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1,900 | **lastname **lastname smith jones the following three files satisfy the second question the first gives the decorator --it' been augmented to return the original class in optimized mode (- )so attribute accesses don' incur speed hit mostlyit just adds the debug mode test statements and indents the class further to the ... |
1,901 | def private(*attributes)return accesscontrol(failif=(lambda attrattr in attributes)def public(*attributes)return accesscontrol(failif=(lambda attrattr not in attributes) 've also used one of our mix-in techniques to add some operator overloading method redefinitions to the wrapper classso that in it correctly delegates... |
1,902 | self name name self age age inside accesses run normally def __add__(selfn)self age + built-ins caught by mix-in in def __str__(self)return '% % (self nameself agex person('bob' print( namex name 'sueprint( namex print(xtryt age exceptprint(sys exc_info()[ ]tryx age exceptprint(sys exc_info()[ ]outside accesses validat... |
1,903 | private attribute changeage bob sue sue private attribute fetchage private attribute changeage :\codepy - - access-test py suppresses the four access error messages here' generalized argument validator for you to study on your own it uses passed-in validation functionto which it passes the test' criteria value coded fo... |
1,904 | return func elsecode func __code__ expected list(code co_varnames[:code co_argcount]def onerror(argnamecriteria)errfmt '% argument "%snot %sraise typeerror(errfmt (func __name__argnamecriteria)def oncall(*pargs**kargs)positionals expected[:len(pargs)for (argnamecriteriain argchecks items()if argname in kargsif failif(k... |
1,905 | def msg(word ='mighty'word ='larch'label='the')print('% % % (labelword word )msg(word and word defaulted msg('majestic''moose'fails(lambdamsg('giant''redwood')fails(lambdamsg('great'word ='elm')print(''manual type and range tests @valuetest( =lambda xisinstance(xint) =lambda xx and def manual(ab)print( bmanual( fails(l... |
1,906 | [manual argument "anot at >[manual argument "bnot at > - -spam [nester argument "znot [nester argument "znot ? - -spam[oncall argument "xnot ( )finallyas we've learnedthis decorator' coding structure works for both functions and methodsfile argtest_testmeth py from argtest import rangetesttypetest class @rangetest( =( ... |
1,907 | metaclasses in the prior we explored decorators and studied various examples of their use in this final technical of the bookwe're going to continue our tool-builders focus and investigate another advanced topicmetaclasses in sensemetaclasses simply extend the code-insertion model of decorators as we learned in the pri... |
1,908 | threads concerning python itself that we've met often along the way and will finalize in the conclusion that follows where you go after this book is up to youof coursebut in an open source project it' important to keep the big picture in mind while hacking the small details to metaclass or not to metaclass metaclasses ... |
1,909 | most of this book has focused on straightforward application-coding techniques--the modulesfunctionsand classes that most programmers spend their time writing to achieve real-world goals the majority of python' users may use classes and make instancesand might even do bit of operator overloadingbut they probably won' g... |
1,910 | an attribute assigned to an instance of that class is accessed they provide general way to insert arbitrary code that is run implicitly when specific attribute is accessed as part of the normal attribute lookup procedure function and class decorators as we saw in the special @callable syntax for decorators allows us to... |
1,911 | through changes or proxiesinstead of more direct relationship as we'll see heremetaclassesby contrastrun during class creation to make and return the new client class thereforethey are often used for managing or augmenting classes themselvesand can even provide methods to process the classes that are created from themv... |
1,912 | user interface at runtimeor to specifications typed in configuration file although we could code every class in our imaginary set to manually check thesetooit' lot to ask of clients (required is abstract here--it' something to be filled in)def extra(selfarg)class client if required()client extra extra client augmentsto... |
1,913 | although manager functions like this one can achieve our goal herethey still put fairly heavy burden on class coderswho must understand the requirements and adhere to them in their code it would be better if there was simple way to enforce the augmentation in the subject classesso that they don' need to deal with the a... |
1,914 | class' expected interfacedef extra(selfarg)def extras(class)if required()class extra extra return class class client client extras(client class client client extras(client class client client extras(client client ( extra(if you think this is starting to look reminiscent of class decoratorsyou're right in the prior we e... |
1,915 | metaclasses and decorators is somewhat arbitrary decorators can be used to manage both instances and classesand intersect most strongly with metaclasses in the second of these rolesbut this discrimination is not absolute in factthe roles of each are determined in part by their mechanics as we'll see aheaddecorators tec... |
