id int64 0 25.6k | text stringlengths 0 4.59k |
|---|---|
8,900 | advanced programming techniques def __getattr__(selfname)if name ="colors"return set(self __colorsclassname self __class__ __name__ if name in frozenset({"background""width""height"})return self __dict__[" {classname}__{name}format**locals())raise attributeerror("'{classname}object has no "attribute '{name}'format(**lo... |
8,901 | advanced programming techniques def make_strip_function(characters)def strip_function(string)return string strip(charactersreturn strip_function strip_punctuation make_strip_function(",;!?"strip_punctuation("land ahoy!"returns'land ahoythe make_strip_function(function takes the characters to be stripped as its sole arg... |
8,902 | coursewe could sort by forename and then surname by changing the order of the attribute names we give to the sortkey functor another way of achieving the same thingbut without needing to create functor at allis to use the operator module' operator attrgetter(function for exampleto sort by surname we could writepeople s... |
8,903 | advanced programming techniques fh none tryfh open(filenamefor line in fhprocess(lineexcept environmenterror as errprint(errfinallyif fh is not nonefh close(trywith open(filenameas fhfor line in fhprocess(lineexcept environmenterror as errprint(erra file object is context manager whose exit code always closes the file ... |
8,904 | it is only necessary to use contextlib nested(for python from python this function is deprecated because python can handle multiple context managers in single with statement here is the same example--again omitting irrelevant lines--but this time for python trywith open(sourceas finopen(target" "as foutfor line in finu... |
8,905 | advanced programming techniques self original alist self shallow_copy shallow_copy def __enter__(self)self modified (self original[:if self shallow_copy else copy deepcopy(self original)return self modified def __exit__(selfexc_typeexc_valexc_tb)if exc_type is noneself original[:self modified shallow and deep copying w... |
8,906 | methods__get__()__set__()and __delete__()is called (and can be used asa descriptor the built-in property(and classmethod(functions are implemented using descriptors the key to understanding descriptors is that although we create an instance of descriptor in class as class attributepython accesses the descriptor through... |
8,907 | advanced programming techniques and so uses the descriptor to get the attribute' value here' the complete code for the xmlshadow descriptor classclass xmlshadowdef __init__(selfattribute_name)self attribute_name attribute_name def __get__(selfinstanceowner=none)return xml sax saxutils escapegetattr(instanceself attribu... |
8,908 | having seen descriptors used to generate data without necessarily storing itwe will now look at descriptor that can be used to store all of an object' attribute datawith the object not needing to store anything itself in the examplewe will just use dictionarybut in more realistic contextthe data might be stored in file... |
8,909 | advanced programming techniques although __storage is class attributewe can access it as self __storage (just as we can call methods using self method())because python will look for it as an instance attributeand not finding it will then look for it as class attribute the one (theoreticaldisadvantage of this approach i... |
8,910 | self __setter setter self __name__ getter __name__ the class' initializer takes one or two functions as arguments if it is used as decoratorit will get just the decorated function and this becomes the getterwhile the setter is set to none we use the getter' name as the property' name so for each propertywe have getterp... |
8,911 | advanced programming techniques class decorators |just as we can create decorators for functions and methodswe can also create decorators for entire classes class decorators take class object (the result of the class statement)and should return class--normally modified version of the class they decorate in this subsect... |
8,912 | we could not use plain decorator because we want to pass arguments to the decoratorso we have instead created function that takes our arguments and that returns class decorator the decorator itself takes single argumenta class (just as function decorator takes single function or method as its argumentwe must use nonloc... |
8,913 | advanced programming techniques supplied (in factpython automatically produces if is supplied!if =is suppliedand >if <is suppliedso it is sufficient to just implement the three operators <<=and =and to leave python to infer the others howeverusing the class decorator reduces the minimum that we must implement to just t... |
8,914 | table the numbers module' abstract base classes abc inherits api examples number object complex number real complex complexdecimal decimalfloatfractions fractionint ==!=+-*/abs()bool()complexcomplex()conjugate()also real decimal decimaland imag properties floatfractions fractionint =>+-*/decimal decimal//%abs()bool()co... |
8,915 | advanced programming techniques sion any concrete methods or properties are available through inheritance as usual all abcs must have metaclass of abc abcmeta (from the abc module)or from one of its subclasses we cover metaclasses bit further on metaclasses python provides two groups of abstract base classesone in the ... |
8,916 | table the collections module' main abstract base classes abc inherits api examples callable object (container object in hashable object hash(iterable object iter(all functionsmethodsand lambdas bytearraybytesdictfrozensetlistsetstrtuple bytesfrozensetstrtuple bytearraybytescollections dequedictfrozensetlistsetstrtuple ... |
