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2,400 | error handling in python introduction to error handling so far error messages haven' been discussed you could say that we have kinds of errorssyntax errors and exceptions syntax errors below we see an example of syntax errorsp world " world syntaxerror syntax in the example we have written print(hello worldinstead of p... |
2,401 | " ' typeerror must be not exceptions handling it is possible to write programs that handle selected exceptions in python we can use the following built-in exceptions handling featuresthe try block lets you test block of code for errors the except block lets you handle the error the finally block lets you execute codere... |
2,402 | = try print (xe nameerror " not except something wrong finally "the program in general you should use try except finally when you try to open fileread or write to filesconnect to databaseetc example try open "lorum ipsum except something went wrong when finally close ( |
2,403 | debugging in python debugging is the process of finding and resolving defects or problems within computer program that prevent correct operation of computer software or system [ debuggers are software tools which enable the programmer to monitor the execution of programstop itrestart itset breakpointsand change values ... |
2,404 | installing and using python packages package contains all the files you need for module modules are python code libraries you can include in your project since python is open source you can find thousands of python packages that you can install and use in your python programs you can use python distribution like anacon... |
2,405 | python environments and distributions |
2,406 | introduction to python environments and distributions python comes with many flavours and version python is open source and everybody can bundle and distribute python and different python packages python environment is context in which you run python code and includes python packages an environment consists of an inter... |
2,407 | then install the additional python packages you need by using pip package and environment managers the two most popular tools for installing python packages and setting up python environments arepip python package manager conda package and environment manager (for python and other languagespip webpip is typically used ... |
2,408 | conda is part of or integrated with the anaconda python distribution web python virtual environments python "virtual environmentsallow python packages to be installed in an isolated location for particular applicationrather than being installed globally you can have multiple python environments on your computer python ... |
2,409 | anaconda anaconda is not an editorbut python distribution package spyder is included in the python distribution package you can also use anaconda to install other editors or python packages it is available for windowsmacos and linux webwikipedia anaconda navigator anaconda navigator is desktop graphical user interface ... |
2,410 | |
2,411 | enthought canopy enthought canopy is python platform or python distribution for scientists and engineers it is available for windowsmacos and linux canopy is freely available to all users under the canopy license canopy provides access to several hundreds python packagesincluding numpyscipypandasmatplotliband ipython i... |
2,412 | python editors |
2,413 | python editors an editor is program where you create your code (and where you can run and test itmost editors have also features for debugging and intellisense in theoryyou can use windows notepad for creating python programsbut in practice it is impossible to create programs without having an editor with debugginginte... |
2,414 | to use python for numerical calculations and computationsspyder is good choice if you want to create web applications or other kinds of applicationsother editors are probably better to use for list of "best python editors"see [ |
2,415 | spyder spyder short for "scientific python development environmentspyder is an open source cross-platform integrated development environment(idefor scientific programming in the python language figure spyder editor the spyder editor consists of the following parts or windowscode editor window ipython console window |
2,416 | etc webif you have used matlab previously or want to use python for scientific usespyder is good choice it is easy to install using the anaconda distribution web |
2,417 | visual studio code introduction to visual studio code visual studio code is simple and easy to use editor that can be used for many different programming languages figure using visual studio code as python editor right-click and select "run python file in terminalwebwikipedia |
2,418 | python in visual studio code in addition to visual studio code you need to install the python extension for visual studio code you must install python interpreter yourself separately from the extension for quick installuse python from python org python is an interpreted languageand in order to run python code and get p... |
2,419 | visual studio introduction to visual studio microsoft visual studio is an integrated development environment (idefrom microsoft it is used to develop computer programsas well as websitesweb appsweb services and mobile apps the default (mainprogramming language in visual studio is cbut many other programming languages a... |
2,420 | make visual studio ready for python programming visual studio is mainly for windows macos version of visual studio do existsbut it has lot less features than the windows edition note that python support is available only on visual studio for windows if you use mac and linuxyou need to use visual studio code you could s... |
