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Chemistry | Electrocatalysis / PEM Electrolysis | Numerical Values | Unveiling Iridium Degradation Pathways during Intermittent Operation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68de8208dfd0d042d1a6002d | October 6, 2025 | Researchers investigated iridium (Ir) loss and identified its deposition sites--namely, the anode water line (AWL), cathode water line (CWL), and cathode catalyst layer (CCL)--in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer subjected to three different accelerated stress tests (ASTs).
To achieve this, inductively cou... | -ICPMS of anode water line (AWL), cathode water line (CWL), and cathode catalyst layer (CCL) from electrolyzer after each AST protocol
-AWL dissolved Ir mass (µg) normalized to the geometric surface area of the MEA for AST_1.3V, AST_0V, and AST_CP
-CWL dissolved Ir mass (µg) normalized to the geometric surface area of ... | Researchers utilized a custom-built proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer cell (5cm^2 active area) featuring a PFSA membrane, a Pt black cathode (0.6mg/cm2), and an Ir black anode (1.2mg/cm2) to study iridium loss and deposition under accelerated stress conditions. The cell, which used carbon felt paper (cathode)... | 0.9-1.1 ug/cm2
(pm 10% fallback used) | - An accelerated stress test (AST) is a procedure in which a full single cell or an individual component of an electrolyzer is subjected to elevated stress conditions--such as higher current densities, temperatures, or pressures--beyond normal operating levels, with the aim of accelerating and replicating the same degr... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"An accelerated stress test (AST) is a procedure in which a full single cell or an individual component of an electrolyzer is subjected to elevated stress conditions--such as higher current densities, temperatures, or pressures--beyond normal operating levels, with the aim of accelerating a... |
Chemistry | Inorganic Chemistry | MCQ | Size-Dependent Optical Gaps in Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f7ca1f3e6156d3be2de9d3 | Aug 19, 2025 | Researchers synthesized nanoparticles of M(TA)₂ (M = Mn, Fe, Cd, Cr, Co, Zn) using metal precursors, triazolate ligands, and modulator-controlled or stoichiometry-controlled routes that produced samples spanning different crystalline domain sizes. For each metal variant, several particle sizes were generated by adjusti... | - Crystalline domain size (nm) for each M(TA)₂ sample, determined from PXRD line broadening under high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction (HRPXRD) conditions (Cu Kα radiation).
- Unit cell parameters and unit cell volume (ų) for each M(TA)₂ sample, obtained from Pawley refinement of high-resolution PXRD patterns.
- S... | Nanoparticles of M(TA)₂ (M = Mn, Fe, Cd, Cr, Co, Zn) were synthesized in different size regimes, and their unit cell parameters were extracted from high-resolution PXRD followed by Pawley refinement. The analysis reports whether decreasing crystalline domain size is associated with a contraction or an expansion of the ... | A. Mn(TA)₂ nanoparticles show unit cell contraction with decreasing size, while Fe(TA)₂ nanoparticles show unit cell expansion. | - Colloidal nanocrystals of the metal-organic framework (MOF) Fe(1,2,3-triazolate)2 (Fe(TA)2) exhibit size-dependent optical behavior that eludes explanation by conventional models such as quantum confinement, or by unintentional effects such as Fe oxidation or change of spin state.
- Emerging evidence suggests that m... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Colloidal nanocrystals of the metal-organic framework (MOF) Fe(1,2,3-triazolate)2 (Fe(TA)2) exhibit size-dependent optical behavior that eludes explanation by conventional models such as quantum confinement, or by unintentional effects such as Fe oxidation or change of spin state."},{"labe... |
Chemistry | Chemistry, Spectroscopy, Chemometrics and Statistics | MCQ | Semi-Targeted Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics via Parahydrogen-Induced Hyperpolarization for Enhanced Sensitivity to Metabolic Composition | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12426882/pdf/ja5c11226.pdf | August 26, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether non-hydrogenative para-hydrogen-induced polarization (nhPHIP) NMR could improve metabolite detection in urine compared to conventional ¹H NMR. Urine samples from ten pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) patients and nineteen healthy controls were analyzed to assess group discrimination b... | - Signals from 1D nhPHIP ¹H NMR, 2D nhPHIP zero-quantum (ZQ), and conventional 1D ¹H NMR spectra for urine samples from pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) patients and healthy controls. | Urine samples were studied with NMR for two groups, 10 samples for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) patients group and a control group. Different NMR methodlogies were used, 1D nhPHIP NMR spectroscopy, 2D nhPHIP zero quantum (ZQ) NMR spectroscopy and conventional 1D ¹H NMR spectroscopy. After acquiring the spectra, ... | B) Both the 1D nhPHIP and 2D nhPHIP ZQ methods achieved clear and statistically significant separation between the PDE and control groups, whereas the conventional ¹H NMR data showed no separation. | - Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy (PDE): an inherited metabolic disorder, derives from mutations in the gene encoding α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (α-AASA) dehydrogenase, also known as antiquitin, and currently diagnosed by the presence of dilute unique biomarkers.
- NMR: has gained an important role in metabolomics, for ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy (PDE): an inherited metabolic disorder, derives from mutations in the gene encoding α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (α-AASA) dehydrogenase, also known as antiquitin, and currently diagnosed by the presence of dilute unique biomarkers."},{"label":"Title","value":"... |
Chemistry | Materials Science, Electrochemistry | MCQ | Enhanced voltage and capacitance in flexible supercapacitors using electrospun nanofiber electrolytes and CuNi2O3@N‑Doped omnichannel carbon electrodes | https://nanoconvergencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40580-025-00485-2 | April 29, 2025 | Researchers prepared CuNi2O3@N-OCCF electrodes and investigated their electrochemical properties. The fabrication of CuNi2O3@N-OCCFs was a two-step process starting with electrospinning, which required preparing two precursor solutions. Solution A contained 8 wt% PAN and 12 wt% PMMA (1:1.5 w/w) in DMF. Solution B consi... | - Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of CuNi2O3@N-OCCFs-1.5 symmetric supercapacitors in 2.0 M LiCl, NaCl, and KCl at scan rates between 5 and 100 mV/s over a potential window of 0–0.6 V.
- Galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) curves of CuNi2O3@N-OCCFs-1.5 symmetric supercapacitors in 2.0 M LiCl, NaCl, and KCl at current densitie... | Researchers fabricated CuNi2O3@N-OCCF active materials using a two-step process involving the electrospinning of two precursor solutions (one containing PAN/PMMA and the other metal salts/SDS) followed by high-temperature stabilization and carbonization in N2. The final working electrodes were prepared by mixing the ac... | C. KCl | -The selection and design of electrolyte plays a critical role in supercapacitor performance by shuttling ions between electrodes over wide potential windows
- Li+ ions can intercalate and deintercalated within the electrode material during charge and discharge cycles can be attributed to more efficient ion storage and... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Li+ ions can intercalate and deintercalated within the electrode material during charge and discharge cycles can be attributed to more efficient ion storage and utilization"},{"label":"Title","value":"Low-grade heat recycling of vertical thermoelectric cells based on thermal-induced electr... |
Chemistry | Electrochemistry | MCQ | Selective CO2-to-Formate Electroreduction Using Cu3Sn Gas Diffusion Electrodes Synthesized via a Scalable Electrochemical Route | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68e619b5dfd0d042d16d2281 | October 10, 2025 | Researchers examined electrochemical CO2 reduction using CuSn gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) in a flow cell electrolyser. The preparation of CuSn GDE electrode was as follows. Commercial Cu2O particles were brush coated onto the surface of a 1cm×1cm commercial carbon gas diffusion layer, using ink consisting of 15 mg ... | -Normalized faradaic efficiencies for hydrogen, formic acid, carbon monoxide, methane, and ethylene for Cu2O, CuSn15min, CuSn28min, CuSn35min, and Sn foil, at -0.75 V vs. RHE
-Faradaic efficiency of formic acid and hydrogen production for Cu2O, Sn foil, CuSn15, CuSn28, and CuSn35 (Cu3Sn) during ECR between -0.5 and -1.... | Researchers prepared CuSn gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) in a flow cell electrolyser. The preparation involved brush-coating Cu2O particles in a Nafion ink onto a carbon GDL, achieving a mass loading of 4-5 mg/cm2. Sn was then deposited onto the Cu2O GDE using an in-situ electro... | C. Cu2O<CuSn28<Sn foil<CuSn15<CuSn35 | -Sn-based GDE have excellent formate selectivity at relatively low overpotentials
-Bimetallic Cu-Sn systems combine Cu's ability to activate CO2 with Sn's selectivity for the *OCHO intermediate pathway | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-Sn-based GDE have excellent formate selectivity at relatively low overpotentials"},{"label":"Title","value":"CO2 to Formic Acid Using Cu–Sn on Laser-Induced Graphene"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.0c08964"},{"label":"Date","value":"August 24, 2020"},{"la... |
Chemistry | Chemistry, Catalysis | MCQ | CO2 methanation with MOF-derived hierarchically porous spherical carbon nanocomposite incorporating cobalt nanoparticles | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68ee235abc2ac3a0e0e2a488 | September 8, 2025 | Investigators compared the CO₂ conversion performance and CH4 selectivity of CoNDC catalysts prepared from a metal–organic framework (MOF) precursor. The CoNDC material was synthesized by reacting Co(II)(acac)₂ with 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid in a microwave reactor at 160 °C for 40 minutes, followed by carboniza... | - CO₂ conversion (%) calculated from outlet gas composition using a gas chromatograph (SCION 456-GC), under total flow rate of 20 mL/min, (10 % CO₂ + 40 % H₂ in Ar) and temperatures between 200–400 °C.
-CH4 selectivity (%) calculated from outlet gas composition using a gas chromatograph (SCION 456-GC), under total flow... | Metal–organic framework (MOF)–derived CoNDC catalysts were prepared by carbonizing a Co-based MOF precursor at 600 °C (CoNDC-600) and 700 °C (CoNDC-700) for 2 h under an argon atmosphere with a heating rate of 5 °C min⁻¹. Some samples of each catalyst were reduced in situ in 50 % (v/v) H₂ diluted in Ar at 400 °C for 1 ... | D. Reduced CoNDC-600 shows the highest CO₂ conversion, whereas all catalysts exhibit similar CH₄ selectivity in the 250–350 °C range. | - Metal–organic framework (MOF): a porous crystalline material constructed from metal ions or clusters coordinated to organic ligands, serving as a precursor that, upon carbonization, yields the CoNDC catalysts.
- CoNDC material: is a hierarchically porous spherical carbon nanocomposite incorporating cobalt nanoparticl... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Cobalt oxide (CoO) and metallic cobalt (Co) nanoparticles exhibit distinct catalytic behaviors, with the former being active in the hydrogenation of CO2 to CO or hydrocarbons, and the latter in the hydrogenation to methane."},{"label":"Title","value":"Uncovering the reaction mechanism behi... |
Chemistry | Nanotechnology / Catalysis | Free-Format Question | Tuning Nanostructure of Flame-made Palladium deposited on Cerium Oxide: Unveiling Pd Loading–Activity Relationships in Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68d4f0953e708a7649229138 | September 24, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the catalytic reaction performance of the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction by synthesizing a palladium-deposited cerium oxide (Pd/CeO2) catalyst with different Pd proportions (0.1, 5, 10, 20 and 50%wt) and then evaluating the conversion rate of 4-iodobenzonitrile to 4-phenylbenzonitrile when... | - Conversion yields from 4-iodobenzonitrile and phenylboronic acid to 4-phenylbenzonitrile, in percentage.
- Turnover number of Pd/CeO2 catalysts.
| Researchers evaluated the catalytic reaction performance of the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction by synthesizing a palladium-deposited cerium oxide (Pd/CeO2) catalyst with different Pd proportions (0.1, 5, 10, 20 and 50%wt) and then evaluating the conversion rate of 4-iodobenzonitrile to 4-phenylbenzonitrile when... | The 5Pd/CeO2 system, since proportions greater than 10 % of Pd in the Pd/CeO2 catalyst have a lower surface enrichment of Pd in the CeO2 due to the lack of free spaces for anchoring, and this reduces its turnover number (TONs). | - The Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) reaction is a method for constructing C–C bonds.
- Cerium oxide (CeO2) is used as a support for Pd catalysts since the facile Ce4+/Ce3+ redox cycling and abundant surface oxygen vacancies of CeO2 enable it to stabilize dispersed Pd species and to participate actively in catalyt... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) reaction is a method for constructing C–C bonds."},{"label":"Title","value":"State-of-the-Art in Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organoboron Compounds with Organic Electrophiles"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1002/978352765... |
Chemistry | Organic chemistry | Free-Format Question | Transient π-Coordination Enables Nucleophilic Borylation of Simple Arenes | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f5874d3e6156d3bee5586a | April 21, 2025 | In an argon-filled glove box, a J-Young-type Schlenk tube (φ16 mm) equipped with a glass-covered stir bar was charged with [Cr(arene)(CO)₃] (0.20 mmol), B₂(pin)₂ (101.6 mg, 0.40 mmol, 2 equiv), and one of several additives: K₂CO₃ (27.6 mg, 0.20 mmol), Na₂CO₃, Li₂CO₃, KOMe, KOtBu, KF, or CsF with or without [Cr(acac)₃] ... | - Yield of the borylated product (%) by GC (tridecane IS) for additives K₂CO₃/Na₂CO₃/Li₂CO₃/KOMe/KOtBu/KF/CsF with/without [Cr(acac)₃] (24 h, 100 °C, THF). | Researchers performed the borylation of [Cr(arene)(CO)₃](0.20 mmol) with B₂(pin)₂ (101.6 mg, 0.40 mmol, 2 equiv) in THF (1.0 mL) at 100 °C for 24 h in a J-Young-type Schlenk tube under nitrogen, using various additives including K₂CO₃ (27.6 mg, 0.20 mmol), Na₂CO₃, Li₂CO₃, KOMe, KOtBu, KF, and CsF. The yield of the bory... | K₂CO₃ gave the highest yield among the additives tested, and the presence of [Cr(acac)₃] led to a further increase in yield. | - [Cr(arene)(CO)₃]: transient π-coordination to chromium activates 1 equiv of a simple arene towards nucleophilic borylation.
- Arene: functionalization of the C–H bond in an arene enables rapid construction of molecular complexity.
- B₂(pin)₂: 1 equiv of a simple arene can be borylated with B₂(pin)₂ in the presence o... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Arene: functionalization of the C–H bond in an arene enables rapid construction of molecular complexity. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Handbook of C–H Transformations: Applications in Organic Synthesis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527619450"... |
Chemistry | Organic Chemistry / Catalysis | Numerical Values | Enantioselective Cobalt(III)-Catalyzed [4 + 1] Annulation of Benzamides: Cyclopropenes as One-Carbon Synthons | https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.4c16953 | April 28, 2025 | Researches aimed to explore the use of cyclopropenes as coupling partners in the annulation of benzamides under CpxCoIII catalysis. For that purpose, they investigated the production of a [4 + 1] annulated isoindolinone (3aa) through an annulation reaction with N-chlorobenzamide (1a), a 3,3-disubstituted cyclopropene (... | - Reaction yield (%) of the [4+1] annulated isoindolinone (3aa) (quantitative NMR).
| Researchers investigated the production of a [4 + 1] annulated isoindolinone (3aa) through an annulation reaction with N-chlorobenzamide (0.05 mmol, 1 eq.) (1a), a 3,3-disubstituted cyclopropene (with -CH3 and benzene groups as substituents) (2 eq.) (2a), Cp*Co(CO)I2 as catalyst (10 mol%), silver triflate (AgOTf) (20 m... | Reaction yield (3aa) = 31- 41 %. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported → Fallback ± 5 percent points applied over the value of 36 %. | - Cyclopropenes are strained unsaturated cycles and are valuable synthetic building blocks with diverse reactivity profiles.
- CoIII complexes bearing chiral cyclopentadienyl (Cpx) ligands are highly selective transition-metal catalysts for enantioselective C–H functionalization. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Cyclopropenes are strained unsaturated cycles and are valuable synthetic building blocks with diverse reactivity profiles."},{"label":"Title","value":"Recent developments in cyclopropene chemistry"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.9b02569"},{"label":"Date","... |
Chemistry | Materials Chemistry / Catalysis | Free-Format Question | CO2 methanation with MOF-derived hierarchically porous spherical carbon nanocomposite incorporating cobalt nanoparticles | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68ee235abc2ac3a0e0e2a488 | September 08, 2025 | Researchers synthesized and tested various carbon-based cobalt-containing nanocomposites as catalysts for the methanation of carbon dioxide.
To synthesize the nanocomposites, 0.395 g of cobalt(II) acetylacetonate (Co(II)(acac)2 (1.53 mmol) was dissolved in N,N’-dimethylformamide ([DMF] 60 mL) in a Teflon reaction vess... | - CO2 conversion [(XCO2); (%)] by CoNDC-600 and CoNDC-700 at 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 ºC (CO2 methanation assay). | Researchers synthesized and tested various carbon-based cobalt-containing as catalysts for the methanation of carbon dioxide. To synthesize the nanocomposites, cobalt(II) acetylacetonate (Co(II) and 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid were dissolved in DMF and reacted into a microwave reactor (160 ºC; microwave power: 60... | XCO2 [CoNDC-600; 350 ºC] = 65 - 75 %; XCO2 [CoNDC-700; 350 ºC] = 58 - 68 %. Note: no CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ± 5 percent points applied to the values of 70 % [CoNDC-600] and 63 % [CoNDC-700]. | - The CO2 methanation reaction is the process of converting carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen (H₂) into methane (CH₄), serving as a carbon recycling route that aligns with sustainable energy goals.
- Cobalt nanoparticles are catalysts for CO2 methanation, with cobalt oxide (CoO) promoting the hydrogenation of CO2 to C... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- The CO2 methanation reaction is the process of converting carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen (H₂) into methane (CH₄), serving as a carbon recycling route that aligns with sustainable energy goals.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":" Recent Advancements, Fundamental Challenges, and Opportunitie... |
Chemistry | Nanomaterials Chemistry | Numerical Values | Pathway-Resolved Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Biomimetic Double-Walled Nanotubes | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68e3c106bc2ac3a0e09c2f71 | October 9, 2025 | Researchers studied in real time the formation of double-walled nanotubes (DWNTs) from the amphiphilic cyanine dye C8S3 (3,3′-bis(2-sulfopropyl)-5,5′,6,6-tetrachloro-1,1′-dioctylbenzimidacarbocyanine; MW = 903 g/mol). For this purpose, 2 mg of C8S3 were dissolved in 4 mL of methanol, resulting in a stock concentration ... | - UV-Visible absorption spectra of the 1:2.5 C8S3:water solution 15 s, 40 s, 60 to 600 s (30 s increments), and 24h after mixing (PerkinElmer Lambda 900 UV/Vis/NIR spectrometer).
- Ratio ODmax[outer/inner] = ODmax at ~589 nm (outer NT) divided by ODmax at ~599 nm (inner NT), evaluated at 15 s, 40 s, 60–600 s (30 s inc... | Researchers studied the real-time formation of C8S3 (3,3′-bis(2-sulfopropyl)-5,5′,6,6-tetrachloro-1,1′-dioctylbenzimidacarbocyanine) double-walled nanotubes (DWNTs). For this purpose, a 0.55 mM C8S3 solution in methanol was manually mixed with water at 1:2.5 ratio (C8S3:water) to initiate self-assembly, and absorption ... | ODmax[outer/inner] = 1.5 → [1.35 - 1.65]. Note: no CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ± 10% applied. | - Molecular self-assembly is the spontaneous organization of disordered molecular components into ordered, functional structures without external guidance.
- Carbocyanine dyes such as C8S3 are able to form double-walled nanotubes (DWNTs) through self-assembly.
- Double-walled nanotubes DWNTs are characterized by narr... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Molecular self-assembly is the spontaneous organization of disordered molecular components into ordered, functional structures without external guidance.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Replicating shear-mediated self-assembly of spider silk through microfluidics"},{"label":"URL","value":"... |
Chemistry | Biological chemistry | MCQ | The ASNS inhibitor ASX-173 potentiates L-asparaginase anticancer activity | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.662851v1 | July 7, 2025 | The cell lines were prepared as follows: MTT Assays were used to prepare adherent cells, which were seeded in 96-well black, clear-bottom plates. These cells were left overnight to attach to the plate before they were treated with ASX-173, L-asparaginase (ASNase), or a combination of both. After treating the cells with... | - Absorbance measurement at 570 nm, to determine the IC50 values of ASX-173
- Fluorescence measurement (Ex: 560 nm, Em: 590), to determine the IC50 values of ASX-173
- IC50 nanomolar concentrations of ASX-173 were tested against cancer cell lines ASPC1, H1299, CaCo2, HPF-hTERT, HT1080, RKO, HCT116, HT29, MDA-MB-231, ... | The anticancer small molecule drug ASX-173 can potentiate the anticancer activity of L-asparaginase, which may be a potential cancer therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). ASX-173 and L-asparaginase help inhibit the asparagine metabolism, an essential function in ALL cells. Excluding the use of L-asparginase ... | B) Cell Line A375 | -Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common cancer found in children. In 2015, an estimated 6000 new cases of ALL were diagnosed every year in the United States of America, where 60 % of cases are children aged younger than 20 years old.
