt.Print("Your score: ", score, ". Good job.\n") return } } }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#MAXScript
MAXScript
if obj == undefined then print "Obj is undefined"
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Modula-3
Modula-3
VAR foo := NIL
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#Liberty_BASIC
Liberty BASIC
' [RC] 'One-dimensional cellular automata'   ' does not wrap so fails for some rules rule$ ="00010110" ' Rule 22 decimal   state$ ="0011101101010101001000"   for j =1 to 20 print state$ oldState$ =state$ state$ ="0" for k =2 to len( oldState$) -1 NHood$ =mid$( oldState$, k -1, 3) ' pick 3 char neighbourhood and turn binary string to decimal vNHood =0 for kk =3 to 1 step -1 vNHood =vNHood +val( mid$( NHood$, kk, 1)) *2^( 3 -kk) next kk ' .... & use it to index into rule$ to find appropriate new value state$ =state$ +mid$( rule$, vNHood +1, 1) next k state$ =state$ +"0"   next j   end
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Numerical_integration
Numerical integration
Write functions to calculate the definite integral of a function ƒ(x) using all five of the following methods: rectangular left right midpoint trapezium Simpson's composite Your functions should take in the upper and lower bounds (a and b), and the number of approximations to make in that range (n). Assume that your example already has a function that gives values for ƒ(x) . Simpson's method is defined by the following pseudo-code: Pseudocode: Simpson's method, composite procedure quad_simpson_composite(f, a, b, n) h := (b - a) / n sum1 := f(a + h/2) sum2 := 0 loop on i from 1 to (n - 1) sum1 := sum1 + f(a + h * i + h/2) sum2 := sum2 + f(a + h * i)   answer := (h / 6) * (f(a) + f(b) + 4*sum1 + 2*sum2) Demonstrate your function by showing the results for:   ƒ(x) = x3,       where   x   is     [0,1],       with           100 approximations.   The exact result is     0.25               (or 1/4)   ƒ(x) = 1/x,     where   x   is   [1,100],     with        1,000 approximations.   The exact result is     4.605170+     (natural log of 100)   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,5000],   with 5,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   12,500,000   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,6000],   with 6,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   18,000,000 See also   Active object for integrating a function of real time.   Special:PrefixIndex/Numerical integration for other integration methods.
#Nim
Nim
type Function = proc(x: float): float type Rule = proc(f: Function; x, h: float): float   proc leftRect(f: Function; x, h: float): float = f(x)   proc midRect(f: Function; x, h: float): float = f(x + h/2.0)   proc rightRect(f: Function; x, h: float): float = f(x + h)   proc trapezium(f: Function; x, h: float): float = (f(x) + f(x+h)) / 2.0   proc simpson(f: Function, x, h: float): float = (f(x) + 4.0*f(x+h/2.0) + f(x+h)) / 6.0   proc cube(x: float): float = x * x * x   proc reciprocal(x: float): float = 1.0 / x   proc identity(x: float): float = x   proc integrate(f: Function; a, b: float; steps: int; meth: Rule): float = let h = (b-a) / float(steps) for i in 0 ..< steps: result += meth(f, a+float(i)*h, h) result = h * result   for fName, a, b, steps, fun in items( [("cube", 0, 1, 100, cube), ("reciprocal", 1, 100, 1000, reciprocal), ("identity", 0, 5000, 5_000_000, identity), ("identity", 0, 6000, 6_000_000, identity)]):   for rName, rule in items({"leftRect": leftRect, "midRect": midRect, "rightRect": rightRect, "trapezium": trapezium, "simpson": simpson}):   echo fName, " integrated using ", rName echo " from ", a, " to ", b, " (", steps, " steps) = ", integrate(fun, float(a), float(b), steps, rule)
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Sidef
Sidef
var victims = [ :fly: " I don't know why S—", :spider: " That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her.", :bird: " How absurd, T!", :cat: " Fancy that, S!", :dog: " What a hog, T!", :goat: " She just opened her throat, and in walked the goat!", :cow: " I don't know how S!", :horse: " She's dead, of course...", ];   var history = ["I guess she'll die...\n"];   victims.each { |pair| var (victim, verse) = pair...; say "There was an old lady who swallowed a #{victim}...";   verse.sub!(/\bS\b/, "she swallowed the #{victim}"); verse.sub!(/\bT\b/, "to swallow a #{victim}!");   say verse; verse ~~ /dead/ && break;   history[0].sub!(/^X/, "She swallowed the #{victim}"); history.each{.say}; history.len < 5 && history.unshift(verse); history.unshift("X to catch the #{victim},"); };
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Simula
Simula
BEGIN   BOOLEAN PROCEDURE ISORDERED(W); TEXT W; BEGIN BOOLEAN B; B := TRUE; W.SETPOS(1); IF W.MORE THEN BEGIN CHARACTER CURR, LAST; CURR := W.GETCHAR; WHILE W.MORE AND B DO BEGIN LAST := CURR; CURR := W.GETCHAR; B := LAST <= CURR; END; END; ISORDERED := B; END;   REF (INFILE) INF; INTEGER LONGEST; TEXT W;   COMMENT FIND LONGEST LENGTH; INF :- NEW INFILE("unixdict.txt"); INF.OPEN(BLANKS(132)); WHILE NOT INF.LASTITEM DO BEGIN W :- COPY(INF.IMAGE).STRIP; IF ISORDERED(W) THEN IF W.LENGTH > LONGEST THEN LONGEST := W.LENGTH; INF.INIMAGE; END; INF.CLOSE;   COMMENT OUTPUT ORDRERED WORDS OF LONGEST LENGTH; INF :- NEW INFILE("unixdict.txt"); INF.OPEN(BLANKS(132)); WHILE NOT INF.LASTITEM DO BEGIN W :- COPY(INF.IMAGE).STRIP; IF W.LENGTH = LONGEST AND THEN ISORDERED(W) THEN BEGIN OUTTEXT(W); OUTIMAGE; END; INF.INIMAGE; END; INF.CLOSE;   END.  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Palindrome_detection
Palindrome detection
A palindrome is a phrase which reads the same backward and forward. Task[edit] Write a function or program that checks whether a given sequence of characters (or, if you prefer, bytes) is a palindrome. For extra credit: Support Unicode characters. Write a second function (possibly as a wrapper to the first) which detects inexact palindromes, i.e. phrases that are palindromes if white-space and punctuation is ignored and case-insensitive comparison is used. Hints It might be useful for this task to know how to reverse a string. This task's entries might also form the subjects of the task Test a function. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Tailspin
Tailspin
  templates palindrome [$...] -> # when <=$(last..first:-1)> do '$...;' ! end palindrome   [['rotor', 'racecar', 'level', 'rosetta']... -> palindrome ] -> !OUT::write  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_names
Number names
Task Show how to spell out a number in English. You can use a preexisting implementation or roll your own, but you should support inputs up to at least one million (or the maximum value of your language's default bounded integer type, if that's less). Support for inputs other than positive integers (like zero, negative integers, and floating-point numbers) is optional. Related task   Spelling of ordinal numbers.