2,421 | figure python development workload * new python project lets see how we can create python application start by select from the menufile new project the new project window pops up see figure we can create an ordinary python application (one or more python scripts)we can choose to create web application using either web ... |
2,422 | we start by creating basic hello world python application see figure select file new project the new project window pops up see figure name the projecte "pythonapplication in the project exploreropen the "pythonapplication pyfile and enter the following python code worldhit (our click the green arrowin order to run or ... |
2,423 | plt xlabel ' plt ylabel ' plt grid ( np pi - show see also figure make sure to select proper python environment see figure ( visual studio supports multiple python environments in this example we use the matplotlib package for plottingso we need to have that package installed on the computer you can install the matplot... |
2,424 | the good thing about using visual studio is that you have graphical user interface for everythingyou don' need to use the command window etc for installing python packagesetc hit (our click the green arrowin order to run or execute the python program you can also right click on the file and select "start without debugg... |
2,425 | figure install python packages from visual studio |
2,426 | visual studio figure python plotting example with visual studio |
2,427 | pycharm pycharm is cross-platformwith windowsmacos and linux versions the community edition is free to usewhile the professional edition (paid versionhas some extra features the pycharm editor is shown in figure figure pycharm python editor webwikipediaanaconda and jetbrains also have collaboration and offer what they ... |
2,428 | we have code editors like visual studio and visual studio code which can be used for many different programming languages by installing different types of plugins editors like spyder and pycharm are tailor-made editors for the python language spyder is light-weight ide typically used for scientific use pycharm on the o... |
2,429 | wing python ide the wing python ide family of integrated development environments (idesfrom wingware were created specifically for the python programming language different version of wing exists [ ]wing very simplified free versionfor teaching beginning programmers wing personal free version that omits some featuresfo... |
2,430 | |
2,431 | jupyter notebook the jupyter notebook is an open-source web application that allows you to create and share documents that contain live codeequationsvisualizations and text the notebook has support for over programming languagesincluding python figure jupyter notebook [ webwikipedia |
2,432 | jupyterhub jupyterhub is multi-user version of the notebook designed for companiesclassrooms and research labs [ jupyterhub runs in the cloud or on your own hardware jupyterhub is open-source and designed to be run on variety of infrastructure this includes commercial cloud providersvirtual machinesor even your own lap... |
2,433 | figure azure notebook example |
2,434 | python for mathematics applications |
2,435 | mathematics in python python is powerful tool for mathematical calculations if you are looking for similar using matlabplease take look at these resources basic math functions the python standard library consists of different modules for handling file /obasic mathematicsetc you don' need to install these separatelybut ... |
2,436 | from math im por sin ( print ( cos (xprint (yif we need many functions we can do like this from math im por sin ( print ( cos (xprint (ywe can also use this alternative im po rt math math print (ywe can also write it like this im po rt math mt mt print ( [end of examplethere are advantages and disadvantages with the di... |
2,437 | exercises below you find different self-paced exercises that you should go through and solve on your own the only way to learn python is to do lots of exercisesexercise create mathematical expressions in python create function that calculates the following mathematical expressionp eln ( ( test with different values for... |
2,438 | pythagoras theorem is as followsc ( create function that uses pythagoras to calculate the hypotenuse of rightangled triangle (figure ) def pythagoras ( breturn [end of exerciseexercise albert einstein given the famous equation from albert einsteine mc ( the sun radiates / of energy calculate how much of the mass on the... |
2,439 | exercise cylinder surface area create function that finds the surface area of cylinder based on the height (hand the radius (rof the cylinder see figure ?figure cylinder [end of exercise statistics introduction to statistics mean or averagethe mean is the sum of the data divided by the number of data points it is commo... |
2,440 | variancevariance is measure of the variation in data set var( (xi ) = ( standard deviationthe standard deviation is measure of the spread of the values in dataset or the value of random variable it is defined as the square root of the variance std(xs var (xi ) = ( we typically use the symbol for standard deviation we h... |
2,441 | print st dev median med median data med variance data listing statistics functions in python [end of exampleimportantdo not name your file "statistics pysince the import will be confused and throw the errors of the library not existing and the mean function not existing you can also use the numpy library numpy is the f... |