-L-asparaginase (ASNase) was the first treatment for childhood acute l... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common cancer found in children. In 2015, an estimated 6000 new cases of ALL were diagnosed every year in the United States of America, where 60 % of cases are children aged younger than 20 years old."},{"label":"Title","value":"Asparaginase ... |
Chemistry | Catalysis | MCQ | Catalytic quantitative formation of gamma-valerolactone from furfural aldehyde by PNP-Ru catalyst under a H2 atmosphere with a recyclable acidic system | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f2530ebc2ac3a0e08e72e5 | October 21, 2025 | Researchers investigated the catalytic conversion of furfural aldehyde (FA) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) using a homogeneous ruthenium PNP-type catalyst under a hydrogen atmosphere. The reaction medium consisted of ethanol–water mixtures with varying solvent ratios (0–100% EtOH). The primary hydrogenation catalyst was Ru-M... | * Product yields and selectivity for the GVL formation route, determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
| Researchers examined the hydrogenation of furfural aldehyde (FA) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) using the Ru-MACHO-BH (Ru-2) 2 mol% catalyst with 5 mol% Amberlyst-36 under 30 bar H₂ at 120 °C for 24 hours. Reactions were performed with varying solvent compositions (EtOH:H₂O = 10:0, 9.5:0.5, 7:3, 5:5).
What is the optimal so... | B. 10:0 EtOH:H₂O | * Furfural aldehyde (FA) is a biogenic compound derived from carbohydrate sources such as xylose and hemicellulose.
* γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is a chemical product that can be generated from furfural under reductive and acidic conditions.
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Furfural aldehyde (FA) is a biogenic compound derived from carbohydrate sources such as xylose and hemicellulose."},{"label":"Title","value":"Furfural: A Sustainable Platform Chemical and Fuel"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://ojs.kmutnb.ac.th/index.php/ijst/article/view/2509"},{"label":"D... |
Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | MCQ | An Inverse Electron-Demand Diels−Alder Approach to Selective Activity-Based Sensing of Acetaldehyde in Living Cells | https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5c14058 | October 10, 2025 | The researchers synthesized acetaldehyde probes (AAPs) through the condensation of a coumarin-derived nitrile and Boc-protected 2-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)acetonitrile in the presence of hydrazine, followed by the Boc deprotection. 9-Methyl-10-(3-(6-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)phenyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H... | -Yields of reactions of AAP-1, AAP-2, and AAP-3 with acetaldehyde were determined by integration of LC-MS signals at 254 nm.
| Acetaldehyde (AA) is a highly reactive carbon compound of physiological relevance and researchers have developed chemical tools to measure its concentration in solution as well as in living cells. AAP-1, AAP-2, and AAP-3 were synthesized through the condensation of a coumarin-derived nitrile and Boc-protected 2-(pyrrol... | D. A and C are both correct | - Acetaldehyde (AA) is a highly reactive and toxic two-carbon metabolite that can cause extensive cellular damage when not efficiently metabolized. It readily forms covalent adducts with DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to impaired biomolecular function, oxidative stress, and genomic instability and ultimately promot... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Acetaldehyde (AA) is a highly reactive and toxic two-carbon metabolite that can cause extensive cellular damage when not efficiently metabolized. It readily forms covalent adducts with DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to impaired biomolecular function, oxidative stress, and genomic insta... |
Chemistry | Inorganic Chemistry, Spectroscopy | Numerical Values | Quantifying the Lewis Acidity of Mono-, Di-, and Trivalent Cations in Anhydrous Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Salts | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/688a460d23be8e43d6e7a94f | August 01, 2025 | Researchers organized a series of experiments by titration in anhydrous acetonitrile (CH₃CN) to quantify and compare the effective Lewis acidity of the sodium cation (Na⁺) when paired with different weakly coordinating anions. The experiments used a modified methodology using oxide of triphenylphosphine (TPPO) as a spe... | - Change in the ³¹P NMR chemical shift ($Δδ^{31}P$) of TPPO as a function of the equivalents of added sodium salt (NaOTf, NaTFSI, NaPF₆, or NaBArF₂₄).
- Association constant (Kₐ) for the formation of the 1:1 TPPO-cation bound complex, derived from fitting the titration data to Langmuir type isotherm.
- Maximum change i... | Researchers conducted titrations of ³¹P NMR of a 10 mM triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) solution in acetonitrile with various salts of sodium to quantify the effective Lewis acidity of the Sodium cation. The titration data for each salt were fitted to a 1:1 in ratio binding isotherm to determine the maximum change in th... | 0.88-1.12 ppm | - Lewis Acidity is the ability of a chemical species, such as a metal cation, to act as an electron-pair acceptor. It is quantified by the strength of the electrostatic interaction between the cation and an electron-pair donor.
- Weakly Coordinating Anion is an anion with a delocalized negative charge, designed to have... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-The Gutmann-Beckett methodology is a standard technique for quantifying Lewis acidity. It measures the change in the ³¹P NMR chemical shift of a phosphine oxide probe, where a larger downfield shift indicates a stronger Lewis acidic interaction."},{"label":"Title","value":"Molecular Influ... |
Chemistry | Materials Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Fast-Track Remediation: N-Doped Carbon Derived from Banana Stem for Efficient Water Treatment | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/6889e17dfc5f0acb52cf26f2 | August 1, 2025 | Researchers explored the development of hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon (HPNC) materials synthesized from banana plant stems (Musa acuminata). Banana stems were washed, peeled, sliced, sun-dried, and ground into powder. Banana stem powder (7 g) was placed into a 100 mL Teflon-lined autoclave filled with disti... | - XRD spectra of HPNC-400, HPNC-550, HPNC-700, and HPNC-800 samples from 2θ = 10º to 80º (0.025º increment; Cu Kα line at 0.154 nm) (Panalytical Xpert Pro X-ray diffractometer). | Researchers explored the development of hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon (HPNC) materials synthesized from banana plant stems (Musa acuminata). Banana stem powder (7g) was placed into a Teflon-lined autoclave filled with distilled water (70 mL), subject to 150ºC for 10 hours in a hot air oven, washed with dist... | XRD spectra (26.5º and 42.6º XRD peaks) demonstrated a decrease of graphitization as the processing temperature increased from 400 to 800 ºC. | - Musa acuminata, commonly known as the banana plant, is a widely available agricultural byproduct in tropical and subtropical regions.
- The banana plant stem is rich in lignocellulosic content and carbon precursors, making it a promising raw material for activated carbon synthesis.
- Nitrogen-doped activated carbon i... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Nitrogen-doped activated carbon is prepared by introducing nitrogen-containing functional groups into activated carbon, enhancing its adsorption property and surface features."},{"label":"Title","value":"Nitrogen-doped biochars as adsorbents for mitigation of heavy metals and organics fr... |
Chemistry | Organometallic Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Reactivity of Gold and Copper Acetylide with a Secondary Borane | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f19e1c5dd091524ff3efba | October 21, 2025 | Researchers prepared an equimolar solution of Ph3PAuCCPh (32.1mg) and HBMeoCb2 (18.3mg) in 4mL toluene at 23°C.
Changes in the 11B, 1H and 31P NMR spectra were seen after 30 minutes of reaction under stirring, suggesting complete reaction. After full precursor consumption, vacuum drying and work up a new species (1) ... | • 11B, 1H and 31P NMR spectra of compounds 1 and 2
• Single crystal X-ray diffraction of crystallized compounds 1 and 2
• Structure determination (atomic arrangements, bond angles, and bond lengths) of 1 and 2
• Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of compound 2 | Researchers prepared two equimolar solutions of Ph3PAuCCPh/HBMeoCb2 (1) and Ph3PCuCCPh/HBMeoCb2 (2) respectively in 4mL toluene each at 23°C. 11B, 1H and 31P NMR spectra were collected to track the reaction progress. (1) was isolated and studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction on crystals grown from n-pentane vapo... | The gold complex can be considered an η2-coordinated 1-boratallene gold complex while the copper center is an alkynylborate complexed to CuPPh3+ via the alkyne.
A bridging hydride between boron and the Cu metal center suggests intermediates in the metal catalyzed hydroboration.
The difference between the geometries of... | -Secondary boranes have pi-bond donors that suppress reactivity in the absence of a catalyst, where metal catalysts increase boron electrophilicity and promote hydroboration.
-d10 metal centers engage in Z-type (2 electrons from metal to ligand) interactions with tricoordinate boron centers | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-d10 metal centers engage in Z-type (2 electrons from metal to ligand) interactions with tricoordinate boron centers "},{"label":"Title","value":"A neutral, acyclic, borataalkene-like ligand for group 11 metals: L- and Z-type ligands side by side"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.rsc.... |
Chemistry | Material Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Solid-State NMR Provides Location-Specific Information on the Chemical Environment Inside MOF Pores | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68efb163dfd0d042d1a1ba9d | Oct 15, 2025 | The researchers focus on the Zr₆ MOFs PCN-222 (PCN = porous coordination network) and PCN224. PCN-222 comprises 8-connected Zr₆-nodes and TCPP (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin) linkers, which are arranged in a csq net with 3.7 nm diameter mesopores and 1.3 nm micropores. PCN-224 is composed of the same n... | Phase purity and crystallinity using Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), on a STOE STADI P diffractometer operating in Debye Scherrer geometry with a Cu Kα radiation source and a primary germanium monochromator | Given RhMe-1, RhEt-1 and RhC₆H₄F-1, a Powder X-ray diffraction analysis was made. In which order (lowest to highest) do you expect the intensity obtained for these compounds? | RhC₆H₄F-1< RhEt-1 <RhMe-1 | -The chemical environment inside a MOF pore determines which molecules can enter the pore, how strongly they bind, and which guests are preferred over others
-Both the structure of the empty framework pores, as well as the spatial positioning of guest molecules, can furthermore be resolved with exquisite precision by ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The chemical environment inside a MOF pore determines which molecules can enter the pore, how strongly they bind, and which guests are preferred over others"},{"label":"Title","value":"Metal-Organic Frameworks in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Recent Progress, New Trends, and Future Perspectives... |
Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Numerical Values | Thiourea-Functionalized Ligands for Tunable Solid-State Photoluminescence and Quenching-Based Metal Sensing | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68fb743c5dd091524f3fe77a | October 28, 2025 | Researchers synthesised and characterised an aminopyrazole ligand, referred to as compound #2, as a precursor to thiourea-functionalized ligands for tunable solid-state photoluminescence and quenching-based metal sensing. For the synthesis of compound #2, 3-oxo-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propanenitrile (3.65 g, 25.5 mmol, 1.0 eq)... | - DSC measurements were carried out on a TA Instruments DSC Q200 using repeated heating–cooling cycles between 20 ºC and 200 ºC at a scanning rate of 5 ºC/min, allowing determination of its melting temperature (Tm; ºC) and glass transition temperature (Tg; ºC).
| Researchers synthesized an aminopyrazole ligand, referred to as compound #2, which serves as a precursor to thiourea-functionalized ligands. The phase behavior of compound #2 above room temperature was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), using repeated heating–cooling cycles to determine its glass ... | Glass transition temperature (Tg) = 56 ºC -> [50 - 62 ºC] | - Predicting how molecules will pack, and how that packing will influence emergent properties, is still limited by the availability of well-defined, systematically tunable ligand frameworks.
- Intermolecular interactions often compete in unpredictable hierarchies, for example, a large number of weaker forces (dipole-di... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Predicting how molecules will pack, and how that packing will influence emergent properties, is still limited by the availability of well-defined, systematically tunable ligand frameworks."},{"label":"Title","value":"Supramolecular Coordination: Self-Assembly of Finite Two- and Three-Dim... |
Chemistry | Physical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry | Numerical Values | Time-resolved study of in-situ generated protein subcomplexes by tandem-trapped ion mobility spectrometry
| https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68fb73583e6156d3bec22a9a | October 28, 2025 | Researchers investigated the stability of in-situ generated streptavidin subcomplexes using a tandem-trapped ion mobility spectrometer (Tandem-TIMS). Streptavidin tetramers (15+ charge state) were separated by ion mobility in the TIMS-1 cell under gentle conditions to preserve intact structures.
Streptavidin samples (... | - Time-resolved ion mobility spectrometry measurements of in situ generated
streptavidin subcomplexes in Tandem-TIMS, to obtain the structural stability monitored over time (cross-section distributions). | Using Tandem-TIMS, streptavidin tetramers (native-like 15+ charge state) were mobility-selected in TIMS-1 and fragmented into monomers (3+), dimers (7+), and trimers (7+ and 8+) via collision-induced dissociation (CID) at the interface between TIMS-1 and TIMS-2. The resulting subcomplexes were trapped in TIMS-2 for var... | Time: [9.8-10.8] s
±5% Time Durations fallback applied | - Tandem-ion mobility spectrometry (tandem-IMS) enables novel experimental workflows by allowing ions to be mobility-selected, activated, and reseparated.
- Tandem-TIMS features two sequential trapped ion mobility spectrometry cells, each capable of performing mobility separation and gas phase trapping for up to 20
sec... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Tandem-ion mobility spectrometry (tandem-IMS) enables novel experimental workflows by allowing ions to be mobility-selected, activated, and reseparated "},{"label":"Title","value":"An IMS−IMS Analogue of MS−MS"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac051060w"},{"label":... |
Chemistry | Nanoparticles | MCQ | Solvent-Dependent Stabilization of Gold Nanoparticles: A Comparative Study on Polymers and the Influence of Their Molecular Weight in Water and Ethanol | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8549/7/5/159 | Oct 01, 2025 | The researchers performed a systematic comparison of different polymers, synthesis methods and solvents in regards to Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs were synthesized using the ligand exchange reaction/post-synthetic addition reaction (PAR) and the one-pot synthesis with the polymers poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), po... | • TEM analysis of the AuNPs made by PAR method and by one-pot synthesis in water, to determine their size. Graphical analysis of the TEM-derived AuNP core size and their standard deviation of the conjugates in water: (a) AuNP@PVA, (b) AuNP@PEG, (c) AuNP@PVP and (d) AuNP@PAA in water.
• Hydrodynamic diameters and the po... | The colloidal stability of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) depends on the nature of the polymer used in their synthesis. Based on this research work, which of the following polymers shows the best stability in water and after transfer to ethanol, irrespective of whether they are synthesized by the post-synthetic addition re... | (a) AuNP@PVA | • The targeted control of size, shape, monodispersity and surface functionalization of AuNPs plays a central role in their successful use in nanomedicine.
• Polymers are used for AuNP stabilization.
• The molecular weight of the polymers plays a decisive role, as it significantly influences the density, thickness, and ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The targeted control of size, shape, monodispersity and surface functionalization of AuNPs plays a central role in their successful use in nanomedicine."},{"label":"Title","value":"Nanoparticles in microelectronics advancements and biomedical applications."},{"label":"URL","value":"https:/... |
Chemistry | Organic chemistry, metabolic/biocompatible catalysis | MCQ | A biocompatible Lossen rearrangement in Escherichia coli | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41557-025-01845-5 | June 23, 2025 | A one-pot two-step procedure was optimized to enhance the synthetic utility of paracetamol synthesis from polyethylene terephthalate (0.5 mM), which is incubated at 50 °C in aqueous phosphate buffer (200 mM, 50 °C, pH 8.0), followed by the addition of induced E. coli BW25113ΔpabB_p354 and E. coli BW25113ΔpabB_p350 whol... | -Final paracetamol yield (%) at the end of the one-pot sequence quantified by ¹H NMR or HPLC versus an internal standard.
| Using a one-pot two-step procedure, a sponsor requires enabling a reduction in the ratio of panat and abh60 expressing strains to 1:100. What modification can be made to further produce a higher final yield of paracetamol?
A) Increase L-arabinose during the protein-expression phase, leave all other parameters unchanged... | B) Decrease L-arabinose during the protein-expression phase, leaving PET loading, buffer identity/strength/pH, and analytics unchanged. | -Biocompatible reactions are non-enzymatic chemical transformations that can be interfaced with cellular metabolism.
-The field of synthetic organic chemistry can access reactivity not observed in nature, and integration of these abiotic reactions within living systems offers a solution to the sustainable synthesis of... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Biocompatible reactions are non-enzymatic chemical transformations that can be interfaced with cellular metabolism."},{"label":"Title","value":"Using non-enzymatic chemistry to influence microbial metabolism."},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S... |
Chemistry | Materials Science / Optoelectronic Devices | Numerical Values | Improved operating voltage in InGaN-capped AlGaN-based DUV LEDs on bulk AlN substrates | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.24892 | Oct 28, 2025 | Epitaxial growth: All samples grown by nitrogen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on +c-plane single-crystal bulk AlN substrates.
Contact metallurgy & anneals: p-contacts — Ni/Au (15/20 nm), rapid thermal anneal (RTA) at 450 °C for 30 s in O₂ ambient. n-contacts — V/Al/Ni/Au (20/80/40/100 nm) deposited by ... | Diode J–V (current density vs voltage) characteristics and differential ON-resistance (R_on): measured for LEDs fabricated with and without SiO₂ cap; R_on extracted at a specified current density (400 A/cm²). Comparison dimension: SiO₂-capped LED vs uncapped LED (same wafer).
| Two DUV LED samples were fabricated from the same epitaxial wafer. One sample used the SiO₂ capping technique and the other did not. Diodes were tested randomly from
each sample. At room temperature, the current density vs. voltage was analyzed of the best-performing diode from each group (selected based on the lowest ... | 3.8 V → [3.42 V - 4.2 V] | -Dielectric (SiO2, SiNx) or epitaxial cap layers (GaN, AlN) are used to protect the device before contact deposition | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of III-nitride heterostructures and typical stack used for DUV LEDs"},{"label":"Title","value":"Demonstration of AlGaN-on-AlN pn diodes with dopant-free distributed polarization doping"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37... |
Chemistry | Analytical Chemistry / Electrochemistry | Numerical Values | Determination of Caffeine in Energy Drinks Using a Composite Modified Sensor Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/10/2219 | May 20, 2025 | Researchers developed a new voltammetric sensor for detecting and measuring caffeine (CAF) levels in solution. For that purpose, 0.5 mg of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (nanopowder, 50–100 nm particle size, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were mixed with 100 µL of 3% (w/v) nafion (etrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octene... | - Current (I, µA) measured with the BDDE/Nafion@Fe3O4/BiF electrode at 0.1 µM caffeine concentration, from 0.25 to 1.85 V, at amplitude (ΔEA) of 75 mV, scan rate (υ) of 175 mV/s, and modulation time (tm) of 4 ms (Differential-pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry). | Researchers developed a new voltammetric sensor for detecting and measuring caffeine (CAF) levels in solution by depositing 0.5 µL of nanocomposite (0.5 mg of Fe3O4 nanopowder [50–100 nm particle size] in 100 µL of 3% (w/v) nafion [etrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid copolymer] in etha... | Current (I) for 0.1 µM caffeine measured with BDDE/Nafion@Fe3O4/BiF electrode at 1.4V, amplitude (ΔEA) of 75 mV, scan rate (υ) of 175 mV/s, and modulation time (tm) of 4 ms = 2.25 - 2.75 µA. Note: no CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ±10% applied over the value of 2.5 µA. | - Voltammetry is a method that can be employed to determine caffeine concentrations in solution.
- Nafion (etrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid copolymer) is a cation exchanger that is used to coat the surface of electrodes.
- Fe3O4 nanoparticles are magnetic nanoparticles that promot... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Voltammetry is a method that can be employed to determine caffeine concentrations in solution."},{"label":"Title","value":"Bismuth particles Nafion covered boron-doped diamond electrode for simultaneous and individual voltammetric assays of paracetamol and caffeine"},{"label":"URL","valu... |
Chemistry | Analytical Chemistry | MCQ | Cross-Platform Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry of Cationized Imidacloprid and Chlorpyrifos
| https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f051915dd091524fb24491 | Oct 15, 2025 | Researchers investigated how cationization with different metal ions affects the gas-phase structure and ion mobility of two pesticide molecules, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos. Analytical standards of both compounds were dissolved in methanol/water (1:1, v/v) at a final concentration of approximately 10 µM. To generate... | - Collision cross sections (CCS) of protonated, sodiated, and potassiated imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos measured by drift tube (DTIM), traveling wave (TWIM), trapped ion (TIMS), and cyclic ion mobility (cIM) mass spectrometry in nitrogen gas.
| Researchers investigated how cationization with different metal ions affects the gas-phase structure and ion mobility of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos using four ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM–MS) platforms: drift tube (DTIM), traveling wave (TWIM), trapped ion (TIMS), and cyclic ion mobility (cIM). Protonated, sod... | A. Both imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos show increasing CCS values from protonated to sodiated to potassiated forms.