#Haskell
Haskell
import Data.List (intercalate, unfoldr)   spellInteger :: Integer -> String spellInteger n | n < 0 = "negative " ++ spellInteger (-n) | n < 20 = small n | n < 100 = let (a, b) = n `divMod` 10 in tens a ++ nonzero '-' b | n < 1000 = let (a, b) = n `divMod` 100 in small a ++ " hundred" ++ nonzero ' ' b | otherwise = intercalate ", " $ map big $ reverse $ filter ((/= 0) . snd) $ zip [0..] $ unfoldr uff n   where nonzero :: Char -> Integer -> String nonzero _ 0 = "" nonzero c n = c : spellInteger n   uff :: Integer -> Maybe (Integer, Integer) uff 0 = Nothing uff n = Just $ uncurry (flip (,)) $ n `divMod` 1000   small, tens :: Integer -> String small = (["zero", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine", "ten", "eleven", "twelve", "thirteen", "fourteen", "fifteen", "sixteen", "seventeen", "eighteen", "nineteen"] !!) . fromEnum tens = ([undefined, undefined, "twenty", "thirty", "forty", "fifty", "sixty", "seventy", "eighty", "ninety"] !!) . fromEnum   big :: (Int, Integer) -> String big (0, n) = spellInteger n big (1, n) = spellInteger n ++ " thousand" big (e, n) = spellInteger n ++ ' ' : (l !! e) ++ "illion" where l = [undefined, undefined, "m", "b", "tr", "quadr", "quint", "sext", "sept", "oct", "non", "dec"]
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_reversal_game
Number reversal game
Task Given a jumbled list of the numbers   1   to   9   that are definitely   not   in ascending order. Show the list,   and then ask the player how many digits from the left to reverse. Reverse those digits,   then ask again,   until all the digits end up in ascending order. The score is the count of the reversals needed to attain the ascending order. Note: Assume the player's input does not need extra validation. Related tasks   Sorting algorithms/Pancake sort   Pancake sorting.   Topswops
#Groovy
Groovy
sorted = [*(1..9)] arr = sorted.clone()   void flipstart(n) { arr[0..<n] = arr[0..<n].reverse() }   int steps = 0 while (arr==sorted) Collections.shuffle(arr) while (arr!=sorted) { println arr.join(' ') print 'Reverse how many? ' def flipcount = System.in.readLine() flipstart( flipcount.toInteger() ) steps += 1 } println "Done! That took you ${steps} steps"
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#MUMPS
MUMPS
  CACHE>WRITE $DATA(VARI) 0 CACHE>SET VARI="HELLO" WRITE $DATA(VARI) 1 CACHE>NEW VARI WRITE $DATA(VARI) ;Change to a new scope 0 CACHE 1S1>SET VARI(1,2)="DOWN" WRITE $DATA(VARI) 10 CACHE 1S1>WRITE $DATA(VARI(1)) 10 CACHE 1S1>WRITE $D(VARI(1,2)) 1 CACHE 1S1>SET VARI(1)="UP" WRITE $DATA(VARI(1)) 11 <CACHE 1S1>QUIT ;Leave the scope   <CACHE>W $DATA(VARI)," ",VARI 1 HELLO  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Nanoquery
Nanoquery
$x = $null   if ($x = $null) println "x is null" else println "x is not null" end if
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#Locomotive_Basic
Locomotive Basic
10 MODE 1:n=10:READ w:DIM x(w+1),x2(w+1):FOR i=1 to w:READ x(i):NEXT 20 FOR k=1 TO n 30 FOR j=1 TO w 40 IF x(j) THEN PRINT "#"; ELSE PRINT "_"; 50 IF x(j-1)+x(j)+x(j+1)=2 THEN x2(j)=1 ELSE x2(j)=0 60 NEXT:PRINT 70 FOR j=1 TO w:x(j)=x2(j):NEXT 80 NEXT 90 DATA 20,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Numerical_integration
Numerical integration
Write functions to calculate the definite integral of a function ƒ(x) using all five of the following methods: rectangular left right midpoint trapezium Simpson's composite Your functions should take in the upper and lower bounds (a and b), and the number of approximations to make in that range (n). Assume that your example already has a function that gives values for ƒ(x) . Simpson's method is defined by the following pseudo-code: Pseudocode: Simpson's method, composite procedure quad_simpson_composite(f, a, b, n) h := (b - a) / n sum1 := f(a + h/2) sum2 := 0 loop on i from 1 to (n - 1) sum1 := sum1 + f(a + h * i + h/2) sum2 := sum2 + f(a + h * i)   answer := (h / 6) * (f(a) + f(b) + 4*sum1 + 2*sum2) Demonstrate your function by showing the results for:   ƒ(x) = x3,       where   x   is     [0,1],       with           100 approximations.   The exact result is     0.25               (or 1/4)   ƒ(x) = 1/x,     where   x   is   [1,100],     with        1,000 approximations.   The exact result is     4.605170+     (natural log of 100)   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,5000],   with 5,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   12,500,000   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,6000],   with 6,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   18,000,000 See also   Active object for integrating a function of real time.   Special:PrefixIndex/Numerical integration for other integration methods.
#OCaml
OCaml
let integrate f a b steps meth = let h = (b -. a) /. float_of_int steps in let rec helper i s = if i >= steps then s else helper (succ i) (s +. meth f (a +. h *. float_of_int i) h) in h *. helper 0 0.
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Tcl
Tcl
package require Tcl 8.6   puts [zlib inflate [binary decode base64 " 7VRNa8MwDL3nV2inXkZ+xDa29taxws5q7NZuPSvYDib/fnJKPxwXBoNCx3KTn56t p6dEC9hbioAWyAgwKHqIisBHNIaiFICwMX1dLUCQnYUDO6oevJIXrMCngbeUTmHr U3pmDAgt64ov/1jEt1pIV1crhQGi09utSbgVsLuIg272KdbWMx1UuvFRCDm8BYGg wdCos7hbN/Gknair904HCbj2HZ9gdaKcCKXihOd6j37cUXfPGOrqFW3T81sc560N 2VItw7nUP23BC23r6jN9ogiK49yCIVuqZTiX+i+sWmo2Y86lv6gLCiLyEwRrPTZt 4JW6Gc5FT+ZemPtGxy53nQ9ArbSMq6RFOSr+zTM915DwXP00jd8sRoqjIoqR0XpM nCtGcDITPI3qxgvc7mWqE4aN5DCknyYy2hfL/MC85lzKjMybxnsP452T83JQNPMg JIpHoA001DH88A0= "]]
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#TXR
TXR
@(deffilter abbr ("IK" "I know an old lady who swallowed a") ("SW" "She swallowed the") ("SS" "she swallowed") ("CA" "to catch the") ("XX" "Perhaps she'll die") ("C" "cow") ("G" "goat") ("D" "dog") ("T" "cat") ("R" "bird") ("S " "spider ") ("F" "fly")) @(bind lastverse ("IK C" "I don't know how SS the C" "SW C CA G" "SW G CA D" "SW D CA T" "SW T CA R" "SW R CA S" "SW S CA F" "But I don't know why SS that F" "XX" "" "IK horse" "She's alive and well of course!")) @(bind animal_line ("G: Opened her throat and down went the G!" "D: What a hog to swallow a D!" "T: Imagine that! She swallowed a T!" "R: How absurd to swallow a R!" "S: That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her" "F: But I don't know why SS the F")) @(define expand_backwards (song lengthened_song done)) @ (local line2 line3 verse rest animal previous_animal previous_animal_verse) @ (next :list song) @ (cases) IK @animal @line2 SW @animal CA @previous_animal @ (maybe) But @(skip)F @ (end) @ (collect) @ verse @ (until)   @ (end) @ (collect) @ rest @ (end) @ (next :list animal_line) @ (skip) @previous_animal: @previous_animal_verse @ (output :into lengthened_song) IK @previous_animal @previous_animal_verse @ (repeat) @ verse @ (end)   @ (repeat) @ song @ (end) @ (end) @ (bind done nil) @ (or) IK @(skip) @line2 XX @ (bind lengthened_song song) @ (bind done t) @ (end) @(end) @(define expand_song (in out)) @ (local lengthened done) @ (expand_backwards in lengthened done) @ (cases) @ (bind done nil) @ (expand_song lengthened out) @ (or) @ (bind out lengthened) @ (end) @(end) @(expand_song lastverse song) @(output :filter abbr) @ (repeat) @song @ (end) @(end)
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Smalltalk
Smalltalk
|file dict r t| file := FileStream open: 'unixdict.txt' mode: FileStream read. dict := Set new.   "load the whole dict into the set before, 'filter' later" [ file atEnd ] whileFalse: [ dict add: (file upTo: Character nl) ].   "find those with the sorted letters, and sort them by length" r := ((dict select: [ :w | (w asOrderedCollection sort) = (w asOrderedCollection) ] ) asSortedCollection: [:a :b| (a size) > (b size) ] ).   "get those that have length = to the max length, and sort alphabetically" r := (r select: [:w| (w size) = ((r at: 1) size)]) asSortedCollection.   r do: [:e| e displayNl].
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Palindrome_detection
Palindrome detection
A palindrome is a phrase which reads the same backward and forward. Task[edit] Write a function or program that checks whether a given sequence of characters (or, if you prefer, bytes) is a palindrome. For extra credit: Support Unicode characters. Write a second function (possibly as a wrapper to the first) which detects inexact palindromes, i.e. phrases that are palindromes if white-space and punctuation is ignored and case-insensitive comparison is used. Hints It might be useful for this task to know how to reverse a string. This task's entries might also form the subjects of the task Test a function. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Tcl
Tcl
package require Tcl 8.5 proc palindrome {s} { return [expr {$s eq [string reverse $s]}] }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_names
Number names
Task Show how to spell out a number in English. You can use a preexisting implementation or roll your own, but you should support inputs up to at least one million (or the maximum value of your language's default bounded integer type, if that's less). Support for inputs other than positive integers (like zero, negative integers, and floating-point numbers) is optional. Related task   Spelling of ordinal numbers.