8,917 | advanced programming techniques abc statement which is needed for the abstractmethod(and abstractproperty(functionsboth of which can be used as decoratorsclass appliance(metaclass=abc abcmeta)@abc abstractmethod def __init__(selfmodelprice)self __model model self price price def get_price(self)return self __price def s... |
8,918 | class cooker(appliance)def __init__(selfmodelpricefuel)super(__init__(modelpriceself fuel fuel price property(lambda selfsuper(pricelambda selfpricesuper(set_price(price)the cooker class must reimplement the __init__(method and the price property for the property we have just passed on all the work to the base class th... |
8,919 | advanced programming techniques this text filter is not transformer because rather than transforming the text it is givenit simply returns count of the specified characters that occur in the text here is an example of usevowel_counter charcounter(vowel_counter("dog fish and cat fish""aeiou"returns two other text filter... |
8,920 | @abc abstractproperty def can_undo(self)return bool(self __undos@abc abstractmethod def undo(self)assert self __undos"nothing left to undoself __undos pop()(selfdef add_undo(selfundo)self __undos append(undothe __init__(and undo(methods must be reimplemented since they are both abstractand so must the read-only can_und... |
8,921 | advanced programming techniques we have omitted stack top(and stack __str__(since neither adds anything new and neither interacts with the undo base class for the can_undo property and the undo(methodwe simply pass on the work to the base class if these two were not abstract we would not need to reimplement them at all... |
8,922 | name "_self __class__ __name__ name self __attribute_names append(namedef save(self)with open(self filename"wb"as fhdata [for name in self __attribute_namesdata append(getattr(selfname)pickle dump(datafhpickle highest_protocoldef load(self)with open(self filename"rb"as fhdata pickle load(fhfor namevalue in zip(self __a... |
8,923 | advanced programming techniques the filestack class has all the undo methodsand also the loadsave class' save(and load(methods we have not reimplemented save(since it works finebut for load(we must clear the undo stack after loading this is necessary because we might do savethen do various changesand then load the load... |
8,924 | sequenceinstead of inheriting the abc (as we showed earlier)we can simply register the sortedlist as collections sequenceclass sortedlistcollections sequence register(sortedlistafter the class is defined normallywe register it with the collections sequence abc registering class like this makes it virtual subclass virtu... |
8,925 | collections abcs advanced programming techniques we could have checked that the load and save attributes are callable using hasattr(to check that they have the __call__ attributebut we prefer to check whether they are instances of collections callable instead the collections callable abstract base class provides the pr... |
8,926 | instance name for getting and setting this can all be done using metaclass here is an example of class that uses this conventionclass product(metaclass=autoslotproperties)def __init__(selfbarcodedescription)self __barcode barcode self description description def get_barcode(self)return self __barcode def get_descriptio... |
8,927 | advanced programming techniques for getter_name in [key for key in dictionary if key startswith("get_")]if isinstance(dictionary[getter_name]collections callable)name getter_name[ :slots append("__namegetter dictionary pop(getter_namesetter_name "set_name setter dictionary get(setter_namenoneif (setter is not none and ... |
8,928 | versatility metaclasses are the last tool to reach for rather than the firstexcept perhaps for application framework developers who need to provide powerful facilities to their users without making the users go through hoops to realize the benefits on offer functional-style programming ||functional-style programming is... |
8,929 | advanced programming techniques the filter(function can always be replaced with generator expression or with list comprehension reducing involves taking function and an iterable and producing single result value the way this works is that the function is called on the iterable' first two valuesthen on the computed resu... |
8,930 | sions (or list comprehensionsand map(and filter(is most often purely matter of personal programming style using map()filter()and functools reduce(often leads to the elimination of loopsas the examples we have seen illustrate these functions are useful when converting code written in functional languagebut in python we ... |
8,931 | advanced programming techniques small yet useful examples and is well worth reading (note also that couple of new functions were added to the itertools module with python partial function application |partial function application is the creation of function from an existing function and some arguments to produce new fu... |
8,932 | must call when the button is pressedin this case the doaction(function we have used partial function application to ensure that the first argument given to the doaction(function is string that indicates which button called it so that doaction(is able to decide what action to perform coroutines |coroutines are functions... |