B. Chlorpyrifos exhibits a larger CCS increase than imidacloprid upon cationization with Na⁺ and K⁺.
D. Sodiated [Imi+Na]+ and [CPF+Na]+ species are the most abundant in the mass spectra compared to their ... | - Imidacloprid: (1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine, an organochlorine neonicotinoid is almost harmless to humans. However, it can adversely impact beneficial pollinators or have less obvious side effects.
- Chlorpyrifos: (O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate) is an or... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Chlorpyrifos: (O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate is an organothiophosphate capable of disrupting an insect’s nervous system, resulting in paralysis and (eventually) death."},{"label":"Title","value":"A comprehensive review on chlorpyrifos toxicity with special refe... |
Chemistry | Environmental Chemistry / Catalysis | Numerical Values | Catalytic Ozonation of Diclofenac Using CuO/Al2O3- and MnO2/Al2O3-Supported Catalysts | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8549/7/4/107 | June 25, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the catalytic ozonation of diclofenac (DFC) using a CuO/Al₂O₃-supported catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. Al2O3 was dried at 110 ºC for 2 h in a drying oven. Dry Al2O3 powder was weighed, denoting the mass as m1. The carrier was submerged with distilled water b... | - Diclofenac removal rate (%) after 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes of CuO/Al₂O₃-supported catalysis at pH 7.35 and 1.0 g/L catalyst concentration (HPLC). | Researchers evaluated the catalytic ozonation of diclofenac (DFC) using a CuO/Al₂O₃-supported catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation, with a quasi-loading rate of CuO of 10%. Catalytic ozonation studies were carried out in batch mode at ambient temperature with a 100 mg/L DFC water soluti... | Diclofecnac removal rate (t = 60 min) = 68.99 - 78.99 %. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ± 5 percent points applied over the value of 73.99 %. | - Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), frequently detected in surface water, groundwater, and drinking water.
- Ozonation is an advanced oxidation process employed for the degradation of refractory organic contaminants.
- Al2O3 is a widely used catalyst support with high surf... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), frequently detected in surface water, groundwater, and drinking water."},{"label":"Title","value":"Improving management and antimicrobial stewardship for bacterial and fungal infections in hospitalized patien... |
Chemistry | Catalysis | Free-Format Question | Polyester (PET) Degradation in Mild-Alkaline Solutions Assisted by Ultrasonication and UV-Activated Metal Oxides | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f676603e6156d3be019570 | October 23, 2025 | In this experiment, researchers investigated the effect of five metal oxide catalysts: zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄), yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃), iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃), and strontium oxide (SrO) on the alkaline depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). For each run, 5 g of PET flakes were placed in a... | - PET conversion (%) using five metal oxide catalysts in a 1% by weight of PET under ultrasonication at an amplitude of 103.6 μm and UV light.
| Researchers conduct an alkaline depolymerization of PET using 0.1 M NaOH under ultrasonication (amplitude 103.6 μm) and UV irradiation to investigate the catalytic performance of five metal oxides zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄), yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃), iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃), and strontium oxide (SrO) each app... | From highest to lowest: SrO, Y₂O₃, ZnO, ZnFe₂O₄ and Fe₂O₃ | - Alkaline depolymerization: is a chemical reaction that occurs in the presence of alkaline medium (0.1 M NaOH), breaking down polymer chains.
- PET conversion: is the ratio of initial weight of PET before the reaction, and weight of unreacted PET after the reaction and sieve separation.
-Ultrasonication: a physical te... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-Ultrasonication: a physical technique that applies high-frequency sound to creates microbubbles that continuously collapse due to compression and expansion phases, leading to the generation of shock waves and shear forces on the PET surface; which further enhances the continuous stretchin... |
Chemistry | Physical Chemistry | Numerical Values | Computing Nucleation Rates from Confined Equilibria: The Critical ClusterEquivalence Principle | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/api-gateway/chemrxiv/assets/orp/resource/item/68efa3e5dfd0d042d19fbe4b/original/computing-nucleation-rates-from-confined-equilibria-the-critical-cluster-equivalence-principle.pdf | Oct 17, 2025 | Eight molecular dynamics simulations of sodium chloride (NaCl) crystallization from aqueous solution were conducted. The simulations were performed in the NVT (canonical) ensemble at T = 298 K, using the Joung and Cheatham force field with the SPC/E water model (JC-SPC/E). To identify the steady-state crystalline clust... | -Steady-state crystalline cluster size ($n_{ss,i}$) for eight different simulations.Solute mole fraction ($x(n_{ss,i})$) corresponding to each steady-state cluster.
-Equilibrium solute mole fraction ($x^{*}$) determined by solving the optimization problem.
Effective surface energy parameter ($\sigma^{\prime}$) determi... | Eight NVT molecular dynamics simulations of NaCl solutions were performed at 298 K, using the JC-SPC/E force field. By identifying the steady-state cluster size ($n_{ss}$) and corresponding solute mole fraction ($x(n_{ss})$) for each simulation, the Critical Cluster Equivalence Principle (CEP) was applied. Using a mini... | $m^{*} = [3.70 - 4.10]$ mol kg$^{-1}$ (derived from $3.90 \pm 0.20$ mol kg$^{-1}$). | -Nucleation is the process where a new, stable phase (like a crystal) forms from a metastable parent phase (like a solution).
-Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) describes the free energy of forming a cluster, balancing a favorable bulk term (driving force) against an unfavorable surface energy cost.
-The Critical Clu... | null |
Chemistry | Materials Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Preparation of Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Doped Cellulose Acetate Films for the Treatment of Calcium-Based Hardness from Aqueous Solution | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7167/5/4/45 | October 20, 2025 | Researchers fabricated cellulose acetate (CA), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), and PVDF-HFP/CA films for the removal of Ca2+ ions from water. All chemical compounds employed for film synthesis were analytical-grade (Merck Life Sciences, South Africa).
First, CA films were prepared using a ... | - Weight (% initial weight) of CA, PVDF-HFP and 3 wt.% PVDF-HFP/CA films across the temperature range of 0 - 900 ºC (Thermogravimetric analysis).
| Researchers fabricated cellulose acetate (CA), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), and PVDF-HFP/CA films through a phase inversion technique. CA films were prepared with 0.9 g CA and 0.2 g polyethylene glycol (PEG). PVDF-HFP films were prepared with 1 g PVDF-HFP and 0.2 g PEG. 3 wt.% PVDF-HFP/C... | Mass change (% initial weight) at 500 ºC: CA = 7.5 - 17.5%; PVDF-HFP = 20 - 30%. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ±5 percent points applied over the values of 12.5% (CA) and 25% (PVDF-HFP). | - Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) is a polymer with excellent dielectric properties, mechanical strength, and elevated ionic conductivity that has been employed for manufacturing membranes for water disinfection.
- Cellulose acetate (CA) is a polymer that when incorporated into PVDF-HFP membran... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) is a polymer with excellent dielectric properties, mechanical strength, and elevated ionic conductivity that has been employed for manufacturing membranes for water disinfection."},{"label":"Title","value":"Characterization of poly... |
Physics | Photonics | Numerical Values | Reversing Annealing-Induced Optical Loss in Diamond Microcavities | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.03585 | October 4, 2025 | Diamond microdisk optical resonators were fabricated from an optical grade single crystal (<100>-orientation) diamond synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. The micro disk optical cavities were patterned using quasi-isotropic etching with an O$_2$-plasma to diameters ranging 5 to 8 µm and ~940 nm thickness, supporte... | - Fiber taper transmission spectra in the 1480-1640 nm probed for microdisks of 5, 6, 7 and 8 µm diameters | Microdisk optical resonators were etched on a single optical-grade diamond using O$_2$ plasma to diameters of 5 to 8 µm and a thickness of ~940 nm. The sample was cleaned in a tri-acid bath (equal mixture of H$_2$SO$_4$, HNO$_3$, and HClO$_4$) at 250 °C bath for two hours, then rinsed with ultrapure water and blow-trie... | [0.18-0.22] nm
Note: No CI/SE/SD provided, so a ±10% fallback was applied to the 0.2 nm value reported on page 4. | - Diamond demands aggressive etching recipes for device patterning, which can promote surface damage and increase lattice strain.
- Annealing steps can harm resonator performance by inducing additional losses from changes to surface morphology and other material characteristics.
- Non-diamond (amorphous carbon) layers ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Diamond demands aggressive etching recipes for device patterning, which can promotes surface damage and increases lattices train."},{"label":"Title","value":"Diamond integrated quantum nanophotonics: spins, photons and phonons"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/... |
Physics | Condensed Matter Physics | MCQ | Observation of time crystal in a spin maser system | https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.15017 | Apr 30, 2025 | In this experiment, the researchers employed a hybrid spin maser composed of rubidium and xenon gases contained in a heated vapor cell along with nitrogen as a buffer, in this step, a hot (∼120 ◦C) gaseous Rb-Xe vapor (containing a droplet of natural abundance Rb, 5 torr of isotope enriched 129Xe and 50 torr of buffer ... | - Recorded the real-time precession of rubidium spins under both weak and strong feedback strengths.
- Examined Fourier spectra of the measured spin signal. | A hybrid spin maser composed of rubidium and xenon gases contained in a heated vapor cell, along with nitrogen as a buffer. The rubidium atoms were first optically pumped using a 795 nm laser to align their spins along an external magnetic field, and this polarization was transferred to the xenon nuclei through spin-ex... | d) In the presence of strong feedback, in addition to the original peak, a stronger signal suddenly emerges at a higher frequency than the original frequency. | - Feedback is a procedure of modifying system parameters according to the measurement outcomes. Feedback is not instantaneous but is accompanied by a time delay with a characteristic timescale, and thus can be considered a source of retarded interaction.
- If the magnetization of spins is continuously measured and fed ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Feedback is a procedure of modifying system parameters according to the measurement outcomes. Feedback is not instantaneous but is accompanied by a time delay with a characteristic timescale, and thus can be considered a source of retarded interaction."},{"label":"Title","value":"Feedback-... |
Physics | Condensed matter physics | MCQ | Identification of formation of amorphous Si phase in SiOxNy films produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.14701 | October 16, 2025 | Researchers deposited nine 300 ± 5 nm thick SiO$_x$N$_y$ films with different relative Si content using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The relative Si contents for these films were 0.34, 0.39, 0.41, 0.48, 0.57, 0.64, 0.68, 0.77, and 0.80. The films were characterized via Raman spectroscopy using a 457-nm la... | - Raman spectra of the SiO$_x$N$_y$ films with different relative Si content | The amorphous Si content in SiO$_x$N$_y$ films can be estimated from the integrated Raman signal of the transverse-optical band at around 476 cm$^{-1}$. To implement this, nine SiO$_x$N$_y$ films were grown with different relative Si content from 0.34 to 0.80 using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and Raman sp... | B. The position of the maximum intensity in the Raman spectra is virtually independent of the Si content of the samples.
C. The half width of the most intense TO band decreases as the amount of Si in the films increases. | - Increasing the relative Si content changes the morphology and structure of SiO$_x$N$_y$.
- Raman spectroscopy can detect amorphous Si clusters in as-deposited Si-rich SiO$_x$N$_y$ thin films.
- SiO$_x$N$_y$ thin films with different film stoichiometries can be fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Increasing the relative Si content changes the morphology and structure of SiO$_x$N$_y$. \n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Structural and morphological studies on SiOxNy thin films\n"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.09.063"},{"label":"Date","value":"February... |
Physics | Condensed Matter Physics, Material Science | MCQ | Isothermal Annealing Effects on β-Relaxations and Crystallization Behaviors in Amorphous GeTe | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.13313 | Oct 15, 2025 | Researchers prepared amorphous samples of GeTe by magnetron sputtering deposition using stoichiometric targets at a background pressure of 3 × 10⁻³ mbar and an argon flow rate of 20 sccm. Thick layers of several micrometers were sputtered to obtain sufficient powder or flake samples for powder mechanical dynamic spectr... | - Temperature‑dependent relaxation spectra of the amorphous GeTe powder samples were recorded in multi‑frequency strain mode at discrete fixed testing frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, and 8 Hz), with a strain amplitude of 10 μm and a heating rate of 3 K/min, all conducted under an argon atmosphere.
- Viscoelastic loss modulus (... | Powder mechanical spectroscopy (PMS) measurements allow for measuring viscoelastic loss modulus (E′′) and storage modulus (E’) of powder samples that lack the bulk glass-forming abilities required for conventional dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS) measurements. E’’ and E’ can be used to characterize the α- and β-re... | C. Pronounced β-relaxation vanishes in amorphous GeTe samples with increasing frequency, showing a negative deviation in the normalized α-relaxation peak compared to the annealed samples. | - Only in PCMs, excess wings in E’’ have been observed, indicating the presence of β-relaxations. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Only in PCMs, excess wings in E’’ have been observed, indicating the presence of β-relaxations."},{"label":"Title","value":"Uncovering β-relaxations in amorphous phase-change materials"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aay6726"},{"label":"Date","value":"J... |
Physics | Quantum Atomic Physics / Atomtronics | Free-Format Question | Multi-loop and Multi-axis Atomtronic Sagnac Interferometry | https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20345 | Apr 29, 2025 | Researchers implemented a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) interferometer using approximately 10³⁸⁷Rb atoms confined within a two-dimensional toroidal optical waveguide generated by laser beams shaped through a spatial light modulator (SLM). The ⁸⁷Rb atoms were generated using a crossed optical dipole trap with 1064nm be... | - Population fraction (in fraction) against the interferometer phase without phase correction.
- Population fraction (in fraction) against the interferometer phase with phase correction. | Researchers implemented a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) interferometer using approximately 10³⁸⁷Rb atoms confined within a two-dimensional toroidal optical waveguide generated by laser beams shaped through a spatial light modulator (SLM). The atoms were cooled using delta-kick cooling. To enable this collimation, the ... | This method of accelerometer correction depends only on interferometer time T. | - A higher axial guide curvature or interferometer T both shorten the time wave-packets take to overlap again at the end.
-We noticed that the waveguide waist moved for a duration of a few seconds due to the thermal lensing caused by the AOD.
-with an increase in the number of loops or Sagnac area, contrast goes down d... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"A higher axial guide curvature or interferometer T both shorten the time wave-packets take to overlap again at the end."},{"label":"Title","value":"Confinement effects in a guided-wave atom interferometer with millimeter-scale arm separation"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://journals.aps.o... |
Physics | Soft Condensed Matter | Free-Format Question | Dynamics of Choline Chloride based Deep Eutectic Solvents: Neutron Scattering Study | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05882 | October 7, 2025 | The experiment involves the synthesis of three deep eutectic solvents (DES)—reline (ChCl + urea), glyceline (ChCl + glycerol), and ethaline (ChCl + ethylene glycol)—by combining choline chloride with their respective deuterated hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) in a molar ratio of 1:2. The mixtures are heated to 340 K until ... | - Quasielastic neutron spectra of ethaline, reline, and glyceline were recorded using IRIS spectrometer at ISIS to probe cholinium ion diffusion.
- The jump diffusion coefficient of the cholinium ion (Ch⁺) in ethaline, reline, and glyceline, as a function of temperature (300–365 K). | Three deep eutectic solvent systems (reline, glyceline, and ethaline) were synthesized, comprising choline chloride (ChCl) mixed with urea, glycerol, and ethylene glycol in a 1:2 molar ratio. Each mixture was heated to 340 K until a clear, homogeneous solution was achieved, and the solution was cooled to room temperatu... | Based on the temperature-dependent measurements of the jump diffusion coefficient of ethaline, the jump diffusion coefficient of cholinium ions in ethaline should have the steepest dependence on temperature. | - Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an emerging class of sustainable solvents that have gained attention as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). They are typically formed by combining a quaternary ammonium salt with a molecular hydrogen bond donor (HBD), resultin... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an emerging class of sustainable solvents that have gained attention as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). They are typically formed by combining a quaternary ammonium salt with a molecular hydroge... |
Physics | High-Energy Nuclear Physics/Particle Physics | MCQ | News on strangeness production from the NA61/SHINE experiment | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.14998 | Aug 20, 2025 | The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron North Area used a fixed-target setup with an argon (Ar) beam incident on a scandium (Sc) target to study central collisions, selected as the 10% most central based on forward energy measurements. Beam momenta were 40 A GeV/c and 75 A GeV/c, corresponding to... | - Mid-rapidity yields (dn/dy at 0<y<0.2) of charged kaons K⁺ and K⁻ in the 10% most central Ar+Sc collisions at beam momenta of 40A and 75A GeV/c
- Mid-rapidity yields (dn/dy at 0<y<0.2) of neutral kaons K⁰_S identified via decay topology reconstruction (K⁰_S → π⁺ + π⁻) in the 10% most central Ar+Sc collisions at beam ... | In central Ar+Sc collisions at SPS energies, strangeness production was measured using mid-rapidity yields of charged K⁺, K⁻ and neutral K⁰_S mesons, with corrections for acceptance and decays. Given the near-isospin symmetry of Ar and Sc nuclei (valence quarks u ≈ d within 6%), the ratio R_K = (K⁺ + K⁻) / (2 K⁰_S) was... | C) The ratio R_K is greater than 1, showing an unexpected excess of charged kaons over neutral ones. | - Strangeness production enhancement in heavy-ion collisions relative to baseline proton-proton collisions is considered one of the earliest proposed signatures of quark-gluon plasma formation.
- Kaons (K mesons) containing strange quarks are identified in experiments through specific detection methods: charged kaons ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Strangeness production enhancement in heavy-ion collisions relative to baseline proton-proton collisions is considered one of the earliest proposed signatures of quark-gluon plasma formation."},{"label":"Title","value":"Strangeness Production in the Quark-Gluon Plasma"},{"label":"URL","val... |
Physics | Experimental Nuclear Physics | Free-Format Question | High-resolution multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer for exotic nuclei at IGISOL | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.10048 | August 12, 2025 | Researchers investigated the performance of a Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (MR-ToF-MS) at the IGISOL facility using stable ³⁹K⁺ ions from the off-line ion station to evaluate the instrument's mass-resolving power. The ions were prepared in the upgraded Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) cooler-bunche... | - The peak mass-resolving power (R) of the spectrometer as a function of the number of ion revolutions (n) at lambda 3 eV.
- The peak mass-resolving power (R) of the spectrometer as a function of the number of ion revolutions (n) at lambda 6 eV.
- The peak mass-resolving power (R) of the spectrometer as a function of t... | A Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (MR-ToF-MS) was used to analyze the behavior of (39)K+ ions. The experiment involved varying the number of revolutions (n) completed by the ions inside the spectrometer from 0 to over 1000 (~20 ms total flight) by delaying the extraction pulse via the pulsed drift-tu... | The TOF increases linearly with the trapping energy. | - The MRToF-MSs are designed to be energy-isochronous at a higher order, including isochronicity not only with respect to energy but also other parameters, such as ion angle and position at injection.
- Estimates of the mass-resolving power are typically found with a series expansion of the ion time-of-flight, with var... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The MRToF-MSs are designed to be energy-isochronous at a higher order, including isochronicity not only with respect to energy but also other parameters, such as ion angle and position at injection."},{"label":"Title","value":"Chapter 1 Charged Particles in Electromagnetic Fields"},{"label... |
Physics | Physics/Quantum Physics | MCQ | Optically detected nuclear magnetic resonance of coherent spins in a molecular complex | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.01467 | September 1, 2025 | Researchers studied the ground-state nuclear quadrupole transitions of the ¹⁵¹Eu³⁺ isotope in a millimeter-sized [Eu(BA)₄(pip)] molecular crystal at a temperature of 4.2 K. To precisely determine the transition frequencies and probe the spin inhomogeneity, they performed Optically Detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (O... | - ODNMR spectrum for the two ground-state nuclear quadrupole transitions.
- Center frequencies of the ground-state resonances.
- Inhomogeneous linewidth (full width at half maximum, FWHM) of the two ground-state resonances. | In a ¹⁵¹Eu³⁺-based molecular crystal at 4.2 K, the inhomogeneous linewidths of the two ground-state nuclear quadrupole transitions were measured using Optically Detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ODNMR). The transitions were centered at approximately 21.5 MHz and 34.0 MHz. Which of the following outcomes best describ... | A) The ~21.5 MHz transition was significantly broader (FWHM ≈ 220 kHz), while the ~34.0 MHz transition was much narrower (FWHM ≈ 90 kHz). | - Europium-based molecular complexes: Certain rare-earth ions like Eu³⁺ can be incorporated into molecular crystals. These systems are investigated for quantum technologies because they possess nuclear spins that can be addressed optically.
- Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR): This is a form of magnetic resonance tha... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Europium-based molecular complexes: Certain rare-earth ions like Eu³⁺ can be incorporated into molecular crystals. These systems are investigated for quantum technologies because they possess nuclear spins that can be addressed optically."},{"label":"Title","value":"Ultra-narrow optical li... |
Physics | Experimental Condensed Matter Physics | Numerical Values | Total-area world-record efficiency of 27.03% for 350 cm² commercial-sized single-junction silicon solar cells | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-61128-y | July 1, 2025 | Researchers fabricated industrial-size (350 cm²) crystalline silicon solar cells from phosphorus-doped n-type Czochralski monocrystalline silicon (100) wafers using a passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) design. The wafers were first cleaned and polished to 130 μm. A 1.7-nm-thick SiO2 layer and a 300-nm-thick int... | - Electrical conversion efficiency measured under standard AM 1.5 G illumination (1000 W m⁻², 25 °C).
- Open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), and fill factor (FF) recorded from I–V characteristics.
- Efficiency values averaged over three independent samples using the same calibrated solar sim... | An industrial-size (350 cm²) crystalline silicon solar cell from phosphorus-doped n-type Czochralski monocrystalline silicon (100) wafers using a passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) design. After laser crushing of BSG and wet removal of p-type poly-Si in the gap region and n-type region, a 1.5-nm-thick SiO2 laye... | The efficiency of the 350 cm² fabricated solar cell is 26.56 - 27.49 %. (The given SD is ±0.46%, so this is the fallback) | - BC cells are normally criticized for their low bifaciality factors due to the materials/structures on the rear side, such as the heavily doped materials and metal grid lines, that may have parasitic light absorption and/or shade light.
- Due to the difference in surface stresses and crystal orientations, the quality ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"BC cells are normally criticized for their low bifaciality factors due to the materials/structures on the rear side, such as the heavily doped materials and metal grid lines, that may have parasitic light absorption and/or shade light."},{"label":"Title","value":"Tailoring Interdigitated B... |
Physics | Physics/Optics | Free-Format Question | Ultra-high-precision fused silica micro-hole machining via spherical aberration-assisted filamentation and laser-induced deep etching | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.19100 | October 21, 2025 | Researchers fabricated high-precision micro-holes in fused silica using aberration-assisted Laser-Induced Deep Etching (LIDE). Researchers focused a 1030 nm femtosecond laser (pulse width: 387 fs) through a lens with designed spherical aberration. The pulse energy of the laser was 100 microJoules and the repetition rat... | - Diameters (in µm) of the micro-holes after fabrication using SEM.
- Sidewall surface roughness over a 30 × 30 μm² area using atomic force microscopy (AFM) operating in non-contact mode. | Micro-holes were fabricated in fused silica using Laser-Induced Deep Etching (LIDE). Researchers focused a 1030 nm femtosecond laser through a lens. Researchers inscribed circular patterns corresponding to the target hole diameters by raster-scanning the substrate in the x-y plane using a 2D stage. Researchers immersed... | The sidewall formed through the etching process was measured to have a roughness of Ra = 38.1 nm and RMS = 53.1 nm. These values fall short of the few-nanometer requirement for ultra-precision optics and photonics. | - Laser-Induced Deep Etching (LIDE) is a laser-based glass processing technique which involves selective internal modification of glass by irradiating high intense laser beam followed by chemical etching.
- Laser filamentation is a nonlinear optical phenomenon that occurs when a laser beam with peak power above the cri... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Laser-Induced Deep Etching (LIDE) is a laser-based glass processing technique which involves selective internal modification of glass by irradiating high intense laser beam followed by chemical etching."},{"label":"Title","value":"Development of Laser-Induced Deep Etching Process for Throu... |
Physics | Experimental high-energy | Numerical Values | First Measurement of the Electron Neutrino Charged-Current Pion Production Cross Section on Carbon with the T2K Near Detector.
| https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.00516 | May 1, 2025. | The experiment is conducted by the Tokai to Kamioka (T2K) project, which is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. T2K long-baseline neutrino beam (peak ~0.6 GeV) from 30 GeV protons at J-PARC; analysis uses ND280 off-axis near detector at 2.5°. The ND280 tracking detector comprises two fine-grained scintilla... | - Differential, flux-integrated cross sections dσ/dx in 8 bins over the restricted phase space, against reconstructed electron momentum (pₑ), electron angle via cos θₑ, and pion momentum (p_π).
- Total flux integrated cross section per target nucleon (carbon dominant FGD1)
- Uncertainty breakdown recorded (detector r... | In the T2K experiment, using the ND280 near detector with 11.6 × 10²⁰ protons on target and selecting νₑ + C → e⁻ + π⁺ + X interactions within the restricted phase space, which is conducted by the Tokai to Kamioka (T2K) project. Predict what the measured total flux-integrated cross section per target nucleon (in × 10⁻³... | The measured total flux-integrated cross section per target nucleon is 1.7 - 3.34 × 10⁻³⁹ cm² per nucleon. (The Standard Error is ±0.82 × 10⁻³⁹ cm² per nucleon) | - The single pion production (CC1π+) channels contribute ∼10% to the νe appearance signal from the T2K flux, given the current best-fit oscillation parameters.
- A recent measurement of νeCC1π+, which combined T2K data with Super-Kamiokande atmospheric data, revealed an event rate excess localized to low lepton momentu... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The single pion production (CC1π+) channels contribute ∼10% to the νe appearance signal from the T2K flux, given the current best-fit oscillation parameters."},{"label":"Title","value":"Measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters from the T2K experiment using 3.6 × 10^{21} protons on t... |
Physics | Experimental Condensed Matter Physics. | MCQ | Listen! it’s a phase transition. The sound of a shape memory alloy | https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.18037 | Jul 31, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the occurrence of phase transitions (PT) using the sound produced when one hits a nitinol (Ni40Ti50Cu10) sample, by continuously monitoring the sound using an elementary experimental setup. The bar used in the experiment has the following dimensions: (20 ± 0.1) cm long, with an approximate rectan... | - The temperature of the bars is read by a multimeter attached to a thermocouple fixed to the bars.
- The fundamental vibration mode frequency of iron and nitinol (NiTiCu) rods upon cooling from 70 °C to 20°C was measured.
| A NiTiCu shape memory alloy rod and an iron (Fe) rod are heated in water at 70 °C and then cooled to room temperature. During the cooling process, both rods are repeatedly struck with a hammer, and their sound spectra are recorded. Which of the following statements about the temperature dependence of the fundamental vi... | A) The fundamental frequency of the NiTiCu rod drops as the temperature decreases for a specific interval, and outside that interval, it remains the same. | - The Ni40Ti50Cu10 alloy exhibits a stable crystal structure at high temperatures, which is cubic austenite, and at low temperatures, the stable phase is the less symmetric monoclinic martensite.
- The temperature-induced austenite/martensite transformation is not isothermal. Upon cooling, the austenite starts transfor... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The Ni40Ti50Cu10 alloy exhibits a stable crystal structure at high temperatures, which is cubic austenite, and at low temperatures, the stable phase is the less symmetric monoclinic martensite."},{"label":"Title","value":"Development and application of a Ni-Ti interatomic potential with hi... |
Physics | Physics/Condensed Matter Physics | MCQ | Hybridization in van der Waals epitaxy of PtSe2/h-BN and PtSe2/graphene heterostructures | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.17464 | October 20, 2025 | Researchers investigated monolayer and bilayer PtSe₂ grown on h-BN and graphene substrates via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to study substrate-induced hybridization effects.
Growth was performed in a 2-inch MBE reactor using an electron-beam Pt source (Φ(Pt) = 0.003 Å s⁻¹) and a Se cracker source (Φ(Se) = 0.5 Å s⁻¹, 29... | - Raman-active modes (E₉, A₁g, LO) measured by a Horiba Raman microscope (532/633 nm lasers) to assess PtSe₂ layer quality.
- Se 3d and Pt 4f core levels were recorded by nano-ARPES/XPS (hν = 95 eV, 600 nm spot, 85 K) to analyze chemical states and charge transfer.
- Band dispersion along Γ–K measured by ARPES (hν = 90... | Researchers investigated the Se 3d and Pt 4f core levels of PtSe₂/h-BN and PtSe₂/graphene heterostructures using nano-ARPES/XPS (hν = 95 eV, 600 nm spot, 85 K) to analyze charge transfer effects. What is the value of the shift in the Se 3d core-level binding energy that was observed between PtSe₂/h-BN and PtSe₂/graphen... | C. shift of 0.35 eV | - Understanding the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) enables precise growth of mono- and bilayer PtSe₂ films on h-BN and graphene substrates under ultra-high vacuum (~10⁻¹⁰ mbar) at 320°C, allowing control of interfacial quality.
- Knowledge of micro-Raman spectroscopy and RHEED diffraction techniques is essential to verif... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures are stacks of two-dimensional materials held together by weak van der Waals forces.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Van der Waals heterostructures"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12385"},{"label":"Date","value":"July 25, 2013"},{"l... |
Physics | Materials Science | Free-Format Question | Surface diffusion of phosphorus on Si(100) after PBr3 adsorption | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.15599 | October 17, 2025 | Researchers studied the adsorption of $PBr_3$ gas molecules on top of a B-doped Si(100) substrate (1 Ωcm) at two different substrate temperatures: 77 K and 300 K. The substrate was inserted in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) setup with a base pressure of 5E-11 Torr and prepared by outgassing the wafer at 1170 K overnight in... | - Experimental empty state STM images (Us = +2.3V, It = 2.0 nA) recorded at 77 K.
- Experimental empty state STM images (Us = +1.5V, It = 2.5 nA) recorded at 300 K. | Researchers studied the adsorption of $PBr_3$ gas molecule on top of a B-doped Si(100) sample (1 Ωcm) at two different substrate temperatures: 77 K and 300 K. The substrate is inserted in a ultra high vacuum (UHV) setup with a base pressure below 1E-10 mbar and prepared by outgassing the wafer at 1170 K overnight in UH... | At 77 K, P diffusion mostly started and ended in bridge positions of the Si(100) dimer. At 300 K, P diffuses between end bridge positions. | - A clean Si(100) surface is characterized by the formation of dimers.
- PBr$_3$ molecule completely dissociates to a single phosphorus atom after adsorption on Si(100) at 300K.
- P atom from PH$_2$ moves along a dimer row between the most favorable end-bridge positions. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"A clean Si(100) surface is characterized by the formation of dimers."},{"label":"Title","value":"Hydrogen inserted into the Si(100)-2x1-H surface: A first-principles study"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.16371"},{"label":"Date","value":"June 29, 2020"},{"label":"Justif... |
Physics | Surface Physics | Free-Format Question | Epitaxial growth of gold films on the elemental superconductors V(100), Nb(100) and Nb(110) | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.08914 | May 13, 2025 | A V(100) single crystal is inserted in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) system and Ar $^{+}$ sputtered for 20 min with 20 μA ion current. Then, it is degassed at 1000 °C for removing oxidized species due to air contamination. Later, the sample undergoes several cycles of sputtering and annealing, followed by flashes at 1600... | - Photoemission spectra on the V 2p energetic region (540-505 eV) as a function of the binding energy [eV] with Al Kα source.
- Photoemission spectra on the Au 4f energetic region (92-80 eV) as a function of the binding energy [eV] with Al Kα source.
- Low Temperature (1.1 K) STM image with atomic resolution.
| Consider the following experiment conducted by researchers: a V(100) single crystal is inserted in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) system and Ar $^{+}$ sputtered for 20 min with 20 μA ion current. Then, it is degassed at 1000 °C for removing oxidized species due to air contamination. Later, the sample undergoes several cyc... | Au films become atomically flat, but with clear proof of Au-V intermixing | - Typical surface reconstructions appear for V(100) presence of large amounts of oxygen in the bulk and the high affinity of V to form stable oxides.
- Au is known for the high miscibility with transition metals. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Typical surface reconstructions appear for V(100) presence of large amounts of oxygen in the bulk and the high affinity of V to form stable oxides"},{"label":"Title","value":"Making a noble metal of Pd\n"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/epl/i2005-10075-5... |
Physics | Materials Science, Condensed Matter Physics | Free-Format Question | Incorporating Si into Sb2Se3: Tailoring Optical Phase Change Materials via Nanocomposites | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.14990 | October 2, 2025 | Researchers synthesized thin films of antimony selenide (Sb₂Se₃) via magnetron co-sputtering onto 400 μm-thick sapphire substrates under ultrahigh vacuum (base pressure: 2 × 10⁻⁸ Torr) using argon (99.9997%, Airgas) at 4.6 × 10⁻³ Torr. High-purity Si (99.995%) and Sb₂Se₃ (99.999%) targets were co-sputtered using RF pow... | - Temperature-dependent XRD is done for both undoped and 20% Si-doped Sb₂Se₃.
-Melting temperature measured via nano-differential scanning calorimetry (NanoDSC), for both undoped and 20% Si-doped Sb₂Se₃. | Antimony selenide (Sb₂Se₃) thin film was synthesized via magnetron co-sputtering onto sapphire substrates under ultrahigh vacuum using argon. High-purity Si and Sb₂Se₃ targets were co-sputtered to produce films with nominal thicknesses of 30–120 nm. Two compositions were prepared: an undoped Sb₂Se₃ reference and a sam... | Compared to pure Sb₂Se₃, the 20% Si-doped film shows a beneficial increase in the transparency window and reduced power consumption. | - The undoped Sb₂Se₃ has Tc and Tm as 200°C and 600 °C respectably.
-Si-doped samples are more challenging to crystallize; Si dopants suppress the crystallization of amorphous films, similar to Si-doped Sb2Te3. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The undoped Sb₂Se₃ has Tc and Tm as 200°C and 600 °C respectably. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Optical switching beyond a million cycles of low-loss phase change material Sb₂Se₃"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://opg.optica.org/ome/fulltext.cfm?uri=ome-14-1-22"},{"label":"Date","value":"D... |
Physics | Plasma Physics, Laser Physics | Numerical Values | Mass use in 2 μm laser-driven tin plasma using sheet targets | https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article/138/14/143304/3366875/Mass-use-in-2-m-laser-driven-tin-plasma-using | October 8, 2025 | The researcher demonstrates the mass-use efficiency of a 2-μm-wavelength laser-produced plasma. In a vacuum chamber maintained at ~ 10^-6 mbar, they stream droplets of liquid tin through a nozzle. The diameter of the tin droplets can be varied by controlling the volumetric flow rate in tandem with applying a suitable m... | - Conversion efficiency (CE) (in %) studied as a function of the target diameter at an intensity of 7 x 10^10 W/cm^2 with a 11ns time duration.
- Conversion efficiency (CE) (in %) studied as a function of overlap volume at an intensity of 7 x 10^10 W/cm^2 of 11ns time duration. | The researcher demonstrates the mass-use efficiency of a 2-μm-wavelength laser-produced plasma. In a vacuum chamber maintained at ~ 10^-6 mbar, they stream droplets of liquid tin through a nozzle. The diameter of the tin droplets can be varied by controlling the volumetric flow rate in tandem with applying a suitable m... | The volume at which plasmas start to show near-peak CE (plateau) is around 1.7 x 10^-15 - 2.3 x 10^-15 m^3. (No CI/SE/SD is given, fallback is 0.3 x 10^-15 m^3) | - After the pre-pulse laser impact the sheet is propelled in the direction of the beam and the sheet retracts due to the surface tension of the liquid
- Late-time sheets may have the same diameter as early-time sheets, but will be thinner due to the continuous mass loss during the expansion, and retraction processes. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"After the pre-pulse laser impact the sheet is propelled in the direction of the beam and the sheet retracts due to the surface tension of the liquid "},{"label":"Title","value":"Mass Loss from a Stretching Semitransparent Sheet of Liquid Tin"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://journals.aps.o... |
Physics | Materials and surface science | Numerical Values | The Impact of Gas Cluster Ion Beam Sputtering on the Chemical and Electronic Structure of Methyl Ammonium Lead Iodide Thin Films | https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/admi.202500102 | May 23, 2025 | The perovskite precursor solution prepares the thin film methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃) for film fabrication was prepared under nitrogen atmosphere by dissolving 159 mg methylammonium iodide (MAI) (Dyenamo AB, 99.99% purity on trace elements basis) and 461 mg PbI2 (Tokyo Chemical Industry 99.99% purity in trace me... | - Work function shift is measured using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) on the surface of the MAPbI₃ after 16 hours of GCIB sputtering at 3.2 eV/Ar. | The perovskite precursor solution, which prepares the thin film methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃) for film fabrication, was prepared under a nitrogen atmosphere by dissolving 159 mg methylammonium iodide and 461 mg PbI2 in 71 μL dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.6 mL of N, N-dimethylformamide by mixing for ≈12 h. The MAPbI3 t... | The work function shift (ΔWF) of MAPbI₃ thin film after 16 hours of GCIB sputtering at 3.2 eV/Ar is 0.8 - 1.2 eV. (No CI/SE/SD is mentioned, the fallback is ±0.1 eV) | - Upon illumination, PbI2 decomposes into Pb0 and gaseous I2 due to photolysis. Using 3.2 eV/Ar, we observed a complete loss of carbon and nitrogen on the surface after 1 h of sputtering, in agreement with the emergence of the Pb0 core level.
- From the first hour and up to 16 h of sputtering, MAPbI3 gradually degrade... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Upon illumination, PbI2 decomposes into Pb0 and gaseous I2 due to photolysis. Using 3.2 eV/Ar, we observed a complete loss of carbon and nitrogen on the surface after 1 h of sputtering, in agreement with the emergence of the Pb0 core level. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Photoinduced degrada... |
Physics | Material science | MCQ | Soft Conductive Textile Sensors: Characterization Methodology and Behavioral Analysis | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4448 | July 17, 2025 | Researchers characterized a soft conductive textile sensor in terms of its stability. The sensor was obtained by combining a soft silicone substrate and a conductive fabric. Both the soft silicone structure and the conductive fabric shape were designed in accordance with the ISO Standard 37:2017; specifically, the sens... | - Mechanical strain
- Electrical resistance | Researcher studied the performance of a textile sensor made from a soft silicone substrate and a conductive fabric containing 76% Nylon and 24% elastic fabric with a silver-plating. This 12.7µm diameter sensor was tested for its stability on four different strain levels, namely 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Which of these op... | C. The relative change in resistance decreases with strain. | - Conductive textiles can be used to realize resistive stretching sensors, which are characterized by a change in electrical resistance as a function of the applied mechanical strain. | null |
Physics | Physics/Applied Physics | MCQ | Experimental Characterization and Dynamic Modeling of THz Channels Under Fog Conditions | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09906 | October 10, 2025 | Researchers experimentally emulated a THz line-of-sight (LoS) channel transmitting through fog using a controlled environment via a fog chamber. From the transmitter side, a Ceyear 1465D signal generator produced a base signal (100 kHz to 20 GHz), which was then subjected to a Ceyear 82406D ×18 frequency multiplier to ... | - Signal-to-noise ratio statistics (from 16.2 to 17.1 dB) for the 220 and 320 GHz signals
- Power loss of the THz signals as a function of time up to 250 s | The terahertz (THz) band is a promising candidate for sixth-generation wireless networks, but its deployment in outdoor environments is challenged by meteorological phenomena such as fog, which imposes variable and difficult-to-predict channel degradation. Terahertz signals (220 GHz and 320 GHz) were allowed to propaga... | B. The Rician distribution provides an excellent fit to the measured SNR statistics across the entire probability range, outperforming the Weibull model.
C. The fog-induced power loss is dominated by absorption components rather than scattering. | - Fog introduces significant and time-variable extinction losses to THz radiation.
- The Rician model can be used as the cumulative distribution function to model the signal-to-noise ratio for a line-of-sight dominated channel.
- Fog and other high humidity environments degrade radiated THz signals mainly due to water ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Fog introduces significant and time-variable extinction losses to THz radiation."},{"label":"Title","value":"Review of weather impact on outdoor terahertz wireless communication links"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2016.07.006"},{"label":"Date","value":"October ... |
Physics | Nuclear Physics | MCQ | High-precision Penning trap mass measurements of neutron-rich chlorine isotopes at the N = 28 shell closure | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.18354 | May 23, 2025 | The researchers performed the first high-precision mass measurements of the neutron-rich isotopes 43–45Cl using the Time-of-Flight Ion Cyclotron Resonance (TOF-ICR) technique at the Low Energy Beam and Ion Trap (LEBIT) facility, which is coupled to the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL). A 48Ca primar... | - 7 independent measurements for Time-of-Flight (in μm) with tRF = 100 ms were made of 43Cl+ using 39K+ as the reference.
