10 hours sleep/day).","Narcolepsy\n\nFurther complicating these updated classification schemes, overlap between narcolepsy with cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia has also been reported. A subgroup of narcoleptics with long sleep time, comprising 18% of narcoleptics in one study, had symptoms of both narcolepsy with cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia (long sleep time and unrefreshing naps). It is felt that this subgroup might have dysfunction in multiple arousal systems, including hypocretin and GABA (see idiopathic hypersomnia causes).","Narcolepsy\n\nTreatment","Narcolepsy\n\nPeople with narcolepsy can be substantially helped, but not cured. Treatment is tailored to the individual, based on symptoms and therapeutic response. The time required to achieve optimal control of symptoms is highly variable, and may take several months or longer. Medication adjustments are frequently necessary, and complete control of symptoms is seldom possible. While oral medications are the mainstay of formal narcolepsy treatment, lifestyle changes are also important.","Narcolepsy\n\nThe main treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy is central nervous system stimulants such as methylphenidate, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, modafinil, and armodafinil. In late 2007 an alert for severe adverse skin reactions to modafinil was issued by the FDA.","Narcolepsy\n\nAnother drug that is used is atomoxetine, a non-stimulant and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI), that has no addiction liability or recreational effects. In many cases, planned regular short naps can reduce the need for pharmacological treatment of the EDS, but only improve symptoms for a short duration. A 120 minute nap provided benefit for 3 hours in patient alertness whereas a 15 minute nap provided no benefit. Daytime naps are not a replacement for nighttime sleep. Ongoing communication between the health care provider, patient, and the patient's family members is important for optimal management of narcolepsy.","Narcolepsy\n\nAnother FDA-approved treatment option for narcolepsy is sodium oxybate. It can be used for cataplexy associated with narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy.","Narcolepsy\n\nNarcolepsy has sometimes been treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants, such as clomipramine, imipramine, or protriptyline, as well as other drugs that suppress REM sleep. Venlafaxine, an antidepressant which blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, has shown usefulness in managing symptoms of cataplexy, however, it has notable side-effects including sleep disruption.","Narcolepsy\n\nIn addition to these treatments, gamma hydroxybutyrate may also help improve the symptoms of narcolepsy.","Narcolepsy\n\nEpidemiology","Narcolepsy\n\nIn the United States, it is estimated that this condition afflicts as many as 200,000 Americans, but fewer than 50,000 are diagnosed. It is as widespread as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis and more prevalent than cystic fibrosis, but it is less well known. Narcolepsy is often mistaken for depression, epilepsy, or the side effects of medications. It can also be mistaken for poor sleeping habits, recreational drug use, or laziness. Narcolepsy can occur in both men and women at any age, although its symptoms are usually first noticed in teenagers or young adults. There is strong evidence that narcolepsy may run in families; around 10 percent of people diagnosed with narcolepsy with cataplexy have a close relative with this neurological disorder. While narcolepsy symptoms are often confused with depression, there is a link between the two disorders. Research studies have mixed results on co-occurrence of depression in narcolepsy patients - the numbers quoted by different studies are anywhere between 6% and 50%.","Narcolepsy\n\nNarcolepsy has its typical onset in adolescence and young adulthood. There is an average 15-year delay between onset and correct diagnosis which may contribute substantially to the disabling features of the disorder. Cognitive, educational, occupational, and psychosocial problems associated with the excessive daytime sleepiness of narcolepsy have been documented. For these to occur in the crucial teen years when education, development of self-image, and development of occupational choice are taking place is especially devastating. While cognitive impairment does occur, it may only be a reflection of the excessive daytime somnolence.","Narcolepsy\n\nThe prevalence of narcolepsy is about 1 per 2,000 persons. It is a reason for patient visits to sleep disorder centers, and with its onset in adolescence, it is also a major cause of learning difficulty and absenteeism from school. Normal teenagers often already experience excessive daytime sleepiness because of a maturational increase in physiological sleep tendency accentuated by multiple educational and social pressures; this may be disabling with the addition of narcolepsy symptoms in susceptible teenagers. In clinical practice, the differentiation between narcolepsy and other conditions characterized by excessive somnolence may be difficult. Treatment options are currently limited. There is a paucity in the literature of controlled double-blind studies of possible effective drugs or other forms of therapy. Mechanisms of action of some few available therapeutic agents have been explored but detailed studies of mechanisms of action are needed before new classes of therapeutic agents can be developed. Narcolepsy is an underdiagnosed condition in the general population. This is partly because its severity varies, so it can be mistaken for other illnesses very easily. Some people with narcolepsy do not suffer from loss of muscle control.","Narcolepsy\n\nSociety and culture","Narcolepsy\n\nIn the British television comedy-drama Doc Martin, the character Joe Penhale (played by John Marquez) is portrayed as having narcolepsy. In the 2007 video game Little Busters!, the protagonist Riki Naoe suffers from narcolepsy. In the 2001 film Rat Race, Enrico Pollini, played by Rowan Atkinson, suffers from narcolepsy, which is used to comic effect several times. In the 2014 Tamil movie Naan Sigappu Manithan (directed by Thiru) the lead character, played by Vishal, suffers from narcolepsy. In the season four episode of the 2010 television series Rizzoli & Isles, \"Judge, Jury and Executioner\", the murder victim Judge Kathleen Harper (played by A'da Alison Woolfolk) suffers from narcolepsy, and uses the drug methylphenidate. This drug is later used to kill her through an overdose.","Narcolepsy\n\nIn 2015, it was reported that the British Department of Health was paying for sodium oxybate medication for 80 people who are taking legal action over problems linked to the use of the Pandemrix swine flu vaccine at a cost of £12,000 a year. Sodium oxybate is not available to people with narcolepsy through the National Health Service.","Narcolepsy\n\nResearch","Narcolepsy\n\nHistamine-directed medications","Narcolepsy\n\n\"Based on the role of histamine in keeping people awake (and hence the common side effect of anti-histamines such as diphenhydramine causing sleepiness), medications that act on histamine are under development for the treatment of excessive sleepiness.\" It remains to be seen whether these H3 antagonists (i.e., compounds such as pitolisant that promote the release of the wake-promoting amine histamine) will be particularly useful as wake-promoting agents.","Narcolepsy\n\nGABA-directed medications","Narcolepsy\n\nGiven the possible role of hyper-active GABAA receptors in the primary hypersomnias (narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia), medications that could counteract this activity are being studied to test their potential to improve sleepiness. These currently include clarithromycin and flumazenil.","Narcolepsy\n\nFlumazenil","Narcolepsy\n\nFlumazenil is the only GABAA receptor antagonist on the market as of Jan 2013, and it is currently manufactured only as an intravenous formulation. Given its pharmacology, researchers consider it to be a promising medication in the treatment of primary hypersomnias. Results of a small, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial were published in November 2012. This research showed that flumazenil provides relief for most patients whose CSF contains the unknown \"somnogen\" that enhances the function of GABAA receptors, making them more susceptible to the sleep-inducing effect of GABA. For one patient, daily administration of flumazenil by sublingual lozenge and topical cream has proven effective for several years. A 2014 case report also showed improvement in primary hypersomnia symptoms after treatment with a continuous subcutaneous flumazenil infusion. The supply of generic flumazenil was initially thought to be too low to meet the potential demand for treatment of primary hypersomnias. However, this scarcity has eased, and dozens of patients are now being treated with flumazenil off-label.","Narcolepsy\n\nClarithromycin","Narcolepsy\n\nIn a test tube model, clarithromycin (an antibiotic approved by the FDA for the treatment of infections) was found to return the function of the GABA system to normal in patients with primary hypersomnias. Investigators therefore treated a few patients with off-label clarithromycin, and most felt their symptoms improved with this treatment. In order to help further determine whether clarithromycin is truly beneficial for the treatment of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, a small, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was completed in 2012. \"In this pilot study, clarithromycin improved subjective sleepiness in GABA-related hypersomnia. Larger trials of longer duration are warranted.\" In 2013, a retrospective review evaluating longer-term clarithromycin use showed efficacy in a large percentage of patients with GABA-related hypersomnia. “It is important to note that the positive effect of clarithromycin is secondary to a benzodiazepine antagonist-like effect, not its antibiotic effects, and treatment must be maintained.”","Narcolepsy\n\nHypocretin agonists","Narcolepsy\n\nHypocretin-1 (also called orexin) has been shown to be strongly wake-promoting in animal models, but it unfortunately does not cross the blood brain barrier. Therefore, companies have developed hypocretin receptor antagonists, like suvorexant, for the treatment of insomnia. It is also likely that a hypocretin-1 agonist will be found and developed for the treatment of hypersomnia.","Narcolepsy\n\nL-carnitine","Narcolepsy\n\nAbnormally low levels of acylcarnitine have been observed in people with narcolepsy. These same low levels have been associated with primary hypersomnia in general in mouse studies. “Mice with systemic carnitine deficiency exhibit a higher frequency of fragmented wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and reduced locomotor activity.” Administration of acetyl-L-carnitine was shown to improve these symptoms in mice. A subsequent human trial found that narcolepsy patients given L-carnitine spent less total time in daytime sleep than patients who were given placebo."],"string":"[\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nNarcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder involving the loss of the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. Symptoms include excessive daytime sleepiness, comparable to how people who do not have narcolepsy feel after 24–48 hours of sleep deprivation, as well as disturbed sleep which often is confused with insomnia. Another common symptom of narcolepsy is cataplexy, a sudden and transient episode of muscle weakness accompanied by full conscious awareness, typically (though not necessarily) triggered by emotions such as laughing, crying, terror, etc. affecting roughly 70% of people who have narcolepsy.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nThe system which regulates sleep, arousal, and transitions between these states in humans is composed of three interconnected subsystems: the orexin projections from the lateral hypothalamus, the reticular activating system, and the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. In narcoleptic individuals, these systems are all associated with impairments due to a greatly reduced number of hypothalamic orexin projection neurons and significantly fewer orexin neuropeptides in cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissue, compared to non-narcoleptic individuals. Those with narcolepsy generally experience the REM stage of sleep within five minutes of falling asleep, while people who do not have narcolepsy (unless they are significantly sleep deprived) do not experience REM until after a period of slow-wave sleep, which lasts for about the first hour or so of a sleep cycle.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIt is most common between ages 40 and 50 and may decline after age 60. The term narcolepsy derives from the French word narcolepsie created by the French physician Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau by combining the Greek νάρκη (narkē, \\\"numbness\\\" or \\\"stupor\\\"), and λῆψις (lepsis), \\\"attack\\\" or \\\"seizure\\\".\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nSigns and symptoms\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nThere are two main characteristics of narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness and abnormal REM sleep. The first, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), occurs even after adequate night time sleep. A person with narcolepsy is likely to become drowsy or fall asleep, often at inappropriate times and places, or just be very tired throughout the day. Narcoleptics are not able to experience the amount of restorative deep sleep that healthy people experience – they are not \\\"over-sleeping\\\". In fact, narcoleptics live their entire lives in a constant state of extreme sleep deprivation. Daytime naps may occur with little warning and may be physically irresistible. These naps can occur several times a day. They are typically refreshing, but only for a few hours or less. Vivid dreams may be experienced on a constant or regular basis, even during very brief naps. Drowsiness may persist for prolonged periods of time or simply never cease. In addition, night-time sleep may be fragmented with frequent awakenings. A second prominent symptom of narcolepsy is abnormal REM sleep. Narcoleptics are unique in that they enter into the REM phase of sleep in the beginnings of sleep, even when sleeping during the day.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nThe classic symptoms of the disorder, often referred to as the \\\"tetrad of narcolepsy,\\\" are cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Other symptoms may include automatic behaviors and night-time wakefulness. These symptoms may not occur in all patients. * Cataplexy is episodic loss of muscle function, ranging from slight weakness such as limpness at the neck or knees, sagging facial muscles, weakness at the knees often referred to as \\\"knee buckling\\\", or inability to speak clearly, to a complete body collapse. Episodes may be triggered by sudden emotional reactions such as laughter, anger, surprise, or fear, and may last from a few seconds to several minutes. The person remains conscious throughout the episode. In some cases, cataplexy may resemble epileptic seizures.http://www.taumed.com/content/adam/browse.jsp?pid10&cid\\n000098 Usually speech is slurred and vision is impaired (double vision, inability to focus), but hearing and awareness remain normal. Cataplexy also has a severe emotional impact on narcoleptics, as it can cause extreme anxiety, fear, and avoidance of people or situations that might elicit an attack. Cataplexy is generally considered to be unique to narcolepsy and is analogous to sleep paralysis in that the usually protective paralysis mechanism occurring during sleep is inappropriately activated.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nThe opposite of this situation (failure to activate this protective paralysis) occurs in rapid eye movement behavior disorder. * Night-time wakefulness is characterized by periods of wakefulness at night. These periods may be accompanied by hot flashes, elevated heart rate, and at times intense alertness. *Sleep paralysis is the temporary inability to talk or move when waking (or less often, when falling asleep). It may last a few seconds to minutes. This is often frightening but is not dangerous. *Hypnagogic hallucinations are vivid, often frightening, dreamlike experiences that occur while dozing or falling asleep. Hypnopompic hallucinations refer to the same sensations while awakening from sleep. These hallucinations may manifest in the form of visual or auditory sensations. * Automatic behaviors occur when a person continues to function (talking, putting things away, etc.) during sleep episodes, but awakens with no memory of performing such activities. It is estimated that up to 40 percent of people with narcolepsy experience automatic behavior during sleep episodes.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIn most cases, the first symptom of narcolepsy to appear is excessive and overwhelming daytime sleepiness. The other symptoms may begin alone or in combination months or years after the onset of the daytime naps. There are wide variations in the development, severity, and order of appearance of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations in individuals. Only about 20 to 25 percent of people with narcolepsy experience all four symptoms. The excessive daytime sleepiness generally persists throughout life, but sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations may not. A rare subset of narcoleptics also experience a heightened sense of taste and smell known as the supertaster phenomenon.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nMany people with narcolepsy also suffer from insomnia for extended periods of time. The excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy often become severe enough to cause serious problems in a person's social, personal, and professional life. Normally, when an individual is awake, brain waves show a regular rhythm. When a person first falls asleep, the brain waves become slower and less regular, which is called non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. After about an hour and a half of NREM sleep, the brain waves begin to show a more active pattern again, called REM sleep (rapid eye movement sleep), when most remembered dreaming occurs. Associated with the EEG-observed waves during REM sleep, muscle atonia is present called REM atonia.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIn narcolepsy, the order and length of NREM and REM sleep periods are disturbed, with REM sleep occurring at sleep onset instead of after a period of NREM sleep. Also, some aspects of REM sleep that normally occur only during sleep, like lack of muscular control, sleep paralysis, and vivid dreams, occur at other times in people with narcolepsy. For example, the lack of muscular control can occur during wakefulness in a cataplexy episode; it is said that there is intrusion of REM atonia during wakefulness. Sleep paralysis and vivid dreams can occur while falling asleep or waking up. Simply put, the brain does not pass through the normal stages of dozing and deep sleep but goes directly into (and out of) rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nAs a consequence night time sleep does not include as much deep sleep, so the brain tries to \\\"catch up\\\" during the day, hence EDS. People with narcolepsy may visibly fall asleep at unpredicted moments (such motions as head bobbing are common). People with narcolepsy fall quickly into what appears to be very deep sleep, and they wake up suddenly and can be disoriented when they do (dizziness is a common occurrence). They have very vivid dreams, which they often remember in great detail. People with narcolepsy may dream even when they only fall asleep for a few seconds. Along with vivid dreaming, people with narcolepsy are known to have audio or visual hallucinations prior to falling asleep.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nNarcoleptics can gain excess weight; children can gain 20 to 40 lb (9 to 18 kg) when they first develop narcolepsy; in adults the body-mass index is about 15% above average.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nCauses\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nAlthough the cause of narcolepsy was not determined for many years after its discovery, scientists had discovered conditions that seemed to be associated with an increase in an individual's risk of having the disorder. Specifically, there appeared to be a strong link between individuals with narcolepsy and certain genetic conditions. One factor that seemed to predispose an individual to narcolepsy involved an area of Chromosome 6 known as the HLA complex. There appeared to be a correlation between individuals with narcolepsy and certain variations in HLA genes, although it was not required for the condition to occur. Certain variations in the HLA complex were thought to increase the risk of an auto-immune response to protein-producing neurons in the brain. The protein produced, called hypocretin or orexin, is responsible for controlling appetite and sleep patterns. Of the billions of cells in the human brain, only about 10,000 to 20,000 cells secrete hypocretin molecules. Low levels of hypocretin have been correlated with a past history of infection, diet, contact with toxins such as pesticides, and brain injuries due to brain tumors or strokes.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIndividuals with narcolepsy often have reduced numbers of these protein-producing neurons in their brains. In 2009 the autoimmune hypothesis was supported by research carried out at Stanford University School of Medicine.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nThe neural control of normal sleep states and the relationship to narcolepsy are only partially understood. In humans, narcoleptic sleep is characterized by a tendency to go abruptly from a waking state to REM sleep with little or no intervening non-REM sleep. The changes in the motor and proprioceptive systems during REM sleep have been studied in both human and animal models. During normal REM sleep, spinal and brainstem alpha motor neuron hyperpolarization produces almost complete atonia of skeletal muscles via an inhibitory descending reticulospinal pathway. Acetylcholine may be one of the neurotransmitters involved in this pathway. In narcolepsy, the reflex inhibition of the motor system seen in cataplexy has features normally seen only in normal REM sleep.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIn 2004 researchers in Australia induced narcolepsy-like symptoms in mice by injecting them with antibodies from narcoleptic humans. The research has been published in the Lancet providing strong evidence suggesting that some cases of narcolepsy might be caused by autoimmune disease. Narcolepsy is strongly associated with HLA-DQB1*0602 genotype. There is also an association with HLA-DR2 and HLA-DQ1. This may represent linkage disequilibrium. Despite the experimental evidence in human narcolepsy that there may be an inherited basis for at least some forms of narcolepsy, the mode of inheritance remains unknown. Some cases are associated with genetic diseases such as Niemann-Pick disease or Prader-Willi syndrome.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIn December 2013, a study was published providing evidence that autoimmune CD4+ T-cells against HRCT epitopes may be a causative factor of the disease, as well as reinforcing the association with the influenza H1N1 vaccine; however, this study was retracted by the authors in July 2014.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nA retrospective study of several hundred people in China reported that narcolepsy onset is highly correlated with seasonal patterns of upper airway infections, including H1N1 influenza.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nGenetics\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nThe allele HLA-DQB1*06:02 of the human gene HLA-DQB1 was reported in more than 90% of patients, and alleles of other HLA genes such as HLA-DQA1*01:02 have been linked. A 2009 study found a strong association with polymorphisms in the TRAC gene locus (dbSNP IDs rs1154155, rs12587781, and rs1263646).\\n A 2013 review article reported additional but weaker links to the loci of the genes TNFSF4 (rs7553711), Cathepsin H (rs34593439), and P2RY11-DNMT1 (rs2305795). \\nAnother gene locus that has been associated with narcolepsy is EIF3G (rs3826784).\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nEvolution\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nNarcolepsy may represent an evolutionary atavism. According to a hypothesis REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well-known defensive mechanism, the tonic immobility reflex.Vitelli, R. (2013). Exploring the Mystery of REM Sleep. Psychology Today, On-line blog, 25 March This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal: the animal appears dead (cf. \\\"playing possum\\\"). The neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction shows striking similarities to REM sleep, a fact which betrays a potential evolutionary kinship. For example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, paralysis, sympathetic activation, and thermoregulatory changes. This hypothesis, which integrates many research findings into a unified and evolutionarily well informed framework, also sheds light on the phenomenon of narcolepsy.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nVaccine\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nA link between GlaxoSmithKline's H1N1 flu vaccine Pandemrix and childhood narcolepsy was investigated due to increased prevalence of narcolepsy in Irish, Finnish and Swedish children after vaccinations. Finland's National Institute of Health and Welfare recommended that Pandemrix vaccinations be suspended pending further investigation into 15 reported cases of children developing narcolepsy. In Finland in mid-November 2010, 37 cases of children's narcolepsy had been reported by doctors. This can be compared to the normal average of 3 cases of children's narcolepsy per year. \\\"The incidence of narcolepsy with cataplexy in children/adolescents in the Swedish population increased during the pandemic and vaccination period, with a rapid decline in incidence during the post pandemic period.\\\" They concluded that these results \\\"provide strengthened evidence that vaccination with Pandemrix during the pandemic period could be associated with an increase in the risk for narcolepsy with cataplexy in predisposed children/adolescents 19 years and younger.\\\" In 2013, the link between Pandemrix and narcolepsy was confirmed by a registry study by the Swedish Medical Products Agency, with a three-fold increase in risk for people under the age of 20.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nDiagnosis\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nDiagnosis is relatively easy when all the symptoms of narcolepsy are present, but if the sleep attacks are isolated and cataplexy is mild or absent, diagnosis is more difficult. It is also possible for cataplexy to occur in isolation. Three tests that are commonly used in diagnosing narcolepsy are the polysomnogram, the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), and administration of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. These tests are usually performed by a sleep specialist. The polysomnogram involves continuous recording of sleep brain waves and a number of nerve and muscle functions during nighttime sleep. When tested, people with narcolepsy fall asleep rapidly, enter REM sleep early, and may often awaken during the night. The polysomnogram also helps to detect other possible sleep disorders that could cause daytime sleepiness.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nThe Epworth Sleepiness Scale is a brief questionnaire that is administered to determine the likelihood of the presence of a sleep disorder, including narcolepsy. For the multiple sleep latency test, a person is given a chance to sleep every 2 hours during normal wake times. The patient is taken in usually for an overnight sleep study. The following day the patient will have multiple tests where they will be told to nap after a full nights sleep (usually eight hours). Observations are made of the time taken to reach various stages of sleep (sleep onset latency). This test measures the degree of daytime sleepiness and also detects how soon REM sleep begins. Again, people with narcolepsy fall asleep rapidly and enter REM sleep early. Occasionally, a multiple sleep latency test can result in a false-negative for a narcoleptic.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nRecent research has also revealed the possibility of measuring hypocretin levels in a patient's cerebrospinal fluid sampled in a spinal tap to diagnose narcolepsy, with abnormally low levels serving as a strong indicator of the disorder. This test can be useful when MSLT results are inconclusive or difficult to interpret.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nClassification\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nThe 2001 International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) divides primary hypersomnia syndromes between narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, and the recurrent hypersomnias (like Klein-Levin syndrome); it further divides narcolepsy into that with cataplexy and that without cataplexy. This ICSD version defines narcolepsy as “a disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by excessive sleepiness that typically is associated with cataplexy and other REM-sleep phenomena, such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations\\\". It also establishes baseline categorical standards for diagnosis of narcolepsy, through 2 sets of well defined criteria, as follows. \\nMinimal narcolepsy diagnostic criteria set #2:\\n*A \\\"complaint of excessive sleepiness or sudden muscle weakness.\\\"\\n*Associated features that include: sleep paralysis; disrupted major sleep episode; hypnagogic hallucinations; automatic behaviors.\\n*Polysomnography with one or more of the following: \\\"sleep latency less than 10 minutes;\\\" \\\"REM sleep latency less than 20 minutes;\\\" an MSLT with a mean sleep latency less than 5 minutes; \\\"two or more sleep-onset REM periods\\\" (SOREMPs).\\n*\\\"No medical or mental disorder accounts for the symptoms.\\\" (see hypersomnia differential diagnosis)\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIn the absence of clear cataplexy, it becomes much more difficult to make a firm diagnosis of narcolepsy. “Various terms, such as essential hypersomnia, primary hypersomnia, ambiguous narcolepsy, atypical narcolepsy, etc., have been used to classify these patients, who may be in the developing phase of narcolepsy.”\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nSince the 2001 ICSD, the classification of primary hypersomnias has been steadily evolving, as further research has shown more overlap between narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. The 3rd edition of the ICSD is currently being finalized, and its new classification will label narcolepsy caused by hypocretin deficiency as “type 1 narcolepsy,” which is almost always associated with cataplexy. The other primary hypersomnias will remain subdivided based on the presence of SOREMPs. They will be labeled: “type 2 narcolepsy,” with 2 or more SOREMPs on MSLT; and “idiopathic hypersomnia,” with less than 2 SOREMPS.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nHowever, “there is no evidence that the pathophysiology or therapeutic response is substantially different for hypersomnia with or without SOREMPs on the MSLT.” Given this currently understood overlap of idiopathic hypersomnia and narcolepsy, the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) is also updating its classification of the primary hypersomnias. It reclassifies narcolepsy without cataplexy as major somnolence disorder (MSD). Additionally, MSD will encompass all syndromes of hypersomnolence not explained by low hypocretin, including idiopathic hypersomnia (with and without long sleep time) and long sleepers (patients requiring >10 hours sleep/day).\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nFurther complicating these updated classification schemes, overlap between narcolepsy with cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia has also been reported. A subgroup of narcoleptics with long sleep time, comprising 18% of narcoleptics in one study, had symptoms of both narcolepsy with cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia (long sleep time and unrefreshing naps). It is felt that this subgroup might have dysfunction in multiple arousal systems, including hypocretin and GABA (see idiopathic hypersomnia causes).\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nTreatment\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nPeople with narcolepsy can be substantially helped, but not cured. Treatment is tailored to the individual, based on symptoms and therapeutic response. The time required to achieve optimal control of symptoms is highly variable, and may take several months or longer. Medication adjustments are frequently necessary, and complete control of symptoms is seldom possible. While oral medications are the mainstay of formal narcolepsy treatment, lifestyle changes are also important.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nThe main treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy is central nervous system stimulants such as methylphenidate, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, modafinil, and armodafinil. In late 2007 an alert for severe adverse skin reactions to modafinil was issued by the FDA.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nAnother drug that is used is atomoxetine, a non-stimulant and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI), that has no addiction liability or recreational effects. In many cases, planned regular short naps can reduce the need for pharmacological treatment of the EDS, but only improve symptoms for a short duration. A 120 minute nap provided benefit for 3 hours in patient alertness whereas a 15 minute nap provided no benefit. Daytime naps are not a replacement for nighttime sleep. Ongoing communication between the health care provider, patient, and the patient's family members is important for optimal management of narcolepsy.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nAnother FDA-approved treatment option for narcolepsy is sodium oxybate. It can be used for cataplexy associated with narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nNarcolepsy has sometimes been treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants, such as clomipramine, imipramine, or protriptyline, as well as other drugs that suppress REM sleep. Venlafaxine, an antidepressant which blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, has shown usefulness in managing symptoms of cataplexy, however, it has notable side-effects including sleep disruption.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIn addition to these treatments, gamma hydroxybutyrate may also help improve the symptoms of narcolepsy.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nEpidemiology\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIn the United States, it is estimated that this condition afflicts as many as 200,000 Americans, but fewer than 50,000 are diagnosed. It is as widespread as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis and more prevalent than cystic fibrosis, but it is less well known. Narcolepsy is often mistaken for depression, epilepsy, or the side effects of medications. It can also be mistaken for poor sleeping habits, recreational drug use, or laziness. Narcolepsy can occur in both men and women at any age, although its symptoms are usually first noticed in teenagers or young adults. There is strong evidence that narcolepsy may run in families; around 10 percent of people diagnosed with narcolepsy with cataplexy have a close relative with this neurological disorder. While narcolepsy symptoms are often confused with depression, there is a link between the two disorders. Research studies have mixed results on co-occurrence of depression in narcolepsy patients - the numbers quoted by different studies are anywhere between 6% and 50%.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nNarcolepsy has its typical onset in adolescence and young adulthood. There is an average 15-year delay between onset and correct diagnosis which may contribute substantially to the disabling features of the disorder. Cognitive, educational, occupational, and psychosocial problems associated with the excessive daytime sleepiness of narcolepsy have been documented. For these to occur in the crucial teen years when education, development of self-image, and development of occupational choice are taking place is especially devastating. While cognitive impairment does occur, it may only be a reflection of the excessive daytime somnolence.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nThe prevalence of narcolepsy is about 1 per 2,000 persons. It is a reason for patient visits to sleep disorder centers, and with its onset in adolescence, it is also a major cause of learning difficulty and absenteeism from school. Normal teenagers often already experience excessive daytime sleepiness because of a maturational increase in physiological sleep tendency accentuated by multiple educational and social pressures; this may be disabling with the addition of narcolepsy symptoms in susceptible teenagers. In clinical practice, the differentiation between narcolepsy and other conditions characterized by excessive somnolence may be difficult. Treatment options are currently limited. There is a paucity in the literature of controlled double-blind studies of possible effective drugs or other forms of therapy. Mechanisms of action of some few available therapeutic agents have been explored but detailed studies of mechanisms of action are needed before new classes of therapeutic agents can be developed. Narcolepsy is an underdiagnosed condition in the general population. This is partly because its severity varies, so it can be mistaken for other illnesses very easily. Some people with narcolepsy do not suffer from loss of muscle control.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nSociety and culture\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIn the British television comedy-drama Doc Martin, the character Joe Penhale (played by John Marquez) is portrayed as having narcolepsy. In the 2007 video game Little Busters!, the protagonist Riki Naoe suffers from narcolepsy. In the 2001 film Rat Race, Enrico Pollini, played by Rowan Atkinson, suffers from narcolepsy, which is used to comic effect several times. In the 2014 Tamil movie Naan Sigappu Manithan (directed by Thiru) the lead character, played by Vishal, suffers from narcolepsy. In the season four episode of the 2010 television series Rizzoli & Isles, \\\"Judge, Jury and Executioner\\\", the murder victim Judge Kathleen Harper (played by A'da Alison Woolfolk) suffers from narcolepsy, and uses the drug methylphenidate. This drug is later used to kill her through an overdose.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIn 2015, it was reported that the British Department of Health was paying for sodium oxybate medication for 80 people who are taking legal action over problems linked to the use of the Pandemrix swine flu vaccine at a cost of £12,000 a year. Sodium oxybate is not available to people with narcolepsy through the National Health Service.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nResearch\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nHistamine-directed medications\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\n\\\"Based on the role of histamine in keeping people awake (and hence the common side effect of anti-histamines such as diphenhydramine causing sleepiness), medications that act on histamine are under development for the treatment of excessive sleepiness.\\\" It remains to be seen whether these H3 antagonists (i.e., compounds such as pitolisant that promote the release of the wake-promoting amine histamine) will be particularly useful as wake-promoting agents.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nGABA-directed medications\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nGiven the possible role of hyper-active GABAA receptors in the primary hypersomnias (narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia), medications that could counteract this activity are being studied to test their potential to improve sleepiness. These currently include clarithromycin and flumazenil.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nFlumazenil\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nFlumazenil is the only GABAA receptor antagonist on the market as of Jan 2013, and it is currently manufactured only as an intravenous formulation. Given its pharmacology, researchers consider it to be a promising medication in the treatment of primary hypersomnias. Results of a small, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial were published in November 2012. This research showed that flumazenil provides relief for most patients whose CSF contains the unknown \\\"somnogen\\\" that enhances the function of GABAA receptors, making them more susceptible to the sleep-inducing effect of GABA. For one patient, daily administration of flumazenil by sublingual lozenge and topical cream has proven effective for several years. A 2014 case report also showed improvement in primary hypersomnia symptoms after treatment with a continuous subcutaneous flumazenil infusion. The supply of generic flumazenil was initially thought to be too low to meet the potential demand for treatment of primary hypersomnias. However, this scarcity has eased, and dozens of patients are now being treated with flumazenil off-label.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nClarithromycin\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nIn a test tube model, clarithromycin (an antibiotic approved by the FDA for the treatment of infections) was found to return the function of the GABA system to normal in patients with primary hypersomnias. Investigators therefore treated a few patients with off-label clarithromycin, and most felt their symptoms improved with this treatment. In order to help further determine whether clarithromycin is truly beneficial for the treatment of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, a small, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was completed in 2012. \\\"In this pilot study, clarithromycin improved subjective sleepiness in GABA-related hypersomnia. Larger trials of longer duration are warranted.\\\" In 2013, a retrospective review evaluating longer-term clarithromycin use showed efficacy in a large percentage of patients with GABA-related hypersomnia. “It is important to note that the positive effect of clarithromycin is secondary to a benzodiazepine antagonist-like effect, not its antibiotic effects, and treatment must be maintained.”\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nHypocretin agonists\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nHypocretin-1 (also called orexin) has been shown to be strongly wake-promoting in animal models, but it unfortunately does not cross the blood brain barrier. Therefore, companies have developed hypocretin receptor antagonists, like suvorexant, for the treatment of insomnia. It is also likely that a hypocretin-1 agonist will be found and developed for the treatment of hypersomnia.\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nL-carnitine\",\n \"Narcolepsy\\n\\nAbnormally low levels of acylcarnitine have been observed in people with narcolepsy. These same low levels have been associated with primary hypersomnia in general in mouse studies. “Mice with systemic carnitine deficiency exhibit a higher frequency of fragmented wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and reduced locomotor activity.” Administration of acetyl-L-carnitine was shown to improve these symptoms in mice. A subsequent human trial found that narcolepsy patients given L-carnitine spent less total time in daytime sleep than patients who were given placebo.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":136693,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_1553"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Triggered by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat, the public transportation system in what US city was devastated by a year long boycott of their busses?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Montgomery, Al"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["cradle of confederacy","montgomery al","capital of alabama","montgomery ala","un locode usmgm","downtown montgomery alabama","montgomery alabama","southern convention"],"string":"[\n \"cradle of confederacy\",\n \"montgomery al\",\n \"capital of alabama\",\n \"montgomery ala\",\n \"un locode usmgm\",\n \"downtown montgomery alabama\",\n \"montgomery alabama\",\n \"southern convention\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Rosa Parks\n\nRosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist, whom the United States Congress called \"the first lady of civil rights\" and \"the mother of the freedom movement\". Her birthday, February 4, and the day she was arrested, December 1, have both become Rosa Parks Day, commemorated in California and Missouri (February 4), and Ohio and Oregon (December 1).","Rosa Parks\n\nOn December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order to give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation. Others had taken similar steps, including Bayard Rustin in 1942, Irene Morgan in 1946, Sarah Louise Keys in 1952, and the members of the ultimately successful Browder v. Gayle 1956 lawsuit (Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith) who were arrested in Montgomery for not giving up their bus seats months before Parks. NAACP organizers believed that Parks was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws, although eventually her case became bogged down in the state courts while the Browder v. Gayle case succeeded.","Rosa Parks\n\nParks' act of defiance and the Montgomery Bus Boycott became important symbols of the modern Civil Rights Movement. She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. She organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders, including Edgar Nixon, president of the local chapter of the NAACP; and Martin Luther King, Jr., a new minister in town who gained national prominence in the civil rights movement.","Rosa Parks\n\nAt the time, Parks was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. She had recently attended the Highlander Folk School, a Tennessee center for training activists for workers' rights and racial equality. She acted as a private citizen \"tired of giving in\". Although widely honored in later years, she also suffered for her act; she was fired from her job as a seamstress in a local department store, and received death threats for years afterwards. Her situation also opened doors.","Rosa Parks\n\nShortly after the boycott, she moved to Detroit, where she briefly found similar work. From 1965 to 1988 she served as secretary and receptionist to John Conyers, an African-American US Representative. She was also active in the Black Power movement and the support of political prisoners in the US.","Rosa Parks\n\nAfter retirement, Parks wrote her autobiography and lived a largely private life in Detroit. In her final years, she suffered from dementia. Parks received national recognition, including the NAACP's 1979 Spingarn Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal, and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. Upon her death in 2005, she was the first woman and third non-US government official to lie in honor at the Capitol Rotunda.","Rosa Parks\n\nEarly years","Rosa Parks\n\nRosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913, to Leona (née Edwards), a teacher, and James McCauley, a carpenter. She was of African ancestry, though one of her great-grandfathers was Scots-Irish and one of her great-grandmothers was a slave of Native American descent. Webb, James. , Parade, October 3, 2004. Retrieved July 1, 2008. She was small as a child and suffered poor health with chronic tonsillitis. When her parents separated, she moved with her mother to Pine Level, just outside the state capital, Montgomery. She grew up on a farm with her maternal grandparents, mother, and younger brother Sylvester. They all were members of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), a century-old independent black denomination founded by free blacks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the early nineteenth century.","Rosa Parks\n\nMcCauley attended rural schools until the age of eleven. As a student at the Industrial School for Girls in Montgomery, she took academic and vocational courses. Parks went on to a laboratory school set up by the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes for secondary education, but dropped out in order to care for her grandmother and later her mother, after they became ill.","Rosa Parks\n\nAround the turn of the 20th century, the former Confederate states had adopted new constitutions and electoral laws that effectively disfranchised black voters and, in Alabama, many poor white voters as well. Under the white-established Jim Crow laws, passed after Democrats regained control of southern legislatures, racial segregation was imposed in public facilities and retail stores in the South, including public transportation. Bus and train companies enforced seating policies with separate sections for blacks and whites. School bus transportation was unavailable in any form for black schoolchildren in the South, and black education was always underfunded.","Rosa Parks\n\nParks recalled going to elementary school in Pine Level, where school buses took white students to their new school and black students had to walk to theirs:","Rosa Parks\n\nI'd see the bus pass every day... But to me, that was a way of life; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and a white world.","Rosa Parks\n\nAlthough Parks' autobiography recounts early memories of the kindness of white strangers, she could not ignore the racism of her society. When the Ku Klux Klan marched down the street in front of their house, Parks recalls her grandfather guarding the front door with a shotgun. The Montgomery Industrial School, founded and staffed by white northerners for black children, was burned twice by arsonists. Its faculty was ostracized by the white community.","Rosa Parks\n\nRepeatedly bullied by white children in her neighborhood, Parks often fought back physically. She later said that \"As far back as I remember, I could never think in terms of accepting physical abuse without some form of retaliation if possible.\"","Rosa Parks\n\nIn 1932, Rosa married Raymond Parks, a barber from Montgomery. He was a member of the NAACP, which at the time was collecting money to support the defense of the Scottsboro Boys, a group of black men falsely accused of raping two white women. Rosa took numerous jobs, ranging from domestic worker to hospital aide. At her husband's urging, she finished her high school studies in 1933, at a time when less than 7% of African Americans had a high school diploma. Despite the Jim Crow laws and discrimination by registrars, she succeeded in registering to vote on her third try.","Rosa Parks\n\nIn December 1943, Parks became active in the Civil Rights Movement, joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, and was elected secretary. She later said, \"I was the only woman there, and they needed a secretary, and I was too timid to say no.\" She continued as secretary until 1957. She worked for the local NAACP leader Edgar Nixon, even though he maintained that \"Women don't need to be nowhere but in the kitchen.\" When Parks asked \"Well, what about me?\", he replied \"I need a secretary and you are a good one.\"","Rosa Parks\n\nIn 1944, in her capacity as secretary, she investigated the gang-rape of Recy Taylor, a black woman from Abbeville, Alabama. Parks and other civil rights activists organized the \"Committee for Equal Justice for Mrs. Recy Taylor\", launching what the Chicago Defender called \"the strongest campaign for equal justice to be seen in a decade.\"","Rosa Parks\n\nAlthough never a member of the Communist Party, she attended meetings with her husband. The notorious Scottsboro case had been brought to prominence by the Communist Party.","Rosa Parks\n\nIn the 1940s, Parks and her husband were members of the Voters' League. Sometime soon after 1944, she held a brief job at Maxwell Air Force Base, which, despite its location in Montgomery, Alabama, did not permit racial segregation because it was federal property. She rode on its integrated trolley. Speaking to her biographer, Parks noted, \"You might just say Maxwell opened my eyes up.\" Parks worked as a housekeeper and seamstress for Clifford and Virginia Durr, a white couple. Politically liberal, the Durrs became her friends. They encouraged—and eventually helped sponsor—Parks in the summer of 1955 to attend the Highlander Folk School, an education center for activism in workers' rights and racial equality in Monteagle, Tennessee. There Parks was mentored by the veteran organizer Septima Clark.","Rosa Parks\n\nIn August 1955, black teenager Emmett Till was brutally murdered after reportedly flirting with a young white woman while visiting relatives in Mississippi.[http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2004/May/04_crt_311.htm \"Justice Department to Investigate 1955 Emmett Till Murder\"], United States Department of Justice, May 2004, accessed May 27, 2007. R. Alexander Acosta, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, states, \"This brutal murder and grotesque miscarriage of justice outraged a nation and helped galvanize support for the modern American civil rights movement.\" On November 27, 1955, Rosa Parks attended a mass meeting in Montgomery that addressed this case as well as the recent murders of the activists George W. Lee and Lamar Smith. The featured speaker was T. R. M. Howard, a black civil rights leader from Mississippi who headed the Regional Council of Negro Leadership. The discussions concerned actions blacks could take to gain respect for their rights.","Rosa Parks\n\nParks and the Montgomery bus boycott","Rosa Parks\n\nMontgomery buses: law and prevailing customs","Rosa Parks\n\nIn 1900, Montgomery had passed a city ordinance to segregate bus passengers by race. Conductors were empowered to assign seats to achieve that goal. According to the law, no passenger would be required to move or give up his seat and stand if the bus was crowded and no other seats were available. Over time and by custom, however, Montgomery bus drivers adopted the practice of requiring black riders to move when there were no white-only seats left.","Rosa Parks\n\nThe first four rows of seats on each Montgomery bus were reserved for whites. Buses had \"colored\" sections for black people generally in the rear of the bus, although blacks composed more than 75% of the ridership. The sections were not fixed but were determined by placement of a movable sign. Black people could sit in the middle rows until the white section filled; if more whites needed seats, blacks were to move to seats in the rear, stand, or, if there was no room, leave the bus. Black people could not sit across the aisle in the same row as white people. The driver could move the \"colored\" section sign, or remove it altogether. If white people were already sitting in the front, black people had to board at the front to pay the fare, then disembark and reenter through the rear door.","Rosa Parks\n\nFor years, the black community had complained that the situation was unfair. Parks said, \"My resisting being mistreated on the bus did not begin with that particular arrest...I did a lot of walking in Montgomery.\"","Rosa Parks\n\nOne day in 1943, Parks boarded the bus and paid the fare. She then moved to her seat but driver James F. Blake told her to follow city rules and enter the bus again from the back door. Parks exited the vehicle and waited for the next bus, determined never to ride with Blake again.","Rosa Parks\n\nHer refusal to move","Rosa Parks\n\nAfter working all day, Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus, a General Motors Old Look bus belonging to the Montgomery City Lines, around 6 p.m., Thursday, December 1, 1955, in downtown Montgomery. She paid her fare and sat in an empty seat in the first row of back seats reserved for blacks in the \"colored\" section. Near the middle of the bus, her row was directly behind the ten seats reserved for white passengers. Initially, she did not notice that the bus driver was the same man, James F. Blake, who had left her in the rain in 1943. As the bus traveled along its regular route, all of the white-only seats in the bus filled up. The bus reached the third stop in front of the Empire Theater, and several white passengers boarded. Blake noted that two or three white passengers were standing, as the front of the bus had filled to capacity. He moved the \"colored\" section sign behind Parks and demanded that four black people give up their seats in the middle section so that the white passengers could sit.","Rosa Parks\n\nYears later, in recalling the events of the day, Parks said, \"When that white driver stepped back toward us, when he waved his hand and ordered us up and out of our seats, I felt a determination to cover my body like a quilt on a winter night.\"","Rosa Parks\n\nBy Parks' account, Blake said, \"Y'all better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats.\" linked at Three of them complied. Parks said, \"The driver wanted us to stand up, the four of us. We didn't move at the beginning, but he says, 'Let me have these seats.' And the other three people moved, but I didn't.\"[http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/10/24/parks.obit/ \"Civil rights icon Rosa Parks dies at 92\"], CNN, October 25, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2008. The black man sitting next to her gave up his seat.","Rosa Parks\n\nParks moved, but toward the window seat; she did not get up to move to the redesignated colored section.Audio interview of Parks linked from [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\n4973548&sourceCode=gaw \"Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies\"], National Public Radio, October 25, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2008. Parks later said about being asked to move to the rear of the bus, \"I thought of Emmett Till and I just couldn't go back.\" Blake said, \"Why don't you stand up?\" Parks responded, \"I don't think I should have to stand up.\" Blake called the police to arrest Parks. When recalling the incident for Eyes on the Prize, a 1987 public television series on the Civil Rights Movement, Parks said, \"When he saw me still sitting, he asked if I was going to stand up, and I said, 'No, I'm not.' And he said, 'Well, if you don't stand up, I'm going to have to call the police and have you arrested.' I said, 'You may do that.'\"","Rosa Parks\n\nDuring a 1956 radio interview with Sydney Rogers in West Oakland several months after her arrest, Parks said she had decided, \"I would have to know for once and for all what rights I had as a human being and a citizen.\"","Rosa Parks\n\nIn her autobiography, My Story she said:","Rosa Parks\n\nWhen Parks refused to give up her seat, a police officer arrested her. As the officer took her away, she recalled that she asked, \"Why do you push us around?\" She remembered him saying, \"I don't know, but the law's the law, and you're under arrest.\" She later said, \"I only knew that, as I was being arrested, that it was the very last time that I would ever ride in humiliation of this kind...\"","Rosa Parks\n\nParks was charged with a violation of Chapter 6, Section 11 segregation law of the Montgomery City code, although technically she had not taken a white-only seat; she had been in a colored section. Edgar Nixon, president of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP and leader of the Pullman Porters Union, and her friend Clifford Durr bailed Parks out of jail the next evening.","Rosa Parks\n\nThe boycott","Rosa Parks\n\nNixon conferred with Jo Ann Robinson, an Alabama State College professor and member of the Women's Political Council (WPC), about the Parks case. Robinson believed it important to seize the opportunity and stayed up all night mimeographing over 35,000 handbills announcing a bus boycott. The Women's Political Council was the first group to officially endorse the boycott.","Rosa Parks\n\nOn Sunday, December 4, 1955, plans for the Montgomery Bus Boycott were announced at black churches in the area, and a front-page article in the Montgomery Advertiser helped spread the word. At a church rally that night, those attending agreed unanimously to continue the boycott until they were treated with the level of courtesy they expected, until black drivers were hired, and until seating in the middle of the bus was handled on a first-come basis.","Rosa Parks\n\nThe next day, Parks was tried on charges of disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance. The trial lasted 30 minutes. After being found guilty and fined $10, plus $4 in court costs, Parks appealed her conviction and formally challenged the legality of racial segregation. In a 1992 interview with National Public Radio's Lynn Neary, Parks recalled:","Rosa Parks\n\nOn the day of Parks' trial — December 5, 1955 — the WPC distributed the 35,000 leaflets. The handbill read,\nWe are...asking every Negro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trial ... You can afford to stay out of school for one day. If you work, take a cab, or walk. But please, children and grown-ups, don't ride the bus at all on Monday. Please stay off the buses Monday.","Rosa Parks\n\nIt rained that day, but the black community persevered in their boycott. Some rode in carpools, while others traveled in black-operated cabs that charged the same fare as the bus, 10 cents. Most of the remainder of the 40,000 black commuters walked, some as far as 20 mi.","Rosa Parks\n\nThat evening after the success of the one-day boycott, a group of 16 to 18 people gathered at the Mt. Zion AME Zion Church to discuss boycott strategies. At that time Parks was introduced but not asked to speak, despite a standing ovation and calls from the crowd for her to speak; when she asked if she should say something, the reply was, \"Why, you've said enough.\"","Rosa Parks\n\nThe group agreed that a new organization was needed to lead the boycott effort if it were to continue. Rev. Ralph Abernathy suggested the name \"Montgomery Improvement Association\" (MIA). The name was adopted, and the MIA was formed. Its members elected as their president Martin Luther King, Jr., a relative newcomer to Montgomery, who was a young and mostly unknown minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.","Rosa Parks\n\nThat Monday night, 50 leaders of the African-American community gathered to discuss actions to respond to Parks' arrest. Edgar Nixon, the president of the NAACP, said, \"My God, look what segregation has put in my hands!\" Parks was considered the ideal plaintiff for a test case against city and state segregation laws, as she was seen as a responsible, mature woman with a good reputation. She was securely married and employed, was regarded as possessing a quiet and dignified demeanor, and was politically savvy. King said that Parks was regarded as \"one of the finest citizens of Montgomery—not one of the finest Negro citizens, but one of the finest citizens of Montgomery.\"","Rosa Parks\n\nParks' court case was being slowed down in appeals through the Alabama courts on their way to a Federal appeal and the process could have taken years. Holding together a boycott for that length of time would have been a great strain. In the end, black residents of Montgomery continued the boycott for 381 days. Dozens of public buses stood idle for months, severely damaging the bus transit company's finances, until the city repealed its law requiring segregation on public buses following the US Supreme Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle that it was unconstitutional. Parks was not included as a plaintiff in the Browder decision because the attorney Fred Gray concluded the courts would perceive they were attempting to circumvent her prosecution on her charges working their way through the Alabama state court system.","Rosa Parks\n\nParks played an important part in raising international awareness of the plight of African Americans and the civil rights struggle. King wrote in his 1958 book Stride Toward Freedom that Parks' arrest was the catalyst rather than the cause of the protest: \"The cause lay deep in the record of similar injustices.\" He wrote, \"Actually, no one can understand the action of Mrs. Parks unless he realizes that eventually the cup of endurance runs over, and the human personality cries out, 'I can take it no longer.'\"","Rosa Parks\n\nDetroit years","Rosa Parks\n\n1960s","Rosa Parks\n\nAfter her arrest, Parks became an icon of the Civil Rights Movement but suffered hardships as a result. Due to economic sanctions used against activists, she lost her job at the department store. Her husband quit his job after his boss forbade him to talk about his wife or the legal case. Parks traveled and spoke extensively about the issues.","Rosa Parks\n\nIn 1957, Raymond and Rosa Parks left Montgomery for Hampton, Virginia; mostly because she was unable to find work. She also disagreed with King and other leaders of Montgomery's struggling civil rights movement about how to proceed, and was constantly receiving death threats. In Hampton, she found a job as a hostess in an inn at Hampton Institute, a historically black college.","Rosa Parks\n\nLater that year, at the urging of her brother and sister-in-law in Detroit, Sylvester and Daisy McCauley, Rosa and Raymond Parks and her mother moved north to join them. The City of Detroit attempted to cultivate a progressive reputation, but Parks encountered numerous signs of discrimination against African-Americans. Schools were effectively segregated, and services in black neighborhoods substandard. In 1964, Mrs. Parks told an interviewer that, \"I don't feel a great deal of difference here...Housing segregation is just as bad, and it seems more noticeable in the larger cities.