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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError
Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 2 new columns ({'page', 'content'}) and 2 missing columns ({'instruction', 'output'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/ResourceFX/Sanskrit/sanskrit book json data.json (at revision 51061f60d4dd72ba612635acbc4ce806fda5dab1)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1870, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 622, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2292, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2240, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
page: int64
content: string
-- schema metadata --
pandas: '{"index_columns": [], "column_indexes": [], "columns": [{"name":' + 312
to
{'instruction': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'output': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}
because column names don't match
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1420, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1052, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 924, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1000, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1741, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1872, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 2 new columns ({'page', 'content'}) and 2 missing columns ({'instruction', 'output'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/ResourceFX/Sanskrit/sanskrit book json data.json (at revision 51061f60d4dd72ba612635acbc4ce806fda5dab1)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
instruction string | output string |
|---|---|
Summarize page 1: | BIBLIOTHEK
INPOGERMAMSCHER GRAMMATIKEN
BEARBEITET VON
F.BUCHELER, H,HUBSOHMANN,A,LESKIEN, G,MEYER,
E.SIEVERS,H,WEBER, W,D,WHITNEY,E,WINDISOH,
BAND II.
ASANSKRIT GRAMMAR, INCLUDING BOTH THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGE, AND
THEOLDER DIALECTS, OFVEDA ANDBRAHMANA
BYWILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY.
LEIPZIG,
DRUCK UNDVERLAG VONBREITKOPF UNDHA... |
Summarize page 2: | PREFACE.
Itwas inJune, 1875. asIchanced tobeforaday or
two inLeipzig,that Iwas unexpectedlyinvited toprepare
theSanskrit grammarfortheIndo-Europeanseriesprojected
byMessrs. Breitkopf andHartel. After some consideration,
andconsultation with friends,Iacceptedthetask, andhave
since devoted toitwhat time could bespared fr... |
Summarize page 3: | viPREFACE.
asalready reportedtoWestern learners intheexisting
Western grammars.
Toinclude also inthepresentationtheforms andcon-
structions oftheolder language,asexhibited intheVeda
andtheBrahmana. Grassmann's excellent Index-Vocabulary
totheRig-Veda, andmyownmanuscript onetotheAtharva-
Veda (whichIhopesoon tobeable to... |
Summarize page 4: | PREFACE. vii
type,tomake thework asusable byonewhoseobject
itistoacquireaknowledgeoftheclassical Sanskrit alone
asthose are inwhich the earlier forms arenotincluded.
Thecustom oftransliteratingallSanskrit words intoEuro-
pean characters, which hasbecome usual inEuropean Sans-
kritgrammars, is,asamatter ofcourse, retain... |
Summarize page 5: | viiiPREFACE .
must have, byfarthemost aidfromDelbruck. inhisAlt-
indisches Verb urnand hisvarious syntacticalcontribu-
tions. Former pupilsofmyown. Prof. Avery and Dr.
Edgren. have alsohelpedme. inconnection with thissub-
jectandwith others, inawayandmeasure that calls for
public acknowledgment.Inrespecttotheimportant ... |
Summarize page 6: | INTRODUCTION.
BRIEF ACCOUNT OFTHEINDIAN LITERATURE.
Itseems desirable togivehere such asketch ofthe
historyofIndian literature asshall show the relation to
oneanother ofthe differentperiods andforms ofthelan-
guagetreated inthefollowing grammar,and theposition
oftheworks therequoted.
Thename "Sanskrit" (samskrta, 1087 ... |
Summarize page 7: | x INTRODUCTION.
still inservice there assuch;andyetlaterandmore altered
tongues formingthetransition tothelanguagesofModern
India. And, ontheother hand, itisdistinguished,but
verymuch lesssharplyandwidely,from theolder dialects
orforms ofspeech presentedinthecanonical literature,
theVeda andBrahmana.
Thisfact,ofthefixa... |
Summarize page 8: | xii'INTRODUCTION.
limits oftheartificialityofthisprocessisnotyetknown.
The attention ofspecialstudents oftheHindu grammar
andthesubjectissointricate and difficult that thenumber
isexceedinglysmall ofthosewhohave mastered itsuffi-
cientlytohave acompetent opinion onsuchgeneral matters)
hasbeen hitherto mainlydirected to... |
Summarize page 9: | INTRODUCTION. xiii
forthemostpartshowingagradual depravation, anincrease
ofartificiality andanintensification ofcertain more unde-
sirable features ofthelanguage such astheuseofpas-
sive constructions andofparticiplesinstead ofverbs, and
thesubstitution ofcompoundsforsentences.