8,933 | advanced programming techniques coroutine (coroutine (coroutine ( create coroutines waiting waiting waiting coroutine send(" "process "awaiting waiting step action coroutine send(" "process "aprocess "awaiting coroutine send(" "waiting process "aprocess " coroutine send(" "process "bprocess "aprocess " coroutine send("... |
8,934 | these regular expressions ("regexesfrom now onmatch an html href' url and the text contained in and header tags (regular expressions are covered in understanding them is not essential to understanding this example receiver reporter(matchers (regex_matcher(receiverurl_re)regex_matcher(receiverh _re)regex_matcher(receive... |
8,935 | advanced programming techniques now that we have seen the matcher coroutine we will look at how the matchers are usedand then we will look at the reporter(coroutine that receives the matchersoutputs tryfor file in sys argv[ :]print(filehtml open(fileencoding="utf "read(for matcher in matchersmatcher send(htmlfinallyfor... |
8,936 | composing pipelines sometimes it is useful to create data processing pipelines pipeline is simply the composition of one or more functions where data items are sent to the first functionwhich then either discards the item (filters it outor passes it on to the next function (either as is or transformed in some waythe se... |
8,937 | advanced programming techniques items " "" "" "" "and "fare processed and produce outputwhile item "dis dropped the pipeline shown in figure is filtersince each data item is passed through unchanged and is either dropped or output in its original form the end points of pipelines tend to perform the same rolesacquiring ... |
8,938 | we will now review concrete example-- file matcher that reads all the filenames given on the command line (including those in the directories given on the command linerecursively)and that outputs the absolute paths of those files that meet certain criteria we will start by looking at how pipelines are composedand then ... |
8,939 | advanced programming techniques @coroutine def reporter()while truefilename (yieldprint(filename@coroutine decorator os walk( we have used the same @coroutine decorator that we created in the previous subsubsection the get_files(coroutine is essentially wrapper around the os walk(function and that expects to be given p... |
8,940 | this coroutine is almost identical to suffix_matcher()except that it filters out files whose size is not in the required rangerather than those which don' have matching suffix the pipeline we have created suffers from couple of problems one problem is that we never close any of the coroutines in this case it doesn' mat... |
8,941 | advanced programming techniques def __init__(selfnameproductidcategorypricequantity)self name name self productid productid self category category self price price self quantity quantity the stockitem class' attributes are all validated for examplethe productid attribute can be set only to nonempty string that starts w... |
8,942 | function is called with the name "productid"the stockitem class gains the attribute __productid which holds the product id' valueand the descriptor productid attribute which is used to access the value for exampleif we create an item using item stockitem("tv""tva ""electrical" )we can get the product id using item prod... |
8,943 | summary advanced programming techniques ||in this we learned lot more about python' support for procedural and object-oriented programmingand got taste of python' support for functional-style programming in the first section we learned how to create generator expressionsand covered generator functions in more depth we ... |
8,944 | and the last section showed how to combine class decorators with descriptors to provide powerful and flexible mechanism for creating validated attributes this completes our coverage of the python language itself not every feature of the language has been covered here and in the previous but those that have not are obsc... |
8,945 | advanced programming techniques of the containerand instead of storing shallow/deep copy flag it should assign suitable function to the self copy attribute depending on the flag and call the copy function in the __enter__(method the __exit__(method is slightly more involved because replacing the contents of lists is di... |
8,946 | debugging unit testing profiling debuggingtestingand profiling |||writing programs is mixture of artcraftand scienceand because it is done by humansmistakes are made fortunatelythere are techniques we can use to help avoid problems in the first placeand techniques for identifying and fixing mistakes when they become ap... |
8,947 | debuggingtestingand profiling debugging ||in this section we will begin by looking at what python does when there is syntax errorthen at the tracebacks that python produces when unhandled exceptions occurand then we will see how to apply the scientific method to debugging but before all that we will briefly discuss bac... |
8,948 | did you see the errorwe've forgotten to put colon at the end of the if statement' condition here is an example that comes up quite oftenbut where the problem isn' at all obviousfile "blocks py"line except valueerror as errsyntaxerrorinvalid syntax there is no syntax error in the line indicatedso both the line number an... |
8,949 | debuggingtestingand profiling blocks parse(blocksfile "blocks py"line in recursive_descent_parse return data stack[ indexerrorlist index out of range tracebacks (also called backtraceslike this should be read from their last line back toward their first line the last line specifies the unhandled exception that occurred... |