#HicEst
HicEst
SUBROUTINE NumberToWords(number) CHARACTER outP*255, small*130, tens*80, big*80 REAL :: decimal_places = 7 INIT( APPENDIX("#literals"), small, tens, big)   num = ABS( INT(number) ) order = 0 outP = ' ' DO i = 1, num + 1 tmp = MOD(num, 100) IF(tmp > 19) THEN EDIT(Text=tens, ITeM=INT(MOD(tmp/10, 10)), Parse=medium) IF( MOD(tmp, 10) ) THEN EDIT(Text=small, ITeM=MOD(tmp,10)+1, Parse=mini) outP = medium // '-' // mini // ' ' // outP ELSE outP = medium // ' ' // outP ENDIF ELSEIF(tmp > 0) THEN EDIT(Text=small, ITeM=tmp+1, Parse=mini) outP = mini // ' '// outP ELSEIF(number == 0) THEN outP = 'zero' ENDIF   tmp = INT(MOD(num, 1000) / 100) IF(tmp) THEN EDIT(Text=small, ITeM=tmp+1, Parse=oneto19) outP = oneto19 // ' hundred ' // outP ENDIF   num = INT(num /1000) IF( num == 0) THEN IF(number < 0) outP = 'minus ' // outP fraction = ABS( MOD(number, 1) ) IF(fraction) WRITE(Text=outP, APPend) ' point' DO j = 1, decimal_places IF( fraction >= 10^(-decimal_places) ) THEN num = INT( 10.01 * fraction ) EDIT(Text=small, ITeM=num+1, Parse=digit) WRITE(Text=outP, APPend) ' ', digit fraction = 10*fraction - num ENDIF ENDDO OPEN(FIle="temp.txt", APPend) WRITE(FIle="temp.txt", Format='F10, " = ", A', CLoSe=1) number, outP RETURN ENDIF   order = order + 1 EDIT(Text=big, ITeM=order, Parse=kilo) IF( MOD(num, 1000) ) outP = kilo // ' and '// outP ENDDO END   CALL NumberToWords( 0 ) CALL NumberToWords( 1234 ) CALL NumberToWords( 1234/100 ) CALL NumberToWords( 10000000 + 1.2 ) CALL NumberToWords( 2^15 ) CALL NumberToWords( 0.001 ) CALL NumberToWords( -EXP(1) )   #literals SMALL= zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten & eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen   TENS=ten twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety   BIG=thousand million billion trillion quadrillion
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_reversal_game
Number reversal game
Task Given a jumbled list of the numbers   1   to   9   that are definitely   not   in ascending order. Show the list,   and then ask the player how many digits from the left to reverse. Reverse those digits,   then ask again,   until all the digits end up in ascending order. The score is the count of the reversals needed to attain the ascending order. Note: Assume the player's input does not need extra validation. Related tasks   Sorting algorithms/Pancake sort   Pancake sorting.   Topswops
#Haskell
Haskell
import Data.List import Control.Arrow import Rosetta.Knuthshuffle   numberRevGame = do let goal = [1..9]   shuffle xs = if xs /= goal then return xs else shuffle =<< knuthShuffle xs   prefixFlipAt k = uncurry (++). first reverse. splitAt k   prompt r ry = do putStr $ show r ++ ". " ++ concatMap (flip (++) " ". show) ry ++ " How many to flip? " answ <- getLine let n = read answ if n<10 && 0<n then return n else do putStrLn "Error. The number should be between 0 and 10. Try again" prompt r ry   playNRG r nrs = if nrs == goal then do putStrLn $ "The answer is: " ++ concatMap (flip (++) " ". show) nrs putStrLn $ "It took you " ++ show r ++ " attempts to sort the numbers." putStrLn "" else do answ <- prompt r nrs playNRG (succ r) (prefixFlipAt answ nrs)   start <- shuffle goal   playNRG 1 start
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Neko
Neko
/** <doc> <p>Neko uses <i>null</i> for undefined variables, and also as a programmer accessible value.</p> <p>The <i>null</i> value can be treated as a boolean value with the builtin $istrue, and tests as false.</p> </doc> */   var n = null if n == null $print("n is null\n") if $not($istrue(n)) $print("and tests as boolean false\n")
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#NetRexx
NetRexx
/* NetRexx */ options replace format comments java crossref symbols binary   robject = Rexx -- create an object for which the value is undefined say String.valueOf(robject) -- will report the text "null" if robject = null then say 'Really, it''s "null"!'  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#Logo
Logo
make "cell_list [0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0] make "generations 9   to evolve :n ifelse :n=1 [make "nminus1 item :cell_count :cell_list][make "nminus1 item :n-1 :cell_list] ifelse :n=:cell_count[make "nplus1 item 1 :cell_list][make "nplus1 item :n+1 :cell_list] ifelse ((item :n :cell_list)=0) [ ifelse (and (:nminus1=1) (:nplus1=1)) [output 1][output (item :n :cell_list)] ][ ifelse (and (:nminus1=1) (:nplus1=1)) [output 0][ ifelse and (:nminus1=0) (:nplus1=0) [output 0][output (item :n :cell_list)]] ] end   to CA_1D :cell_list :generations make "cell_count count :cell_list (print ") make "printout " repeat :cell_count [ make "printout word :printout ifelse (item repcount :cell_list)=1 ["#]["_] ] (print "Generation "0: :printout)   repeat :generations [ (make "cell_list_temp []) repeat :cell_count[ (make "cell_list_temp (lput (evolve repcount) :cell_list_temp)) ] make "cell_list :cell_list_temp make "printout " repeat :cell_count [ make "printout word :printout ifelse (item repcount :cell_list)=1 ["#]["_] ] (print "Generation word repcount ": :printout) ] end   CA_1D :cell_list :generations
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#Lua
Lua
num_iterations = 9 f = { 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 }   function Output( f, l ) io.write( l, ": " ) for i = 1, #f do local c if f[i] == 1 then c = '#' else c = '_' end io.write( c ) end print "" end   Output( f, 0 )   for l = 1, num_iterations do local g = {} for i = 2, #f-1 do if f[i-1] + f[i+1] == 1 then g[i] = f[i] elseif f[i] == 0 and f[i-1] + f[i+1] == 2 then g[i] = 1 else g[i] = 0 end end if f[1] == 1 and f[2] == 1 then g[1] = 1 else g[1] = 0 end if f[#f] == 1 and f[#f-1] == 1 then g[#f] = 1 else g[#f] = 0 end f, g = g, f   Output( f, l ) end
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Numerical_integration
Numerical integration
Write functions to calculate the definite integral of a function ƒ(x) using all five of the following methods: rectangular left right midpoint trapezium Simpson's composite Your functions should take in the upper and lower bounds (a and b), and the number of approximations to make in that range (n). Assume that your example already has a function that gives values for ƒ(x) . Simpson's method is defined by the following pseudo-code: Pseudocode: Simpson's method, composite procedure quad_simpson_composite(f, a, b, n) h := (b - a) / n sum1 := f(a + h/2) sum2 := 0 loop on i from 1 to (n - 1) sum1 := sum1 + f(a + h * i + h/2) sum2 := sum2 + f(a + h * i)   answer := (h / 6) * (f(a) + f(b) + 4*sum1 + 2*sum2) Demonstrate your function by showing the results for:   ƒ(x) = x3,       where   x   is     [0,1],       with           100 approximations.   The exact result is     0.25               (or 1/4)   ƒ(x) = 1/x,     where   x   is   [1,100],     with        1,000 approximations.   The exact result is     4.605170+     (natural log of 100)   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,5000],   with 5,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   12,500,000   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,6000],   with 6,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   18,000,000 See also   Active object for integrating a function of real time.   Special:PrefixIndex/Numerical integration for other integration methods.