- 7 independent measurements for Time-of-Flight (in μm) with tRF = 50 ms were made of 43Cl+ using [12C14N1H216O]+ and 39K+ as the reference.
- 4 independent measurements for Time-of-Flight (in μm) w... | High-precision mass measurements are done for the neutron-rich isotopes 43–45Cl using the Time-of-Flight Ion Cyclotron Resonance (TOF-ICR) technique at the Low Energy Beam and Ion Trap (LEBIT) facility. A 48Ca primary beam was accelerated and impinged on a 9Be target. After this, the beam proceeded via a momentum compr... | b) The systematic shifts in mean frequency ratio scale linearly with this mass difference, which is over an order of magnitude smaller than the statistical uncertainty. | - Precision mass measurements in this region of the nuclear chart are highly desirable to fully characterize the strength of the shell closure.
- Isobaric contamination was mitigated using a dipolar RF excitation applied to the central ring electrode near their respective reduced cyclotron frequencies. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Precision mass measurements in this region of the nuclear chart are highly desirable to fully characterize the strength of the shell closure."},{"label":"Title","value":"Shape Coexistence and the 𝑁 = 28 Shell Closure Far from Stability"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://journals.aps.org/p... |
Physics | Experimental Quantum Physics | Free-Format Question | Quantum light drives electrons strongly at metal needle tips | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-025-03087-1 | Nov 7, 2025 | In the experiment, temporally and spatially single-mode bright squeezed vacuum (BSV) is generated from an unseeded optical parametric amplifier. The BSV is centred at 1,600 nm (photon energy of 0.77 eV) and has a pulse duration of 25 fs. The repetition rate of the pump laser is 1 kHz. The experiment is conducted with a... | - The number of electrons is measured for each electron's energy from -20 eV to +60 eV at mean pulse energies of 3.2 nJ.
- The number of electrons is measured for each electron's energy from -20 eV to +60 eV at mean pulse energies of 5.3 nJ.
- The number of electrons is measured for each electron's energy from -20 eV... | In the experiment, temporally and spatially single-mode bright squeezed vacuum (BSV) is generated from an unseeded optical parametric amplifier. The experiment is conducted with a range of mean pulse energies of BSV, from 3.2 nJ to 17.0 nJ. A metal needle tip with a radius of a few tens of nanometres is situated on a t... | Neither a plateau nor a cut-off is observed for this experiment with these given parameters. | - According to the three-step model of strong-field physics, electrons tunnel-emitted into an intense optical field can be driven back to the parent matter.
- Recent studies show quantum correlations between non-perturbative harmonics and predict non-Gaussian states of harmonics and entanglement between harmonics.
- ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"According to the three-step model of strong-field physics, electrons tunnel-emitted into an intense optical field can be driven back to the parent matter."},{"label":"Title","value":"Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://journals.aps.or... |
Physics | Physics / Instrumentation and Detectors | Numerical Values | Low-temperature Performance of Gd₃(Ga,Al)₅O₁₂:Ce Scintillators | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.13844v2 | October 22, 2025 | To study the effect of temperature on GAGG:Ce, researches used two different GAGG crystal dimensions (GRAPE: 12 x 12 x 12 mm2; POLAR-2: 6 x 6 x 20 mm3) and placed each in a cryostat (Bluefors LD 250) with a photo-multiplier tube (PMT) (Hamamatsu R1924A; stable within ~1 K) coupled and sealed to the cryostat window for ... | - Summed signal (arb. units) from both PMTs as a function of time (ns)
- Temperature (K) of GAGG:Ce crystals for GRAPE and POLAR-2 configurations. | To study the effect of temperature on GAGG:Ce, researchers illuminated two different GAGG crystals with a 22Na source. The light yield was measured by counting the number of photoelectrons produced from the scintillation pulses, which was obtained by dividing the height of each pulse by the mean pulse height and roundi... | Light Yield = [75-85] pp. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ±5 pp applied. | - GAGG:Ce has the significant advantage that it is non-hygroscopic and that it shows little performance degradation after irradiation when compared to scintillators with similar light yields.
- Previous studies have shown that the scintillation decay time increases by 20% when cooling GAGG:Ce from room temperature to 2... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"GAGG:Ce has the significant advantage that it is non-hygroscopic and that it shows little performance degradation after irradiation when compared to scintillators with similar light yields."},{"label":"Title","value":"Evaluation of GAGG:Ce scintillators for future space applications"},{"la... |
Physics | Physics/Materials and Magnetism | Numerical Values | Reconfigurable All-Nitride Magneto-Ionics | https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsnano.5c04013 | May 7, 2025 | Researchers deposited MnNₓ(15 nm)/Ta(10 nm) bilayers onto thermally oxidized Si/SiO₂ substrates by DC reactive sputtering, forming a 5 nm Mn₃N₂ seed layer and a 10 nm Mn layer grown at nitrogen partial pressure Pₙ = 6%. The top electrical contact was made to the Ta layer, and the bottom to the p-type Si substrate. A +3... | • Saturation magnetization (Mₛ) measured at 5 K using SQUID magnetometry for the as-grown (AG) state and a voltage-conditioned (VC) state gated with +30 V for 1 h at room temperature.
• Magnetic hysteresis loops measured after +2 T field-cooling from 300 K and 380 K. | MnNₓ(15 nm)/Ta(10 nm) bilayers were fabricated on Si/SiO₂ substrates by DC reactive sputtering, consisting of a 5 nm Mn₃N₂ seed layer and a 10 nm Mn top layer deposited under a nitrogen partial pressure of 6% (as-grown, AG). A +30 V bias was then applied for 1 h at room temperature to drive nitrogen migration from the ... | ΔMₛ = 23 % ± 5 pp (18–28 %) increase.
Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> a ±5 pp fallback was applied. | • Magneto-ionics (voltage-driven nitrogen motion): Application of an electric field drives nitrogen ions between MnNₓ and the adjacent Ta layer, reversibly altering the magnetic properties such as Mₛ and Hₑb.
• Voltage conditioning: Applying a bias to drive ion migration across layers, altering chemical composition and... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Magneto-ionics (voltage-driven nitrogen motion): Application of an electric field drives nitrogen ions between MnNₓ and the adjacent Ta layer, reversibly altering the magnetic properties such as Mₛ and Hₑb.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Magneto-ionic control of interfacial magnetism"},{"la... |
Physics | Optics and Photonics | MCQ | The radial memory effect in multimode optical fibres | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11389 | August 15, 2025 | Researchers illuminated the input facet of a step-index multimode fibre (core radius = 100 µm, numerical aperture NA ≈ 0.22, length = 20 cm) with a focused HeNe laser beam (λ = 633 nm) at programmable radial positions r_0. The fibre was subjected to mechanical perturbations (e.g., manual shaking) to vary its configurat... | • Radial projection profiles to identify annular patterns and verify correlation with input spots.
• Averaged intensity profiles after repeated fibre shaking and input positions | In the experiment, a focused input spot is placed at radial position$r_0$ on the core of a step-index multimode fibre (20 cm long, NA ≈ 0.22, core radius = 100 µm), and the output is imaged after averaging over many fibre perturbations (e.g., manual shaking). Based on the experimental results, which of the following st... | A) A ring of excess intensity appears at radius r_0 in the output, even after fibre perturbations.
B) The radial memory effect enables reconstruction of discrete input positions from single-shot output intensity profiles.
D) The width of the output ring is independent of r_0 and is approximately diffraction-limited by ... | • Multimode fibre will accumulate different phases when propagating through the fibre, and interfere to form a speckle pattern.
• The radial memory effect is a reliable correlation that is robust against perturbations and does not depend on the fine details of the fibre.
• In multimode optical fibres, a "memory effec... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Multimode fibre will accumulate different phases when propagating through\nthe fibre, and interfere to form a speckle pattern.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Controlling light propagation in multimode fibers for imaging, spectroscopy and beyond"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://arxiv.org/ab... |
Physics | Physics/Plasma Physics | MCQ | Demonstration of full-scale spatio-temporal diagnostics of solid-density plasmas driven by an ultra-short relativistic laser pulse using an X-ray free-electron laser | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.06425 | May 9, 2025 | Researchers performed a pump-probe experiment at the High Energy Density (HED) station of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser facility (XFEL-HED) to investigate solid-density plasma dynamics. Copper (Cu) wires with a diameter of 10 μm were irradiated at normal incidence by the ReLaX optical laser system (3 J, 30 fs,... | - SAXS intensity patterns normalized by incident XFEL energy (measured in keV/mJ) for shot-to-shot comparison
- Cold reference shots taken before each hot shot to establish baseline wire edge sharpness and XFEL-target overlap
- Hot shot measurements taken at multiple time delays: -40 ps; -30 ps; -20 ps; -10 ps; -5 ps; ... | Researchers at the European X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facility irradiated 10 $\mu$m diameter Cu wires with a 3 J, 30 fs ultra-high intensity laser ranging from ~10¹³ W/cm² to 10¹⁶ W/cm². Preplasma formation prior to the main pulse was probed via small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) using 8.2 keV X-rays from the X... | B. For the hot shot SAXS patterns, the intensity decreases with time delay from 40 to 1 ps before the main pulse
D. Cold wire electron scattering indicates uniform copper wire edge sharpness | - The absolute laser absorption efficiency correlates with the scaling law of the generated hot electron temperature.
- Preplasma formation significantly influences laser absorption a few tens of picoseconds before the peak of the laser pulse is reached.
- Ultra-short brilliant X-ray free electron lasers such as that o... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The absolute laser absorption efficiency correlates with the scaling of the generated hot electron temperature"},{"label":"Title","value":"Absolute laser energy absorption measurement of relativistic 0.7 ps laser pulses in nanowire arrays"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.aip.org/aip... |
Physics | Biophysics | Numerical Values | Study on the Physical Properties and Application of a Novel Pharmaceutical Excipient Made from Starch and Cellulose Co-Processing | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/9/1389 | Sep 17, 2025 | The researchers studied the effect of coprocessing pregelatinized starch (PS) with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at different mass ratios on the micromeritic properties (powder density and flowability). The prepared samples were designated as PS, PS-MCC-91, PS-MCC-82, PS-MCC-73, and PS-MCC-55, corresponding to corn ... | - Measuring the Bulk density (BD) ( in g/cm^3) of the powder sample and measuring the volume (V1).
- Measuring the Tapped Density (TD) (in g/cm^3) of the powder sample, and the volume was measured as (V2).
- Carr's Index (in %) calculation from BD and TD. | The researchers studied the effect of coprocessing pregelatinized starch (PS) with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at different mass ratios on the micromeritic properties (powder density and flowability). The prepared samples were designated as PS-MCC-73, corresponding to a corn starch and MCC mass ratio of 7:3, as me... | The Carr Index of PS-MCC-73 is 27.4 - 28.72 % (The given SD is 0.66% which is the fallback) | - Pregelatinized starch (PS) is a modified starch, at the gelatinization temperature, starch granules swell, amylose leaches out, amylopectin double helix unwinds, and the crystalline structure disappears.
- The compressibility enhancement observed in co-processed systems cannot be replicated through mere physical blen... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Pregelatinized starch (PS) is a modified starch, at the gelatinization temperature, starch granules swell, amylose leaches out, amylopectin double helix unwinds, and the crystalline structure disappears."},{"label":"Title","value":"Observations on the impact of amylopectin and amylose stru... |
Physics | Condensed Matter Physics | Free-Format Question | Flexible InGaAs/InAlAs avalanche photodiodes for short-wave infrared detection | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-64401-2 | Oct 23, 2025 | The researchers have deposited the flexible thin-film InGaAs/InAlAs APDs on a mica substrate using a simple integration approach. Initially, all the III–V layers were grown on an InP substrate using a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. Both the surface of the III–V wafer and the mica substrate underwent cleaning with... | - Breakdown voltage in volts for flat conditions.
- Breakdown voltage in volts for bending radii ranging from 1 to 5 cm. | A flexible thin-film InGaAs/InAlAs APD deposited on a mica substrate. The backside contact metal was sputtered on the InGaAs wafer using tungsten. Subsequently, the SU-8 layer was spin-coated on the mica substrate before bonding, followed by pre-baking at 110 °C for 60 s. The bonding process involved a flip-chip approa... | The breakdown voltages of the flexible InGaAs/InAlAs APD at flat condition and bend condition of radii of 1 cm, 3 cm, and 5 cm are almost the same in all cases, so the breakdown voltages are remain mostly unchanged. | - The mica substrate offers several advantages, including an atomically smooth surface, high transparency at SWIR, high thermal stability, chemical inertness, and biocompatibility. The mica substrate can be easily thinned down to the desired thickness.
- The bonding layer, SU-8, was chosen due to its high transmission ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The mica substrate offers several advantages, including an atomically smooth surface, high transparency at SWIR, high thermal stability, chemical inertness, and biocompatibility. The mica substrate can be easily thinned down to the desired thickness."},{"label":"Title","value":"Atomically ... |
Physics | Physics/Superconductivity | MCQ | Giant thermal modulation via a semiconductor-superconductor photonic field-effect heat transistor | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.17683 | October 20, 2025 | A hybrid semiconductor–superconductor device was designed to study the electrical control of radiative heat flow between two isolated electronic reservoirs. The system includes a hot reservoir (Thot) and a cold reservoir (Tcold) made of InAs, separated by about 1 mm to eliminate phonon conduction. The reservoirs are co... | - Hot reservoir temperature (Thot) was recorded by a Josephson thermometer ( for measuring local electronic temperature) located on the hot reservoir, at a stabilized bath temperature Tbath = 30 mK, with a controlled injected power Q̇inj = Rhot Iheat² ≈ 2.6 pW, and in the resistive state (Vg < –4 V).
- Cold reservoir ... | An experiment investigated the electrical control of radiative heat transfer between two isolated electronic systems using a Josephson field-effect transistor (JoFET) acting as a photonic heat valve. The setup consisted of two InAs resistive reservoirs—one hot (Thot) and one cold (Tcold)—separated by about 1 mm to supp... | B. δTcold decreases as Thot increases, because higher-frequency thermal radiation is more strongly affected by capacitive shunting of the JoFET gate. | - Johnson-Nyquist noise, which occurs when two resistive reservoirs at different temperatures are interconnected through an electrical circuit.
- Josephson field-effect transistor (JoFET) is a hybrid superconducting–semiconducting device that electrostatically tunes thermal transport.
- Inductive and resistive regime... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Johnson-Nyquist noise, which occurs when two resistive reservoirs at different temperatures are interconnected through an electrical circuit."},{"label":"Title","value":"Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.110... |
Physics | Spintronics, Experimental Condensed Matter Physics. | Numerical Values | High-speed antiferromagnetic domain walls driven by coherent spin waves | https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-025-08989-7 | Nov 7, 2025 | An antiferromagnetic Sr2Cu3O4Cl2 sample was grown by an optimized method of slow cooling from the melt. Quantities of SrO, SrCl2, and CuO powders were mixed in a 1:1:3 stoichiometric ratio and placed in a large high-form alumina crucible. The mix was gradually heated in air at 1030 °C, dwelled for 5 hours, then cooled ... | - Position of the DW center measured for linear, LCP, and RCP pump polarizations at 1200 ps.
- Velocity of the DW center measured for linear, LCP, and RCP pump polarizations at 1200 ps. | An antiferromagnetic Sr2Cu3O4Cl2 sample was grown by an optimized method of slow cooling from the melt. The samples were affixed to an oxygen-free, high-thermal-conductivity copper mount using a small amount of silver epoxy and then cleaved before measurement. To quantify the light-driven domain wall (DW) motion, the t... | The maximum velocity of the DW center is 45 - 55 km/sec (with given fallback of ±5 km/sec) | - Ultrafast laser pulses are a versatile way to generate nonthermal magnons in antiferromagnets, so it is possible to induce intense coherent AFM spin waves with ultrafast laser light through inverse magnetooptical processes.
- Ultrafast stroboscopic pump-probe experiments require the sample to return to its initial s... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Ultrafast laser pulses are a versatile way to generate nonthermal magnons in antiferromagnets, so it is possible to induce intense coherent AFM spin waves with ultrafast laser light through inverse magnetooptical processes."},{"label":"Title","value":"Ultrafast non-thermal control of magne... |
Physics | Physics/Nuclear Experiment | Numerical Values | Recent Highlights from the STAR Experiment | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.08444 | August 11, 2025 | Researchers investigated the Beam Energy Scan-II (BES-II) program at the STAR experiment, which was used to measure net-proton cumulant ratios in Gold-on-Gold (Au+Au) collisions at various center-of-mass energies (from 7.7 to 27 GeV) in the Fixed-Target mode. BES-II employed a new centrality definition, RefMult3X, corr... | - Net-proton cumulants (C1, C2, C3, C4) as a function of collision centrality and collision energy.
- The relative dynamical correlation of transverse momentum as a function of collision energy. | In the STAR experiment's Beam Energy Scan-II (BES-II), what was the measured value of the net-proton cumulant ratio C4/C2 at the collision energy of 19.6 GeV for the 0-5% centrality class? | [0.25-0.40]
Note: The range is informed graphically in Figure 3. The range was estimated by the pixel coordinates of the error bars and axis ticks. | - The upgrades done to STAR for BES-II enabled a new centrality definition, RefMult3X, which achieves better centrality resolution due to larger multiplicity within the acceptance.
- Experimentally measured proton multiplicity distributions are described by the central moments, which depend on the cumulants. In particu... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"When there are no intrinsic correlations among the measured particles, all ratios of the cumulants are unity, so Poisson statistics is a trivial baseline for experimentally measured cumulant ratios."},{"label":"Title","value":"Hadronic fluctuations at the QCD phase transition"},{"label":"U... |
Physics | Physics/Nuclear physics | Numerical Values | Neutron capture measurement of the ${}^{165}\mathrm{Ho}$ at the CSNS Back−n facility in the resonance energy region | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.22965 | October 27, 2025 | Researchers conducted a neutron capture experiment in a time-of-flight facility with neutron energies between 0.3 eV and 200 MeV. Measurements were carried out at a station located 76 m apart of the spallation target, where the flux is $6.9\times 10^5$ cm${}^{-2}$s${}^{-1}$ with selectable beam spots between 20 mm and ... | - Total deposited energy for ${}^{165}$Ho (counts vs event energy).
- Total deposited energy for carbon (counts vs event energy).
- Total deposited energy for empty sample holder (counts vs event energy). | In a neutron capture study of ${}^{165}$Ho, 18 resolved s-wave resonances below 100 eV were measured whit a level spacing of 4.53(3) eV to determine the individual radiative widths. What is mean radiative width (in meV) for s-wave resonances of ${}^{165}$Ho obtained from these measurements? | The mean radiative width is [86.12‒90.08] meV (The given fallback is ±1.98meV). | - Holmium shares several favorable features with gold: it exhibits a well-resolved and representative prompt-γ spectrum following neutron capture.
- Odd-odd nuclei such as 166Ho remain a stringent test bed for microscopic approaches, shell model calculations, collective models, and the interacting boson framework still... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Holmium shares several favorable features with gold: it exhibits a well-resolved and representative prompt-γ spectrum following neutron capture."},{"label":"Title","value":"Determination of Spins of Neutron Resonances and the Hyperfine Coupling Constant in Ho165"},{"label":"URL","value":"h... |
Biology | Microbial ecology | MCQ | Litter nutrient release and allelopathy jointly contribute to the diversity–invasibility relationship | https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.70190 | October 8, 2025 | The experiment was conducted in Kunyu Mountain National Nature Reserve, Shandong Peninsula (China), with an annual precipitation of 900–1000 mm and an average annual temperature of 11.8°C. Fifteen common native species were selected for this experiment: Q. glandulifera, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima, Alnus hirsuta, Kalo... | - Carbon release (%) in plant litter from initial and final concentrations after 10 weeks of soil exposure, at increasing levels of litter species richness (1, 3, 6, 9, and 15 species).
- Nitrogen release (%) in plant litter from initial and final concentrations after 10 weeks of soil exposure, at increasing levels of ... | Researchers evaluated the effects of plant litter diversity on the release of carbon and nitrogen from native plant litter in the Kunyu Mountain National Nature Reserve, China. The amounts of carbon and nitrogen remaining in each litter mixture were measured before and after 10 weeks of exposure to forest soil. The sam... | B. Carbon and nitrogen release within the litter decreased with increasing litter richness | - Plant litter: a key factor shaping soil nutrient availability, chemical profiles and microbial communities.