Thisbeingthecondition ofthelaterliteratur... |
Summarize page 10: | xiv INTRODUCTION.
ourspeakingwith entire confidence astoanythingconcern-
ingthem. Thus, theSama- Veda. 'Veda ofchants(saman}\
containing onlyabout asixth asmuch, itsversesnearlyall
found intheRig-Vedaalso, butappearingherewithnume-
rous differences ofreading;these werepassages puttogether
forchantingatthesoma-sacrifice... |
Summarize page 11: | INTRODUCTION. xv
theSutras. Toassemble and siftandcompareitisnow
oneofthepressingneeds ofVedicstudy.
Thefundamental divisions oftheVedic literature here
mentioned allhave had their various schools ofsectaries,
each ofthese with atext ofitsown. showing some differ-
ences from those oftheother schools :butthose mentioned... |
Summarize page 12: | xvi' INTRODUCTION.
awork by itself, beside thesamhitci ortext ofverses and
formulas, and iscalled theCatapatha-Brahmana, 'Brahmana
ofahundredways'.Other similar collections arefound, be-
longingtovarious other schools ofVedicstudy, andthey
bear thecommon name ofBrahmana, with thename ofthe
school, orsome other distinct... |
Summarize page 13: | INTRODUCTION. xvii
bywhich theBrahmana literaturepassesover into thelater
theologicalliterature.
Another line oftransition isshown intheSutras
(-lines,
rules'). Theworks thusnamed areanalogous with the
Brahmanas inthatthey belongtotheschools ofVedic
studyand arenamed from them, andthattheydealwith
thereligiousceremonie... |
Summarize page 14: | xviiiINTRODUCTION.
materials ofvarious character andperiod havebeeninwoven,
until ithasbecome aheterogeneous mass, akind ofcyclo-
pediaforthewarrior-caste, hard toseparateinto itscon-
stituent parts.ThestoryofNala, and thephilosophical
poem Bhagavad-Glta,aretwo ofthemost noted ofits
episodes.TheRamayana,theother most f... |
Summarize page 15: | INTRODUCTION. xix
characters used Sanskrit, andthelower anduneducated used
thepopulardialects derived fromit,thePrakrits; and their
dialoguereflects this condition ofthings. Then, however,
learning (nottocall itpedantry)intervened, andstereotyped
thenew element; aPrakrit grammar grew upbeside the
Sanskrit grammar, acco... |
Summarize page 16: | xx INTRODUCTION.
necessityofcontiiiuingitsexistence inasuccession of
bodies, and itsunification with theAll-soul; butthey
differ inregardtothemeans bywhichtheyseek toattain
thisend.
Theastronomical science oftheHindus isareflection
ofthat ofGreece, and itsliterature isofrecent date; but
asmathematicians, inarithmetic a... |
Summarize page 17: | CONTENTS.
Chap.
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
I.ALPHABET
II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS :PRONUNCIATION .
Vowels, 8;Consonants, 11;Quantity, 26;Accent, 27.
HI.RULES OFEUPHONIC COMBINATION . .
Introductory, 33;Principles, 36;Rules ofVowel Com-
bination, 41;Permitted Finals, 46;Deaspiration, 50;
Surd andSonant Assimilation,51
;Combinations of... |
Summarize page 18: | xxiiCONTENTS.
Chap.
VI.NUMERALS 160167
Cardinals, 160; Ordinals etc., 166.
VIE.PRONOUNS 168 181
Personal, 168
;Demonstrative, 171;Interrogative,
176; Relative, 177;Emphatic, 179;Nouns used pro-
nominally, 179; Pronominal Derivatives, Possessives
179; Adjectives declined pronominally, 181.
VIII. CONJUGATION 182 206
Voic... |
Summarize page 19: | CONTENTS. xxiii
Chap. Page.
XIII. VERBAL ADJECTIVES ANDNOUNS :PARTICI-
PLES, INFINITIVES, GERUNDS 307 321
PassiveParticipleintaornd,307;Past Active Par-
ticipleintavant, 310; Future PassiveParticiples:
Gerundives, 310; Infinitives, 313; Uses oftheInfini-
tives, 315; Gerunds, 319; Adverbial Gerund inam,
321.
XIV. DERIVA... |
Summarize page 20: | XXIVABBREVIATIONS.
ABBREVIATIONS.
AB.Aitareya-Brahmana.
APr.Atharva-Prati^akhya.
AV.Atharva-Veda.
BB. Bohtlingk andRoth (Petersburg
Lexicon).
9or ak.Qakuntala.
$B.$atapatha-Brahmana.
QGS. Qankhayana-Grihya-Sutra.
GB.Gopatha-Brahmana.
H.Hitopade$a.
K.Kathaka.
KB.Kaushitaki-Brahmana.
KSS. Katha-Sarit-Sagara.
M.Mann.
MBh.... |
Summarize page 21: | CHAPTER I.
ALPHABET.