1,916 | of compilerfor instancedoes not generally require its users to be compiler developers by contrastpython' super assumes full mastery and deployment of the arguably obscure and artificial mro algorithm the new-style inheritance algorithm presented in this similarly assumes descriptorsmetaclassesand the mro as its prerequ... |
1,917 | at the top of the hierarchy creates specific typesand specific types create instances you can see this for yourself at the interactive prompt in python xfor examplethe type of list instance is the list classand the type of the list class is the type classc:\codepy - type([])type(type([])(type(list)type(type(in xlist in... |
1,918 | __class__ class' class is type notice especially the last two lines here--classes are instances of the type classjust as normal instances are instances of user-defined class this works the same for both built-ins and user-defined class types in in factclasses are not really separate concept at allthey are simply user-d... |
1,919 | kinds of classes in full detailthis all works out quite naturally--in xand in new-style classestype is class that generates user-defined classes metaclasses are subclasses of the type class class objects are instances of the type classor subclass thereof instance objects are generated from class in other wordsto contro... |
1,920 | type __init__(classclassnamesuperclassesattributedictthe __new__ method creates and returns the new class objectand then the __init__ method initializes the newly created object as we'll see in momentthese are the hooks that metaclass subclasses of type generally use to customize classes for examplegiven class definiti... |
1,921 | in python xlist the desired metaclass as keyword argument in the class headerclass spam(metaclass=meta) version (onlyinheritance superclasses can be listed in the header as well in the followingfor examplethe new class spam inherits from superclass eggsbut is also an instance of and is created by metaclass metaclass sp... |
1,922 | when specific metaclass is declared per the prior sectionssyntaxthe call to create the class object run at the end of the class statement is modified to invoke the metaclass instead of the type defaultclass meta(classnamesuperclassesattributedictand because the metaclass is subclass of typethe type class' __call__ dele... |
1,923 | basic metaclass perhaps the simplest metaclass you can code is simply subclass of type with __new__ method that creates the class object by running the default version in type metaclass __new__ like this is run by the __call__ method inherited from typeit typically performs whatever customization is required and calls ... |
1,924 | spam (,{'data' 'meth''__module__''__main__'making instance data presentation notei' truncating addresses and omitting some irrelevant built-in __x__ names in namespace dictionaries in this for brevityand as noted earlier am forgoing portability due to differing declaration syntax to run in xuse the class attribute form... |
1,925 | run by the metaclass' __init__c:\codepy - metaclass py making class in metatwo newspam (,{'data' 'meth''__module__''__main__'in metatwo initspam (,{'data' 'meth''__module__''__main__'init class object['__qualname__''data''__module__''meth''__doc__'making instance data other metaclass coding techniques although redefini... |
1,926 | returns the expected new class object the function is simply catching the call that the type object' __call__ normally intercepts by defaultc:\codepy - metaclass py making class in metafuncspam (,{'data' 'meth''__module__''__main__'making instance data overloading class creation calls with normal classes because normal... |
1,927 | semanticsc:\codepy - metaclass py making class in metaobj callspam (,{'data' 'meth''__module__''__main__'in metaobj newspam (,{'data' 'meth''__module__''__main__'in metaobj initspam (,{'data' 'meth''__module__''__main__'init class object['__module__''__doc__''data''__qualname__''meth'making instance data in factwe can ... |
1,928 | making instance data although such alternative forms workmost metaclasses get their work done by redefining the type superclass' __new__ and __init__in practicethis is usually as much control as is requiredand it' often simpler than other schemes moreovermetaclasses have access to additional toolssuch as class methods ... |
1,929 | print('data:' datax meth( )this code has some oddities 'll explain in moment when runthoughall three redefined methods run in turn for spam as in the prior section this is again essentially what the type object does by defaultbut there' an additional metaclass call for the metaclass subclass (metasubclass?) :\codepy - ... |
1,930 | operator overloading methodssupermeta' __call__ is then acquired by spamcausing spam instance creation calls to fail before any instance is ever created subtle but truehere' an illustration of the issue in simpler terms-- normal superclass is skipped for built-insbut not for explicit fetches and callsthe latter relying... |
1,931 | although they have special rolemetaclasses are coded with class statements and follow the usual oop model in python for exampleas subclasses of typethey can redefine the type object' methodsoverriding and customizing them as needed metaclasses typically redefine the type class' __new__ and __init__ to customize class c... |
1,932 | def spam(self)return 'spammetaclass inherited by subs too metaone run twice for two classes class sub(super)def eggs(self)return 'eggssuperclassinheritance versus instance classes inherit from superclasses but not from metaclasses when this code is run (as script or module)the metaclass handles construction of both cli... |