\" She regularly participated in the movement for open and fair housing.","Rosa Parks\n\nParks rendered crucial assistance in the first campaign for Congress by John Conyers. She persuaded Martin Luther King (who was generally reluctant to endorse local candidates) to appear with Conyers, thereby boosting the novice candidate's profile. When Conyers was elected, he hired her as a secretary and receptionist for his congressional office in Detroit. She held this position until she retired in 1988. In a telephone interview with CNN on October 24, 2005, Conyers recalled, \"You treated her with deference because she was so quiet, so serene — just a very special person ... There was only one Rosa Parks.\" Doing much of the daily constituent work for Conyers, Parks often focused on socio-economic issues including welfare, education, job discrimination, and affordable housing. She visited schools, hospitals, senior citizen facilities, and other community meetings and kept Conyers grounded in community concerns and activism.","Rosa Parks\n\nParks participated in activism nationally during the mid-1960s, traveling to support the Selma-to-Montgomery Marches, the Freedom Now Party, and the Lowndes County Freedom Organization. She also befriended Malcolm X, who she regarded as a personal hero.","Rosa Parks\n\nLike many Detroit blacks, Mrs. Parks remained particularly concerned about housing issues. She herself lived in a neighborhood, Virginia Park, which had been compromised by highway construction and urban renewal. By 1962, these policies had destroyed 10,000 structures in Detroit, displacing 43,096 people, 70 percent of them African-American. Parks lived just a mile from the epicenter of the riot that took place in Detroit in 1967, and she considered housing discrimination a major factor that provoked the disorder.","Rosa Parks\n\nIn the aftermath Mrs. Parks collaborated with members of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers and the Republic of New Afrika in raising awareness of police abuse during the conflict. She served on a \"people's tribunal\" investigating the killing of three young men in what was known as the Algiers Hotel Incident. She also helped form the Virginia Park district council to help rebuild the area. The council facilitated the building of the only black-owned shopping center in the country. Parks took part in the black power movement, attending the Philadelphia Black Power conference, and the Black Political Convention in Gary, Indiana. She also supported and visited the Black Panther school in Oakland.","Rosa Parks\n\n1970s","Rosa Parks\n\nIn the 1970s, Parks organized for the freedom of political prisoners in the United States, particularly cases involving issues of self-defense. She helped found the Joann Little Defense Committee, and also worked in support of Gary Tyler. Little soon became the first woman in United States history to be acquitted under the defense that she used deadly force to resist sexual assault. Gary Tyler has not been freed, but before Parks' death was recognized as a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International.","Rosa Parks\n\nThe 1970s were a decade of loss for Parks in her personal life. Her family was plagued with illness; she and her husband had suffered stomach ulcers for years and both required hospitalization. In spite of her fame and constant speaking engagements, Parks was not a wealthy woman. She donated most of the money from speaking to civil rights causes, and lived on her staff salary and her husband's pension. Medical bills and time missed from work caused financial strain that required her to accept assistance from church groups and admirers.","Rosa Parks\n\nHer husband died of throat cancer on August 19, 1977 and her brother, her only sibling, died of cancer that November. Her personal ordeals caused her to become removed from the civil rights movement. She learned from a newspaper of the death of Fannie Lou Hamer, once a close friend. Parks suffered two broken bones in a fall on an icy sidewalk, an injury which caused considerable and recurring pain. She decided to move with her mother into an apartment for senior citizens. There she nursed her mother Leona through the final stages of cancer and geriatric dementia until she died in 1979 at the age of 92.","Rosa Parks\n\nFinal years","Rosa Parks\n\nIn 1980, Parks—widowed and without immediate family—rededicated herself to civil rights and educational organizations. She co-founded the Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation for college-bound high school seniors, to which she donated most of her speaker fees. In February 1987 she co-founded, with Elaine Eason Steele, the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, an institute that runs the \"Pathways to Freedom\" bus tours which introduce young people to important civil rights and Underground Railroad sites throughout the country. Parks also served on the Board of Advocates of Planned Parenthood. Though her health declined as she entered her seventies, Parks continued to make many appearances and devoted considerable energy to these causes.","Rosa Parks\n\nIn 1992, Parks published Rosa Parks: My Story, an autobiography aimed at younger readers, which recounts her life leading to her decision to keep her seat on the bus. A few years later, she published Quiet Strength (1995), her memoir, which focuses on her faith.","Rosa Parks\n\nOn August 30, 1994, Joseph Skipper, an African-American drug addict, entered her home to rob it and attacked the 81-year-old Parks. The incident sparked outrage throughout the United States. After his arrest, Skipper said that he had not known he was in Parks' home but recognized her after entering. Skipper asked, \"Hey, aren't you Rosa Parks?\" to which she replied, \"Yes.\" She handed him $3 when he demanded money and an additional $50 when he demanded more. Before fleeing, Skipper struck Parks in the face. Skipper was arrested and charged with various breaking and entering offenses against Parks and other neighborhood victims. He admitted guilt and, on August 8, 1995, was sentenced to eight to 15 years in prison.\"Man Gets Prison Term For Attack on Rosa Parks\", San Francisco Chronicle, August 8, 1995. Suffering anxiety upon returning to her small central Detroit house following the ordeal, Parks moved into Riverfront Towers, a secure high-rise apartment building where she lived for the rest of her life.","Rosa Parks\n\nIn 1994 the Ku Klux Klan applied to sponsor a portion of United States Interstate 55 in St. Louis County and Jefferson County, Missouri, near St. Louis, for cleanup (which allowed them to have signs stating that this section of highway was maintained by the organization). Since the state could not refuse the KKK's sponsorship, the Missouri legislature voted to name the highway section the \"Rosa Parks Highway\". When asked how she felt about this honor, she is reported to have commented, \"It is always nice to be thought of.\"","Rosa Parks\n\nIn 1999 Parks filmed a cameo appearance for the television series Touched by an Angel. It was her last appearance on film; health problems made her increasingly an invalid.","Rosa Parks\n\nIn 2002 Parks received an eviction notice from her $1800 per month apartment due to non-payment of rent. Parks was incapable of managing her own financial affairs by this time due to age-related physical and mental decline. Her rent was paid from a collection taken by Hartford Memorial Baptist Church in Detroit. When her rent became delinquent and her impending eviction was highly publicized in 2004, executives of the ownership company announced they had forgiven the back rent and would allow Parks, by then 91 and in extremely poor health, to live rent free in the building for the remainder of her life. Her heirs and various interest organizations alleged at the time that her financial affairs had been mismanaged.","Rosa Parks\n\nIn popular culture","Rosa Parks\n\n*In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Parks's name and picture. *The Neville Brothers recorded a song about Parks called \"Sister Rosa\" on their 1989 album Yellow Moon. A music video for the song was also made. *The song \"Daybreak\" from The Stone Roses' 1994 album Second Coming pays tribute to Parks with the line \"Sister Rosa Lee Parks / Love forever her name in your heart\". *In March 1999, Parks filed a lawsuit (Rosa Parks v. LaFace Records) against American hip-hop duo OutKast and their record company, claiming that the duo's song \"Rosa Parks\", the most successful radio single of their 1998 album Aquemini, had used her name without permission. The lawsuit was settled on April 15, 2005 (six months and nine days before Parks' death); OutKast, their producer and record labels paid Parks an undisclosed cash settlement. They also agreed to work with the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute to create educational programs about the life of Rosa Parks. The record label and OutKast admitted to no wrongdoing. Responsibility for the payment of legal fees was not disclosed.","Rosa Parks\n\n*The documentary Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks (2001) received a 2002 nomination for Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. She collaborated on a TV movie of her life, The Rosa Parks Story (2002), starring Angela Bassett. *The film Barbershop (2002) featured a barber, played by Cedric the Entertainer, arguing with others that other African Americans before Parks had been active in bus integration, but she was renowned as an NAACP secretary. The activists Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton launched a boycott against the film, contending it was \"disrespectful\", but NAACP president Kweisi Mfume stated he thought the controversy was \"overblown.\" Parks was offended and boycotted the NAACP 2003 Image Awards ceremony, which Cedric hosted. *Grime musician Skepta's track \"Shutdown\" includes the lyrics \"Sittin' at the front, just like Rosa Parks\".","Rosa Parks\n\nDeath and funeral","Rosa Parks\n\nParks resided in Detroit until she died of natural causes at the age of 92 on October 24, 2005, in her apartment on the east side of the city. She and her husband never had children and she outlived her only sibling. She was survived by her sister-in-law (Raymond's sister), 13 nieces and nephews and their families, and several cousins, most of them residents of Michigan or Alabama.","Rosa Parks\n\nCity officials in Montgomery and Detroit announced on October 27, 2005, that the front seats of their city buses would be reserved with black ribbons in honor of Parks until her funeral. Parks' coffin was flown to Montgomery and taken in a horse-drawn hearse to the St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church, where she lay in repose at the altar on October 29, 2005, dressed in the uniform of a church deaconess. A memorial service was held there the following morning. One of the speakers, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, said that if it had not been for Parks, she would probably have never become the Secretary of State. In the evening the casket was transported to Washington, D.C. and transported by a bus similar to the one in which she made her protest, to lie in honor in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol.","Rosa Parks\n\nSince the founding in 1852 of the practice of lying in state in the rotunda, Parks was the 31st person, the first American who had not been a U.S. government official, and the second private person (after the French planner Pierre L'Enfant) to be honored in this way. She was the first woman and the second black person to lie in state in the Capitol. [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/LyingState.pdf Memorial or Funeral Services in the Capitol Rotunda], senate.gov (United States Senate); content cited to Architect of the Capitol. Accessed . An estimated 50,000 people viewed the casket there, and the event was broadcast on television on October 31, 2005. A memorial service was held that afternoon at Metropolitan AME Church in Washington, DC.","Rosa Parks\n\nWith her body and casket returned to Detroit, for two days, Parks lay in repose at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History. Her funeral service was seven hours long and was held on November 2, 2005, at the Greater Grace Temple Church in Detroit. After the service, an honor guard from the Michigan National Guard laid the U.S. flag over the casket and carried it to a horse-drawn hearse, which was intended to carry it, in daylight, to the cemetery. As the hearse passed the thousands of people who were viewing the procession, many clapped, cheered loudly and released white balloons. Parks was interred between her husband and mother at Detroit's Woodlawn Cemetery in the chapel's mausoleum. The chapel was renamed the Rosa L. Parks Freedom Chapel in her honor.Esparza, Santiago. \"Parks to remain private in death\", Detroit News, November 3, 2005. . Retrieved July 5, 2008. Parks had previously prepared and placed a headstone on the selected location with the inscription \"Rosa L. Parks, wife, 1913–.\"","Rosa Parks\n\nLegacy and honors","Rosa Parks\n\n*1976, Detroit renamed 12th Street \"Rosa Parks Boulevard.\" \n*1979, the NAACP awarded Parks the Spingarn Medal,[http://www.naacp.org/index.php/pages/spingarn-medal-winners Springarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today], NAACP, no date but list goes through 2010. Accessed . its highest honor,[http://www.naacp.org/news/press/2007-04-03/index.htm NAACP Honors Congressman Conyers With 92nd Spingarn Medal], NAACP press release, April 3, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2008. *1980, she received the Martin Luther King Jr. Award. *1983, she was inducted into Michigan Women's Hall of Fame for her achievements in civil rights. *1990,\n**Parks was invited to be part of the group welcoming Nelson Mandela upon his release from prison in South Africa. **Parks was in attendance as part of Interstate 475 outside of Toledo, Ohio is named after Parks. *1992, she received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award along with Dr. Benjamin Spock and others at the Kennedy Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts. *1994, she received an honorary doctorate from Soka University in Tokyo, Japan. *1995, she received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award in Williamsburg, Virginia. *1996, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor given by the US executive branch.","Rosa Parks\n\n*1998, she was the first to receive the International Freedom Conductor Award given by the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. *1999,\n**she received the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest award given by the US legislative branch, the medal bears the legend \"Mother of the Modern Day Civil Rights Movement\"\n**she receives the Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival Freedom Award. **Time named Parks one of the 20 most influential and iconic figures of the 20th century. **President Bill Clinton honored her in his State of the Union address, saying, \"She's sitting down with the first lady tonight, and she may get up or not as she chooses.\" \n*2000,\n**her home state awarded her the Alabama Academy of Honor, \n**she receives the first Governor's Medal of Honor for Extraordinary Courage. **She was awarded two dozen honorary doctorates from universities worldwide\n**She is made an honorary member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. **the Rosa Parks Library and Museum on the campus of Troy University in Montgomery was dedicated to her. *2002,\n**scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Parks on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans. **A portion of the Interstate 10 freeway in Los Angeles is named in her honor. *2003, Bus No.","Rosa Parks\n\n2857 on which Parks was riding is restored and placed on display in The Henry Ford\n*2004, In the Los Angeles County MetroRail system, the Imperial Highway/Wilmington station, where the Blue Line connects with the Green Line, has been officially named the \"Rosa Parks Station\". *2005,\n**On October 30, 2005 President George W. Bush issued a proclamation ordering that all flags on U.S. public areas both within the country and abroad be flown at half-staff on the day of Parks' funeral. **Metro Transit in King County, Washington placed posters and stickers dedicating the first forward-facing seat of all its buses in Parks' memory shortly after her death,[http://transit.metrokc.gov/up/archives/2005/rosaparks.html \"Rosa Parks Honored on Metro Bus Fleet]\", King County Metro Online. Retrieved July 5, 2008. **the American Public Transportation Association declared December 1, 2005, the 50th anniversary of her arrest, to be a \"National Transit Tribute to Rosa Parks Day\". **On that anniversary, President George W. Bush signed , directing that a statue of Parks be placed in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall.","Rosa Parks\n\nIn signing the resolution directing the Joint Commission on the Library to do so, the President stated: \n**Portion of Interstate 96 in Detroit was renamed by the state legislature as the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway in December 2005. *2006,\n** At Super Bowl XL, played at Detroit's Ford Field, long-time Detroit residents Coretta Scott King and Parks were remembered and honored by a moment of silence. The Super Bowl was dedicated to their memory. Parks' nieces and nephews and Martin Luther King III joined the coin toss ceremonies, standing alongside former University of Michigan star Tom Brady who flipped the coin. **On February 14, Nassau County, New York Executive, Thomas Suozzi announced that the Hempstead Transit Center would be renamed the Rosa Parks Hempstead Transit Center in her honor. *2007, Nashville, Tennessee, renamed MetroCenter Boulevard (8th Avenue North) (US 41A and SR 12) in September 2007 as Rosa L. Parks Boulevard. *2009, On July 14, 2009, the Rosa Parks Transit Center opened in Detroit at the corner of Michigan and Cass Avenues. *2010, In Grand Rapids, Michigan, a plaza in the heart of the city is named Rosa Parks Circle.","Rosa Parks\n\n*2012, President Barack Obama visited the famous Rosa Parks bus at the Henry Ford Museum after an event in Dearborn, Michigan, April 18, 2012. *2012, A street in West Valley City, Utah (the state's second largest city), leading to the Utah Cultural Celebration Center was renamed Rosa Parks Drive. *2013,\n**On February 1, President Barack Obama proclaimed February 4, 2013, as the \"100th Anniversary of the Birth of Rosa Parks.\" He called \"upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate service, community, and education programs to honor Rosa Parks's enduring legacy.\" \n**On February 4, to celebrate Rosa Parks' 100th birthday, the Henry Ford Museum declared the day a \"National Day of Courage\" with 12 hours of virtual and on-site activities featuring nationally recognized speakers, musical and dramatic interpretative performances, a panel presentation of Rosa's Story and a reading of the tale Quiet Strength. The actual bus on which Rosa Parks sat was made available for the public to board and sit in the seat that Rosa Parks refused to give up.","Rosa Parks\n\n**On February 4, 2,000 birthday wishes gathered from people throughout the United States were transformed into 200 graphics messages at a celebration held on her 100th Birthday at the Davis Theater for the Performing Arts in Montgomery, Alabama. This was the 100th Birthday Wishes Project managed by the Rosa Parks Museum at Troy University and the Mobile Studio and was also a declared event by the Senate. **During both events the USPS unveiled a postage stamp in her honor. **On February 27, Parks became the first African American woman to have her likeness depicted in National Statuary Hall. The monument, created by sculptor Eugene Daub, is a part of the Capitol Art Collection among nine other females featured in the National Statuary Hall Collection. *2014, the asteroid (284996) Rosaparks was named after Rosa Parks. *2015, \n** the papers of Rosa Parks were cataloged into the Library of Congress, after years of a legal battle. **On December 13, the new Rosa Parks Railway Station opened in Paris."],"string":"[\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nRosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist, whom the United States Congress called \\\"the first lady of civil rights\\\" and \\\"the mother of the freedom movement\\\". Her birthday, February 4, and the day she was arrested, December 1, have both become Rosa Parks Day, commemorated in California and Missouri (February 4), and Ohio and Oregon (December 1).\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nOn December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order to give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation. Others had taken similar steps, including Bayard Rustin in 1942, Irene Morgan in 1946, Sarah Louise Keys in 1952, and the members of the ultimately successful Browder v. Gayle 1956 lawsuit (Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith) who were arrested in Montgomery for not giving up their bus seats months before Parks. NAACP organizers believed that Parks was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws, although eventually her case became bogged down in the state courts while the Browder v. Gayle case succeeded.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nParks' act of defiance and the Montgomery Bus Boycott became important symbols of the modern Civil Rights Movement. She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. She organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders, including Edgar Nixon, president of the local chapter of the NAACP; and Martin Luther King, Jr., a new minister in town who gained national prominence in the civil rights movement.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nAt the time, Parks was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. She had recently attended the Highlander Folk School, a Tennessee center for training activists for workers' rights and racial equality. She acted as a private citizen \\\"tired of giving in\\\". Although widely honored in later years, she also suffered for her act; she was fired from her job as a seamstress in a local department store, and received death threats for years afterwards. Her situation also opened doors.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nShortly after the boycott, she moved to Detroit, where she briefly found similar work. From 1965 to 1988 she served as secretary and receptionist to John Conyers, an African-American US Representative. She was also active in the Black Power movement and the support of political prisoners in the US.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nAfter retirement, Parks wrote her autobiography and lived a largely private life in Detroit. In her final years, she suffered from dementia. Parks received national recognition, including the NAACP's 1979 Spingarn Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal, and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. Upon her death in 2005, she was the first woman and third non-US government official to lie in honor at the Capitol Rotunda.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nEarly years\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nRosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913, to Leona (née Edwards), a teacher, and James McCauley, a carpenter. She was of African ancestry, though one of her great-grandfathers was Scots-Irish and one of her great-grandmothers was a slave of Native American descent. Webb, James. , Parade, October 3, 2004. Retrieved July 1, 2008. She was small as a child and suffered poor health with chronic tonsillitis. When her parents separated, she moved with her mother to Pine Level, just outside the state capital, Montgomery. She grew up on a farm with her maternal grandparents, mother, and younger brother Sylvester. They all were members of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), a century-old independent black denomination founded by free blacks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the early nineteenth century.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nMcCauley attended rural schools until the age of eleven. As a student at the Industrial School for Girls in Montgomery, she took academic and vocational courses. Parks went on to a laboratory school set up by the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes for secondary education, but dropped out in order to care for her grandmother and later her mother, after they became ill.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nAround the turn of the 20th century, the former Confederate states had adopted new constitutions and electoral laws that effectively disfranchised black voters and, in Alabama, many poor white voters as well. Under the white-established Jim Crow laws, passed after Democrats regained control of southern legislatures, racial segregation was imposed in public facilities and retail stores in the South, including public transportation. Bus and train companies enforced seating policies with separate sections for blacks and whites. School bus transportation was unavailable in any form for black schoolchildren in the South, and black education was always underfunded.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nParks recalled going to elementary school in Pine Level, where school buses took white students to their new school and black students had to walk to theirs:\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nI'd see the bus pass every day... But to me, that was a way of life; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and a white world.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nAlthough Parks' autobiography recounts early memories of the kindness of white strangers, she could not ignore the racism of her society. When the Ku Klux Klan marched down the street in front of their house, Parks recalls her grandfather guarding the front door with a shotgun. The Montgomery Industrial School, founded and staffed by white northerners for black children, was burned twice by arsonists. Its faculty was ostracized by the white community.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nRepeatedly bullied by white children in her neighborhood, Parks often fought back physically. She later said that \\\"As far back as I remember, I could never think in terms of accepting physical abuse without some form of retaliation if possible.\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn 1932, Rosa married Raymond Parks, a barber from Montgomery. He was a member of the NAACP, which at the time was collecting money to support the defense of the Scottsboro Boys, a group of black men falsely accused of raping two white women. Rosa took numerous jobs, ranging from domestic worker to hospital aide. At her husband's urging, she finished her high school studies in 1933, at a time when less than 7% of African Americans had a high school diploma. Despite the Jim Crow laws and discrimination by registrars, she succeeded in registering to vote on her third try.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn December 1943, Parks became active in the Civil Rights Movement, joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, and was elected secretary. She later said, \\\"I was the only woman there, and they needed a secretary, and I was too timid to say no.\\\" She continued as secretary until 1957. She worked for the local NAACP leader Edgar Nixon, even though he maintained that \\\"Women don't need to be nowhere but in the kitchen.\\\" When Parks asked \\\"Well, what about me?\\\", he replied \\\"I need a secretary and you are a good one.\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn 1944, in her capacity as secretary, she investigated the gang-rape of Recy Taylor, a black woman from Abbeville, Alabama. Parks and other civil rights activists organized the \\\"Committee for Equal Justice for Mrs. Recy Taylor\\\", launching what the Chicago Defender called \\\"the strongest campaign for equal justice to be seen in a decade.\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nAlthough never a member of the Communist Party, she attended meetings with her husband. The notorious Scottsboro case had been brought to prominence by the Communist Party.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn the 1940s, Parks and her husband were members of the Voters' League. Sometime soon after 1944, she held a brief job at Maxwell Air Force Base, which, despite its location in Montgomery, Alabama, did not permit racial segregation because it was federal property. She rode on its integrated trolley. Speaking to her biographer, Parks noted, \\\"You might just say Maxwell opened my eyes up.\\\" Parks worked as a housekeeper and seamstress for Clifford and Virginia Durr, a white couple. Politically liberal, the Durrs became her friends. They encouraged—and eventually helped sponsor—Parks in the summer of 1955 to attend the Highlander Folk School, an education center for activism in workers' rights and racial equality in Monteagle, Tennessee. There Parks was mentored by the veteran organizer Septima Clark.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn August 1955, black teenager Emmett Till was brutally murdered after reportedly flirting with a young white woman while visiting relatives in Mississippi.[http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2004/May/04_crt_311.htm \\\"Justice Department to Investigate 1955 Emmett Till Murder\\\"], United States Department of Justice, May 2004, accessed May 27, 2007. R. Alexander Acosta, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, states, \\\"This brutal murder and grotesque miscarriage of justice outraged a nation and helped galvanize support for the modern American civil rights movement.\\\" On November 27, 1955, Rosa Parks attended a mass meeting in Montgomery that addressed this case as well as the recent murders of the activists George W. Lee and Lamar Smith. The featured speaker was T. R. M. Howard, a black civil rights leader from Mississippi who headed the Regional Council of Negro Leadership. The discussions concerned actions blacks could take to gain respect for their rights.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nParks and the Montgomery bus boycott\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nMontgomery buses: law and prevailing customs\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn 1900, Montgomery had passed a city ordinance to segregate bus passengers by race. Conductors were empowered to assign seats to achieve that goal. According to the law, no passenger would be required to move or give up his seat and stand if the bus was crowded and no other seats were available. Over time and by custom, however, Montgomery bus drivers adopted the practice of requiring black riders to move when there were no white-only seats left.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nThe first four rows of seats on each Montgomery bus were reserved for whites. Buses had \\\"colored\\\" sections for black people generally in the rear of the bus, although blacks composed more than 75% of the ridership. The sections were not fixed but were determined by placement of a movable sign. Black people could sit in the middle rows until the white section filled; if more whites needed seats, blacks were to move to seats in the rear, stand, or, if there was no room, leave the bus. Black people could not sit across the aisle in the same row as white people. The driver could move the \\\"colored\\\" section sign, or remove it altogether. If white people were already sitting in the front, black people had to board at the front to pay the fare, then disembark and reenter through the rear door.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nFor years, the black community had complained that the situation was unfair. Parks said, \\\"My resisting being mistreated on the bus did not begin with that particular arrest...I did a lot of walking in Montgomery.\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nOne day in 1943, Parks boarded the bus and paid the fare. She then moved to her seat but driver James F. Blake told her to follow city rules and enter the bus again from the back door. Parks exited the vehicle and waited for the next bus, determined never to ride with Blake again.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nHer refusal to move\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nAfter working all day, Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus, a General Motors Old Look bus belonging to the Montgomery City Lines, around 6 p.m., Thursday, December 1, 1955, in downtown Montgomery. She paid her fare and sat in an empty seat in the first row of back seats reserved for blacks in the \\\"colored\\\" section. Near the middle of the bus, her row was directly behind the ten seats reserved for white passengers. Initially, she did not notice that the bus driver was the same man, James F. Blake, who had left her in the rain in 1943. As the bus traveled along its regular route, all of the white-only seats in the bus filled up. The bus reached the third stop in front of the Empire Theater, and several white passengers boarded. Blake noted that two or three white passengers were standing, as the front of the bus had filled to capacity. He moved the \\\"colored\\\" section sign behind Parks and demanded that four black people give up their seats in the middle section so that the white passengers could sit.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nYears later, in recalling the events of the day, Parks said, \\\"When that white driver stepped back toward us, when he waved his hand and ordered us up and out of our seats, I felt a determination to cover my body like a quilt on a winter night.\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nBy Parks' account, Blake said, \\\"Y'all better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats.\\\" linked at Three of them complied. Parks said, \\\"The driver wanted us to stand up, the four of us. We didn't move at the beginning, but he says, 'Let me have these seats.' And the other three people moved, but I didn't.\\\"[http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/10/24/parks.obit/ \\\"Civil rights icon Rosa Parks dies at 92\\\"], CNN, October 25, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2008. The black man sitting next to her gave up his seat.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nParks moved, but toward the window seat; she did not get up to move to the redesignated colored section.Audio interview of Parks linked from [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\n4973548&sourceCode=gaw \\\"Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies\\\"], National Public Radio, October 25, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2008. Parks later said about being asked to move to the rear of the bus, \\\"I thought of Emmett Till and I just couldn't go back.\\\" Blake said, \\\"Why don't you stand up?\\\" Parks responded, \\\"I don't think I should have to stand up.\\\" Blake called the police to arrest Parks. When recalling the incident for Eyes on the Prize, a 1987 public television series on the Civil Rights Movement, Parks said, \\\"When he saw me still sitting, he asked if I was going to stand up, and I said, 'No, I'm not.' And he said, 'Well, if you don't stand up, I'm going to have to call the police and have you arrested.' I said, 'You may do that.'\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nDuring a 1956 radio interview with Sydney Rogers in West Oakland several months after her arrest, Parks said she had decided, \\\"I would have to know for once and for all what rights I had as a human being and a citizen.\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn her autobiography, My Story she said:\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nWhen Parks refused to give up her seat, a police officer arrested her. As the officer took her away, she recalled that she asked, \\\"Why do you push us around?\\\" She remembered him saying, \\\"I don't know, but the law's the law, and you're under arrest.\\\" She later said, \\\"I only knew that, as I was being arrested, that it was the very last time that I would ever ride in humiliation of this kind...\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nParks was charged with a violation of Chapter 6, Section 11 segregation law of the Montgomery City code, although technically she had not taken a white-only seat; she had been in a colored section. Edgar Nixon, president of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP and leader of the Pullman Porters Union, and her friend Clifford Durr bailed Parks out of jail the next evening.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nThe boycott\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nNixon conferred with Jo Ann Robinson, an Alabama State College professor and member of the Women's Political Council (WPC), about the Parks case. Robinson believed it important to seize the opportunity and stayed up all night mimeographing over 35,000 handbills announcing a bus boycott. The Women's Political Council was the first group to officially endorse the boycott.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nOn Sunday, December 4, 1955, plans for the Montgomery Bus Boycott were announced at black churches in the area, and a front-page article in the Montgomery Advertiser helped spread the word. At a church rally that night, those attending agreed unanimously to continue the boycott until they were treated with the level of courtesy they expected, until black drivers were hired, and until seating in the middle of the bus was handled on a first-come basis.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nThe next day, Parks was tried on charges of disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance. The trial lasted 30 minutes. After being found guilty and fined $10, plus $4 in court costs, Parks appealed her conviction and formally challenged the legality of racial segregation. In a 1992 interview with National Public Radio's Lynn Neary, Parks recalled:\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nOn the day of Parks' trial — December 5, 1955 — the WPC distributed the 35,000 leaflets. The handbill read,\\nWe are...asking every Negro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trial ... You can afford to stay out of school for one day. If you work, take a cab, or walk. But please, children and grown-ups, don't ride the bus at all on Monday. Please stay off the buses Monday.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIt rained that day, but the black community persevered in their boycott. Some rode in carpools, while others traveled in black-operated cabs that charged the same fare as the bus, 10 cents. Most of the remainder of the 40,000 black commuters walked, some as far as 20 mi.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nThat evening after the success of the one-day boycott, a group of 16 to 18 people gathered at the Mt. Zion AME Zion Church to discuss boycott strategies. At that time Parks was introduced but not asked to speak, despite a standing ovation and calls from the crowd for her to speak; when she asked if she should say something, the reply was, \\\"Why, you've said enough.\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nThe group agreed that a new organization was needed to lead the boycott effort if it were to continue. Rev. Ralph Abernathy suggested the name \\\"Montgomery Improvement Association\\\" (MIA). The name was adopted, and the MIA was formed. Its members elected as their president Martin Luther King, Jr., a relative newcomer to Montgomery, who was a young and mostly unknown minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nThat Monday night, 50 leaders of the African-American community gathered to discuss actions to respond to Parks' arrest. Edgar Nixon, the president of the NAACP, said, \\\"My God, look what segregation has put in my hands!\\\" Parks was considered the ideal plaintiff for a test case against city and state segregation laws, as she was seen as a responsible, mature woman with a good reputation. She was securely married and employed, was regarded as possessing a quiet and dignified demeanor, and was politically savvy. King said that Parks was regarded as \\\"one of the finest citizens of Montgomery—not one of the finest Negro citizens, but one of the finest citizens of Montgomery.\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nParks' court case was being slowed down in appeals through the Alabama courts on their way to a Federal appeal and the process could have taken years. Holding together a boycott for that length of time would have been a great strain. In the end, black residents of Montgomery continued the boycott for 381 days. Dozens of public buses stood idle for months, severely damaging the bus transit company's finances, until the city repealed its law requiring segregation on public buses following the US Supreme Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle that it was unconstitutional. Parks was not included as a plaintiff in the Browder decision because the attorney Fred Gray concluded the courts would perceive they were attempting to circumvent her prosecution on her charges working their way through the Alabama state court system.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nParks played an important part in raising international awareness of the plight of African Americans and the civil rights struggle. King wrote in his 1958 book Stride Toward Freedom that Parks' arrest was the catalyst rather than the cause of the protest: \\\"The cause lay deep in the record of similar injustices.\\\" He wrote, \\\"Actually, no one can understand the action of Mrs. Parks unless he realizes that eventually the cup of endurance runs over, and the human personality cries out, 'I can take it no longer.'\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nDetroit years\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\n1960s\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nAfter her arrest, Parks became an icon of the Civil Rights Movement but suffered hardships as a result. Due to economic sanctions used against activists, she lost her job at the department store. Her husband quit his job after his boss forbade him to talk about his wife or the legal case. Parks traveled and spoke extensively about the issues.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn 1957, Raymond and Rosa Parks left Montgomery for Hampton, Virginia; mostly because she was unable to find work. She also disagreed with King and other leaders of Montgomery's struggling civil rights movement about how to proceed, and was constantly receiving death threats. In Hampton, she found a job as a hostess in an inn at Hampton Institute, a historically black college.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nLater that year, at the urging of her brother and sister-in-law in Detroit, Sylvester and Daisy McCauley, Rosa and Raymond Parks and her mother moved north to join them. The City of Detroit attempted to cultivate a progressive reputation, but Parks encountered numerous signs of discrimination against African-Americans. Schools were effectively segregated, and services in black neighborhoods substandard. In 1964, Mrs. Parks told an interviewer that, \\\"I don't feel a great deal of difference here...Housing segregation is just as bad, and it seems more noticeable in the larger cities.\\\" She regularly participated in the movement for open and fair housing.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nParks rendered crucial assistance in the first campaign for Congress by John Conyers. She persuaded Martin Luther King (who was generally reluctant to endorse local candidates) to appear with Conyers, thereby boosting the novice candidate's profile. When Conyers was elected, he hired her as a secretary and receptionist for his congressional office in Detroit. She held this position until she retired in 1988. In a telephone interview with CNN on October 24, 2005, Conyers recalled, \\\"You treated her with deference because she was so quiet, so serene — just a very special person ... There was only one Rosa Parks.\\\" Doing much of the daily constituent work for Conyers, Parks often focused on socio-economic issues including welfare, education, job discrimination, and affordable housing. She visited schools, hospitals, senior citizen facilities, and other community meetings and kept Conyers grounded in community concerns and activism.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nParks participated in activism nationally during the mid-1960s, traveling to support the Selma-to-Montgomery Marches, the Freedom Now Party, and the Lowndes County Freedom Organization. She also befriended Malcolm X, who she regarded as a personal hero.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nLike many Detroit blacks, Mrs. Parks remained particularly concerned about housing issues. She herself lived in a neighborhood, Virginia Park, which had been compromised by highway construction and urban renewal. By 1962, these policies had destroyed 10,000 structures in Detroit, displacing 43,096 people, 70 percent of them African-American. Parks lived just a mile from the epicenter of the riot that took place in Detroit in 1967, and she considered housing discrimination a major factor that provoked the disorder.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn the aftermath Mrs. Parks collaborated with members of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers and the Republic of New Afrika in raising awareness of police abuse during the conflict. She served on a \\\"people's tribunal\\\" investigating the killing of three young men in what was known as the Algiers Hotel Incident. She also helped form the Virginia Park district council to help rebuild the area. The council facilitated the building of the only black-owned shopping center in the country. Parks took part in the black power movement, attending the Philadelphia Black Power conference, and the Black Political Convention in Gary, Indiana. She also supported and visited the Black Panther school in Oakland.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\n1970s\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn the 1970s, Parks organized for the freedom of political prisoners in the United States, particularly cases involving issues of self-defense. She helped found the Joann Little Defense Committee, and also worked in support of Gary Tyler. Little soon became the first woman in United States history to be acquitted under the defense that she used deadly force to resist sexual assault. Gary Tyler has not been freed, but before Parks' death was recognized as a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nThe 1970s were a decade of loss for Parks in her personal life. Her family was plagued with illness; she and her husband had suffered stomach ulcers for years and both required hospitalization. In spite of her fame and constant speaking engagements, Parks was not a wealthy woman. She donated most of the money from speaking to civil rights causes, and lived on her staff salary and her husband's pension. Medical bills and time missed from work caused financial strain that required her to accept assistance from church groups and admirers.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nHer husband died of throat cancer on August 19, 1977 and her brother, her only sibling, died of cancer that November. Her personal ordeals caused her to become removed from the civil rights movement. She learned from a newspaper of the death of Fannie Lou Hamer, once a close friend. Parks suffered two broken bones in a fall on an icy sidewalk, an injury which caused considerable and recurring pain. She decided to move with her mother into an apartment for senior citizens. There she nursed her mother Leona through the final stages of cancer and geriatric dementia until she died in 1979 at the age of 92.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nFinal years\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn 1980, Parks—widowed and without immediate family—rededicated herself to civil rights and educational organizations. She co-founded the Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation for college-bound high school seniors, to which she donated most of her speaker fees. In February 1987 she co-founded, with Elaine Eason Steele, the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, an institute that runs the \\\"Pathways to Freedom\\\" bus tours which introduce young people to important civil rights and Underground Railroad sites throughout the country. Parks also served on the Board of Advocates of Planned Parenthood. Though her health declined as she entered her seventies, Parks continued to make many appearances and devoted considerable energy to these causes.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn 1992, Parks published Rosa Parks: My Story, an autobiography aimed at younger readers, which recounts her life leading to her decision to keep her seat on the bus. A few years later, she published Quiet Strength (1995), her memoir, which focuses on her faith.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nOn August 30, 1994, Joseph Skipper, an African-American drug addict, entered her home to rob it and attacked the 81-year-old Parks. The incident sparked outrage throughout the United States. After his arrest, Skipper said that he had not known he was in Parks' home but recognized her after entering. Skipper asked, \\\"Hey, aren't you Rosa Parks?\\\" to which she replied, \\\"Yes.\\\" She handed him $3 when he demanded money and an additional $50 when he demanded more. Before fleeing, Skipper struck Parks in the face. Skipper was arrested and charged with various breaking and entering offenses against Parks and other neighborhood victims. He admitted guilt and, on August 8, 1995, was sentenced to eight to 15 years in prison.\\\"Man Gets Prison Term For Attack on Rosa Parks\\\", San Francisco Chronicle, August 8, 1995. Suffering anxiety upon returning to her small central Detroit house following the ordeal, Parks moved into Riverfront Towers, a secure high-rise apartment building where she lived for the rest of her life.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn 1994 the Ku Klux Klan applied to sponsor a portion of United States Interstate 55 in St. Louis County and Jefferson County, Missouri, near St. Louis, for cleanup (which allowed them to have signs stating that this section of highway was maintained by the organization). Since the state could not refuse the KKK's sponsorship, the Missouri legislature voted to name the highway section the \\\"Rosa Parks Highway\\\". When asked how she felt about this honor, she is reported to have commented, \\\"It is always nice to be thought of.\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn 1999 Parks filmed a cameo appearance for the television series Touched by an Angel. It was her last appearance on film; health problems made her increasingly an invalid.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn 2002 Parks received an eviction notice from her $1800 per month apartment due to non-payment of rent. Parks was incapable of managing her own financial affairs by this time due to age-related physical and mental decline. Her rent was paid from a collection taken by Hartford Memorial Baptist Church in Detroit. When her rent became delinquent and her impending eviction was highly publicized in 2004, executives of the ownership company announced they had forgiven the back rent and would allow Parks, by then 91 and in extremely poor health, to live rent free in the building for the remainder of her life. Her heirs and various interest organizations alleged at the time that her financial affairs had been mismanaged.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn popular culture\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\n*In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Parks's name and picture. *The Neville Brothers recorded a song about Parks called \\\"Sister Rosa\\\" on their 1989 album Yellow Moon. A music video for the song was also made. *The song \\\"Daybreak\\\" from The Stone Roses' 1994 album Second Coming pays tribute to Parks with the line \\\"Sister Rosa Lee Parks / Love forever her name in your heart\\\". *In March 1999, Parks filed a lawsuit (Rosa Parks v. LaFace Records) against American hip-hop duo OutKast and their record company, claiming that the duo's song \\\"Rosa Parks\\\", the most successful radio single of their 1998 album Aquemini, had used her name without permission. The lawsuit was settled on April 15, 2005 (six months and nine days before Parks' death); OutKast, their producer and record labels paid Parks an undisclosed cash settlement. They also agreed to work with the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute to create educational programs about the life of Rosa Parks. The record label and OutKast admitted to no wrongdoing. Responsibility for the payment of legal fees was not disclosed.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\n*The documentary Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks (2001) received a 2002 nomination for Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. She collaborated on a TV movie of her life, The Rosa Parks Story (2002), starring Angela Bassett. *The film Barbershop (2002) featured a barber, played by Cedric the Entertainer, arguing with others that other African Americans before Parks had been active in bus integration, but she was renowned as an NAACP secretary. The activists Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton launched a boycott against the film, contending it was \\\"disrespectful\\\", but NAACP president Kweisi Mfume stated he thought the controversy was \\\"overblown.\\\" Parks was offended and boycotted the NAACP 2003 Image Awards ceremony, which Cedric hosted. *Grime musician Skepta's track \\\"Shutdown\\\" includes the lyrics \\\"Sittin' at the front, just like Rosa Parks\\\".\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nDeath and funeral\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nParks resided in Detroit until she died of natural causes at the age of 92 on October 24, 2005, in her apartment on the east side of the city. She and her husband never had children and she outlived her only sibling. She was survived by her sister-in-law (Raymond's sister), 13 nieces and nephews and their families, and several cousins, most of them residents of Michigan or Alabama.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nCity officials in Montgomery and Detroit announced on October 27, 2005, that the front seats of their city buses would be reserved with black ribbons in honor of Parks until her funeral. Parks' coffin was flown to Montgomery and taken in a horse-drawn hearse to the St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church, where she lay in repose at the altar on October 29, 2005, dressed in the uniform of a church deaconess. A memorial service was held there the following morning. One of the speakers, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, said that if it had not been for Parks, she would probably have never become the Secretary of State. In the evening the casket was transported to Washington, D.C. and transported by a bus similar to the one in which she made her protest, to lie in honor in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nSince the founding in 1852 of the practice of lying in state in the rotunda, Parks was the 31st person, the first American who had not been a U.S. government official, and the second private person (after the French planner Pierre L'Enfant) to be honored in this way. She was the first woman and the second black person to lie in state in the Capitol. [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/LyingState.pdf Memorial or Funeral Services in the Capitol Rotunda], senate.gov (United States Senate); content cited to Architect of the Capitol. Accessed . An estimated 50,000 people viewed the casket there, and the event was broadcast on television on October 31, 2005. A memorial service was held that afternoon at Metropolitan AME Church in Washington, DC.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nWith her body and casket returned to Detroit, for two days, Parks lay in repose at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History. Her funeral service was seven hours long and was held on November 2, 2005, at the Greater Grace Temple Church in Detroit. After the service, an honor guard from the Michigan National Guard laid the U.S. flag over the casket and carried it to a horse-drawn hearse, which was intended to carry it, in daylight, to the cemetery. As the hearse passed the thousands of people who were viewing the procession, many clapped, cheered loudly and released white balloons. Parks was interred between her husband and mother at Detroit's Woodlawn Cemetery in the chapel's mausoleum. The chapel was renamed the Rosa L. Parks Freedom Chapel in her honor.Esparza, Santiago. \\\"Parks to remain private in death\\\", Detroit News, November 3, 2005. . Retrieved July 5, 2008. Parks had previously prepared and placed a headstone on the selected location with the inscription \\\"Rosa L. Parks, wife, 1913–.\\\"\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nLegacy and honors\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\n*1976, Detroit renamed 12th Street \\\"Rosa Parks Boulevard.\\\" \\n*1979, the NAACP awarded Parks the Spingarn Medal,[http://www.naacp.org/index.php/pages/spingarn-medal-winners Springarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today], NAACP, no date but list goes through 2010. Accessed . its highest honor,[http://www.naacp.org/news/press/2007-04-03/index.htm NAACP Honors Congressman Conyers With 92nd Spingarn Medal], NAACP press release, April 3, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2008. *1980, she received the Martin Luther King Jr. Award. *1983, she was inducted into Michigan Women's Hall of Fame for her achievements in civil rights. *1990,\\n**Parks was invited to be part of the group welcoming Nelson Mandela upon his release from prison in South Africa. **Parks was in attendance as part of Interstate 475 outside of Toledo, Ohio is named after Parks. *1992, she received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award along with Dr. Benjamin Spock and others at the Kennedy Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts. *1994, she received an honorary doctorate from Soka University in Tokyo, Japan. *1995, she received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award in Williamsburg, Virginia. *1996, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor given by the US executive branch.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\n*1998, she was the first to receive the International Freedom Conductor Award given by the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. *1999,\\n**she received the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest award given by the US legislative branch, the medal bears the legend \\\"Mother of the Modern Day Civil Rights Movement\\\"\\n**she receives the Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival Freedom Award. **Time named Parks one of the 20 most influential and iconic figures of the 20th century. **President Bill Clinton honored her in his State of the Union address, saying, \\\"She's sitting down with the first lady tonight, and she may get up or not as she chooses.\\\" \\n*2000,\\n**her home state awarded her the Alabama Academy of Honor, \\n**she receives the first Governor's Medal of Honor for Extraordinary Courage. **She was awarded two dozen honorary doctorates from universities worldwide\\n**She is made an honorary member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. **the Rosa Parks Library and Museum on the campus of Troy University in Montgomery was dedicated to her. *2002,\\n**scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Parks on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans. **A portion of the Interstate 10 freeway in Los Angeles is named in her honor. *2003, Bus No.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\n2857 on which Parks was riding is restored and placed on display in The Henry Ford\\n*2004, In the Los Angeles County MetroRail system, the Imperial Highway/Wilmington station, where the Blue Line connects with the Green Line, has been officially named the \\\"Rosa Parks Station\\\". *2005,\\n**On October 30, 2005 President George W. Bush issued a proclamation ordering that all flags on U.S. public areas both within the country and abroad be flown at half-staff on the day of Parks' funeral. **Metro Transit in King County, Washington placed posters and stickers dedicating the first forward-facing seat of all its buses in Parks' memory shortly after her death,[http://transit.metrokc.gov/up/archives/2005/rosaparks.html \\\"Rosa Parks Honored on Metro Bus Fleet]\\\", King County Metro Online. Retrieved July 5, 2008. **the American Public Transportation Association declared December 1, 2005, the 50th anniversary of her arrest, to be a \\\"National Transit Tribute to Rosa Parks Day\\\". **On that anniversary, President George W. Bush signed , directing that a statue of Parks be placed in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\nIn signing the resolution directing the Joint Commission on the Library to do so, the President stated: \\n**Portion of Interstate 96 in Detroit was renamed by the state legislature as the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway in December 2005. *2006,\\n** At Super Bowl XL, played at Detroit's Ford Field, long-time Detroit residents Coretta Scott King and Parks were remembered and honored by a moment of silence. The Super Bowl was dedicated to their memory. Parks' nieces and nephews and Martin Luther King III joined the coin toss ceremonies, standing alongside former University of Michigan star Tom Brady who flipped the coin. **On February 14, Nassau County, New York Executive, Thomas Suozzi announced that the Hempstead Transit Center would be renamed the Rosa Parks Hempstead Transit Center in her honor. *2007, Nashville, Tennessee, renamed MetroCenter Boulevard (8th Avenue North) (US 41A and SR 12) in September 2007 as Rosa L. Parks Boulevard. *2009, On July 14, 2009, the Rosa Parks Transit Center opened in Detroit at the corner of Michigan and Cass Avenues. *2010, In Grand Rapids, Michigan, a plaza in the heart of the city is named Rosa Parks Circle.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\n*2012, President Barack Obama visited the famous Rosa Parks bus at the Henry Ford Museum after an event in Dearborn, Michigan, April 18, 2012. *2012, A street in West Valley City, Utah (the state's second largest city), leading to the Utah Cultural Celebration Center was renamed Rosa Parks Drive. *2013,\\n**On February 1, President Barack Obama proclaimed February 4, 2013, as the \\\"100th Anniversary of the Birth of Rosa Parks.\\\" He called \\\"upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate service, community, and education programs to honor Rosa Parks's enduring legacy.\\\" \\n**On February 4, to celebrate Rosa Parks' 100th birthday, the Henry Ford Museum declared the day a \\\"National Day of Courage\\\" with 12 hours of virtual and on-site activities featuring nationally recognized speakers, musical and dramatic interpretative performances, a panel presentation of Rosa's Story and a reading of the tale Quiet Strength. The actual bus on which Rosa Parks sat was made available for the public to board and sit in the seat that Rosa Parks refused to give up.\",\n \"Rosa Parks\\n\\n**On February 4, 2,000 birthday wishes gathered from people throughout the United States were transformed into 200 graphics messages at a celebration held on her 100th Birthday at the Davis Theater for the Performing Arts in Montgomery, Alabama. This was the 100th Birthday Wishes Project managed by the Rosa Parks Museum at Troy University and the Mobile Studio and was also a declared event by the Senate. **During both events the USPS unveiled a postage stamp in her honor. **On February 27, Parks became the first African American woman to have her likeness depicted in National Statuary Hall. The monument, created by sculptor Eugene Daub, is a part of the Capitol Art Collection among nine other females featured in the National Statuary Hall Collection. *2014, the asteroid (284996) Rosaparks was named after Rosa Parks. *2015, \\n** the papers of Rosa Parks were cataloged into the Library of Congress, after years of a legal battle. **On December 13, the new Rosa Parks Railway Station opened in Paris.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":136694,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_1557"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who on featured on the 2 dollar bill?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Thomas Jefferson"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["t jefferson","jefferson thomas","president jefferson","tomas jefferson","thomas jefforson","sage of monticello","thomas jeffersson","third president of united states","tom jefferson","jefferson administration","president thomas jefferson","thomasjefferson","thomas jefferson first inaugural address","thomas jefferson","3rd president of united states","thomas jefferson second inaugural address"],"string":"[\n \"t jefferson\",\n \"jefferson thomas\",\n \"president jefferson\",\n \"tomas jefferson\",\n \"thomas jefforson\",\n \"sage of monticello\",\n \"thomas jeffersson\",\n \"third president of united states\",\n \"tom jefferson\",\n \"jefferson administration\",\n \"president thomas jefferson\",\n \"thomasjefferson\",\n \"thomas jefferson first inaugural address\",\n \"thomas jefferson\",\n \"3rd president of united states\",\n \"thomas jefferson second inaugural address\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["United States two-dollar bill\n\nThe United States two-dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. The third U.S. President (1801–09), Thomas Jefferson, is featured on the obverse of the note. The reverse features a reproduction of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull. Throughout the $2 bill's pre-1929 life as a large-sized note, it was issued as a United States Note, National Bank Note, silver certificate, and Treasury or \"Coin\" Note. When U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. Production went on until 1966, when the series was discontinued. Ten years went by before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design. $2 bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand. This comparative scarcity in circulation, coupled with a lack of public knowledge that the bill is still in production and circulation, has also inspired urban legends and occasionally has created problems for people trying to use the bill to make purchases.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nDenomination overview","United States two-dollar bill\n\nThe denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first used in March 1862. The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue all two dollar United States Notes from production. The $2 bill initially was not reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued; the Treasury Department cited the $2 bill's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination. In 1976 production of the two-dollar denomination was resumed and the two-dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note, with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello. It has remained a current denomination since then.