2,442 | exercise create your own statistics module in python using the built-in functions in the python standard library or the numpy library is straightforward in order to get deeper understanding of the mathematics behind these functions and to learn more python programmingyou should create your own statistics module in pyth... |
2,443 | example plotting trigonometric functions in the example above we used some of the trigonometric functiosn in basic calculations lets see if we are able to plot these functions im po rt math mt im po rt xdata ydata in range ( xdata append mt ydata append xdata ydata show listing plotting trigonometric functions in the e... |
2,444 | plt plot ( yp = plt xlabel ' plt ylabel ' plt grid ( np pi - show np plt plot ( = np pi - show np tan plt plot ( =tan np pi - show listing trigonometric functions using numpy this python script gives the plots as shown in figure [end of exampleexercise create python functions for converting between radians an degrees s... |
2,445 | test the functions to make sure that they work as expected [end of exerciseexercise trigonometric functions on right triangle given right triangle as shown in figure create function that finds the angle (in degreesbased on input arguments ( , )( ,cand ( ,brespectively usee third input "typeto define the different types... |
2,446 | exercise law of cosines given the triangle as shown in figure create function where you find using the law of cosines ab cos( ( test the functions to make sure it works properly [end of exerciseexercise plotting trigonometric functions plot sin(thand cos(thfor <th < in the same plot (both in the same plot and in differ... |
2,447 | figure trigonometric functions |
2,448 | figure law of cosines |
2,449 | resources |
2,450 | python resources here you find my web page with python resources [ ]python home page [ ]python standard library [ ] python distributions anaconda python libraries numpy libraryscipy librarymatplotlib library python editors spyder |
2,451 | visual studiopycharmwingjupyter notebook python tutorials python tutorial schools com [ ]the python guru [ ]wikibooks beginner' python tutorialtutorialspoints python tutorialthe hitchhiker' guide to pythongoogle' python class python in visual studio work with python in visual studio |
2,452 | [ - halvorsen"technology blog [ - halvorsen"technology blog [ languages"the top programming languages [ overflow"stack overflow developer survey [ stackoverflow blog"the incredible growth of python [ python org"python org [ python org"the python tutorial [ python org"python documentation [ scipy org"scipy [ matplotlib ... |
2,453 | "the python standard library [ guru"the python guru |
2,454 | all rights reserved no part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic or mechanicalincluding photocopyingrecordingor by any information storage or retrieval systemwithout the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher isbn- - isbn- - - publisherwilliam po... |
2,455 | |
2,456 | al sweigart is software developer and tech book author python is his favorite programming languageand he is the developer of several open source modules for it his other books are freely available under creative commons license on his website weighs pounds about the tech reviewer philip james has been working in python... |
2,457 | acknowledgments xxv introduction xxvii part ipython programming basics python basics flow control functions lists dictionaries and structuring data manipulating strings part iiautomating tasks pattern matching with regular expressions input validation reading and writing files organizing files debugging web scraping wo... |
2,458 | controlling the keyboard and mouse with gui automation appendix ainstalling third-party modules appendix brunning programs appendix canswers to the practice questions index viii brief contents |
2,459 | acknowledgments xxv introduction xxvii whom is this book forxxviii conventions xxviii what is programmingxxix what is pythonxxx programmers don' need to know much math xxx you are not too old to learn programming xxxi programming is creative activity xxxi about this book xxxi downloading and installing python xxxiii do... |
2,460 | flow control boolean values comparison operators boolean operators binary boolean operators the not operator mixing boolean and comparison operators elements of flow control conditions blocks of code program execution flow control statements if statements else statements elif statements while loop statements break stat... |
2,461 | the collatz sequence input validation lists the list data type getting individual values in list with indexes negative indexes getting list from another list with slices getting list' length with the len(function changing values in list with indexes list concatenation and list replication removing values from lists wit... |
2,462 | the get(method the setdefault(method pretty printing using data structures to model real-world things tic-tac-toe board nested dictionaries and lists summary practice questions practice projects chess dictionary validator fantasy game inventory list to dictionary function for fantasy game inventory manipulating strings... |
2,463 | pattern matching with regular expressions finding patterns of text without regular expressions finding patterns of text with regular expressions creating regex objects matching regex objects review of regular expression matching more pattern matching with regular expressions grouping with parentheses matching multiple ... |
2,464 | the allowregexes and blockregexes keyword arguments passing custom validation function to inputcustom( projecthow to keep an idiot busy for hours projectmultiplication quiz summary practice questions practice projects sandwich maker write your own multiplication quiz reading and writing files files and file paths backs... |