#PARI.2FGP
PARI/GP
rectLeft(f, a, b, n)={ sum(i=0,n-1,f(a+(b-a)*i/n), 0.)*(b-a)/n }; rectMid(f, a, b, n)={ sum(i=1,n,f(a+(b-a)*(i-.5)/n), 0.)*(b-a)/n }; rectRight(f, a, b, n)={ sum(i=1,n,f(a+(b-a)*i/n), 0.)*(b-a)/n }; trapezoidal(f, a, b, n)={ sum(i=1,n-1,f(a+(b-a)*i/n), f(a)/2+f(b)/2.)*(b-a)/n }; Simpson(f, a, b, n)={ my(h=(b - a)/n, s); s = 2*sum(i=1,n-1, 2*f(a + h * (i+1/2)) + f(a + h * i) , 0.) + 4*f(a + h/2) + f(a) + f(b); s * h / 6 }; test(f, a, b, n)={ my(v=[rectLeft, rectMid, rectRight, trapezoidal, Simpson]); print("Testing function "f" on ",[a,b]," with "n" intervals:"); for(i=1,#v, print("\t"v[i](f, a, b, n))) }; # \\ Turn on timer test(x->x^3, 0, 1, 100) test(x->1/x, 1, 100, 1000) test(x->x, 0, 5000, 5000000) test(x->x, 0, 6000, 6000000)
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#UNIX_Shell
UNIX Shell
animals=(fly spider bird cat dog pig goat cow donkey horse) comments=("I don't know why she swallowed that fly" "That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her" "Quite absurd, to swallow a bird" "How about that, to swallow a cat" "What a hog, to swallow a dog" "Her mouth was so big to swallow a pig" "She just opened her throat to swallow a goat." "I don't know how she swallowed a cow." "It was rather wonky to swallow a donkey" "She's dead, of course!") include=(2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0)   for (( i=0; i<${#animals[@]}; ++i )); do echo "There was an old lady who swallowed a ${animals[i]}" echo "${comments[i]}" if (( include[i] )); then if (( i )); then for (( j=i-1; j>=0; --j )); do echo "She swallowed the ${animals[j+1]} to catch the ${animals[j]}" if (( include[j] > 1 )); then echo "${comments[j]}" fi done fi echo "Perhaps she'll die" echo fi done
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Ursa
Ursa
decl string<> reason creatures comments append "She swallowed the " " to catch the " reason append "fly" "spider" "bird" "cat" "dog" "goat" "cow" "horse" creatures append "I don't know why she swallowed that fly.\nPerhaps she'll die\n" comments append "That wiggled and jiggled and tickled inside her" comments append "How absurd, to swallow a bird" comments append "Imagine that. She swallowed a cat" comments append "What a hog to swallow a dog" comments append "She just opened her throat and swallowed that goat" comments append "I don't know how she swallowed that cow" comments append "She's dead of course" comments   decl int max set max (size creatures) for (decl int i) (< i max) (inc i) out "There was an old lady who swallowed a " creatures<i> endl console out comments<i> endl console decl int j for (set j i) (and (> j 0) (< i (- max 1))) (dec j) out reason<0> creatures<j> reason<1> creatures<(int (- j 1))> endl console if (= j 1) out comments<(int (- j 1))> endl console end if end for end for in string console
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#SPL
SPL
words = #.split(#.readtext("unixdict.txt","ascii"),#.lf) max = 0 > i, 1..#.size(words,1) word = words[i] wordb = #.array(word) wordbc = #.size(wordb,1) > j, 3..wordbc,2 << wordb[j]<wordb[j-2] < >> j!>wordbc|wordbc<max  ? wordbc>max, result = ""  ? wordbc>max, max = wordbc result += word+#.crlf < #.output(result)
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Standard_ML
Standard ML
fun isOrdered s = let fun loop (i, c) = let val c' = String.sub (s, i) in c <= c' andalso loop (i + 1, c') end handle Subscript => true in loop (0, #"\^@") end   fun longestOrdereds (s, prev as (len, lst)) = let val len' = size s in if len' >= len andalso isOrdered s then if len' = len then (len, s :: lst) else (len', [s]) else prev end   val () = print ((String.concatWith " " o #2 o foldr longestOrdereds (0, []) o String.tokens Char.isSpace o TextIO.inputAll) TextIO.stdIn ^ "\n")
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Palindrome_detection
Palindrome detection
A palindrome is a phrase which reads the same backward and forward. Task[edit] Write a function or program that checks whether a given sequence of characters (or, if you prefer, bytes) is a palindrome. For extra credit: Support Unicode characters. Write a second function (possibly as a wrapper to the first) which detects inexact palindromes, i.e. phrases that are palindromes if white-space and punctuation is ignored and case-insensitive comparison is used. Hints It might be useful for this task to know how to reverse a string. This task's entries might also form the subjects of the task Test a function. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#TUSCRIPT
TUSCRIPT
  $$ MODE TUSCRIPT pal ="ingirumimusnocteetconsumimurigni" pal_r=TURN(pal) SELECT pal CASE $pal_r PRINT "true" DEFAULT PRINT/ERROR "untrue" ENDSELECT  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_names
Number names
Task Show how to spell out a number in English. You can use a preexisting implementation or roll your own, but you should support inputs up to at least one million (or the maximum value of your language's default bounded integer type, if that's less). Support for inputs other than positive integers (like zero, negative integers, and floating-point numbers) is optional. Related task   Spelling of ordinal numbers.
#Icon_and_Unicon
Icon and Unicon
link numbers # commas, spell   procedure main(arglist) every x := !arglist do write(commas(x), " -> ",spell(x)) end
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_reversal_game
Number reversal game
Task Given a jumbled list of the numbers   1   to   9   that are definitely   not   in ascending order. Show the list,   and then ask the player how many digits from the left to reverse. Reverse those digits,   then ask again,   until all the digits end up in ascending order. The score is the count of the reversals needed to attain the ascending order. Note: Assume the player's input does not need extra validation. Related tasks   Sorting algorithms/Pancake sort   Pancake sorting.   Topswops
#HicEst
HicEst
WRITE(Messagebox) "You took ", Reversals(), " attempts"   FUNCTION Reversals() DIMENSION digits(9), temp(9)   digits = 0 DO i = 1, 9 ! create the shuffled digits 1 x = CEILING( RAN(9) ) IF( INDEX(digits, x) ) GOTO 1 ! HicEst has no WHILE digits(i) = x ENDDO   DO Reversals = 1, 1E6 ! HicEst needs an upper bound DLG(NameEdit=Flips, DNum, MIn=0, MAx=9, Text=digits) DO j = 1, Flips/2 swap = digits(j) digits(j) = digits(Flips+1-j) digits(Flips+1-j) = swap ENDDO temp = digits($+1) > digits($) ! $ = left side index IF( SUM(temp) == 8 ) RETURN ENDDO END
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#NewLISP
NewLISP
  #! /usr/local/bin/newlisp (setq myobject nil) (println (nil? myobject)) (exit)  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Nim
Nim
let s: pointer = nil   {.experimental: "notnil".} let ns: pointer not nil = nil # Compile time error
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Oberon-2
Oberon-2
  MODULE Null; IMPORT Out; TYPE Object = POINTER TO ObjectDesc; ObjectDesc = RECORD END;   VAR o: Object; (* default initialization to NIL *)   BEGIN IF o = NIL THEN Out.String("o is NIL"); Out.Ln END END Null.  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#M4
M4
divert(-1) define(`set',`define(`$1[$2]',`$3')') define(`get',`defn(`$1[$2]')') define(`setrange',`ifelse(`$3',`',$2,`define($1[$2],$3)`'setrange($1, incr($2),shift(shift(shift($@))))')')   dnl throw in sentinels at each end (0 and size+1) to make counting easy define(`new',`set($1,size,eval($#-1))`'setrange($1,1, shift($@))`'set($1,0,0)`'set($1,$#,0)')   define(`for', `ifelse($#,0,``$0'', `ifelse(eval($2<=$3),1, `pushdef(`$1',$2)$4`'popdef(`$1')$0(`$1',incr($2),$3,`$4')')')') define(`show', `for(`k',1,get($1,size),`get($1,k) ')')   dnl swap(`a',a,`b') using arg stack for temp define(`swap',`define(`$1',$3)`'define(`$3',$2)') define(`nalive', `eval(get($1,decr($2))+get($1,incr($2)))') setrange(`live',0,0,1,0) setrange(`dead',0,0,0,1) define(`nv', `ifelse(get($1,z),0,`get(dead,$3)',`get(live,$3)')') define(`evolve', `for(`z',1,get($1,size), `set($2,z,nv($1,z,nalive($1,z)))')') new(`a',0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0) set(`b',size,get(`a',size))`'set(`b',0,0)`'set(`b',incr(get(`a',size)),0) define(`x',`a') define(`y',`b') divert for(`j',1,10, `show(x)`'evolve(`x',`y')`'swap(`x',x,`y') ')`'show(x)
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#Mathematica_.2F_Wolfram_Language
Mathematica / Wolfram Language
CellularAutomaton[{{0,0,_}->0,{0,1,0}->0,{0,1,1}->1,{1,0,0}->0,{1,0,1}->1,{1,1,0}->1,{1,1,1}->0},{{1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1},0},12] Print @@@ (% /. {1 -> "#", 0 -> "."});
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Numerical_integration
Numerical integration
Write functions to calculate the definite integral of a function ƒ(x) using all five of the following methods: rectangular left right midpoint trapezium Simpson's composite Your functions should take in the upper and lower bounds (a and b), and the number of approximations to make in that range (n). Assume that your example already has a function that gives values for ƒ(x) . Simpson's method is defined by the following pseudo-code: Pseudocode: Simpson's method, composite procedure quad_simpson_composite(f, a, b, n) h := (b - a) / n sum1 := f(a + h/2) sum2 := 0 loop on i from 1 to (n - 1) sum1 := sum1 + f(a + h * i + h/2) sum2 := sum2 + f(a + h * i)   answer := (h / 6) * (f(a) + f(b) + 4*sum1 + 2*sum2) Demonstrate your function by showing the results for:   ƒ(x) = x3,       where   x   is     [0,1],       with           100 approximations.   The exact result is     0.25               (or 1/4)   ƒ(x) = 1/x,     where   x   is   [1,100],     with        1,000 approximations.   The exact result is     4.605170+     (natural log of 100)   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,5000],   with 5,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   12,500,000   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,6000],   with 6,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   18,000,000 See also   Active object for integrating a function of real time.   Special:PrefixIndex/Numerical integration for other integration methods.