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nIt was estimated that if the two-dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one-dollar bills in circulation, the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ($ adjusted for inflation) over the period from 1976 to 1981, due to reduced production, storage, and shipping costs.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nHowever, due to its limited use, two-dollar bills are not frequently reissued in a new series like other denominations which are printed according to demand. Though some cash registers accommodate it, its slot is often used for things like checks and rolls of coins. Some bill acceptors found in vending machines, self checkout lanes, and other automated kiosks are configured to accommodate two-dollar bills, even if the fact is not stated on the label. Although they usually are not handed out arbitrarily, two-dollar bills are usually available at banks. Many banks stocking $2 bills will not use them except upon specific request by the customer, and even then, may cause a delay with a trip to the vault.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nRarity","United States two-dollar bill\n\nThe seeming rarity of a $2 bill can be attributed to its low printing numbers as a Federal Reserve Note. Hoarding of the series due to lack of public knowledge of the $2 bill has resulted in very few bills seen in circulation. After its initial release, supplies of the Series 1976 $2 bill were allowed to dwindle until August 1996 when a new series dated 1995 finally began to be printed. This series however, was only printed for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nToday, there is a common misconception by the general public that the $2 bill is no longer in production. According to the Treasury, it \"receives many letters asking why the $2 bill is no longer in circulation\". In response, the Treasury stated: \"The $2 bill remains one of our circulating currency denominations... As of April 30, 2007 there were $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills in circulation worldwide.\"","United States two-dollar bill\n\nAnother popular misconception is that the average $2 bill is worth more than its face value, an exception to this would be if the two dollar bill carries a premium on the collector market. Things such as unusual serial numbers (example: A11111111A), and replacement notes designated by a star can raise the collector value. \"Collectible\" $2 bills have been made and sold by coin dealers and others in recent years merely by adding special graphics with a computer printer. However, they are not authorized by the BEP and are not worth anything more than face value on the collectors' market.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nCertain conventions and tourism/convention bureaus capitalize on the rarity of $2 bills in circulation, encouraging convention attendees and tourists to spend $2 bills in order to illustrate to the host communities the economic impact that the conventions and tourism bring. Sometimes known as \"SpendTom\" campaigns, the $2 bills linger in the community as a constant reminder. Some campaigns encourage people to participate in a hunt for the bills in order to win prizes.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nHistory","United States two-dollar bill\n\nLarge size notes","United States two-dollar bill\n\n( 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)","United States two-dollar bill\n\nIn March 1862, the first $2 bill was issued as a Legal Tender Note (United States Note) with a portrait of Alexander Hamilton; the portrait of Hamilton used was a profile view and is unlike the portrait used currently for the $10 bill.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nBy 1869, the $2 United States Note was redesigned with the now familiar portrait of Thomas Jefferson to the left and a vignette of the United States Capitol in the center of the obverse. This note also featured green tinting on the top and left side of the obverse. Although this note is technically a United States Note, appeared on it instead of . The reverse was completely redesigned. This series was again revised in 1874, changes on the obverse included removing the green tinting, adding a red floral design around , and changing the term to . The 1874 design was also issued as Series of 1875 and 1878 and by 1880 the red floral design around on the United States Note was removed and the serial numbers were changed to blue. This note with the red floral design was also issued as Series of 1917 but with red serial numbers by that time.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nNational Bank Notes were issued in 1875 and feature a woman unfurling a flag and a big 2 (Lazy Duce) on the obverse, the reverse has the king of England smoking tobacco and an eagle with a shield.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nIn 1886, the first $2 silver certificate with a portrait of United States Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock on the left of the obverse was issued. This design went on until 1891 when a new $2 Silver Certificate was issued with a portrait of U.S. Treasury Secretary William Windom in the center of the obverse.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nTwo-dollar Treasury or \"Coin Notes\" were first issued for government purchases of silver bullion in 1890 from the silver mining industry. The reverse featured large wording of in the center and a numeral 2 to the right surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note. In 1891 the reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too \"busy\" which would make it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nIn 1896, the \"Educational Series\" Silver Certificate was issued. The entire obverse of the note was covered in artwork with an allegorical figure of science presenting steam and electricity to commerce and manufacture. The reverse of the note featured portraits of Robert Fulton and Samuel F. B. Morse surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note.\nBy 1899, however, The $2 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a small portrait of George Washington surrounded by allegorical figures representing agriculture and mechanics.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nThe only large-sized, Federal Reserve Note–like $2 bill was issued in 1918 as a Federal Reserve Bank Note. Each note was an obligation of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank. The obverse of the note featured a border-less portrait of Thomas Jefferson to left and wording in the entire center. The reverse featured a World War I battleship.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nSmall size notes","United States two-dollar bill\n\n(6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm)","United States two-dollar bill\n\n1928–1966","United States two-dollar bill\n\nIn 1928, when all U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. The obverse featured a cropped version of Thomas Jefferson's portrait that had been on previous $2 bills. The reverse featured Jefferson's home, Monticello. The note's seal and serial numbers were red. The Series of 1928 $2 bill featured the treasury seal superimposed by the United States Note obligation to the left and a large gray to the right.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nIn 1953 the $2 bill received minor design changes analogous to the $5 United States Note. The treasury seal was made smaller and moved to the right side of the bill; it was superimposed over the gray word . The United States Note obligation now became superimposed over a gray numeral 2. The reverse remained unchanged.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nThe final change to $2 United States Notes came in 1963 when the motto was added to the reverse over the Monticello. \nAnd, because dollar bills were soon to no longer be redeemable in silver, was removed from the obverse. These $2 bills were officially discontinued in August 1966, although remain legal tender.","United States two-dollar bill\n\n1976–present","United States two-dollar bill\n\nOn April 13, 1976, the Treasury Department reintroduced the $2 bill as a cost-saving measure. Series 1976 $2 bills were redesigned and issued as a Federal Reserve Note. The obverse design remains basically unchanged since 1928 and features the same portrait of Jefferson. A green treasury seal and serial numbers replace the red used on the previous United States Notes. Since the reissue of the bill coincided with the United States Bicentennial, it was decided to use a bicentennial themed design on the reverse. An engraved rendition of John Trumbull's The Declaration of Independence replaced Monticello on the reverse. First day issues of the new $2 bills could be taken to a post office and stamped with the date \"APR 13 1976\". In all, 590,720,000 notes from Series 1976 were printed.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nIn 1996 and 1997, 153,600,000 bills were printed as Series 1995 for the Federal Reserve District of Atlanta. In 2004, 121,600,000 of the Series 2003 bills were printed for the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank. An issue of Series 2003A $2 bills was printed from July to September 2006 for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks. In all, 220,800,000 notes were printed.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nIn February 2012, the B.E.P. printed 512,000 Series 2009 $2 Star Notes, in anticipation of more regular runs being printed later in 2012. Series 2009 $2 bills were issued to banks during the summer of 2012.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nIn November 2013, the B.E.P. began printing series 2013 $2 bills for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta; these notes entered circulation in early 2014. A total of 44,800,000 notes were ordered for fiscal year 2014, which ran from October 2013 through September 2014.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nSeries dates","United States two-dollar bill\n\nLarge size","United States two-dollar bill\n\nSmall size","United States two-dollar bill\n\nThese are sourced by The Official Red Book (Whitman).","United States two-dollar bill\n\nUsage","United States two-dollar bill\n\nOver 4.3 million $2 bills are entered at the American currency-tracking Web site Where's George? Because $2 bills are uncommon in daily use, their use can make a particular group of spenders visible. A documented case of using two-dollar bills to send a message to a community is the case of Geneva Steel and the communities in surrounding Utah County. In 1989, Geneva Steel paid its employee bonuses in $2 bills. When the bills began to appear in different places, people recognized the importance of the company to the local economy.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nUse of the two-dollar bill is also being suggested by some gun rights activists to show support for Second Amendment rights, particularly at stores that allow Open Carry or Concealed carry of weapons on their premises. Two dollar notes have also seen increased usage in situations where tipping is encouraged, especially in strip clubs. This is due to the idea that tips will increase because of the ease of use of a single, higher-denomination bill as the lowest common note in use.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nUncut currency sheets","United States two-dollar bill\n\nUncut currency sheets are available from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Some of the recent $2 uncut sheets from Series 1995 and Series 2003 have indeed been collectibles as they come from special non-circulation printings. Most of the Series 1995 $2 uncut sheets had a higher suffix letter in the serial number than regular circulation $2 bills. Uncut $2 sheets from Series 2003 were printed for the Boston (A), New York (B), Atlanta (F), Chicago (G), Minneapolis (I), and Dallas (K) Federal Reserve Districts despite the fact that notes from the Minneapolis district were the only ones released for circulation. Uncut sheets of Series 2003A have also been produced, although in this case circulating currency for all districts has also been made. All two dollar bills beginning with Series 1995 have been printed in the BEP facility in Fort Worth, Texas.","United States two-dollar bill\n\nUncut sheets of $2 bills are available in various sizes. A 32-subject sheet, which is the original size sheet on which the notes are printed, is available. Other sheet sizes available have been cut from the original 32-subject sheet. These include half (16-note), quarter (8-note), and eighth (4-note) sheets for $2 bills. Uncut sheets are sold for more than their respective face values. \nUncut sheets of large size notes (issued before 1928) also exist, but are extremely rare.","United States dollar\n\nThe United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units. The circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes.","United States dollar\n\nThe U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use only the U.S. dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar.","United States dollar\n\nOverview","United States dollar\n\nArticle I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power \"To coin money\". Laws implementing this power are currently codified at . Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued. These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as \"legal tender\" in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar. The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins, which have values ranging from one cent to 50 dollars. These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar.","United States dollar\n\nThe Constitution provides that \"a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time\". That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the \"Statements\" are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars (for example, see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government). The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States.","United States dollar\n\nThe word \"dollar\" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution. There, \"dollars\" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress passed a Coinage Act. Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including \"DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver\". Section 20 of the act provided, \"That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation\". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.","United States dollar\n\nUnlike the Spanish milled dollar the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a dollar (symbol ₥), cent or one-hundredth of a dollar (symbol ¢), dime or one-tenth of a dollar, and eagle or ten dollars, with prescribed weights and composition of gold, silver, or copper for each. It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist. However, only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar; \"dime\" is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10¢, while \"eagle\" and \"mill\" are largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies, and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $X.XX9 per gallon, e.g., $3.599, more commonly written as $3.59. When currently issued in circulating form, denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S.","United States dollar\n\ncoins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes (with the exception of gold, silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender, but worth far more as bullion). Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the note form is significantly more common. In the past, \"paper money\" was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar (fractional currency) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 (known as the \"double eagle\", discontinued in the 1930s). The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars, and subsequently was used in naming gold coins. Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination, known as \"fractional currency\", was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as \"shinplasters\". In 1854, James Guthrie, then Secretary of the Treasury, proposed creating $100, $50 and $25 gold coins, which were referred to as a \"Union\", \"Half Union\", and \"Quarter Union\", thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100.","United States dollar\n\nToday, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The \"large-sized notes\" issued before 1928 measured by ; small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure by by . When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency.","United States dollar\n\nEtymology","United States dollar\n\nIn the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, \"valley\", cognate with \"dale\" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now Jáchymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic). Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler, a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler, Norwegian as dalar and daler, Dutch as daler or daalder, Ethiopian as ታላሪ (talari), Hungarian as tallér, Italian as tallero, and English as dollar. Alternatively, thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen (\"great guilder\", being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder), minted from the silver from Joachimsthal.","United States dollar\n\nThe coins minted at Joachimsthal soon lent their name to other coins of similar size and weight from other places. One such example, was a Dutch coin depicting a lion, hence its Dutch name leeuwendaler (in English: lion daler).","United States dollar\n\nThe leeuwendaler was authorized to contain 427.16 grains of .75 fine silver and passed locally for between 36 and 42 stuivers. It was lighter than the large-denomination coins then in circulation, thus it was more advantageous for a Dutch merchant to pay a foreign debt in leeuwendalers and it became the coin of choice for foreign trade.","United States dollar\n\nThe leeuwendaler was popular in the Dutch East Indies and in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), and circulated throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries. It was also popular throughout Eastern Europe, where it led to the current Romanian and Moldovan currency being called leu (literally \"lion\").","United States dollar\n\nAmong the English-speaking community, the coin came to be popularly known as lion dollar – and is the origin of the name dollar. The modern American-English pronunciation of dollar is still remarkably close to the 17th-century Dutch pronunciation of daler.","United States dollar\n\nBy analogy with this lion dollar, Spanish pesos – with the same weight and shape as the lion dollar – came to be known as Spanish dollars. By the mid-18th century, the lion dollar had been replaced by the Spanish dollar, the famous \"piece of eight\", which was distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines.\nEventually, dollar became the name of the first official American currency.","United States dollar\n\nNicknames","United States dollar\n\nThe colloquialism \"buck\"(s) (much like the British word \"quid\"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. \"Greenback\" is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North. The original note was printed in black and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include \"greenmail\", \"green\" and \"dead presidents\" (the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills).","United States dollar\n\nA \"grand\", sometimes shortened to simply \"G\", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix \"K\" or \"k\" (from \"kilo-\") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as \"$10k\" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A \"large\" or \"stack\", it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 (such as \"fifty large\" meaning $50,000). The $100 note is nicknamed \"Benjamin\", \"Benji\", \"Ben\", or \"Franklin\" (after Benjamin Franklin), \"C-note\" (C being the Roman numeral for 100), \"Century note\" or \"bill\" (e.g. \"two bills\" being $200). The $50 note is occasionally called a \"yardstick\" or a \"grant\" (after President Ulysses S. Grant, pictured on the obverse). The $20 note is referred to as a \"double sawbuck\", \"Jackson\" (after Andrew Jackson), or \"double eagle\". The $10 note is referred to as a \"sawbuck\", \"ten-spot\" or \"Hamilton\" (after Alexander Hamilton). The $5 note as \"Lincoln\", \"fin\", \"fiver\" or \"five-spot\". The infrequently-used $2 note is sometimes called \"deuce\", \"Tom\", or \"Jefferson\" (after Thomas Jefferson). The $1 note as a \"single\" or \"buck\". The dollar has also been, referred to as a \"bone\" and \"bones\" in plural (e.g. \"twenty bones\" is equal to $20).","United States dollar\n\nThe newer designs, with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse rather than in cameo insets upon paper color-coded by denomination, are sometimes referred to as \"bigface\" notes or \"Monopoly money\".","United States dollar\n\n\"Piastre\" was the original French word for the U.S. dollar, used for example in the French text of the Louisiana Purchase. Calling the dollar a piastre is still common among the millions of speakers of Cajun French and New England French. Modern French uses dollar for this unit of currency as well. The term is still used as slang for US dollars in the French-speaking Caribbean islands, most notably Haiti.","United States dollar\n\nDollar sign","United States dollar\n\nThe symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation \"ps\" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America, namely in Mexico City, Potosí, Bolivia; and Lima, Peru. The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $.","United States dollar\n\nAnother popular explanation is that it is derived from the Pillars of Hercules on the Spanish Coat of arms of the Spanish dollar. These Pillars of Hercules on the silver Spanish dollar coins take the form of two vertical bars (||) and a swinging cloth band in the shape of an \"S\".","United States dollar\n\nYet another explanation suggests that the dollar sign was formed from the capital letters U and S written or printed one on top of the other. This theory, popularized by novelist Ayn Rand in Atlas Shrugged, does not consider the fact that the symbol was already in use before the formation of the United States.","United States dollar\n\nHistory","United States dollar\n\nThe American dollar coin was initially based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as \"dog dollars\".","United States dollar\n\nThe U.S. dollar was first defined by the Coinage Act of 1792, which specified a \"dollar\" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 gr of standard silver and an \"eagle\" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 gr of gold (again depending on purity). The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains. A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar.","United States dollar\n\nThe same coinage act also set the value of an eagle at 10 dollars, and the dollar at eagle. It called for 90% silver alloy coins in denominations of 1, , , , and dollars; it called for 90% gold alloy coins in denominations of 1, , , and eagles.","United States dollar\n\nThe value of gold or silver contained in the dollar was then converted into relative value in the economy for the buying and selling of goods. This allowed the value of things to remain fairly constant over time, except for the influx and outflux of gold and silver in the nation's economy.","United States dollar\n\nThe early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now; although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency. In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs. The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century; before that \"heads\" side of coinage used profile faces and striding, seated, and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans. The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime (1946) and the Dollar (1971).","United States dollar\n\nFor articles on the currencies of the colonies and states, see Connecticut pound, Delaware pound, Georgia pound, Maryland pound, Massachusetts pound, New Hampshire pound, New Jersey pound, New York pound, North Carolina pound, Pennsylvania pound, Rhode Island pound, South Carolina pound and Virginia pound.","United States dollar\n\nContinental currency","United States dollar\n\nDuring American Revolution, the thirteen colonies became independent states; freed from British monetary regulations, they issued £sd paper money to pay for military expenses. The Continental Congress also began issuing \"Continental Currency\" denominated in Spanish dollars. The dollar was valued relative to the states' currencies at the following rates:\n* 5 shillings – Georgia\n* 6 shillings – Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Virginia\n* shillings – Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania\n* 8 shillings – New York, North Carolina\n* shillings – South Carolina","United States dollar\n\nContinental currency depreciated badly during the war, giving rise to the famous phrase \"not worth a continental\". A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the states, which continued to issue bills of credit. Additionally, neither Congress nor the governments of the several states had the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds. The currency was ultimately replaced by the silver dollar at the rate of 1 silver dollar = 1000 continental dollars.","United States dollar\n\nSilver and gold standards","United States dollar\n\nFrom 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to , followed by a slight adjustment to in 1837 (16:1 ratio).","United States dollar\n\nIn 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise to the phrase \"not worth a continental\". This was a primary reason for the \"No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts\" clause in article 1, section 10 of the United States Constitution.","United States dollar\n\nThe Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to 40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970. Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt. The gold standard was changed to , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968.","United States dollar\n\nBetween 1968 and 1975, a variety of pegs to gold were put in place, eventually culminating in a sudden end, on August 15, 1971, to the convertibility of dollars to gold later dubbed the Nixon Shock. The last peg was $42.22 per ounce before the U.S. dollar was let to freely float on currency markets.","United States dollar\n\nAccording to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the largest note it ever printed was the $100,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1934. These notes were printed from December 18, 1934, through January 9, 1935, and were issued by the Treasurer of the United States to Federal Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the Treasury. These notes were used for transactions between Federal Reserve Banks and were not circulated among the general public.","United States dollar\n\nCoins","United States dollar\n\nOfficial United States coins have been produced every year from 1792 to the present.","United States dollar\n\nDiscontinued coin denominations include:","United States dollar\n\n* Half cent: ¢, 1793–1857\n* Fugio Cent: 1¢, 1787\n* Two-cent piece: 2¢, 1864–1873\n* Three-cent bronze: 3¢, 1863 (not circulated)\n* Three-cent nickel: 3¢, 1865–1889\n* Trime: 3¢, 1851–1873\n* Half dime: 5¢, 1792–1873\n* Twenty-cent piece: 20¢, 1875–1878\n* Gold dollar: $1.00, 1849–1889\n* Quarter eagle: $2.50, 1792–1929\n* Three-dollar piece: $3.00, 1854–1889\n* Stella: $4.00, (not circulated)\n* Half eagle: $5.00, 1795–1929 (some modern commemoratives are minted in this denomination)\n* Eagle: $10.00, 1795–1933 (some modern commemoratives are minted in this denomination)\n* Double eagle: $20.00, 1849–1933\n* Half-union: $50.00, 1877 (pattern), 1915 (Panama–Pacific International Exposition coin)","United States dollar\n\nCollector coins for which everyday transactions are non-existent.","United States dollar\n\n* American Eagles originally were not available from the Mint for individuals but had to be purchased from authorized dealers. In 2006 The Mint began direct sales to individuals of uncirculated bullion coins with a special finish, and bearing a \"W\" mintmark.\n** American Silver Eagle $1 (1 troy ounce) silver bullion coin 1986–present\n** American Gold Eagle $5 ( troy oz), $10 ( troy oz), $25 ( troy oz), and $50 (1 troy oz) Gold bullion coin 1986–present\n** American Platinum Eagle ($10, $25, $50, and $100 platinum coin) 1997–present\n* United States commemorative coins—special issue coins\n** $50.00 (Half Union) 1915\n** Presidential Proofs (see below) 2007–present","United States dollar\n\nTechnically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions.\nIn addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.","United States dollar\n\nThe $50 coin mentioned was only produced in 1915 for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915) celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal. Only 1,128 were made, 645 of which were octagonal; this remains the only U.S. coin that was not round as well as the largest and heaviest U.S. coin ever produced.","United States dollar\n\nFrom 1934 to present, the only denominations produced for circulation have been the familiar penny, nickel, dime, quarter, half dollar and dollar. The nickel is the only coin still in use today that is essentially unchanged (except in its design) from its original version. Every year since 1866, the nickel has been 75% copper and 25% nickel, except for 4 years during World War II when nickel was needed for the war.","United States dollar\n\nDue to the penny's low value, some efforts have been made to eliminate the penny as circulating coinage.","United States dollar\n\nCollector coins","United States dollar\n\nThe United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators. Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime, quarter, and half dollar containing 90% silver. Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997, the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins. Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president. Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins, the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13, 2011, by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner. Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors.","United States dollar\n\n* 2007 had George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison\n* 2008 had James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren\n* 2009 had William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, and Zachary Taylor\n* 2010 had Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Abraham Lincoln\n* 2011 had Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, and James A. Garfield\n* 2012 had Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland (1st term), Benjamin Harrison, and Grover Cleveland (2nd term)\n* 2013 had William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson\n* 2014 had Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Franklin D. Roosevelt\n* 2015 had Harry S Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson\n* 2016 will have Richard M. Nixon, Gerald R. Ford and Ronald Reagan.","United States dollar\n\nDollar coins","United States dollar\n\nThe first United States dollar was minted in 1794. Known as the Flowing Hair Dollar, it contained 416 grains of \"standard silver\" (89.25% silver and 10.75% copper), as specified by Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792. It was designated by Section 9 of that Act as having \"the value of a Spanish milled dollar\".","United States dollar\n\nDollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar.","United States dollar\n\nHowever, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.","United States dollar\n\nIn February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin. Based on the success of the \"50 State Quarters\" series, the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the traditional inscriptions of \"E Pluribus Unum\", \"In God We Trust\", the year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £1 coin, is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs. The inscription \"Liberty\" has been eliminated, with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement. In addition, due to the nature of U.S. coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads) side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar).","United States dollar\n\nAnother unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with two different portraits issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms.","United States dollar\n\nEarly releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions \"E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P\". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to \"heads\", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying \"upside down lettering error\" coins. Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones.","United States dollar\n\nAs most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.","United States dollar\n\nMint marks","United States dollar\n\nNotes","United States dollar\n\nBanknotes","United States dollar\n\nThe U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to \"borrow money on the credit of the United States\". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are \"obligations of the United States\" and \"shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank\". Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as \"legal tender\" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note. The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s.","United States dollar\n\nCurrently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. These notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors.","United States dollar\n\nThough still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the new version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.","United States dollar\n\nMeans of issue","United States dollar\n\nThe monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013. The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy. Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy. If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation.","United States dollar\n\nWhen the Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not transferred from any existing funds—it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve. To fulfill those requests, the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department. The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (to print new dollar bills) and the Bureau of the Mint (to stamp the coins).","United States dollar\n\nUsually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) \"Open mouth operations\" (talking monetary policy with the market).","United States dollar\n\nValue","United States dollar\n\nThe 6th paragraph of Section 8 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the U.S. Congress shall have the power to \"coin money\" and to \"regulate the value\" of domestic and foreign coins. Congress exercised those powers when it enacted the Coinage Act of 1792. That Act provided for the minting of the first U.S. dollar and it declared that the U.S. dollar shall have \"the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current\".","United States dollar\n\nThe table to the right shows the equivalent amount of goods that, in a particular year, could be purchased with $1. The table shows that from 1774 through 2012 the U.S. dollar has lost about 97.0% of its buying power.","United States dollar\n\nThe decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.","United States dollar\n\nThe value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime, especially during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II. The Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913, was designed to furnish an \"elastic\" currency subject to \"substantial changes of quantity over short periods\", which differed significantly from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold, national bank notes, and silver coins. Over the very long run, the prior gold standard kept prices stable—for instance, the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s. The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability, reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s, before presiding over a 30% deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s.","United States dollar\n\nUnder the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the \"Nixon shock\".","United States dollar\n\nThe value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.","United States dollar\n\nIn 1979, President Carter appointed Paul Volcker Chairman of the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve tightened the money supply and inflation was substantially lower in the 1980s, and hence the value of the U.S. dollar stabilized.","United States dollar\n\nOver the thirty-year period from 1981 to 2009, the U.S. dollar lost over half its value. This is because the Federal Reserve has targeted not zero inflation, but a low, stable rate of inflation—between 1987 and 1997, the rate of inflation was approximately 3.5%, and between 1997 and 2007 it was approximately 2%. The so-called \"Great Moderation\" of economic conditions since the 1970s is credited to monetary policy targeting price stability.","United States dollar\n\nThere is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now). Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar, others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed.","United States dollar\n\nExchange rates","United States dollar\n\nHistorical exchange rates","United States dollar\n\nNotes:\n1. Before 1999 use Irish pound \n2. Mexican peso values prior to 1993 revaluation \n3. Value at the start of the year","United States dollar\n\nSources:\n*US: [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/current/ Last 4 years], [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20130102/ 2009–2012], [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20090102/ 2005–2008], [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20050103/ 2001–2004], [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20010109/ 1997–2000], [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/19970107/ 1993–1996], all available years \n*Multiple countries: [http://www.x-rates.com/historical/ 2004–present]\n*Australia: [http://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html#exchange-rates 1970–present]\n*China: [http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=8 1974–1991, 1993–1995]\n*Mexico: [http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=17 1976–1991]\n*Canada: [http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=31 1977-1991]","United States dollar\n\nCurrent exchange rates"],"string":"[\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nThe United States two-dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. The third U.S. President (1801–09), Thomas Jefferson, is featured on the obverse of the note. The reverse features a reproduction of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull. Throughout the $2 bill's pre-1929 life as a large-sized note, it was issued as a United States Note, National Bank Note, silver certificate, and Treasury or \\\"Coin\\\" Note. When U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. Production went on until 1966, when the series was discontinued. Ten years went by before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design. $2 bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand. This comparative scarcity in circulation, coupled with a lack of public knowledge that the bill is still in production and circulation, has also inspired urban legends and occasionally has created problems for people trying to use the bill to make purchases.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nDenomination overview\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nThe denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first used in March 1862. The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue all two dollar United States Notes from production. The $2 bill initially was not reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued; the Treasury Department cited the $2 bill's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination. In 1976 production of the two-dollar denomination was resumed and the two-dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note, with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello. It has remained a current denomination since then.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nIt was estimated that if the two-dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one-dollar bills in circulation, the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ($ adjusted for inflation) over the period from 1976 to 1981, due to reduced production, storage, and shipping costs.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nHowever, due to its limited use, two-dollar bills are not frequently reissued in a new series like other denominations which are printed according to demand. Though some cash registers accommodate it, its slot is often used for things like checks and rolls of coins. Some bill acceptors found in vending machines, self checkout lanes, and other automated kiosks are configured to accommodate two-dollar bills, even if the fact is not stated on the label. Although they usually are not handed out arbitrarily, two-dollar bills are usually available at banks. Many banks stocking $2 bills will not use them except upon specific request by the customer, and even then, may cause a delay with a trip to the vault.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nRarity\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nThe seeming rarity of a $2 bill can be attributed to its low printing numbers as a Federal Reserve Note. Hoarding of the series due to lack of public knowledge of the $2 bill has resulted in very few bills seen in circulation. After its initial release, supplies of the Series 1976 $2 bill were allowed to dwindle until August 1996 when a new series dated 1995 finally began to be printed. This series however, was only printed for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nToday, there is a common misconception by the general public that the $2 bill is no longer in production. According to the Treasury, it \\\"receives many letters asking why the $2 bill is no longer in circulation\\\". In response, the Treasury stated: \\\"The $2 bill remains one of our circulating currency denominations... As of April 30, 2007 there were $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills in circulation worldwide.\\\"\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nAnother popular misconception is that the average $2 bill is worth more than its face value, an exception to this would be if the two dollar bill carries a premium on the collector market. Things such as unusual serial numbers (example: A11111111A), and replacement notes designated by a star can raise the collector value. \\\"Collectible\\\" $2 bills have been made and sold by coin dealers and others in recent years merely by adding special graphics with a computer printer. However, they are not authorized by the BEP and are not worth anything more than face value on the collectors' market.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nCertain conventions and tourism/convention bureaus capitalize on the rarity of $2 bills in circulation, encouraging convention attendees and tourists to spend $2 bills in order to illustrate to the host communities the economic impact that the conventions and tourism bring. Sometimes known as \\\"SpendTom\\\" campaigns, the $2 bills linger in the community as a constant reminder. Some campaigns encourage people to participate in a hunt for the bills in order to win prizes.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nLarge size notes\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\n( 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nIn March 1862, the first $2 bill was issued as a Legal Tender Note (United States Note) with a portrait of Alexander Hamilton; the portrait of Hamilton used was a profile view and is unlike the portrait used currently for the $10 bill.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nBy 1869, the $2 United States Note was redesigned with the now familiar portrait of Thomas Jefferson to the left and a vignette of the United States Capitol in the center of the obverse. This note also featured green tinting on the top and left side of the obverse. Although this note is technically a United States Note, appeared on it instead of . The reverse was completely redesigned. This series was again revised in 1874, changes on the obverse included removing the green tinting, adding a red floral design around , and changing the term to . The 1874 design was also issued as Series of 1875 and 1878 and by 1880 the red floral design around on the United States Note was removed and the serial numbers were changed to blue. This note with the red floral design was also issued as Series of 1917 but with red serial numbers by that time.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nNational Bank Notes were issued in 1875 and feature a woman unfurling a flag and a big 2 (Lazy Duce) on the obverse, the reverse has the king of England smoking tobacco and an eagle with a shield.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nIn 1886, the first $2 silver certificate with a portrait of United States Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock on the left of the obverse was issued. This design went on until 1891 when a new $2 Silver Certificate was issued with a portrait of U.S. Treasury Secretary William Windom in the center of the obverse.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nTwo-dollar Treasury or \\\"Coin Notes\\\" were first issued for government purchases of silver bullion in 1890 from the silver mining industry. The reverse featured large wording of in the center and a numeral 2 to the right surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note. In 1891 the reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too \\\"busy\\\" which would make it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nIn 1896, the \\\"Educational Series\\\" Silver Certificate was issued. The entire obverse of the note was covered in artwork with an allegorical figure of science presenting steam and electricity to commerce and manufacture. The reverse of the note featured portraits of Robert Fulton and Samuel F. B. Morse surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note.\\nBy 1899, however, The $2 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a small portrait of George Washington surrounded by allegorical figures representing agriculture and mechanics.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nThe only large-sized, Federal Reserve Note–like $2 bill was issued in 1918 as a Federal Reserve Bank Note. Each note was an obligation of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank. The obverse of the note featured a border-less portrait of Thomas Jefferson to left and wording in the entire center. The reverse featured a World War I battleship.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nSmall size notes\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\n(6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm)\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\n1928–1966\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nIn 1928, when all U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. The obverse featured a cropped version of Thomas Jefferson's portrait that had been on previous $2 bills. The reverse featured Jefferson's home, Monticello. The note's seal and serial numbers were red. The Series of 1928 $2 bill featured the treasury seal superimposed by the United States Note obligation to the left and a large gray to the right.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nIn 1953 the $2 bill received minor design changes analogous to the $5 United States Note. The treasury seal was made smaller and moved to the right side of the bill; it was superimposed over the gray word . The United States Note obligation now became superimposed over a gray numeral 2. The reverse remained unchanged.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nThe final change to $2 United States Notes came in 1963 when the motto was added to the reverse over the Monticello. \\nAnd, because dollar bills were soon to no longer be redeemable in silver, was removed from the obverse. These $2 bills were officially discontinued in August 1966, although remain legal tender.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\n1976–present\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nOn April 13, 1976, the Treasury Department reintroduced the $2 bill as a cost-saving measure. Series 1976 $2 bills were redesigned and issued as a Federal Reserve Note. The obverse design remains basically unchanged since 1928 and features the same portrait of Jefferson. A green treasury seal and serial numbers replace the red used on the previous United States Notes. Since the reissue of the bill coincided with the United States Bicentennial, it was decided to use a bicentennial themed design on the reverse. An engraved rendition of John Trumbull's The Declaration of Independence replaced Monticello on the reverse. First day issues of the new $2 bills could be taken to a post office and stamped with the date \\\"APR 13 1976\\\". In all, 590,720,000 notes from Series 1976 were printed.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nIn 1996 and 1997, 153,600,000 bills were printed as Series 1995 for the Federal Reserve District of Atlanta. In 2004, 121,600,000 of the Series 2003 bills were printed for the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank. An issue of Series 2003A $2 bills was printed from July to September 2006 for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks. In all, 220,800,000 notes were printed.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nIn February 2012, the B.E.P. printed 512,000 Series 2009 $2 Star Notes, in anticipation of more regular runs being printed later in 2012. Series 2009 $2 bills were issued to banks during the summer of 2012.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nIn November 2013, the B.E.P. began printing series 2013 $2 bills for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta; these notes entered circulation in early 2014. A total of 44,800,000 notes were ordered for fiscal year 2014, which ran from October 2013 through September 2014.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nSeries dates\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nLarge size\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nSmall size\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nThese are sourced by The Official Red Book (Whitman).\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nUsage\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nOver 4.3 million $2 bills are entered at the American currency-tracking Web site Where's George? Because $2 bills are uncommon in daily use, their use can make a particular group of spenders visible. A documented case of using two-dollar bills to send a message to a community is the case of Geneva Steel and the communities in surrounding Utah County. In 1989, Geneva Steel paid its employee bonuses in $2 bills. When the bills began to appear in different places, people recognized the importance of the company to the local economy.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nUse of the two-dollar bill is also being suggested by some gun rights activists to show support for Second Amendment rights, particularly at stores that allow Open Carry or Concealed carry of weapons on their premises. Two dollar notes have also seen increased usage in situations where tipping is encouraged, especially in strip clubs. This is due to the idea that tips will increase because of the ease of use of a single, higher-denomination bill as the lowest common note in use.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nUncut currency sheets\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nUncut currency sheets are available from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Some of the recent $2 uncut sheets from Series 1995 and Series 2003 have indeed been collectibles as they come from special non-circulation printings. Most of the Series 1995 $2 uncut sheets had a higher suffix letter in the serial number than regular circulation $2 bills. Uncut $2 sheets from Series 2003 were printed for the Boston (A), New York (B), Atlanta (F), Chicago (G), Minneapolis (I), and Dallas (K) Federal Reserve Districts despite the fact that notes from the Minneapolis district were the only ones released for circulation. Uncut sheets of Series 2003A have also been produced, although in this case circulating currency for all districts has also been made. All two dollar bills beginning with Series 1995 have been printed in the BEP facility in Fort Worth, Texas.\",\n \"United States two-dollar bill\\n\\nUncut sheets of $2 bills are available in various sizes. A 32-subject sheet, which is the original size sheet on which the notes are printed, is available. Other sheet sizes available have been cut from the original 32-subject sheet. These include half (16-note), quarter (8-note), and eighth (4-note) sheets for $2 bills. Uncut sheets are sold for more than their respective face values. \\nUncut sheets of large size notes (issued before 1928) also exist, but are extremely rare.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units. The circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use only the U.S. dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nOverview\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nArticle I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power \\\"To coin money\\\". Laws implementing this power are currently codified at . Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued. These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as \\\"legal tender\\\" in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar. The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins, which have values ranging from one cent to 50 dollars. These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe Constitution provides that \\\"a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time\\\". That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the \\\"Statements\\\" are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars (for example, see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government). The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe word \\\"dollar\\\" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution. There, \\\"dollars\\\" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress passed a Coinage Act. Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including \\\"DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver\\\". Section 20 of the act provided, \\\"That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation\\\". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nUnlike the Spanish milled dollar the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a dollar (symbol ₥), cent or one-hundredth of a dollar (symbol ¢), dime or one-tenth of a dollar, and eagle or ten dollars, with prescribed weights and composition of gold, silver, or copper for each. It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist. However, only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar; \\\"dime\\\" is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10¢, while \\\"eagle\\\" and \\\"mill\\\" are largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies, and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $X.XX9 per gallon, e.g., $3.599, more commonly written as $3.59. When currently issued in circulating form, denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\ncoins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes (with the exception of gold, silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender, but worth far more as bullion). Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the note form is significantly more common. In the past, \\\"paper money\\\" was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar (fractional currency) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 (known as the \\\"double eagle\\\", discontinued in the 1930s). The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars, and subsequently was used in naming gold coins. Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination, known as \\\"fractional currency\\\", was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as \\\"shinplasters\\\". In 1854, James Guthrie, then Secretary of the Treasury, proposed creating $100, $50 and $25 gold coins, which were referred to as a \\\"Union\\\", \\\"Half Union\\\", and \\\"Quarter Union\\\", thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nToday, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The \\\"large-sized notes\\\" issued before 1928 measured by ; small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure by by . When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nEtymology\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nIn the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, \\\"valley\\\", cognate with \\\"dale\\\" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now Jáchymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic). Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler, a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler, Norwegian as dalar and daler, Dutch as daler or daalder, Ethiopian as ታላሪ (talari), Hungarian as tallér, Italian as tallero, and English as dollar. Alternatively, thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen (\\\"great guilder\\\", being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder), minted from the silver from Joachimsthal.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe coins minted at Joachimsthal soon lent their name to other coins of similar size and weight from other places. One such example, was a Dutch coin depicting a lion, hence its Dutch name leeuwendaler (in English: lion daler).\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe leeuwendaler was authorized to contain 427.16 grains of .75 fine silver and passed locally for between 36 and 42 stuivers. It was lighter than the large-denomination coins then in circulation, thus it was more advantageous for a Dutch merchant to pay a foreign debt in leeuwendalers and it became the coin of choice for foreign trade.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe leeuwendaler was popular in the Dutch East Indies and in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), and circulated throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries. It was also popular throughout Eastern Europe, where it led to the current Romanian and Moldovan currency being called leu (literally \\\"lion\\\").\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nAmong the English-speaking community, the coin came to be popularly known as lion dollar – and is the origin of the name dollar. The modern American-English pronunciation of dollar is still remarkably close to the 17th-century Dutch pronunciation of daler.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nBy analogy with this lion dollar, Spanish pesos – with the same weight and shape as the lion dollar – came to be known as Spanish dollars. By the mid-18th century, the lion dollar had been replaced by the Spanish dollar, the famous \\\"piece of eight\\\", which was distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines.\\nEventually, dollar became the name of the first official American currency.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nNicknames\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe colloquialism \\\"buck\\\"(s) (much like the British word \\\"quid\\\"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. \\\"Greenback\\\" is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North. The original note was printed in black and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include \\\"greenmail\\\", \\\"green\\\" and \\\"dead presidents\\\" (the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills).\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nA \\\"grand\\\", sometimes shortened to simply \\\"G\\\", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix \\\"K\\\" or \\\"k\\\" (from \\\"kilo-\\\") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as \\\"$10k\\\" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A \\\"large\\\" or \\\"stack\\\", it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 (such as \\\"fifty large\\\" meaning $50,000). The $100 note is nicknamed \\\"Benjamin\\\", \\\"Benji\\\", \\\"Ben\\\", or \\\"Franklin\\\" (after Benjamin Franklin), \\\"C-note\\\" (C being the Roman numeral for 100), \\\"Century note\\\" or \\\"bill\\\" (e.g. \\\"two bills\\\" being $200). The $50 note is occasionally called a \\\"yardstick\\\" or a \\\"grant\\\" (after President Ulysses S. Grant, pictured on the obverse). The $20 note is referred to as a \\\"double sawbuck\\\", \\\"Jackson\\\" (after Andrew Jackson), or \\\"double eagle\\\". The $10 note is referred to as a \\\"sawbuck\\\", \\\"ten-spot\\\" or \\\"Hamilton\\\" (after Alexander Hamilton). The $5 note as \\\"Lincoln\\\", \\\"fin\\\", \\\"fiver\\\" or \\\"five-spot\\\". The infrequently-used $2 note is sometimes called \\\"deuce\\\", \\\"Tom\\\", or \\\"Jefferson\\\" (after Thomas Jefferson). The $1 note as a \\\"single\\\" or \\\"buck\\\". The dollar has also been, referred to as a \\\"bone\\\" and \\\"bones\\\" in plural (e.g. \\\"twenty bones\\\" is equal to $20).\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe newer designs, with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse rather than in cameo insets upon paper color-coded by denomination, are sometimes referred to as \\\"bigface\\\" notes or \\\"Monopoly money\\\".\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\n\\\"Piastre\\\" was the original French word for the U.S. dollar, used for example in the French text of the Louisiana Purchase. Calling the dollar a piastre is still common among the millions of speakers of Cajun French and New England French. Modern French uses dollar for this unit of currency as well. The term is still used as slang for US dollars in the French-speaking Caribbean islands, most notably Haiti.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nDollar sign\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation \\\"ps\\\" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America, namely in Mexico City, Potosí, Bolivia; and Lima, Peru. The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nAnother popular explanation is that it is derived from the Pillars of Hercules on the Spanish Coat of arms of the Spanish dollar. These Pillars of Hercules on the silver Spanish dollar coins take the form of two vertical bars (||) and a swinging cloth band in the shape of an \\\"S\\\".\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nYet another explanation suggests that the dollar sign was formed from the capital letters U and S written or printed one on top of the other. This theory, popularized by novelist Ayn Rand in Atlas Shrugged, does not consider the fact that the symbol was already in use before the formation of the United States.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe American dollar coin was initially based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as \\\"dog dollars\\\".\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe U.S. dollar was first defined by the Coinage Act of 1792, which specified a \\\"dollar\\\" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 gr of standard silver and an \\\"eagle\\\" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 gr of gold (again depending on purity). The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains. A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe same coinage act also set the value of an eagle at 10 dollars, and the dollar at eagle. It called for 90% silver alloy coins in denominations of 1, , , , and dollars; it called for 90% gold alloy coins in denominations of 1, , , and eagles.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe value of gold or silver contained in the dollar was then converted into relative value in the economy for the buying and selling of goods. This allowed the value of things to remain fairly constant over time, except for the influx and outflux of gold and silver in the nation's economy.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now; although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency. In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs. The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century; before that \\\"heads\\\" side of coinage used profile faces and striding, seated, and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans. The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime (1946) and the Dollar (1971).\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nFor articles on the currencies of the colonies and states, see Connecticut pound, Delaware pound, Georgia pound, Maryland pound, Massachusetts pound, New Hampshire pound, New Jersey pound, New York pound, North Carolina pound, Pennsylvania pound, Rhode Island pound, South Carolina pound and Virginia pound.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nContinental currency\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nDuring American Revolution, the thirteen colonies became independent states; freed from British monetary regulations, they issued £sd paper money to pay for military expenses. The Continental Congress also began issuing \\\"Continental Currency\\\" denominated in Spanish dollars. The dollar was valued relative to the states' currencies at the following rates:\\n* 5 shillings – Georgia\\n* 6 shillings – Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Virginia\\n* shillings – Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania\\n* 8 shillings – New York, North Carolina\\n* shillings – South Carolina\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nContinental currency depreciated badly during the war, giving rise to the famous phrase \\\"not worth a continental\\\". A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the states, which continued to issue bills of credit. Additionally, neither Congress nor the governments of the several states had the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds. The currency was ultimately replaced by the silver dollar at the rate of 1 silver dollar = 1000 continental dollars.