2,465 | organizing files the shutil module copying files and folders moving and renaming files and folders permanently deleting files and folders safe deletes with the send trash module walking directory tree compressing files with the zipfile module reading zip files extracting from zip files creating and adding to zip files ... |
2,466 | breakpoints summary practice questions practice project debugging coin toss web scraping projectmapit py with the webbrowser module step figure out the url step handle the command line arguments step handle the clipboard content and launch the browser ideas for similar programs downloading files from the web with the r... |
2,467 | practice questions practice projects command line emailer image site downloader link verification working with excel spreadsheets excel documents installing the openpyxl module reading excel documents opening excel documents with openpyxl getting sheets from the workbook getting cells from the sheets converting between... |
2,468 | working with google sheets installing and setting up ezsheets obtaining credentials and token files revoking the credentials file spreadsheet objects creatinguploadingand listing spreadsheets spreadsheet attributes downloading and uploading spreadsheets deleting spreadsheets sheet objects reading and writing data creat... |
2,469 | pdf paranoia custom invitations as word documents brute-force pdf password breaker working with csv files and json data the csv module reader objects reading data from reader objects in for loop writer objects the delimiter and lineterminator keyword arguments dictreader and dictwriter csv objects projectremoving the h... |
2,470 | multithreading passing arguments to the thread' target function concurrency issues projectmultithreaded xkcd downloader step modify the program to use function step create and start threads step wait for all threads to end launching other programs from python passing command line arguments to the popen(function task sc... |
2,471 | deleting emails disconnecting from the imap server projectsending member dues reminder emails step open the excel file step find all unpaid members step send customized email reminders sending text messages with sms email gateways sending text messages with twilio signing up for twilio account sending text messages pro... |
2,472 | controlling the keyboard and mouse with gui automation installing the pyautogui module setting up accessibility apps on macos staying on track pauses and fail-safes shutting down everything by logging out controlling mouse movement moving the mouse getting the mouse position controlling mouse interaction clicking the m... |
2,473 | installing third-party modules the pip tool installing third-party modules installing modules for the mu editor running programs running programs from the terminal window running python programs on windows running python programs on macos running python programs on ubuntu linux running python programs with assertions d... |
2,474 | it' misleading to have just my name on the cover couldn' have written book like this without the help of lot of people ' like to thank my publisherbill pollockmy editorslaurel chunleslie shengreg poulosjennifer griffith-delgadoand frances sauxand the rest of the staff at no starch press for their invaluable help thanks... |
2,475 | "you've just done in two hours what it takes the three of us two days to do my college roommate was working at retail electronics store in the early occasionallythe store would receive spreadsheet of thousands of product prices from other stores team of three employees would print the spreadsheet onto thick stack of pa... |
2,476 | and his co-workers took an extra-long lunch that day this is the power of computer programming computer is like swiss army knife that you can configure for countless tasks many people spend hours clicking and typing to perform repetitive tasksunaware that the machine they're using could do their job in seconds if they ... |
2,477 | be changed to improve efficiencybut this book is mostly concerned with getting programs to work with the least amount of effort on your part what is programmingtelevision shows and films often show programmers furiously typing cryptic streams of and on glowing screensbut modern programming isn' that mysterious programm... |
2,478 | python is programming language (with syntax rules for writing what is considered valid python codeand the python interpreter software that reads source code (written in the python languageand performs its instructions you can download the python interpreter for free at python org/and there are versions for linuxmacosan... |
2,479 | programs (that isfinding and fixing errors)you'll patiently observe what the program is doing and find the cause of the bugs and like all skillsthe more you programthe better you'll become you are not too old to learn programming the second most common anxiety hear about learning to program is that people think they're... |
2,480 | python basics covers expressionsthe most basic type of python instructionand how to use the python interactive shell software to experiment with code flow control explains how to make programs decide which instructions to execute so your code can intelligently respond to different conditions functions instructs you on ... |
2,481 | explain how to programmatically manipulate documentsnow discussing csv and json files keeping timescheduling tasksand launching programs explains how python programs handle time and dates and how to schedule your computer to perform tasks at certain times also shows how your python programs can launch non-python progra... |