1.THE natives ofIndia write their ancient andsacred
languageinavarietyofalphabets generally,ineach
partofthecountry,inthesamealphabet whichtheyuse
fortheirown vernacular. Themode ofwriting, however,
which isemployed throughouttheheart ofAryan India, or
inHindustanproper,isalone adopted byEuropeansc... |
Summarize page 22: | I.ALPHABET.
inWeber's catalogueoftheBerlin Sanskrit MSS., inRajendralala Mitra's
notices ofMSS. inIndian libraries, inthepublished fac-similes ofin-
scriptions, and soon);andthese areinsome measure reflected inthetype
preparedforprinting,both inIndia and inEurope. But astudent who
makes himself familiar with one style ... |
Summarize page 23: | palatal
|
Summarize page 24: | 4I.ALPHABET.
alphabeticscheme above areusedonlywhen thevowel
forms asyllable byitself, orisnotcombined with apre-
cedingconsonant: thatis,when itisinitial, orpreceded
byanother vowel. Incombination with aconsonant, other
modes ofrepresentationareused.
B.Ifmore consonants than oneprecedethevowel,
formingwith itasingle s... |
Summarize page 25: | 12] WRITING OFVOWELS. 5
d.Thew-sounds, short andlong,arewritten byhooks
attached tothelower end oftheconsonant-sign: thus,Sfj
ku, 3\ku;Idu,Idu.Onaccount ofthenecessities of
6\ O SX
combination, duandduaresomewhatdisguised: thus, If.
^;andtheforms with^rand^Thare stillmore irre-
gular:thus,"^\ru,%ru;<^Thu,f^1hu.
e.The r... |
Summarize page 26: | 6I.ALPHABET. [12
make ortorecogniseforonewho isfamiliar with the
simple signs.The characteristicpartofaconsonant-sign
that istobeadded toanother istaken(totheexclusion
ofthehorizontal oroftheperpendicular framing-line,or
ofboth), andtheyareputtogether accordingtoconveni-
ence,either sidebyside, oroneabove theother: ins... |
Summarize page 27: | 16]COMBINATIONS OFCONSONANTS. 7
other consonants,istreated inawholly peculiar manner,
analogouswith that ofthevowels. Ifpronouncedbefore
another consonant (orconsonant-combination),itiswritten
with ahook above, openingtotheright (likethesubjoined
signofr:10e):thus. Rrka,^rsa(fP rtsna).Ifpro-
nounced after another conso... |
Summarize page 28: | I.ALPHABET. [16
totheuselastmentioned: thus. ?t^^f^telbruvan, HT
so'bravit, for teabruvan, soabramt.
The signisused tomark anomission ofsomething.
Insome texts, ithasalso thevalue ofahyphen.
SignsofpunctuationareIand II.
17.Thenumeralfiguresare
11,^2,\3,94,H5,|6,b7.TT8.$9,0.
Incombination, toexpress largernumbers,theya... |
Summarize page 29: | 24] VOWELS. 9
pandedthroat;itstands, therefore., innorelation ofkindred
with anyoftheclasses ofconsonantal sounds. The ianduare
close vowels, made withmarkedapproachofthearticulating
organstooneanother :iispalatal, andshades through yinto
thepalatal andguttural consonant-classes;uissimilarly related,
through v,tothelab... |
Summarize page 30: | 10II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS. [24
as,byalike abbreviation,ithasdone also incertain Sla-
vonic languages.Thevowel FT Iisan-sound similarly
uttered liketheEnglish/-vowel insuchwords asable,
angle,addle.
Themodern Hindus pronouncethese vowels as ri, ri,li
;orevenIri), having longlost thehabit and thefacilityof
givingavowel value ... |
Summarize page 31: | 32 DIPHTHONGS. 1j
rated byeuphoniccombination(127); and TTo,especially,
iscommon asresult ofthealteration ofafinal *3Ras175).
28.The^eand 3TFoare,both inIndia and inEu-
rope, usually pronouncedastheyaretransliterated that
is,aslonge(English "long ",oreinthey]ando-sounds,
withoutdiphthongalcharacter.
Suchthey apparently... |
Summarize page 32: | 12II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS. [32
only,ofthemouth-organs bywhich theyareproduced. Theyare
divided into fiveclasses orseries(varga], accordingtotheorgans
andpartsoforgans bywhich thecontact ismade;andeach
series iscomposedoffivemembers, differing accordingtothe
accompanimentsofthecontact.
33.The fivemute-series arecalledrespect... |
Summarize page 33: | 38 ASPIRATE MUTES. 1$
surdaspirate ^kh,andbeside thesonantTf.^,thecorres-
pondingsonantaspirate %gh.Ofthese, theprecisechar-
acter ismore obscure and difficult.
That theaspirates,allofthem, arerealmutes orcontact sounds, and
notfricatives(likeEuropeanthandphandch, etc.),isbeyond question.