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nSilver and gold standards\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nFrom 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to , followed by a slight adjustment to in 1837 (16:1 ratio).\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nIn 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise to the phrase \\\"not worth a continental\\\". This was a primary reason for the \\\"No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts\\\" clause in article 1, section 10 of the United States Constitution.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to 40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970. Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt. The gold standard was changed to , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nBetween 1968 and 1975, a variety of pegs to gold were put in place, eventually culminating in a sudden end, on August 15, 1971, to the convertibility of dollars to gold later dubbed the Nixon Shock. The last peg was $42.22 per ounce before the U.S. dollar was let to freely float on currency markets.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nAccording to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the largest note it ever printed was the $100,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1934. These notes were printed from December 18, 1934, through January 9, 1935, and were issued by the Treasurer of the United States to Federal Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the Treasury. These notes were used for transactions between Federal Reserve Banks and were not circulated among the general public.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nCoins\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nOfficial United States coins have been produced every year from 1792 to the present.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nDiscontinued coin denominations include:\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\n* Half cent: ¢, 1793–1857\\n* Fugio Cent: 1¢, 1787\\n* Two-cent piece: 2¢, 1864–1873\\n* Three-cent bronze: 3¢, 1863 (not circulated)\\n* Three-cent nickel: 3¢, 1865–1889\\n* Trime: 3¢, 1851–1873\\n* Half dime: 5¢, 1792–1873\\n* Twenty-cent piece: 20¢, 1875–1878\\n* Gold dollar: $1.00, 1849–1889\\n* Quarter eagle: $2.50, 1792–1929\\n* Three-dollar piece: $3.00, 1854–1889\\n* Stella: $4.00, (not circulated)\\n* Half eagle: $5.00, 1795–1929 (some modern commemoratives are minted in this denomination)\\n* Eagle: $10.00, 1795–1933 (some modern commemoratives are minted in this denomination)\\n* Double eagle: $20.00, 1849–1933\\n* Half-union: $50.00, 1877 (pattern), 1915 (Panama–Pacific International Exposition coin)\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nCollector coins for which everyday transactions are non-existent.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\n* American Eagles originally were not available from the Mint for individuals but had to be purchased from authorized dealers. In 2006 The Mint began direct sales to individuals of uncirculated bullion coins with a special finish, and bearing a \\\"W\\\" mintmark.\\n** American Silver Eagle $1 (1 troy ounce) silver bullion coin 1986–present\\n** American Gold Eagle $5 ( troy oz), $10 ( troy oz), $25 ( troy oz), and $50 (1 troy oz) Gold bullion coin 1986–present\\n** American Platinum Eagle ($10, $25, $50, and $100 platinum coin) 1997–present\\n* United States commemorative coins—special issue coins\\n** $50.00 (Half Union) 1915\\n** Presidential Proofs (see below) 2007–present\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nTechnically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions.\\nIn addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe $50 coin mentioned was only produced in 1915 for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915) celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal. Only 1,128 were made, 645 of which were octagonal; this remains the only U.S. coin that was not round as well as the largest and heaviest U.S. coin ever produced.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nFrom 1934 to present, the only denominations produced for circulation have been the familiar penny, nickel, dime, quarter, half dollar and dollar. The nickel is the only coin still in use today that is essentially unchanged (except in its design) from its original version. Every year since 1866, the nickel has been 75% copper and 25% nickel, except for 4 years during World War II when nickel was needed for the war.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nDue to the penny's low value, some efforts have been made to eliminate the penny as circulating coinage.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nCollector coins\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators. Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime, quarter, and half dollar containing 90% silver. Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997, the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins. Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president. Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins, the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13, 2011, by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner. Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\n* 2007 had George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison\\n* 2008 had James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren\\n* 2009 had William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, and Zachary Taylor\\n* 2010 had Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Abraham Lincoln\\n* 2011 had Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, and James A. Garfield\\n* 2012 had Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland (1st term), Benjamin Harrison, and Grover Cleveland (2nd term)\\n* 2013 had William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson\\n* 2014 had Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Franklin D. Roosevelt\\n* 2015 had Harry S Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson\\n* 2016 will have Richard M. Nixon, Gerald R. Ford and Ronald Reagan.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nDollar coins\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe first United States dollar was minted in 1794. Known as the Flowing Hair Dollar, it contained 416 grains of \\\"standard silver\\\" (89.25% silver and 10.75% copper), as specified by Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792. It was designated by Section 9 of that Act as having \\\"the value of a Spanish milled dollar\\\".\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nDollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nHowever, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nIn February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin. Based on the success of the \\\"50 State Quarters\\\" series, the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the traditional inscriptions of \\\"E Pluribus Unum\\\", \\\"In God We Trust\\\", the year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £1 coin, is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs. The inscription \\\"Liberty\\\" has been eliminated, with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement. In addition, due to the nature of U.S. coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads) side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar).\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nAnother unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with two different portraits issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nEarly releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions \\\"E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P\\\". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to \\\"heads\\\", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying \\\"upside down lettering error\\\" coins. Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nAs most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nMint marks\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nNotes\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nBanknotes\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to \\\"borrow money on the credit of the United States\\\". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are \\\"obligations of the United States\\\" and \\\"shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank\\\". Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as \\\"legal tender\\\" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note. The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nCurrently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. These notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThough still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the new version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nMeans of issue\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013. The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy. Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy. If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nWhen the Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not transferred from any existing funds—it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve. To fulfill those requests, the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department. The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (to print new dollar bills) and the Bureau of the Mint (to stamp the coins).\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nUsually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) \\\"Open mouth operations\\\" (talking monetary policy with the market).\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nValue\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe 6th paragraph of Section 8 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the U.S. Congress shall have the power to \\\"coin money\\\" and to \\\"regulate the value\\\" of domestic and foreign coins. Congress exercised those powers when it enacted the Coinage Act of 1792. That Act provided for the minting of the first U.S. dollar and it declared that the U.S. dollar shall have \\\"the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current\\\".\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe table to the right shows the equivalent amount of goods that, in a particular year, could be purchased with $1. The table shows that from 1774 through 2012 the U.S. dollar has lost about 97.0% of its buying power.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime, especially during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II. The Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913, was designed to furnish an \\\"elastic\\\" currency subject to \\\"substantial changes of quantity over short periods\\\", which differed significantly from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold, national bank notes, and silver coins. Over the very long run, the prior gold standard kept prices stable—for instance, the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s. The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability, reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s, before presiding over a 30% deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nUnder the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the \\\"Nixon shock\\\".\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThe value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nIn 1979, President Carter appointed Paul Volcker Chairman of the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve tightened the money supply and inflation was substantially lower in the 1980s, and hence the value of the U.S. dollar stabilized.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nOver the thirty-year period from 1981 to 2009, the U.S. dollar lost over half its value. This is because the Federal Reserve has targeted not zero inflation, but a low, stable rate of inflation—between 1987 and 1997, the rate of inflation was approximately 3.5%, and between 1997 and 2007 it was approximately 2%. The so-called \\\"Great Moderation\\\" of economic conditions since the 1970s is credited to monetary policy targeting price stability.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nThere is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now). Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar, others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed.\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nExchange rates\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nHistorical exchange rates\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nNotes:\\n1. Before 1999 use Irish pound \\n2. Mexican peso values prior to 1993 revaluation \\n3. Value at the start of the year\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nSources:\\n*US: [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/current/ Last 4 years], [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20130102/ 2009–2012], [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20090102/ 2005–2008], [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20050103/ 2001–2004], [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20010109/ 1997–2000], [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/19970107/ 1993–1996], all available years \\n*Multiple countries: [http://www.x-rates.com/historical/ 2004–present]\\n*Australia: [http://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html#exchange-rates 1970–present]\\n*China: [http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=8 1974–1991, 1993–1995]\\n*Mexico: [http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=17 1976–1991]\\n*Canada: [http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=31 1977-1991]\",\n \"United States dollar\\n\\nCurrent exchange rates\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":136695,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_1558"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who “took an axe and gave her mother 40 whacks”?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Lizzie Borden"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["lizzie bordon","liz borden","sarah anthony morse","emma lenora borden","bridget sullivan","borden lizzie andrew","john vinnicum morse","andrew jackson borden","borden lizzie","lizzie borden s maid","elizabeth borden","lizbeth borden","lizzie borden killer","emma borden","abby borden","abby durfee gray borden","lizzie andrew borden","andrew borden","josé correira","lizzy bordin","borden lizzy","lizzie borden"],"string":"[\n \"lizzie bordon\",\n \"liz borden\",\n \"sarah anthony morse\",\n \"emma lenora borden\",\n \"bridget sullivan\",\n \"borden lizzie andrew\",\n \"john vinnicum morse\",\n \"andrew jackson borden\",\n \"borden lizzie\",\n \"lizzie borden s maid\",\n \"elizabeth borden\",\n \"lizbeth borden\",\n \"lizzie borden killer\",\n \"emma borden\",\n \"abby borden\",\n \"abby durfee gray borden\",\n \"lizzie andrew borden\",\n \"andrew borden\",\n \"josé correira\",\n \"lizzy bordin\",\n \"borden lizzy\",\n \"lizzie borden\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Lizzie Borden\n\nLizzie Andrew Borden (July 19, 1860 – June 1, 1927) was an American woman who gained infamy in being tried and acquitted for the 1892 axe murders of her father and stepmother in Fall River, Massachusetts.","Lizzie Borden\n\nThe case was a cause célèbre throughout the United States. Following her release from the prison in which she had been held during the trial, Borden chose to remain a resident of Fall River, Massachusetts, for the rest of her life, despite facing significant ostracism. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts elected to charge no one else with the murder of Andrew and Abby Borden; speculation about the crimes still continues more than 100 years later.","Lizzie Borden\n\nBackground","Lizzie Borden\n\nBorden was born in Fall River, Massachusetts. Her father, Andrew Jackson Borden, grew up in very modest surroundings and struggled financially as a young man, despite being the descendant of wealthy, influential local residents. He eventually prospered through the manufacture and sales of furniture and caskets, and went on to become a successful property developer. He directed several textile mills including the Globe Yarn Mill Company, Troy Cotton, and Woolen Manufacturing Company. He also owned considerable commercial property and was both president of the Union Savings Bank and a director of the Durfee Safe Deposit and Trust Co. At the time of his death, his estate was valued at $300,000 ().","Lizzie Borden\n\nDespite his wealth, Andrew was known for his frugality. For instance, the Borden home lacked indoor plumbing on its ground and second floors and was located near Andrew's businesses. The residence at 92 Second Street (number 230 after 1896 ) was located in an affluent area, but the wealthiest residents of Fall River, Massachusetts (which included Andrew Borden's cousins) generally lived in a more fashionable neighborhood (\"The Hill\") that was farther away from the industrial areas of the city and much more homogenous racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically.","Lizzie Borden\n\nLizzie and her older sister, Emma Lenora Borden (1851–1927), had a relatively religious upbringing and attended Central Congregational Church. As a young woman, Lizzie was very involved in activities related to her church, including teaching Sunday school to children of recent immigrants to America. She also was involved in Christian organizations such as the Christian Endeavor Society, for which she served as secretary-treasurer, and contemporary social movements such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). She was also a member of the Ladies' Fruit and Flower Mission.","Lizzie Borden\n\nThree years after the death of Sarah Anthony (Morse) Borden (1823–1863), Andrew's first wife and mother to Lizzie and Emma, Andrew married Abby Durfee Gray. Lizzie stated, during police questioning and during the inquest, that she called her stepmother \"Mrs. Borden\" and demurred on whether they had a cordial relationship. Lizzie believed that Abby was after her father's money. During the inquest, the Bordens' live-in maid Bridget Sullivan testified that Lizzie and Emma rarely ate meals with their parents. In May 1892 Andrew, believing that pigeons in the barn were attracting local children to hunt them, killed the pigeons with a hatchet. Lizzie had recently built a roost for the pigeons and was upset at their deaths. A family argument in July 1892 prompted both sisters to take extended \"vacations\" in New Bedford. Returning to Fall River the week before the murders, Lizzie chose to stay in a Fall River rooming house for four days before returning to the family residence.","Lizzie Borden\n\nTension had been growing in the family in the months before the murders, especially over Andrew's gifts of real estate to various branches of Abby's family. After their stepmother's sister received a house, the sisters had demanded and received a rental property (the home they had lived in until their mother died) which they purchased from their father for $1; a few weeks before the murders, they sold the property back to their father for $5,000 (). The night before the murders, John Vinnicum Morse, the brother of Lizzie and Emma's deceased mother, visited and was invited to stay for a few days to discuss business matters with Andrew. Some writers have speculated that their conversation, particularly about property transfer, may have aggravated an already tense situation.","Lizzie Borden\n\nFor several days before the murders, the entire household had been violently ill. A family friend later speculated that mutton left on the stove for use in meals over several days was the cause, but Abby had feared poisoning, as Andrew Borden had not been a popular man. It should be noted that the Bordens did have an icebox, and some historians feel that the hot weather at the time makes it unlikely it was not used.","Lizzie Borden\n\nMurders","Lizzie Borden\n\nAbby and Andrew Borden were murdered at their home on the morning of Thursday, August 4, 1892; Abby between 9:00 a.m. and 10:30 a.m., and Andrew between 10:30 a.m. and 11:10 a.m.","Lizzie Borden\n\nAbby Durfee Gray Borden","Lizzie Borden\n\nAlthough cleaning the guest rooms was one of Lizzie and Emma's regular chores, John Morse had slept in the room the previous night, and Abby had gone up to the room to make the bed. She was struck on the side of the head with a hatchet which cut her just above the ear, causing her to turn and fall facedown on the floor, which created contusions on her nose and forehead. Her killer is then assumed to have sat on her back delivering 19 direct hits to the back of her head.","Lizzie Borden\n\nAndrew Jackson Borden","Lizzie Borden\n\nAfter breakfast, Andrew and Morse went to the sitting room where they chatted for an hour. Morse left to visit a relative at 8:45 a.m. and Andrew left for his morning walk sometime after 9 a.m. When he returned at around 10:30 a.m., his key failed to open the door, so he knocked for attention. Bridget went to unlock the door; finding it jammed, she uttered an expletive. She would later testify that she heard Lizzie laughing immediately after this; she did not see Lizzie, but she stated that the laughter was coming from the top of the stairs. This was later considered significant because Abby's body was visible through the gap between bed and floor when climbing the stairs, only becoming hidden by the bed upon reaching the top. Lizzie later denied being upstairs and testified that her father had asked her where Abby was, and she had replied that a messenger had delivered a summons to visit a sick friend. Lizzie stated that she then removed Andrew's boots and helped him into his slippers before he lay down on the sofa for a nap.","Lizzie Borden\n\nNext she informed Bridget of a department-store sale and permitted her to go, but Bridget felt unwell and went to take a nap in her bedroom instead.","Lizzie Borden\n\nLizzie gave two different accounts of what happened next: originally she stated that she went to the barn to look for iron or tin to fix a door and remained in the loft for 20 to 30 minutes eating pears. Police were skeptical, finding it unlikely that anyone could stand the stifling heat of the loft for that long; they also reported finding no footprints in the dust.","Lizzie Borden\n\nBridget Sullivan testified that she was in her third-floor room, resting from cleaning windows, when just before 11:10 a.m. she heard Lizzie call from downstairs, \"Maggie, come quick! Father's dead. Somebody came in and killed him.\" (Lizzie always called Bridget Sullivan \"Maggie\", the name of an earlier maid.) Andrew was slumped on a couch in the downstairs sitting room, struck 10 or 11 times with a hatchet-like weapon. One of his eyeballs had been split cleanly in two, suggesting that he had been asleep when attacked. His still-bleeding wounds suggested a quite recent attack.","Lizzie Borden\n\nInvestigation","Lizzie Borden\n\nLizzie's answers to the police officers' questions were at times strange and contradictory. Initially she reported hearing a groan, or a scraping noise, or a distress call, before entering the house, but two hours later she said she had heard nothing and entered the house not realizing that anything was wrong. When asked where her stepmother was, she recounted Abby receiving a note asking her to visit a sick friend. She also stated that she thought Abby had returned and asked if someone could go upstairs and look for her. Bridget and a neighbor, Mrs. Churchill, were halfway up the stairs, their eyes level with the floor, when they looked into the guest room and saw Abby lying facedown on the floor. Most of the officers who interviewed Lizzie reported that they disliked her attitude; some said she was too calm and poised. Despite Lizzie's \"attitude\" and changing alibis, nobody bothered to check her for bloodstains. Police did search her room, but it was merely a cursory inspection; at the trial they admitted to not doing a proper search because Lizzie was not feeling well. They were subsequently criticized for their lack of diligence.","Lizzie Borden\n\nIn the basement, police found two hatchets, two axes, and a hatchet-head with a broken handle. The hatchet-head was suspected of being the murder weapon as the handle looked like a fresh break and the ash and dust on the head, unlike that on the other bladed tools, appeared to have been deliberately applied to make it look as if it had been in the basement for some time. However, none of these tools were removed from the house.","Lizzie Borden\n\nThe sisters' friend, Alice Russell, decided to stay with them while John Morse spent the night in the attic guest room, contrary to later accounts that he slept in the murder-site guest room. Police were stationed around the house, and later that night an officer saw Lizzie enter the basement and bend over the pails containing her parents' bloody clothing, an action never explained. The following night, Morse left the house and was swarmed by hundreds of people; police had to escort him back to the house. On August 6, police conducted a more thorough search of the house, inspecting the sisters' clothing and confiscating the broken-handled hatchet-head. That evening a police officer and the mayor visited the Bordens, and Lizzie was informed that she was a suspect in the murders. The next morning, Alice Russell entered the kitchen to find Lizzie Borden burning a dress in the fire. Lizzie explained that she was burning it because it was covered in paint. It was never determined whether it was the dress she had been wearing on the day of the murders.","Lizzie Borden\n\nInquest","Lizzie Borden\n\nLizzie appeared at the inquest hearing on August 8. Her request to have her family attorney present was refused under a state statute providing that an inquest may have been held in private. She had been prescribed regular doses of morphine to calm her nerves, and it is possible that her testimony was affected by this. Lizzie's behavior was erratic, and she often refused to answer a question even if the answer would be beneficial to her. She often contradicted herself, such as claiming to have been in the kitchen reading a magazine when her father arrived home, then claiming to have been in the dining room doing some ironing, and then claiming to have been coming down the stairs. She had also claimed to have removed her father's boots and put slippers on him despite police photographs clearly showing Andrew wearing his boots. The district attorney was very aggressive and confrontational. On August 11, Lizzie was served with a warrant of arrest and jailed. The inquest testimony, the basis for the modern debate regarding her guilt or innocence, was later ruled inadmissible at her trial in June 1893.","Lizzie Borden\n\nA grand jury began hearing evidence on November 7, and Lizzie was indicted on December 2.","Lizzie Borden\n\nTrial","Lizzie Borden\n\nLizzie's trial took place in New Bedford starting on June 5, 1893. Prosecuting attorneys were Hosea M. Knowlton and future Supreme Court Justice William H. Moody; defending were Andrew V. Jennings, Melvin O. Adams, and former Massachusetts governor George D. Robinson.","Lizzie Borden\n\nProminent points in the trial (or press coverage of it) included:","Lizzie Borden\n\n* The hatchet-head found in the basement was not convincingly shown to be the murder weapon. Prosecutors argued that the killer had removed the handle because it was bloody. One officer testified that a hatchet handle was found near the hatchet-head, but another officer contradicted this. * Though no bloody clothing was found, a few days after the murder Lizzie burned a dress in the stove, saying that it had been ruined when she brushed against fresh paint. * According to testimony, the maid, Bridget, went upstairs at around 10:58 a.m. and left Lizzie and her father downstairs. Lizzie told many people that at this time, she went into the barn and was not in the house for \"20 minutes or possibly a half an hour\". Hyman Lubinsky testified for the defense that he saw Lizzie leaving the barn at 11:03 a.m. and Charles Gardner confirmed the time. At 11:10 a.m., Lizzie called the maid downstairs, told her Mr. Borden had been murdered, and told her not to go into the room where he died. Instead, Lizzie sent the maid to fetch a doctor.","Lizzie Borden\n\n* There was a similar axe-murder nearby shortly before the trial, though its perpetrator was shown to have been out of the country when the Bordens were killed. * Evidence was excluded that Lizzie had sought to purchase prussic acid (for cleaning a sealskin cloak, she said) from a local druggist on the day before the murders when the judge ruled that the incident was too remote in time to have any connection. * Because of the mysterious illness that had struck the household before the murders, the family's milk and Andrew's and Abby's stomachs (removed during autopsies performed in the Borden dining room) were tested for poison; none was found. * The victims' heads were removed during autopsy. The skulls were used as evidence during the trial - and Lizzie fainted upon seeing them - the heads were later buried at the foot of each grave. * The presiding Associate Justice, Justin Dewey (who had been appointed by Robinson when he was governor), delivered a lengthy summary that supported the defense as his charge to the jury before it was sent to deliberate.","Lizzie Borden\n\nOn June 20, after deliberating an hour and a half, the jury acquitted Lizzie.","Lizzie Borden\n\nThe trial has been compared to the later trials of Bruno Hauptmann, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, and O.J. Simpson as a landmark in publicity and public interest in the history of American legal proceedings.","Lizzie Borden\n\nOther theories","Lizzie Borden\n\nNo one else was charged in the murders, and they continue to be the subject of research and speculation. Among those suggested to be the killer or killers by various authors are:\n* Although acquitted at trial, Lizzie remains the prime suspect. One writer proposed that she committed the murders while in a fugue state, while mystery author Ed McBain, in his 1984 novel Lizzie (see \"Prose\" below), had Lizzie committing the murders after being caught in a lesbian tryst with the maid. McBain elaborated on his theory on an episode of the 1999 Film Garden Entertainment video series Case Reopened. He speculated that Mrs. Borden had caught Lizzie and maid Bridget Sullivan together and had reacted with horror and disgust, and that Lizzie had killed Mrs. Borden with a candlestick. When her father returned she had confessed to him, but he had reacted to her revelation of the affair exactly as Mrs. Borden had. Enraged, she got one of the hatchets and killed him with it, with Bridget disposing of the hatchet somewhere afterward.","Lizzie Borden\n\n(In her later years, Lizzie Borden was rumored to be a lesbian, but there was no such speculation about Sullivan, who found other employment after the murders and later married a man.) One prominent theory suggests that Lizzie was physically and sexually abused by her father. There is little evidence to support this, but incest is not a topic that would have been discussed at the time, and the type of methods for collecting physical evidence would have been quite different in 1892. * Bridget Sullivan, while still recovering from the mystery illness that had struck the household. Sullivan allegedly gave a deathbed confession to her sister, stating that she had changed her testimony on the stand in order to protect Lizzie. * A \"William Borden\", Andrew Borden's illegitimate son, may have tried and failed to extort money from his father. This theory is advanced by Arnold Brown in his book Lizzie Borden: The Legend, the Truth, the Final Chapter.","Lizzie Borden\n\n* Emma Borden, having established an alibi at Fairhaven, Massachusetts (about 15 miles away from Fall River, Massachusetts) comes secretly to Fall River to commit the murders and returns to Fairhaven to receive the telegram informing her of the murders. * John Morse, Lizzie's maternal uncle, rarely met with the family after his sister died, but came to stay with them the night before the murders. He was considered a suspect by police for a period of time.","Lizzie Borden\n\nSubsequent life","Lizzie Borden\n\nAfter the trial, the sisters moved into a large, modern house in the neighborhood called \"The Hill\" in Fall River. Around this time, Lizzie began using the name Lizbeth A. Borden. At their new house, which Lizbeth named \"Maplecroft\", the sisters had a staff that included live-in maids, a housekeeper, and a coachman. Because Abby was ruled to have died before Andrew, her estate went first to Andrew and then, at his death, passed to his daughters as part of his estate; a considerable settlement, however, was paid to settle claims by Abby's family (especially Abby's two sisters).","Lizzie Borden\n\nDespite the acquittal, Lizbeth was ostracized by Fall River society. Lizbeth Borden's name was again brought into the public eye when she was accused of shoplifting in 1897 in Providence, Rhode Island.","Lizzie Borden\n\nIn 1905, shortly after an argument over a party that Lizbeth had given for actress Nance O'Neil, Emma moved out of the house. She never saw her sister again.","Lizzie Borden\n\nLizbeth was ill in her last year following the removal of her gallbladder; she died of pneumonia on June 1, 1927 in Fall River. Funeral details were not published and few attended. Nine days later, Emma died from chronic nephritis at the age of 76 in a nursing home in Newmarket, New Hampshire, having moved to this location in 1923 both for health reasons and to get away from the public eye, which had renewed interest in the sisters at the publication of another book about the murders. The sisters, neither of whom had ever married, were buried side by side in the family plot in Oak Grove Cemetery.","Lizzie Borden\n\nLizbeth left $30,000 () to the Fall River Animal Rescue League and $500 ($ today) in trust for perpetual care of her father's grave; her closest friend and a cousin each received $6,000 ($ today) — substantial sums at the time of the estate's distribution in 1927.","Lizzie Borden\n\nFolk rhyme","Lizzie Borden\n\nThe case was memorialized in a popular skipping-rope rhyme sung to the tune of the then-popular song Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay.","Lizzie Borden\n\n: Lizzie Borden took an axe\n: And gave her mother forty whacks.\n: When she saw what she had done,\n: She gave her father forty-one.","Lizzie Borden\n\nFolklore says that the rhyme was made up by an anonymous writer as a tune to sell newspapers. Others attribute it to the ubiquitous, but anonymous, \"Mother Goose\".","Lizzie Borden\n\nIn reality, Lizzie's stepmother suffered 18 or 19 blows; her father suffered 11 blows.","Lizzie Borden\n\nIn popular culture","Lizzie Borden\n\nMusic","Lizzie Borden\n\n* \"Lizzie Borden,\" a song from the musical revue New Faces of 1952, popularized by the Chad Mitchell Trio.\n* Lizzie Borden, a 1965 opera based on the case.\n* Macabre (Technical/Death Metal band from Chicago) released a song about Borden, simply called \"Lizzy Borden\" on their 2011 album Grim Scary Tales.\n* Flotsam and Jetsam, a thrash metal band from Arizona, released a song about Lizzy Borden, titled as \"She Took an Axe\" in their debut album, Doomsday for the Deceiver.\n* Lizzy Borden, a heavy metal band whose music is themed around death and murder. The lead singer also uses the name Lizzy Borden.\n* \"Fall River Legend\" an orchestral work written by Morton Gould for the ballet of the same name choreographed by Agnes de Mille.\n* \"Lizzie Borden\", a song written by Ron Ecker, sung by Twila Powers.\n* \"Thirty Whacks,\" a song by The Dresden Dolls is based on the murders.\n* \"Ukulele Anthem\", a song by Amanda Palmer, refers to the case.","Lizzie Borden\n\nRadio","Lizzie Borden\n\n* \"The Fall River Tragedy\" was broadcast on January 14, 1952 on Suspense starring Agnes Moorehead as Lizzie and Joseph Kearns as prosecutor William Henry Moody.\n* \"The Bloody, Bloody Banks of Fall River\", a September 30, 1953 episode of the CBS radio series Crime Classics with Irene Tedrow portraying Lizzie.\n* \"Goodbye, Miss Lizzie Borden\" was another Suspense radio drama, written by Lillian de la Torre and broadcast on October 4, 1955, starring Irene Tedrow, Paula Winslowe and Virginia Gregg. This story was later adapted for television in 1956 for Alfred Hitchcock Presents under the title \"The Older Sister\" (see below in \"Film and Television\").\n* On June 10, 1981, the CBS Mystery Theater broadcast \"Second Look at Murder\", starring Roberta Maxwell as Lizzie.","Lizzie Borden\n\nFilm and television","Lizzie Borden\n\n* The Legend of Lizzie (1953), an episode of Suspense aired on 10 March 1953 starring Katharine Bard as Lizzie. * The Older Sister, an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, aired on 22 January 1956, presents the alternative theory that Lizzie (played by Carmen Matthews) covered for her older sister, Emma, the actual murderer. * Legend of Murder: The Untold Story of Lizzie Borden (1961), an episode of Armstrong Circle Theatre broadcast on 11 October 1961 starring Clarice Blackburn (who later starred on ABC-TV's Dark Shadows) as Lizzie. * The Legend of Lizzie Borden, a 1975 ABC film based on the case. Lizzie was played by Elizabeth Montgomery. Elizabeth Montgomery and Lizzie Borden were sixth cousins once removed, both descending from 17th-century Massachusetts resident John Luther. Rhonda McClure, the genealogist who documented the Montgomery-Borden connection, said, \"I wonder how Elizabeth would have felt if she knew she was playing her own cousin.\" One of the gowns worn by Montgomery in the film is on display at the bed-and-breakfast that now occupies the Borden house. * Lizzie Borden (1976), an episode of Second Verdict broadcast on 24 June 1976 starring Rosemary Leach as Lizzie.","Lizzie Borden\n\n* Lizzie Borden appears in the Friday the 13th: The Series (1987–1990) episode \"Wax Magic\", played by actress Susannah Hoffman. * A 1998 episode of Smart Guy made numerous references to Borden. In the episode, the main character (T.J.) works on a school project about her. * Axe Murderer (1998), an episode of the TV series The Practice, including Calista Flockhart and Gil Bellows in their characters from Ally McBeal. In the episode, which aired in April 27, 1998, a client of the firm claims to have been Lizzie Borden in a past life. * Lizzie, a 2012 horror film where a distant descendant of Lizzie Borden is haunted by Lizzie's ghost. * Lizzie Borden Took an Ax, a U.S. television movie that premiered on Lifetime on January 25, 2014 with Christina Ricci in the title role. * The Lizzie Borden Chronicles, a limited series and sequel to the above TV movie that premiered on Lifetime on April 5, 2015 (with Ricci again playing Lizzie), which presents a fictional account of Lizzie's life after the trial.","Lizzie Borden\n\nProse","Lizzie Borden\n\n* \"The Fall River Axe Murders,\" a short story by Angela Carter, was published in her 1985 collection Black Venus. * Another Lizzie Borden story by Angela Carter was \"Lizzie's Tiger\", in which Lizzie, imagined as a four-year-old, has an extraordinary encounter at the circus. The story was published posthumously in the collection American Ghosts and Old World Wonders. Two versions of this story have been broadcast as readings on BBC Radio, unabridged on August 26, 1991 read by Liza Ross and abridged on June 29, 2012 read by Debora Weston. * Maplecroft, a 2014 novel by Cherie Priest, which combines the Borden murders with Lovecraftian horror. * Lizzie, a novel by Ed McBain writing as \"Evan Hunter\" (ISBN 978-0-87795-570-2)\n* Lizzie Borden, The Girl with the Pansy Pin, a 2013 novel by Michael Thomas Brimbau (who was actually born in Fall River, MA) (ISBN 978-0-9819043-4-4)\n* Sisterly Love: The Saga of Emma and Lizzie Borden, a 2013 novel by Jordan Bollinger (ISBN 978-1-61252-331-6), which postulates the Emma Borden theory.","Lizzie Borden\n\n* Miss Lizzie, a 1989 novel by Walter Satterthwaite (ISBN 0-595-00794-5) which catches up with Lizbeth Borden at the end of her life when she is involved in a homicide investigation (a gruesome hatchet murder of a young friend's stepmother) at a seaside retreat.","Lizzie Borden\n\nOther","Lizzie Borden\n\n* Blood Relations, a play by Canadian playwright Sharon Pollock, based on the speculation as to whether or not Lizzie really did commit the murders.\n* Fall River Legend, a 1948 ballet by choreographer Agnes de Mille, based on the life of Lizzie Borden\n* The Borden Tragedy, a 1997 graphic novel by comic artist and author Rick Geary, features Lizzie prominently as it recounts the events surrounding the double murder. The graphic novel is part of his Treasury of Victorian Murder series.\n* Lizzie Borden House, Bed & Breakfast Museum \n* Lizzie, a rock musical by Steven Cheslik-DeMeyer, Alan Stevens Hewitt and Tim and Maner, explores the events from the perspective of four women involved with the incident: Lizzie, her sister Emma, her friend Alice Russell and her maid Bridget Sullivan.\n*\"Lizzie Borden\", another musical adaptation with music and lyrics by Christopher McGovern and Amy Powers, starring Tony nominee Alison Fraser premiered in 1998. A cast album was recorded."],"string":"[\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nLizzie Andrew Borden (July 19, 1860 – June 1, 1927) was an American woman who gained infamy in being tried and acquitted for the 1892 axe murders of her father and stepmother in Fall River, Massachusetts.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nThe case was a cause célèbre throughout the United States. Following her release from the prison in which she had been held during the trial, Borden chose to remain a resident of Fall River, Massachusetts, for the rest of her life, despite facing significant ostracism. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts elected to charge no one else with the murder of Andrew and Abby Borden; speculation about the crimes still continues more than 100 years later.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nBackground\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nBorden was born in Fall River, Massachusetts. Her father, Andrew Jackson Borden, grew up in very modest surroundings and struggled financially as a young man, despite being the descendant of wealthy, influential local residents. He eventually prospered through the manufacture and sales of furniture and caskets, and went on to become a successful property developer. He directed several textile mills including the Globe Yarn Mill Company, Troy Cotton, and Woolen Manufacturing Company. He also owned considerable commercial property and was both president of the Union Savings Bank and a director of the Durfee Safe Deposit and Trust Co. At the time of his death, his estate was valued at $300,000 ().\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nDespite his wealth, Andrew was known for his frugality. For instance, the Borden home lacked indoor plumbing on its ground and second floors and was located near Andrew's businesses. The residence at 92 Second Street (number 230 after 1896 ) was located in an affluent area, but the wealthiest residents of Fall River, Massachusetts (which included Andrew Borden's cousins) generally lived in a more fashionable neighborhood (\\\"The Hill\\\") that was farther away from the industrial areas of the city and much more homogenous racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nLizzie and her older sister, Emma Lenora Borden (1851–1927), had a relatively religious upbringing and attended Central Congregational Church. As a young woman, Lizzie was very involved in activities related to her church, including teaching Sunday school to children of recent immigrants to America. She also was involved in Christian organizations such as the Christian Endeavor Society, for which she served as secretary-treasurer, and contemporary social movements such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). She was also a member of the Ladies' Fruit and Flower Mission.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nThree years after the death of Sarah Anthony (Morse) Borden (1823–1863), Andrew's first wife and mother to Lizzie and Emma, Andrew married Abby Durfee Gray. Lizzie stated, during police questioning and during the inquest, that she called her stepmother \\\"Mrs. Borden\\\" and demurred on whether they had a cordial relationship. Lizzie believed that Abby was after her father's money. During the inquest, the Bordens' live-in maid Bridget Sullivan testified that Lizzie and Emma rarely ate meals with their parents. In May 1892 Andrew, believing that pigeons in the barn were attracting local children to hunt them, killed the pigeons with a hatchet. Lizzie had recently built a roost for the pigeons and was upset at their deaths. A family argument in July 1892 prompted both sisters to take extended \\\"vacations\\\" in New Bedford. Returning to Fall River the week before the murders, Lizzie chose to stay in a Fall River rooming house for four days before returning to the family residence.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nTension had been growing in the family in the months before the murders, especially over Andrew's gifts of real estate to various branches of Abby's family. After their stepmother's sister received a house, the sisters had demanded and received a rental property (the home they had lived in until their mother died) which they purchased from their father for $1; a few weeks before the murders, they sold the property back to their father for $5,000 (). The night before the murders, John Vinnicum Morse, the brother of Lizzie and Emma's deceased mother, visited and was invited to stay for a few days to discuss business matters with Andrew. Some writers have speculated that their conversation, particularly about property transfer, may have aggravated an already tense situation.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nFor several days before the murders, the entire household had been violently ill. A family friend later speculated that mutton left on the stove for use in meals over several days was the cause, but Abby had feared poisoning, as Andrew Borden had not been a popular man. It should be noted that the Bordens did have an icebox, and some historians feel that the hot weather at the time makes it unlikely it was not used.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nMurders\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nAbby and Andrew Borden were murdered at their home on the morning of Thursday, August 4, 1892; Abby between 9:00 a.m. and 10:30 a.m., and Andrew between 10:30 a.m. and 11:10 a.m.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nAbby Durfee Gray Borden\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nAlthough cleaning the guest rooms was one of Lizzie and Emma's regular chores, John Morse had slept in the room the previous night, and Abby had gone up to the room to make the bed. She was struck on the side of the head with a hatchet which cut her just above the ear, causing her to turn and fall facedown on the floor, which created contusions on her nose and forehead. Her killer is then assumed to have sat on her back delivering 19 direct hits to the back of her head.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nAndrew Jackson Borden\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nAfter breakfast, Andrew and Morse went to the sitting room where they chatted for an hour. Morse left to visit a relative at 8:45 a.m. and Andrew left for his morning walk sometime after 9 a.m. When he returned at around 10:30 a.m., his key failed to open the door, so he knocked for attention. Bridget went to unlock the door; finding it jammed, she uttered an expletive. She would later testify that she heard Lizzie laughing immediately after this; she did not see Lizzie, but she stated that the laughter was coming from the top of the stairs. This was later considered significant because Abby's body was visible through the gap between bed and floor when climbing the stairs, only becoming hidden by the bed upon reaching the top. Lizzie later denied being upstairs and testified that her father had asked her where Abby was, and she had replied that a messenger had delivered a summons to visit a sick friend. Lizzie stated that she then removed Andrew's boots and helped him into his slippers before he lay down on the sofa for a nap.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nNext she informed Bridget of a department-store sale and permitted her to go, but Bridget felt unwell and went to take a nap in her bedroom instead.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nLizzie gave two different accounts of what happened next: originally she stated that she went to the barn to look for iron or tin to fix a door and remained in the loft for 20 to 30 minutes eating pears. Police were skeptical, finding it unlikely that anyone could stand the stifling heat of the loft for that long; they also reported finding no footprints in the dust.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nBridget Sullivan testified that she was in her third-floor room, resting from cleaning windows, when just before 11:10 a.m. she heard Lizzie call from downstairs, \\\"Maggie, come quick! Father's dead. Somebody came in and killed him.\\\" (Lizzie always called Bridget Sullivan \\\"Maggie\\\", the name of an earlier maid.) Andrew was slumped on a couch in the downstairs sitting room, struck 10 or 11 times with a hatchet-like weapon. One of his eyeballs had been split cleanly in two, suggesting that he had been asleep when attacked. His still-bleeding wounds suggested a quite recent attack.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nInvestigation\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nLizzie's answers to the police officers' questions were at times strange and contradictory. Initially she reported hearing a groan, or a scraping noise, or a distress call, before entering the house, but two hours later she said she had heard nothing and entered the house not realizing that anything was wrong. When asked where her stepmother was, she recounted Abby receiving a note asking her to visit a sick friend. She also stated that she thought Abby had returned and asked if someone could go upstairs and look for her. Bridget and a neighbor, Mrs. Churchill, were halfway up the stairs, their eyes level with the floor, when they looked into the guest room and saw Abby lying facedown on the floor. Most of the officers who interviewed Lizzie reported that they disliked her attitude; some said she was too calm and poised. Despite Lizzie's \\\"attitude\\\" and changing alibis, nobody bothered to check her for bloodstains. Police did search her room, but it was merely a cursory inspection; at the trial they admitted to not doing a proper search because Lizzie was not feeling well. They were subsequently criticized for their lack of diligence.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nIn the basement, police found two hatchets, two axes, and a hatchet-head with a broken handle. The hatchet-head was suspected of being the murder weapon as the handle looked like a fresh break and the ash and dust on the head, unlike that on the other bladed tools, appeared to have been deliberately applied to make it look as if it had been in the basement for some time. However, none of these tools were removed from the house.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nThe sisters' friend, Alice Russell, decided to stay with them while John Morse spent the night in the attic guest room, contrary to later accounts that he slept in the murder-site guest room. Police were stationed around the house, and later that night an officer saw Lizzie enter the basement and bend over the pails containing her parents' bloody clothing, an action never explained. The following night, Morse left the house and was swarmed by hundreds of people; police had to escort him back to the house. On August 6, police conducted a more thorough search of the house, inspecting the sisters' clothing and confiscating the broken-handled hatchet-head. That evening a police officer and the mayor visited the Bordens, and Lizzie was informed that she was a suspect in the murders. The next morning, Alice Russell entered the kitchen to find Lizzie Borden burning a dress in the fire. Lizzie explained that she was burning it because it was covered in paint. It was never determined whether it was the dress she had been wearing on the day of the murders.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nInquest\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nLizzie appeared at the inquest hearing on August 8. Her request to have her family attorney present was refused under a state statute providing that an inquest may have been held in private. She had been prescribed regular doses of morphine to calm her nerves, and it is possible that her testimony was affected by this. Lizzie's behavior was erratic, and she often refused to answer a question even if the answer would be beneficial to her. She often contradicted herself, such as claiming to have been in the kitchen reading a magazine when her father arrived home, then claiming to have been in the dining room doing some ironing, and then claiming to have been coming down the stairs. She had also claimed to have removed her father's boots and put slippers on him despite police photographs clearly showing Andrew wearing his boots. The district attorney was very aggressive and confrontational. On August 11, Lizzie was served with a warrant of arrest and jailed. The inquest testimony, the basis for the modern debate regarding her guilt or innocence, was later ruled inadmissible at her trial in June 1893.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nA grand jury began hearing evidence on November 7, and Lizzie was indicted on December 2.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nTrial\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nLizzie's trial took place in New Bedford starting on June 5, 1893. Prosecuting attorneys were Hosea M. Knowlton and future Supreme Court Justice William H. Moody; defending were Andrew V. Jennings, Melvin O. Adams, and former Massachusetts governor George D. Robinson.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nProminent points in the trial (or press coverage of it) included:\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n* The hatchet-head found in the basement was not convincingly shown to be the murder weapon. Prosecutors argued that the killer had removed the handle because it was bloody. One officer testified that a hatchet handle was found near the hatchet-head, but another officer contradicted this. * Though no bloody clothing was found, a few days after the murder Lizzie burned a dress in the stove, saying that it had been ruined when she brushed against fresh paint. * According to testimony, the maid, Bridget, went upstairs at around 10:58 a.m. and left Lizzie and her father downstairs. Lizzie told many people that at this time, she went into the barn and was not in the house for \\\"20 minutes or possibly a half an hour\\\". Hyman Lubinsky testified for the defense that he saw Lizzie leaving the barn at 11:03 a.m. and Charles Gardner confirmed the time. At 11:10 a.m., Lizzie called the maid downstairs, told her Mr. Borden had been murdered, and told her not to go into the room where he died. Instead, Lizzie sent the maid to fetch a doctor.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n* There was a similar axe-murder nearby shortly before the trial, though its perpetrator was shown to have been out of the country when the Bordens were killed. * Evidence was excluded that Lizzie had sought to purchase prussic acid (for cleaning a sealskin cloak, she said) from a local druggist on the day before the murders when the judge ruled that the incident was too remote in time to have any connection. * Because of the mysterious illness that had struck the household before the murders, the family's milk and Andrew's and Abby's stomachs (removed during autopsies performed in the Borden dining room) were tested for poison; none was found. * The victims' heads were removed during autopsy. The skulls were used as evidence during the trial - and Lizzie fainted upon seeing them - the heads were later buried at the foot of each grave. * The presiding Associate Justice, Justin Dewey (who had been appointed by Robinson when he was governor), delivered a lengthy summary that supported the defense as his charge to the jury before it was sent to deliberate.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nOn June 20, after deliberating an hour and a half, the jury acquitted Lizzie.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nThe trial has been compared to the later trials of Bruno Hauptmann, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, and O.J. Simpson as a landmark in publicity and public interest in the history of American legal proceedings.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nOther theories\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nNo one else was charged in the murders, and they continue to be the subject of research and speculation. Among those suggested to be the killer or killers by various authors are:\\n* Although acquitted at trial, Lizzie remains the prime suspect. One writer proposed that she committed the murders while in a fugue state, while mystery author Ed McBain, in his 1984 novel Lizzie (see \\\"Prose\\\" below), had Lizzie committing the murders after being caught in a lesbian tryst with the maid. McBain elaborated on his theory on an episode of the 1999 Film Garden Entertainment video series Case Reopened. He speculated that Mrs. Borden had caught Lizzie and maid Bridget Sullivan together and had reacted with horror and disgust, and that Lizzie had killed Mrs. Borden with a candlestick. When her father returned she had confessed to him, but he had reacted to her revelation of the affair exactly as Mrs. Borden had. Enraged, she got one of the hatchets and killed him with it, with Bridget disposing of the hatchet somewhere afterward.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n(In her later years, Lizzie Borden was rumored to be a lesbian, but there was no such speculation about Sullivan, who found other employment after the murders and later married a man.) One prominent theory suggests that Lizzie was physically and sexually abused by her father. There is little evidence to support this, but incest is not a topic that would have been discussed at the time, and the type of methods for collecting physical evidence would have been quite different in 1892. * Bridget Sullivan, while still recovering from the mystery illness that had struck the household. Sullivan allegedly gave a deathbed confession to her sister, stating that she had changed her testimony on the stand in order to protect Lizzie. * A \\\"William Borden\\\", Andrew Borden's illegitimate son, may have tried and failed to extort money from his father. This theory is advanced by Arnold Brown in his book Lizzie Borden: The Legend, the Truth, the Final Chapter.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n* Emma Borden, having established an alibi at Fairhaven, Massachusetts (about 15 miles away from Fall River, Massachusetts) comes secretly to Fall River to commit the murders and returns to Fairhaven to receive the telegram informing her of the murders. * John Morse, Lizzie's maternal uncle, rarely met with the family after his sister died, but came to stay with them the night before the murders. He was considered a suspect by police for a period of time.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nSubsequent life\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nAfter the trial, the sisters moved into a large, modern house in the neighborhood called \\\"The Hill\\\" in Fall River. Around this time, Lizzie began using the name Lizbeth A. Borden. At their new house, which Lizbeth named \\\"Maplecroft\\\", the sisters had a staff that included live-in maids, a housekeeper, and a coachman. Because Abby was ruled to have died before Andrew, her estate went first to Andrew and then, at his death, passed to his daughters as part of his estate; a considerable settlement, however, was paid to settle claims by Abby's family (especially Abby's two sisters).\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nDespite the acquittal, Lizbeth was ostracized by Fall River society. Lizbeth Borden's name was again brought into the public eye when she was accused of shoplifting in 1897 in Providence, Rhode Island.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nIn 1905, shortly after an argument over a party that Lizbeth had given for actress Nance O'Neil, Emma moved out of the house. She never saw her sister again.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nLizbeth was ill in her last year following the removal of her gallbladder; she died of pneumonia on June 1, 1927 in Fall River. Funeral details were not published and few attended. Nine days later, Emma died from chronic nephritis at the age of 76 in a nursing home in Newmarket, New Hampshire, having moved to this location in 1923 both for health reasons and to get away from the public eye, which had renewed interest in the sisters at the publication of another book about the murders. The sisters, neither of whom had ever married, were buried side by side in the family plot in Oak Grove Cemetery.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nLizbeth left $30,000 () to the Fall River Animal Rescue League and $500 ($ today) in trust for perpetual care of her father's grave; her closest friend and a cousin each received $6,000 ($ today) — substantial sums at the time of the estate's distribution in 1927.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nFolk rhyme\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nThe case was memorialized in a popular skipping-rope rhyme sung to the tune of the then-popular song Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n: Lizzie Borden took an axe\\n: And gave her mother forty whacks.\\n: When she saw what she had done,\\n: She gave her father forty-one.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nFolklore says that the rhyme was made up by an anonymous writer as a tune to sell newspapers. Others attribute it to the ubiquitous, but anonymous, \\\"Mother Goose\\\".\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nIn reality, Lizzie's stepmother suffered 18 or 19 blows; her father suffered 11 blows.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nIn popular culture\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nMusic\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n* \\\"Lizzie Borden,\\\" a song from the musical revue New Faces of 1952, popularized by the Chad Mitchell Trio.\\n* Lizzie Borden, a 1965 opera based on the case.\\n* Macabre (Technical/Death Metal band from Chicago) released a song about Borden, simply called \\\"Lizzy Borden\\\" on their 2011 album Grim Scary Tales.\\n* Flotsam and Jetsam, a thrash metal band from Arizona, released a song about Lizzy Borden, titled as \\\"She Took an Axe\\\" in their debut album, Doomsday for the Deceiver.\\n* Lizzy Borden, a heavy metal band whose music is themed around death and murder. The lead singer also uses the name Lizzy Borden.\\n* \\\"Fall River Legend\\\" an orchestral work written by Morton Gould for the ballet of the same name choreographed by Agnes de Mille.\\n* \\\"Lizzie Borden\\\", a song written by Ron Ecker, sung by Twila Powers.\\n* \\\"Thirty Whacks,\\\" a song by The Dresden Dolls is based on the murders.\\n* \\\"Ukulele Anthem\\\", a song by Amanda Palmer, refers to the case.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nRadio\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n* \\\"The Fall River Tragedy\\\" was broadcast on January 14, 1952 on Suspense starring Agnes Moorehead as Lizzie and Joseph Kearns as prosecutor William Henry Moody.\\n* \\\"The Bloody, Bloody Banks of Fall River\\\", a September 30, 1953 episode of the CBS radio series Crime Classics with Irene Tedrow portraying Lizzie.\\n* \\\"Goodbye, Miss Lizzie Borden\\\" was another Suspense radio drama, written by Lillian de la Torre and broadcast on October 4, 1955, starring Irene Tedrow, Paula Winslowe and Virginia Gregg. This story was later adapted for television in 1956 for Alfred Hitchcock Presents under the title \\\"The Older Sister\\\" (see below in \\\"Film and Television\\\").\\n* On June 10, 1981, the CBS Mystery Theater broadcast \\\"Second Look at Murder\\\", starring Roberta Maxwell as Lizzie.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nFilm and television\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n* The Legend of Lizzie (1953), an episode of Suspense aired on 10 March 1953 starring Katharine Bard as Lizzie. * The Older Sister, an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, aired on 22 January 1956, presents the alternative theory that Lizzie (played by Carmen Matthews) covered for her older sister, Emma, the actual murderer. * Legend of Murder: The Untold Story of Lizzie Borden (1961), an episode of Armstrong Circle Theatre broadcast on 11 October 1961 starring Clarice Blackburn (who later starred on ABC-TV's Dark Shadows) as Lizzie. * The Legend of Lizzie Borden, a 1975 ABC film based on the case. Lizzie was played by Elizabeth Montgomery. Elizabeth Montgomery and Lizzie Borden were sixth cousins once removed, both descending from 17th-century Massachusetts resident John Luther. Rhonda McClure, the genealogist who documented the Montgomery-Borden connection, said, \\\"I wonder how Elizabeth would have felt if she knew she was playing her own cousin.\\\" One of the gowns worn by Montgomery in the film is on display at the bed-and-breakfast that now occupies the Borden house. * Lizzie Borden (1976), an episode of Second Verdict broadcast on 24 June 1976 starring Rosemary Leach as Lizzie.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n* Lizzie Borden appears in the Friday the 13th: The Series (1987–1990) episode \\\"Wax Magic\\\", played by actress Susannah Hoffman. * A 1998 episode of Smart Guy made numerous references to Borden. In the episode, the main character (T.J.) works on a school project about her. * Axe Murderer (1998), an episode of the TV series The Practice, including Calista Flockhart and Gil Bellows in their characters from Ally McBeal. In the episode, which aired in April 27, 1998, a client of the firm claims to have been Lizzie Borden in a past life. * Lizzie, a 2012 horror film where a distant descendant of Lizzie Borden is haunted by Lizzie's ghost. * Lizzie Borden Took an Ax, a U.S. television movie that premiered on Lifetime on January 25, 2014 with Christina Ricci in the title role. * The Lizzie Borden Chronicles, a limited series and sequel to the above TV movie that premiered on Lifetime on April 5, 2015 (with Ricci again playing Lizzie), which presents a fictional account of Lizzie's life after the trial.