#Pascal
Pascal
function RectLeft(function f(x: real): real; xl, xr: real): real; begin RectLeft := f(xl) end;   function RectMid(function f(x: real): real; xl, xr: real) : real; begin RectMid := f((xl+xr)/2) end;   function RectRight(function f(x: real): real; xl, xr: real): real; begin RectRight := f(xr) end;   function Trapezium(function f(x: real): real; xl, xr: real): real; begin Trapezium := (f(xl) + f(xr))/2 end;   function Simpson(function f(x: real): real; xl, xr: real): real; begin Simpson := (f(xl) + 4*f((xl+xr)/2) + f(xr))/6 end;   function integrate(function method(function f(x: real): real; xl, xr: real): real; function f(x: real): real; a, b: real; n: integer); var integral, h: real; k: integer; begin integral := 0; h := (b-a)/n; for k := 0 to n-1 do begin integral := integral + method(f, a + k*h, a + (k+1)*h) end; integrate := integral end;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Vlang
Vlang
const ( name = 0 lyric = 1 animals = [ ["fly", "I don't know why she swallowed a fly. Perhaps she'll die."], ["spider", "That wiggled and jiggled and tickled inside her."], ["bird", "How absurd, to swallow a bird."], ["cat", "Imagine that, she swallowed a cat."], ["dog", "What a hog, to swallow a dog."], ["goat", "She just opened her throat and swallowed that goat."], ["cow", "I don't know how she swallowed that cow."], ["horse", "She's dead, of course."], ] )   fn main() { for i, animal in animals { println("There was an old lady who swallowed a ${animal[name]},") if i > 0 { println(animal[lyric]) } // Swallowing the last animal signals her death, cutting the // lyrics short. if i+1 == animals.len { break } for j := i; j > 0; j-- { println("She swallowed the ${animals[j][name]} to catch the ${animals[j-1][name]},") } println("${animals[0][lyric]}\n") } }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Wren
Wren
var animals = ["fly", "spider", "bird", "cat","dog", "goat", "cow", "horse"]   var phrases = [ "", "That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her", "How absurd to swallow a bird", "Fancy that to swallow a cat", "What a hog, to swallow a dog", "She just opened her throat and swallowed a goat", "I don't know how she swallowed a cow", "\n ...She's dead of course" ]   var sing = Fn.new { for (i in 0..7) { System.print("There was an old lady who swallowed a %(animals[i]);") if (i > 0) System.print("%(phrases[i])!") if (i == 7) return System.print() if (i > 0) { for (j in i..1) { System.write(" She swallowed the %(animals[j]) to catch the %(animals[j - 1])") System.print((j < 3) ? ";" :",") if (j == 2) System.print("  %(phrases[1])!") } } System.print(" I don't know why she swallowed a fly - Perhaps she'll die!\n") } }   sing.call()
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Swift
Swift
import Foundation   guard let url = NSURL(string: "http://www.puzzlers.org/pub/wordlists/unixdict.txt"), let input = try? NSString(contentsOfURL: url,encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding) as String else { exit(EXIT_FAILURE) }   let words = input.componentsSeparatedByCharactersInSet(NSCharacterSet.newlineCharacterSet()) let group: ([Int: [String]], String) -> [Int: [String]] = { var d = $0; let g = d[$1.characters.count] ?? [] d[$1.characters.count] = g + [$1] return d } let ordered: ([String], String) -> [String] = { guard String($1.characters.sort()) == $1 else { return $0 } return $0 + [$1] }   let groups = words .reduce([String](), combine: ordered) .reduce([Int: [String]](), combine: group)   guard let maxLength = groups.keys.maxElement(), let maxLengthGroup = groups[maxLength] else { exit(EXIT_FAILURE) }   maxLengthGroup.forEach { print($0) }  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Tcl
Tcl
package require http   # Pick the ordered words (of maximal length) from a list proc chooseOrderedWords list { set len 0 foreach word $list { # Condition to determine whether a word is ordered; are its characters # in sorted order? if {$word eq [join [lsort [split $word ""]] ""]} { if {[string length $word] > $len} { set len [string length $word] set orderedOfMaxLen {} } if {[string length $word] == $len} { lappend orderedOfMaxLen $word } } } return $orderedOfMaxLen }   # Get the dictionary and print the ordered words from it set t [http::geturl "http://www.puzzlers.org/pub/wordlists/unixdict.txt"] puts [chooseOrderedWords [http::data $t]] http::cleanup $t
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Palindrome_detection
Palindrome detection
A palindrome is a phrase which reads the same backward and forward. Task[edit] Write a function or program that checks whether a given sequence of characters (or, if you prefer, bytes) is a palindrome. For extra credit: Support Unicode characters. Write a second function (possibly as a wrapper to the first) which detects inexact palindromes, i.e. phrases that are palindromes if white-space and punctuation is ignored and case-insensitive comparison is used. Hints It might be useful for this task to know how to reverse a string. This task's entries might also form the subjects of the task Test a function. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#TypeScript
TypeScript
const detectNonLetterRegexp=/[^A-ZÀ-ÞЀ-Я]/g;   function stripDiacritics(phrase:string){ return phrase.normalize('NFD').replace(/[\u0300-\u036f]/g, "") }   function isPalindrome(phrase:string){ const TheLetters = stripDiacritics(phrase.toLocaleUpperCase().replace(detectNonLetterRegexp, '')); const middlePosition = TheLetters.length/2; const leftHalf = TheLetters.substr(0, middlePosition); const rightReverseHalf = TheLetters.substr(-middlePosition).split('').reverse().join(''); return leftHalf == rightReverseHalf; }   console.log(isPalindrome('Sueño que esto no es un palíndromo')) console.log(isPalindrome('Dábale arroz a la zorra el abad!')) console.log(isPalindrome('Я иду с мечем судия'))  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_names
Number names
Task Show how to spell out a number in English. You can use a preexisting implementation or roll your own, but you should support inputs up to at least one million (or the maximum value of your language's default bounded integer type, if that's less). Support for inputs other than positive integers (like zero, negative integers, and floating-point numbers) is optional. Related task   Spelling of ordinal numbers.
#Inform_7
Inform 7
say 32767 in words;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_reversal_game
Number reversal game
Task Given a jumbled list of the numbers   1   to   9   that are definitely   not   in ascending order. Show the list,   and then ask the player how many digits from the left to reverse. Reverse those digits,   then ask again,   until all the digits end up in ascending order. The score is the count of the reversals needed to attain the ascending order. Note: Assume the player's input does not need extra validation. Related tasks   Sorting algorithms/Pancake sort   Pancake sorting.   Topswops
#Icon_and_Unicon
Icon and Unicon
procedure main(cq) # Number Reversal Game local x,nums,R,flips   $define PROTECT ["WIN","ASK"] $define MAGIC ["xyzzy","abracadabra","hocus","pocus","presto","changeo","open","sesame","irs"]   put(cq,"game") # start command queue - use command line rule := string(&digits--'0') # ruler and move commands every put(protected := [], map(!PROTECT)) # protected commands every put(magic := [], !MAGIC)   while x := get(cq) | "MOVE" do { # command from queue or ask for move case x of { "help" | "h" | "?" : # --- start of user facing commands --- write("Input a position. The list will be flipped left to right at that point.\n", "You win when the list is sorted.\n", "Commands:\n", " help, h, ? - shows this\n", " new, g - new game\n", " ruler, r - shows a ruler\n", " show, s - shows the list\n", " <n> - flips the list at ruler position n\n", " quit, q - quit\n", "and various magic words.\n" ) & put(cq,"rule") "game" | "g" | "new" : { put(cq,"help") flips := 0 nums := rule until nums ~== rule do every !nums :=: ?nums # shuffle } "rule" | "ruler" | "r" : put(cq,"show") & every writes(" " || " " | !(if /mirror then rule else reverse(rule)) | "\n") "show" | "s" : every writes(" " || "=" | !nums | " =\n") !rule : { # 0 - 9 for flipping if /mirror then nums[1+:x] := reverse(nums[1+:x]) else nums[0-:x] := reverse(nums[0-:x]) flips +:= 1 put(cq,if nums == rule then "WIN" else "show") } "quit" | "q" : break write("Goodbye.") !magic: # --- start of magic write("That has no power here. Try again!") "magic" | "mirror" | "m" : { mirror := if /mirror then 1 else &null write("Wait! What is this? The writing has reversed.") } !protected: # --- Start of internal (upper case) and protected commands put(cq,?rule) & write("Tisk, Tisk, don't try and cheat. Take a random penalty flip!") "MOVE" : put(cq,ask("Command? : ") ) "WIN" : put(cq,"ASK") & write("Congratulations you won in ",flips," flips!") "ASK" : put(cq,case ask("Play another game? : ") of { "y"|"yes" : "game"; "n"|"no" : "quit"; default : "ASK" } ) default: # --- say what? write("Sorry I don't know that command, try help?") } } end   procedure ask(s) #: ask for input with prompt s and return the 1st word in lower case writes(\s) map(trim(read())) ? return tab(upto(' ')|0) end  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Objeck
Objeck
  # here "object" is a reference if(object = Nil) { "object is null"->PrintLine(); };  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Objective-C
Objective-C
// here "object" is an object pointer if (object == nil) { NSLog("object is nil"); }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#MATLAB_.2F_Octave
MATLAB / Octave
function one_dim_cell_automata(v,n) V='_#'; while n>=0; disp(V(v+1)); n = n-1; v = filter([1,1,1],1,[0,v,0]); v = v(3:end)==2; end; end
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Numerical_integration
Numerical integration
Write functions to calculate the definite integral of a function ƒ(x) using all five of the following methods: rectangular left right midpoint trapezium Simpson's composite Your functions should take in the upper and lower bounds (a and b), and the number of approximations to make in that range (n). Assume that your example already has a function that gives values for ƒ(x) . Simpson's method is defined by the following pseudo-code: Pseudocode: Simpson's method, composite procedure quad_simpson_composite(f, a, b, n) h := (b - a) / n sum1 := f(a + h/2) sum2 := 0 loop on i from 1 to (n - 1) sum1 := sum1 + f(a + h * i + h/2) sum2 := sum2 + f(a + h * i)   answer := (h / 6) * (f(a) + f(b) + 4*sum1 + 2*sum2) Demonstrate your function by showing the results for:   ƒ(x) = x3,       where   x   is     [0,1],       with           100 approximations.   The exact result is     0.25               (or 1/4)   ƒ(x) = 1/x,     where   x   is   [1,100],     with        1,000 approximations.   The exact result is     4.605170+     (natural log of 100)   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,5000],   with 5,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   12,500,000   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,6000],   with 6,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   18,000,000 See also   Active object for integrating a function of real time.   Special:PrefixIndex/Numerical integration for other integration methods.
