code stringlengths 1 1.72M | language stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|
s = i = 0
while True:
term = 1.0 / (i*2+1)
s += term * ((-1)**i)
if term < 1e-6: break
i += 1
print "%.6lf" % s
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from decimal import *
a, b, c = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
getcontext().prec = c
print Decimal(a) / Decimal(b)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n = int(stdin.readline().strip())
print "%.3lf" % sum([1.0/x for x in range(1,n+1)])
| Python |
from sys import stdin
print len(stdin.readline().strip())
| Python |
from itertools import product
from math import *
def issqrt(n):
s = int(floor(sqrt(n)))
return s*s == n
aabb = [a*1100+b*11 for a,b in product(range(1,10),range(10))]
print ' '.join(map(str, filter(issqrt, aabb)))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
a = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "%d %d %.3lf" % (min(a), max(a), float(sum(a)) / len(a))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
def cycle(n):
if n == 1: return 0
elif n % 2 == 1: return cycle(n*3+1) + 1
else: return cycle(n/2) + 1
n = int(stdin.readline().strip())
print cycle(n)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n = int(stdin.readline().strip())
count = n*2-1
for i in range(n):
print ' '*i + '#'*count
count -= 2
| Python |
for abc in range(123, 329):
big = str(abc) + str(abc*2) + str(abc*3)
if(''.join(sorted(big)) == '123456789'): print abc, abc*2, abc*3
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n, m = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "%.5lf" % sum([1.0/i/i for i in range(n,m+1)])
| Python |
from sys import stdin
data = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
n, m = data[0], data[-1]
data = data[1:-1]
print len(filter(lambda x: x < m, data))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
def solve(a, b, c):
for i in range(10, 101):
if i % 3 == a and i % 5 == b and i % 7 == c:
print i
return
print 'No answer'
a, b, c = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
solve(a, b, c)
| Python |
from itertools import product
sol = [a*100+b*10+c for a,b,c in product(range(1,10), range(10), range(10)) if a**3+b**3+c**3 == a*100+b*10+c]
print '\n'.join(map(str, sol))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from math import *
n = int(stdin.readline().strip())
print sum(map(factorial, range(1,n+1))) % (10**6)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
a, b, c = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "%.3lf" % ((a+b+c)/3.0)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from math import *
r, h = map(float, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "Area = %.3lf" % (pi*r*r*2 + 2*pi*r*h)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from math import *
n, = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
rad = radians(n)
print "%.3lf %.3lf" % (sin(rad), cos(rad))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n, = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print n*(n+1)/2
| Python |
from sys import stdin
a, b = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print b, a
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n, m = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
a = (4*n-m)/2
b = n-a
if m % 2 == 1 or a < 0 or b < 0: print "No answer"
else: print a, b
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n, = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
money = n * 95
if money >= 300: money *= 0.85
print "%.2lf" % money
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n, = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print ["yes", "no"][n % 2]
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from math import *
x1, y1, x2, y2 = map(float, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "%.3lf" % hypot((x1-x2), (y1-y2))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n = stdin.readline().strip().split()[0]
print '%c%c%c' % (n[2], n[1], n[0])
| Python |
from sys import stdin
x, = map(float, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print abs(x)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from calendar import isleap
year, = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
if isleap(year): print "yes"
else: print "no"
| Python |
from sys import stdin
f, = map(float, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "%.3lf" % (5*(f-32)/9)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
a, b, c = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
if a*a + b*b == c*c or a*a + c*c == b*b or b*b + c*c == a*a: print "yes"
elif a + b <= c or a + c <= b or b + c <= a: print "not a triangle"
else: print "no"
| Python |
from sys import stdin
a = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
a.sort()
print a[0], a[1], a[2]
| Python |
s = i = 0
while True:
term = 1.0 / (i*2+1)
s += term * ((-1)**i)
if term < 1e-6: break
i += 1
print "%.6lf" % s
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from decimal import *
a, b, c = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
getcontext().prec = c
print Decimal(a) / Decimal(b)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n = int(stdin.readline().strip())
print "%.3lf" % sum([1.0/x for x in range(1,n+1)])
| Python |
from sys import stdin
print len(stdin.readline().strip())
| Python |
from itertools import product
from math import *
def issqrt(n):
s = int(floor(sqrt(n)))
return s*s == n
aabb = [a*1100+b*11 for a,b in product(range(1,10),range(10))]
print ' '.join(map(str, filter(issqrt, aabb)))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
a = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "%d %d %.3lf" % (min(a), max(a), float(sum(a)) / len(a))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
def cycle(n):
if n == 1: return 0