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nProse\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n* \\\"The Fall River Axe Murders,\\\" a short story by Angela Carter, was published in her 1985 collection Black Venus. * Another Lizzie Borden story by Angela Carter was \\\"Lizzie's Tiger\\\", in which Lizzie, imagined as a four-year-old, has an extraordinary encounter at the circus. The story was published posthumously in the collection American Ghosts and Old World Wonders. Two versions of this story have been broadcast as readings on BBC Radio, unabridged on August 26, 1991 read by Liza Ross and abridged on June 29, 2012 read by Debora Weston. * Maplecroft, a 2014 novel by Cherie Priest, which combines the Borden murders with Lovecraftian horror. * Lizzie, a novel by Ed McBain writing as \\\"Evan Hunter\\\" (ISBN 978-0-87795-570-2)\\n* Lizzie Borden, The Girl with the Pansy Pin, a 2013 novel by Michael Thomas Brimbau (who was actually born in Fall River, MA) (ISBN 978-0-9819043-4-4)\\n* Sisterly Love: The Saga of Emma and Lizzie Borden, a 2013 novel by Jordan Bollinger (ISBN 978-1-61252-331-6), which postulates the Emma Borden theory.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n* Miss Lizzie, a 1989 novel by Walter Satterthwaite (ISBN 0-595-00794-5) which catches up with Lizbeth Borden at the end of her life when she is involved in a homicide investigation (a gruesome hatchet murder of a young friend's stepmother) at a seaside retreat.\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\nOther\",\n \"Lizzie Borden\\n\\n* Blood Relations, a play by Canadian playwright Sharon Pollock, based on the speculation as to whether or not Lizzie really did commit the murders.\\n* Fall River Legend, a 1948 ballet by choreographer Agnes de Mille, based on the life of Lizzie Borden\\n* The Borden Tragedy, a 1997 graphic novel by comic artist and author Rick Geary, features Lizzie prominently as it recounts the events surrounding the double murder. The graphic novel is part of his Treasury of Victorian Murder series.\\n* Lizzie Borden House, Bed & Breakfast Museum \\n* Lizzie, a rock musical by Steven Cheslik-DeMeyer, Alan Stevens Hewitt and Tim and Maner, explores the events from the perspective of four women involved with the incident: Lizzie, her sister Emma, her friend Alice Russell and her maid Bridget Sullivan.\\n*\\\"Lizzie Borden\\\", another musical adaptation with music and lyrics by Christopher McGovern and Amy Powers, starring Tony nominee Alison Fraser premiered in 1998. A cast album was recorded.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":136696,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_1559"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What area of the Yukon Territory experienced the gold rush of 1897?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Klondike"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["clondike","klondike disambiguation","klondike"],"string":"[\n \"clondike\",\n \"klondike disambiguation\",\n \"klondike\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Yukon\n\nYukon (;; also commonly called the Yukon) is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories (the other two are Northwest Territories and Nunavut). The territory is very lowly populated with its about 35,000 people on almost half a million km2. Whitehorse is the territorial capital and Yukon's only city.","Yukon\n\nThe territory was split from the Northwest Territories in 1898 and was named the \"Yukon Territory\". The federal government's Yukon Act, which received royal assent on March 27, 2002, established \"Yukon\" as the territory's official name, though \"Yukon Territory\" is also still popular in usage and Canada Post continues to use the territory's internationally approved postal abbreviation of YT. Though officially bilingual (English and French), the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages.","Yukon\n\nAt , Yukon's Mount Logan, in Kluane National Park and Reserve, is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest on the North American continent (after Denali in the U.S. state of Alaska). Most of Yukon has a subarctic climate, characterized by long cold winters and brief warm summers. The Arctic Ocean coast has a tundra climate.","Yukon\n\nNotable rivers include the Yukon River, after which the territory was named, as well as the Pelly, Stewart, Peel, White and Tatshenshini rivers.","Yukon\n\nHistory","Yukon\n\nLong before the arrival of Europeans, central and southern Yukon was populated by First Nations people, and the area escaped glaciation. Sites of archeological significance in Yukon hold some of the earliest evidence of the presence of human occupation in North America. The sites safeguard the history of the first people and the earliest First Nations of the Yukon.","Yukon\n\nThe volcanic eruption of Mount Churchill in approximately 800 AD in the U.S. state of Alaska blanketed southern Yukon with a layer of ash which can still be seen along the Klondike Highway, and which forms part of the oral tradition of First Nations peoples in Yukon and further south in Canada.","Yukon\n\nCoastal and inland First Nations had extensive trading networks. European incursions into the area only began early in the 19th century with the fur trade, followed by missionaries. By the 1870s and 1880s gold miners began to arrive. This drove a population increase that justified the establishment of a police force, just in time for the start of the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897. The increased population coming with the gold rush led to the separation of the Yukon district from the Northwest Territories and the formation of the separate Yukon Territory in 1898.","Yukon\n\nGeography","Yukon\n\nThe territory is the approximate shape of a right triangle, bordering the U.S. state of Alaska to the west and northwest for 1,210 km (752 mi) mostly along longitude 141° W, the Northwest Territories to the east and British Columbia to the south. Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea. Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains.","Yukon\n\nMost of the territory is in the watershed of its namesake, the Yukon River. The southern Yukon is dotted with a large number of large, long and narrow glacier-fed alpine lakes, most of which flow into the Yukon River system. The larger lakes include Teslin Lake, Atlin Lake, Tagish Lake, Marsh Lake, Lake Laberge, Kusawa Lake and Kluane Lake. Bennett Lake on the Klondike Gold Rush trail is a lake flowing into Nares Lake, with the greater part of its area within Yukon.","Yukon\n\nCanada's highest point, Mount Logan (5959 m), is in the territory's southwest. Mount Logan and a large part of the Yukon's southwest are in Kluane National Park and Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other national parks include Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park in the north.","Yukon\n\nOther watersheds include the Mackenzie River, the Peel Watershed and the Alsek–Tatshenshini, and a number of rivers flowing directly into the Beaufort Sea. The two main Yukon rivers flowing into the Mackenzie in the Northwest Territories are the Liard River in the southeast and the Peel River and its tributaries in the northeast.","Yukon\n\nNotable widespread tree species within Yukon are the black spruce and white spruce. Many trees are stunted because of the short growing season and severe climate.","Yukon\n\nThe capital, Whitehorse, is also the largest city, with about three-quarters of the population; the second largest is Dawson City (pop. 2,016), which was the capital until 1952.","Yukon\n\nClimate","Yukon\n\nWhile the average winter temperature in the Yukon is mild by Canadian arctic standards, no other place in North America gets as cold as the Yukon during extreme cold snaps. The temperature has dropped down to three times, 1947, 1954, and 1968. The most extreme cold snap occurred in February 1947 when the abandoned town of Snag dropped down to .","Yukon\n\nUnlike most of Canada where the most extreme heat waves occur in July, August, and even September, The Yukon's extreme heat tends to occur in June and even May. The Yukon has recorded 36 C three times. The first time was in June 1969 when Mayo recorded a temperature of . 14 years later this record was almost beaten when Forty Mile recorded 36 C in May 1983. The old record was finally broken 21 years later in June 2004 when the Mayo Road weather station, located just northwest of Whitehorse, recorded a temperature of .","Yukon\n\nDemographics","Yukon\n\nThe population of Yukon as of December, 2014 is 37,183, an increase of 19.5% from 2004. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2011.","Yukon\n\nMunicipalities by population","Yukon\n\nEthnicity","Yukon\n\nAccording to the 2006 Canada Census the majority of the territory's population was of European descent, although it has a significant population of First Nations communities across the territory.","Yukon\n\nThe top ten ancestries were:","Yukon\n\nThe 2011 National Household Survey examined Yukon's ethnocultural diversity and immigration. At that time, 87.7% of residents were Canadian-born and 24.2% were of Aboriginal origin. The most common countries of birth for immigrants were the United Kingdom (15.9%), the Philippines (15.0%), and the United States (13.2%). Among very recent immigrants (between 2006 and 2011) living in Yukon, 63.5% were born in Asia.","Yukon\n\nLanguage","Yukon\n\nThe most commonly reported mother tongue among the 33,145 single responses to the 2011 Canadian census was English at 28,065 (). The second-most common was 1,455 () for French. Among 510 multiple respondents, 140 of them () reported a mother tongue of both English and French, while 335 () reported English and a ' language' and 20 () reported French and a ' language'.","Yukon\n\nThe Yukon Language Act \"recognises the significance\" of aboriginal languages in Yukon; however, only English and French are available for laws, court proceedings, and legislative assembly proceedings.","Yukon\n\nReligion","Yukon\n\nThe 2011 National Household Survey reported that 49.9% of Yukoners reported having no religious affiliation, the highest percentage in Canada. The most frequently reported religious affiliation was Christianity, reported by 46.2% of residents. Of these, the most common denominations were the Catholic Church (39.6%), the Anglican Church of Canada (17.8%) and the United Church of Canada (9.6%).","Yukon\n\nEconomy","Yukon\n\nYukon's historical major industry was mining (lead, zinc, silver, gold, asbestos and copper). The government acquired the land from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1870 and split it from the Northwest Territories in 1898 to fill the need for local government created by the population influx of the gold rush.","Yukon\n\nThousands of these prospectors flooded the territory, creating a colourful period recorded by authors such as Robert W. Service and Jack London. The memory of this period and the early days of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as the territory's scenic wonders and outdoor recreation opportunities, makes tourism the second most important industry.","Yukon\n\nManufacturing, including furniture, clothing, and handicrafts, follows in importance, along with hydroelectricity. The traditional industries of trapping and fishing have declined. Today, the government sector is by far the biggest employer in the territory, directly employing approximately 5,000 out of a labour force of 12,500, on a population of 36,500.","Yukon\n\nOn 1 May 2015, Yukon modified its Business Corporations Act,[http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/buco_c.pdf gov.yk.ca: \"BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT\"] , 1 May 2015[http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2015_006.pdf gov.yk.ca: \"O.I.C. 2015/06 BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT\"] , 1 May 2015[http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2015_007.pdf gov.yk.ca: \"O.I.C. 2015/07 SOCIETIES ACT\"] , 1 May 2015 in an effort to attract more benefits and participants to its economy. One amendment to the BCA lets a proxy be given for voting purposes. Another change will allow directors to pursue business opportunities declined by the corporation, a practice off-limits in most other jurisdictions due to the inherent potential for conflicts of interest.[http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/go-north-not-west-yukon-lures-businesses-with-new-company-rules-1.3057441 cbc.ca: \"Go north, not west: Yukon lures businesses with new company rules\"], 1 May 2015 One of the changes will allow a corporation to serve as a director of a subsidiary registered in Yukon.[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/yukons-move-to-draw-corporations-worries-shareholders-coalition/article25030368/ theglobeandmail.com: \"Yukon's move to draw corporations worries shareholders coalition\"], 18 Jun 2015 The legislation also allows companies to add provisions in their articles of incorporation giving directors blanket approval to sell of all of the company’s assets without requiring a shareholder vote.","Yukon\n\nIf provided for by a unanimous shareholders agreement, a corporation is not required to have directors at all.[http://www.deallawwire.com/2015/06/02/changes-of-note-to-the-yukon-business-corporations-act/ deallawwire.com: \"Changes of note to the Yukon Business Corporations Act\"], 2 Jun 2015 There is increased flexibility regarding the location of corporate records offices, including the ability to maintain a records office outside of the Yukon so long as it is accessible by electronic means.","Yukon\n\nTourism","Yukon\n\nYukon's tourism motto is \"Larger than life\". Yukon's major appeal is its nearly pristine nature. Tourism relies heavily on this, and there are many organized outfitters and guides available to hunters and anglers and nature lovers of all sorts. Sports enthusiasts can paddle lakes and rivers with canoes and kayaks, ride or walk trails, ski or snowboard in an organized setting or access the backcountry by air or snowmobile, climb the highest peaks in Canada or take a family hike up smaller mountains, or try ice climbing and dog sledding.","Yukon\n\nYukon also has a wide array of cultural and sporting events and infrastructures that attract artists, participants and tourists from all parts of the world; Yukon International Storytelling Festival, Dawson City Music Festival, Yukon Quest, Sourdough Rendezvous, the Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre, Northern Lights Centre, Klondike Gold Rush memorials and activities, \"Takhini Hot Springs\", and the Whitehorse fish ladder.","Yukon\n\nThere are many opportunities to experience pre-colonial lifestyles by learning about Yukon's First Nations. Wildlife and nature observation is exceptional and a wide variety of large mammals, birds, and fish are easily accessible, whether or not within Yukon's many territorial parks (Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park, Tombstone Territorial Park, Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park, Coal River Springs Territorial Park) and national parks (Kluane National Park and Reserve, Vuntut National Park, Ivvavik National Park) and reserves, or nearby Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park in British Columbia.","Yukon\n\nThe latitude enables the view of aurora borealis in Yukon.","Yukon\n\nArts and culture","Yukon\n\nAlthough English is the main language used in the territory, as evidenced by the census, the Government of Yukon recognizes several aboriginal languages as part of the cultural heritage of the territory: the Tlingit, and the less common Tahltan, as well as seven Athapaskan languages, Upper Tanana, Gwitchin, Hän, Northern Tutchone, Southern Tutchone, Kaska and Tagish, some of which are rare. As noted above, the \"aboriginal identity population\" makes up a relatively small part of the total population, accounting for about 25 percent. Notwithstanding, the aboriginal culture is strongly reflected in such areas as winter sports, as in the Yukon Quest sled dog race. The modern comic-book character Yukon Jack depicts a heroic aboriginal persona. By far the strongest cultural and tourism aspect of Yukon, however, is the legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush (1897–1899), which inspired such contemporary writers at the time as Robert W. Service, Jack London and Jules Verne and which continues to inspire films and games from Mae West's Klondike Annie to The Yukon Trail (see Cultural legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush). Notable residents have included Leslie Nielsen, Erik Nielsen and Pierre Berton.","Yukon\n\nGovernment","Yukon\n\nIn the 19th century, Yukon was a segment of North-Western Territory that was administered by the Hudson's Bay Company, and then of the Northwest Territories administered by the federal Canadian government. It only obtained a recognizable local government in 1895 when it became a separate district of the Northwest Territories. In 1898, it was made a separate territory with its own commissioner and an appointed Territorial Council.","Yukon\n\nPrior to 1979, the territory was administered by the commissioner who was appointed by the federal Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. The commissioner had a role in appointing the territory's Executive Council, served as chair, and had a day-to-day role in governing the territory. The elected Territorial Council had a purely advisory role. In 1979, a significant degree of power was devolved from the commissioner and the federal government to the territorial legislature which, in that year, adopted a party system of responsible government. This change was accomplished through a letter from Jake Epp, the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, rather than through formal legislation.","Yukon\n\nIn preparation for responsible government, political parties were organized and ran candidates to the Yukon Legislative Assembly for the first time in 1978. The Progressive Conservatives won these elections and formed the first party government of Yukon in January 1979. The Yukon New Democratic Party (NDP) formed the government from 1985 to 1992 under Tony Penikett and again from 1996 under Piers McDonald until being defeated in 2000. The conservatives returned to power in 1992 under John Ostashek after having renamed themselves the Yukon Party. The Liberal government of Pat Duncan was defeated in elections in November 2002, with Dennis Fentie of the Yukon Party forming the government as Premier.","Yukon\n\nThe Yukon Act, passed on April 1, 2003, formalized the powers of the Yukon government and devolved additional powers to the territorial government (e.g., control over land and natural resources). As of 2003, other than criminal prosecutions, the Yukon government has much of the same powers as provincial governments, and the other two territories are looking to obtaining the same powers. Today the role of commissioner is analogous to that of a provincial lieutenant governor; however, unlike lieutenant-governors, commissioners are not formal representatives of the Queen but are employees of the federal government.","Yukon\n\nAlthough there has been discussion in the past about Yukon becoming Canada's 11th province, it is generally felt that its population base is too sparse for this to occur at present.","Yukon\n\nAt the federal level, the territory is represented in the Parliament of Canada by a single Member of Parliament and one senator. Members of Parliament from Canadian territories are full and equal voting representatives and residents of the territory enjoy the same rights as other Canadian citizens. One Yukon Member of Parliament, Erik Nielsen, was the Deputy Prime Minister under the government of Brian Mulroney, while another, Audrey McLaughlin, was the leader of the federal New Democratic Party from 1989 to 1995.","Yukon\n\nFederal representation","Yukon\n\nThe entire territory is one riding (electoral district) in the Canadian House of Commons, also called Yukon. The current holder of the seat is Liberal Member of Parliament Larry Bagnell following his victory in the 2015 federal election.","Yukon\n\nYukon is allocated one seat in the Senate of Canada and has been represented by three Senators since the position was created in 1975. The Senate position is held by Conservative senator Daniel Lang, who was appointed by then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper on December 22, 2008. It was previously filled by Ione Christensen, of the Liberal Party. Appointed to the Senate in 1999 by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Christensen resigned in December 2006 to help her ailing husband. From 1975 to 1999, Paul Lucier (Liberal) served as Senator for Yukon. Lucier was appointed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.","Yukon\n\nFirst Nations","Yukon\n\nMuch of the population of the territory is First Nations. An umbrella land claim agreement representing 7,000 members of 14 different First Nations was signed with the federal government in 1992. Each of the individual First Nations then has to negotiate a specific land claim and a self-government agreement. As of December 2005, 11 of the 14 First Nations had a signed agreement. The 14 First Nations are in the table on the right.","Yukon\n\nThe territory once had an Inuit settlement, located on Herschel Island off the Arctic coast. This settlement was dismantled in 1987 and its inhabitants relocated to the neighbouring Northwest Territories. As a result of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, the island is now a territorial park and is known officially as Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park, Qikiqtaruk being the name of the island in Inuvialuktun. There are also 14 First Nations that speak eight different languages.","Yukon\n\nInfrastructure","Yukon\n\nBefore modern forms of transportation, the rivers and mountain passes were the main transportation routes for the coastal Tlingit people trading with the Athabascans of which the Chilkoot Pass and Dalton Trail, as well as the first Europeans.","Yukon\n\nFrom the Gold Rush until the 1950s, riverboats plied the Yukon River, mostly between Whitehorse and Dawson City, with some making their way further to Alaska and over to the Bering Sea, and other tributaries of the Yukon River such as the Stewart River. Most of the riverboats were owned by the British-Yukon Navigation Company, an arm of the White Pass and Yukon Route, which also operated a narrow gauge railway between Skagway, Alaska, and Whitehorse. The railway ceased operation in the 1980s with the first closure of the Faro mine. It is now run during the summer months for the tourism season, with operations as far as Carcross.","Yukon\n\nToday, major land routes include the Alaska Highway, the Klondike Highway (between Skagway and Dawson City), the Haines Highway (between Haines, Alaska, and Haines Junction), and the Dempster Highway (linking Inuvik, Northwest Territories to the Klondike Highway), all paved except for the Dempster. Other highways with less traffic include the \"Robert Campbell Highway\" linking Carmacks (on the Klondike Highway) to Watson Lake (Alaska Highway) via Faro and Ross River, and the \"Silver Trail\" linking the old silver mining communities of Mayo, Elsa and Keno City to the Klondike Highway at the Stewart River bridge. Air travel is the only way to reach the far north community of Old Crow.","Yukon\n\nWhitehorse International Airport serves as the air transport infrastructure hub, with scheduled direct flights to Vancouver, Kelowna, Calgary, Edmonton, Yellowknife, Inuvik, Ottawa, Dawson City, Old Crow and Frankfurt. Whitehorse International Airport is also the headquarters and primary hub for Air North, Yukon's Airline. Every Yukon community is served by an airport or community aerodrome. The communities of Dawson City and Old Crow have regular scheduled service through Air North. Air charter businesses exist primarily to serve the tourism and mining exploration industries.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1896 and 1899. Gold was discovered there by local miners on August 16, 1896 and, when news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of would-be prospectors. Some became wealthy, but the majority went in vain. The Klondike Gold Rush ended in 1899 after gold was discovered in Nome, Alaska prompting an exodus from the Klondike. It has been immortalized by photographs, books, films, and artifacts.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nTo reach the gold fields most took the route through the ports of Dyea and Skagway in Southeast Alaska. Here, the Klondikers could follow either the Chilkoot or the White Pass trails to the Yukon River and sail down to the Klondike. Each of them was required to bring a year's supply of food by the Canadian authorities in order to prevent starvation. In all, their equipment weighed close to a ton, which for most had to be carried in stages by themselves. Together with mountainous terrain and cold climate this meant that those who persisted did not arrive until summer 1898. Once there, they found few opportunities and many left disappointed.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nMining was challenging as the ore was distributed in an uneven manner and digging was made slow by permafrost. As a result, some miners chose to buy and sell claims, building up huge investments and letting others do the work. To accommodate the prospectors, boom towns sprang up along the routes and at their end Dawson City was founded at the confluence of the Klondike and the Yukon River. From a population of 500 in 1896, the hastily constructed town came to house around 30,000 people by summer 1898. Built of wood, isolated and unsanitary, Dawson suffered from fires, high prices and epidemics. Despite this, the wealthiest prospectors spent extravagantly gambling and drinking in the saloons. The Native Hän people, on the other hand, suffered from the rush being moved into a reserve to make way for the stampeders, and many died.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nFrom 1898, the newspapers that had encouraged so many to travel to the Klondike lost interest in it. When news arrived in the summer of 1899 that gold had been discovered in Nome in west Alaska, many prospectors left the Klondike for the new goldfields, marking the end of the rush. The boom towns declined and the population of Dawson City fell away. Mining activity of the gold rush lasted until 1903 when production peaked after heavier equipment was brought in. Since then the Klondike has been mined on and off, and today the legacy draws tourists to the region and contributes to its prosperity. of gold has been taken from the area (until 2013) of which half come from Bonanza Creek and a quarter from Hunker Creek.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nBackground","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nalt\nMap of people and places at the time of discovery of gold at the Klondike Yukon at the time of discovery.|Yukon at the time of discovery.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe indigenous peoples in north-west America had traded in copper nuggets prior to European expansion. Most of the tribes were aware that gold existed in region but the metal was not valued by them. The Russians and the Hudson's Bay Company had both explored the Yukon in the first half of the 19th century, but ignored the rumours of gold in favour of fur trading, which offered more immediate profits.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn the second half of the 19th century, American prospectors began to spread into the peninsula. Making deals with the Native Tlingit and Tagish tribes, the early prospectors succeeded in opening up the important routes of Chilkoot and White Pass to reach the Yukon valley between 1870 and 1890. Here, they encountered the Hän people, semi-nomadic hunters and fishermen who lived along the Yukon and Klondike Rivers. The Hän did not appear to know about the extent of the gold deposits in the region.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn 1883, Ed Schieffelin identified gold deposits along the Yukon River, and an expedition up the Fortymile River in 1886 returned having discovered considerable amounts of it and founded Fortymile City. The same year gold had been found on the banks of Klondike River, but in small amounts and no claims \nwere made. By the late 1880s, several hundred miners were working their way along the Yukon valley, living in small mining camps and trading with the Hän.\nOn the Alaskan side of the border Circle City, a log town, was established 1893 at Yukon River. In three years it grew to become \"the Paris of Alaska\" with 1200 inhabitants, saloons, opera houses, schools, and libraries. In 1896 it was so well known that a foreign correspondent from The Chicago Daily Record came to visit. At the end of the year it was to become a ghost town when news had arrived about rich amounts of gold found upstream at Klondike.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nDiscovery (1896)","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nOn August 16, 1896, an American prospector named George Carmack, his Tagish wife Kate Carmack (Shaaw Tláa), her brother Skookum Jim (Keish) and their nephew Dawson Charlie (K̲áa Goox̱) were travelling south of the Klondike River. Following a suggestion from Robert Henderson, another prospector, they began looking for gold on Bonanza Creek, then called Rabbit Creek, one of the Klondike's tributaries. It is not clear who discovered the gold: George Carmack or Skookum Jim, but the group agreed to let George Carmack appear as the official discoverer because they feared that mining authorities would be reluctant to recognize a claim made by an Indian.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn any event, gold was present along the river in huge quantities. Carmack measured out four claims, strips of ground that could later be legally mined by the owner, along the river; these including two for himself—one as his normal claim, the second as a reward for having discovered the gold—and one each for Jim and Charlie. The claims were registered next day at the police post at the mouth of the Forty mile River and news spread rapidly from there to other mining camps in the Yukon River valley.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nBy the end of August, all of Bonanza Creek had been claimed by miners. A prospector then advanced up into one of the creeks feeding into Bonanza, later to be named Eldorado Creek. He discovered new sources of gold there, which would prove to be even richer than those on Bonanza. Claims began to be sold between miners and speculators for considerable sums. Just before Christmas, word of the gold reached Circle City. Despite the winter, many prospectors immediately left for the Yukon by dog-sled, eager to reach the region before the best claims were taken. The outside world was still largely unaware of the news and although Canadian officials had managed to send a message to their superiors in Ottawa about the finds and influx of prospectors, the government did not give it much attention. The winter prevented river traffic, and it was not until June 1897 that the first boats left the area, carrying the freshly mined gold and the full story of the discoveries.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nBeginning of the stampede (July, 1897)","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe Klondike stampede was an attempt by an estimated 100,000 people to reach the Klondike goldfields, of whom only around 30,000 to 40,000 eventually did. It formed the height of the Klondike gold rush from the summer of 1897 until the summer of 1898. It began on July 15, 1897 in San Francisco and was spurred further two days later in Seattle, when the first of the early prospectors returned from the Klondike, bringing with them large amounts of gold on the ships Excelsior and Portland. The press reported that a total of $1,139,000 (equivalent to $1,000 million at 2010 prices) had been brought in by these ships, although this proved to be an underestimate. The migration of prospectors caught so much attention that it was joined by outfitters, writers and photographers.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nVarious factors lay behind this sudden mass response. Economically, the news had reached the US at the height of a series of financial recessions and bank failures in the 1890s. The gold standard of the time tied paper money to the production of gold and shortages towards the end of the 19th century meant that gold dollars were rapidly increasing in value ahead of paper currencies and being hoarded. This had contributed to the financial panics of 1893 and 1896, which caused unemployment and financial uncertainty. There was a huge, unresolved demand for gold across the developed world that the Klondike offered to fulfil and, for individuals, the region promised higher wages or financial security.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nPsychologically, the Klondike, as historian Pierre Berton describes, was \"just far enough away to be romantic and just close enough to be accessible\". Furthermore, the Pacific ports closest to the gold strikes were desperate to encourage trade and travel to the region. The mass journalism of the period promoted the event and the human interest stories that lay behind it. A worldwide publicity campaign engineered largely by Erastus Brainerd, a Seattle newspaper man, helped establish the city as the premier supply centre and the departure point for the gold fields.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe prospectors came from many nations, although an estimated majority of 60 to 80 percent were Americans or recent immigrants to America. Most had no experience in the mining industry, being clerks or salesmen. Mass resignations of staff to join the gold rush became notorious. In Seattle, this included the mayor, twelve policemen and a significant percentage of the city's streetcar drivers.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nSome stampeders were famous: John McGraw, the former governor of Washington joined together with the prominent lawyer and sportsman A. Balliot. Frederick Burnham, a well-known American scout and explorer arrived from Africa, only to be called back to take part in the Second Boer War. Among those who documented the rush were the Swedish-born photographer Eric Hegg, who took some of the iconic pictures of Chilkoot Pass, and reporter Tappan Adney, who would afterwards write a first-hand history of the stampede. Jack London, later a famous American writer, left to seek for gold but made his money during the rush mostly by working for prospectors.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nSeattle and San Francisco competed fiercely for business during the rush, with Seattle winning the larger share of trade.\nIndeed, one of the first to join the gold rush was William D. Wood, the mayor of Seattle, who resigned and formed a company to transport prospectors to the Klondike. The publicity around the gold rush led to a flurry of branded goods being put onto the market. Clothing, equipment, food and medicines were all sold as \"Klondike\" goods, allegedly designed for the north-west. Guidebooks were published, giving advice about routes, equipment, mining and capital necessary for the enterprise. The newspapers of the time termed this phenomenon \"Klondicitis\".","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nFile:Klondikers buying miner's licenses at Custom House, Victoria, B C, Feb 21, 1898 (HS85-10-9774) (cropped).jpg|Klondikers buying miner's licenses at the Custom House in Victoria, BC, on February 12, 1898\nExcelcior-1897.jpg|alt=San Francisco, July 1897. The steamship Excelsior leaves San Francisco on July 28, 1897, for the Klondike|The S/S Excelsior leaves San Francisco on July 28, 1897, for the Klondike.\nSteamship Islander leaving Vancouver, British Columbia for Skagway Bay crop.jpg|SS Islander leaving Vancouver, bound for Skagway, 1897","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nRoutes to the Klondike","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nKlondike could only be reached by the Yukon River either upstream from its delta, downstream from its head or from somewhere in the middle through its tributaries. River boats could navigate the Yukon in the summer from the delta until a point called Whitehorse above Klondike. Travel in general was made difficult by both the geography and climate. The region was mountainous, the rivers winding and sometimes impassable; the short summers could be hot, while from October to June, during the long winters, temperatures could drop below −50 °C (−58 °F).","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nAids for the travellers to carry their supplies varied; some had brought dogs, horses, mules or oxen, whereas others had to rely on carrying their equipment on their backs or on sleds pulled by hand. Shortly after the stampede began in 1897, the Canadian authorities had introduced rules requiring anyone entering Yukon Territory to bring with them a year's supply of food; typically this weighed around 1150 lb. By the time camping equipment, tools and other essentials were included, a typical traveller was transporting as much as a ton in weight. Unsurprisingly, the price of draft animals spiralled; at Dyea, even poor quality horses could sell for as much as $700 ($19,000), or be rented out for $40 ($1,100) a day.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nFrom Seattle or San Francisco, prospectors could travel by sea up the coast to the ports of Alaska. The route following the coast is now referred to as the Inside Passage. It led to the ports of Dyea and Skagway plus ports of nearby trails. The sudden increase in demand encouraged a range of vessels to be pressed into service including old paddle wheelers, fishing boats, barges and coal ships still full of coal dust — all were overloaded and many sank.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nAll water route","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIt was possible to sail all the way to the Klondike, first from Seattle across the northern Pacific to the Alaskan coast. From St. Michael, at the Yukon River delta, a river boat could then take the prospectors the rest of the way up the river to Dawson, often guided by one of the Native Koyukon people who lived near St. Michael. Although this all-water route, also called \"the rich man's route\", was expensive and long, 4700 mi in total, it had the attraction of speed and avoiding overland travel. At the beginning of the stampede a ticket could be bought for $150 ($4,050) while during the winter 1897–98 the fare settled at $1,000 ($27,000).","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn 1897, 1,800 travellers attempted this route but the vast majority were caught along the river when the region iced over in October. Only 43 successfully reached the Klondike before winter and of those 35 had to return, having thrown away their equipment en route to reach their destination in time. The remainder mostly found themselves stranded in isolated camps and settlements along the ice-covered river often in desperate circumstances.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nDyea/Skagway routes","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nMost of the prospectors landed at the South-east Alaskan towns of Dyea and Skagway, both located at the head of the natural Lynn Canal at the end of the Inside Passage. From there, they would need to travel 30 mi over the mountain ranges into Canada's Yukon Territory, and then down the river network to the Klondike. Along the trails, tent camps sprung up at places where prospectors had to stop to eat or sleep or at obstacles such as the icy lakes at the head of the Yukon. At the start of the rush, a ticket from Seattle to the port of Dyea cost $40 ($1,100) for a cabin. Premiums of $100 ($2,700), however, were soon paid and the steamship companies hesitated to post their rates in advance since they could increase on a daily basis.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nWhite Pass trail","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThose who landed at Skagway would make their way over the White Pass before cutting across to Bennett Lake. Although the trail began gently, it progressed over several mountains with paths as narrow as 2 ft and in wider parts covered with boulders and sharp rocks. Under these conditions horses died in huge numbers, giving the route the informal name of Dead Horse Trail. The volumes of travellers and the wet weather made the trail impassable and, by late 1897, it was closed until further notice, leaving around 5,000 stranded in Skagway.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nAn alternative toll road suitable for wagons was eventually constructed and this, combined with colder weather that froze the muddy ground, allowed the White Pass to reopen, and prospectors began to make their way into Canada. Moving supplies and equipment over the pass had to be done in stages. Most divided their belongings into 65 lb packages that could be carried on a man's back, or heavier loads that could be pulled by hand on a sled. Ferrying packages forwards and walking back for more, a prospector would need about thirty round trips, a distance of at least 2500 mi, before they had moved all of their supplies to the end of the trail. Even using a heavy sled, a strong man would be covering 1000 mi and need around 90 days to reach Lake Bennett.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nChilkoot trail","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThose who landed at Dyea, Skagway's neighbour town, travelled the Chilkoot Trail and crossed its Pass to reach Lake Lindeman, which fed into Lake Bennett at the head of the Yukon River. The Chilkoot Pass was higher than the White Pass, but more used it: around 22,000 during the gold rush. The trail passed up through camps until it reached a flat ledge, just before the main ascent, which was too steep for animals. This location was known as the Scales, and was where goods were weighed before travellers officially entered Canada. The cold, the steepness and the weight of equipment made the climb extremely arduous and it could take a day to get to the top of the 1000 ft high slope.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nAs on the White Pass trail, supplies needed to be broken down into smaller packages and carried in relay. Packers, prepared to carry supplies for cash, were available along the route but would charge up to $1 ($27) per lb (0.45 kg) on the later stages; many of these packers were Natives, members of the Tlingit people or, less commonly, the Tagish. Avalanches were common in the mountains and, on April 3, 1898, one claimed the lives of more than 60 people travelling over Chilkoot Pass.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nEntrepreneurs began to provide solutions as the winter progressed. Steps were cut into the ice at the Chilkoot Pass which could be used for a daily fee, this 1,500 step staircase becoming known as the \"Golden Steps\". By December 1897, a tramway powered by a horse at the bottom, which walked in a circle pulling a wheel-mounted rope, had been built by Archie Burns to ferry packages up the final parts of the Chilkoot Pass. Five more tramways soon followed, one powered by a steam engine, charging between 8 and 30 cents ($2 and $8) per 1 lb. An aerial tramway was built in the spring of 1898, able to move 9 tonnes of goods an hour up to the summit.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nHead of Yukon River","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nAt Lakes Bennett and Lindeman, the prospectors camped to build rafts or boats that would take them the final 500 mi down the Yukon to Dawson City in the spring. 7,124 boats of varying size and quality left in May 1898; by that time, the forests around the lakes had been largely cut down for timber. The river posed a new problem. Until Whitehorse, it was dangerous, with several rapids along the Miles Canyon through to the White Horse Rapids.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nAfter many boats were wrecked and several hundred people died, the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) introduced safety rules, vetting the boats carefully and forbidding women and children to travel through the rapids. Additional rules stated that any boat carrying passengers required a licensed pilot, typically costing $25 ($680), although some prospectors simply unpacked their boats, let them drift unmanned through the rapids with the intent of walking down to collect them on the other side. During the summer, a horse-powered rail-tramway was built by Norman Macaulay, capable of carrying boats and equipment through the canyon at $25 ($680) a time, removing the need for prospectors to navigate the rapids.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nKlondike camp Yukon head.jpg|alt=Prospectors in a tent camp at Bennett Lake waiting for the ice on Yukon River to break up, May 1898|Prospectors in a tent camp at Bennett Lake waiting for the ice on Yukon River to break up, May 1898\nFile:Boat on the Upper Yukon.jpg|alt=Prospectors sailing toward Dawson in boat on upper Yukon River, 1898|Klondikers sailing toward Dawson on the upper Yukon River, 1898.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nParallel trails","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThere were a few more trails established during 1898 from South-east Alaska to the Yukon River. One was the Dalton trail: starting from Pyramid Harbour, close to Dyea, it went across the Chilkat Pass some miles west of Chilkoot and turned north to the Yukon River, a distance of about 350 mi. This was created by Jack Dalton as a summer route, intended for cattle and horses, and Dalton charged a toll of $250 ($6,800) for its use.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe Takou route started from Juneau and went north-east to Teslin Lake. From here, it followed a river to the Yukon, where it met the Dyea and Skagway route at a point halfway to the Klondike. It meant dragging and poling canoes up-river and through mud together with crossing a 5000 ft mountain along a narrow trail. Finally, there was the Stikine route starting from the port of Wrangell further south-east of Skagway. This route went up the uneasy Stikine River to Glenora, the head of navigation. From Glenora, prospectors would have to carry their supplies 150 mi to Teslin Lake where it, like the Takou route, met the Yukon River system.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nAll-Canadian routes","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nAn alternative to the South-east Alaskan ports were the All-Canadian routes, so-called because they mostly stayed on Canadian soil throughout their journey. These were popular with British and Canadians for patriotic reasons and because they avoided American customs. The first of these, around 1000 mi in length, started from Ashcroft in British Columbia and crossed swamps, river gorges, and mountains until it met with the Stikine River route at Glenora. From Glenora, prospectors would face the same difficulties as those who came from Wrangell. At least 1,500 men attempted to travel along the Ashcroft route and 5,000 along the Stikine. The mud and the slushy ice of the two routes proved exhausting, killing or incapacitating the pack animals and creating chaos amongst the travellers.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThree more routes started from Edmonton, Alberta; these were not much better - barely trails at all - despite being advertised as \"the inside track\" and the \"back door to the Klondike\". One, the \"overland route\", headed north-west from Edmonton, ultimately meeting the Peace River and then continuing on overland to the Klondike, crossing the Liard River en route. To encourage travel via Edmonton, the government hired T.W. Chalmers to build a trail, which became known as the Klondike Trail or Chalmers Trail. The other two trails, known as the \"water routes\", involved more river travel. One went by boat along rivers and overland to the Yukon River system at Pelly River and from there to Dawson. Another went north of Dawson by the Mackenzie River to Fort McPherson, before entering Alaska and meeting the Yukon River at Fort Yukon, downstream to the Klondike. From here, the boat and equipment had to be pulled up the Yukon about 400 mi. An estimated 1,660 travellers took these three routes, of whom only 685 arrived, some taking up to 18 months to make the journey.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\n\"All-American\" route","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nAn equivalent to the All-Canadian routes was the \"All-American route\", which aimed to reach the Yukon from the port of Valdez, which lay further along the Alaskan coast from Skagway. This, it was hoped, would evade the Canadian customs posts and provide an American-controlled route into the interior. 3,500 men and women attempted it from late 1897 onwards; delayed by the winter snows, fresh efforts were made in the spring.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn practice, the huge Valdez glacier that stood between the port and the Alaskan interior proved almost insurmountable and only 200 managed to climb it; by 1899, the cold and scurvy was causing many deaths amongst the rest. Other prospectors attempted an alternative route across the Malaspina Glacier just to the east, suffering even greater hardships. Those who did manage to cross it found themselves having to negotiate miles of wilderness before they could reach Dawson. Their expedition was forced to turn back the same way they had come with only four men surviving.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nBorder control","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe borders in South-east Alaska were disputed between the US, Canada and Britain since the American purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. The US and Canada both claimed the ports of Dyea and Skagway. This, combined with the numbers of American prospectors, the quantities of gold being mined and the difficulties in exercising government authority in such a remote area, made the control of the borders a sensitive issue.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nEarly on in the gold rush, the US Army sent a small detachment to Circle City, in case intervention was required in the Klondike, while the Canadian government considered excluding all American prospectors from the Yukon Territory. Neither eventuality took place and instead the US agreed to make Dyea a sub-port of entry for Canadians, allowing British ships to land Canadian passengers and goods freely there, while Canada agreed to permit American miners to operate in the Klondike. Both decisions were unpopular among their domestic publics: American businessmen complained that their right to a monopoly on regional trade was being undermined, while the Canadian public demanded action against the American miners.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe North-West Mounted Police set up control posts at the borders of the Yukon Territory or, where that was disputed, at easily controlled points such as the Chilkoot and White Passes. These units were armed with Maxim guns. Their tasks included enforcing the rules requiring that travellers bring a year's supply of food with them to be allowed into the Yukon Territory, checking for illegal weapons, preventing the entry of criminals and enforcing customs duties.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThis last task was particularly unpopular with American prospectors, who faced paying an average of 25 percent of the value of their goods and supplies. The Mounties had a reputation for running these posts honestly, although accusations were made that they took bribes. Prospectors, on the other hand, tried to smuggle prize items like silk and whiskey across the pass in tins and bales of hay: the former item for the ladies, the latter for the saloons.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nMining","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nOf the estimated 30,000 to 40,000 people who reached Dawson City during the gold rush, only around 15,000 to 20,000 finally became prospectors. Of these, no more than 4,000 struck gold and only a few hundred became rich. By the time most of the stampeders arrived in 1898, the best creeks had all been claimed, either by the long-term miners in the region, or by the first arrivals of the year before. The Bonanza, Eldorado, Hunker and Dominion Creeks were all taken, with almost 10,000 claims recorded by the authorities by July 1898; a new prospector would have to look further afield to find a claim of his own.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nGeologically, the region was permeated with veins of gold, forced to the surface by volcanic action and then worn away by the action of rivers and streams, leaving nuggets and gold dust in deposits known as placer gold. Some ores lay along the creek beds in lines of soil, typically 15 ft to 30 ft beneath the surface. Others, formed by even older streams, lay along the hilltops; these deposits were called \"bench gold\". Finding the gold was challenging. Initially, miners had assumed that all the gold would be along the existing creeks, and it was not until late in 1897 that the hilltops began to be mined. Gold was also unevenly distributed in the areas where it was found, which made prediction of good mining sites even more uncertain. The only way to be certain that gold was present was to conduct exploratory digging.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nMethods","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nMining began with clearing the ground of vegetation and debris. Prospect holes were then dug in an attempt to find the ore or \"pay streak\". If these holes looked productive, proper digging could commence, aiming down to the bedrock, where the majority of the gold was found. The digging would be carefully monitored in case the operation needed to be shifted to allow for changes in the flow.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn the sub-Arctic climate of the Klondike, a layer of hard permafrost lay only 6 ft below the surface. Traditionally, this had meant that mining in the region only occurred during the summer months, but the pressure of the gold rush made such a delay unacceptable. Late 19th century technology existed for dealing with this problem, including hydraulic mining and stripping, and dredging, but the heavy equipment required for this could not be brought into the Klondike during the gold rush.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nInstead, the miners relied on wood fires to soften the ground to a depth of about 14 in and then removing the resulting gravel. The process was repeated until the gold was reached. In theory, no support of the shaft was necessary because of the permafrost although in practice sometimes the fire melted the permafrost and caused collapses. Fires could also produce noxious gases, which had to be removed by bellows or other tools. The resulting \"dirt\" brought out of the mines froze quickly in winter and could only be processed during the warmer summer months. An alternative, more efficient, approach called steam thawing was devised between 1897 and 1898; this used a furnace to pump steam directly into the ground, but since it required additional equipment it was not a widespread technique during the years of the rush.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn the summer, water would be used to sluice and pan the dirt, separating out the heavier gold from gravel. This required miners to construct sluices, which were sequences of wooden boxes 15 ft long, through which the dirt would be washed; up to 20 of these might be needed for each mining operation. The sluices in turn required lots of water, usually produced by creating a dam and ditches or crude pipes. \"Bench gold\" mining on the hill sides could not use sluice lines because water could not be pumped that high up. Instead, these mines used rockers, boxes that moved back and forth like a cradle, to create the motion needed for separation. Finally, the resulting gold dust could be exported out of the Klondike; exchanged for paper money at the rate of $16 ($430) per troy ounce (ozt) through one of the major banks that opened in Dawson City, or simply used as money when dealing with local traders.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nBusiness","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nSuccessful mining took time and capital, particularly once most of the timber around the Klondike had been cut down. A realistic mining operation required $1,500 ($1.2 million) for wood to be burned to melt the ground, along with around $1,000 ($800,000) to construct a dam, $1,500 ($1.2 million) for ditches and up to $600 ($480,000) for sluice boxes, a total of $4,600. The attraction of the Klondike to a prospector, however, was that when gold was found, it was often highly concentrated. Some of the creeks in the Klondike were fifteen times richer in gold than those in California, and richer still than those in South Africa. In just two years, for example, $230,000 ($1,840 million) worth of gold was brought up from claim 29 on the Eldorado Creek.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nUnder Canadian law, miners first had to get a license, either when they arrived at Dawson or en route from Victoria in Canada. They could then prospect for gold and, when they had found a suitable location, lay claim to mining rights over it. To stake a claim, a prospector would drive stakes into the ground a measured distance apart and then return to Dawson to register the claim for $15 ($410). This normally had to be done within three days, and by 1897 only one claim per person at a time was allowed in a district, although married couples could exploit a loophole that allowed the wife to register a claim in her own name, doubling their amount of land.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe claim could be mined freely for a year, after which a $100 ($2,800) fee had to be paid annually. Should the prospector leave the claim for more than three days without good reason, another miner could make a claim on the land. The Canadian government also charged a royalty of between 10 and 20 percent on the value of gold taken from a claim.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe proper size of a claim was a matter of dispute. Traditionally, a mining claim had been granted over a 500 ft long stretch of a creek, including the land from one side of the valley to another; the Canadian authorities had tried to reduce this length to 150 ft, but under pressure from miners had been forced to agree to 250 ft. The only exception to this was a \"Discovery\" claim, the first to be made on a creek, which could be 500 ft long. The exact lengths of claims were often challenged and when the government surveyor William Ogilvie conducted surveys to settle disputes, he found some claims exceeded the official limit. The excess fractions of land then became available as claims and were sometimes quite valuable.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nClaims could be bought, however, their price depended on whether they had been yet proved to contain gold. A prospector with capital might consider taking a risk on an \"unproved\" claim on one of the better creeks for $5,000 ($4,000,000); a wealthier miner could buy a \"proved\" mine for $50,000 ($40,000,000). The well known claim eight on Eldorado Creek was sold for as much as $350,000 ($280 million). Prospectors were also allowed to hire others to work for them, either on their first claim or on later purchases. Enterprising miners such as Alex McDonald set about amassing mines and employees. Leveraging his acquisitions with short term loans, by the autumn of 1897 McDonald had purchased 28 claims, estimated to be worth millions. Swiftwater Bill Gates famously borrowed heavily against his claim on the Eldorado creek, relying on hired hands to mine the gold to keep up his interest payments.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe less fortunate or less well funded prospectors rapidly found themselves destitute. Some chose to sell their equipment and return south. Others took jobs as manual workers, either in mines or in Dawson; the typical daily pay of $15 ($410) was high by external standards, but low compared to the cost of living in the Klondike. The possibility that a new creek might suddenly produce gold, however, continued to tempt poorer prospectors. Smaller stampedes around the Klondike continued throughout the gold rush, when rumours of new strikes would cause a small mob to descend on fresh sites, hoping to be able to stake out a high value claim.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nLife in the Klondike","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe massive influx of prospectors drove the formation of boom towns along the routes of the stampede, with Dawson City in the Klondike the largest. The new towns were crowded, often chaotic and many disappeared just as soon as they came. Most stampeders were men but women also travelled to the region, typically as the wife of a prospector. Some women entertained in gambling and dance halls built by business men and women who were encouraged by the lavish spending of successful miners.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nDawson remained relatively lawful, protected by the Canadian NWMP, which meant that gambling and prostitution were accepted while robbery and murder were kept low. By contrast, especially the port of Skagway under US jurisdiction in Southeast Alaska became infamous for its criminal underworld. The extreme climate and remoteness of the region in general meant that supplies and communication with the outside world including news and mail were scarce.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nBoom towns","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe ports of Dyea and Skagway, through which most of the prospectors entered, were tiny settlements before the gold rush, each consisting of only one log cabin. Because there were no docking facilities, ships had to unload their cargo directly onto the beach, where people tried to move their goods before high tide. Inevitably cargos were smashed, stolen or lost in the process. Some travellers had arrived intending to supply goods and services to the would-be miners; some of these in turn, realizing how difficult it would be to reach Dawson, chose to do the same. Within weeks, storehouses, saloons, and offices lined the muddy streets of Dyea and Skagway, surrounded by tents and hovels.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nSkagway became famous in international media; the author John Muir described the town as \"a nest of ants taken into a strange country and stirred up by a stick\". While Dyea remained a transit point throughout the winter, Skagway began to take on a more permanent character. Skagway also built wharves out into the bay in order to attract a greater share of the prospectors. The town was effectively lawless, dominated by drinking, gunfire and prostitution. The visiting NWMP Superintendent Sam Steele noted that it was \"little better than a hell on earth ... about the roughest place in the world\". Nonetheless, by the summer of 1898, with a population—including migrants—of between 15,000 and 20,000, Skagway was the largest city in Alaska.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn late summer 1897 Skagway and Dyea fell under the control of Jefferson Randolph \"Soapy\" Smith and his men, who arrived from Seattle shortly after Skagway began to expand. He was an American confidence man whose gang, 200 to 300 strong, cheated and stole from the prospectors travelling through the region. He maintained the illusion of being an upstanding member of the community, opening three saloons as well as creating fake businesses to assist in his operations. One of his scams was a fake telegraph office charging to send messages all over the US and Canada, often pretending to receive a reply. Opposition to Smith steadily grew and, after weeks of vigilante activity, he was killed in Skagway during the shootout on Juneau Wharf on July 8, 1898.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nOther towns also boomed. Wrangell, port of the Stikine route and boom town from earlier gold rushes, increased in size again, with robberies, gambling and nude female dancing commonplace. Valdez, formed on the Gulf of Alaska during the attempt to create the \"All-American\" route to the Klondike during the winter of 1897–1898, became a tent city of people who stayed behind to supply the ill-fated attempts to reach the interior. Edmonton in Canada increased from a population of 1,200 before the gold rush to 4,000 during 1898. Beyond the immediate region, cities such as San Francisco, Seattle, Tacoma, Portland, Vancouver and Victoria all saw their populations soar as a result of the stampede and the trade it brought along.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nDawson City","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nDawson City was created in the early days of the Klondike gold rush, when prospector Joe Ladue and shopkeeper Arthur Harper decided to \nmake a profit from the influx to the Klondike. The two men bought 178 acre of the mudflats at the junction of the Klondike and Yukon rivers from the government and laid out the street plan for a new town, bringing in timber and other supplies to sell to the migrants. The Hän village of Tr'ochëk along Deer Creek was considered to be too close to the new town, and the NWMP Superintendent Charles Constantine moved its inhabitants 3 mi down-river to a small reserve. The town, in the beginning simply known as \"Harper and Ladue town site\", was named Dawson City after the director of Canada's Geographical Survey. It grew rapidly to hold 500 people by the winter of 1896, with plots of land selling for $500 ($400,000) each.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn the spring of 1898, Dawson's population rose further to 30,000 as stampeders arrived over the passes. The centre of the town, Front Street, was lined with hastily built buildings and warehouses, together with log cabins and tents spreading out across the rest of the settlement. There was no running water or sewerage, and only two springs for drinking water to supplement the increasingly polluted river. In spring, the unpaved streets were churned into thick mud and in summer the settlement reeked of human effluent and was plagued by flies and mosquitoes. Land in Dawson was now scarce, and plots sold for up to $10,000 ($8 million) each; prime locations on Front Street could reach $20,000 ($16 million) while a small log cabin might rent for $100 ($2,700) a month. As a result, Dawson's population spread south into the empty Hän village, renaming it Klondike City. Other communities emerged closer to the mines, such as Granville on Dominion Creek and Grand Forks on Bonanza Creek.