Itisalsonotdoubtful inwhatway ... |
Summarize page 34: | 14II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS. i38
aspiratesaregenerally regardedasaspecialIndian development.
Theformer aremore than twice ascommon asthelatter. The
unaspirated (non- nasal)mutes areverymuch more frequent
(5times)than theaspirates (forthespecial frequencyofbhand
original gh,see50and66);andamong them thesurds aremore
numerous (... |
Summarize page 35: | 45] PALATAL ANDLINGUAL MUTES. 15
intheVedic texts, andnothalf-a-dozen times intheBrahma-
nas);where found, itiseither onomatopoeticorofanomalous
ornotIndo-European originiintheso-called rootujh,itcomes
fromjandh}.The nasal, n,never occurs except immediately
before or,inasmall number ofwords, also after(201)
oneoftheoth... |
Summarize page 36: | 16II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS. [46
46.The lingualsareanother non-originalseries ofsounds,
coming mainly from thephoneticalteration ofthenextseries,
thedentals, but also inpart occurringinwords thathave no
traceable Indo-European connection, andareperhapsderived from
theaboriginal languagesofIndia. Thetendencytolingualization
is... |
Summarize page 37: | 52]LABIAL MUTES; SEMIVOWELS 17
theEnglish) dentals isdoubtless thereason why tothe earofaHindu the
latterappearmore analogous with hislinguals, andhe isapttousethe
lingualsinwriting European words.
48.Thedentals areoneofthethreeIndo-European original
mute-classes. Intheir occurrence inSanskrittheyarejustabout
asfrequen... |
Summarize page 38: | 1II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS.[52
Inpointoffrequency,rstands very highonthe listof
consonants ;itisabout equalwith v,n,m,andy,andonly
exceeded byt.
53.The TIisasound ofdentalposition,and isso
defined andclassed byallthenative authorities.
The peculiarcharacter ofanZ-sound,asinvolving expulsion atthe
sides ofthetongue along with ... |
Summarize page 39: | 60] SEMIVOWELS; SPIRANTS. 19
ceded byaconsonant inthesamesyllable,inwhich case
ithasthesound ofEnglish w;andEuropeanscholars follow
thesamepractice (withorwithout thesameexception).
Byitswhole treatment intheeuphonyofthelanguage,
however, thevstands related toanw-vowelpreciselyasyto
an/-vowel. Itis,then, avonly accordi... |
Summarize page 40: | 20II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS.[60
itistheordinary Europeans--ahissexpelled between
thetongue and theroof ofthemouthdirectly behind the
upperfront teeth.
Itis,then, dental, as itisclassed byalltheHindu
authorities. Itistheoneprimitive Indo-European sibilant.
Notwithstandingthegreatlosses which itsuffers inSanskrit
euphony, bycon... |
Summarize page 41: | 65 SPIRANTS. 21
value, and does notrevert toswhen theeuphonicconditions areremoved,
butshows anomalous forms (225.
63.The 5Tg>This sibilant isbyallthenative author-
ities classed and described aspalatal,nor isthereany-
thinginitshistoryoritseuphonictreatment tocastdoubt
on itscharacter assuch. Itis,then, made with the ... |
Summarize page 42: | 22II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS.[65
with theelement bywhich,forexample, ghdiffers from g.Thisview
issupported bythederivation ofhfrom theaspirates (next paragraph), by
that ofl+hfrom dh(54), andbythetreatment ofinitial hafter afinal
mute (163).
66.The h,asalready noticed,isnotanoriginal sound,
butcomes innearlyallcases from anold... |
Summarize page 43: | 71]ANUSVABA. 23
itwould seem,inthedirection ofthe(German)chand^sounds.
When written atall,theyarewont tobetransliterated by%
and(p.
70.The -anusvara, norw
7isanasal soundlacking
that closure oftheorgans which isrequiredtomake a
nasal mute(36);initsutterance there isnasal resonance
alongwithsomedegreeofopennessofthemout... |
Summarize page 44: | 24II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS.[71
authorities alsoacknowledgeanasal vowel.So,especially, wherever afinal
nistreated (208;asifitwere ns(itshistorically olderform); and alsoin
asmall number ofspecified words. They alsomeiitiou thedoctrine ofnasal
vowel instead ofanusvara asheldbysome (and TPr. isuncertain andincon-
sistent initsc... |
Summarize page 45: | 751 TABLE OFALPHABETIC SOUNDS. 25
Son.
Surd
Son.
Surdwhenever itistobepronounced excepting where itisan
assimilated m(213).
Itisconvenient also intransliteration todistinguishthe
assimilated mbyaspecial sign, m,from theanusvara ofmore
independent origin, n;and thismethod willbefollowed inthe
present work.