elif n % 2 == 1: return cycle(n*3+1) + 1
else: return cycle(n/2) + 1
n = int(stdin.readline().strip())
print cycle(n)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n = int(stdin.readline().strip())
count = n*2-1
for i in range(n):
print ' '*i + '#'*count
count -= 2
| Python |
for abc in range(123, 329):
big = str(abc) + str(abc*2) + str(abc*3)
if(''.join(sorted(big)) == '123456789'): print abc, abc*2, abc*3
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n, m = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "%.5lf" % sum([1.0/i/i for i in range(n,m+1)])
| Python |
from sys import stdin
data = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
n, m = data[0], data[-1]
data = data[1:-1]
print len(filter(lambda x: x < m, data))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
def solve(a, b, c):
for i in range(10, 101):
if i % 3 == a and i % 5 == b and i % 7 == c:
print i
return
print 'No answer'
a, b, c = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
solve(a, b, c)
| Python |
from itertools import product
sol = [a*100+b*10+c for a,b,c in product(range(1,10), range(10), range(10)) if a**3+b**3+c**3 == a*100+b*10+c]
print '\n'.join(map(str, sol))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from math import *
n = int(stdin.readline().strip())
print sum(map(factorial, range(1,n+1))) % (10**6)
| Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
# @author Sam Pullara, samp@yahoo-inc.com
import logging
import wsgiref.handlers
import os
from google.appengine.ext.webapp import templat... | Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
""" A simple text library for normalizing, cleaning, and overlapping strings """
__author__ = "Vik Singh (viksi@yahoo-inc.com)"
STOPWORD... | Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
__all__ = ["console", "text", "typechecks"]
| Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
__author__ = "Vik Singh (viksi@yahoo-inc.com)"
from yos.crawl import object_dict
from types import DictType, ListType, TupleType
OBJ_DIC... | Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
__author__ = "Vik Singh (viksi@yahoo-inc.com)"
def strfix(msg):
"""
Copies this recipe: http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Pyt... | Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
"""
This is the Boss search API
search is the main function
Examples:
web_results = search("britney spears")
news_20_results = search... | Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
__all__ = ["ysearch"]
| Python |
#! /usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: iso-8859-15 -*-
""" Dictionary to XML - Library to convert a python dictionary to XML output
Copyleft (C) 2007 Pianfetti Maurizio <boymix81@gmail.com>
Package site : http://boymix81.altervista.org/files/dict2xml.tar.gz
Revision 1.0 2007/12/15 11:57:20 Maurizio
- ... | Python |
#!/usr/local/bin/python25
# Thunder Chen<nkchenz@gmail.com> 2007.9.1
#
#
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
from object_dict import object_dict
def __parse_node(node):
tmp = object_dict()
# save attrs and text, hope there will not be a child with same name
if node.text:
tmp['value'] = node.text
... | Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
""" Functions for downloading REST API's and converting their responses into dictionaries """
__author__ = "Vik Singh (viksi@yahoo-inc.co... | Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
__all__ = ["dict2xml", "object_dict", "rest", "xml2dict"]
| Python |
# object_dict
# Thunder Chen<nkchenz@gmail.com> 2007
# Provided as-is; use at your own risk; no warranty; no promises; enjoy!
class object_dict(dict):
"""object view of dict, you can
>>> a = object_dict()
>>> a.fish = 'fish'
>>> a['fish']
'fish'
>>> a['water'] = 'water'
>>> a.water
'wa... | Python |
#! /usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: iso-8859-15 -*-
""" Dictionary to XML - Library to convert a python dictionary to XML output
Copyleft (C) 2007 Pianfetti Maurizio <boymix81@gmail.com>
Package site : http://boymix81.altervista.org/files/dict2xml.tar.gz
Revision 1.0 2007/12/15 11:57:20 Maurizio
- ... | Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
__all__ = ["boss", "crawl", "yql"]
| Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
"""
Make python more SQL like over REST responses
main entry functions are create and select
The goal here is to let the developer specif... | Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
""" Some handy user defined functions to plug in db.select """
__author__ = "Vik Singh (viksi@yahoo-inc.com)"
from util.typechecks impor... | Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
__all__ = ["asizeof", "db", "udfs"]
| Python |
# Copyright (c) 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Yahoo! Search BOSS Terms of Use
# (http://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/search/bosstos/bosstos-2317.html)
"""
Calculate the size of an object in python
This code used to be very complicated, and then realized in certain cases it failed
Given th... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.6
#
# Simple http server to emulate api.playfoursquare.com
import logging
import shutil
import sys
import urlparse
import SimpleHTTPServer
import BaseHTTPServer
class RequestHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
"""Handle playfoursquare.com requests, for testing."""
def do_GET(self... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import subprocess
import sys
BASEDIR = '../main/src/com/joelapenna/foursquare'
TYPESDIR = '../captures/types/v1'
captures = sys.argv[1:]
if not captures:
captures = os.listdir(TYPESDIR)
for f in captures:
basename = f.split('.')[0]
javaname = ''.join([c.capitalize() for c in basena... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
"""
Pull a oAuth protected page from foursquare.