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe newly built town proved highly vulnerable to fire. Houses were made of wood, heated with stoves and lit by candles and oil lamps; water for emergencies was wanting, especially in the frozen winters. The first major fire occurred on November 25, 1897, started accidentally by dance-hall girl Belle Mitchell. She also accidentally started a second major fire on October 14, 1898 which, in the absence of a fire brigade in Dawson, destroyed two major saloons, the post-office building and the Bank of British North America at a cost of $500,000 ($400 million). The worst fire occurred on April 26, 1899 when a saloon caught fire in the middle of a strike by the newly established fire brigade. Most of the major landmarks in the town were burned to the ground: 117 buildings were destroyed, with the damage estimated at over $1 million ($810 million).","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nLogistics","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe remoteness of Dawson proved an ongoing problem for the supply of food and as the population grew to 5,000 in 1897 this became critical. When the rivers iced over, it became clear that there would not be enough food for that winter. The NWMP evacuated some prospectors without supplies to Fort Yukon in Alaska from September 30 onwards, while others made their way out of the Klondike in search of food and shelter for the winter.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nPrices remained high in Dawson and supply fluctuated according to the season. During the winter of 1897 salt became worth its weight in gold, while nails, vital for construction work, rose in price to $28 ($760) per lb (0.45 kg). Cans of butter sold for $5 ($140) each. The only eight horses in Dawson were slaughtered for dog food as they could not be kept alive over the winter. The first fresh goods arriving in the spring of 1898 sold for record prices, eggs reaching $3 ($81) each and apples $1 ($27).","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nUnder these conditions scurvy, a potentially fatal illness caused by the lack of vitamin C, proved a major problem in Dawson City, particularly during the winter where supply of fresh food was not available. English prospectors gave it the local name of \"Canadian black leg\", on account of the unpleasant effects of the condition. It struck, among others, writer Jack London and, although not fatal in his case, brought an end to his mining career. Dysentery and malaria were also common in Dawson, and an epidemic of typhoid broke out in July and ran rampant throughout the summer. Up to 140 patients were taken into the newly constructed St Mary's Hospital and thousands were affected. Measures were taken by the following year to prevent further outbreaks, including the introduction of better sewage management and the piping in of water from further upstream. These gave improvements in 1899, although typhoid remained a problem. The new Hän reserve, however, lay downstream from Dawson City, and here the badly contaminated river continued to contribute to epidemics of typhoid and diphtheria throughout the gold rush.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nConspicuous consumption","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nDespite these challenges, the huge quantities of gold coming through Dawson City encouraged a lavish lifestyle amongst the richer prospectors. Saloons were typically open 24 hours a day, with whiskey the standard drink. Gambling was popular, with the major saloons each running their own rooms; a culture of high stakes evolved, with rich prospectors routinely betting $1,000 ($27,000) at dice or playing for a $5,000 ($140,000) poker pot. The establishments around Front Street had grand facades in a Parisian style, mirrors and plate-glass windows and, from late 1898, were lit by electric light. The dance halls in Dawson were particularly prestigious and major status symbols, both for customers and their owners. Wealthy prospectors were expected to drink champagne at $60 ($1,600) a bottle, and the Pavilion dancehall cost its owner, Charlie Kimball, as much as $100,000 ($80 million) to construct and decorate. Elaborate opera houses were built, bringing singers and specialty acts to Dawson.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nTales abounded of prospectors spending huge sums on entertainment — Jimmy McMahon once spent $28,000 ($760,000) in a single evening, for example. Most payments were made in gold dust and in places like saloons, there was so much spilled gold that a profit could be made just by sweeping the floor. Some of the richest prospectors lived flamboyantly in Dawson. Swiftwater Bill Gates, a gambler and ladies man who rarely went anywhere without wearing silk and diamonds, was one of them. To impress a woman who liked eggs—then an expensive luxury—he was alleged to have bought all the eggs in Dawson, had them boiled and fed them to dogs. Another miner, Frank Conrad, threw a sequence of gold objects onto the ship when his favourite singer left Dawson City as tokens of his esteem. The wealthiest dance-hall girls followed suit: Daisy D'Avara had a belt made for herself from $340 ($9,200) in gold dollar coins; another, Gertie Lovejoy, had a diamond inserted between her two front teeth. The miner and businessman Alex McDonald, despite being styled the \"King of the Klondike\", was unusual amongst his peers for his lack of grandiose spending.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nLaw and order","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nUnlike its American equivalents, Dawson City was a law-abiding town. By 1897, 96 members of the NWMP had been sent to the district and by 1898 this had increased to 288, an expensive commitment by the Canadian government. By June 1898 the force was headed by Colonel Sam Steele, an officer with a reputation for firm discipline. In 1898, there were no murders and only a few major thefts; in all, only about 150 arrests were made in the Yukon for serious offenses that year. Of these arrests, over half were for prostitution and resulted from an attempt by the NWMP to regulate the sex industry in Dawson: regular monthly arrests, $50 ($1,400) fines and medical inspections were imposed, with the proceeds being used to fund the local hospitals. The so-called blue laws were strictly enforced. Saloons and other establishments closed promptly at midnight on Saturday, and anyone caught working on Sunday was liable to be fined or set to chopping firewood for the NWMP.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe NWMP are generally regarded by historians to have been an efficient and honest force during the period, although their task was helped by the geography of the Klondike which made it relatively easy to bar entry to undesirables or prevent suspects from leaving the region.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn contrast to the NWMP, the early civil authorities were criticized by the prospectors for being inept and potentially corrupt. Thomas Fawcett was the gold commissioner and temporary head of the Klondike administration at the start of the gold rush; he was accused of keeping the details of new claims secret and allowing what historian Kathryn Winslow termed \"carelessness, ignorance and partiality\" to reign in the mine recorder's office. Following campaigns against him by prospectors, who were backed by the local press, Fawcett was relieved by the Canadian government. His successor, Major James Walsh, was considered a stronger character and arrived in May 1898 but fell ill and returned east in July. It was left to his replacement, William Ogilvie, supported by a Royal Commission, to conduct reforms. The Commission, in lack of evidence, cleared Fawcett of all charges, which meant that he was not punished further than being relieved. Ogilvie proved a much stronger administrator and subsequently revisited many of the mining surveys of his predecessors.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nNews and mail","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn the remote Klondike, there was a great demand for news and contact with the world outside. During the first months of the stampede in 1897, it was said that no news was too old to be read. In the lack of newspapers, some prospectors would read can labels until they knew them by heart. The following year, two teams fought their way over the passes to reach Dawson City first, complete with printing-presses, with the aim of gaining control of the newspaper market. Gene Kelly, the editor of the Klondike Nugget arrived first, but without his equipment, and it was the team behind the Midnight Sun who produced the first daily newspaper in Dawson. The Dawson Miner followed shortly after, bringing the number of daily newspapers in the town during the gold rush up to three. The Nugget sold for $24 ($680) as an annual subscription, and became well known for championing popular causes associated with miners and for its lucid coverage of scandals. Paper was often hard to find and during the winter of 1898–99, the Nugget had to be printed on butcher's wrapping paper. In the lack of paper, news could be told.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn June, 1898, a prospector bought an edition of the Seattle Post-Intellinger at an auction and charged spectators a dollar each to have it read aloud in one of Dawson's halls.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe mail service was chaotic and ill-organised, not at least because government had not anticipated the stampede of prospectors from the United States to the region. Two major problems stood in the way of an effective system. To begin with, any mail from America to Dawson City was sent to Juneau in South-east Alaska before being sent through Dawson and then down the Yukon to Circle City. From here it was then distributed by the US Post Office back up to Dawson. The huge distances involved resulted in delays of several months and frequently the loss of protective envelopes and their addresses. The second problem was in Dawson itself, which initially lacked a post office and therefore relied on two stores and a saloon to act as informal delivery points. The NWMP were tasked to run the mail system by October 1897, but they were ill-trained to do so. Up to 5,700 letters might arrive in a single shipment, all of which had to be collected in person from the post office. This resulted in huge queues, with claimants lining up outside the office for up to three days.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThose who had no time and could afford it would pay others to stand in line for them, preferably a woman since they were allowed to get ahead in line out of politeness. Postage stamps, like paper in general, were scarce and rationed to two per customer. By 1899, trained postal staff took over mail delivery and relieved the NWMP of this task.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nRole of women","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIn 1898 eight percent of those living in the Klondike territory were women, and in towns like Dawson this rose to 12 percent. Many women arrived with their husbands or families, but others travelled alone. Most came to the Klondike for similar economic and social reasons as male prospectors, but they attracted particular media interest. The gender imbalance in the Klondike encouraged business proposals to ship young, single women into the region to marry newly wealthy miners; few, if any, of these marriages ever took place, but some single women appear to have travelled on their own in the hope of finding prosperous husbands. Guidebooks gave recommendations for what practical clothes women should take to the Klondike: the female dress code of the time was formal, emphasising long skirts and corsets, but most women adapted this for the conditions of the trails. Regardless of experience, women in a party were typically expected to cook for the group. Few mothers brought their children with them to the Klondike, due to the risks of the travel and the remote location.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nOnce in the Klondike, very few women—less than one percent—actually worked as miners. Many were married to miners; however, their lives as partners on the gold fields were still hard and often lonely. They had extensive domestic duties, including thawing ice and snow for water, breaking up frozen food, chopping wood and collecting wild foods. In Dawson and other towns, some women took in laundry to make money. This was a physically demanding job, but could be relatively easily combined with child care duties. Others took jobs in the service industry, for example as waitresses or seamstresses, which could pay well, but were often punctuated by periods of unemployment. Both men and women opened roadhouses, but women were considered to be better at running them. A few women worked in the packing trade, carrying goods on their backs, or became domestic servants.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nWealthier women with capital might invest in mines and other businesses. One of the most prominent businesswomen in the Klondike, was Belinda Mulrooney. She brought a consignment of cloth and hot water bottles with her when she arrived in the Klondike in early 1897 and with the proceeds of those sales she first built a roadhouse at Grand Forks and later a grand hotel in Dawson. She invested widely, including acquiring her own mining company, and was reputed to be the richest woman of the Klondike. The wealthy Martha Black was abandoned by her husband early in the journey to the Klondike, but continued on without him, reaching Dawson City where she became a prominent citizen, investing in various mining and business ventures with her brother.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nA relatively small number of women worked in the entertainment and sex industries. The elite of these women were the highly paid actresses and courtesans of Dawson; beneath them were chorus line dancers, who usually doubled as hostesses, and other dance hall workers. While still better paid than white-collar male workers, these women worked very long hours and had significant expenses. The entertainment industry merged into the sex industry, where women made a living as prostitutes. The sex industry in the Klondike was concentrated on Klondike City and in a backstreet area of Dawson. A hierarchy of sexual employment existed, with brothels and parlour houses at the top, small independent \"cigar shops\" in the middle, and, at the bottom, the prostitutes who worked out of small huts called \"hutches\". Life for these workers was a continual struggle and the suicide rate was high.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe degree of involvement between Native women and the stampeders varied. Many Tlingit women worked as packers for the prospectors, for example, carrying supplies and equipment, sometimes also transporting their babies as well. Hän women had relatively little contact with the white immigrants, however, and there was a significant social divide between local Hän women and white women. Although before 1897 there had been a number of Native women who married western men, including Kate Carmack, the Tagish wife of one of the discoverers, this practice did not survive into the stampede. Very few stampeders married Hän women, and very few Hän women worked as prostitutes. \"Respectable\" white women would avoid associating with Native women or prostitutes: those that did could cause scandal.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nEnd of the gold rush","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nBy 1899 telegraphy stretched from Skagway, Alaska to Dawson City, Yukon, allowing instant international contact. In 1898, the White Pass and Yukon Route railway began to be built between Skagway and the head of navigation on the Yukon. When it was completed in 1900, the Chilkoot trail and its tramways were obsolete. Despite these improvements in communication and transport, the rush faltered from 1898 on. It began in summer 1898 when many of the prospectors arriving in Dawson City found themselves unable to make a living and left for home. For those who stayed, the wages of casual work, depressed by the number of men, fell to $100 ($2,700) a month by 1899. The world's newspapers began to turn against the Klondike gold rush as well. In the spring of 1898 the Spanish–American War removed Klondike from the headlines. \"Ah, go to the Klondike!\" became a popular phrase to express disgust with an idea. Unsold, Klondike-branded goods had to be disposed of at special rates in Seattle.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nAnother factor in the decline was the change in Dawson City, which had developed throughout 1898, metamorphosing from a ramshackle, if wealthy, boom town into a more sedate, conservative municipality. Modern luxuries were introduced, including the \"zinc bath tubs and pianos, billiard tables, Brussels carpets in the hotel dining rooms, menus printed in French and invitational balls\" noted by historian Kathryn Winslow. The visiting Senator Jerry Lynch likened the newly paved streets with their smartly dressed inhabitants to the Strand in London. It was no longer as attractive a location for many prospectors, used to a wilder way of living. Even the formerly lawless town of Skagway had become a stable and respectable community by 1899.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe final trigger, however, was the discovery of gold elsewhere in Canada and Alaska, prompting a new stampede, this time away from the Klondike. In August 1898, gold had been found at Atlin Lake at the head of the Yukon River, generating a flurry of interest, but during the winter of 1898–99 much larger quantities were found at Nome at the mouth of the Yukon. In 1899, a flood of prospectors from across the region left for Nome, 8,000 from Dawson alone during a single week in August. The Klondike gold rush was over.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nLegacy","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nPeople","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nOnly a handful of the 100,000 people who left for the Klondike during the gold rush became rich. They typically spent $1,000 ($27,000) each reaching the region, which when combined exceeded what was produced from the gold fields between 1897 and 1901. At the same time, most of those who did find gold lost their fortunes in the subsequent years. They often died penniless, attempting to reproduce their earlier good fortune in fresh mining opportunities. Businessman and miner Alex McDonald, for example, continued to accumulate land after the boom until his money ran out; he died in poverty, still prospecting. Antoine Stander, who discovered gold on Eldorado Creek, abused alcohol, dissipated his fortune and ended working in a ship's kitchen to pay his way. The three discoverers had mixed fates. George Carmack left his wife Kate—who had found it difficult to adapt to their new lifestyle—remarried and lived in relative prosperity; Skookum Jim had a huge income from his mining royalties but refused to settle and continued to prospect until his death in 1916; Dawson Charlie spent lavishly and died in an alcohol-related accident.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe richest of the Klondike saloon owners, businessmen and gamblers also typically lost their fortunes and died in poverty. Gene Allen, for example, the editor of the Klondike Nugget, became bankrupt and spent the rest of his career in smaller newspapers; the prominent gambler and saloon owner Sam Bonnifield suffered a nervous breakdown and died in extreme poverty. Nonetheless, some of those who joined the gold rush prospered. Kate Rockwell, \"Klondike Kate\", for example, became a famous dancer in Dawson and remained popular in America until her death. Dawson City was also where Alexander Pantages, her business partner and lover, started his career, going on to become one of America's greatest theatre and movie tycoons. The businesswoman Martha Black remarried and ultimately became the second female member of the Canadian parliament.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe impact of the gold rush on the Native peoples of the region was considerable. The Tlingit and the Koyukon peoples prospered in the short term from their work as guides, packers and from selling food and supplies to the prospectors. In the longer term, however, especially the Hän people living in the Klondike region suffered from the environmental damage of the gold mining on the rivers and forests. Their population had already begun to decline after the discovery of gold along Fortymile River in the 1880s but dropped catastrophically after their move to the reserve, a result of the contaminated water supply and smallpox. The Hän found only few ways to benefit economically from the gold rush and their fishing and hunting grounds were largely destroyed; by 1904 they needed aid from the NWMP to prevent famine.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nPlaces","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nDawson City declined after the gold rush. When journalist Laura Berton (future mother of Pierre Berton) moved to Dawson in 1907 it was still thriving, but away from Front Street, the town had become increasingly deserted, jammed, as she put it, \"with the refuse of the gold rush: stoves, furniture, gold-pans, sets of dishes, double-belled seltzer bottles ... piles of rusting mining machinery—boilers, winches, wheelbarrows and pumps\". By 1912, only around 2,000 inhabitants remained compared to the 30,000 of the boom years and the site was becoming a ghost town. By 1972, 500 people were living in Dawson whereas the nearby settlements created during the gold rush had been entirely abandoned. The population has grown since the 1970s, with 1,300 recorded in 2006.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nDuring the gold rush, transport improvements meant that heavier mining equipment could be brought in and larger, more modern mines established in the Klondike, revolutionising the gold industry. Gold production increased until 1903 as a result of the dredging and hydraulic mining but then declined; by 2005, approximately 1250000 lb had been recovered from the Klondike area. In the 21st century Dawson City still has a small gold mining industry, which together with tourism, drawing on the legacy of the gold rush, plays a role in the local economy. Many buildings in the center of the town reflect the style of the era. Klondike River valley is affected by the gold rush by the heavy dredging that occurred after it.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe port of Skagway also shrank after the rush, but remains a well-preserved period town, centered on the tourist industry and sight-seeing trips from visiting cruise ships. Restoration work by the National Park Service began in 2010 on Jeff Smith's Parlor, from which the famous con man \"Soapy\" Smith once operated. Skagway also has one of the two visitor centres forming the Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park; the other is located in Seattle, and both focus on the human interest stories behind the gold rush. By contrast, Dyea, Skagway's neighbour and former rival, was abandoned after the gold rush and is now a ghost town. The railway built for prospectors through White Pass in the last year of the rush reopened in 1988 and is today only used by tourists, closely linked to the Chilkoot trail which is a popular hiking route.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nCulture","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe events of the Klondike gold rush rapidly became embedded in North American culture, being captured in poems, stories, photographs and promotional campaigns long after the end of the stampede. In the Yukon, Discovery Day is celebrated on the third Monday in August as a holiday, and the events of the gold rush are promoted by the regional tourist industries. The events of the gold rush were frequently exaggerated at the time and modern works on the subject similarly often focus on the most dramatic and exciting events of the stampede, not always accurately. Historian Ken Coates describes the gold rush as \"a resilient, pliable myth\", which continues to fascinate and appeal.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nSeveral novels, books and poems were generated as a consequence of the Klondike gold rush. The writer Jack London incorporated scenes from the gold rush into his novels set in the Klondike, including The Call of the Wild, a novel about a sledge dog. His colleague, poet Robert W. Service, did not join the rush himself, although he made his home in Dawson City in 1908. Service created well-known poems about the gold rush, among them Songs of a Sourdough, one of the bestselling books of poetry in the first decade of the 20th century, along with his novel, The Trail of '98, which was written by hand on wallpaper in one of Dawson's log cabins. The Canadian historian Pierre Berton grew up in Dawson where his father had been a prospector, and wrote several historical books about the gold rush, such as The Last Great Gold Rush. The experiences of the Irish Micí Mac Gabhann resulted the posthumous work Rotha Mór an tSaoil (translated into English as The Hard Road to Klondike in 1962), a vivid description of the period.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nSome terminology from the stampede made its way into North American English like \"Cheechakos\", referring to newly arrived miners, and \"Sourdoughs\", experienced miners. The photographs taken during the Klondike gold rush heavily influenced later cultural approaches to the stampede. The gold rush was vividly recorded by several early photographers, for instance Eric Hegg; these stark, black-and-white photographs showing the ascent of the Chilkoot pass rapidly became iconic images and were widely distributed. These pictures in turn inspired Charlie Chaplin to make the The Gold Rush, a silent movie, which uses the background of the Klondike to combine physical comedy with its character's desperate battle for survival in the harsh conditions of the stampede. The photographs reappear in the documentary City of Gold from 1957 which, narrated by Pierre Berton, won prizes for pioneering the incorporation of still images into documentary film-making. The Klondike gold rush, however, has not been widely covered in later fictional films; even The Far Country, a Western from 1955 set in the Klondike, largely ignores the unique features of the gold rush in favour of a traditional Western plot.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nIndeed, much of the popular literature on the gold rush approaches the stampede simply as a final phase of the expansion of the American West, a perception critiqued by modern historians such as Charlene Porsild.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nAppendix","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nMaps of routes and goldfields","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nDyea/Skagway routes","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nFile:Dyea-skagway-map.jpg|alt=Map of Dyea/Skagway routes|Overview and close up of Dyea/Skagway route (middle route on left section of map). Each red frame represents the map to the nearest right. Dalton trail is shown to the left on the midsection of the map","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nTakou, Stikine and Edmonton routes","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nFile:Stikineroute2.jpg|alt=Map of Stikine route from 1897|Takou and Stikine route. Red frame: Position of map on map of northern America. Lower right: Stikine route branch from Wrangell meets with branch from Ashcroft at Glenora. They continue along dashed lines. Middle: Takou route meets Stikine route at Teslin Lake. Both routes meet Dyea/Skagway route (dotted line) at upper left\nFile:Backdoorroute2.jpg|alt=Map of backdoor route|Edmonton routes. Red frame: Position of map on map of northern America. Big arrow: All-Canadian route from Edmonton by rivers and portage to Yukon River via Pelly River. Small arrows: Back door route. Black solid line: McKenzie River most of the way. Upper left corner: Yukon River from Fort Yukon to Dawson City","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nGoldfields","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nFile:Klondike Gold Rush map.png|Map of goldfields with Dawson City and Klondike River at top. Red dot: discovery on Bonanza Creek.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nChart of gold production in Yukon 1892-1912","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nGoldproduction.jpg|Production of gold in Yukon around the Klondike Gold Rush. 1896-1903: Increase after discovery at Klondike. 1903-1907: claims are sold; big scale methods take over.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nPopulation growth of west coast cities 1890-1900","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nSource: Alexander Norbert MacDonald, \"Seattle, Vancouver and the Klondike,\" The Canadian Historical Review (September 1968), p. 246.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nKlondikers supply list","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nof mosquito netting for each man\n* 3 suits of heavy underwear\n* 1 heavy Mackinaw coat\n* 2 pairs heavy woollen trousers\n* 1 heavy rubber-lined coat\n* 12 heavy wool socks\n* 6 heavy wool mittens\n* 2 heavy over shirts\n* 2 pairs of heavy, snag proof rubber boots\n* 2 pairs of shoes\n* 4 pairs of blankets (for two men)\n* 4 towels\n* 2 pairs of overalls\n* 1 suit of oil clothing\n* Several changes of summer clothing\n* Small assortment of medicines","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nThe list was a suggestion of equipment and supplies sufficient to support a prospector for one year, generated by the Northern Pacific Railroad company in 1897. The total weight is approximately 1 ton, and the estimated cost amounted to $140 ($3,800).","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nTimeline","Klondike Gold Rush\n\n1896\nAug. 16 : Gold is discovered on Bonanza Creek by George Carmack and Skookum Jim\nAug. 31 : First claim on Eldorado Creek by Antone Stander\n1897\nJan. 21: Wiliam Ogilvie sends news of Klondike gold to Ottawa\nJul. 14: Excelsior arrives at San Francisco with first gold from Klondike and starts stampede\nJul. 15: Portland arrives at Seattle\nJul. 19: First ship leaves for Klondike \nAug. 16: Ex-mayor Wood from Seattle leaves San Francisco on his ship Humboldt with prospectors for Klondike (reaches St. Michael Aug. 29 but is forced to spend the winter on Yukon River)\nSep. 11: 10% royalty is established on gold mined in Yukon\nSep. 27: People without supplies for the winter leave Dawson in search of food\nNov. 8: Work begins on Brackett wagon road through White Pass\n1898\nFeb. 25: Troops arrive at Skagway to maintain order. Collection of costums begins at Chilkoot summit\nMar. 8: Vigilante activity against Soapy Smith starts at Skagway\nApr. 3: Avalanche kills more than 60 at Chilkoot Pass \nApr.","Klondike Gold Rush\n\n24: Spanish-American war begins\nMay 1: Soapy Smith stages a military parade in Skagway\nMay 27: Klondike Nugget begins publication in Dawson\nMay 29: Ice goes out on Yukon River and flotilla of boats sets out for Dawson\nJun. 8: First boat reaches Dawson\nJun. 24: Sam Steele (NWMP) arrives at Dawson\nJul. 28: Soapy Smith shot to death in Skagway\nSep. 22: Gold found at Nome, Alaska\n1899\nJan. 27: The remnants of a relief expedition send out in winter 1897 finally reaches Dawson\nFeb. 16: First train from Skagway reaches the White Pass summit\nApr. 26: Fire destroys business district in Dawson\nAug.: 8000 prospectors leave Dawson for Nome ending the Klondike Gold Rush\nSource: Berton, 2001, Chronology","Klondike Gold Rush\n\nNotes"],"string":"[\n \"Yukon\\n\\nYukon (;; also commonly called the Yukon) is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories (the other two are Northwest Territories and Nunavut). The territory is very lowly populated with its about 35,000 people on almost half a million km2. Whitehorse is the territorial capital and Yukon's only city.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe territory was split from the Northwest Territories in 1898 and was named the \\\"Yukon Territory\\\". The federal government's Yukon Act, which received royal assent on March 27, 2002, established \\\"Yukon\\\" as the territory's official name, though \\\"Yukon Territory\\\" is also still popular in usage and Canada Post continues to use the territory's internationally approved postal abbreviation of YT. Though officially bilingual (English and French), the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nAt , Yukon's Mount Logan, in Kluane National Park and Reserve, is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest on the North American continent (after Denali in the U.S. state of Alaska). Most of Yukon has a subarctic climate, characterized by long cold winters and brief warm summers. The Arctic Ocean coast has a tundra climate.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nNotable rivers include the Yukon River, after which the territory was named, as well as the Pelly, Stewart, Peel, White and Tatshenshini rivers.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nLong before the arrival of Europeans, central and southern Yukon was populated by First Nations people, and the area escaped glaciation. Sites of archeological significance in Yukon hold some of the earliest evidence of the presence of human occupation in North America. The sites safeguard the history of the first people and the earliest First Nations of the Yukon.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe volcanic eruption of Mount Churchill in approximately 800 AD in the U.S. state of Alaska blanketed southern Yukon with a layer of ash which can still be seen along the Klondike Highway, and which forms part of the oral tradition of First Nations peoples in Yukon and further south in Canada.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nCoastal and inland First Nations had extensive trading networks. European incursions into the area only began early in the 19th century with the fur trade, followed by missionaries. By the 1870s and 1880s gold miners began to arrive. This drove a population increase that justified the establishment of a police force, just in time for the start of the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897. The increased population coming with the gold rush led to the separation of the Yukon district from the Northwest Territories and the formation of the separate Yukon Territory in 1898.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nGeography\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe territory is the approximate shape of a right triangle, bordering the U.S. state of Alaska to the west and northwest for 1,210 km (752 mi) mostly along longitude 141° W, the Northwest Territories to the east and British Columbia to the south. Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea. Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nMost of the territory is in the watershed of its namesake, the Yukon River. The southern Yukon is dotted with a large number of large, long and narrow glacier-fed alpine lakes, most of which flow into the Yukon River system. The larger lakes include Teslin Lake, Atlin Lake, Tagish Lake, Marsh Lake, Lake Laberge, Kusawa Lake and Kluane Lake. Bennett Lake on the Klondike Gold Rush trail is a lake flowing into Nares Lake, with the greater part of its area within Yukon.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nCanada's highest point, Mount Logan (5959 m), is in the territory's southwest. Mount Logan and a large part of the Yukon's southwest are in Kluane National Park and Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other national parks include Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park in the north.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nOther watersheds include the Mackenzie River, the Peel Watershed and the Alsek–Tatshenshini, and a number of rivers flowing directly into the Beaufort Sea. The two main Yukon rivers flowing into the Mackenzie in the Northwest Territories are the Liard River in the southeast and the Peel River and its tributaries in the northeast.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nNotable widespread tree species within Yukon are the black spruce and white spruce. Many trees are stunted because of the short growing season and severe climate.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe capital, Whitehorse, is also the largest city, with about three-quarters of the population; the second largest is Dawson City (pop. 2,016), which was the capital until 1952.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nClimate\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nWhile the average winter temperature in the Yukon is mild by Canadian arctic standards, no other place in North America gets as cold as the Yukon during extreme cold snaps. The temperature has dropped down to three times, 1947, 1954, and 1968. The most extreme cold snap occurred in February 1947 when the abandoned town of Snag dropped down to .\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nUnlike most of Canada where the most extreme heat waves occur in July, August, and even September, The Yukon's extreme heat tends to occur in June and even May. The Yukon has recorded 36 C three times. The first time was in June 1969 when Mayo recorded a temperature of . 14 years later this record was almost beaten when Forty Mile recorded 36 C in May 1983. The old record was finally broken 21 years later in June 2004 when the Mayo Road weather station, located just northwest of Whitehorse, recorded a temperature of .\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nDemographics\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe population of Yukon as of December, 2014 is 37,183, an increase of 19.5% from 2004. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2011.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nMunicipalities by population\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nEthnicity\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nAccording to the 2006 Canada Census the majority of the territory's population was of European descent, although it has a significant population of First Nations communities across the territory.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe top ten ancestries were:\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe 2011 National Household Survey examined Yukon's ethnocultural diversity and immigration. At that time, 87.7% of residents were Canadian-born and 24.2% were of Aboriginal origin. The most common countries of birth for immigrants were the United Kingdom (15.9%), the Philippines (15.0%), and the United States (13.2%). Among very recent immigrants (between 2006 and 2011) living in Yukon, 63.5% were born in Asia.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nLanguage\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe most commonly reported mother tongue among the 33,145 single responses to the 2011 Canadian census was English at 28,065 (). The second-most common was 1,455 () for French. Among 510 multiple respondents, 140 of them () reported a mother tongue of both English and French, while 335 () reported English and a ' language' and 20 () reported French and a ' language'.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe Yukon Language Act \\\"recognises the significance\\\" of aboriginal languages in Yukon; however, only English and French are available for laws, court proceedings, and legislative assembly proceedings.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nReligion\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe 2011 National Household Survey reported that 49.9% of Yukoners reported having no religious affiliation, the highest percentage in Canada. The most frequently reported religious affiliation was Christianity, reported by 46.2% of residents. Of these, the most common denominations were the Catholic Church (39.6%), the Anglican Church of Canada (17.8%) and the United Church of Canada (9.6%).\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nEconomy\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nYukon's historical major industry was mining (lead, zinc, silver, gold, asbestos and copper). The government acquired the land from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1870 and split it from the Northwest Territories in 1898 to fill the need for local government created by the population influx of the gold rush.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThousands of these prospectors flooded the territory, creating a colourful period recorded by authors such as Robert W. Service and Jack London. The memory of this period and the early days of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as the territory's scenic wonders and outdoor recreation opportunities, makes tourism the second most important industry.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nManufacturing, including furniture, clothing, and handicrafts, follows in importance, along with hydroelectricity. The traditional industries of trapping and fishing have declined. Today, the government sector is by far the biggest employer in the territory, directly employing approximately 5,000 out of a labour force of 12,500, on a population of 36,500.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nOn 1 May 2015, Yukon modified its Business Corporations Act,[http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/buco_c.pdf gov.yk.ca: \\\"BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT\\\"] , 1 May 2015[http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2015_006.pdf gov.yk.ca: \\\"O.I.C. 2015/06 BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT\\\"] , 1 May 2015[http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2015_007.pdf gov.yk.ca: \\\"O.I.C. 2015/07 SOCIETIES ACT\\\"] , 1 May 2015 in an effort to attract more benefits and participants to its economy. One amendment to the BCA lets a proxy be given for voting purposes. Another change will allow directors to pursue business opportunities declined by the corporation, a practice off-limits in most other jurisdictions due to the inherent potential for conflicts of interest.[http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/go-north-not-west-yukon-lures-businesses-with-new-company-rules-1.3057441 cbc.ca: \\\"Go north, not west: Yukon lures businesses with new company rules\\\"], 1 May 2015 One of the changes will allow a corporation to serve as a director of a subsidiary registered in Yukon.[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/yukons-move-to-draw-corporations-worries-shareholders-coalition/article25030368/ theglobeandmail.com: \\\"Yukon's move to draw corporations worries shareholders coalition\\\"], 18 Jun 2015 The legislation also allows companies to add provisions in their articles of incorporation giving directors blanket approval to sell of all of the company’s assets without requiring a shareholder vote.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nIf provided for by a unanimous shareholders agreement, a corporation is not required to have directors at all.[http://www.deallawwire.com/2015/06/02/changes-of-note-to-the-yukon-business-corporations-act/ deallawwire.com: \\\"Changes of note to the Yukon Business Corporations Act\\\"], 2 Jun 2015 There is increased flexibility regarding the location of corporate records offices, including the ability to maintain a records office outside of the Yukon so long as it is accessible by electronic means.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nTourism\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nYukon's tourism motto is \\\"Larger than life\\\". Yukon's major appeal is its nearly pristine nature. Tourism relies heavily on this, and there are many organized outfitters and guides available to hunters and anglers and nature lovers of all sorts. Sports enthusiasts can paddle lakes and rivers with canoes and kayaks, ride or walk trails, ski or snowboard in an organized setting or access the backcountry by air or snowmobile, climb the highest peaks in Canada or take a family hike up smaller mountains, or try ice climbing and dog sledding.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nYukon also has a wide array of cultural and sporting events and infrastructures that attract artists, participants and tourists from all parts of the world; Yukon International Storytelling Festival, Dawson City Music Festival, Yukon Quest, Sourdough Rendezvous, the Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre, Northern Lights Centre, Klondike Gold Rush memorials and activities, \\\"Takhini Hot Springs\\\", and the Whitehorse fish ladder.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThere are many opportunities to experience pre-colonial lifestyles by learning about Yukon's First Nations. Wildlife and nature observation is exceptional and a wide variety of large mammals, birds, and fish are easily accessible, whether or not within Yukon's many territorial parks (Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park, Tombstone Territorial Park, Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park, Coal River Springs Territorial Park) and national parks (Kluane National Park and Reserve, Vuntut National Park, Ivvavik National Park) and reserves, or nearby Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park in British Columbia.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe latitude enables the view of aurora borealis in Yukon.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nArts and culture\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nAlthough English is the main language used in the territory, as evidenced by the census, the Government of Yukon recognizes several aboriginal languages as part of the cultural heritage of the territory: the Tlingit, and the less common Tahltan, as well as seven Athapaskan languages, Upper Tanana, Gwitchin, Hän, Northern Tutchone, Southern Tutchone, Kaska and Tagish, some of which are rare. As noted above, the \\\"aboriginal identity population\\\" makes up a relatively small part of the total population, accounting for about 25 percent. Notwithstanding, the aboriginal culture is strongly reflected in such areas as winter sports, as in the Yukon Quest sled dog race. The modern comic-book character Yukon Jack depicts a heroic aboriginal persona. By far the strongest cultural and tourism aspect of Yukon, however, is the legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush (1897–1899), which inspired such contemporary writers at the time as Robert W. Service, Jack London and Jules Verne and which continues to inspire films and games from Mae West's Klondike Annie to The Yukon Trail (see Cultural legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush). Notable residents have included Leslie Nielsen, Erik Nielsen and Pierre Berton.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nGovernment\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nIn the 19th century, Yukon was a segment of North-Western Territory that was administered by the Hudson's Bay Company, and then of the Northwest Territories administered by the federal Canadian government. It only obtained a recognizable local government in 1895 when it became a separate district of the Northwest Territories. In 1898, it was made a separate territory with its own commissioner and an appointed Territorial Council.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nPrior to 1979, the territory was administered by the commissioner who was appointed by the federal Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. The commissioner had a role in appointing the territory's Executive Council, served as chair, and had a day-to-day role in governing the territory. The elected Territorial Council had a purely advisory role. In 1979, a significant degree of power was devolved from the commissioner and the federal government to the territorial legislature which, in that year, adopted a party system of responsible government. This change was accomplished through a letter from Jake Epp, the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, rather than through formal legislation.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nIn preparation for responsible government, political parties were organized and ran candidates to the Yukon Legislative Assembly for the first time in 1978. The Progressive Conservatives won these elections and formed the first party government of Yukon in January 1979. The Yukon New Democratic Party (NDP) formed the government from 1985 to 1992 under Tony Penikett and again from 1996 under Piers McDonald until being defeated in 2000. The conservatives returned to power in 1992 under John Ostashek after having renamed themselves the Yukon Party. The Liberal government of Pat Duncan was defeated in elections in November 2002, with Dennis Fentie of the Yukon Party forming the government as Premier.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe Yukon Act, passed on April 1, 2003, formalized the powers of the Yukon government and devolved additional powers to the territorial government (e.g., control over land and natural resources). As of 2003, other than criminal prosecutions, the Yukon government has much of the same powers as provincial governments, and the other two territories are looking to obtaining the same powers. Today the role of commissioner is analogous to that of a provincial lieutenant governor; however, unlike lieutenant-governors, commissioners are not formal representatives of the Queen but are employees of the federal government.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nAlthough there has been discussion in the past about Yukon becoming Canada's 11th province, it is generally felt that its population base is too sparse for this to occur at present.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nAt the federal level, the territory is represented in the Parliament of Canada by a single Member of Parliament and one senator. Members of Parliament from Canadian territories are full and equal voting representatives and residents of the territory enjoy the same rights as other Canadian citizens. One Yukon Member of Parliament, Erik Nielsen, was the Deputy Prime Minister under the government of Brian Mulroney, while another, Audrey McLaughlin, was the leader of the federal New Democratic Party from 1989 to 1995.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nFederal representation\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe entire territory is one riding (electoral district) in the Canadian House of Commons, also called Yukon. The current holder of the seat is Liberal Member of Parliament Larry Bagnell following his victory in the 2015 federal election.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nYukon is allocated one seat in the Senate of Canada and has been represented by three Senators since the position was created in 1975. The Senate position is held by Conservative senator Daniel Lang, who was appointed by then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper on December 22, 2008. It was previously filled by Ione Christensen, of the Liberal Party. Appointed to the Senate in 1999 by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Christensen resigned in December 2006 to help her ailing husband. From 1975 to 1999, Paul Lucier (Liberal) served as Senator for Yukon. Lucier was appointed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nFirst Nations\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nMuch of the population of the territory is First Nations. An umbrella land claim agreement representing 7,000 members of 14 different First Nations was signed with the federal government in 1992. Each of the individual First Nations then has to negotiate a specific land claim and a self-government agreement. As of December 2005, 11 of the 14 First Nations had a signed agreement. The 14 First Nations are in the table on the right.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nThe territory once had an Inuit settlement, located on Herschel Island off the Arctic coast. This settlement was dismantled in 1987 and its inhabitants relocated to the neighbouring Northwest Territories. As a result of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, the island is now a territorial park and is known officially as Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park, Qikiqtaruk being the name of the island in Inuvialuktun. There are also 14 First Nations that speak eight different languages.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nInfrastructure\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nBefore modern forms of transportation, the rivers and mountain passes were the main transportation routes for the coastal Tlingit people trading with the Athabascans of which the Chilkoot Pass and Dalton Trail, as well as the first Europeans.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nFrom the Gold Rush until the 1950s, riverboats plied the Yukon River, mostly between Whitehorse and Dawson City, with some making their way further to Alaska and over to the Bering Sea, and other tributaries of the Yukon River such as the Stewart River. Most of the riverboats were owned by the British-Yukon Navigation Company, an arm of the White Pass and Yukon Route, which also operated a narrow gauge railway between Skagway, Alaska, and Whitehorse. The railway ceased operation in the 1980s with the first closure of the Faro mine. It is now run during the summer months for the tourism season, with operations as far as Carcross.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nToday, major land routes include the Alaska Highway, the Klondike Highway (between Skagway and Dawson City), the Haines Highway (between Haines, Alaska, and Haines Junction), and the Dempster Highway (linking Inuvik, Northwest Territories to the Klondike Highway), all paved except for the Dempster. Other highways with less traffic include the \\\"Robert Campbell Highway\\\" linking Carmacks (on the Klondike Highway) to Watson Lake (Alaska Highway) via Faro and Ross River, and the \\\"Silver Trail\\\" linking the old silver mining communities of Mayo, Elsa and Keno City to the Klondike Highway at the Stewart River bridge. Air travel is the only way to reach the far north community of Old Crow.\",\n \"Yukon\\n\\nWhitehorse International Airport serves as the air transport infrastructure hub, with scheduled direct flights to Vancouver, Kelowna, Calgary, Edmonton, Yellowknife, Inuvik, Ottawa, Dawson City, Old Crow and Frankfurt. Whitehorse International Airport is also the headquarters and primary hub for Air North, Yukon's Airline. Every Yukon community is served by an airport or community aerodrome. The communities of Dawson City and Old Crow have regular scheduled service through Air North. Air charter businesses exist primarily to serve the tourism and mining exploration industries.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1896 and 1899. Gold was discovered there by local miners on August 16, 1896 and, when news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of would-be prospectors. Some became wealthy, but the majority went in vain. The Klondike Gold Rush ended in 1899 after gold was discovered in Nome, Alaska prompting an exodus from the Klondike. It has been immortalized by photographs, books, films, and artifacts.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nTo reach the gold fields most took the route through the ports of Dyea and Skagway in Southeast Alaska. Here, the Klondikers could follow either the Chilkoot or the White Pass trails to the Yukon River and sail down to the Klondike. Each of them was required to bring a year's supply of food by the Canadian authorities in order to prevent starvation. In all, their equipment weighed close to a ton, which for most had to be carried in stages by themselves. Together with mountainous terrain and cold climate this meant that those who persisted did not arrive until summer 1898. Once there, they found few opportunities and many left disappointed.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nMining was challenging as the ore was distributed in an uneven manner and digging was made slow by permafrost. As a result, some miners chose to buy and sell claims, building up huge investments and letting others do the work. To accommodate the prospectors, boom towns sprang up along the routes and at their end Dawson City was founded at the confluence of the Klondike and the Yukon River. From a population of 500 in 1896, the hastily constructed town came to house around 30,000 people by summer 1898. Built of wood, isolated and unsanitary, Dawson suffered from fires, high prices and epidemics. Despite this, the wealthiest prospectors spent extravagantly gambling and drinking in the saloons. The Native Hän people, on the other hand, suffered from the rush being moved into a reserve to make way for the stampeders, and many died.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nFrom 1898, the newspapers that had encouraged so many to travel to the Klondike lost interest in it. When news arrived in the summer of 1899 that gold had been discovered in Nome in west Alaska, many prospectors left the Klondike for the new goldfields, marking the end of the rush. The boom towns declined and the population of Dawson City fell away. Mining activity of the gold rush lasted until 1903 when production peaked after heavier equipment was brought in. Since then the Klondike has been mined on and off, and today the legacy draws tourists to the region and contributes to its prosperity. of gold has been taken from the area (until 2013) of which half come from Bonanza Creek and a quarter from Hunker Creek.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nBackground\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nalt\\nMap of people and places at the time of discovery of gold at the Klondike Yukon at the time of discovery.|Yukon at the time of discovery.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe indigenous peoples in north-west America had traded in copper nuggets prior to European expansion. Most of the tribes were aware that gold existed in region but the metal was not valued by them. The Russians and the Hudson's Bay Company had both explored the Yukon in the first half of the 19th century, but ignored the rumours of gold in favour of fur trading, which offered more immediate profits.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn the second half of the 19th century, American prospectors began to spread into the peninsula. Making deals with the Native Tlingit and Tagish tribes, the early prospectors succeeded in opening up the important routes of Chilkoot and White Pass to reach the Yukon valley between 1870 and 1890. Here, they encountered the Hän people, semi-nomadic hunters and fishermen who lived along the Yukon and Klondike Rivers. The Hän did not appear to know about the extent of the gold deposits in the region.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn 1883, Ed Schieffelin identified gold deposits along the Yukon River, and an expedition up the Fortymile River in 1886 returned having discovered considerable amounts of it and founded Fortymile City. The same year gold had been found on the banks of Klondike River, but in small amounts and no claims \\nwere made. By the late 1880s, several hundred miners were working their way along the Yukon valley, living in small mining camps and trading with the Hän.\\nOn the Alaskan side of the border Circle City, a log town, was established 1893 at Yukon River. In three years it grew to become \\\"the Paris of Alaska\\\" with 1200 inhabitants, saloons, opera houses, schools, and libraries. In 1896 it was so well known that a foreign correspondent from The Chicago Daily Record came to visit. At the end of the year it was to become a ghost town when news had arrived about rich amounts of gold found upstream at Klondike.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nDiscovery (1896)\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nOn August 16, 1896, an American prospector named George Carmack, his Tagish wife Kate Carmack (Shaaw Tláa), her brother Skookum Jim (Keish) and their nephew Dawson Charlie (K̲áa Goox̱) were travelling south of the Klondike River. Following a suggestion from Robert Henderson, another prospector, they began looking for gold on Bonanza Creek, then called Rabbit Creek, one of the Klondike's tributaries. It is not clear who discovered the gold: George Carmack or Skookum Jim, but the group agreed to let George Carmack appear as the official discoverer because they feared that mining authorities would be reluctant to recognize a claim made by an Indian.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn any event, gold was present along the river in huge quantities. Carmack measured out four claims, strips of ground that could later be legally mined by the owner, along the river; these including two for himself—one as his normal claim, the second as a reward for having discovered the gold—and one each for Jim and Charlie. The claims were registered next day at the police post at the mouth of the Forty mile River and news spread rapidly from there to other mining camps in the Yukon River valley.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nBy the end of August, all of Bonanza Creek had been claimed by miners. A prospector then advanced up into one of the creeks feeding into Bonanza, later to be named Eldorado Creek. He discovered new sources of gold there, which would prove to be even richer than those on Bonanza. Claims began to be sold between miners and speculators for considerable sums. Just before Christmas, word of the gold reached Circle City. Despite the winter, many prospectors immediately left for the Yukon by dog-sled, eager to reach the region before the best claims were taken. The outside world was still largely unaware of the news and although Canadian officials had managed to send a message to their superiors in Ottawa about the finds and influx of prospectors, the government did not give it much attention. The winter prevented river traffic, and it was not until June 1897 that the first boats left the area, carrying the freshly mined gold and the full story of the discoveries.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nBeginning of the stampede (July, 1897)\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe Klondike stampede was an attempt by an estimated 100,000 people to reach the Klondike goldfields, of whom only around 30,000 to 40,000 eventually did. It formed the height of the Klondike gold rush from the summer of 1897 until the summer of 1898. It began on July 15, 1897 in San Francisco and was spurred further two days later in Seattle, when the first of the early prospectors returned from the Klondike, bringing with them large amounts of gold on the ships Excelsior and Portland. The press reported that a total of $1,139,000 (equivalent to $1,000 million at 2010 prices) had been brought in by these ships, although this proved to be an underestimate. The migration of prospectors caught so much attention that it was joined by outfitters, writers and photographers.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nVarious factors lay behind this sudden mass response. Economically, the news had reached the US at the height of a series of financial recessions and bank failures in the 1890s. The gold standard of the time tied paper money to the production of gold and shortages towards the end of the 19th century meant that gold dollars were rapidly increasing in value ahead of paper currencies and being hoarded. This had contributed to the financial panics of 1893 and 1896, which caused unemployment and financial uncertainty. There was a huge, unresolved demand for gold across the developed world that the Klondike offered to fulfil and, for individuals, the region promised higher wages or financial security.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nPsychologically, the Klondike, as historian Pierre Berton describes, was \\\"just far enough away to be romantic and just close enough to be accessible\\\". Furthermore, the Pacific ports closest to the gold strikes were desperate to encourage trade and travel to the region. The mass journalism of the period promoted the event and the human interest stories that lay behind it. A worldwide publicity campaign engineered largely by Erastus Brainerd, a Seattle newspaper man, helped establish the city as the premier supply centre and the departure point for the gold fields.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe prospectors came from many nations, although an estimated majority of 60 to 80 percent were Americans or recent immigrants to America. Most had no experience in the mining industry, being clerks or salesmen. Mass resignations of staff to join the gold rush became notorious. In Seattle, this included the mayor, twelve policemen and a significant percentage of the city's streetcar drivers.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nSome stampeders were famous: John McGraw, the former governor of Washington joined together with the prominent lawyer and sportsman A. Balliot. Frederick Burnham, a well-known American scout and explorer arrived from Africa, only to be called back to take part in the Second Boer War. Among those who documented the rush were the Swedish-born photographer Eric Hegg, who took some of the iconic pictures of Chilkoot Pass, and reporter Tappan Adney, who would afterwards write a first-hand history of the stampede. Jack London, later a famous American writer, left to seek for gold but made his money during the rush mostly by working for prospectors.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nSeattle and San Francisco competed fiercely for business during the rush, with Seattle winning the larger share of trade.\\nIndeed, one of the first to join the gold rush was William D. Wood, the mayor of Seattle, who resigned and formed a company to transport prospectors to the Klondike. The publicity around the gold rush led to a flurry of branded goods being put onto the market. Clothing, equipment, food and medicines were all sold as \\\"Klondike\\\" goods, allegedly designed for the north-west. Guidebooks were published, giving advice about routes, equipment, mining and capital necessary for the enterprise. The newspapers of the time termed this phenomenon \\\"Klondicitis\\\".\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nFile:Klondikers buying miner's licenses at Custom House, Victoria, B C, Feb 21, 1898 (HS85-10-9774) (cropped).jpg|Klondikers buying miner's licenses at the Custom House in Victoria, BC, on February 12, 1898\\nExcelcior-1897.jpg|alt=San Francisco, July 1897. The steamship Excelsior leaves San Francisco on July 28, 1897, for the Klondike|The S/S Excelsior leaves San Francisco on July 28, 1897, for the Klondike.