8,950 | clearly in the blockoutput py module' compute_widths_and_rows(function on line --after allthat is what caused the zerodivisionerror exception to be raised--but we must look at the preceding lines to find where and why cell columns was given this incorrect value in some cases the traceback reveals an exception that occu... |
8,951 | debuggingtestingand profiling or one of our own modules listed the problem will almost certainly be on the line python specifiesor on an earlier line this particular example illustrates that we should modify the blocks py program to cope gracefully when given the names of nonexistent files this is usability errorand it... |
8,952 | and why the variable is bytes object rather than strand fix the problem at its source when we pass string where bytes are expected the error message is somewhat less obviousand differs between python and for examplein python traceback (most recent call last)file "program py"line in data write(infotypeerrorexpected an o... |
8,953 | debuggingtestingand profiling exceptionour ownplus the one in err if the invaliddataerror exception is raised and not caughtthe resulting traceback will look something like thistraceback (most recent call last)file "application py"line in process int(datavalueerrorinvalid literal for int(with base ' the above exception... |
8,954 | fix the bug test the fix reproducing the bug is sometimes easy--it always occurs on every runand sometimes hard--it occurs intermittently in either case we should try to reduce the bug' dependenciesthat isfind the smallest input and the least amount of processing that can still produce the bug once we are able to repro... |
8,955 | debuggingtestingand profiling what kind of hypothesis might we think upwellit could initially be as simple as the suspicion that particular function or method is returning erroneous data when certain input data and options are used thenif this hypothesis proves correctwe can refine it to be more specific--for exampleid... |
8,956 | if when we run the instrumented program we find that the arguments are correct but that the return value is in errorwe know that we have located the source of the bug and can further investigate the function if looking carefully at the function doesn' suggest where the problem lieswe can simply insert new print(locals(... |
8,957 | debuggingtestingand profiling commands are given to pdb by entering their name and pressing enter at the (pdbprompt if we just press enter on its own the last command is repeated so here we typed (which means stepi execute the statement shown)and then repeated this (simply by pressing enter)to step through the statemen... |
8,958 | figure an idle code editing window during debugging for exampleidle - - statistics py sum dat the - argument tells idle to start debugging immediately and the - argument tells it to run the following program with any arguments that follow it howeverfor programs that don' require command-line arguments (or where we are ... |
8,959 | debuggingtestingand profiling purely with unit testing--testing individual functionsclassesand methodsto ensure that they behave according to our expectations key point of tddis that when we want to add feature--for examplea new method to class--we first write test for it and of course this test will fail since we have... |
8,960 | python two of the most notable are nose (code google com/ /python-nose)which aims to be more comprehensive and useful than the standard unittest modulewhile still being compatible with itand py test (codespeak net/py/dist/test/test html)--this takes somewhat different approach to unittestand tries as much as possible t... |
8,961 | debuggingtestingand profiling suite unittest testsuite(suite addtest(doctest doctestsuite(blocks)runner unittest texttestrunner(print(runner run(suite)note that there is an implicit restriction on the names of our programs if we take this approachthey must have names that are valid module namesso program called convert... |
8,962 | typicallya test suite is made by creating subclass of unittest testcasewhere each method that has name beginning with "testis test case if we need any setup to be donewe can do it in method called setup()similarlyfor any cleanup we can implement method called teardown(within the tests there are number of unittest testc... |
8,963 | debuggingtestingand profiling if we want to run the test_atomic py module from another test program we can write program that is similar to the one we used to execute doctests using the unittest module for exampleimport unittest import test_atomic suite unittest testloader(loadtestsfromtestcasetest_atomic testatomicrun... |
8,964 | compare any two python objectsbut its generality means that it cannot give particularly informative error messages from python the unittest testcase class has many more methodsincluding many data-type-specific assertion methods here is how we could write the assertion using python self assertlistequal(items[- - - ]if t... |
8,965 | debuggingtestingand profiling here we have written the test code directly in the test method without the need for an inner functioninstead using unittest testcase assertraised(as context manager that expects the code to raise an attributeerror we have also used python ' unittest testcase assertlistequal(method at the e... |
8,966 | be used to profile program' performance--it provides detailed breakdown of call counts and times and so can be used to find performance bottlenecks to give flavor of the timeit modulewe will look at small example suppose we have three functionsfunction_a()function_b()and function_c()all of which perform the same comput... |