74.This isthe... |
Summarize page 46: | 2(jII.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS. [75
The figuressetunder the characters givetheaverage
percentageoffrequencyofeach sound, found bycounting the
number oftimes which itoccurred inanaggregateof10,OOC
sounds ofcontinuous text, in10different passages,^of1,000
sounds each,selected from different epochsofthe literature :
namely,twofrom... |
Summarize page 47: | 82]QUANTITY. 37
The signofprotractionisalsosometimes written astheresult ofac-
centual combination, when so-called kampa occurs: seebelow, 90b.
79.For metricalpurposes, syllables (notvowels)are
distinguished bythegrammariansas'heavy' (guru)or'light'
(laghu). Asyllableisheavyifitsvowel islong,orshort
andfollowed bymore ... |
Summarize page 48: | 2II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS.[82
intoone syllable,thatsyllableretains thecompoundedtone of
both elements.
83.The svarita orcircumflex isonly rarely found ona
pure longvowel ordiphthong,butalmost always onasyllable
inwhich avowel, short orlong,ispreceded byayorvre-
presentinganoriginallyacute torw-vowel.
Intransliteration, inthi... |
Summarize page 49: | 87]METHODS OFWRITING ACCENT. 29
This seems tomean that thevoice, which isborne upatthehigher
pitchtotheend oftheacutesyllable, does notordinarily droptograve pitch
byaninstantaneous movement, butdescends byamore orlessperceptible
slide inthecourse ofthefollowing syllable. NoHindu authority suggests
thetheory ofamiddle ... |
Summarize page 50: | 30II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS.[88
88.The other methods itisnotworth while toattempttosetforth.
Theymaybefound illustrated inthedifferent texts, andexplained bythe
editors ofthem. Inpart,their peculiaritiesconsist inother forms orplaces
giventothegrave andcircumflex signs.'Insome methods, theacute isitself
marked, byaslight stro... |
Summarize page 51: | 93]ACCENT. 31
:apsv alntdh from apsu antdh;
raybS 'vdnih from rayo avdnih .
The other methods, more orlessakin withthis, need notbegiven.
Inthe scholastic utterance ofsuch asyllable ismade apeculiar quaver
orroulade ofthevoice, which iscalled kampa orvikampana.
C.Panini gives theambiguous name ofeka$ruti ('monotone')to... |
Summarize page 52: | 32II.SYSTEM OFSOUNDS.
94.Some words havemore than asingleaccentedsyllable.
Such are :
a.Dual collective compounds:asfndravdrunau.
b.Afewother compounds,inwhich eachmember irregularly retains
itsownaccent :astdnundpat, vdnaspdti, brhaspdti.Inarare case ortwo,
also their further compounds,asbrhaspdtipramitta.
C.Infinitiv... |
Summarize page 53: | 103] 33
CHAPTER III.
RULES OFEUPHONIC COMBINATION.
Introductory.
98.THE individual elementscomposingalanguage as
actually used are itswords. These are inpart uninflected
vocables(indeclinables, particles);inthemain, theyarein-
flected forms.
99.The inflected forms areanalysable into inflective en-
dings, ofdeclension o... |
Summarize page 54: | 34III-EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[103
inwhich thelanguageishanded down tousbythe litera-
ture, thewords composingasentence orparagraphareadapted
toandcombined with each other bynearlythesame ruleswhich
governthemakingofcompounds,sothat itisimpossibleto
takeapartandunderstand thesimplestsentence inSanskrit
without understandi... |
Summarize page 55: | 108]INTRODUCTORY. 35
stems whether, forexample, weshall speakofderivatives in
mat orinmant, ofcomparatives inyasorinyam,ofaperfect
participleinvatorinvaiis orinus.TheHindu grammarians
usually givetheweaker form asthenormal one,andderive the
other from itbyastrengthening change ;someEuropean author-
ities adopttheonefor... |
Summarize page 56: | 36III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[108
andothers inwhich root-forms evidently ofsecondary origin have attained a
degreeofindependentvalue inthelanguage which almost orquite entitles
them torank asindividual roots. Even theweak andstrong forms ofthe
same root asvadandvand,citandcint,mahandmahh mayhave
such adifference ofusetha... |
Summarize page 57: | 113]GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 37
theoccurrence ornon-occurrence ofcertain combinations inthe
one class ortheother;inpart, onthedifference oftreatment of
thesame sound asfinal ofaroot orofanending,theformer
being much more persistentthan the latter
;inpart, onthe
occurrence inexternal combination ofcertain changes which
areap... |
Summarize page 58: | 38III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[113
Ithasbeen already noticed that intheVeda, asthemetrical form of
thehymns plainly shows, there isnoavoidance ofhiatus,either asbetween
thestem-finals andendings ofwords, between themembers ofcompounds,
orbetween thewords composingasentence. Incases innumerable, ay
andv(especiallyafter two... |
Summarize page 59: | 121]GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 39
interior ofaword (itischanged instead toanusvara); and inexternal com-
bination their concurrence isusually avoided byinsertion ofasurdmute.
c.Asemivowel has still lesssonantizing influence;and avowel least
ofall*
:both arefreely preceded and followed bysounds ofevery other
class,intheinterio... |
Summarize page 60: | 40III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[121
tain other groupsisallowed, andfound often practisedin
themanuscripts.