\\nSteamship Islander leaving Vancouver, British Columbia for Skagway Bay crop.jpg|SS Islander leaving Vancouver, bound for Skagway, 1897\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nRoutes to the Klondike\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nKlondike could only be reached by the Yukon River either upstream from its delta, downstream from its head or from somewhere in the middle through its tributaries. River boats could navigate the Yukon in the summer from the delta until a point called Whitehorse above Klondike. Travel in general was made difficult by both the geography and climate. The region was mountainous, the rivers winding and sometimes impassable; the short summers could be hot, while from October to June, during the long winters, temperatures could drop below −50 °C (−58 °F).\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nAids for the travellers to carry their supplies varied; some had brought dogs, horses, mules or oxen, whereas others had to rely on carrying their equipment on their backs or on sleds pulled by hand. Shortly after the stampede began in 1897, the Canadian authorities had introduced rules requiring anyone entering Yukon Territory to bring with them a year's supply of food; typically this weighed around 1150 lb. By the time camping equipment, tools and other essentials were included, a typical traveller was transporting as much as a ton in weight. Unsurprisingly, the price of draft animals spiralled; at Dyea, even poor quality horses could sell for as much as $700 ($19,000), or be rented out for $40 ($1,100) a day.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nFrom Seattle or San Francisco, prospectors could travel by sea up the coast to the ports of Alaska. The route following the coast is now referred to as the Inside Passage. It led to the ports of Dyea and Skagway plus ports of nearby trails. The sudden increase in demand encouraged a range of vessels to be pressed into service including old paddle wheelers, fishing boats, barges and coal ships still full of coal dust — all were overloaded and many sank.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nAll water route\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIt was possible to sail all the way to the Klondike, first from Seattle across the northern Pacific to the Alaskan coast. From St. Michael, at the Yukon River delta, a river boat could then take the prospectors the rest of the way up the river to Dawson, often guided by one of the Native Koyukon people who lived near St. Michael. Although this all-water route, also called \\\"the rich man's route\\\", was expensive and long, 4700 mi in total, it had the attraction of speed and avoiding overland travel. At the beginning of the stampede a ticket could be bought for $150 ($4,050) while during the winter 1897–98 the fare settled at $1,000 ($27,000).\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn 1897, 1,800 travellers attempted this route but the vast majority were caught along the river when the region iced over in October. Only 43 successfully reached the Klondike before winter and of those 35 had to return, having thrown away their equipment en route to reach their destination in time. The remainder mostly found themselves stranded in isolated camps and settlements along the ice-covered river often in desperate circumstances.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nDyea/Skagway routes\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nMost of the prospectors landed at the South-east Alaskan towns of Dyea and Skagway, both located at the head of the natural Lynn Canal at the end of the Inside Passage. From there, they would need to travel 30 mi over the mountain ranges into Canada's Yukon Territory, and then down the river network to the Klondike. Along the trails, tent camps sprung up at places where prospectors had to stop to eat or sleep or at obstacles such as the icy lakes at the head of the Yukon. At the start of the rush, a ticket from Seattle to the port of Dyea cost $40 ($1,100) for a cabin. Premiums of $100 ($2,700), however, were soon paid and the steamship companies hesitated to post their rates in advance since they could increase on a daily basis.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nWhite Pass trail\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThose who landed at Skagway would make their way over the White Pass before cutting across to Bennett Lake. Although the trail began gently, it progressed over several mountains with paths as narrow as 2 ft and in wider parts covered with boulders and sharp rocks. Under these conditions horses died in huge numbers, giving the route the informal name of Dead Horse Trail. The volumes of travellers and the wet weather made the trail impassable and, by late 1897, it was closed until further notice, leaving around 5,000 stranded in Skagway.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nAn alternative toll road suitable for wagons was eventually constructed and this, combined with colder weather that froze the muddy ground, allowed the White Pass to reopen, and prospectors began to make their way into Canada. Moving supplies and equipment over the pass had to be done in stages. Most divided their belongings into 65 lb packages that could be carried on a man's back, or heavier loads that could be pulled by hand on a sled. Ferrying packages forwards and walking back for more, a prospector would need about thirty round trips, a distance of at least 2500 mi, before they had moved all of their supplies to the end of the trail. Even using a heavy sled, a strong man would be covering 1000 mi and need around 90 days to reach Lake Bennett.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nChilkoot trail\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThose who landed at Dyea, Skagway's neighbour town, travelled the Chilkoot Trail and crossed its Pass to reach Lake Lindeman, which fed into Lake Bennett at the head of the Yukon River. The Chilkoot Pass was higher than the White Pass, but more used it: around 22,000 during the gold rush. The trail passed up through camps until it reached a flat ledge, just before the main ascent, which was too steep for animals. This location was known as the Scales, and was where goods were weighed before travellers officially entered Canada. The cold, the steepness and the weight of equipment made the climb extremely arduous and it could take a day to get to the top of the 1000 ft high slope.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nAs on the White Pass trail, supplies needed to be broken down into smaller packages and carried in relay. Packers, prepared to carry supplies for cash, were available along the route but would charge up to $1 ($27) per lb (0.45 kg) on the later stages; many of these packers were Natives, members of the Tlingit people or, less commonly, the Tagish. Avalanches were common in the mountains and, on April 3, 1898, one claimed the lives of more than 60 people travelling over Chilkoot Pass.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nEntrepreneurs began to provide solutions as the winter progressed. Steps were cut into the ice at the Chilkoot Pass which could be used for a daily fee, this 1,500 step staircase becoming known as the \\\"Golden Steps\\\". By December 1897, a tramway powered by a horse at the bottom, which walked in a circle pulling a wheel-mounted rope, had been built by Archie Burns to ferry packages up the final parts of the Chilkoot Pass. Five more tramways soon followed, one powered by a steam engine, charging between 8 and 30 cents ($2 and $8) per 1 lb. An aerial tramway was built in the spring of 1898, able to move 9 tonnes of goods an hour up to the summit.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nHead of Yukon River\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nAt Lakes Bennett and Lindeman, the prospectors camped to build rafts or boats that would take them the final 500 mi down the Yukon to Dawson City in the spring. 7,124 boats of varying size and quality left in May 1898; by that time, the forests around the lakes had been largely cut down for timber. The river posed a new problem. Until Whitehorse, it was dangerous, with several rapids along the Miles Canyon through to the White Horse Rapids.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nAfter many boats were wrecked and several hundred people died, the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) introduced safety rules, vetting the boats carefully and forbidding women and children to travel through the rapids. Additional rules stated that any boat carrying passengers required a licensed pilot, typically costing $25 ($680), although some prospectors simply unpacked their boats, let them drift unmanned through the rapids with the intent of walking down to collect them on the other side. During the summer, a horse-powered rail-tramway was built by Norman Macaulay, capable of carrying boats and equipment through the canyon at $25 ($680) a time, removing the need for prospectors to navigate the rapids.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nKlondike camp Yukon head.jpg|alt=Prospectors in a tent camp at Bennett Lake waiting for the ice on Yukon River to break up, May 1898|Prospectors in a tent camp at Bennett Lake waiting for the ice on Yukon River to break up, May 1898\\nFile:Boat on the Upper Yukon.jpg|alt=Prospectors sailing toward Dawson in boat on upper Yukon River, 1898|Klondikers sailing toward Dawson on the upper Yukon River, 1898.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nParallel trails\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThere were a few more trails established during 1898 from South-east Alaska to the Yukon River. One was the Dalton trail: starting from Pyramid Harbour, close to Dyea, it went across the Chilkat Pass some miles west of Chilkoot and turned north to the Yukon River, a distance of about 350 mi. This was created by Jack Dalton as a summer route, intended for cattle and horses, and Dalton charged a toll of $250 ($6,800) for its use.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe Takou route started from Juneau and went north-east to Teslin Lake. From here, it followed a river to the Yukon, where it met the Dyea and Skagway route at a point halfway to the Klondike. It meant dragging and poling canoes up-river and through mud together with crossing a 5000 ft mountain along a narrow trail. Finally, there was the Stikine route starting from the port of Wrangell further south-east of Skagway. This route went up the uneasy Stikine River to Glenora, the head of navigation. From Glenora, prospectors would have to carry their supplies 150 mi to Teslin Lake where it, like the Takou route, met the Yukon River system.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nAll-Canadian routes\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nAn alternative to the South-east Alaskan ports were the All-Canadian routes, so-called because they mostly stayed on Canadian soil throughout their journey. These were popular with British and Canadians for patriotic reasons and because they avoided American customs. The first of these, around 1000 mi in length, started from Ashcroft in British Columbia and crossed swamps, river gorges, and mountains until it met with the Stikine River route at Glenora. From Glenora, prospectors would face the same difficulties as those who came from Wrangell. At least 1,500 men attempted to travel along the Ashcroft route and 5,000 along the Stikine. The mud and the slushy ice of the two routes proved exhausting, killing or incapacitating the pack animals and creating chaos amongst the travellers.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThree more routes started from Edmonton, Alberta; these were not much better - barely trails at all - despite being advertised as \\\"the inside track\\\" and the \\\"back door to the Klondike\\\". One, the \\\"overland route\\\", headed north-west from Edmonton, ultimately meeting the Peace River and then continuing on overland to the Klondike, crossing the Liard River en route. To encourage travel via Edmonton, the government hired T.W. Chalmers to build a trail, which became known as the Klondike Trail or Chalmers Trail. The other two trails, known as the \\\"water routes\\\", involved more river travel. One went by boat along rivers and overland to the Yukon River system at Pelly River and from there to Dawson. Another went north of Dawson by the Mackenzie River to Fort McPherson, before entering Alaska and meeting the Yukon River at Fort Yukon, downstream to the Klondike. From here, the boat and equipment had to be pulled up the Yukon about 400 mi. An estimated 1,660 travellers took these three routes, of whom only 685 arrived, some taking up to 18 months to make the journey.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\n\\\"All-American\\\" route\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nAn equivalent to the All-Canadian routes was the \\\"All-American route\\\", which aimed to reach the Yukon from the port of Valdez, which lay further along the Alaskan coast from Skagway. This, it was hoped, would evade the Canadian customs posts and provide an American-controlled route into the interior. 3,500 men and women attempted it from late 1897 onwards; delayed by the winter snows, fresh efforts were made in the spring.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn practice, the huge Valdez glacier that stood between the port and the Alaskan interior proved almost insurmountable and only 200 managed to climb it; by 1899, the cold and scurvy was causing many deaths amongst the rest. Other prospectors attempted an alternative route across the Malaspina Glacier just to the east, suffering even greater hardships. Those who did manage to cross it found themselves having to negotiate miles of wilderness before they could reach Dawson. Their expedition was forced to turn back the same way they had come with only four men surviving.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nBorder control\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe borders in South-east Alaska were disputed between the US, Canada and Britain since the American purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. The US and Canada both claimed the ports of Dyea and Skagway. This, combined with the numbers of American prospectors, the quantities of gold being mined and the difficulties in exercising government authority in such a remote area, made the control of the borders a sensitive issue.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nEarly on in the gold rush, the US Army sent a small detachment to Circle City, in case intervention was required in the Klondike, while the Canadian government considered excluding all American prospectors from the Yukon Territory. Neither eventuality took place and instead the US agreed to make Dyea a sub-port of entry for Canadians, allowing British ships to land Canadian passengers and goods freely there, while Canada agreed to permit American miners to operate in the Klondike. Both decisions were unpopular among their domestic publics: American businessmen complained that their right to a monopoly on regional trade was being undermined, while the Canadian public demanded action against the American miners.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe North-West Mounted Police set up control posts at the borders of the Yukon Territory or, where that was disputed, at easily controlled points such as the Chilkoot and White Passes. These units were armed with Maxim guns. Their tasks included enforcing the rules requiring that travellers bring a year's supply of food with them to be allowed into the Yukon Territory, checking for illegal weapons, preventing the entry of criminals and enforcing customs duties.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThis last task was particularly unpopular with American prospectors, who faced paying an average of 25 percent of the value of their goods and supplies. The Mounties had a reputation for running these posts honestly, although accusations were made that they took bribes. Prospectors, on the other hand, tried to smuggle prize items like silk and whiskey across the pass in tins and bales of hay: the former item for the ladies, the latter for the saloons.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nMining\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nOf the estimated 30,000 to 40,000 people who reached Dawson City during the gold rush, only around 15,000 to 20,000 finally became prospectors. Of these, no more than 4,000 struck gold and only a few hundred became rich. By the time most of the stampeders arrived in 1898, the best creeks had all been claimed, either by the long-term miners in the region, or by the first arrivals of the year before. The Bonanza, Eldorado, Hunker and Dominion Creeks were all taken, with almost 10,000 claims recorded by the authorities by July 1898; a new prospector would have to look further afield to find a claim of his own.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nGeologically, the region was permeated with veins of gold, forced to the surface by volcanic action and then worn away by the action of rivers and streams, leaving nuggets and gold dust in deposits known as placer gold. Some ores lay along the creek beds in lines of soil, typically 15 ft to 30 ft beneath the surface. Others, formed by even older streams, lay along the hilltops; these deposits were called \\\"bench gold\\\". Finding the gold was challenging. Initially, miners had assumed that all the gold would be along the existing creeks, and it was not until late in 1897 that the hilltops began to be mined. Gold was also unevenly distributed in the areas where it was found, which made prediction of good mining sites even more uncertain. The only way to be certain that gold was present was to conduct exploratory digging.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nMethods\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nMining began with clearing the ground of vegetation and debris. Prospect holes were then dug in an attempt to find the ore or \\\"pay streak\\\". If these holes looked productive, proper digging could commence, aiming down to the bedrock, where the majority of the gold was found. The digging would be carefully monitored in case the operation needed to be shifted to allow for changes in the flow.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn the sub-Arctic climate of the Klondike, a layer of hard permafrost lay only 6 ft below the surface. Traditionally, this had meant that mining in the region only occurred during the summer months, but the pressure of the gold rush made such a delay unacceptable. Late 19th century technology existed for dealing with this problem, including hydraulic mining and stripping, and dredging, but the heavy equipment required for this could not be brought into the Klondike during the gold rush.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nInstead, the miners relied on wood fires to soften the ground to a depth of about 14 in and then removing the resulting gravel. The process was repeated until the gold was reached. In theory, no support of the shaft was necessary because of the permafrost although in practice sometimes the fire melted the permafrost and caused collapses. Fires could also produce noxious gases, which had to be removed by bellows or other tools. The resulting \\\"dirt\\\" brought out of the mines froze quickly in winter and could only be processed during the warmer summer months. An alternative, more efficient, approach called steam thawing was devised between 1897 and 1898; this used a furnace to pump steam directly into the ground, but since it required additional equipment it was not a widespread technique during the years of the rush.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn the summer, water would be used to sluice and pan the dirt, separating out the heavier gold from gravel. This required miners to construct sluices, which were sequences of wooden boxes 15 ft long, through which the dirt would be washed; up to 20 of these might be needed for each mining operation. The sluices in turn required lots of water, usually produced by creating a dam and ditches or crude pipes. \\\"Bench gold\\\" mining on the hill sides could not use sluice lines because water could not be pumped that high up. Instead, these mines used rockers, boxes that moved back and forth like a cradle, to create the motion needed for separation. Finally, the resulting gold dust could be exported out of the Klondike; exchanged for paper money at the rate of $16 ($430) per troy ounce (ozt) through one of the major banks that opened in Dawson City, or simply used as money when dealing with local traders.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nBusiness\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nSuccessful mining took time and capital, particularly once most of the timber around the Klondike had been cut down. A realistic mining operation required $1,500 ($1.2 million) for wood to be burned to melt the ground, along with around $1,000 ($800,000) to construct a dam, $1,500 ($1.2 million) for ditches and up to $600 ($480,000) for sluice boxes, a total of $4,600. The attraction of the Klondike to a prospector, however, was that when gold was found, it was often highly concentrated. Some of the creeks in the Klondike were fifteen times richer in gold than those in California, and richer still than those in South Africa. In just two years, for example, $230,000 ($1,840 million) worth of gold was brought up from claim 29 on the Eldorado Creek.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nUnder Canadian law, miners first had to get a license, either when they arrived at Dawson or en route from Victoria in Canada. They could then prospect for gold and, when they had found a suitable location, lay claim to mining rights over it. To stake a claim, a prospector would drive stakes into the ground a measured distance apart and then return to Dawson to register the claim for $15 ($410). This normally had to be done within three days, and by 1897 only one claim per person at a time was allowed in a district, although married couples could exploit a loophole that allowed the wife to register a claim in her own name, doubling their amount of land.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe claim could be mined freely for a year, after which a $100 ($2,800) fee had to be paid annually. Should the prospector leave the claim for more than three days without good reason, another miner could make a claim on the land. The Canadian government also charged a royalty of between 10 and 20 percent on the value of gold taken from a claim.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe proper size of a claim was a matter of dispute. Traditionally, a mining claim had been granted over a 500 ft long stretch of a creek, including the land from one side of the valley to another; the Canadian authorities had tried to reduce this length to 150 ft, but under pressure from miners had been forced to agree to 250 ft. The only exception to this was a \\\"Discovery\\\" claim, the first to be made on a creek, which could be 500 ft long. The exact lengths of claims were often challenged and when the government surveyor William Ogilvie conducted surveys to settle disputes, he found some claims exceeded the official limit. The excess fractions of land then became available as claims and were sometimes quite valuable.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nClaims could be bought, however, their price depended on whether they had been yet proved to contain gold. A prospector with capital might consider taking a risk on an \\\"unproved\\\" claim on one of the better creeks for $5,000 ($4,000,000); a wealthier miner could buy a \\\"proved\\\" mine for $50,000 ($40,000,000). The well known claim eight on Eldorado Creek was sold for as much as $350,000 ($280 million). Prospectors were also allowed to hire others to work for them, either on their first claim or on later purchases. Enterprising miners such as Alex McDonald set about amassing mines and employees. Leveraging his acquisitions with short term loans, by the autumn of 1897 McDonald had purchased 28 claims, estimated to be worth millions. Swiftwater Bill Gates famously borrowed heavily against his claim on the Eldorado creek, relying on hired hands to mine the gold to keep up his interest payments.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe less fortunate or less well funded prospectors rapidly found themselves destitute. Some chose to sell their equipment and return south. Others took jobs as manual workers, either in mines or in Dawson; the typical daily pay of $15 ($410) was high by external standards, but low compared to the cost of living in the Klondike. The possibility that a new creek might suddenly produce gold, however, continued to tempt poorer prospectors. Smaller stampedes around the Klondike continued throughout the gold rush, when rumours of new strikes would cause a small mob to descend on fresh sites, hoping to be able to stake out a high value claim.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nLife in the Klondike\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe massive influx of prospectors drove the formation of boom towns along the routes of the stampede, with Dawson City in the Klondike the largest. The new towns were crowded, often chaotic and many disappeared just as soon as they came. Most stampeders were men but women also travelled to the region, typically as the wife of a prospector. Some women entertained in gambling and dance halls built by business men and women who were encouraged by the lavish spending of successful miners.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nDawson remained relatively lawful, protected by the Canadian NWMP, which meant that gambling and prostitution were accepted while robbery and murder were kept low. By contrast, especially the port of Skagway under US jurisdiction in Southeast Alaska became infamous for its criminal underworld. The extreme climate and remoteness of the region in general meant that supplies and communication with the outside world including news and mail were scarce.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nBoom towns\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe ports of Dyea and Skagway, through which most of the prospectors entered, were tiny settlements before the gold rush, each consisting of only one log cabin. Because there were no docking facilities, ships had to unload their cargo directly onto the beach, where people tried to move their goods before high tide. Inevitably cargos were smashed, stolen or lost in the process. Some travellers had arrived intending to supply goods and services to the would-be miners; some of these in turn, realizing how difficult it would be to reach Dawson, chose to do the same. Within weeks, storehouses, saloons, and offices lined the muddy streets of Dyea and Skagway, surrounded by tents and hovels.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nSkagway became famous in international media; the author John Muir described the town as \\\"a nest of ants taken into a strange country and stirred up by a stick\\\". While Dyea remained a transit point throughout the winter, Skagway began to take on a more permanent character. Skagway also built wharves out into the bay in order to attract a greater share of the prospectors. The town was effectively lawless, dominated by drinking, gunfire and prostitution. The visiting NWMP Superintendent Sam Steele noted that it was \\\"little better than a hell on earth ... about the roughest place in the world\\\". Nonetheless, by the summer of 1898, with a population—including migrants—of between 15,000 and 20,000, Skagway was the largest city in Alaska.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn late summer 1897 Skagway and Dyea fell under the control of Jefferson Randolph \\\"Soapy\\\" Smith and his men, who arrived from Seattle shortly after Skagway began to expand. He was an American confidence man whose gang, 200 to 300 strong, cheated and stole from the prospectors travelling through the region. He maintained the illusion of being an upstanding member of the community, opening three saloons as well as creating fake businesses to assist in his operations. One of his scams was a fake telegraph office charging to send messages all over the US and Canada, often pretending to receive a reply. Opposition to Smith steadily grew and, after weeks of vigilante activity, he was killed in Skagway during the shootout on Juneau Wharf on July 8, 1898.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nOther towns also boomed. Wrangell, port of the Stikine route and boom town from earlier gold rushes, increased in size again, with robberies, gambling and nude female dancing commonplace. Valdez, formed on the Gulf of Alaska during the attempt to create the \\\"All-American\\\" route to the Klondike during the winter of 1897–1898, became a tent city of people who stayed behind to supply the ill-fated attempts to reach the interior. Edmonton in Canada increased from a population of 1,200 before the gold rush to 4,000 during 1898. Beyond the immediate region, cities such as San Francisco, Seattle, Tacoma, Portland, Vancouver and Victoria all saw their populations soar as a result of the stampede and the trade it brought along.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nDawson City\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nDawson City was created in the early days of the Klondike gold rush, when prospector Joe Ladue and shopkeeper Arthur Harper decided to \\nmake a profit from the influx to the Klondike. The two men bought 178 acre of the mudflats at the junction of the Klondike and Yukon rivers from the government and laid out the street plan for a new town, bringing in timber and other supplies to sell to the migrants. The Hän village of Tr'ochëk along Deer Creek was considered to be too close to the new town, and the NWMP Superintendent Charles Constantine moved its inhabitants 3 mi down-river to a small reserve. The town, in the beginning simply known as \\\"Harper and Ladue town site\\\", was named Dawson City after the director of Canada's Geographical Survey. It grew rapidly to hold 500 people by the winter of 1896, with plots of land selling for $500 ($400,000) each.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn the spring of 1898, Dawson's population rose further to 30,000 as stampeders arrived over the passes. The centre of the town, Front Street, was lined with hastily built buildings and warehouses, together with log cabins and tents spreading out across the rest of the settlement. There was no running water or sewerage, and only two springs for drinking water to supplement the increasingly polluted river. In spring, the unpaved streets were churned into thick mud and in summer the settlement reeked of human effluent and was plagued by flies and mosquitoes. Land in Dawson was now scarce, and plots sold for up to $10,000 ($8 million) each; prime locations on Front Street could reach $20,000 ($16 million) while a small log cabin might rent for $100 ($2,700) a month. As a result, Dawson's population spread south into the empty Hän village, renaming it Klondike City. Other communities emerged closer to the mines, such as Granville on Dominion Creek and Grand Forks on Bonanza Creek.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe newly built town proved highly vulnerable to fire. Houses were made of wood, heated with stoves and lit by candles and oil lamps; water for emergencies was wanting, especially in the frozen winters. The first major fire occurred on November 25, 1897, started accidentally by dance-hall girl Belle Mitchell. She also accidentally started a second major fire on October 14, 1898 which, in the absence of a fire brigade in Dawson, destroyed two major saloons, the post-office building and the Bank of British North America at a cost of $500,000 ($400 million). The worst fire occurred on April 26, 1899 when a saloon caught fire in the middle of a strike by the newly established fire brigade. Most of the major landmarks in the town were burned to the ground: 117 buildings were destroyed, with the damage estimated at over $1 million ($810 million).\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nLogistics\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe remoteness of Dawson proved an ongoing problem for the supply of food and as the population grew to 5,000 in 1897 this became critical. When the rivers iced over, it became clear that there would not be enough food for that winter. The NWMP evacuated some prospectors without supplies to Fort Yukon in Alaska from September 30 onwards, while others made their way out of the Klondike in search of food and shelter for the winter.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nPrices remained high in Dawson and supply fluctuated according to the season. During the winter of 1897 salt became worth its weight in gold, while nails, vital for construction work, rose in price to $28 ($760) per lb (0.45 kg). Cans of butter sold for $5 ($140) each. The only eight horses in Dawson were slaughtered for dog food as they could not be kept alive over the winter. The first fresh goods arriving in the spring of 1898 sold for record prices, eggs reaching $3 ($81) each and apples $1 ($27).\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nUnder these conditions scurvy, a potentially fatal illness caused by the lack of vitamin C, proved a major problem in Dawson City, particularly during the winter where supply of fresh food was not available. English prospectors gave it the local name of \\\"Canadian black leg\\\", on account of the unpleasant effects of the condition. It struck, among others, writer Jack London and, although not fatal in his case, brought an end to his mining career. Dysentery and malaria were also common in Dawson, and an epidemic of typhoid broke out in July and ran rampant throughout the summer. Up to 140 patients were taken into the newly constructed St Mary's Hospital and thousands were affected. Measures were taken by the following year to prevent further outbreaks, including the introduction of better sewage management and the piping in of water from further upstream. These gave improvements in 1899, although typhoid remained a problem. The new Hän reserve, however, lay downstream from Dawson City, and here the badly contaminated river continued to contribute to epidemics of typhoid and diphtheria throughout the gold rush.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nConspicuous consumption\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nDespite these challenges, the huge quantities of gold coming through Dawson City encouraged a lavish lifestyle amongst the richer prospectors. Saloons were typically open 24 hours a day, with whiskey the standard drink. Gambling was popular, with the major saloons each running their own rooms; a culture of high stakes evolved, with rich prospectors routinely betting $1,000 ($27,000) at dice or playing for a $5,000 ($140,000) poker pot. The establishments around Front Street had grand facades in a Parisian style, mirrors and plate-glass windows and, from late 1898, were lit by electric light. The dance halls in Dawson were particularly prestigious and major status symbols, both for customers and their owners. Wealthy prospectors were expected to drink champagne at $60 ($1,600) a bottle, and the Pavilion dancehall cost its owner, Charlie Kimball, as much as $100,000 ($80 million) to construct and decorate. Elaborate opera houses were built, bringing singers and specialty acts to Dawson.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nTales abounded of prospectors spending huge sums on entertainment — Jimmy McMahon once spent $28,000 ($760,000) in a single evening, for example. Most payments were made in gold dust and in places like saloons, there was so much spilled gold that a profit could be made just by sweeping the floor. Some of the richest prospectors lived flamboyantly in Dawson. Swiftwater Bill Gates, a gambler and ladies man who rarely went anywhere without wearing silk and diamonds, was one of them. To impress a woman who liked eggs—then an expensive luxury—he was alleged to have bought all the eggs in Dawson, had them boiled and fed them to dogs. Another miner, Frank Conrad, threw a sequence of gold objects onto the ship when his favourite singer left Dawson City as tokens of his esteem. The wealthiest dance-hall girls followed suit: Daisy D'Avara had a belt made for herself from $340 ($9,200) in gold dollar coins; another, Gertie Lovejoy, had a diamond inserted between her two front teeth. The miner and businessman Alex McDonald, despite being styled the \\\"King of the Klondike\\\", was unusual amongst his peers for his lack of grandiose spending.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nLaw and order\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nUnlike its American equivalents, Dawson City was a law-abiding town. By 1897, 96 members of the NWMP had been sent to the district and by 1898 this had increased to 288, an expensive commitment by the Canadian government. By June 1898 the force was headed by Colonel Sam Steele, an officer with a reputation for firm discipline. In 1898, there were no murders and only a few major thefts; in all, only about 150 arrests were made in the Yukon for serious offenses that year. Of these arrests, over half were for prostitution and resulted from an attempt by the NWMP to regulate the sex industry in Dawson: regular monthly arrests, $50 ($1,400) fines and medical inspections were imposed, with the proceeds being used to fund the local hospitals. The so-called blue laws were strictly enforced. Saloons and other establishments closed promptly at midnight on Saturday, and anyone caught working on Sunday was liable to be fined or set to chopping firewood for the NWMP.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe NWMP are generally regarded by historians to have been an efficient and honest force during the period, although their task was helped by the geography of the Klondike which made it relatively easy to bar entry to undesirables or prevent suspects from leaving the region.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn contrast to the NWMP, the early civil authorities were criticized by the prospectors for being inept and potentially corrupt. Thomas Fawcett was the gold commissioner and temporary head of the Klondike administration at the start of the gold rush; he was accused of keeping the details of new claims secret and allowing what historian Kathryn Winslow termed \\\"carelessness, ignorance and partiality\\\" to reign in the mine recorder's office. Following campaigns against him by prospectors, who were backed by the local press, Fawcett was relieved by the Canadian government. His successor, Major James Walsh, was considered a stronger character and arrived in May 1898 but fell ill and returned east in July. It was left to his replacement, William Ogilvie, supported by a Royal Commission, to conduct reforms. The Commission, in lack of evidence, cleared Fawcett of all charges, which meant that he was not punished further than being relieved. Ogilvie proved a much stronger administrator and subsequently revisited many of the mining surveys of his predecessors.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nNews and mail\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn the remote Klondike, there was a great demand for news and contact with the world outside. During the first months of the stampede in 1897, it was said that no news was too old to be read. In the lack of newspapers, some prospectors would read can labels until they knew them by heart. The following year, two teams fought their way over the passes to reach Dawson City first, complete with printing-presses, with the aim of gaining control of the newspaper market. Gene Kelly, the editor of the Klondike Nugget arrived first, but without his equipment, and it was the team behind the Midnight Sun who produced the first daily newspaper in Dawson. The Dawson Miner followed shortly after, bringing the number of daily newspapers in the town during the gold rush up to three. The Nugget sold for $24 ($680) as an annual subscription, and became well known for championing popular causes associated with miners and for its lucid coverage of scandals. Paper was often hard to find and during the winter of 1898–99, the Nugget had to be printed on butcher's wrapping paper. In the lack of paper, news could be told.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn June, 1898, a prospector bought an edition of the Seattle Post-Intellinger at an auction and charged spectators a dollar each to have it read aloud in one of Dawson's halls.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe mail service was chaotic and ill-organised, not at least because government had not anticipated the stampede of prospectors from the United States to the region. Two major problems stood in the way of an effective system. To begin with, any mail from America to Dawson City was sent to Juneau in South-east Alaska before being sent through Dawson and then down the Yukon to Circle City. From here it was then distributed by the US Post Office back up to Dawson. The huge distances involved resulted in delays of several months and frequently the loss of protective envelopes and their addresses. The second problem was in Dawson itself, which initially lacked a post office and therefore relied on two stores and a saloon to act as informal delivery points. The NWMP were tasked to run the mail system by October 1897, but they were ill-trained to do so. Up to 5,700 letters might arrive in a single shipment, all of which had to be collected in person from the post office. This resulted in huge queues, with claimants lining up outside the office for up to three days.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThose who had no time and could afford it would pay others to stand in line for them, preferably a woman since they were allowed to get ahead in line out of politeness. Postage stamps, like paper in general, were scarce and rationed to two per customer. By 1899, trained postal staff took over mail delivery and relieved the NWMP of this task.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nRole of women\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIn 1898 eight percent of those living in the Klondike territory were women, and in towns like Dawson this rose to 12 percent. Many women arrived with their husbands or families, but others travelled alone. Most came to the Klondike for similar economic and social reasons as male prospectors, but they attracted particular media interest. The gender imbalance in the Klondike encouraged business proposals to ship young, single women into the region to marry newly wealthy miners; few, if any, of these marriages ever took place, but some single women appear to have travelled on their own in the hope of finding prosperous husbands. Guidebooks gave recommendations for what practical clothes women should take to the Klondike: the female dress code of the time was formal, emphasising long skirts and corsets, but most women adapted this for the conditions of the trails. Regardless of experience, women in a party were typically expected to cook for the group. Few mothers brought their children with them to the Klondike, due to the risks of the travel and the remote location.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nOnce in the Klondike, very few women—less than one percent—actually worked as miners. Many were married to miners; however, their lives as partners on the gold fields were still hard and often lonely. They had extensive domestic duties, including thawing ice and snow for water, breaking up frozen food, chopping wood and collecting wild foods. In Dawson and other towns, some women took in laundry to make money. This was a physically demanding job, but could be relatively easily combined with child care duties. Others took jobs in the service industry, for example as waitresses or seamstresses, which could pay well, but were often punctuated by periods of unemployment. Both men and women opened roadhouses, but women were considered to be better at running them. A few women worked in the packing trade, carrying goods on their backs, or became domestic servants.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nWealthier women with capital might invest in mines and other businesses. One of the most prominent businesswomen in the Klondike, was Belinda Mulrooney. She brought a consignment of cloth and hot water bottles with her when she arrived in the Klondike in early 1897 and with the proceeds of those sales she first built a roadhouse at Grand Forks and later a grand hotel in Dawson. She invested widely, including acquiring her own mining company, and was reputed to be the richest woman of the Klondike. The wealthy Martha Black was abandoned by her husband early in the journey to the Klondike, but continued on without him, reaching Dawson City where she became a prominent citizen, investing in various mining and business ventures with her brother.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nA relatively small number of women worked in the entertainment and sex industries. The elite of these women were the highly paid actresses and courtesans of Dawson; beneath them were chorus line dancers, who usually doubled as hostesses, and other dance hall workers. While still better paid than white-collar male workers, these women worked very long hours and had significant expenses. The entertainment industry merged into the sex industry, where women made a living as prostitutes. The sex industry in the Klondike was concentrated on Klondike City and in a backstreet area of Dawson. A hierarchy of sexual employment existed, with brothels and parlour houses at the top, small independent \\\"cigar shops\\\" in the middle, and, at the bottom, the prostitutes who worked out of small huts called \\\"hutches\\\". Life for these workers was a continual struggle and the suicide rate was high.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe degree of involvement between Native women and the stampeders varied. Many Tlingit women worked as packers for the prospectors, for example, carrying supplies and equipment, sometimes also transporting their babies as well. Hän women had relatively little contact with the white immigrants, however, and there was a significant social divide between local Hän women and white women. Although before 1897 there had been a number of Native women who married western men, including Kate Carmack, the Tagish wife of one of the discoverers, this practice did not survive into the stampede. Very few stampeders married Hän women, and very few Hän women worked as prostitutes. \\\"Respectable\\\" white women would avoid associating with Native women or prostitutes: those that did could cause scandal.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nEnd of the gold rush\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nBy 1899 telegraphy stretched from Skagway, Alaska to Dawson City, Yukon, allowing instant international contact. In 1898, the White Pass and Yukon Route railway began to be built between Skagway and the head of navigation on the Yukon. When it was completed in 1900, the Chilkoot trail and its tramways were obsolete. Despite these improvements in communication and transport, the rush faltered from 1898 on. It began in summer 1898 when many of the prospectors arriving in Dawson City found themselves unable to make a living and left for home. For those who stayed, the wages of casual work, depressed by the number of men, fell to $100 ($2,700) a month by 1899. The world's newspapers began to turn against the Klondike gold rush as well. In the spring of 1898 the Spanish–American War removed Klondike from the headlines. \\\"Ah, go to the Klondike!\\\" became a popular phrase to express disgust with an idea. Unsold, Klondike-branded goods had to be disposed of at special rates in Seattle.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nAnother factor in the decline was the change in Dawson City, which had developed throughout 1898, metamorphosing from a ramshackle, if wealthy, boom town into a more sedate, conservative municipality. Modern luxuries were introduced, including the \\\"zinc bath tubs and pianos, billiard tables, Brussels carpets in the hotel dining rooms, menus printed in French and invitational balls\\\" noted by historian Kathryn Winslow. The visiting Senator Jerry Lynch likened the newly paved streets with their smartly dressed inhabitants to the Strand in London. It was no longer as attractive a location for many prospectors, used to a wilder way of living. Even the formerly lawless town of Skagway had become a stable and respectable community by 1899.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe final trigger, however, was the discovery of gold elsewhere in Canada and Alaska, prompting a new stampede, this time away from the Klondike. In August 1898, gold had been found at Atlin Lake at the head of the Yukon River, generating a flurry of interest, but during the winter of 1898–99 much larger quantities were found at Nome at the mouth of the Yukon. In 1899, a flood of prospectors from across the region left for Nome, 8,000 from Dawson alone during a single week in August. The Klondike gold rush was over.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nLegacy\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nPeople\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nOnly a handful of the 100,000 people who left for the Klondike during the gold rush became rich. They typically spent $1,000 ($27,000) each reaching the region, which when combined exceeded what was produced from the gold fields between 1897 and 1901. At the same time, most of those who did find gold lost their fortunes in the subsequent years. They often died penniless, attempting to reproduce their earlier good fortune in fresh mining opportunities. Businessman and miner Alex McDonald, for example, continued to accumulate land after the boom until his money ran out; he died in poverty, still prospecting. Antoine Stander, who discovered gold on Eldorado Creek, abused alcohol, dissipated his fortune and ended working in a ship's kitchen to pay his way. The three discoverers had mixed fates. George Carmack left his wife Kate—who had found it difficult to adapt to their new lifestyle—remarried and lived in relative prosperity; Skookum Jim had a huge income from his mining royalties but refused to settle and continued to prospect until his death in 1916; Dawson Charlie spent lavishly and died in an alcohol-related accident.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe richest of the Klondike saloon owners, businessmen and gamblers also typically lost their fortunes and died in poverty. Gene Allen, for example, the editor of the Klondike Nugget, became bankrupt and spent the rest of his career in smaller newspapers; the prominent gambler and saloon owner Sam Bonnifield suffered a nervous breakdown and died in extreme poverty. Nonetheless, some of those who joined the gold rush prospered. Kate Rockwell, \\\"Klondike Kate\\\", for example, became a famous dancer in Dawson and remained popular in America until her death. Dawson City was also where Alexander Pantages, her business partner and lover, started his career, going on to become one of America's greatest theatre and movie tycoons. The businesswoman Martha Black remarried and ultimately became the second female member of the Canadian parliament.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe impact of the gold rush on the Native peoples of the region was considerable. The Tlingit and the Koyukon peoples prospered in the short term from their work as guides, packers and from selling food and supplies to the prospectors. In the longer term, however, especially the Hän people living in the Klondike region suffered from the environmental damage of the gold mining on the rivers and forests. Their population had already begun to decline after the discovery of gold along Fortymile River in the 1880s but dropped catastrophically after their move to the reserve, a result of the contaminated water supply and smallpox. The Hän found only few ways to benefit economically from the gold rush and their fishing and hunting grounds were largely destroyed; by 1904 they needed aid from the NWMP to prevent famine.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nPlaces\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nDawson City declined after the gold rush. When journalist Laura Berton (future mother of Pierre Berton) moved to Dawson in 1907 it was still thriving, but away from Front Street, the town had become increasingly deserted, jammed, as she put it, \\\"with the refuse of the gold rush: stoves, furniture, gold-pans, sets of dishes, double-belled seltzer bottles ... piles of rusting mining machinery—boilers, winches, wheelbarrows and pumps\\\". By 1912, only around 2,000 inhabitants remained compared to the 30,000 of the boom years and the site was becoming a ghost town. By 1972, 500 people were living in Dawson whereas the nearby settlements created during the gold rush had been entirely abandoned. The population has grown since the 1970s, with 1,300 recorded in 2006.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nDuring the gold rush, transport improvements meant that heavier mining equipment could be brought in and larger, more modern mines established in the Klondike, revolutionising the gold industry. Gold production increased until 1903 as a result of the dredging and hydraulic mining but then declined; by 2005, approximately 1250000 lb had been recovered from the Klondike area. In the 21st century Dawson City still has a small gold mining industry, which together with tourism, drawing on the legacy of the gold rush, plays a role in the local economy. Many buildings in the center of the town reflect the style of the era. Klondike River valley is affected by the gold rush by the heavy dredging that occurred after it.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe port of Skagway also shrank after the rush, but remains a well-preserved period town, centered on the tourist industry and sight-seeing trips from visiting cruise ships. Restoration work by the National Park Service began in 2010 on Jeff Smith's Parlor, from which the famous con man \\\"Soapy\\\" Smith once operated. Skagway also has one of the two visitor centres forming the Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park; the other is located in Seattle, and both focus on the human interest stories behind the gold rush. By contrast, Dyea, Skagway's neighbour and former rival, was abandoned after the gold rush and is now a ghost town. The railway built for prospectors through White Pass in the last year of the rush reopened in 1988 and is today only used by tourists, closely linked to the Chilkoot trail which is a popular hiking route.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nCulture\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe events of the Klondike gold rush rapidly became embedded in North American culture, being captured in poems, stories, photographs and promotional campaigns long after the end of the stampede. In the Yukon, Discovery Day is celebrated on the third Monday in August as a holiday, and the events of the gold rush are promoted by the regional tourist industries. The events of the gold rush were frequently exaggerated at the time and modern works on the subject similarly often focus on the most dramatic and exciting events of the stampede, not always accurately. Historian Ken Coates describes the gold rush as \\\"a resilient, pliable myth\\\", which continues to fascinate and appeal.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nSeveral novels, books and poems were generated as a consequence of the Klondike gold rush. The writer Jack London incorporated scenes from the gold rush into his novels set in the Klondike, including The Call of the Wild, a novel about a sledge dog. His colleague, poet Robert W. Service, did not join the rush himself, although he made his home in Dawson City in 1908. Service created well-known poems about the gold rush, among them Songs of a Sourdough, one of the bestselling books of poetry in the first decade of the 20th century, along with his novel, The Trail of '98, which was written by hand on wallpaper in one of Dawson's log cabins. The Canadian historian Pierre Berton grew up in Dawson where his father had been a prospector, and wrote several historical books about the gold rush, such as The Last Great Gold Rush. The experiences of the Irish Micí Mac Gabhann resulted the posthumous work Rotha Mór an tSaoil (translated into English as The Hard Road to Klondike in 1962), a vivid description of the period.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nSome terminology from the stampede made its way into North American English like \\\"Cheechakos\\\", referring to newly arrived miners, and \\\"Sourdoughs\\\", experienced miners. The photographs taken during the Klondike gold rush heavily influenced later cultural approaches to the stampede. The gold rush was vividly recorded by several early photographers, for instance Eric Hegg; these stark, black-and-white photographs showing the ascent of the Chilkoot pass rapidly became iconic images and were widely distributed. These pictures in turn inspired Charlie Chaplin to make the The Gold Rush, a silent movie, which uses the background of the Klondike to combine physical comedy with its character's desperate battle for survival in the harsh conditions of the stampede. The photographs reappear in the documentary City of Gold from 1957 which, narrated by Pierre Berton, won prizes for pioneering the incorporation of still images into documentary film-making. The Klondike gold rush, however, has not been widely covered in later fictional films; even The Far Country, a Western from 1955 set in the Klondike, largely ignores the unique features of the gold rush in favour of a traditional Western plot.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nIndeed, much of the popular literature on the gold rush approaches the stampede simply as a final phase of the expansion of the American West, a perception critiqued by modern historians such as Charlene Porsild.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nAppendix\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nMaps of routes and goldfields\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nDyea/Skagway routes\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nFile:Dyea-skagway-map.jpg|alt=Map of Dyea/Skagway routes|Overview and close up of Dyea/Skagway route (middle route on left section of map). Each red frame represents the map to the nearest right. Dalton trail is shown to the left on the midsection of the map\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nTakou, Stikine and Edmonton routes\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nFile:Stikineroute2.jpg|alt=Map of Stikine route from 1897|Takou and Stikine route. Red frame: Position of map on map of northern America. Lower right: Stikine route branch from Wrangell meets with branch from Ashcroft at Glenora. They continue along dashed lines. Middle: Takou route meets Stikine route at Teslin Lake. Both routes meet Dyea/Skagway route (dotted line) at upper left\\nFile:Backdoorroute2.jpg|alt=Map of backdoor route|Edmonton routes. Red frame: Position of map on map of northern America. Big arrow: All-Canadian route from Edmonton by rivers and portage to Yukon River via Pelly River. Small arrows: Back door route. Black solid line: McKenzie River most of the way. Upper left corner: Yukon River from Fort Yukon to Dawson City\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nGoldfields\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nFile:Klondike Gold Rush map.png|Map of goldfields with Dawson City and Klondike River at top. Red dot: discovery on Bonanza Creek.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nChart of gold production in Yukon 1892-1912\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nGoldproduction.jpg|Production of gold in Yukon around the Klondike Gold Rush. 1896-1903: Increase after discovery at Klondike. 1903-1907: claims are sold; big scale methods take over.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nPopulation growth of west coast cities 1890-1900\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nSource: Alexander Norbert MacDonald, \\\"Seattle, Vancouver and the Klondike,\\\" The Canadian Historical Review (September 1968), p. 246.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nKlondikers supply list\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nof mosquito netting for each man\\n* 3 suits of heavy underwear\\n* 1 heavy Mackinaw coat\\n* 2 pairs heavy woollen trousers\\n* 1 heavy rubber-lined coat\\n* 12 heavy wool socks\\n* 6 heavy wool mittens\\n* 2 heavy over shirts\\n* 2 pairs of heavy, snag proof rubber boots\\n* 2 pairs of shoes\\n* 4 pairs of blankets (for two men)\\n* 4 towels\\n* 2 pairs of overalls\\n* 1 suit of oil clothing\\n* Several changes of summer clothing\\n* Small assortment of medicines\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nThe list was a suggestion of equipment and supplies sufficient to support a prospector for one year, generated by the Northern Pacific Railroad company in 1897. The total weight is approximately 1 ton, and the estimated cost amounted to $140 ($3,800).\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nTimeline\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\n1896\\nAug. 16 : Gold is discovered on Bonanza Creek by George Carmack and Skookum Jim\\nAug. 31 : First claim on Eldorado Creek by Antone Stander\\n1897\\nJan. 21: Wiliam Ogilvie sends news of Klondike gold to Ottawa\\nJul. 14: Excelsior arrives at San Francisco with first gold from Klondike and starts stampede\\nJul. 15: Portland arrives at Seattle\\nJul. 19: First ship leaves for Klondike \\nAug. 16: Ex-mayor Wood from Seattle leaves San Francisco on his ship Humboldt with prospectors for Klondike (reaches St. Michael Aug. 29 but is forced to spend the winter on Yukon River)\\nSep. 11: 10% royalty is established on gold mined in Yukon\\nSep. 27: People without supplies for the winter leave Dawson in search of food\\nNov. 8: Work begins on Brackett wagon road through White Pass\\n1898\\nFeb. 25: Troops arrive at Skagway to maintain order. Collection of costums begins at Chilkoot summit\\nMar. 8: Vigilante activity against Soapy Smith starts at Skagway\\nApr. 3: Avalanche kills more than 60 at Chilkoot Pass \\nApr.\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\n24: Spanish-American war begins\\nMay 1: Soapy Smith stages a military parade in Skagway\\nMay 27: Klondike Nugget begins publication in Dawson\\nMay 29: Ice goes out on Yukon River and flotilla of boats sets out for Dawson\\nJun. 8: First boat reaches Dawson\\nJun. 24: Sam Steele (NWMP) arrives at Dawson\\nJul. 28: Soapy Smith shot to death in Skagway\\nSep. 22: Gold found at Nome, Alaska\\n1899\\nJan. 27: The remnants of a relief expedition send out in winter 1897 finally reaches Dawson\\nFeb. 16: First train from Skagway reaches the White Pass summit\\nApr. 26: Fire destroys business district in Dawson\\nAug.: 8000 prospectors leave Dawson for Nome ending the Klondike Gold Rush\\nSource: Berton, 2001, Chronology\",\n \"Klondike Gold Rush\\n\\nNotes\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":136697,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_1560"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How many laps does it take to take to complete the Indianapolis 500"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"200"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["two hundred"],"string":"[\n \"two hundred\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. The event is held over Memorial Day (originally Decoration Day) weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May. It is contested as part of the Verizon IndyCar Series, the top level of American Championship Car racing, an open-wheel formula colloquially known as \"Indy Car Racing\". The name of the race is often shortened to Indy 500.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe event, billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing, is considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, which comprises three of the most prestigious motorsports events in the world. The official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, but the permanent seating capacity is upwards of 250,000, and infield patrons raise the race-day attendance to approximately 300,000.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe inaugural running was won by Ray Harroun in 1911. The race celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011, and the 100th running was held in 2016. Alexander Rossi is the defending champion. The most successful drivers are A. J. Foyt, Al Unser, and Rick Mears, each of whom have won the race four times. The active driver with the most victories is Hélio Castroneves, with three. Rick Mears holds the record for most career pole positions with six. The most successful car owner is Roger Penske, owner of Team Penske, which has 16 total wins and 17 poles.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor a list of races and winners, see List of Indianapolis 500 winners.","Indianapolis 500\n\nRace specifics","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5 mile oval circuit. Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles. Since its inception in 1911, the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day. Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nTraditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a starting grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. The event is contested by \"Indy cars\", a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, purpose-built race cars. As of 2015, all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550 -. Chevrolet and Honda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport. Firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is the exclusive tire provider.