8,967 | debuggingtestingand profiling vary considerably depending on the input data--we might have to test each function with multiple sets of input data to cover representative set of cases and then compare the total or average execution times it isn' always convenient to instrument our code to get timingsand so the timeit mo... |
8,968 | ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function : ( mymodule py: (function_b mymodule py: ( {built-in method bisect_left {built-in method exec {built-in method len {built-in method sorted function calls in cpu seconds ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function : ( mymodule py: (func... |
8,969 | debuggingtestingand profiling function calls ( primitive callsin cpu secs ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function : ( : ( : (function_a : (function_b : ( : (function_c : (in cprofile terminologya primitive call is nonrecursive function call using the cprofile module in this way can be useful for... |
8,970 | type help to get the list of commandsand help followed by command name for more information on the command for examplehelp stats will list what arguments can be given to the stats command other tools are available that can provide graphical visualization of the profile datafor examplerunsnakerun (www vrplumber com/prog... |
8,971 | debuggingtestingand profiling sophisticated testsespecially tests that require setup and teardown (cleanupfor larger projectsusing the unittest module (or third-party unit testing modulekeeps the tests and tested programs and modules separate and is generally more flexible and powerful than using doctests if we hit per... |
8,972 | using the multiprocessing module using the threading module processes and threading |||with the advent of multicore processors as the norm rather than the exceptionit is more tempting and more practical than ever before to want to spread the processing load so as to get the most out of all the available cores there are... |
8,973 | processes and threading gramwith the second program invoked once for each separate process that is required in the second section we will begin by giving bare-bones introduction to threaded programming then we will create threaded program that has the same functionality as the two programs from the first section combin... |
8,974 | processes and threading the python interpreterbut we prefer this approach because it ensures that the child program uses the same python interpreter as the parent program once we have the command ready we create subprocess popen objectspecifying the command to execute (as list of strings)and in this case requesting to ... |
8,975 | the program begins by setting the number string to the given number or to an empty string if we are not debugging since the program is running as child process and the subprocess module only reads and writes binary data and always uses the local encodingwe must read sys stdin' underlying buffer of binary data and perfo... |
8,976 | processes and threading files we handle this by reading each file in blockskeeping the previous block read to ensure that we don' miss cases when the only occurrence of the search word happens to fall across two blocks another benefit of reading in blocks is that if the search word appears early in the file we can fini... |
8,977 | processes and threading when it is ready no other threading thread methods may be reimplementedalthough adding additional methods is fine examplea threaded find word program |in this subsection we will review the code for the grepword- py program this program does the same job as grepword- pyonly it delegates the work ... |
8,978 | grepword- py main thread thread # thread # thread # figure multithreaded program getting the user' options and the file list are the same as before once we have the necessary information we create queue queue and then loop as many times as there are threads to be createdthe default is for each thread we prepare number ... |
8,979 | processes and threading class worker(threading thread)def __init__(selfwork_queuewordnumber)super(__init__(self work_queue work_queue self word word self number number def run(self)while truetryfilename self work_queue get(self process(filenamefinallyself work_queue task_done(the __init__(method must call the base clas... |
8,980 | the chief benefit of the multiprocessing version is that it can potentially run faster on multicore machines than the threaded version since it can run its processes on as many cores as are available compare this with the standard python interpreter (written in csometimes called cpythonwhich has gil (global interpreter... |
8,981 | processes and threading each key of the data default dictionary is -tuple of (sizefilename)where the filename does not include the pathand each value is list of filenames (which do include their pathsany items whose value list has more than one filename potentially has duplicates the dictionary is populated by iteratin... |
8,982 | names data[sizefilenameif len(names work_queue put((sizenames)work_queue join(results_queue join(we now iterate over the dataand for each (sizefilename -tuple that has list of two or more potentially duplicate fileswe add the size and the filenames with paths as an item of work to the work queue since the queue is clas... |