- Litter diversity: litter mixing can alter chemical composition and reshape soil microbial communities. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Litter diversity: litter mixing can alter chemical composition and reshape soil microbial communities. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Diversity meets decomposition"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(10)00039-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2F... |
Biology | Environmental Microbiology | MCQ | Artificial Endosymbiosis of Pedobacter sp. DDGJ Boosts the Growth Potential, Stress Resistance and Productivity of Morchella Mushrooms | https://enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1751-7915.70197 | July 12, 2025 | This experiment examined how artificially induced endosymbiosis with a bacterium of the genus Pedobacter affected the dry weights of mycelial cultures of three Morchella species under different culture conditions, including stressful conditions. Three previously domesticated, positively identified strains of Morchella,... | - Biomass (g) of endosymbiotic strains (P-13, P-SM and P-Y2) and Morchella strains (13, SM, and Y2) incubated at 16°C, 20°C or 24°C for one week.
- Biomass (g) of endosymbiotic strains (P-13, P-SM and P-Y2) and Morchella strains (13, SM, and Y2) grown on CYM plates with pH 6, 7, and 8 for one week and grown at 24°C.
- ... | This experiment examined how artificially induced endosymbiosis with a bacterium of the genus Pedobacter affected the dry weights of mycelial cultures of three Morchella species under different culture conditions, including stressful conditions. Three previously domesticated, positively identified strains of Morchella,... | A) The biomasses of the endosymbiotic strains in all of the three concentrations (0, 0.02, 0.2, 1.0 mM) of 4-coumaric acid were all significantly higher than their parental strains.
C) The biomasses of the endosymbiotic strains in all of the three different pH treatments was significantly higher than their parental str... | - True morels in the genus Morchella (Pezizales, Ascomycota) are choice edible species of great commercial value; however, their cultivation in field conditions faces challenges like varying temperatures, soil pH, alterations in soil microbial communities, aggravation of soil-borne disease, allelopathy and autotoxicity... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- True morels in the genus Morchella (Pezizales, Ascomycota) are choice edible species of great commercial value; however, their cultivation in field conditions faces challenges like varying temperatures, soil pH, alterations in soil microbial communities, aggravation of soil-borne disease... |
Biology | Molecular Biology | MCQ | Disrupting Notch signalling by a small molecule inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679158v1.full | September 30, 2025 | In the dose-response analyses, the researchers quantified the potency of candidate Notch inhibitors identified from the primary and counter screens by determining their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀). The experiment used a stably transfected 293T Notch reporter cell line expressing firefly luciferase und... | - Firefly luciferase signals from 293T Notch reporter cell line expressing firefly luciferase after 24 hours treatment with DMSO (vehicle control), either 10 µM DAPT or LY-411575 (positive control), 11-point serial dilutions ranging from 4.00 × 10⁻⁵ M to 3.91 × 10⁻⁸ M, and 14-point dilution series between approximately... | Researchers stably transfected 293T Notch reporter cell line expressing firefly luciferase under the control of CSL-binding sites and a Renilla luciferase reporter. Then, test chemical compounds were prepared as 11-point serial dilutions ranging from 4.00 × 10⁻⁵ M to 3.91 × 10⁻⁸ M, and in later analyses as 14-point dil... | A. Structure of the compound and compounds with IC₅₀ values ranging between 0.73 and 4μM. | - The Notch signalling pathway is a cell-cell communication system required for differentiation and homeostasis of most tissues and organs. Notch receptors and ligands are highly evolutionarily conserved, and Notch signalling operates in most, if not all, multicellular organisms.
- Small-molecule inhibitors have been d... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- The Notch signalling pathway is a cell-cell communication system required for differentiation and homeostasis of most tissues and organs. Notch receptors and ligands are highly evolutionarily conserved, and Notch signalling operates in most, if not all, multicellular organisms."},{"label... |
Biology | Cancer immunotherapy | MCQ | Multi-parametric profiling of IL-7-augmented GD2.CART products in a phase 1 clinical trial | https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(25)01941-8 | November 21, 2025 | Among ten clinical CAR T cell products (from ten different patients with refractory diffuse midline glioma or other GD2-positive high-grade brain tumors), three contained anti-GD2 chimeric antigen receptor alone (group 1), and 7 contained anti-GD2 CAR co-expressed with a constitutively active IL-7 cytokine receptor C7R... | 1. Percent of cells expressing surface markers CD154, CD103, CD26, assessed for both treatment goups by flow cytometry.
2. Intracellular expression (% of positive cells) of granzyme B (GzmB) and Bcl-2, as assessed for both treatment groups by flow cytometry.
3. Decrease in GFP+ target cell area (proportional to target ... | GD2-specific CAR T cells (group 1) and GD2-specific CAR T cells co-expressing constitutively active IL7Ra (group 2) were compared in terms of infiltration, activation, cytotoxicity, and killing potential based on the flow cytometry and killing assay results. Which of the following outcomes is most likely?
A) Group 1 d... | D) All listed parameters were higher in group 2 as compared to group 1. | - GD2-directed CARTs show promise for treating diffuse midline glioma and other GD2-expressing brain tumors, though their efficacy is challenged by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and poor T cell persistence.
- A constitutively active IL-7 receptor (C7R) was implemented that enhances CART survival, metabol... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"GD2-directed CARTs show promise for treating diffuse midline glioma and other GD2-expressing brain tumors, though their efficacy is challenged by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and poor T cell persistence."},{"label":"Title","value":"CAR T Cells for Solid Tumors: New Strategi... |
Biology | Immunology | MCQ | Albumin-STING Nanoagonist Reprograms HSPCs to Antitumor Neutrophils Enhancing MHC I–Mediated CD8⁺ T Cell Immunity | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673154v2 | Oct 24, 2025 | Researchers compared different inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-6) on the expansion of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). For this purpose, bone marrow cells from C57BL/6J mice were isolated. Bone marrow single-cell suspensions were enriched for lineage-negative (Lin⁻) cells using a biotin-conj... | - The expression of Sca-1 and c-Kit in Lin- population in each condition, using flow cytometry.
- Percentage of LSK cells in Lin- population in each condition, using flow cytometry. | Expansion of bone marrow HSPCs by 10ng/mL inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, or IL-6 were compared. LSK cells from bone marrow were treated with each cytokine for 3 days, respectively. After that, cells from each culture condition were collected and analyzed with a flow cytometry analyzer to measure the percen... | B) IL-6 | - The STING pathway activation triggers phosphorylation of TBK1–IRF3 and NF-κB to induce interferons and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a and IL-6, thereby promoting immunity.
- STING expression is higher in HSPCs than in their differentiated immune progeny. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The STING pathway activation triggers phosphorylation of TBK1–IRF3 and NF-κB to induce interferons and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a and IL-6, thereby promoting immunity."},{"label":"Title","value":"STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate im... |
Biology | Animal behavior | MCQ | Specific Wavelengths of Light Modulate Honey Bee Locomotor Activity | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683871v1 | October 23, 2025 | Researchers investigated how exposure to specific wavelengths, as well as their combinations, affects the locomotor activity (LMA) of honey bee (Apis mellifera). Returning forager bees were obtained from two colonies located on the Middle East Technical University campus. They utilized light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with... | - Honey bees' locomotor activity level (based on activity counts measured via Api-TRACE Video Processing module), for each LED wavelength treatments: only green, blue, UV, and combinations of green-blue, green-UV, blue-UV, green-blue-UV, and only IR/dark control for 24 hours.
| Researchers investigated how exposure to specific wavelengths, as well as their combinations, affects the locomotor activity of honey bee (Apis mellifera). Returning forager bees were obtained from two colonies located on the Middle East Technical University campus. They utilized light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (consisten... | B. Blue-UV exposure led to the lowest activity levels observed. | - Color vision enables bees to recognize flowers, navigate, and forage for food
- Bees possess three types of photoreceptors in their retina, with absorption peaks at 344 nm (UV or short type), 436 nm (blue or medium type), and 544 nm (green or long type)
- The anterior optic tube receives chromatic input from the lobu... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Color vision enables bees to recognize flowers, navigate, and forage for food"},{"label":"Title","value":"Mechanisms, functions and ecology of colour vision in the honeybee"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00359-014-0915-1"},{"label":"Date","value":"May ... |
Biology | Cancer Biology | Free-Format Question | Artesunate induces ferroptosis in osteosarcoma through NCOA4‑mediated ferritinophagy | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40168090/ | April 01, 2025 | Researchers tested the effect of Artesunate(ART) on Osteosarcoma (OS) cell proliferation. To do this, Osteoblast hFOB1.19 (American Type Culture Collection ATCC), MG63 and 143B cell lines were used. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Vivacell Bioscience, Shanghai, China). Complete cultu... | - Absorbance at 450nm of MG63, 143B, and hFOB 1.19 cells treated without or with ART (concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μM) for 24, 48, or 72 h.
- Cell viability rate (%) of MG63, 143B, and hFOB 1.19 cells treated without or with ART (concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μM) for ... | Researchers tested the effect of Artesunate(ART) on Osteosarcoma (OS) cell proliferation. To do this, Osteoblast hFOB1.19 (American Type Culture Collection ATCC), MG63 and 143B cell lines were used. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Vivacell Bioscience, Shanghai, China). Complete cultu... | hFOB 1.19 cells had viable cells after 72 hours of treatment with 100μM ART
| - Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent primary bone malignancy of mesenchymal origin in children and adolescents, with 3.4 cases per million people worldwide.
- Artesunate (ART) is a new treatment for severe malaria.
- ART could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumour cells by regulating gene e... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent primary bone malignancy of mesenchymal origin in children and adolescents, with 3.4 cases per million people worldwide."},{"label":"Title","value":"METTL14-mediated epitranscriptome modification of MN1 mRNA promote tumorigenicity and all-trans-retino... |
Biology | Immunology | Free-Format Question | SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines sensitize tumours to immune checkpoint blockade | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41125896/ | October 22, 2025 | Tumour-bearing mice (male and female; background of C57BL/6 and Rigi-knockout mice (C57BL/6NJ-Rigiem1(IMPC)J/Mmjax)) were implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) with 50,000 B16F0 or 10^6 B16F10-OVA melanoma cells in the right flank. From this, 8 treatment groups were made, namely: Untreated group (mice received no treatments)... | - Triweekly tumour size (mm^3) of mice in the untreated group, PD-L1 group, RNA-LNP group, anti-IFNAR group, anti-IL-1R group, RNA-LNP + PD-L1 group, RNA-LNP + PD-L1 + anti-IFNAR group and RNA-LNP + PD-L1 + anti-IL-1R group, starting from day 8 until more than 20% of mice reached the end point. | Tumour-bearing mice (male and female; background of C57BL/6 and Rigi-knockout mice (C57BL/6NJ-Rigiem1(IMPC)J/Mmjax)) were implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) with 50,000 B16F0 or 10^6 B16F10-OVA melanoma cells in the right flank. From this, 8 treatment groups were made, namely: Untreated group (mice received no treatments)... | The two combination therapy group of RNA-LNP + PD-L1 and RNA-LNP + PD-L1 + anti-IL-1R strongly inhibited tumour growth and showed the lowest tumour size. | - Systemic administration of highly immunogenic mRNA nanoparticles induces a viraemia-like cytokine/chemokine response that resets the systemic and intratumoural immune milieu, sensitizing resistant tumours to ICIs.
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccines also induce robust stimulation of cytokine secretion and tumours are sometimes ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Systemic administration of highly immunogenic mRNA nanoparticles induces a viraemia-like cytokine/chemokine response that resets the systemic and intratumoural immune milieu, sensitizing resistant tumours to ICIs."},{"label":"Title","value":"Personalized tumor rna loaded lipid-nanopartic... |
Biology | Neurobiology / Immunology | Free-Format Question | Dual role of Lyz2-positive myeloid cells in traumatic brain injury: acute anti-inflammatory effects vs. chronic neurological deterioration | https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2025.1642410/full | October 6, 2025 | The authors investigated the impact of myeloid depletion on neuronal survival in Lyz2-IRES-DTREGFP mice after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury (TBI group), compared with mice at the same conditions but with Diphtheria toxin (DT) administration (DT+TBI group). Prior to the experiment, the DT-TBI group was admini... | - Quantification of surviving neurons in Lyz2-IRES-DTREGFP mice with or without diphtheria toxin after controlled cortical impact injury (28 days after) as viewed by Nissl staining. | The authors investigated the impact of myeloid depletion on neuronal survival in Lyz2-IRES-DTREGFP mice after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury (traumatic brain injury; TBI group), compared with mice at the same conditions but with Diphtheria toxin (DT) administration (DT+TBI group). Prior to the experiment, the... | The DT + TBI group showed fewer surviving neurons than the TBI group. | - Myeloid cells constitute the primary cellular component of the innate immune system and play a critical role in the response to central nervous system (CNS) injury.
- Lyz2-IRES-DTREGFP mice were generated by enabling specific expression of DTR (diphtheria toxin receptor) in myeloid cells, therefore, intraperitoneal ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Myeloid cells constitute the primary cellular component of the innate immune system and play a critical role in the response to central nervous system (CNS) injury. "},{"label":"Title","value":"The Nature of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment"},{"label":"URL",... |
Biology | Animal Behavior | Free-Format Question | Access to running wheels decreases social motivation in adult C57BL/6J female mice | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678626v1 | September 25, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether home cage access to running wheels impacts social behaviors of adult, group-housed female C57BL/6J mice during same-sex interactions. At weaning (postnatal day 21), female siblings were assigned to either hut condition (n=19; paper hut, standard enrichment, no running wheel) or wheel co... | - Total social investigation time (s) scored from webcam videos using BORIS v.8.13 software by trained observers; measured for wheel condition vs. hut condition (n=19 hut, n=16 wheel) | Researchers investigated whether home cage access to running wheels affects social behavior in adult female mice during same-sex interactions. Group-housed female siblings (C57BL/6J) were assigned at weaning to either wheel condition (with running wheel) or hut condition (with paper hut), maintained for 5 weeks, then g... | Female subjects in the wheel condition spent significantly less time engaged in social investigation compared to female subjects in the hut condition. | - The most common form of exercise provided to laboratory rodents is voluntary wheel running, in which rodents are given free access to a running wheel in their home environment.
- Wheel running has been shown to attenuate the effects of chronic social defeat stress on sociability and aggression in male mice.
- Wheel r... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The most common form of exercise provided to laboratory rodents is voluntary wheel running, in which rodents are given free access to a running wheel in their home environment"},{"label":"Title","value":"Voluntary wheel running: patterns and physiological effects in mice"},{"label":"URL","... |
Biology | Neurobiology and Nanobiotechnology | Numerical Values | Development and Evaluation of Indian Mustard Honey-Loaded Fast Dissolving PVA/AG Nanofibers for Enhanced Neuroprotection | https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsomega.5c05524 | October 1, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the neuroprotective effects of MH (mustard honey) loaded poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/acacia gum (AG) nanofibers in HT-22 neuronal cells using an H2O2-induced oxidative stress survivability assay. PVA was dissolved in water to 8% (w/v) solid concentration and stirred for 2-3 hours. Afterwards, a 2% (... | - Cell survivability (% normalized to untreated control) across nanofiber formulations (blank PVA/AG, MH-loaded 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% w/v) in HT-22 neuronal cells after H2O2 exposure, measured at 570 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer.
| Researchers evaluated the neuroprotective effect of mustard honey (MH)-loaded poly(vinyl alcohol)/acacia gum (PVA/AG) nanofibers in HT-22 neuronal cells using an H2O2-induced oxidative stress survivability assay. The nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning PVA (8% w/v) and AG (2% w/v) solutions containing 5, 10, 15... | % Surviability= [60% - 80%] derived from 70% at 10% PVA/AG/MH + H2O2 condition. Note: SE reported +/- 10% applied. | - Mustard honey's (MH) high flavonoid and polyphenol content contributes to its neuroprotective and antioxidant properties.
- Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) forms a fiber mesh providing an ideal neutral matrix and stability to the encapsulated compounds, ensuring their fast release without affecting its chemical properties.... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Mustard honey's (MH) high flavonoid and polyphenol content contributes to its neuroprotective and antioxidant properties."},{"label":"Title","value":"Inhibitory effect of selected Indian honey on colon cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and targeting the β-catenin/Wnt pathway"},{"l... |
Biology | Cancer Biology | Numerical Values | Cancer-specific sialylation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor impairs therapeutic antibody binding and efficacy | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.682592v1 | October 19, 2025 | Researchers investigated how inhibiting sialylation affects the survival of ovarian cancer cells during ganitumab treatment in a clonogenic cell survival assay. Ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3 was cultured in a humidified CO2 (5%) incubator at 37 °C in medium 199 and MCDB105 in a 1:1 ratio, supplemented with 5% fetal b... | - Colony formation (number of colonies, expressed as % of control) in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell cultures in treatment groups: control, ganitumab only, ganitumab + STI (sialyltransferase inhibitor; 3Fax-Peracetyl Neu5Ac), ganitumab + FTI (fucosyltransferase inhibitor; 2F-Peracetyl-Fucose). | Researchers investigated how inhibiting sialylation affects the survival of ovarian cancer cells during ganitumab treatment in a clonogenic cell survival assay. Ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3 was cultured in a humidified CO2 (5%) incubator at 37 °C in medium 199 and MCDB105 in a 1:1 ratio, supplemented with 5% fetal b... | #colGan+STI= [41.5 - 51.5] % derived from 46.5% at ganitumab + STI condition. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported > fallback ± 5 % applied.
| - The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a key receptor tyrosine kinase involved in essential processes such as growth, survival, and metastasis in cancer that is targeted by an anti-IGF1R mAb (monoclonal antibody), ganitumab.
- Sialylation, the addition of sialic acid to terminal glycan chains, is a crit... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a key receptor tyrosine kinase involved in essential processes such as growth, survival, and metastasis in cancer that is targeted by an anti-IGF1R mAb (monoclonal antibody), ganitumab.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Drugging IGF-1R in ... |
Biology | Ecology | Free-Format Question | Testing the reproducibility of ecological studies on insect behavior in a multi-laboratory setting identifies opportunities for improving experimental rigour | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12013911/ | April 22, 2025 | Researchers investigated ecological experiment reproducibility using a multi-laboratory approach. Three insect species: the turnip sawfly (A. rosae), the meadow grasshopper (P. parallelus), and the red flour beetle (T. castaneum) were used. P. parallelus were collected from the wild, T. castaneum was laboratory-grown, ... | - Post contact immobility or PCI duration (seconds) of fed and starved A. rosae larvae after exhibition of PCI.
- PCI activity levels (distance in cm) of fed and starved A. rosae larvae one hour after measuring PCI (= after 4 h of starvation treatment).
- Pearson's correlation between PCI duration and PCI activity leve... | Researchers investigated ecological experiment reproducibility using a multi-laboratory approach. Three insect species: the turnip sawfly (A. rosae), the meadow grasshopper (P. parallelus), and the red flour beetle (T. castaneum) were used. P. parallelus were collected from the wild, T. castaneum was laboratory-grown, ... | When comparing the results for each of the laboratories, we found that the overall effect of starvation on PCI duration was reproduced in only two out of the three replicates | - Reproducibility, i.e., the ability of a result to be replicated by an independent experiment in the same or different laboratory; also referred to as replicability, is a cornerstone of any scientific method.
- The larvae of A. rosae species feed on various Brassicaceae plants and can be an agricultural pest. In the l... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Reproducibility, i.e., the ability of a result to be replicated by an independent experiment in the same or different laboratory; also referred to as replicability, is a cornerstone of any scientific method."},{"label":"Title","value":"Systematic heterogenization revisited: Increasing va... |
Chemistry | Organic Chemistry / Photochemistry | MCQ | Synthesis and characterization of blue light emitting star shaped π-conjugated oligomers based on dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide
| https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f622833e6156d3bef6aae8 | October 24, 2025 | Researchers synthesized a novel compound and characterized its absorbance and photoluminescence under different conditions.
To synthesize the novel compound, 0.042 g Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (0.06 mmol, 0.015 eq), 6.63 g K2CO3, 2.001g 3,7-dibromo-1-iodobenzo[b,d]thiophene-S,S-dioxide (4.00 mmol, 1 eq), and 9.53 g (9,9-dioctyl-9H-... | - Absorption spectra (250 - 500 nm) of the novel compound in different solvents (CHCl3, DCM, benzonitrile, hexane, EtOH and THF) and in thin film (Shimadzu UV-3600 UV–vis-NIR spectrophotometer).
- Photoluminescence spectra (350 - 700 nm) of the novel compound in different solvents (CHCl3, DCM, benzonitrile, hexane, Et... | Researchers synthesized a novel compound by adding 0.042 g Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (0.06 mmol, 0.015 eq), 6.63 g K2CO3, 2.001g 3,7-dibromo-1-iodobenzo[b,d]thiophene-S,S-dioxide (4.00 mmol, 1 eq), 9.53 g (9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluorene-2yl)boronic acid (21.9 mmol, 5.5 eq), 16 mL degassed water and 40 mL 1,4-dioxane to a round bottom flas... | B. The absorption spectra of the novel compound in CHCl3, THF, DCM and EtOH were overlapped with no significant observable shifts.