1,933 | in even simpler termswatch what happens in the followingas an instance of the metaclass typeclass acquires ' attributebut this attribute is not made available for inheritance by ' own instances--the acquisition of names by metaclass instances is distinct from the normal inheritance used for class instancesclass (type)a... |
1,934 | class (bmetaclass= )pass ( attrc attr ( [ __name__ for in __mro__[' '' '' ''object'super two levels above metastill wins see for all things mro in factclasses acquire metaclass attributes through their __class__ linkin the same way that normal instances inherit from classes through their __class__which makes sensegiven... |
1,935 | explicitlyi __class__ __bases__ (,links followed at instance with no __bases__ __class__ __bases__ (,links followed at class after __bases__ __class__ attr route inheritance to the class' meta tree attr though class' __class__ not followed normally attributeerror' object has no attribute 'attr __class__ [ __name__ for ... |
1,936 | the __dict__ of all metaclasses on the __mro__ found at ' __class__from left to right in both rule and give precedence to data descriptors located in step sources (see ahead in both rule and skip step and begin the search at step for built-in operations (see aheadthe first two steps are followed for normalexplicit attr... |
1,937 | special case precedence ruleclass ddef __get__(selfinstanceowner)print('__get__'def __set__(selfinstancevalue)print('__set__'class cd ( ( __get__ __set__ __dict__[' ''spami __get__ data descriptor attribute inherited data descriptor access define same name in instance namespace dict but doesn' hide data descriptor in c... |
1,938 | elsecall nondata descriptor or return value found in step from class csearch the classits superclassesand its metaclasses treeas followsa search the __dict__ of all metaclasses on the __mro__ found at ' __class__ if data descriptor was found in step acall it and exit elsecall descriptor or return value in the __dict__ ... |
1,939 | at least that' almost the full story as we've seenbuilt-ins don' follow these rules instances and classes may both be skipped for built-in operations onlyas special case that differs from normal or explicit name inheritance because this is context-specific divergenceit' easier to demonstrate in code than to weave into ... |
1,940 | pass __str__( )str( (""' class'explicit=>objectbuilt-in=>metaclass __str__ for in (cc __class__type)print([ __name__ for in __mro__][' ''object'[' ''type''object'['type''object'all of which leads us to this book' final import this quote-- tenet that seems to conflict with the status given to descriptors and built-ins i... |
1,941 | (ax and defined in class itself metaclass method callgets cls (instance method callsget inst (by (bz (instance doesn' see meta names attributeerror'bobject has no attribute 'xmetaclass methods versus class methods though they differ in inheritance visibilitymuch like class methodsmetaclass methods are designed to manag... |
1,942 | just like normal classesmetaclasses may also employ operator overloading to make built-in operations applicable to their instance classes the __getitem__ indexing method in the following metaclassfor exampleis metaclass method designed to process classes themselves--the classes that are instances of the metaclassnot th... |
1,943 | to metaclass' __getitem__ in the first example of the section--strongly suggesting that new-style __getattr__ is special case of special caseand further recommending code simplicity that avoids dependence on such boundary casesb data [ append( explicit normal names routed to meta' getattr data [ __getitem__( explicit s... |
1,944 | of manual class augmentation--it adds two methods to two classesafter they have been createdextend manually adding new methods to classes class client def __init__(selfvalue)self value value def spam(self)return self value class client value 'ni?def eggsfunc(obj)return obj value def hamfunc(objvalue)return value 'hamcl... |
1,945 | onerous to add the two methods to both classesbut in more complex scenarios this approach can be time-consuming and error-prone if we ever forget to do this consistentlyor we ever need to change the augmentationwe can run into problems metaclass-based augmentation although manual augmentation worksin larger programs it... |
1,946 | :\codepy - extend-meta py ni!nini!ni!ni!nibaconham ni?ni?ni?nibaconham notice that the metaclass in this example still performs fairly static taskadding two known methods to every class that declares it in factif all we need to do is always add the same two methods to set of classeswe might as well code them in normal ... |
1,947 | translate these ideas to code decorator-based augmentation in pure augmentation casesdecorators can often stand in for metaclasses for examplethe prior section' metaclass examplewhich adds methods to class on creationcan also be coded as class decoratorin this modedecorators roughly correspond to the __init__ method of... |
1,948 | as we've just seenclass decorators can often serve the same class-management role as metaclasses metaclasses can often serve the same instance-management role as decoratorstoobut this requires extra code and may seem less natural that isclass decorators can manage both classes and instancesbut don' create classes norma... |