#Perl
Perl
use feature 'say';   sub leftrect { my($func, $a, $b, $n) = @_; my $h = ($b - $a) / $n; my $sum = 0; for ($_ = $a; $_ < $b; $_ += $h) { $sum += $func->($_) } $h * $sum }   sub rightrect { my($func, $a, $b, $n) = @_; my $h = ($b - $a) / $n; my $sum = 0; for ($_ = $a+$h; $_ < $b+$h; $_ += $h) { $sum += $func->($_) } $h * $sum }   sub midrect { my($func, $a, $b, $n) = @_; my $h = ($b - $a) / $n; my $sum = 0; for ($_ = $a + $h/2; $_ < $b; $_ += $h) { $sum += $func->($_) } $h * $sum }   sub trapez { my($func, $a, $b, $n) = @_; my $h = ($b - $a) / $n; my $sum = $func->($a) + $func->($b); for ($_ = $a+$h; $_ < $b; $_ += $h) { $sum += 2 * $func->($_) } $h/2 * $sum } sub simpsons { my($func, $a, $b, $n) = @_; my $h = ($b - $a) / $n; my $h2 = $h/2; my $sum1 = $func->($a + $h2); my $sum2 = 0;   for ($_ = $a+$h; $_ < $b; $_ += $h) { $sum1 += $func->($_ + $h2); $sum2 += $func->($_); } $h/6 * ($func->($a) + $func->($b) + 4*$sum1 + 2*$sum2) }   # round where needed, display in a reasonable format sub sig { my($value) = @_; my $rounded; if ($value < 10) { $rounded = sprintf '%.6f', $value; $rounded =~ s/(\.\d*[1-9])0+$/$1/; $rounded =~ s/\.0+$//; } else { $rounded = sprintf "%.1f", $value; $rounded =~ s/\.0+$//; } return $rounded; }   sub integrate { my($func, $a, $b, $n, $exact) = @_;   my $f = sub { local $_ = shift; eval $func };   my @res; push @res, "$func\n in [$a..$b] / $n"; push @res, ' exact result: ' . rnd($exact); push @res, ' rectangle method left: ' . rnd( leftrect($f, $a, $b, $n)); push @res, ' rectangle method right: ' . rnd(rightrect($f, $a, $b, $n)); push @res, ' rectangle method mid: ' . rnd( midrect($f, $a, $b, $n)); push @res, 'composite trapezoidal rule: ' . rnd( trapez($f, $a, $b, $n)); push @res, ' quadratic simpsons rule: ' . rnd( simpsons($f, $a, $b, $n)); @res; } say for integrate('$_ ** 3', 0, 1, 100, 0.25); say ''; say for integrate('1 / $_', 1, 100, 1000, log(100)); say ''; say for integrate('$_', 0, 5_000, 5_000_000, 12_500_000); say ''; say for integrate('$_', 0, 6_000, 6_000_000, 18_000_000);
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Z80_Assembly
Z80 Assembly
waitChar equ &BB06 PrintChar equ &BB5A   org &8000   ld ix,VerseTable ld iy,OldLadyLookup ld b,8 ;8 verses total     outerloop_song: push bc ld a,(ix+0) ld c,a ;get the low byte of verse ptr ld a,(ix+1) ld b,a ;get the high byte ;bc = the memory location of Verse1 call loop_meta_PrintString inc ix inc ix ;next verse pop bc   call WaitChar ;wait for user to press any key before continuing so they ; have time to read it.   djnz outerloop_song   ReturnToBasic: ret ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; SUBROUTINES ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; loop_meta_PrintString: ld a,(bc) or a ;compare A to 0. 0 is the null terminator for verses. ret z cp 255 ;255 means "goto the verse specified after the 255" jr z,GotoPreviousVerse ld (smc_loop_meta_PrintString_alpha+2),a ;use self modifying code to point IY's offset to the correct ; song line, without changing IY itself. inc a ld (smc_loop_meta_PrintString_beta+2),a smc_loop_meta_PrintString_alpha: ld a,(iy+0) ;the "+0" gets clobbered with the desired lyric low byte ld L,a smc_loop_meta_PrintString_beta: ld a,(iy+0) ;the "+0" gets clobbered with the desired lyric high byte ld H,a call PrintString ;now print the string in HL. inc bc jp loop_meta_PrintString ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; GotoPreviousVerse: inc bc ;advance past &FF opcode ld a,(bc) ;get low byte ld e,a inc bc ;advance to high byte ld a,(bc) ld d,a push de pop bc inc bc ;advance past "There was an old lady who..." jp loop_meta_PrintString   ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; PrintString: ld a,(hl) or a ret z call PrintChar inc hl jr PrintString   ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; DATA  ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; VerseTable: word Verse1,Verse2,Verse3,Verse4,Verse5,Verse6,Verse7,Verse8 Verse1: byte 2,4,40,6,40,0 ;fly Verse2: byte 2,8,40,10,40,36,8,38,255 ;spider word Verse1 Verse3: byte 2,12,40,14,40,36,12,38,255 ;bird word Verse2 Verse4: byte 2,16,40,18,40,36,16,38,255 ;cat word Verse3 Verse5: byte 2,20,40,22,40,36,20,38,255 ;dog word Verse4 Verse6: byte 2,24,40,26,40,36,24,38,255 ;goat word Verse5 Verse7: byte 2,28,40,30,40,36,28,38,255 ;cow word Verse6 Verse8: byte 2,32,40,34,0 ;horse   ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;   OldLadyLookup: word null ;0 word OldLady ;2 word Fly ;4 word Fly2 ;6 word Spider ;8   word Spider2 ;10 word Bird ;12 word Bird2 ;14 word Cat ;16 word Cat2 ;18   word Dog ;20 word Dog2 ;22 word Goat ;24 word Goat2 ;26 word Cow ;28   word Cow2 ;30 word Horse ;32 word Horse2 ;34 word Catch1 ;36 word Catch2 ;38   word Song_NewLine ;40   ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; null: byte 0 OldLady: byte "There was an old lady who swallowed a ",0 Fly: byte "fly",0 Fly2: byte "I don't know why she swallowed a fly, perhaps she'll die.",0 Spider: byte "spider",0 Spider2: byte "It wiggled and jiggled and tickled inside her.",0 Bird: byte "bird",0 Bird2: byte "How absurd, to swallow a bird.",0 Cat: byte "cat",0 Cat2: byte "Imagine that, she swallowed a cat.",0 Dog: byte "dog",0 Dog2: byte "What a hog, to swallow a dog.",0 Goat: byte "goat",0 Goat2: byte "She just opened her throat and swallowed a goat.",0 Cow: byte "cow",0 Cow2: byte "I don't know how she swallowed a cow.",0 Horse: byte "horse",0 Horse2: byte "She's dead, of course.",0 Catch1: byte "She swallowed the ",0 Catch2: byte " to catch the ",0 Song_NewLine: byte 13,10,0 ;control codes for a new line.