8,983 | processes and threading finallyself work_queue task_done(the differences are that we have more shared data to keep track of and we call our custom process(function with different arguments we don' have to worry about the queues since they ensure that accesses are serializedbut for other data itemsin this case the md _f... |
8,984 | notice that at all times we try to minimize the amount of work done within the scope of lock to keep blocking to minimum--in this case just one dictionary access each time gil strictly speakingwe do not need to use lock at all if we are using cpythonsince the gil effectively synchronizes dictionary accesses for us howe... |
8,985 | processes and threading findduplicates- py programand in general it is best to design programs from the ground up with multiprocessing in mind (the program findduplicates- py is provided with the book' examplesit does the same job as findduplicatest py but works in very different way and uses the multiprocessing module... |
8,986 | the following shows another example of threaded programa server that handles each client request in separate threadand that uses locks to protect shared data ||exercises copy and modify the grepword- py program so that instead of the child processes printing their outputthe main program gathers the resultsand after all... |
8,987 | processes and threading - count--threads=count the number of threads to use ( [default - --verbose - --debug make sure you try running the program with the debug flag set so that you can check that the threads are started up and that each one does its share of the work solution is provided in xmlsummary pywhich is slig... |
8,988 | creating tcp client creating tcp server |||networking networking allows computer programs to communicate with each othereven if they are running on different machines for programs such as web browsersthis is the essence of what they dowhereas for others networking adds additional dimensions to their functionalityfor ex... |
8,989 | networking udp is often used to monitor instruments that give continuous readingsand where the odd missed reading is not significantand it is sometimes used for audio or video streaming in cases where the occasional missed frame is acceptable both the ftp and the http protocols are built on top of tcpand client/server ... |
8,990 | ( )ar ( )ileage ( )wner ( )ew car license hyr license hyr seats mileage ownerjack lemon ( )ar ( )ileage ( )wner ( )ew car license [ hyr]mileage [ ] mileage successfully changed ( )top server ( )uit [ ]( )top server ( )uit [ ] the data entered by the user is shown in bold--where there is no visible input it means that t... |
8,991 | networking developed in earlier and have been put in module to make them easy to reuse in different programs as convenience for userswe keep track of the last license they entered so that it can be used as the defaultsince most commands start by asking for the license of the relevant car once the user makes choice we c... |
8,992 | in the case of car registrations we have protocol where we always send the name of the action we want the server to perform as the first argumentfollowed by any relevant parameters--in this casejust the license the protocol for the reply is that the server always return tuple whose first item is boolean success/failure... |
8,993 | networking def stop_server(*ignore)handle_request("shutdown"wait_for_reply=falsesys exit(if the user chooses to quit the program we do clean termination by calling sys exit(every menu function is called with the previous licensebut we don' care about the argument in this particular case we cannot write def quit()becaus... |
8,994 | orderand then it creates pickle of whatever items it is passed the function does not know or care what the items are notice that we have explicitly set the pickle protocol version to --this is to ensure that both clients and server use the same pickle versioneven if client or server is upgraded to run different version... |
8,995 | networking return self sock def __exit__(self*ignore)self sock close(the address object is -tuple (ip addressport numberand is set when the context manager is created once the context manager is used in with statement it creates socket and tries to make connection--blocking until connection is established or until sock... |
8,996 | def main()filename os path join(os path dirname(__file__)"car_registrations dat"cars load(filenameprint("loaded { car registrationsformat(len(cars))requesthandler cars cars server none tryserver carregistrationserver(("" )requesthandlerserver serve_forever(except exception as errprint("error"errfinallyif server is not ... |
8,997 | networking the code for loading is easy because we have used context manager from the standard library' contextlib module to ensure that the file is closed irrespective of whether an exception occurs another way of achieving the same effect is to use custom context manager for exampleclass gzipmanagerdef __init__(selff... |
8,998 | the socket server creates request handler (using the class it was givento handle each request our custom requesthandler class provides method for each kind of request it can handleplus the handle(method that it must have since that is the only method used by the socket server but before looking at the methods we will l... |
8,999 | networking in the client' menu dictionary because there is no self available at the class level the solution we have used is to provide wrapper functions that will get self when they are calledand which in turn call the appropriate method with the given self and any other arguments an alternative solution would be to c... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.