122.Permitted Finals. Thepermittedoccurrence
ofconsonants attheend ofaword isquite narrowlyre-
stricted. Ingeneral, onlyoneconsonant isallowed after
thelastvowel; and thatmust beneither theaspiration,
norasibilant, no... |
Summarize page 61: | 127]VOWEL COMBINATION. 41
Rules ofVowel Combination.
125.Theconcurrence oftwovowels, orofvowel and
diphthong,withoutintervening consonant,isforbidden by
theeuphonyofthelater orclassicallanguage.Itisavoided,
accordingtothecircumstances ofthecase, either byfusion
ofthetwoconcurrent sounds into one.bythereduction of
oneof... |
Summarize page 62: | 42*
III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.|127
^Ttheoretically',to3^al;with^eor^ai,to^a*/with
5JT or5tau,to3T#M.Examplesare:
I?RTrajendra (raja-indra);
\\hitopadegah (hita-upadec,ah).;
maharsih (maha-rsih);
va(sa}cvaj;
rajaigvaryam (raja-aigvaryam);
divaukasah (diva-okasah);
jvarausadham (jvara-ausadham).
Insome oftheVedic texts, t... |
Summarize page 63: | 132]VOWEL COMBINATION. 43
ityaha(iti-\-aha) ;
madhv iva(madku -f-wa);
duhitrarthe(duhitr-arthe);
stryasya (strl-\-asya);
^tfvadhvdi(vadhu-ai).
But ininternal combination(neverinexternal)the iand
w-vowels arenotseldom changedinstead toiyanduv and
thisespeciallyinmonosyllables,oraftertwoconsonants, where
otherwise agroup... |
Summarize page 64: | 44III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[132
dropped;and theresultinghiatus isleftwithout further
change.
133. That istosay.afinal^e(byfarthemost fre-
quent case) becomes simply3fabefore aninitial vowel
(except %a:see135, below), andboth then remain un-
changed;andafinal^ai,inlikemanner, becomes(every-
where) a.Thus,
ttaagatah (te-... |
Summarize page 65: | 137JVOWEL COMBINATION. 45
duly representedinthecombination.If,namely,the eorois
grave orcircumflex andtheaacute, theformer becomes acute;
ifthe eoroisacute andtheagrave, theformer becomes cir-
cumflex, asusuallyinthefusion ofanacute and agraveele-
ment. Ifboth areacute orbothgrave, nochange,ofcourse,
isseen intheresult... |
Summarize page 66: | 4(jIII.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.
diphthongalcombination with aprecedinga;thus, prauha. praudhn, akmuhini
(from pra-uha etc.).
138. Certain final vowels, moreover, areuncombinable
(pragrhya) ,ormaintain themselves unchangedbefore any
followingvowel. Thus,
a.Thevowels/,uand easdual endings,both ofdeclen-
sional and ofconjuga... |
Summarize page 67: | 145 PERMITTED FINALS. 47
aspirate,andboth sonants whenever theywould etymo-
logicallyoccur, areconverted into this.
Thus, aynimdfforagnimdth, su/iftforsuhfd,vlrut forvlnid/t.
Inafew roots, when their final sonantaspirate)thus
loses itsaspiration,theoriginalsonantaspirationofthe
initialreappears: compare cjk.below. 147.... |
Summarize page 68: | 48III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.
[
would otherwise bethecommonest) islike^"rchangedtoa
breathing,thevisarga.The$T^?either reverts toitsoriginal
5R,or,insome roots,ischangedto^t(inaccordance
with itschangesininflection andderivation;seebelow, 218).
The *Tsislikewise changedtoJ.
Thechange of to tisofvery rare occurrence:seebe... |
Summarize page 69: | 152]PERMITTED FINALS. 49
rft,^k,^p,t;those ofonly sporadicoccurrence are
3"n,^l,tITn,-and,bypermitted substitution,-m.
150. Ingeneral, onlyoneconsonant, ofwhatever kind,
isallowed tostand attheendofaword;iftwo ormore
wouldetymologicallyoccur there, thelast isdropped, and
againthelast,and soon,tillonlyoneremains.
Thus, ... |
Summarize page 70: | 50III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[153
Deaspiration.