1,949 | file manage-inst-meta pyhas the same effect as the prior decoratormanage instances like the prior examplebut with metaclass def tracer(classnamesupersclassdict)aclass type(classnamesupersclassdictclass wrapperdef __init__(self*args**kargs)self wrapped aclass(*args**kargsdef __getattr__(selfattrname)print('trace:'attrna... |
1,950 | the preceding section illustrated that metaclasses incur an extra step to create the class when used in instance management rolesand hence can' quite subsume decorators in all use cases but what about the inverse--are decorators replacement for metaclassesjust in case this has not yet managed to make your head explodec... |
1,951 | --although metaclass can take the form of simple callable that invokes type to create the class directly and passes it on to the decorator in other wordsthe crucial hook in the model is the type call issued for class construction given thatmetaclasses and class decorators are often functionally equivalentwith varying d... |
1,952 | roles that may be bit more typical and practical the next section concludes this with one more common use case--applying operations to class' methods automatically at class creation time exampleapplying decorators to methods as we saw in the prior sectionbecause they are both run at the end of class statementmetaclasse... |
1,953 | them from the module and code the decoration syntax before each method we wish to trace or timefrom decotools import tracer class person@tracer def __init__(selfnamepay)self name name self pay pay @tracer def giveraise(selfpercent)self pay *( percent@tracer def lastname(self)return self name split()[- bob person('bob s... |
1,954 | automatically run methods through the decorator and rebind the original names to the results the effect is the same as the automatic method name rebinding of decoratorsbut we can apply it more globallymetaclass that adds tracing decorator to every method of client class from types import functiontype from decotools imp... |
1,955 | the prior metaclass example works for just one specific function decorator--tracing howeverit' trivial to generalize this to apply any decorator to all the methods of class all we have to do is add an outer scope layer to retain the desired decoratormuch like we did for decorators in the prior the followingfor examplec... |
1,956 | examplewe could use either of the last two header lines in the following when defining our class--the first accepts the timer' default argumentsand the second specifies label textclass person(metaclass=decorateall(tracer))apply tracer class person(metaclass=decorateall(timer()))class person(metaclass=decorateall(timer(... |
1,957 | def decodecorate(aclass)for attrattrval in aclass __dict__ items()if type(attrvalis functiontypesetattr(aclassattrdecorator(attrval)return aclass return decodecorate @decorateall(tracerclass persondef __init__(selfnamepay)self name name self pay pay def giveraise(selfpercent)self pay *( percentdef lastname(self)return ... |
1,958 | decoratorfor exampleeither of the last two decoration lines in the following will suffice if coded just before our class definition--the first uses decorator argument defaultsand the second provides one explicitly@decorateall(tracerdecorate all with tracer @decorateall(timer()@decorateall(timer(label='@@')decorate all ... |
1,959 | class persontimes oncall wrappertraces methods pondering this further will have to remain suggested study--both because we're out of space and timeand because this may quite possibly be illegal in some statesas you can seemetaclasses and class decorators are not only often interchangeablebut also commonly complementary... |
1,960 | would you rather count decorators or metaclasses amongst your weaponry(and please phrase your answer in terms of popular monty python skit test your knowledgeanswers metaclass is class used to create class normal new-style classes are instances of the type class by default metaclasses are usually subclasses of the type... |
1,961 | all good things welcome to the end of the booknow that you've made it this fari want to say few words in closing about python' evolution before turning you loose on the software field this topic is subjective by natureof coursebut vital to all python users nonetheless you've now had chance to see the entire language yo... |
1,962 | some of the same terms used in the perl sidebar of while python still has much to offerthis trend threatens to negate much of its perceived advantageas the next section explains on "optionallanguage features included quote near the start of the prior about metaclasses not being of interest to of python programmersto un... |
1,963 | this observation also applies to the many redundant features we've seensuch as ' str format method and ' with statement--tools borrowed from other languagesand overlapping with others long present in python when programmers use multiple ways to achieve the same goalall become required knowledge let' be honestpython has... |
1,964 | programmers 've stressed avoiding unwarranted complexity in this bookbut in practiceboth advanced and new tools tend to encourage their own adoption--often for no better reason than programmer' personal desire to demonstrate prowess the net result is that much python code today is littered with these complex and extran... |
1,965 | programmers also understand that simplicity is good engineeringand advanced tools should be used only when warranted this is true in any programming languagebut especially in one like python that is frequently exposed to new or novice programmers as an extension tool and if you're still not buying thiskeep in mind that... |