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#TUSCRIPT
TUSCRIPT
  $$ MODE TUSCRIPT SET data = REQUEST ("http://www.puzzlers.org/pub/wordlists/unixdict.txt") DICT orderdwords CREATE 99999 COMPILE LOOP word=data - "<%" = any token SET letters=STRINGS (word,":<%:") SET wordsignatur= ALPHA_SORT (letters) IF (wordsignatur==letters) THEN SET wordlength=LENGTH (word) DICT orderdwords ADD/COUNT word,num,cnt,wordlength ENDIF ENDLOOP   DICT orderdwords UNLOAD words,num,cnt,wordlength SET maxlength=MAX_LENGTH (words) SET rtable=QUOTES (maxlength) BUILD R_TABLE maxlength = rtable SET index=FILTER_INDEX (wordlength,maxlength,-) SET longestwords=SELECT (words,#index) PRINT num," ordered words - max length is ",maxlength,":"   LOOP n,w=longestwords SET n=CONCAT (n,"."), n=CENTER(n,4) PRINT n,w ENDLOOP ENDCOMPILE  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Palindrome_detection
Palindrome detection
A palindrome is a phrase which reads the same backward and forward. Task[edit] Write a function or program that checks whether a given sequence of characters (or, if you prefer, bytes) is a palindrome. For extra credit: Support Unicode characters. Write a second function (possibly as a wrapper to the first) which detects inexact palindromes, i.e. phrases that are palindromes if white-space and punctuation is ignored and case-insensitive comparison is used. Hints It might be useful for this task to know how to reverse a string. This task's entries might also form the subjects of the task Test a function. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#UNIX_Shell
UNIX Shell
if [[ "${text}" == "$(rev <<< "${text}")" ]]; then echo "Palindrome" else echo "Not a palindrome" fi
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_names
Number names
Task Show how to spell out a number in English. You can use a preexisting implementation or roll your own, but you should support inputs up to at least one million (or the maximum value of your language's default bounded integer type, if that's less). Support for inputs other than positive integers (like zero, negative integers, and floating-point numbers) is optional. Related task   Spelling of ordinal numbers.
#J
J
u=. ;:'one two three four five six seven eight nine' v=. ;:'ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen' t=. ;:'twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety' EN100=: '' ; u , v , , t ,&.>/ '';'-',&.>u   z=. '' ; 'thousand' ; (;:'m b tr quadr quint sext sept oct non'),&.> <'illion' u=. ;:'un duo tre quattuor quin sex septen octo novem' t=. (;:'dec vigint trigint quadragint quinquagint sexagint septuagint octogint nonagint'),&.><'illion' ENU=: z , (, t ,~&.>/ '';u) , <'centillion'   en3=: 4 : 0 'p q'=. 0 100#:y (p{::EN100),((*p)#' hundred'),((p*&*q)#x),q{::EN100 )   en=: 4 : 0 d=. 1000&#.^:_1 y assert. (0<:y) *. ((=<.)y) *. d <:&# ENU c=. x&en3&.> (*d)#d ((0=y)#'zero') , (-2+*{:d) }. ; , c,.(<' '),.(ENU{~I.&.|.*d),.<', ' )   uk=: ' and '&en NB. British us=: ' ' &en NB. American
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_reversal_game
Number reversal game
Task Given a jumbled list of the numbers   1   to   9   that are definitely   not   in ascending order. Show the list,   and then ask the player how many digits from the left to reverse. Reverse those digits,   then ask again,   until all the digits end up in ascending order. The score is the count of the reversals needed to attain the ascending order. Note: Assume the player's input does not need extra validation. Related tasks   Sorting algorithms/Pancake sort   Pancake sorting.   Topswops
#Inform_7
Inform 7
Number Reversal Game is a room.   The current list is a list of numbers that varies.   When play begins: now the current list is a shuffled list from 1 to 9; now the command prompt is "Current list: [current list in brace notation].[line break]How many items to flip? ".   Definition: a list of numbers (called L) is sorted: repeat with N running from 1 to the number of entries in L: if entry N in L is not N, no; yes.   To decide which list of numbers is a shuffled list from (min - number) to (max - number): let result be a list of numbers; repeat with N running from min to max: add N to result; while true is true: sort result in random order; if result is not sorted, decide on result.   Flipping is an action applying to one number. Understand "[number]" as flipping.   Carry out flipping: let N be the number understood; let L be the current list; truncate the current list to the first N entries; reverse the current list; truncate L to the last (number of entries in L minus N) entries; add L to the current list.   Report flipping: say "".   Every turn: if the current list is sorted, end the story saying "You have won".   This is the new print final score rule: say "It took you [turn count] flip[s] to sort the list."   The new print final score rule is listed instead of the print final score rule in the for printing the player's obituary rules.
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#OCaml
OCaml
type 'a option = None | Some of 'a
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Oforth
Oforth
null isNull "abcd" isNull : testNull { | a | a ifNull: [ "Variable value is null" println ] ;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/One-dimensional_cellular_automata
One-dimensional cellular automata
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values. Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table: 000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
#Modula-3
Modula-3
MODULE Cell EXPORTS Main;   IMPORT IO, Fmt, Word;   VAR culture := ARRAY [0..19] OF INTEGER {0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0};   PROCEDURE Step(VAR culture: ARRAY OF INTEGER) = VAR left: INTEGER := 0; this, right: INTEGER; BEGIN FOR i := FIRST(culture) TO LAST(culture) - 1 DO right := culture[i + 1]; this := culture[i]; culture[i] := Word.Or(Word.And(this, Word.Xor(left, right)), Word.And(Word.Not(this), Word.And(left, right))); left := this; END; culture[LAST(culture)] := Word.And(culture[LAST(culture)], Word.Not(left)); END Step;   PROCEDURE Put(VAR culture: ARRAY OF INTEGER) = BEGIN FOR i := FIRST(culture) TO LAST(culture) DO IF culture[i] = 1 THEN IO.PutChar('#'); ELSE IO.PutChar('_'); END; END; END Put;   BEGIN FOR i := 0 TO 9 DO IO.Put("Generation " & Fmt.Int(i) & " "); Put(culture); IO.Put("\n"); Step(culture); END; END Cell.
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Numerical_integration
Numerical integration
Write functions to calculate the definite integral of a function ƒ(x) using all five of the following methods: rectangular left right midpoint trapezium Simpson's composite Your functions should take in the upper and lower bounds (a and b), and the number of approximations to make in that range (n). Assume that your example already has a function that gives values for ƒ(x) . Simpson's method is defined by the following pseudo-code: Pseudocode: Simpson's method, composite procedure quad_simpson_composite(f, a, b, n) h := (b - a) / n sum1 := f(a + h/2) sum2 := 0 loop on i from 1 to (n - 1) sum1 := sum1 + f(a + h * i + h/2) sum2 := sum2 + f(a + h * i)   answer := (h / 6) * (f(a) + f(b) + 4*sum1 + 2*sum2) Demonstrate your function by showing the results for:   ƒ(x) = x3,       where   x   is     [0,1],       with           100 approximations.   The exact result is     0.25               (or 1/4)   ƒ(x) = 1/x,     where   x   is   [1,100],     with        1,000 approximations.   The exact result is     4.605170+     (natural log of 100)   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,5000],   with 5,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   12,500,000   ƒ(x) = x,         where   x   is   [0,6000],   with 6,000,000 approximations.   The exact result is   18,000,000 See also   Active object for integrating a function of real time.   Special:PrefixIndex/Numerical integration for other integration methods.