153.Anaspiratemute ischangedtoitscorresponding
non-aspiratebefore another non-nasal mute orbefore asib-
ilant;itstands imaltered onlybefore avowel orsemi-
vowel ornasal.
Such acasecanonly arise ininternal combination, since theprocesses
ofexternal combination presupposether... |
Summarize page 71: | 160]ASSIMILATION. 51
Surd andSonant Assimilation.
156.Under thishead, there isespecially oneverymark-
edandimportantdifference between theinternal combi-
nations ofaroot orstem with suffixes andendings, and
theexternal combinations ofstemwith stem incomposition
andofword withword insentence-making: namely,
157. Ininter... |
Summarize page 72: | 52III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[160
theother direction: thecombination ismade sonant, and
theaspirationofthefinal(lostaccordingto153, above)is
transferred tothe initial oftheending.
Thus, ghwith torthbecomes gdh;dhwith thesame be-
comes ddh,asbaddhd (ybadh -f-ta),runddhds(^rundh -f-thusor
tas);bhwith thesame becomes bdh, a... |
Summarize page 73: | 169]FINAL sAND r. 53
Combinations offinalsandr.
164.Theeuphonic changesofHsand^"rmaybest
beconsidered together, because ofthepracticalrelation of
thetwo sounds,incomposition andsentence-collocation,
ascorrespondingsurdandsonant :inahost ofcasesHs
becomes^Trinsituationsrequiringorfavoringtheoccur-
rence ofasonant;and,le... |
Summarize page 74: | 54III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION. [169
lyfrequent;and itschangesform asubjectoffirst-rate im-
portanceinSanskrit euphony.Ther,ontheother hand,is
quite rare, beingfound onlyincertain forms ofr-stems and
inafewparticles.
Theeuphonictreatment ofsand ryielding preciselythesame result
after allvowels except aand a,there arecertai... |
Summarize page 75: | 175]COMBINATIONS OFFINAL s. 55
himdvatas part; d.ofother less classifiable cases: asdyaus pitd,trisputvd,
ydspdtih, paridhfs pdtati,etc.
172. Before aninitial sibilant STc,^s,HsHsis
^JT> ^.7^ ^
either assimilated, becomingthesame sibilant, oritis
changedintovisarga.
Thenative grammarians areinsomemeasure atvariance(see... |
Summarize page 76: | 5(>III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[175
That istosay, asistreated asanoriginal o,orane,would betreated
inthesame situation: see132 4.
Examplesare :vrhadacva uvaca, aditya iva, ndmaiikti.
176. Exceptionstotherules astofinal asare:
a.Thepronounssasandeshas(also syasintheVeda)lose
their sbefore anyconsonant :thus, sadadarca, esh... |
Summarize page 77: | 181]CONVERSION OFsTOs. 57
vdrkaryd, dfirpada, punartta. Insome ofthese, therisoptionally retained
even inthelater language.
c.Ontheother hand,rislost, likes,inone ortwoVedic cases:
aksd fnduh, ahaevd.
179.Adouble risnowhere admitted: ifsuchwould occur,
either byretention ofanoriginalrorbyconversion of*tor,
one risomitt... |
Summarize page 78: | 58III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[181
leadingtheformer sunchanged: thus, sisaksi,but sisaktiydsislsthds, but
ydsislmahi. Similarly,incertain desiderative formations: seebel'-w, 184c.
C.Other cases aresporadic:RV. hastheforms sisice and sisicus(but
sisicatus),andthestems rbisa, kistd, bfsa, busd, bfsaya; asingle rootpis,
with... |
Summarize page 79: | 188]CONVERSION OFsTOs. 59
c.The initial sofaroot after areduplication:thus,si-
syade, susvapa, sisasati, coskuyate,sanisvanat.
Exceptedisingeneral aninitial radical sinadesiderative stem, when
thedesiderative-sign "becomes s:thus,sisanisati fromysan,sisanksati from
ysanj.
185. Butthesame changeoccurs also, onaconsidera... |
Summarize page 80: | $0III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[188
also ofpronouns:ashisdh; ofverb-forms, especially fromyas:as
hfsthd,divf stha; andinother scattering cases: asustuhi, nusthirdm,
trisadhdsthd.
b.Afinal s,oftenest before pronouns (especially toneless ones): as
(ignis tva, niste,lyus te,cucistvdm, sddhis tdva; butalso inothercases,
andwhe... |
Summarize page 81: | 194]CONVERSION OFnTOn, 61
b.When the finalnofaroot orstem comes tobefollowed, ininflec-
tion orderivation, bysuchsounds asallow ittofeeltheeffect ofapreceding
altering cause: thus, from}/ran, rdnanti, rdnyati, rdrana, ardnisus; from
brahman, brdhmand, brdhmani, brdhmand, brahmanya, brdhmanvant.