2,482 | on ubuntu linuxopen terminal and run the command uname - response of means -bitand means -bit on windowsdownload the python installer (the filename will end with msiand double-click it follow the instructions the installer displays on the screen to install pythonas listed here select install for all users and click nex... |
2,483 | on macosopen the finder windowclick applicationsand then click mu-editor on ubuntuselect applicationsaccessories terminal and then enter python - mu the first time mu runsa select mode window will appear with options adafruit circuitpythonbbc micro:bitpygame zeroand python select python you can always change the mode l... |
2,484 | in [ ]if you run idlethe interactive shell is the window that first appears it should be mostly blank except for text that looks something like thispython (tags/vb : deb jun : : [msc bit (amd )on win type "help""copyright""creditsor "licensefor more information in [ ]and are called prompts the examples in this book wil... |
2,485 | answers are waiting online for you to find them if you encounter an error message or have trouble making your code workyou won' be the first person to have your problemand finding solution is easier than you might think for examplelet' cause an error on purposeenter ' into the interactive shell you don' need to know wh... |
2,486 | that some other helpful person has already answered it no one person can know everything about programmingso an everyday part of any software developer' job is looking up answers to technical questions asking smart programming questions if you can' find the answer by searching onlinetry asking people in web forum such ... |
2,487 | on my blog at with questions at al@inventwithpython com althoughyou may get faster response by posting your questions to summary for most peopletheir computer is just an appliance instead of tool but by learning how to programyou'll gain access to one of the most powerful tools of the modern worldand you'll have fun al... |
2,488 | py thon progr amming basics |
2,489 | py thon basics the python programming language has wide range of syntactical constructionsstandard library functionsand interactive development environment features fortunatelyyou can ignore most of thatyou just need to learn enough to write some handy little programs you willhoweverhave to learn some basic programming... |
2,490 | you can run the interactive shell by launching the mu editorwhich you should have downloaded when going through the setup instructions in the preface on windowsopen the start menutype "mu,and open the mu app on macosopen your applications folder and double-click mu click the new button and save an empty file as blank p... |
2,491 | exampletable - lists all the math operators in python table - math operators from highest to lowest precedence operator operation example evaluates to *exponent * modulus/remainder /integer division/floored quotient / division multiplication subtraction addition the order of operations (also called precedenceof python ... |
2,492 | python does the hard part of evaluating it down to single value python will keep evaluating parts of the expression until it becomes single valueas shown here( (( ( ) (( ( ) ( these rules for putting operators and values together to form expressions are fundamental part of python as programming languagejust like the gr... |
2,493 | remember that expressions are just values combined with operatorsand they always evaluate down to single value data type is category for valuesand every value belongs to exactly one data type the most common data types in python are listed in table - the values - and for exampleare said to be integer values the integer... |
2,494 | string and an integer valuepython will not know how to handle thisand it will display an error message 'alice traceback (most recent call last)file ""line in 'alice typeerrorcan only concatenate str (not "int"to str the error message can only concatenate str (not "int"to str means that python thought you were trying to... |
2,495 | variable is like box in the computer' memory where you can store single value if you want to use the result of an evaluated expression later in your programyou can save it inside variable assignment statements you'll store values in variables with an assignment statement an assignment statement consists of variable nam... |
2,496 | after thatyou can use it in expressions with other variables and values when variable is assigned new value the old value is forgottenwhich is why spam evaluated to instead of at the end of the example this is called overwriting the variable enter the following code into the interactive shell to try overwriting strings... |
2,497 | have some naming restrictions table - has examples of legal variable names you can name variable anything as long as it obeys the following three rulesit can be only one word with no spaces it can use only lettersnumbersand the underscore (_character it can' begin with number table - valid and invalid variable names va... |
2,498 | the interactive shell window will always be the one with the prompt the file editor window will not have the prompt now it' time to create your first programwhen the file editor window opensenter the following into itthis program says hello and asks for my name print('helloworld!'print('what is your name?'ask for their... |
2,499 | terminatesthat isit stops running (you can also say that the python program exits you can close the file editor by clicking the at the top of the window to reload saved programselect file open from the menu do that nowand in the window that appearschoose hello py and click the open button your previously saved hello py... |
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