1,966 | must be formed anew by each wave of newcomers hope the wave you ride in will have as much common sense as fun while plotting python' future where to go from here and that' wrapfolks you've officially reached the end of this book now that you know python inside and outyour next stepshould you choose to take itis to expl... |
1,967 | maxline browser true saveto 'certificate txttemplate ""% for seperator lines display in browser output filenames ===official certificate <==date% this certifies that\ % has survived the massive tome\ % and is now entitled to all privileges thereofincluding the right to proceed on to learning how to develop web sitesdes... |
1,968 | tags tags replace('===>'''tags tags replace(''insert few tags tags tags split('\ 'line-by-line mods tags ['if line ='else line for line in tagstags ['%shtmlescape(lineif line[: ='\telse line for line in tagstags '\njoin(tagslink '\ \ % \nlink tags 'tags foot 'print(tagsfile=filefile close(display results print('[file% ... |
1,969 | encoreprint your own completion certificate |
1,970 | appendixes |
1,971 | installation and configuration this appendix provides additional installation and configuration details as resource for people new to these topics it' located here because not all readers will need to deal with these subjects up front because it covers some peripheral topics such as environment variables and command-li... |
1,972 | see what happens alternativelytry searching for "pythonin the usual places --/usr/bin/usr/local/binetc as on macspython is standard part of linux systems if you find pythonmake sure it' recent version although any recent python will do for most of this textthis edition focuses on python and specificallyso you may want ... |
1,973 | with some products and computer systemsand enclosed with some other python books these tend to lag behind the current release somewhatbut usually not seriously so in additionyou can find python in some free and commercial development bundles at this writingthis alternative distributions category includesactivestate act... |
1,974 | for windows (including xpvista and )python comes as self-installer msi program file--simply double-click on its file iconand answer yes or next at every prompt to perform default install the default install includes python' documentation set and support for tkinter (tkinter in python xguisshelve databasesand the idle d... |
1,975 | and the idle environment because linux is unix-like systemthe next paragraph applies as well unix for unix systemspython is usually compiled from its full source code distribution this usually only requires you to unpack the file and run simple config and make commandspython configures its own build procedure automatic... |
1,976 | this isn' showstopper--you can emulate the former start button menu' items with either tiles on the start screen or shortcuts on the desktop taskbar to do soyou might look up these tools in variety of waysby navigating to their corresponding filename in file exploreropened by rightclicking the screen' lower-left corner... |
1,977 | in both windows and python' installer for it for nowa simple tile click or windowskey press to hop into desktop mode will allow most python programmers on windows to safely ignore the tablet-like interface on top--at least until "appstrounce "programsaltogether configuring python after you've installed pythonyou may wa... |
1,978 | the path setting lists set of directories that the operating system searches for executable programswhen they are invoked without full directory path it should normally include the directory where your python interpreter lives (the python program on unixor the python exe file on windowsyou don' need to set this variabl... |
1,979 | nonstandard directories (see python org' download page for more detailspy_pythonpy_python py_python these settings are used to specify default pythons when you are using the new (at this writingwindows launcher that ships with python and is available separately for other versions since we'll be exploring the launcher i... |
1,980 | another file in another directoryimport spam to make this workyou'll have to configure your module search path one way or another to include the directory containing spam py here are few tips on this process using pythonpath as an exampledo the same for other settings like path as needed (though can set path automatica... |
1,981 | verify operations along the way you do not need to reboot your machine after thisbut be sure to restart python if it' open so that it picks up your changes--it configures its import search path at startup time only if you're working in windows command prompt windowyou'll probably need to restart that to pick up your ch... |
1,982 | when you start python from system command line ( shell promptor command prompt window)you can pass in variety of option flags to control how python runs your code unlike the system-wide environment variables of the prior sectioncommand-line arguments can be different each time you run script the complete form of python... |
1,983 | display in quotes running code given in arguments and standard input other code format specification options allow you to give python code to be run on the command line itself (- )and accept code to run from the standard input stream ( means read from pipe or redirected input stream fileterms also defined in full elsew... |