C. The absorption spectra of the novel compound showed four peaks in thin film, with the highest intensity peak observed in thin film being red-shifted, when compared to the absorption in ... | - Dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxides are stable molecules with modifiable properties, which have been used in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) due to their enhanced quantum efficiencies and photoluminescence (PL) in both solid and solution states.
- The dibenzothoiphene-S,S-dioxide molecule contains an electrophilic S... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxides are stable molecules with modifiable properties, which have been used in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) due to their enhanced quantum efficiencies and photoluminescence (PL) in both solid and solution states.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":" Stabilizati... |
Chemistry | Biochemistry | MCQ | Cobalt(III) Schiff Base Complexes as Irreversible Inhibitors of the Metallo-β-Lactamase NDM-1 | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68534e29c1cb1ecda0c0449d | June 21, 2025 | Researchers tested a library of cobalt(III) Schiff base complexes (Co(III)-sb) for irreversible inhibition of the metallo-β-lactamase known as NDM-1. The complexes were synthesized via equimolar chelation of CoCl₂·6H₂O with equatorial ligands (acacen, tfacen, phacen derivatives) under inert atmosphere, followed by addi... | - IC₅₀ values for NDM-1 inhibition by different Co(III)-sb complexes
- Inactivation rate constants (kᵢₙₐcₜ)
- Inactivation constants (Kᵢ) for irreversible inhibition
- Inactivation efficiency (kᵢₙₐcₜ/Kᵢ)
| Researchers evaluated a library of cobalt(III) Schiff base complexes, featuring different equatorial ligands such as acacen, tfacen, and phacen derivatives, and axial ligands including ammonia, 2-methylimidazole, and benzylamine, for irreversible inhibition of metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1). The complexes were tested usin... | c) Complexes with 2-methylimidazole exhibit the highest potency although its weaker donor strength may result in a lower exchange rate that most efficiently displaces Zn(II) from the active site. | - Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs): Zinc-dependent bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics and contribute to antibiotic resistance
- Cobalt(III) Schiff base complexes: Octahedral coordination compounds with tetradentate equatorial ligands and monodentate axial ligands that can undergo ligand exchange
- Nitro... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs): Zinc-dependent bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics and contribute to antibiotic resistance"},{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro3380"},{"l... |
Chemistry | Wood chemistry, nano-synthesis | MCQ | Additive Manufacturing of Lignocellulosic Aerogels from Minimally Processed Waste Streams | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/smll.202412509 | August 8, 2025 | Researchers prepared three lignocellulose paste samples (LCPs)- LCP-C (crude), LCP-B (blonde), LCP-W (white) representing varying degrees of bleaching were prepared from Birch chip slurry made using the Sunburst process and imaged them with AFM. Lignocellulose particles (LCP-W, LCP-C, LCP-B) at pH > 9.5 were diluted wi... | -AFM height and phase images of each lignocellulosic paste in tapping mode.
-AFM nanoparticle length measurement extracted from each lignocellulosic paste sample.
-Gravimetric nano-yield measurement extracted from each centrifuged lignocellulosic paste sample.
| Researchers prepared three lignocellulose paste samples (LCPs)- LCP-C (crude), LCP-B (blonde), LCP-W (white) using the Sunburst process. Films were cast onto silicon wafers for imaging with AFM. Based on AFM/nano-yield measurements, which of the samples contain less than 8wt% of ~100nm particles?
A) LCP-W only
B) LCP-... | C) LCP-B and LCP-W | -The Sunburst process is a pretreatment method for breaking down lignocellulosic biomass using heat, pressure, and acidity to deconstruct it into a slurry of its components: lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose.
-Increased bleaching of of the LCP after Sunburst process results in enrichment of cellulose by loss of lig... | [{"label":"Title","value":"Methods of making specialized cellulose and other products from biomass"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US20210285155A1/en"},{"label":"Date","value":"September 16, 2021"},{"label":"Justification (\"Paywalled\", \"OA\", \"Other (justify)\")","value":"OA"},{"label":... |
Chemistry | Inorganic synthesis, Catalysis | Free-Format Question | Synthesis of Sulfated Sn–Zr Mesoporous Catalysts for the Selective Dehydration of Hexose-Type Monosaccharides | https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/open.202400480 | July 13, 2025 | Researchers explored catalytic activity of sulfated and Zr/Sn impregnated mesoporous materials for the conversion of fructose to HMF. SBA-15 mesoporous silica support was synthesized by the sol-gel method. P123 structure-directing agent was dissolved in H2O/HCl solution at 50C before adding the TEOS (Tetraethyl orthosi... | -Fructose conversion (%) and HMF yield (%) for SBA-15, Zr-SBA-15, Sn–Zr–SBA-15, SO4/Zr–SBA-15, Sn–SO4/Zr–SBA-15, and SO4/Sn–Zr–SBA-15 at 150C for 120 minutes as measured by HPLC
-Fructose conversion (%) and HMF selectivity (%) of SO4/Sn–Zr–SBA-15 at varying Zr/Sn ratios (0.98, 1.98, 3.96, and 9.89) at 150C for 120 minu... | Researchers explored catalytic activity of sulfated and Zr/Sn impregnated SBA-15 for the conversion of fructose to HMF. Catalyst supports were made by the sol gel method, followed by wet impregnation and calcination with Zr and Sn, and sulfation in sulfuric acid (and calcination) to produce SBA-15, Zr-SBA-15, Sn–Zr–SBA... | Fructose conversion (%) increases monotonically with Zr/Sn ratio, while HMF selectivity increases between 0.98 and 3.96, but then decreases with greater Zr content. | -SBA-15 mesoporous catalysts provide high applicability in catalysis due to its thick pore walls, which enhance thermomechanical stability.
-Homogenously dispersed acid sites on a mesoporous template can assist in sugar conversion by reducing the carbonaceous species production.
-Sulfated SnO2 and ZrO2 are known to pro... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"SBA-15 mesoporous catalysts provide high applicability in catalysis due to its thick pore walls, which enhance thermomechanical stability."},{"label":"Title","value":"Sn-modified SBA-15 with tailored acid properties for efficient 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production from glucose."},{"label":... |
Chemistry | Materials Chemistry / Catalysis | MCQ | Homogeneous Boroaluminate Xerogels: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalysis | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/685115a23ba0887c33fb6937 | May 12, 2025 | Researchers synthesized and evaluated boroaluminate xerogels as catalysts for the ethanol dehydration reaction. For this purpose, two types of xerogels were manufactured following different procedures.
For the first xerogel type, in a dry box, 2 g of AlCl3 (15 mmol) were dissolved in warm toluene (30.0 cm^3) within a ... | - Specific surface area (m^2/g) of AlOB-1 and AlOB-2 catalysts before and after catalytic reaction of ethanol dehydration (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis)
- Average pore size (nm) of AlOB-1 and AlOB-2 catalysts before and after catalytic reaction of ethanol dehydration (Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method) | Two different porous metal oxide catalysts were obtained from a non-hydrolytic sol-gel process. AlOB-1 was obtained using AlCl3 (2.00 g, 15.0 mmol) and 1.67 cm^3 trimethyl borate (15.0 mmol) as precursors, and warm toluene (30.0 cm^3 ) as solvent, with calcination at 600 ºC for 180 minutes. AlOB-2 was obtained using Al... | C) After catalysis, the surface area of AlOB-1 did not increase while the pore size of AlOB-2 increased. | - Porous metal oxides are a class of materials which versatile composition, structure, and physicochemical properties enable their application as catalysts.
- Boria-alumina mixed oxides are amorphous mesoporous materials with specific surface areas 200–300 m^2/g.
- The non-hydrolytic sol-gel method is a technique emp... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Porous metal oxides are a class of materials which versatile composition, structure, and physicochemical properties enable their application as catalysts."},{"label":"Title","value":"Recent developments of metal oxide based heterostructures for photocatalytic applications towards environ... |
Chemistry | Combustion Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Soot Formation in the Laminar to Turbulent Transition of an Acetylene Diffusion Flame | https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c05165 | October 8, 2025 | Acetylene was emitted from a stainless-steel tube, and its flow was controlled by a mass flow controller in order to produce an acetylene diffusion flame. The tubes used for combustion had internal diameters (Din) of 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 mm respectively, with wall thicknesses of 0.15 mm and lengths of 200 mm maintained to... | • Soot formation rate (ṁsoot) i.e., mass collected on oven-dried glass-fiber filters and reported as mass/collection time (each reading repeated thrice and averaged).
• Inlet Reynolds number (Re) was computed from acetylene flow density, average velocity, dynamic viscosity, and tube internal diameter (Din)
• Flame shap... | An acetylene diffusion flame is emitted from a stainless-steel nozzle (internal diameter, Din = 0.6 mm) by researchers to investigate the effects of Reynolds number (Re) on soot formation and flame behavior. The inlet Re is increased (2412, 2733, 2974, 3216, 3859) so the flow transitions from laminar to transitional to... | In the laminar state, the flame remained slender and stable, and ṁsoot increased linearly with Re at a growth rate positively correlated with Din. Upon entering the transitional state, the flame exhibited intermittent fluctuations, and ṁsoot reached its peak. With the further increase in Re, the flame exhibited signi... | • Increasing the volume flow rate of the accompanying air increase the volume fraction of soot, and increasing the fuel volume flow rate would first increase and then decrease the volume fraction of soot.
• Flames interact with turbulence when they transition from laminar to turbulent states.
• The flame transition fro... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Increasing the volume flow rate of the accompanying air increase the volume fraction of soot, and increasing the fuel volume flow rate would first increase and then decrease the volume fraction of soot."},{"label":"Title","value":"Numerical Simulation of Soot Formation in Ethylene Laminar ... |
Chemistry | Natural Products / Analytical Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Studies on the Use of Loan Extraction to Produce Natural Shower Gels (Cosmetic) Based on Grape Pomace Extracts—The Effect of the Type of Surfactant Borrowed | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/18/3709 | September 12, 2025 | Researchers investigated the effects of different extraction solutions in the extraction process of natural compounds from grape pomace.
The pomace from a mixture of Solaris, Muscat and Riesling white grapes was obtained from the Cwielong-Olszewski vineyard (established in 2013 in Balcarzowice, Opole Province, Poland... | - Total phenolic content (milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per liter of extract [GAE/L]) in GPE_DG, GPE_CB, GPE_SCS, and GPE_DSCG extracts (Folin–Ciocalteu method). | Researchers investigated the effects of different extraction solutions in the extraction process of natural compounds from grape pomace. Pomace from a mixture of Solaris, Muscat and Riesling white grapes (Cwielong-Olszewski vineyard, Balcarzowice, Opole Province, Poland) harvested at full ripeness (early September 2024... | The total phenolic content (TPC) values demonstrated that the GPE_DSCG group yielded a higher phenolic content than the the GPE_SCS group. | - Grape pomace is a by-product obtained from the wine industry, with a high content of bioactive molecules, especially phenolic compounds.
- Sodium Coco-Sulfate represents anionic surfactants derived from coconuts with a negatively charged head group.
- Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate is a biodegradable anionic surfactant ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Grape pomace is a by-product obtained from the wine industry, with a high content of bioactive molecules, especially phenolic compounds."},{"label":"Title","value":"Grapevine Wastes: A Rich Source of Antioxidants and Other Biologically Active Compounds"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://w... |
Chemistry | Physical chemistry | Numerical Values | Experimental observation of quantum mechanical fluorine tunnelling | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-59008-6 | April 29, 2025 | Potassium fluoride (KF) targets were produced from dry KF powder using a hydraulic lab press. Filling of the pressing die and removal of the KF targets were carried out under an argon atmosphere inside a glove box in order to prevent contact of the highly hygroscopic material with atmospheric water. Matrix-isolation ex... | - FTIR spectra of the Ne matrix containing fluorine-rich anions were recorded at 5 K in the 500–580 and 830–870 cm⁻¹ regions with a resolution ≤0.1 cm⁻¹, immediately after 3–4 h co-deposition and after subsequent UV (273 nm) and red (730 nm) irradiation. From these spectra, the wavenumber (cm⁻¹) of the band assigned to... | Researchers laser-ablated potassium fluoride (KF) with a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 1 Hz) and co-deposited the ablated material with a Ne/F₂ (99:1) gas mixture onto a gold-plated copper support held at 5 K under vacuum conditions of 3×10⁻⁷–1×10⁻⁶ mbar. The co-deposition proceeded for 3–4 hours, generating multiple fluorine... | FTIR band of [F₅]⁻= 851 cm-1 -> [765,9-936,1] cm−1.
| -[F5]−: The pentafluoride anion is a very weakly bound complex, rendering its experimental characterization challenging.
- The first fragmental evidence of the formation of an [F5]− ion was reported in 2000 by Artau et al., who observed a weak signal of m/z=95 in mass spectra while investigating the bond dissociation e... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- The first fragmental evidence of the formation of an [F5]− ion was reported in 2000 by Artau et al., who observed a weak signal of m/z=95 in mass spectra while investigating the bond dissociation energies of [F3]− (m/z=57) in the gas phase."},{"label":"Title","value":"Bond Dissociation E... |
Biology | Reproductive Biology | MCQ | CCDC89 is required for optimal sperm motility and male fertility in mammals | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12548035/ | Jul 1, 2025 | To test the requirement of CCDC89 for male fertility, two murine mutants were developed on a C57BL/6J background using CRISPR/Cas9: a knockout (KO) model (lacking the gene's single exon) and an E297D point mutant (PM) model. Heterozygous founder mice were identified by Sanger sequencing and inter-crossed to generate ho... | - Round spermatid counts in Stage VIII tubules across mouse models (Knockout (KO), point mutant (PM), and wild-type (WT) at 3 and 6 months. | To test the requirement of CCDC89 for male fertility, two murine mutants were developed on a C57BL/6J background using CRISPR/Cas9: a knockout (KO) model (lacking the gene's single exon) and an E297D point mutant (PM) model. Heterozygous founder mice were identified by Sanger sequencing and inter-crossed to generate ho... | C. Round spermatid counts per tubule were significantly lower in PM males when compared to either WT or KO males at both 3 and 6 months. | - Numerous CCDC family members are enriched within the testis and play essential roles in sperm formation and function.
- CCDC89 was identified as a candidate human male fertility gene through the detection of a genetic variant in two infertile men with azoospermia. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Numerous CCDC family members are enriched within the testis and play essential roles in sperm formation and function."},{"label":"Title","value":"Coiled-Coil Domain-Containing (CCDC) Proteins: Functional Roles in General and Male Reproductive Physiology"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://li... |
Biology | Immunology | Free-Format Question | A20 restriction of nitric oxide production restores macrophage bioenergetic balance | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684676v1 | October 27, 2025 | Our current research focuses on understanding the role of the protein A20, also known as TNF-α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), before and during infection. A20Flox/Flox mice were interbred with ROSA/ER-Cre mice, and from the resulting A20Flox/Flox ROSA/ER-Cre+, A20Flox/+ ROSA/ER-Cre-, and A20Flox/Flox ROSA/ER-Cre- mice, ... | - Lactate levels in BDMDs (A20WTs and A20tiKO) following 24 hours treatment with lipopolysaccharide 100 ng/ml.
- Lactate levels in BDMDs (A20WTs and A20tiKO) following 24 hours treatment with poly(I:C) HMW 20 ug/ml.
- Lactate levels in BDMDs (A20WTs and A20tiKO) following 24 hours treatment with Pam3CSK4 1 ug/ml.
- Lac... | We are interested in understanding the role of the protein A20, also known as TNF-α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), during infection. To do this, A20Flox/Flox mice were interbred with ROSA/ER-Cre mice, and from the resulting A20Flox/Flox ROSA/ER-Cre+, A20Flox/+ ROSA/ER-Cre-, and A20Flox/Flox ROSA/ER-Cre- mice, bone marro... | The four ligands will be lipopolysaccharide 100 ng/ml, Pam3CSK4 1 ug/ml, Gardiquimod 1ug/ml and CpG-B 250 nM. | - Activation of immune cells is associated with a rapid burst in glycolytic activity along with mitochondrial remodelling.
- LPS stimulation of these cells (macrophages) triggers a glycolytic surge that provides energy for cytokine transcription, translation, and secretion.
- The ubiquitin editing protein A20, also kno... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Activation of immune cells is associated with a rapid burst in glycolytic activity along with mitochondrial remodelling."},{"label":"Title","value":"Mitochondrial Dynamics Controls T Cell Fate through Metabolic Programming"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2729318... |
Biology | Lipid Biochemistry | Free-Format Question | Loss of PREPL alters lipid homeostasis due to mitochondrial defects | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685080v1 | October 28, 2025 | We are interested in the effect of the PREPL on lipid metabolism. To study this, we performed Lipid droplet staining and high-content microscopy on PREPL-/- HEK293T cells and wild-type HEK293T cells (wtHEK293T) as a control. To do this, PREPL-/- and control HEK293T cells with cell density 15,000 cells/well were plate... | - Cell number of PREPL-/- HEK293T cells after DAPI staining (10 - 20 minutes) and lipid droplet staining (30 minutes in the dark) using diluted 1X LipidSpot 488 (Biotium) stain for 30 minutes in the dark.
- Cell number of wtHEK293T cells after DAPI staining (10 - 20 minutes) and lipid droplet staining (30 minutes in th... | We are interested in understanding the effect of the PREPL on lipid metabolism. We performed Lipid droplet staining and high-content microscopy on PREPL-/- HEK293T cells and wild-type HEK293T cells (wtHEK293T) as a control. PREPL-/- and control HEK293T cells with cell density 15,000 cells/well were plated on poly-D-ly... | LipidSpots/Cell = [13.74 - 15.96] for PREPL-/- HEK293T cells derived from 14.85. Note: CI reported ±1.11. LipidSpots/Cell = [8.26 - 9.42] for wtHEK293T cells derived from 8.84. Note: CI reported ±0.58 | - PREPL belongs to the serine hydrolase superfamily and has been implicated in the regulation of the
secretory pathway and mitochondrial respiration.
- PREPL has its highest expression in the brain, followed by intermediate levels in neuroendocrine cells, the kidney and muscle. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- PREPL belongs to the serine hydrolase superfamily and has been implicated in the regulation of the\nsecretory pathway and mitochondrial respiration."},{"label":"Title","value":"Prolyl endopeptidase-like is a (thio)esterase involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain function"},{"label":"... |
Chemistry | Physical Chemistry | Numerical Values | An Advanced Probe of Local Electric Field to Understand Electrode/Electrolyte Interface during Oxygen Evolution
| https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f8b4ac5dd091524fc96dc7 | October 24, 2025 | Researchers investigated the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics of an iridium oxide (IrOx) catalyst using a rotating disk electrode (RDE) system. The working electrode consisted of IrOx coated on a titanium (Ti) disk, used as the working electrode in a three-electrode electrochemical cell with a platinum counter ... | - Applied potential (V vs RHE), recorded during linear sweep voltammetry at 298 K for the IrOx/Ti rotating disk electrode in 0.1 M H₃PO₄ (pH 1.5), 0.1 M K-phosphate (pH 7), or 0.1 M K-phosphate (pH 13), with a scan rate of −1 mV s⁻¹ and disk-rotation speeds between 1600 and 4900 rpm.
- Kinetic current density (mA cm⁻²... | Researchers evaluated the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics of an IrOx/Ti rotating disk electrode (RDE) in phosphate-based electrolytes at three different pH levels: 1.5 (0.1 M H₃PO₄), 7 (0.1 M K-phosphate), and 13 (0.1 M K-phosphate), all measured at 298K. Tafel analysis was used to determine the slope of the p... | 42 V dec⁻¹ -> [38 - 46 mV dec⁻¹] Fallback used: +/- 10% | - Water electrolysis that converts ubiquitous H2O into an energy carrier of H2 will play an indispensable role in achieving a sustainable society.1 While H2 is produced at the cathode, the coupled anodic half-reaction of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) requires large overpotential and causes significant efficiency loss... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Water electrolysis that converts ubiquitous H2O into an energy carrier of H2 will play an indispensable role in achieving a sustainable society.1 While H2 is produced at the cathode, the coupled anodic half-reaction of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) requires large overpotential and caus... |
Biology | Plankton Ecology | MCQ | Responses of the Natural Phytoplankton Assemblage to Patagonian Dust Input and Anthropogenic Changes in the Southern Ocean | https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2024EF005762 | June 4, 2025 | Scientists conducted a 5-day shipboard incubation experiment to test how Patagonia dust input under predicted future (year 2100) temperature and pH conditions influences the net growth rate of natural phytoplankton communities from the Southern Ocean. The pythoplankton samples were collected onboard the French R.V. Mar... | - Net growth rates (µ d⁻¹, calculated as µ = Δln(N)/t) of picophytoplankton in the Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ) taken from the Southern Ocean under predicted future conditions (+3 °C, pH≈7.8) with and without Patagonia dust (1 mg/L and 2 mg/L).
| Scientists conducted a 5-day shipboard incubation experiment to test how Patagonia dust input under predicted future (year 2100) temperature and pH conditions influences the net growth rate of natural phytoplankton communities from the Southern Ocean. The pythoplankton samples were collected onboard the French R.V. Mar... | B) Warming and acidification alone led to the highest picophytoplankton growth, with no stimulation from dust | - Patagonian dust a source of iron-rich dust that can provide essential nutrients for the Southern Ocean region.