Expects ~/.oget to contain (one on each line):
CONSUMER_KEY
CONSUMER_KEY_SECRET
USERNAME
PASSWORD
Don't forget to chmod 600 the file!
"""
import httplib
import os
import re
import sys
import urllib
import urllib2
import urlparse
import user
from xml.... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import datetime
import sys
import textwrap
import common
from xml.dom import pulldom
PARSER = """\
/**
* Copyright 2009 Joe LaPenna
*/
package com.joelapenna.foursquare.parsers;
import com.joelapenna.foursquare.Foursquare;
import com.joelapenna.foursquare.error.FoursquareError;
import com.joel... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import logging
from xml.dom import minidom
from xml.dom import pulldom
BOOLEAN = "boolean"
STRING = "String"
GROUP = "Group"
# Interfaces that all FoursquareTypes implement.
DEFAULT_INTERFACES = ['FoursquareType']
# Interfaces that specific FoursqureTypes implement.
INTERFACES = {
}
DEFAULT_CLA... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.6
#
# Simple http server to emulate api.playfoursquare.com
import logging
import shutil
import sys
import urlparse
import SimpleHTTPServer
import BaseHTTPServer
class RequestHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
"""Handle playfoursquare.com requests, for testing."""
def do_GET(self... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import datetime
import sys
import textwrap
import common
from xml.dom import pulldom
PARSER = """\
/**
* Copyright 2009 Joe LaPenna
*/
package com.joelapenna.foursquare.parsers;
import com.joelapenna.foursquare.Foursquare;
import com.joelapenna.foursquare.error.FoursquareError;
import com.joel... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
"""
Pull a oAuth protected page from foursquare.
Expects ~/.oget to contain (one on each line):
CONSUMER_KEY
CONSUMER_KEY_SECRET
USERNAME
PASSWORD
Don't forget to chmod 600 the file!
"""
import httplib
import os
import re
import sys
import urllib
import urllib2
import urlparse
import user
from xml.... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import subprocess
import sys
BASEDIR = '../main/src/com/joelapenna/foursquare'
TYPESDIR = '../captures/types/v1'
captures = sys.argv[1:]
if not captures:
captures = os.listdir(TYPESDIR)
for f in captures:
basename = f.split('.')[0]
javaname = ''.join([c.capitalize() for c in basena... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import logging
from xml.dom import minidom
from xml.dom import pulldom
BOOLEAN = "boolean"
STRING = "String"
GROUP = "Group"
# Interfaces that all FoursquareTypes implement.
DEFAULT_INTERFACES = ['FoursquareType']
# Interfaces that specific FoursqureTypes implement.
INTERFACES = {
}
DEFAULT_CLA... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import sys, hashlib
def write_file(fn, buf):
fp = open(fn, "wb")
fp.write(buf)
fp.close()
def usage():
print ("Usage: " + sys.argv[0] + " infile outfile label")
def main():
if( len(sys.argv) != 4):
usage()
sys.exit()
fp = open( sys.argv[1] , "rb")
hash_str = has... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import sys, re, os
def write_file(fn, buf):
fp = open(fn, "wb")
fp.write(buf)
fp.close()
def usage():
print ("Usage: " + os.path.split(__file__)[1] + " version outfile")
def crete_version_str(ver):
base = list("0.00")
version = str(ver)
ret = []
base[0] = version[0]
base... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
""" PRO build script"""
import os, shutil, sys
NIGHTLY=0
VERSION="B9"
PRO_BUILD = [
{ "fn": "620PRO-%s.rar", "config": "CONFIG_620=1" },
{ "fn": "635PRO-%s.rar", "config": "CONFIG_635=1" },
{ "fn": "639PRO-%s.rar", "config": "CONFIG_639=1" },
{ "fn": "660PRO-%s.rar", "config": "CONFIG_... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import sys, os, gzip, StringIO
def dump_binary(fn, data):
f = open(fn, "wb")
f.write(data)
f.close()
def dec_prx(fn):
f = open(fn, "rb")
f.seek(0x150)
dat = f.read()
f.close()
temp=StringIO.StringIO(dat)
f=gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=temp, mode='rb')
dec = f.read(f)
f.close()
fn = "%s.dec.p... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
class FakeTime:
def time(self):
return 1225856967.109
import sys, os, struct, gzip, hashlib, StringIO
gzip.time = FakeTime()
def binary_replace(data, newdata, offset):
return data[0:offset] + newdata + data[offset+len(newdata):]
def prx_compress(output, hdr, input, mod_name="", mod_a... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import sys, hashlib
def toNID(name):
hashstr = hashlib.sha1(name.encode()).hexdigest().upper()
return "0x" + hashstr[6:8] + hashstr[4:6] + hashstr[2:4] + hashstr[0:2]
if __name__ == "__main__":
assert(toNID("sceKernelCpuSuspendIntr") == "0x092968F4")
for name in sys.argv[1:]:
print ("%s: %s"... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
from hashlib import *
import sys, struct
def sha512(psid):
if len(psid) != 16:
return "".encode()
for i in range(512):
psid = sha1(psid).digest()
return psid
def get_psid(str):
if len(str) != 32:
return "".encode()
b = "".encode()
for i in range(0, len(str), 2):
b += struct.pack('B... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
"""
pspbtcnf_editor: An script that add modules from pspbtcnf
"""
import sys, os, re
from getopt import *
from struct import *
BTCNF_MAGIC=0x0F803001
verbose = False
def print_usage():
print ("%s: pspbtcnf.bin [-o output.bin] [-a add_module_name:before_module_name:flag]" %(os.path... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
def main():
lists = [
"ISODrivers/Galaxy/galaxy.prx",
"ISODrivers/March33/march33.prx",
"ISODrivers/March33/march33_620.prx",
"ISODrivers/March33/march33_660.prx",
"ISODrivers/Inferno/inferno.prx",
"Popcorn/popcorn.prx",
"Satelite/satelite.prx",
"Stargate/stargate.... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
class FakeTime:
def time(self):
return 1225856967.109
import os, gzip, StringIO
gzip.time = FakeTime()
def create_gzip(input, output):
f_in=open(input, 'rb')
temp=StringIO.StringIO()
f=gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=temp, mode='wb')
f.writelines(f_in)
f.close()
f_in.close()
fout=open(out... | Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
import os, sys, getopt
def usage():
print ("Usage: %s [-l size ] basefile input output" % (sys.argv[0]))
def write_file(fn, buf):
fp = open(fn, "wb")
fp.write(buf)
fp.close()
def main():
inputsize = 0
try:
optlist, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'l:h')
except getopt.GetoptError:
us... | Python |
from sys import stdin
a, b, c = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "%.3lf" % ((a+b+c)/3.0)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from math import *
r, h = map(float, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "Area = %.3lf" % (pi*r*r*2 + 2*pi*r*h)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from math import *
n, = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
rad = radians(n)
print "%.3lf %.3lf" % (sin(rad), cos(rad))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n, = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print n*(n+1)/2
| Python |
from sys import stdin
a, b = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print b, a
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n, m = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
a = (4*n-m)/2
b = n-a
if m % 2 == 1 or a < 0 or b < 0: print "No answer"
else: print a, b
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n, = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
money = n * 95
if money >= 300: money *= 0.85
print "%.2lf" % money
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n, = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print ["yes", "no"][n % 2]
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from math import *
x1, y1, x2, y2 = map(float, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "%.3lf" % hypot((x1-x2), (y1-y2))
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n = stdin.readline().strip().split()[0]
print '%c%c%c' % (n[2], n[1], n[0])
| Python |
from sys import stdin
x, = map(float, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print abs(x)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from calendar import isleap
year, = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
if isleap(year): print "yes"
else: print "no"
| Python |
from sys import stdin
f, = map(float, stdin.readline().strip().split())
print "%.3lf" % (5*(f-32)/9)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
a, b, c = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
if a*a + b*b == c*c or a*a + c*c == b*b or b*b + c*c == a*a: print "yes"
elif a + b <= c or a + c <= b or b + c <= a: print "not a triangle"
else: print "no"
| Python |
from sys import stdin
a = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
a.sort()
print a[0], a[1], a[2]
| Python |
s = i = 0
while True:
term = 1.0 / (i*2+1)
s += term * ((-1)**i)
if term < 1e-6: break
i += 1
print "%.6lf" % s
| Python |
from sys import stdin
from decimal import *
a, b, c = map(int, stdin.readline().strip().split())
getcontext().prec = c
print Decimal(a) / Decimal(b)
| Python |
from sys import stdin
n = int(stdin.readline().strip())
print "%.3lf" % sum([1.0/x for x in range(1,n+1)])
| Python |
Subsets and Splits
SQL Console for ajibawa-2023/Python-Code-Large
Provides a useful breakdown of language distribution in the training data, showing which languages have the most samples and helping identify potential imbalances across different language groups.