191. This rule(likethat ... |
Summarize page 82: | 62HI.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[195
195.Theimmediate combination ofanwith apreceding guttural or
labial seems insome cases tohinder theconversion ton:thus, vrtraghnS
etc.ksubhnati, trpnoti (butinVeda trpnu).
Conversion ofdental mutes tolinguals and palatals.
196.When adental mute comes incontact with, a
lingualorpalatalmute... |
Summarize page 83: | 204]DENTAL MUTES TOLINGUALS ANDPALATALS. 63
Inafewcompounds, moreover, there appearsalingualized dental, with
compensatory lengthening,after alostlingual sibilant oritsrepresentative:
namely,incertain Vedic compounds with dus :duddbha, duddf, dudhi, du~
ndfa, dundfa; and, inthelanguage ofevery period, certain compounds... |
Summarize page 84: | 4 HI.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[204
sion asinexternal combination. Butthecases areextremely rare, andRV.
hasrdnsu andvdhsu (theonlyVedic examples).
Final nofaderivative suffix isregularly andusually dropped before a
consonant ininflection andcompositionincomposition, even before a
vowel; and aradical noccasionally follows t... |
Summarize page 85: | 213]COMBINATIONS OFFINAL nANDm. 65
itislessfrequentintheolder texts. When the pdoes notappear between
nandc,thenisassimilated, becoming n(asbefore j:202).
209. Thesame retention oforiginalfinal safter anasal,
andconsequenttreatment of(apparent)final an, in,un,fnas
iftheywere ans, Ins, uns, fns(longnasalized vowel with ... |
Summarize page 86: | (J5III-EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[213
a.Itremains unchanged onlybefore avowel oralabial
mute.
But also, byananomalous exception, before roftheroot rajinsamrtij
and itsderivatives samrdjnl andsamrajya.
b.Before amute ofanyother class thanlabial,itbecomes
thenasal ofthat class.
c.Before thesemivowelsy, I,vitbecomes, according... |
Summarize page 87: | 217]COMBINATIONS OFFINAL PALATALS. 67
Before thesuffixes asandana,theguttural only rarely appears:namely,
indnkas, okas, rofcas, ptf/cas, bhdrgas; andinrogana.
2.Before ani-vowel, thealtered sound appears (exceptinthedoubtful
abhogi):e.g.o/f, tuji, rtici, fdci, vivid, rocisnu.
3.Before w,theguttural reappears,asarule(t... |
Summarize page 88: | 6III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[217
Examplesofcremaining unchangedininflection are :ucydte,
riricre, vaci,mumucmdhe.
218. Final 5T?reverts toitsoriginal3\&,ininternal
combination, onlybefore trie"Q^sofaverbal stem orending
(whence, by180, ^fks]-,before rTtand 5Tih,iteverywhere
becomes Efs(whence, by197,^szand"$"s%before VId... |
Summarize page 89: | 222]COMBINATIONS OFFINALch, Jcs,h. 69
220. Final chfallsunder therules ofcombination almost
onlyintherootprac/i,inwhich itistreated asifitwere c
(andpracisperhapsitsmoreoriginal form):thus, praksy&mi,
prstd;and also thederivative pracnd. As final and innoun-
inflection(beforebhandsu],itisdirected tobechangedtothe
lingu... |
Summarize page 90: | 70 HI.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[222
lihwith tasorthascomes lid/ids, from lihwith d/warn comes
lidhvum, etc.
This isasifwehad toassume astransition sound asonantaspirate
lingualsibilant zh,with theeuphoniceffects ofalingual and ofasonant
aspirate (160),itself disappearing under thelawoftheexisting language
which admits noso... |
Summarize page 91: | 226 COMBINATIONS OFFINAL s. 71
alterant vowel (180) comes before thelingualisedsibilantrepresentative of
the h.Compare sodafa etc.
Apparently bydissimilation, the final ofvahintheanomalous compound
anadvah ischanged todinstead ofd:see404.
Thelingual sibilant s.
225. Since thelingual sibilant, initsusual andnormal
occur... |
Summarize page 92: | 72III.EUPHONIC COMBINATION.[227
Extension andAbbreviation.
227.Asageneral rule, chisnotallowed bythegramma-
rians tostand inthatform after avowel, but istobedoubled,
becomingcch(whichtheMSS. sometimes writechcfy.
Thevarious authorities disagree with oneanother indetail astothis
duplication. According toPanini, chisdoub... |
Summarize page 93: | 234]ABBREVIATION OFCONSONANT-GROUPS. 73
namely, ahalf oraquarter mora before theformer, aquarter oran
eighth before the latter. One(VPr.) admits itafter Iaswell asr.Itis
variously described asafragment ofthevowel aorofr(or I).
TheRPr. putsasvarabhakti alsobetween asonant consonant and a
following mute orspirant; andAPr... |
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