- Future ocean conditions are projected to include warmer temperatures (+3 °C) and lower pH (~7.8) by 2100.
- The PFZ is characterized by significant seasonal variations, with a predominance of smaller speci... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Patagonian dust is a source of iron-rich dust that can provide essential nutrients for the Southern Ocean region."},{"label":"Title","value":"Observed 20th century desert dust variability: impact on climate and biogeochemistry"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://acp.copernicus.org/articles... |
Biology | Cancer Biology | MCQ | EGFR-targeted and MMP-activated membranolytic peptides derived from Polybia paulista MP1 kill cancer cells specifically in vitro and reduce tumour growth in vivo | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680850v1 | October 7, 2025 | Researchers determined the IC50 doses of the membrane-disrupting peptide Mastoparan-1 (MP1) and MP1 fusion variants against cancer cell lines. The details of each peptide variant are described as follows.
1) Peptide name: MP1, Description: the original MP1 peptide, Sequence: IDWKKLLDAAKQIL
2) Peptide name: N-EGFR-MP1,... | - Absorbance at 570 nm of the dissolved Formazan crystals obtained from each cell line (MCF-10A, HB2, BT-474, AU-565, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231) after treating with different concentrations (0 – 250 µM) of each MP1 fusion variant (MP1, N-EGFR-MP1, N-EGFR-MMP-MP1, C-EGFR-MP1, and C-EGFR-MMP-MP1).
- The percentage of ce... | The membrane-disrupting peptide Mastoparan-1 (MP1) derived from the wasp Polybia paulista was previously reported to exhibit some degree of cancer-specific lytic activity. The researcher attempted to enhance the toxicity and cancer specificity of MP1 by adding 2 different functionalities to either the N-terminus or the... | B) Neither fusion peptide showed strikingly different efficacy in MCF-10A cells compared to MP1. | - Mastoparan-1 (MP1, [IDWKKLLDAAKQIL]) is a membranolytic peptide derived from the wasp Polybia paulista. MP1 was previously reported to have some degree of cancer-specific lytic activity.
- The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is over-expressed in a range of common cancers, including breast, colorectal, and lu... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Mastoparan-1 (MP1, [IDWKKLLDAAKQIL]) is a membranolytic peptide derived from the wasp Polybia paulista. MP1 was previously reported to have some degree of cancer-specific lytic activity."},{"label":"Title","value":"Antitumor effects, cell selectivity and structure–activity relationship o... |
Biology | Cancer Biology | MCQ | Tumor-associated Macrophages protect Glioblastoma cells from ferroptosis by inducing the release of Ferritin-bound iron via exosomes | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683804v1 | October 22, 2025 | The researchers investigated how the macrophage iron metabolism is altered in the presence of glioblastoma (GBM) cells. They grew murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with GL261 cells, a GBM cell line derived from C57BL6 mice, in a transwell coculture system.
BMDMs were generated by collecting the bone marro... | - Relative expression levels of H-ferritin (FTH1), L-ferritin (FTL), and transferrin receptor (TFRC) between BMDMs cocultured with GL261 cells and those cultured alone, and between BMDMs derived from male and female mice. | The researchers investigated how the macrophage iron metabolism is altered in the presence of glioblastoma (GBM) cells. They grew murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), obtained from either male or female mice, with GL261 cells (a GBM cell line derived from C57BL6 mice) in a transwell coculture system. After c... | D) BMDMs cocultured with GL261 cells showed higher FTH1 and FTL expressions than BMDMs cultured alone. Male BMDMs showed significantly higher TFRC expressions than female BMDMs in culture alone. But, in coculture with GL261 cells, female BMDMs showed higher TFRC expression. | - Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) comprise up to 50 percent of the total tumor volume and are one of the most abundant cell populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of glioblastoma (GBM).
- TAMs play a significant role in maintaining iron homeostasis in the TME and can play a pivotal role in controlling fe... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) comprise up to 50 percent of the total tumor volume and are one of the most abundant cell populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of glioblastoma (GBM). "},{"label":"Title","value":"Tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma: Current and emerging c... |
Physics | Physics | Free-Format Question | Single photon γ-ray imaging with high energy and spatial resolution perovskite semiconductor for nuclear medicine | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-63400-7 | August 30, 2025 | Researchers present a pioneering approach relating to single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) that involves developing high resolution perovskite CsPbBr3 semiconductor detectors with different pixel and pitch sizes (Device E: 1.0 x 1.0 mm2 and 1.2mm; Device I: 1.5 x 1.5 mm2 and 1.6 mm), detector dimensions (... | - Energy resolution (ER) of 99mTc through the pixelated CsPbBr3 detector for Devices E and I.
- Energy spectrum of pixelated CsPbBr3 detector under 99mTc gamma-ray source (keV/Counts) for each device (E, I). | High resolution perovskite CsPbBr3 semiconductor detectors combined with collimators and gamma-ray sources are implemented to detect gamma-ray single-photons to aid in applications surrounding nuclear medicine. Performing patterned gamma-ray single-photon imaging using collimated aqueous solution Na99mTcO4 sources, the... | Device E performs better than Device I by exhibiting a lower, sharp distribution of ERs in the range of 2-3% while Device I displays a higher overall ER of 3.5%. | - Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an imaging technique that determines three-dimensional concentrations of radiopharmaceuticals int the body by measuring emitted gamma rays.
- Perovskite semiconductors are semiconductors that combine exceptional optoelectronic properties with versatile chemistry a... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an imaging technique that determines three-dimensional concentrations of radiopharmaceuticals int the body by measuring emitted gamma rays."},{"label":"Title","value":"Radioactive Transition Metals for Imaging and Therapy"},{"label":"UR... |
Physics | Physics/sensors | Numerical Values | Flexible Stretchable Strain Sensor Based on LIG/PDMS for Real-Time Health Monitoring of Test Pilots | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/9/2884 | May 2, 2025 | Researchers tested the performance of a Laser-induced Graphene (LIG) strain sensor transferred onto a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The sensor was prepared as follows: Initially, a 125 µm-thick PolyImide (PI) film was adhered to a metal substrate. Subsequently, the PI film was subjected to a line sweeping using a CO2 in... | - Mechanical strain: Relative change in sensor length
- Electrical resistance: Measured in ohms | The sensor was characterized in a tensile tester for mechanical strains up to 40%. The sensitivity of the sensor in form the gauge factor (GF) was calculated as a function of the strain. The GF is calculated as the relative change in electrical resistance divided by the strain.
What was the GF for the sensor in the ra... | GF = [18.6 - 22.8]
Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> a ±10% fallback was applied using the value reported in the paper, 20.7 | - Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) is a method of creating graphene layers on top of common substrates like PI, PET or PDMS. Under laser Irradiation, chemical bonds are cleaved, releasing nitrogen and oxygen elements in gaseous forms, while the remaining carbon atoms rearrange to form LIG. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) is a method of creating graphene layers on top of common substrates like PI, PET or PDMS. Under laser Irradiation, chemical bonds are cleaved, releasing nitrogen and oxygen elements in gaseous forms, while the remaining carbon atoms rearrange to form LIG."},{"l... |
Physics | Atomic Physics | Numerical Values | Observation of spin singlet butterfly Rydberg molecules in an ultracold atomic Rb gas | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21620 | Oct 24, 2025 | Researchers prepared $^{87}$Rb atoms in a crossed dipole trap operating at λ = 1064 nm with a temperature of 40 µK, a diameter of 40 µm, and a peak density of $4 \times 10^{13} \, \text{cm}^{−3}$. Initially, the atoms were kept the F=1 ground state, and photoassociation in the molecular state was attempted by a three-p... | - Lifetime of the vibrational ground and first excited states of the butterfly molecules of $^{87}$Rb at a pulse duration of 1 µs during 1100 excitation and ionization pulses, by counting only the Rb$^{+}$ ions with zero momentum.
- Lifetime of the atomic resonance state (n=18) of $^{87}$Rb at a pulse duration of 1 µs ... | Researchers attempted a three-photon excitation scheme to photoassociate the n=18 singlet butterfly molecule of the Rubidium-87 element via the small f-state admixture in its electronic state. $^{87}$Rb is a butterfly long-range Rydberg molecule in the spin-singlet ($^1$P$_1$) configuration. With the intention of obser... | |Δτ| = [1.43-2.89] µs, derived from the lifetimes of the vibrational ground state $\tau_{v=0}$ = (6.31±0.67) µs and the atomic resonance state of $^{87}$Rb $\tau_{18f_{7/2}}$ = (4.15±0.06) µs.
Note: CI/SE/SD reported for individual lifetimes in Fig. 4. -> Absolute error in lifetime measurement was calculated as (0.67+... | - Ultralong-range Rydberg molecules (ULRMs) with high-ℓ character have highly asymmetric electronic states.
- The $^1$P$_1$ scattering produces the oscillating “stairwell” potential highlighted in black as well as the non-oscillating potential slicing through the stairwell. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Ultralong-range Rydberg molecules (ULRMs) with high-ℓ character have highly asymmetric electronic states."},{"label":"Title","value":"Exploring the vibrational series of pure trilobite Rydberg molecules"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-43818-7"},{"label"... |
Physics | Physics / Fluid dynamics | MCQ | Erosion induced by a disk translating toward or away from a granular bed | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.26980 | October 30, 2025 | Researchers were measuring the onset of erosion when a rigid circular disk is subjected to a single vertical stroke through quiescent water above a granular bed. The experiments were performed in a square glass tank (side 40 cm and height 60 cm) with the water level set to 40 cm. A transparent acrylic lid was placed a ... | - The minimum distance b between the disk and the granular bed.
- The radius a_1 of the starting vortex at the moment when the disk completes its stroke.
- The local velocity induced by the impact of the starting vortex ring.
| Researchers were measuring the onset of erosion when a rigid circular disk is subjected to a single vertical stroke through quiescent water above a granular bed.
The critical Shields number Sh^c_CV was defined using the local velocity u_CV induced by the impact of the starting vortex ring as a function of b/a_1, wher... | A. 2.0 cm. | - The critical Shields number, Sh_c, describes the ratio of the drag force of the fluid to the apparent weight of the particles.
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The critical Shields number, Sh_c, describes the ratio of the drag force of the fluid to the apparent weight of the particles. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Application of similarity principles and turbulence research to bed-load movement."},{"label":"URL","value":"https://scispace.com/pdf/... |
Physics | Plasma Physics | Free-Format Question | Experimental validation of electron correlation models in warm dense matter | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.10107 | September 12, 2025 | Shock-compressed aluminium foils (50 micron thickness) were generated at the European XFEL using 8 ns, 26J, 515 nm Dipole 100-X laser pulses. The samples (rho= 4 g cm^(-3), T approximately 0.6 eV) were probed by 8.307 keV self-seeded XFEL pulses to record inelastic X-ray Thomson-scattering (XRTS) spectra at momentum tr... | - XRTS spectra showing plasmon peak energy and width as a function of k (units inverse Angstrom).
- Qualitative change of plasmon feature shape (broadening, asymmetry). | X-Ray Thomson scattering measurements are conducted for 50-μm thick, shock-compressed aluminium foils at a temperature of ~0.6 eV. When the momentum transfer increases from k = 0.99 A^(-1) to 2.57 A^(-1) in shock-compressed aluminium, how does the plasmon feature change in the XRTS spectra? | The plasmon peak shifts to higher energy loss and broadens, becoming weaker and more asymmetric. | - Plasmons are collective electron oscillations observed as an inelastic scattering-peak.
-Inelastic X-ray Thomson-scattering is a experimental technique involving probing a sample with a high-energy X-rays and recording the photons that shifted in energy after scattering off weakly-bound electrons. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-Inelastic X-ray Thomson-scattering is a experimental technique involving probing a sample with a high-energy X-rays and recording the photons that shifted in energy after scattering off weakly-bound electrons."},{"label":"Title","value":"X-ray Thomson scattering in high energy density pla... |
Physics | Quantum Technology, Superconducting Qubits | Numerical Values | Spin environment of a superconducting qubit in high magnetic fields | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-65528-y | Oct 29, 2025 | The gradiometric granular aluminum (grAl) is fabricated on a double-sided polished c-plane sapphire substrate using lift-off electron-beam lithography. A single resist layer of PMMA A4, coated with an 8 nm aluminum anti-static layer, is patterned with a 100 keV electron-beam writer. After patterning, the anti-static la... | - Qubit Frequency (fq) of gradiometric granular aluminum (grAl) nanojunction fluxonium qubit at half flux bias in zero field at 150 mK. | A gradiometric granular aluminum (grAl) nanojunction fluxonium qubit is made out of gradiometric granular aluminum (grAl), which is fabricated on a double-sided polished c-plane sapphire substrate. Then, a single resist layer of PMMA A4 was coated with an 8 nm aluminum anti-static layer. After patterning, the anti-stat... | Qubit Frequency (fq) of gradiometric granular aluminum (grAl) nanojunction fluxonium qubit at half flux bias in zero field is 2.13 - 2.60 GHz.
Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> ±10% fallback applied to 2.365 GHz. | - The reduction of the superconducting gap can be mitigated by using field-resilient, low-loss superconductors like granular aluminum (grAl).
- The grAl nanojunction fluxonium qubit, known as gralmonium, combines the grAl field resilience with the unique benefits of the grAl nanojunction, offering low microwave losses ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The reduction of the superconducting gap can be mitigated by using field-resilient, low-loss superconductors like granular aluminum (grAl)."},{"label":"Title","value":"Superconducting granular aluminum resonators resilient to magnetic fields up to 1 Tesla"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://... |
Biology | Regenerative Medicine, Microgravity Research | Free-Format Question | Microgravity-driven Rab27B activation amplifies mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle production and functions | https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-025-04711-w | October 29, 2025 | Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) were isolated from fresh umbilical cords. These were cut into pieces, treated with collagenase type I (Sigma, GER), and incubated in Minimum Essential Medium α (α-MEM; Gibco, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Procell, CHN). Cells were passag... | - Yield (x10¹¹ particles/ml) of microgravity-derived extracellular vesicles (g-EVs; μg-EVs)
- Extracellular vesicles diameter (nm) of microgravity-derived extracellular vesicles (g-EVs; μg-EVs)
- Extracellular vesicles concentration (particles/ml) of microgravity-derived extracellular vesicles (g-EVs; μg-EVs) | Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) were used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). UCMSCs were isolated from fresh umbilical cords, treated with collagenase type I, incubated in Minimum Essential Medium α supplemented ... | The particle diameter (nm) in the μg-EV group would be higher than that in the g-EV group. | - Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in regenerative medicine due to their immunomodulatory properties and tissue repair capabilities
- The therapeutic effects of MSCs are primarily mediated through paracrine secretion of bioactive molecules rather than direct cell differentiation
- Extracellular vesicles (E... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in regenerative medicine due to their immunomodulatory properties and tissue repair capabilities"},{"label":"Title","value":"Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cell in regenerative medicine: a narrative review"},{"label":"URL","value":"ht... |
Chemistry | Materials Chemistry/ Analytical Chemistry | Numerical Values | Synthesis and characterization of gold-coated nanodiamonds through green chemistry as potential radiosensitizers for proton therapy | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.11061 | April 15, 2025 | Commercially available nanodiamonds (ND), with a size of 50 nm (MSY 0-0.1), were subjected to thermal treatments. They were annealed at 800°C for 2 h in a N2 atmosphere, resulting in the sample labeled Ann 50 nm ND. Subsequently, a portion of the annealed nanodiamonds underwent oxidation at 500°C for 12 hours in air, f... | * PXRD analysis, performed on the Ox ND Au 50 sample with a Bruker D2 Phaser diffractometer, equipped with a Cu Kα X-ray tube, in the 2θ range from 10° to 100°.
* Crystallite sizes of nanodiamonds, estimated using Scherrer’s equation based on the highest-intensity peaks of PXRD analysis. | Ox ND Au 50 sample was synthesized using commercially available ND. They were first annealed at 800°C and then underwent oxidation at 500°C for 12 hours in air. Their crystallite size was calculated using the Scherrer equation from PXRD analysis. What will be the crystallite size (nm) for Ox ND Au 50? | 6.99 - 8.53 nm | * Nymphaea alba root extracts act as a green reducing agent for the in situ reduction of HAuCl₄ and stabilization of the nanoparticles.
* Nanodiamonds (ND) are particularly attractive for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, and ability to penetrate biological barriers.
*... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Nymphaea alba root extracts act as a green reducing agent for the in situ reduction of HAuCl₄ and stabilization of the nanoparticles."},{"label":"Title","value":"Sono-biosynthesis and characterization of aunps from danube delta nymphaea alba root extracts and their biological properties"},... |
Biology | Nanoparticle vaccines/Animal models | Numerical Values | In vivo reprogramming of cytotoxic effector CD8+ T cells via fractalkine-conjugated mRNA-LNP | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685358v1 | October 30, 2025 | C57BL/6 mice were infected intraperitoneally with 2x10⁵ plaque-forming units of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-Armstrong to generate an acute infection model. Researchers generated mouse fractalkine-conjugated mRNA encoding LNP with a 1:0.75 μg mRNA/μg fractalkine ratio. Seven days after LCMV infection, mi... | - Expression of tdTomato in CX3CR1+ Teff cells as a percentage of total GP33+ CX3CR1+ Teff cells after different treatments (PBS, fractalkine-conjugated tdTomato mRNA-LNP, and no treatment)
- Expression of GFP in tdTomato+ CX3CR1+ Teff cells as a percentage of total tdTomato+ GP33+ CX3CR1+ Teff cells after different tr... | Two doses of 10ug mouse fractalkine-conjugated mRNA encoding LNP in 200uL of PBS are intravenously administered to previously intraperitoneally LCMV infected (2x10⁵ plaque forming units) C57BL/6 mice. The first LNP dose is administered 7 days after LCMV infection, and the second LNP dose the following day. PBMCs are is... | %tdTomatoGFP = [73 - 83] % derived from approximately 78% of tdTomato+ GP33+ CX3CR1+ Teff cells expressing GFP. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±5 pp applied | -CX3CR1/fractalkine receptor is specific to the surface of Teff cells and is not present on other types of T cells.
-The cognate ligand for CX3CR1 is CX3CL1, which is also known as fractalkine.
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-CX3CR1/fractalkine receptor is specific to the surface of Teff cells and is not present on other types of T cells. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Functional classification of memory CD8 + T cells by CX3CR1 expression"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9306"},{"l... |
Physics | Physics / Materials Science | MCQ | Advancing antiferromagnetic nitrides via metal alloy nitridation | https://www.nature.com/articles/s43246-025-00892-2 | July 30, 2025 | Researchers synthesized Mn₁₋ₓGaₓN thin films in two steps. First, Mn₃Ga alloy films were deposited on (001)-oriented MgO substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) from a stoichiometric Mn₃Ga target at 500 °C under a base pressure of 1 × 10⁻⁸ Torr. The films were then cooled and annealed via rapid thermal annealing... | - X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) collected at Mn L-edges under linearly polarized light at two incidence angles, 0° and 60°, under out-of-plane magnetic fields of 0 T and 0.4 T. | Mn₁₋ₓGaₓN thin films were prepared on (001)-oriented MgO substrates and annealed under ammonia to form Mn nitrides. X-ray linear dichroism (XLD) spectra were measured at Mn L-edges by recording X-ray absorption at 0° and 60° incidence angles, under applied magnetic fields of 0 T and 0.4 T, and calculating the intensity... | D. The XLD spectrum becomes predominantly negative. | - The structural and magnetic properties of manganese-based nitride films are highly sensitive to nitrogen stoichiometry and can lead to the formation of secondary phases.
- Rapid thermal processing annealing is a critical step for facilitating nitrogen incorporation into the metallic lattice and promoting the formatio... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The structural and magnetic properties of manganese-based nitride films are highly sensitive to nitrogen stoichiometry and can lead to the formation of secondary phases."},{"label":"Title","value":"Observation of large exchange bias and topological Hall effect in manganese nitride films"},... |
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