#Phix
Phix
function rect_left(integer rid, atom x, atom /*h*/) return rid(x) end function function rect_mid(integer rid, atom x, atom h) return rid(x+h/2) end function function rect_right(integer rid, atom x, atom h) return rid(x+h) end function function trapezium(integer rid, atom x, atom h) return (rid(x)+rid(x+h))/2 end function function simpson(integer rid, atom x, atom h) return (rid(x)+4*rid(x+h/2)+rid(x+h))/6 end function function cubed(atom x) return power(x,3) end function function recip(atom x) return 1/x end function function ident(atom x) return x end function function integrate(integer m_id, integer f_id, atom a, atom b, integer steps) atom accum = 0, h = (b-a)/steps for i=0 to steps-1 do accum += m_id(f_id,a+h*i,h) end for return h*accum end function function smartp(atom N) if N=floor(N) then return sprintf("%d",N) end if string res = sprintf("%12f",round(N,1000000)) if find('.',res) then res = trim_tail(res,"0") res = trim_tail(res,".") end if return res end function procedure test(sequence tests) string name atom a, b, steps, rid printf(1,"Function Range Iterations L-Rect M-Rect R-Rect Trapeze Simpson\n") for i=1 to length(tests) do {name,a,b,steps,rid} = tests[i] printf(1,"  %-5s %6d - %-5d %10d  %12s %12s %12s %12s %12s\n",{name,a,b,steps, smartp(integrate(rect_left, rid,a,b,steps)), smartp(integrate(rect_mid, rid,a,b,steps)), smartp(integrate(rect_right,rid,a,b,steps)), smartp(integrate(trapezium, rid,a,b,steps)), smartp(integrate(simpson, rid,a,b,steps))}) end for end procedure constant tests = {{"x^3", 0, 1, 100, cubed}, {"1/x", 1, 100, 1000, recip}, {"x", 0, 5000, 5000000, ident}, {"x", 0, 6000, 6000000, ident}} test(tests)
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Old_lady_swallowed_a_fly
Old lady swallowed a fly
Task Present a program which emits the lyrics to the song   I Knew an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,   taking advantage of the repetitive structure of the song's lyrics. This song has multiple versions with slightly different lyrics, so all these programs might not emit identical output. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#zkl
zkl
var ZLib=Import("zeelib"), MsgHash=Import("zklMsgHash"); text:= "eJztlE1uwyAQhdflFOOVNyhXyLap1FV7AWKIoaFMBFjIt++M7YVpLfVHilQp2cHMg3l8T+IA" "54AFVAD0GrzSIxSLkIryHovRoODkRykOoDG0eVYXO0KyZqXKtFt0/WBS4nbrPWhndoKK3w5J" "F6dNlA/i1aoMJbq+99wIGt5W6+y6M69dSKQHa+JOvHxxMl8GGaFTubNrd9d9xdFFLcUjq45p" "iJotLP2l22zY5XptdqHxaxjyP8GgcXT4XfUuGLqNdjUO6m/RoHJtdoZ6M9g09lI8j5Ia9AoF" "lvY1OFJsgaNybXcK4LYA/4Bvj4zlaUgZ8GIC1SzbsBEZN9n/LN5izfXa+hTbPZQ/fxZY+HDB" "wPMtqesBk2K/+V+QtvI7B3zP7OqZWYzJTI7aBNooLQFPlMdA5aYRH3dS5jc=";   MsgHash.base64decode(text) : ZLib.Inflator().write(_).close().read().text.println();
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Ursala
Ursala
#import std   #show+   main = leql@bh$^ eql|= (ordered lleq)*~ unixdict_dot_txt
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ordered_words
Ordered words
An   ordered word   is a word in which the letters appear in alphabetic order. Examples include   abbey   and   dirt. Task[edit] Find and display all the ordered words in the dictionary   unixdict.txt   that have the longest word length. (Examples that access the dictionary file locally assume that you have downloaded this file yourself.) The display needs to be shown on this page. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#VBA
VBA
  Public Sub orderedwords(fname As String) ' find ordered words in dict file that have the longest word length ' fname is the name of the input file ' the words are printed in the immediate window ' this subroutine uses boolean function IsOrdered   Dim word As String 'word to be tested Dim l As Integer 'length of word Dim wordlength As Integer 'current longest word length Dim orderedword() As String 'dynamic array holding the ordered words with the current longest word length Dim wordsfound As Integer 'length of the array orderedword()   On Error GoTo NotFound 'catch incorrect/missing file name Open fname For Input As #1 On Error GoTo 0   'initialize wordsfound = 0 wordlength = 0   'process file line per line While Not EOF(1) Line Input #1, word If IsOrdered(word) Then 'found one, is it equal to or longer than current word length? l = Len(word) If l >= wordlength Then 'yes, so add to list or start a new list If l > wordlength Then 'it's longer, we must start a new list wordsfound = 1 wordlength = l Else 'equal length, increase the list size wordsfound = wordsfound + 1 End If 'add the word to the list ReDim Preserve orderedword(wordsfound) orderedword(wordsfound) = word End If End If Wend Close #1   'print the list Debug.Print "Found"; wordsfound; "ordered words of length"; wordlength For i = 1 To wordsfound Debug.Print orderedword(i) Next Exit Sub   NotFound: debug.print "Error: Cannot find or open file """ & fname & """!" End Sub       Public Function IsOrdered(someWord As String) As Boolean 'true if letters in word are in ascending (ascii) sequence   Dim l As Integer 'length of someWord Dim wordLcase As String 'the word in lower case Dim ascStart As Integer 'ascii code of first char Dim asc2 As Integer 'ascii code of next char   wordLcase = LCase(someWord) 'convert to lower case l = Len(someWord) IsOrdered = True If l > 0 Then 'this skips empty string - it is considered ordered... ascStart = Asc(Left$(wordLcase, 1)) For i = 2 To l asc2 = Asc(Mid$(wordLcase, i, 1)) If asc2 < ascStart Then 'failure! IsOrdered = False Exit Function End If ascStart = asc2 Next i End If End Function  
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Palindrome_detection
Palindrome detection
A palindrome is a phrase which reads the same backward and forward. Task[edit] Write a function or program that checks whether a given sequence of characters (or, if you prefer, bytes) is a palindrome. For extra credit: Support Unicode characters. Write a second function (possibly as a wrapper to the first) which detects inexact palindromes, i.e. phrases that are palindromes if white-space and punctuation is ignored and case-insensitive comparison is used. Hints It might be useful for this task to know how to reverse a string. This task's entries might also form the subjects of the task Test a function. Related tasks Word plays Ordered words Palindrome detection Semordnilap Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string  (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff  (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
#Ursala
Ursala
#import std   palindrome = ~&cixE\letters+ * -:~& ~=`A-~rlp letters
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_names
Number names
Task Show how to spell out a number in English. You can use a preexisting implementation or roll your own, but you should support inputs up to at least one million (or the maximum value of your language's default bounded integer type, if that's less). Support for inputs other than positive integers (like zero, negative integers, and floating-point numbers) is optional. Related task   Spelling of ordinal numbers.
#Java
Java
public enum IntToWords { ;   private static final String[] small = { "", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine", "ten", "eleven", "twelve", "thirteen", "fourteen", "fifteen", "sixteen", "seventeen", "eighteen", "nineteen"}; private static final String[] tens = { "", "", "twenty", "thirty", "forty", "fifty", "sixty", "seventy", "eighty", "ninety"}; private static final String[] big = { "", "thousand", "million", "billion", "trillion", "quadrillion", "quintillion"};   public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(int2Text(0)); System.out.println(int2Text(10)); System.out.println(int2Text(30)); System.out.println(int2Text(47)); System.out.println(int2Text(100)); System.out.println(int2Text(999)); System.out.println(int2Text(1000)); System.out.println(int2Text(9999)); System.out.println(int2Text(123_456)); System.out.println(int2Text(900_000_001)); System.out.println(int2Text(1_234_567_890)); System.out.println(int2Text(-987_654_321)); System.out.println(int2Text(Long.MAX_VALUE)); System.out.println(int2Text(Long.MIN_VALUE)); }   public static String int2Text(long number) { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();   if (number == 0) { return "zero"; }   long num = -Math.abs(number);   int unit = 1; while (true) { int rem100 = (int) -(num % 100); if (rem100 >= 20) { if (rem100 % 10 == 0) { sb.insert(0, tens[rem100 / 10] + " "); } else { sb.insert(0, tens[rem100 / 10] + "-" + small[rem100 % 10] + " "); } } else if (rem100 != 0) { sb.insert(0, small[rem100] + " "); }   int hundreds = (int) -(num % 1000) / 100; if (hundreds != 0) { sb.insert(0, small[hundreds] + " hundred "); }   num /= 1000; if (num == 0) { break; }   int rem1000 = (int) -(num % 1000); if (rem1000 != 0) { sb.insert(0, big[unit] + " "); } unit++; }   if (number < 0) { sb.insert(0, "negative "); }   return sb.toString().trim(); } }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Number_reversal_game
Number reversal game
Task Given a jumbled list of the numbers   1   to   9   that are definitely   not   in ascending order. Show the list,   and then ask the player how many digits from the left to reverse. Reverse those digits,   then ask again,   until all the digits end up in ascending order. The score is the count of the reversals needed to attain the ascending order. Note: Assume the player's input does not need extra validation. Related tasks   Sorting algorithms/Pancake sort   Pancake sorting.   Topswops
#Io
Io
withRange := method( a, z, Range clone setRange(a,z) ) sorted := withRange(1,9) asList numbers := sorted clone shuffle while( numbers==sorted, numbers = numbers shuffle)   steps :=0 stdin := File standardInput while( numbers != sorted, writeln(numbers join(" ")) write("Reverse how many? ") flipcount := stdin readLine asNumber withRange(0, ((flipcount-1)/2) floor) foreach( i, numbers swapIndices(i,flipcount-1-i) ) steps = steps+1 ) writeln("Done! That took you ", steps, " steps")
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Null_object
Null object
Null (or nil) is the computer science concept of an undefined or unbound object. Some languages have an explicit way to access the null object, and some don't. Some languages distinguish the null object from undefined values, and some don't. Task Show how to access null in your language by checking to see if an object is equivalent to the null object. This task is not about whether a variable is defined. The task is about "null"-like values in various languages, which may or may not be related to the defined-ness of variables in your language.
#Ol
Ol
  if a[i] == .nil then say "Item" i "is missing"