1,984 | profiling script :\codepython - profile showargs py - ['showargs py'' '' ''- ' function calls in seconds ordered bystandard name ncalls tottime percall cumtime more omittedsee profile docs percall filename:lineno(function : (charmap_encode : (execyou might also use the - switch to spawn ' idle gui program located in th... |
1,985 | :\codepython divbad py error text omitted zerodivisionerrordivision by zero run the buggy script :\codepython - divbad py error text omitted zerodivisionerrordivision by zero import pdb pdb pm( :\code\divbad py( )(-print( (pdbquit print variable values at error start full debugger session now python command-line argume... |
1,986 | entirelythoughyou'll have to read on for the rest of this story for more help python' standard manual set today includes valuable pointers for usage on various platforms the standard manual set is available in your start button on windows and earlier after python is installed (option "python manuals")and online at pyth... |
1,987 | the python windows launcher this appendix describes the new windows launcher for pythoninstalled with python automaticallyand available separately on the web for use with older versions though the new launcher comes with some pitfallsit provides some much-needed coherence for program execution when multiple pythons coe... |
1,988 | giving just its filename in command linethe #line at the top then directs the unix shell to program that will run the rest of the file' code depending on the platform' install structurethe python that these #lines name might be real executableor symbolic link to version-specific executable located elsewhere these lines... |
1,989 | the new windows launchershipped and installed automatically with python (and presumably later)and available as standalone package for use with other versionsaddresses these deficits in the former install model by providing two new executablespy exe for console programs pyw exe for nonconsole (typically guiprograms thes... |
1,990 | script #!python script #!python script runs under latest installed runs under latest installed runs under (onlyon windowscommand lines are typed in command prompt windowdesignated by its :\codeprompt in this appendix the first of the following is the same as both the second and an icon clickbecause of filename associat... |
1,991 | useful addition for windowswhere many (and probably mostnewcomers get their first exposure to the language although it is not without potential pitfalls--including failures on unrecognized unix #lines and puzzling default--it does allow for more graceful coexistence of and files on the same machineand provides rational... |
1,992 | import sys print(sys version split()[ ] :\codewhat py run per file directive :\codepy what py dittolatest againthe space after #is optionali added space to demonstrate the point here note that the first what py command here is equivalent to both an icon click and full py what pybecause the py exe program is registered ... |
1,993 | :\codewhat py unable to create process using '/bin/python " :\code\what pyc:\codepy what py unable to create process using '/bin/python what pyc:\codepy - what py technicallythe launcher recognizes unix-style #lines at the top of script files that follow one of the following four patterns#!/usr/bin/env python#!/usr/bin... |
1,994 | by the launcher#!python [any python exe arguments go herethese include all the python command-line arguments we met in appendix but this leads us to launcher command lines in generaland will suffice as natural segue to the next section step using command-line version switches as mentionedversion switches on command lin... |
1,995 | - - - - launch the latest python version launch the latest python version launch the specified python version ( is or launch the specified -bit python version and the launcher' command lines take the following general formpy [py exe arg[python exe argsscript py [script py argsanything following the launcher' own argume... |
1,996 | actioncoded in our original what py script#!python :\codewhat py same as #!/usr/bin/python run per launcher default the default is also applied when no directive is present at all--perhaps the most common case for code written to be used on windows primarily or exclusivelynot launcher directive :\codewhat py also run p... |
1,997 | override them in #lines or py command lines as needed howeverthe setting used for directive-less filespy_pythonseems fairly crucial most programmers who have used python on windows in the past will probably expect to be the default after installing especially given that the launcher is installed by in the first place--... |
1,998 | common in programs meant to be run on unix too treating unrecognized unix directives as errors on windows seems bit extremeespecially given that this is new behavior in and will likely be unexpected why not just ignore unrecognized #lines and run the file with the default python--like every windows python to date hasit... |
1,999 | but as for the prior issuethis probably shouldn' trigger new error on windows in for scripts that worked there formerly most programmers wouldn' expect unix comment lines to matter on windowsand wouldn' expect to be used by default just after installing book examples impact and fix in terms of my book examples portthis... |
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