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe race is the most prestigious event of the IndyCar calendar, and one of the oldest and most important automobile races. It has been avouched to be the largest single-day sporting event in the entire world. Likewise, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the world's largest sporting facility in terms of capacity. The total purse exceeded $13 million in 2011, with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner, making it one of the richest cash prize funds in sports.","Indianapolis 500\n\nDue to safety issues, the race is not held in wet conditions. In the event of a rain delay, the race will be postponed until rain showers cease, and the track is sufficiently dried. If rain falls during the race, officials can end the race and declare the results official if more than half of the scheduled distance (i.e., 101 laps) has been completed.","Indianapolis 500\n\nHistory","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe early years","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones for motorcycles. The first long distance event, in \"fearful conditions\", was the 100-lap Prest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909, won by Bob Burman in a Buick. Breakup of the asphalt led to two fatal accidents in the first two long-distance events (a 250 mi and 300 mi, which was shortened to 235 mi after two severe wrecks).","Indianapolis 500\n\nThat these spectacles had attracted 15,000 paying customers (and crowds of up to 40,000) persuaded principal owner Carl G. Fisher to spend US$155,000 on repaving the track with 3.2 million bricks; he also added a 2 ft concrete wall around the track's circumference. During the 1910 Decoration Day weekend, the first events on the newly paved circuit drew 60,000 spectators; Ray Harroun won the 200 mi Wheeler-Schebler Trophy in a Marmon.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe crowds grew progressively smaller for the rest of the season, however, so the track owners chose to focus on a single race. They considered a 24-hour contest, in the fashion of Le Mans, or a 1000 mi. They instead chose a 500 mi contest, and offered a spectacular purse of $US25,000, equivalent to of pure gold. The combination allowed the track to rapidly acquire a privileged status for automobile races.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe first \"500\" was held at the Speedway on Decoration Day (as Memorial Day was known from its inception in 1868 to 1967 when Federal Law made Memorial Day the official name), May 30, 1911, run to a 600 cid maximum engine size formula. It saw a field of 40 starters, with Harroun piloting a Marmon Model 32-based Wasp racer — outfitted with his invention, the rear view mirror. Harroun (with relief from Cyrus Patschke) was declared the winner, although Ralph Mulford protested the official result. 80,000 spectators were in attendance, and an annual tradition had been established. Many considered Harroun to be a hazard during the race, as he was the only driver in the race driving without a riding mechanic, who checked the oil pressure and let the driver know when traffic was coming.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 1912, the purse was raised to US$50,000. The field was limited to 33 (where it remains) and a riding mechanic was made mandatory. This second event was won by Joe Dawson in a National, after Ralph de Palma's Mercedes broke. Although the first race was won by an American driver at the wheel of an American car, European makers such as the Italian Fiat or French Peugeot companies soon developed their own vehicles to try to win the event, which they did from 1912 to 1919. The 1913 event saw a change to a 450 cid maximum engine size.","Indianapolis 500\n\nAfter World War I, the native drivers and manufacturers regained their dominance of the race. Engineer Harry Miller set himself up as the most competitive of the post-war builders. His technical developments allowed him to be indirectly connected to a history of success that would last into the mid-1970s.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor musical entertainment prior to the start of the race, the Purdue All-American Marching Band began performing on the track near the finish-line in 1927 and has been the host band of the race ever since. In 1946 American operatic tenor and car enthusiast James Melton started the tradition of singing \"Back Home Again in Indiana\" with the Purdue Band before the race when asked to do so on the spur of the moment by Speedway president Tony Hulman. This tradition has continued through the years, notably by actor and singer Jim Nabors from 1972 until 2014. Nabors announced in 2014 that the 2014 Indy 500 would be the last at which he would sing. In 2015, the a cappella group Straight No Chaser sang the song before the race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nMiller and Offenhauser","Indianapolis 500\n\nFollowing the European trends, engine sizes were limited to 183 cid during 1920–1922, 122 cid for 1923–1925, and 91 cid in 1926–1929. The 1920 race was won by Gaston Chevrolet in a Frontenac, prepared by his brothers, powered by the first eight-cylinder engine to win the 500. For 1923, riding mechanics were no longer required. A supercharged car, ID, first won the race in 1924. In 1925, Pete DePaolo was the first to win at an average over 100 mph, with a speed of .","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn the early 1920s, Miller built his own 3.0 litre (183 in³) engine, inspired by the Peugeot Grand Prix engine which had been serviced in his shop by Fred Offenhauser in 1914, installing it in Jimmy Murphy's Duesenberg and allowing him to win the 1922 edition of the race. Miller then created his own automobiles, which shared the 'Miller' designation, which, in turn, were powered by supercharged versions of his 2.0 and 1.5 liter (122 and 91 in³) engine single-seaters, winning four more races for the engine up to 1929 (two of them, 1926 and 1928, in Miller chassis). The engines powered another seven winners until 1938 (two of them, 1930 and 1932, in Miller chassis), then ran at first with stock-type motors before later being adjusted to the international 3.0 liter formula.","Indianapolis 500\n\nAfter purchasing the Speedway in 1927, Eddie Rickenbacker prohibited supercharging and increased the displacement limit to 366 cid, while also re-introducing the riding mechanic.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 1935, Miller's former employees, Fred Offenhauser and Leo Goosen, had already achieved their first win with the soon-to-become famous 4-cylinder Offenhauser or \"Offy\" engine. This motor was forever connected with the Brickyard's history with a to-date record total of 27 wins, in both naturally aspirated and supercharged form, and winning a likewise record-holding 18 consecutive years between 1947 and 1964.","Indianapolis 500\n\nEuropean incursions","Indianapolis 500\n\nMeanwhile, European manufacturers, gone from the Indianapolis 500 for nearly two decades, made a brief return just before World War II, with the competitive Maserati 8CTF allowing Wilbur Shaw to become the first driver to win consecutively at Indianapolis in 1939–1940. With the 500 having been a part of the Formula One World Drivers' Championship between 1950 and 1960, Ferrari made a discreet appearance at the 1952 event with Alberto Ascari, but European entries were few and far between during those days. Among the Formula One drivers who did drive at the speedway was the legendary Argentinian Juan Manuel Fangio, though he failed to qualify for the 1958 race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn fact, it was not until the Indianapolis 500 was removed from the Formula One calendar that European entries made their return. In 1963, technical innovator Colin Chapman brought his Team Lotus to Indianapolis for the first time, attracted by the large monetary prizes, far bigger than the usual at a European event. Racing a mid-engined car, Scotsman Jim Clark was second in his first attempt in 1963, dominating in 1964 until suffering suspension failure on lap 47, and completely dominating the race in 1965, a victory which also interrupted the success of the Offy, and offering the 4.2 litre Ford V8 its first success at the race. The following year, 1966, saw another British win, this time Graham Hill in a Lola-Ford.","Indianapolis 500\n\nOffenhauser too would join forces with a European maker, McLaren, obtaining three wins for the chassis, one with the Penske team in 1972 with driver Mark Donohue, and two for the McLaren works team in 1974 and 1976 with Johnny Rutherford. This was also the last time the Offy would win a race, its competitiveness steadily decreasing until its final appearance in 1983. American drivers kept on filling the majority of entries at the Brickyard for the following years, but European technology had taken over. Starting in 1978, most chassis and engines were European, with the only American-based chassis to win during the CART era being the Wildcat and Galmer (which was actually built in Bicester, England) in 1982 and 1992 respectively. Ford and Chevrolet engines were built in the UK by Cosworth and Ilmor, respectively.","Indianapolis 500\n\nWorld Series","Indianapolis 500\n\nAfter foreign cars became the norm, foreign drivers began competing in the Indianapolis 500 on a regular basis, choosing the United States as their primary base for their motor racing activities. Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi, Italian Teo Fabi and Colombian Roberto Guerrero, were able to obtain good outings in the '80s, as was Dutchman Arie Luyendyk. However, it was not until 1993 that reigning Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell shocked the racing world by moving to the United States, winning the CART PPG IndyCar World Series Championship and only losing the 500 in his rookie year because of inexperience with green-flag restarts. Foreign-born drivers became a regular fixture of Indianapolis in the years to follow. Despite the increase in foreign drivers commonly being associated with the CART era, it should be noted that four of the first six Indianapolis 500 winners were non-American drivers.","Indianapolis 500\n\nRace name","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe race was originally advertised as the \"International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race\" from 1911 to 1916. However, from its inception, the race has been widely known as the Indianapolis 500 or, more simply as \"the 500\". In 1919, the race was referred to as the \"Liberty Sweepstakes\" following WWI. From 1920 to 1980, the race officially reverted to the \"International Sweepstakes\" moniker, as printed on the tickets and other paraphernalia, with slight variations over the years.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFollowing WWII, the race was commonly recognized as \"The 500\", \"The 500-Mile Race\", \"Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\", \"Indianapolis 500\", or the simple form \"Indy 500\". Usually the ordinal (e.g. \"50th\") preceded it. Often the race was also advertised on the radio as the \"Annual Memorial Day race,\" or similar variations.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor the 1981 race, the name \"65th Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\" was officially adopted, with all references as the \"International Sweepstakes\" dropped. Since 1981, the race has been formally advertised in this fashion, complete with a unique annual logo with the ordinal almost always included. Around that same time, in the wake of the 1979 entry controversy, and the formation of CART, the race changed to an invitational event, rather than an Open, rendering the \"sweepstakes\" description inappropriate.","Indianapolis 500\n\nSince its inception, the race has eschewed any sort of naming rights or title sponsor, a move, though uncommon in the modern sports world, has been well received by fans. While the facility has numerous sponsor billboards around the grounds, including some mildly controversial ads on the retaining walls and infield grass, the Speedway has preferred to feature a contingent of several prominent official race sponsors rather than one primary title sponsor. In the 21st century on television, the race broadcast has been advertised with a title sponsor. Currently on ABC-TV, the race is referred to as the Indianapolis 500 Telecast Presented by Firestone, but this appears only on the U.S. telecasts, and mention of the sponsor is not visible for patrons at the track.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Borg-Warner Trophy, introduced in 1936, proclaims the event as the \"Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\", with no reference at all to the name \"International Sweepstakes\".","Indianapolis 500\n\nCentennial Era","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2009, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway began a three-year-long \"Centennial Era\" to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the opening of the track (1909), and the 100th anniversary of the first Indy 500 (1911). As a gesture to the nostalgic Centennial Era celebration (2009–2011), tickets for the 2009 race donned the moniker \"93rd 500 Mile International Sweepstakes\". It is the first time since 1980 that the \"Sweepstakes\" title has been used. During the month of May 2009, the ordinal (93rd) was used very sparingly, and for the first time since 1981, was not identified on the annual logo. Instead, in most instances in print, television, and radio, the race was referred to as the \"2009 Indianapolis 500\". Since the race was not held during the United States' participation in the two World Wars (1917–18, 1942–45), the advertised Centennial Era occurred during the 93rd to 95th runnings. To avoid confusion between the 100th anniversary, and the actual number of times the race has been run, references to the ordinal during the Centennial Era were curtailed.","Indianapolis 500\n\nSix years later, in 2016, the race celebrated its 100th running with about 350,000 in attendance.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFemale drivers","Indianapolis 500\n\nFemale participation of any sort at Indianapolis was discouraged and essentially banned throughout the first several decades of competition. As such, female reporters were not even allowed in the pit area until 1971. There have been nine female drivers to qualify, starting with Janet Guthrie in 1977.","Indianapolis 500\n\nSarah Fisher has competed nine times, the most of any woman. Danica Patrick led 19 laps in the 2005 race and 10 laps in the 2011 race, the only times a woman has led laps during the race. Her third-place finish in 2009 is the best finish for a woman.\nAfrican-American drivers","Indianapolis 500\n\nTwo African-American drivers have competed in the Indy 500. Willy T. Ribbs was the first, racing in 1991 and 1993. George Mack drove in the 2002 race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nRace sanctioning","Indianapolis 500\n\nAAA and USAC","Indianapolis 500\n\nFrom 1911 to 1955, the race was organized under the auspices of the AAA Contest Board. Following the 1955 Le Mans disaster, AAA dissolved the Contest Board to concentrate on its membership program aimed at the general motoring public. Speedway owner Tony Hulman founded USAC in 1956, which took over sanctioning of the race and the sport of Championship racing.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFrom 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 also counted toward the FIA's World Championship of Drivers (now synonymous with Formula One), although few drivers participated in the other races of that series. Italian driver Alberto Ascari was the only European-based driver to actually race in the 500 during its World Championship years. His appearance in 1952 in a Ferrari was also the only time a Ferrari has ever appeared in the race. Juan Manuel Fangio practiced at the track in 1958, but declined an offer to race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nControl issues of monetary prizes and squabbles over technical regulations caused conflict in the 1970s. Soon after the death of Tony Hulman in 1977, and the loss of several key USAC officials in a 1978 plane crash, several key team owners banded together and formed CART in late 1978 to sanction the sport of Indy car racing.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 itself, however, remained under the sanctioning control of USAC. It became the lone top-level race the body still sanctioned, as it ultimately dropped all other Indy car races (as well as their stock car division) to concentrate on sprints and midgets. For the next three years, the race was not officially recognized on the CART calendar, but the CART teams and drivers comprised the field. By 1983, an agreement was made for the USAC-sanctioned Indy 500 to be recognized on the CART calendar, and the race awarded points towards the CART championship.","Indianapolis 500\n\nDespite the CART/USAC divide, from 1983 to 1995 the race was run in relative harmony. CART and USAC occasionally quarreled over relatively minor technical regulations, but utilized the same machines and the CART-based teams and driver comprised the bulk of the Indy 500 entries each year.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIndyCar Series","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 1994, Speedway owner Tony George announced plans for a new series, to be called the Indy Racing League. The Indy 500 would serve as its centerpiece. Opinions varied on his motivations, with his supporters sharing his disapproval of the race's lack of status within CART, the increasing number of foreign drivers (as American drivers were gravitating towards NASCAR), and the decreasing number of ovals in the season series. Detractors accused George of throwing his weight around and using the race as leverage to gain complete control of the sport of open wheel racing in the United States.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 1995 and in response to a change in schedule by the CART series that put several races in direct conflict with Indy Racing League events, George announced that 25 of the 33 starting positions at the 1996 Indy 500 would be reserved for the top 25 cars in IRL points standings (similar in practice to NASCAR's Top 35 rule introduced years later). The move effectively left only eight starting positions open to the CART-regulars that chose not to participate in the IRL races. CART's reaction was to refuse to compromise on the schedule conflicts, skip the IRL races required to accumulate the qualifying points, boycott the race, and stage a competing event, the U.S. 500, on the same day at Michigan. Veteran Buddy Lazier won a competitive but crash-filled 1996 Indy 500. Two CART teams, Walker Racing and Galles Racing, competed in the Indianapolis 500 to fulfill sponsor obligations and were welcomed without incident. The U.S. 500, meanwhile, failed to garner as much interest and was marred by a huge crash on the pace laps that forced ten teams to use backup cars. CART would run at Gateway International Raceway a 300-mile race in ensuing years (1997–99) instead.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor 1997, new rules for less expensive cars and \"production based\" engines were put into place. The move made it such that the IRL utilized different and incompatible equipment; no CART-based teams would enter the Indy 500 for the next three years.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2000, Target Chip Ganassi Racing, still a CART-mainstay, made the decision to cross lines and compete at Indianapolis with drivers Jimmy Vasser and Juan Pablo Montoya. On race day, Montoya dominated the event, leading 167 of the 200 laps to victory. In 2001, Penske Racing returned, and won the race with driver Hélio Castroneves. Penske and Castroneves repeated with a win in 2002.","Indianapolis 500\n\nBy 2003, Ganassi, Penske and Andretti Green all defected to the IRL permanently. CART went bankrupt later in the year, and its rights and infrastructure were purchased by remaining car owners, and it became the Champ Car World Series. The two series continued to operate separately through 2007. In early 2008, the two series were unified to create a single open wheel championship after a 12-year split being run under Indy Racing League/IMS controlknown as the IndyCar Series.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe 2012 race was the return of Turbocharged engines for the first time since 1996 with the use of the Dallara DW12 chassis and 2.2 L V-6 single turbo and twin turbocharged engines.","Indianapolis 500\n\nNASCAR and the 500","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn the 1960s and early 1970s, the Indy 500 and the World 600 at Charlotte Motor Speedway were held on different days of the week. A handful of NASCAR regulars participated in both events in the same year, including Bobby Allison, Donnie Allison, Cale Yarborough, and Lee Roy Yarbrough. From 1974–1992, the two events were scheduled for the same day and same starting time, making participation in both impossible. A few stock car drivers during that time, namely Neil Bonnett in 1979, nevertheless still attempted to qualify at Indy, even if that meant skipping Charlotte altogether.","Indianapolis 500\n\n\"Double Duty\"","Indianapolis 500\n\nFrom 1994 to 2014, several NASCAR drivers were able to compete in both the Indy 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte in the same day. Since 1993, the Coca-Cola 600 has been scheduled in the evening the same day as the Indy 500. The effort has been known as \"Double Duty\".\nAt the conclusion of the Indy 500, drivers would catch a helicopter directly from the Speedway to the Indianapolis International Airport. From there they would fly to Concord Regional Airport, and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race. John Andretti, Tony Stewart, and Robby Gordon, attempted the feat, with Kurt Busch being the latest in 2014. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first driver to complete the full race distance (1100 miles) in both races on the same day.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor 2005, the start of Indianapolis was pushed back to 1 p.m. EDT to improve television ratings. This significantly closed the window for a driver to be able to race both events in the same day. (The race's original starting time had been set at 11 a.m. EST – 12 noon EDT – because in 1911, race promoters estimated it would take six hours to complete the event, and they did not want the race to finish too close to suppertime. Nowadays the race is routinely completed in under three and one-half hours.)","Indianapolis 500\n\nTwo drivers, Mario Andretti and A. J. Foyt, have won the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500. Foyt also won the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, America's premier endurance races, as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Foyt won Le Mans in 1967, about one month after winning his third Indy 500. Andretti won the Formula One World Championship and is a three time Sebring winner (he also won the 6 Hour version of Daytona). Indianapolis 500 winner Johnny Rutherford once won one of the Daytona 500 qualifying races. In 2010 Chip Ganassi became the first car owner to win the Daytona and Indianapolis 500s in the same year, with Jamie McMurray winning the Daytona 500 and Dario Franchitti winning the Indianapolis 500.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2010, Bruton Smith (owner of Speedway Motorsports, Inc.), offered $20,000,000 to any driver, IndyCar or NASCAR, who can win both the Indianapolis 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 on the same day starting in 2011 – a feat that has never been done before. For 2011, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway moved the start time of the Indy 500 back to 12:15 PM EDT (prior to 2005, the engines started at 10:52 AM EST; under the modern schedule, engines start around 12:05 PM for a start around 12:15 PM), which re-opened the window for travel. Brad Keselowski suggested that he would consider answering the challenge in 2014. It was announced on March 4, 2014 that Kurt Busch would attempt to qualify for the 2014 Indianapolis 500, driving a fifth car for the Andretti Autosport team. Busch completed all 500 miles at Indy to finish sixth, but dropped out of the 600 with a blown engine just past the 400-mile mark.","Indianapolis 500\n\nTechnical regulations","Indianapolis 500\n\nTechnical specifications for the Indianapolis 500 are currently written by IndyCar. Rules are generally the same as every other IndyCar race. In the past, particularly during the era in which USAC sanctioned the Indy 500 (but CART sanctioned the other Indy car races), rules at Indy slightly differed at times. The result, for example, would be a particular chassis or engine configuration being legal at Indy, but not so at the CART-sanctioned events. This was rather commonplace in the 1980s and early 1990s, when \"stock-block\" engines (namely the V-6 Buick) was allotted an increased level of turbocharger boost by USAC at Indy, compared to the purpose-built V-8 quad-cam engines. While the \"stock block\" engines were technically legal in CART competition, they were not given the increased boost advantage, which effectively rendered them uncompetitive, and precluded their use by teams. The most famous manifestation of the USAC rules disparity was the Ilmor-built Mercedes-Benz 500I engine fielded by Roger Penske in 1994.","Indianapolis 500\n\nTeams may enter up to two machines under a given car number – the \"primary\" car and a \"backup\" car. The backup car is identified by the letter \"T\". For example, the two cars for the #2 team would be numbered #2 and #2T. Both cars may be practiced during the month, but due to engine lease rules, they must share the same engine. It is not uncommon for teams to prefer their backup car, if it is deemed faster, or for other strategic reasons. Additionally, as the month wears on, a \"T car\" may be split off into its own entry, and reassigned a new number, or be sold to another team.","Indianapolis 500\n\nAll cars must pass a rigorous technical inspection before receiving a sticker signifying that the car is eligible to practice. Various criteria includes minimum weight, dimensions, and approved parts, particularly safety equipment. Prior to and following qualification attempts, cars must pass another inspection. The pre-qualifying inspection is focused on safety aspects, and is done on the pit lane qualifying queue. It is relatively brief, due to the time constraints of the qualifying procedure. The post-qualifying inspection is much more stringent and lengthy, and takes place in the garage area. It is to detect deviations from the performance guidelines set forth by the league, and cars can and have been fined or outright disqualified if they fail inspection.","Indianapolis 500\n\nQualifying procedure","Indianapolis 500\n\nThroughout the years, the race has used a number of different qualifying procedures. The current four-lap (ten-mile) qualifying distance was first introduced in 1920, and has been used every year since 1939.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2014, the qualifying procedure was refined, such that the pole position winner, and the starting grid would be determined over two days. On the weekend before the race (Saturday and Sunday), all cars are entered into a blind draw for the qualifying order.","Indianapolis 500\n\n*Saturday: All entries can make up to three attempts to qualify. The top 33 cars at the end of the day are locked into the grid. The top nine cars will advance to a special \"shootout\" session to determine the pole position. Making a second (or third) attempt automatically forfeits the previous attempt.\n*Sunday: The drivers that qualified 10-33 on Saturday have their original times erased, and go out to make a new run. This run determines the grid lineup for positions 10-33. The drivers who qualified 1-9 on Saturday advance to the \"Shootout\". Those cars also have their original time erased. Each car makes a new attempt, and determine the lineup for positions 1-9, including the highly coveted pole positions.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor each attempt, cars are allowed two warm-up laps. At that time, a member of the team is stationed at the north end of the mainstretch. He/she must wave a green flag, signaling an attempt, or else the car will be waved off. The attempt can be waved off during any of the four laps by the team, driver, or race officials. (The series will wave off the run if it is obvious the run will not be fast enough to qualify and it is getting late in the day.) If an attempt is waved off after the run starts, the attempt counts towards the three-attempt limit and the previous time is still forfeited, unless race officials waved off the attempt because of weather.","Indianapolis 500\n\nCulture","Indianapolis 500\n\nMemorabilia","Indianapolis 500\n\nMany people promote and share information about the Indianapolis 500 and its memorabilia collecting. The National Indy 500 Collectors Club is an independent active organization that has been dedicated to support such activities. The organization was established January 1, 1985 in Indianapolis by its founder John Blazier and includes an experienced membership available for discussion and advice on Indy 500 memorabilia trading and Indy 500 questions in general.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe longest-running Indy racing memorabilia show is the National Auto Racing Memorabilia Show.","Indianapolis 500\n\nEntertainment","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 has been the subject of several films, and has experienced countless references in television, movies, and other media.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIndianapolis 500 Legends, a Wii and DS game based on the race was released on December 18, 2007.","Indianapolis 500\n\nMilk","Indianapolis 500\n\nLouis Meyer requested a glass of buttermilk after winning his second Indy 500 race in 1933. After winning his third title in 1936, he requested another glass but instead received a bottle. He was captured by a photographer in the act of swigging from the bottle while holding up three fingers to signify the third win. A local dairy company executive recognized the marketing opportunity in the image and, being unaware Meyer was drinking buttermilk, offered a bottle of milk to the winners of future races. Milk has been presented each year since then apart from 1947 to 1955. Modern drivers are offered a choice of whole, 2%, and skim.","Indianapolis 500\n\nAt the 1993 Indianapolis 500, winner Emerson Fittipaldi, who owned and operated an orange grove, notoriously drank orange juice instead of milk during the televised winner's interview. He eventually relented and also drank from the milk bottle later in the post-race ceremonies after the broadcast was over, but the public relations damage had been done. The snub led to him being booed at the next ChampCar race in Milwaukee, Wisconsin the heart of dairy country, and by some, as late as the 2008 Indianapolis 500 in which he drove the pace car. In 2016, as a promotion the track gave out commemorative bottles of milk to 100,000 of those in attendance to toast the winner with milk after the race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nBroadcasting","Indianapolis 500\n\nRadio coverage of the race dates back to 1922. The race has been broadcast live on the radio in its entirety by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network since 1953.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Hulmans were somewhat resistant to allow live television coverage of the 500, largely to maximize gate attendance. The race was briefly televised live in 1949 and 1950 on WFBM-TV, after which the practice was discontinued. From 1964 to 1970, the race was broadcast live on closed-circuit television in theaters around the country. From 1965 through 1970, a highlighted version of the race was shown on ABC's Wide World of Sports. From 1971 through 1985, an edited same-day, tape delay broadcast of the race was shown in prime time. The race broadcast was edited down to either two or three hours in duration (including commercials).","Indianapolis 500\n\nSince 1986, ABC has televised the race live in its entirety. However, at the request of the Speedway, Indianapolis affiliate WRTV is required to blackout the live broadcast and carry it on tape delay in prime time to encourage local race attendance. In 2007 (the first year in which the race was carried under the ESPN on ABC branding), the race was first aired in high-definition.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2016, the IMS declared a sell-out of race tickets for the 100th running of the event, and announced at the same time that WRTV would be allowed to air the race live for the first time since 1950.","Indianapolis 500\n\nCoverage of time trials on ABC dates back to 1961. ABC covered time trials in various live and in tape-delayed formats from 1961-2008 and from 2014-present. ESPN (and later along with ESPN 2) carried various portions of time trials from 1987-2008. Versus (now NBCSN) covered time trials from 2009-2013.","Indianapolis 500\n\nPractice sessions have been streamed live online dating back to at least 2001.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2015, ABC celebrated its 50th anniversary of covering the Indianapolis 500."],"string":"[\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. The event is held over Memorial Day (originally Decoration Day) weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May. It is contested as part of the Verizon IndyCar Series, the top level of American Championship Car racing, an open-wheel formula colloquially known as \\\"Indy Car Racing\\\". The name of the race is often shortened to Indy 500.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe event, billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing, is considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, which comprises three of the most prestigious motorsports events in the world. The official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, but the permanent seating capacity is upwards of 250,000, and infield patrons raise the race-day attendance to approximately 300,000.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe inaugural running was won by Ray Harroun in 1911. The race celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011, and the 100th running was held in 2016. Alexander Rossi is the defending champion. The most successful drivers are A. J. Foyt, Al Unser, and Rick Mears, each of whom have won the race four times. The active driver with the most victories is Hélio Castroneves, with three. Rick Mears holds the record for most career pole positions with six. The most successful car owner is Roger Penske, owner of Team Penske, which has 16 total wins and 17 poles.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor a list of races and winners, see List of Indianapolis 500 winners.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nRace specifics\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5 mile oval circuit. Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles. Since its inception in 1911, the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day. Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTraditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a starting grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. The event is contested by \\\"Indy cars\\\", a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, purpose-built race cars. As of 2015, all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550 -. Chevrolet and Honda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport. Firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is the exclusive tire provider.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe race is the most prestigious event of the IndyCar calendar, and one of the oldest and most important automobile races. It has been avouched to be the largest single-day sporting event in the entire world. Likewise, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the world's largest sporting facility in terms of capacity. The total purse exceeded $13 million in 2011, with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner, making it one of the richest cash prize funds in sports.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nDue to safety issues, the race is not held in wet conditions. In the event of a rain delay, the race will be postponed until rain showers cease, and the track is sufficiently dried. If rain falls during the race, officials can end the race and declare the results official if more than half of the scheduled distance (i.e., 101 laps) has been completed.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe early years\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones for motorcycles. The first long distance event, in \\\"fearful conditions\\\", was the 100-lap Prest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909, won by Bob Burman in a Buick. Breakup of the asphalt led to two fatal accidents in the first two long-distance events (a 250 mi and 300 mi, which was shortened to 235 mi after two severe wrecks).\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThat these spectacles had attracted 15,000 paying customers (and crowds of up to 40,000) persuaded principal owner Carl G. Fisher to spend US$155,000 on repaving the track with 3.2 million bricks; he also added a 2 ft concrete wall around the track's circumference. During the 1910 Decoration Day weekend, the first events on the newly paved circuit drew 60,000 spectators; Ray Harroun won the 200 mi Wheeler-Schebler Trophy in a Marmon.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe crowds grew progressively smaller for the rest of the season, however, so the track owners chose to focus on a single race. They considered a 24-hour contest, in the fashion of Le Mans, or a 1000 mi. They instead chose a 500 mi contest, and offered a spectacular purse of $US25,000, equivalent to of pure gold. The combination allowed the track to rapidly acquire a privileged status for automobile races.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe first \\\"500\\\" was held at the Speedway on Decoration Day (as Memorial Day was known from its inception in 1868 to 1967 when Federal Law made Memorial Day the official name), May 30, 1911, run to a 600 cid maximum engine size formula. It saw a field of 40 starters, with Harroun piloting a Marmon Model 32-based Wasp racer — outfitted with his invention, the rear view mirror. Harroun (with relief from Cyrus Patschke) was declared the winner, although Ralph Mulford protested the official result. 80,000 spectators were in attendance, and an annual tradition had been established. Many considered Harroun to be a hazard during the race, as he was the only driver in the race driving without a riding mechanic, who checked the oil pressure and let the driver know when traffic was coming.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 1912, the purse was raised to US$50,000. The field was limited to 33 (where it remains) and a riding mechanic was made mandatory. This second event was won by Joe Dawson in a National, after Ralph de Palma's Mercedes broke. Although the first race was won by an American driver at the wheel of an American car, European makers such as the Italian Fiat or French Peugeot companies soon developed their own vehicles to try to win the event, which they did from 1912 to 1919. The 1913 event saw a change to a 450 cid maximum engine size.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAfter World War I, the native drivers and manufacturers regained their dominance of the race. Engineer Harry Miller set himself up as the most competitive of the post-war builders. His technical developments allowed him to be indirectly connected to a history of success that would last into the mid-1970s.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor musical entertainment prior to the start of the race, the Purdue All-American Marching Band began performing on the track near the finish-line in 1927 and has been the host band of the race ever since. In 1946 American operatic tenor and car enthusiast James Melton started the tradition of singing \\\"Back Home Again in Indiana\\\" with the Purdue Band before the race when asked to do so on the spur of the moment by Speedway president Tony Hulman. This tradition has continued through the years, notably by actor and singer Jim Nabors from 1972 until 2014. Nabors announced in 2014 that the 2014 Indy 500 would be the last at which he would sing. In 2015, the a cappella group Straight No Chaser sang the song before the race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nMiller and Offenhauser\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFollowing the European trends, engine sizes were limited to 183 cid during 1920–1922, 122 cid for 1923–1925, and 91 cid in 1926–1929. The 1920 race was won by Gaston Chevrolet in a Frontenac, prepared by his brothers, powered by the first eight-cylinder engine to win the 500. For 1923, riding mechanics were no longer required. A supercharged car, ID, first won the race in 1924. In 1925, Pete DePaolo was the first to win at an average over 100 mph, with a speed of .\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn the early 1920s, Miller built his own 3.0 litre (183 in³) engine, inspired by the Peugeot Grand Prix engine which had been serviced in his shop by Fred Offenhauser in 1914, installing it in Jimmy Murphy's Duesenberg and allowing him to win the 1922 edition of the race. Miller then created his own automobiles, which shared the 'Miller' designation, which, in turn, were powered by supercharged versions of his 2.0 and 1.5 liter (122 and 91 in³) engine single-seaters, winning four more races for the engine up to 1929 (two of them, 1926 and 1928, in Miller chassis). The engines powered another seven winners until 1938 (two of them, 1930 and 1932, in Miller chassis), then ran at first with stock-type motors before later being adjusted to the international 3.0 liter formula.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAfter purchasing the Speedway in 1927, Eddie Rickenbacker prohibited supercharging and increased the displacement limit to 366 cid, while also re-introducing the riding mechanic.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 1935, Miller's former employees, Fred Offenhauser and Leo Goosen, had already achieved their first win with the soon-to-become famous 4-cylinder Offenhauser or \\\"Offy\\\" engine. This motor was forever connected with the Brickyard's history with a to-date record total of 27 wins, in both naturally aspirated and supercharged form, and winning a likewise record-holding 18 consecutive years between 1947 and 1964.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nEuropean incursions\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nMeanwhile, European manufacturers, gone from the Indianapolis 500 for nearly two decades, made a brief return just before World War II, with the competitive Maserati 8CTF allowing Wilbur Shaw to become the first driver to win consecutively at Indianapolis in 1939–1940. With the 500 having been a part of the Formula One World Drivers' Championship between 1950 and 1960, Ferrari made a discreet appearance at the 1952 event with Alberto Ascari, but European entries were few and far between during those days. Among the Formula One drivers who did drive at the speedway was the legendary Argentinian Juan Manuel Fangio, though he failed to qualify for the 1958 race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn fact, it was not until the Indianapolis 500 was removed from the Formula One calendar that European entries made their return. In 1963, technical innovator Colin Chapman brought his Team Lotus to Indianapolis for the first time, attracted by the large monetary prizes, far bigger than the usual at a European event. Racing a mid-engined car, Scotsman Jim Clark was second in his first attempt in 1963, dominating in 1964 until suffering suspension failure on lap 47, and completely dominating the race in 1965, a victory which also interrupted the success of the Offy, and offering the 4.2 litre Ford V8 its first success at the race. The following year, 1966, saw another British win, this time Graham Hill in a Lola-Ford.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nOffenhauser too would join forces with a European maker, McLaren, obtaining three wins for the chassis, one with the Penske team in 1972 with driver Mark Donohue, and two for the McLaren works team in 1974 and 1976 with Johnny Rutherford. This was also the last time the Offy would win a race, its competitiveness steadily decreasing until its final appearance in 1983. American drivers kept on filling the majority of entries at the Brickyard for the following years, but European technology had taken over. Starting in 1978, most chassis and engines were European, with the only American-based chassis to win during the CART era being the Wildcat and Galmer (which was actually built in Bicester, England) in 1982 and 1992 respectively. Ford and Chevrolet engines were built in the UK by Cosworth and Ilmor, respectively.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nWorld Series\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAfter foreign cars became the norm, foreign drivers began competing in the Indianapolis 500 on a regular basis, choosing the United States as their primary base for their motor racing activities. Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi, Italian Teo Fabi and Colombian Roberto Guerrero, were able to obtain good outings in the '80s, as was Dutchman Arie Luyendyk. However, it was not until 1993 that reigning Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell shocked the racing world by moving to the United States, winning the CART PPG IndyCar World Series Championship and only losing the 500 in his rookie year because of inexperience with green-flag restarts. Foreign-born drivers became a regular fixture of Indianapolis in the years to follow. Despite the increase in foreign drivers commonly being associated with the CART era, it should be noted that four of the first six Indianapolis 500 winners were non-American drivers.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nRace name\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe race was originally advertised as the \\\"International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race\\\" from 1911 to 1916. However, from its inception, the race has been widely known as the Indianapolis 500 or, more simply as \\\"the 500\\\". In 1919, the race was referred to as the \\\"Liberty Sweepstakes\\\" following WWI. From 1920 to 1980, the race officially reverted to the \\\"International Sweepstakes\\\" moniker, as printed on the tickets and other paraphernalia, with slight variations over the years.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFollowing WWII, the race was commonly recognized as \\\"The 500\\\", \\\"The 500-Mile Race\\\", \\\"Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\\\", \\\"Indianapolis 500\\\", or the simple form \\\"Indy 500\\\". Usually the ordinal (e.g. \\\"50th\\\") preceded it. Often the race was also advertised on the radio as the \\\"Annual Memorial Day race,\\\" or similar variations.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor the 1981 race, the name \\\"65th Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\\\" was officially adopted, with all references as the \\\"International Sweepstakes\\\" dropped. Since 1981, the race has been formally advertised in this fashion, complete with a unique annual logo with the ordinal almost always included. Around that same time, in the wake of the 1979 entry controversy, and the formation of CART, the race changed to an invitational event, rather than an Open, rendering the \\\"sweepstakes\\\" description inappropriate.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nSince its inception, the race has eschewed any sort of naming rights or title sponsor, a move, though uncommon in the modern sports world, has been well received by fans. While the facility has numerous sponsor billboards around the grounds, including some mildly controversial ads on the retaining walls and infield grass, the Speedway has preferred to feature a contingent of several prominent official race sponsors rather than one primary title sponsor. In the 21st century on television, the race broadcast has been advertised with a title sponsor. Currently on ABC-TV, the race is referred to as the Indianapolis 500 Telecast Presented by Firestone, but this appears only on the U.S. telecasts, and mention of the sponsor is not visible for patrons at the track.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Borg-Warner Trophy, introduced in 1936, proclaims the event as the \\\"Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\\\", with no reference at all to the name \\\"International Sweepstakes\\\".\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nCentennial Era\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2009, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway began a three-year-long \\\"Centennial Era\\\" to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the opening of the track (1909), and the 100th anniversary of the first Indy 500 (1911). As a gesture to the nostalgic Centennial Era celebration (2009–2011), tickets for the 2009 race donned the moniker \\\"93rd 500 Mile International Sweepstakes\\\". It is the first time since 1980 that the \\\"Sweepstakes\\\" title has been used. During the month of May 2009, the ordinal (93rd) was used very sparingly, and for the first time since 1981, was not identified on the annual logo. Instead, in most instances in print, television, and radio, the race was referred to as the \\\"2009 Indianapolis 500\\\". Since the race was not held during the United States' participation in the two World Wars (1917–18, 1942–45), the advertised Centennial Era occurred during the 93rd to 95th runnings. To avoid confusion between the 100th anniversary, and the actual number of times the race has been run, references to the ordinal during the Centennial Era were curtailed.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nSix years later, in 2016, the race celebrated its 100th running with about 350,000 in attendance.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFemale drivers\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFemale participation of any sort at Indianapolis was discouraged and essentially banned throughout the first several decades of competition. As such, female reporters were not even allowed in the pit area until 1971. There have been nine female drivers to qualify, starting with Janet Guthrie in 1977.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nSarah Fisher has competed nine times, the most of any woman. Danica Patrick led 19 laps in the 2005 race and 10 laps in the 2011 race, the only times a woman has led laps during the race. Her third-place finish in 2009 is the best finish for a woman.\\nAfrican-American drivers\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTwo African-American drivers have competed in the Indy 500. Willy T. Ribbs was the first, racing in 1991 and 1993. George Mack drove in the 2002 race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nRace sanctioning\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAAA and USAC\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFrom 1911 to 1955, the race was organized under the auspices of the AAA Contest Board. Following the 1955 Le Mans disaster, AAA dissolved the Contest Board to concentrate on its membership program aimed at the general motoring public. Speedway owner Tony Hulman founded USAC in 1956, which took over sanctioning of the race and the sport of Championship racing.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFrom 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 also counted toward the FIA's World Championship of Drivers (now synonymous with Formula One), although few drivers participated in the other races of that series. Italian driver Alberto Ascari was the only European-based driver to actually race in the 500 during its World Championship years. His appearance in 1952 in a Ferrari was also the only time a Ferrari has ever appeared in the race. Juan Manuel Fangio practiced at the track in 1958, but declined an offer to race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nControl issues of monetary prizes and squabbles over technical regulations caused conflict in the 1970s. Soon after the death of Tony Hulman in 1977, and the loss of several key USAC officials in a 1978 plane crash, several key team owners banded together and formed CART in late 1978 to sanction the sport of Indy car racing.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Indianapolis 500 itself, however, remained under the sanctioning control of USAC. It became the lone top-level race the body still sanctioned, as it ultimately dropped all other Indy car races (as well as their stock car division) to concentrate on sprints and midgets. For the next three years, the race was not officially recognized on the CART calendar, but the CART teams and drivers comprised the field. By 1983, an agreement was made for the USAC-sanctioned Indy 500 to be recognized on the CART calendar, and the race awarded points towards the CART championship.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nDespite the CART/USAC divide, from 1983 to 1995 the race was run in relative harmony. CART and USAC occasionally quarreled over relatively minor technical regulations, but utilized the same machines and the CART-based teams and driver comprised the bulk of the Indy 500 entries each year.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIndyCar Series\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 1994, Speedway owner Tony George announced plans for a new series, to be called the Indy Racing League. The Indy 500 would serve as its centerpiece. Opinions varied on his motivations, with his supporters sharing his disapproval of the race's lack of status within CART, the increasing number of foreign drivers (as American drivers were gravitating towards NASCAR), and the decreasing number of ovals in the season series. Detractors accused George of throwing his weight around and using the race as leverage to gain complete control of the sport of open wheel racing in the United States.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 1995 and in response to a change in schedule by the CART series that put several races in direct conflict with Indy Racing League events, George announced that 25 of the 33 starting positions at the 1996 Indy 500 would be reserved for the top 25 cars in IRL points standings (similar in practice to NASCAR's Top 35 rule introduced years later). The move effectively left only eight starting positions open to the CART-regulars that chose not to participate in the IRL races. CART's reaction was to refuse to compromise on the schedule conflicts, skip the IRL races required to accumulate the qualifying points, boycott the race, and stage a competing event, the U.S. 500, on the same day at Michigan. Veteran Buddy Lazier won a competitive but crash-filled 1996 Indy 500. Two CART teams, Walker Racing and Galles Racing, competed in the Indianapolis 500 to fulfill sponsor obligations and were welcomed without incident. The U.S. 500, meanwhile, failed to garner as much interest and was marred by a huge crash on the pace laps that forced ten teams to use backup cars. CART would run at Gateway International Raceway a 300-mile race in ensuing years (1997–99) instead.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor 1997, new rules for less expensive cars and \\\"production based\\\" engines were put into place. The move made it such that the IRL utilized different and incompatible equipment; no CART-based teams would enter the Indy 500 for the next three years.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2000, Target Chip Ganassi Racing, still a CART-mainstay, made the decision to cross lines and compete at Indianapolis with drivers Jimmy Vasser and Juan Pablo Montoya. On race day, Montoya dominated the event, leading 167 of the 200 laps to victory. In 2001, Penske Racing returned, and won the race with driver Hélio Castroneves. Penske and Castroneves repeated with a win in 2002.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nBy 2003, Ganassi, Penske and Andretti Green all defected to the IRL permanently. CART went bankrupt later in the year, and its rights and infrastructure were purchased by remaining car owners, and it became the Champ Car World Series. The two series continued to operate separately through 2007. In early 2008, the two series were unified to create a single open wheel championship after a 12-year split being run under Indy Racing League/IMS controlknown as the IndyCar Series.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe 2012 race was the return of Turbocharged engines for the first time since 1996 with the use of the Dallara DW12 chassis and 2.2 L V-6 single turbo and twin turbocharged engines.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nNASCAR and the 500\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn the 1960s and early 1970s, the Indy 500 and the World 600 at Charlotte Motor Speedway were held on different days of the week. A handful of NASCAR regulars participated in both events in the same year, including Bobby Allison, Donnie Allison, Cale Yarborough, and Lee Roy Yarbrough. From 1974–1992, the two events were scheduled for the same day and same starting time, making participation in both impossible. A few stock car drivers during that time, namely Neil Bonnett in 1979, nevertheless still attempted to qualify at Indy, even if that meant skipping Charlotte altogether.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\n\\\"Double Duty\\\"\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFrom 1994 to 2014, several NASCAR drivers were able to compete in both the Indy 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte in the same day. Since 1993, the Coca-Cola 600 has been scheduled in the evening the same day as the Indy 500. The effort has been known as \\\"Double Duty\\\".\\nAt the conclusion of the Indy 500, drivers would catch a helicopter directly from the Speedway to the Indianapolis International Airport. From there they would fly to Concord Regional Airport, and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race. John Andretti, Tony Stewart, and Robby Gordon, attempted the feat, with Kurt Busch being the latest in 2014. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first driver to complete the full race distance (1100 miles) in both races on the same day.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor 2005, the start of Indianapolis was pushed back to 1 p.m. EDT to improve television ratings. This significantly closed the window for a driver to be able to race both events in the same day. (The race's original starting time had been set at 11 a.m. EST – 12 noon EDT – because in 1911, race promoters estimated it would take six hours to complete the event, and they did not want the race to finish too close to suppertime. Nowadays the race is routinely completed in under three and one-half hours.)\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTwo drivers, Mario Andretti and A. J. Foyt, have won the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500. Foyt also won the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, America's premier endurance races, as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Foyt won Le Mans in 1967, about one month after winning his third Indy 500. Andretti won the Formula One World Championship and is a three time Sebring winner (he also won the 6 Hour version of Daytona). Indianapolis 500 winner Johnny Rutherford once won one of the Daytona 500 qualifying races. In 2010 Chip Ganassi became the first car owner to win the Daytona and Indianapolis 500s in the same year, with Jamie McMurray winning the Daytona 500 and Dario Franchitti winning the Indianapolis 500.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2010, Bruton Smith (owner of Speedway Motorsports, Inc.), offered $20,000,000 to any driver, IndyCar or NASCAR, who can win both the Indianapolis 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 on the same day starting in 2011 – a feat that has never been done before. For 2011, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway moved the start time of the Indy 500 back to 12:15 PM EDT (prior to 2005, the engines started at 10:52 AM EST; under the modern schedule, engines start around 12:05 PM for a start around 12:15 PM), which re-opened the window for travel. Brad Keselowski suggested that he would consider answering the challenge in 2014. It was announced on March 4, 2014 that Kurt Busch would attempt to qualify for the 2014 Indianapolis 500, driving a fifth car for the Andretti Autosport team. Busch completed all 500 miles at Indy to finish sixth, but dropped out of the 600 with a blown engine just past the 400-mile mark.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTechnical regulations\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTechnical specifications for the Indianapolis 500 are currently written by IndyCar. Rules are generally the same as every other IndyCar race. In the past, particularly during the era in which USAC sanctioned the Indy 500 (but CART sanctioned the other Indy car races), rules at Indy slightly differed at times. The result, for example, would be a particular chassis or engine configuration being legal at Indy, but not so at the CART-sanctioned events. This was rather commonplace in the 1980s and early 1990s, when \\\"stock-block\\\" engines (namely the V-6 Buick) was allotted an increased level of turbocharger boost by USAC at Indy, compared to the purpose-built V-8 quad-cam engines. While the \\\"stock block\\\" engines were technically legal in CART competition, they were not given the increased boost advantage, which effectively rendered them uncompetitive, and precluded their use by teams. The most famous manifestation of the USAC rules disparity was the Ilmor-built Mercedes-Benz 500I engine fielded by Roger Penske in 1994.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTeams may enter up to two machines under a given car number – the \\\"primary\\\" car and a \\\"backup\\\" car. The backup car is identified by the letter \\\"T\\\". For example, the two cars for the #2 team would be numbered #2 and #2T. Both cars may be practiced during the month, but due to engine lease rules, they must share the same engine. It is not uncommon for teams to prefer their backup car, if it is deemed faster, or for other strategic reasons. Additionally, as the month wears on, a \\\"T car\\\" may be split off into its own entry, and reassigned a new number, or be sold to another team.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAll cars must pass a rigorous technical inspection before receiving a sticker signifying that the car is eligible to practice. Various criteria includes minimum weight, dimensions, and approved parts, particularly safety equipment. Prior to and following qualification attempts, cars must pass another inspection. The pre-qualifying inspection is focused on safety aspects, and is done on the pit lane qualifying queue. It is relatively brief, due to the time constraints of the qualifying procedure. The post-qualifying inspection is much more stringent and lengthy, and takes place in the garage area. It is to detect deviations from the performance guidelines set forth by the league, and cars can and have been fined or outright disqualified if they fail inspection.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nQualifying procedure\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThroughout the years, the race has used a number of different qualifying procedures. The current four-lap (ten-mile) qualifying distance was first introduced in 1920, and has been used every year since 1939.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2014, the qualifying procedure was refined, such that the pole position winner, and the starting grid would be determined over two days. On the weekend before the race (Saturday and Sunday), all cars are entered into a blind draw for the qualifying order.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\n*Saturday: All entries can make up to three attempts to qualify. The top 33 cars at the end of the day are locked into the grid. The top nine cars will advance to a special \\\"shootout\\\" session to determine the pole position. Making a second (or third) attempt automatically forfeits the previous attempt.\\n*Sunday: The drivers that qualified 10-33 on Saturday have their original times erased, and go out to make a new run. This run determines the grid lineup for positions 10-33. The drivers who qualified 1-9 on Saturday advance to the \\\"Shootout\\\". Those cars also have their original time erased. Each car makes a new attempt, and determine the lineup for positions 1-9, including the highly coveted pole positions.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor each attempt, cars are allowed two warm-up laps. At that time, a member of the team is stationed at the north end of the mainstretch. He/she must wave a green flag, signaling an attempt, or else the car will be waved off. The attempt can be waved off during any of the four laps by the team, driver, or race officials. (The series will wave off the run if it is obvious the run will not be fast enough to qualify and it is getting late in the day.) If an attempt is waved off after the run starts, the attempt counts towards the three-attempt limit and the previous time is still forfeited, unless race officials waved off the attempt because of weather.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nCulture\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nMemorabilia\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nMany people promote and share information about the Indianapolis 500 and its memorabilia collecting. The National Indy 500 Collectors Club is an independent active organization that has been dedicated to support such activities. The organization was established January 1, 1985 in Indianapolis by its founder John Blazier and includes an experienced membership available for discussion and advice on Indy 500 memorabilia trading and Indy 500 questions in general.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe longest-running Indy racing memorabilia show is the National Auto Racing Memorabilia Show.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nEntertainment\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Indianapolis 500 has been the subject of several films, and has experienced countless references in television, movies, and other media.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIndianapolis 500 Legends, a Wii and DS game based on the race was released on December 18, 2007.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nMilk\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nLouis Meyer requested a glass of buttermilk after winning his second Indy 500 race in 1933. After winning his third title in 1936, he requested another glass but instead received a bottle. He was captured by a photographer in the act of swigging from the bottle while holding up three fingers to signify the third win. A local dairy company executive recognized the marketing opportunity in the image and, being unaware Meyer was drinking buttermilk, offered a bottle of milk to the winners of future races. Milk has been presented each year since then apart from 1947 to 1955. Modern drivers are offered a choice of whole, 2%, and skim.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAt the 1993 Indianapolis 500, winner Emerson Fittipaldi, who owned and operated an orange grove, notoriously drank orange juice instead of milk during the televised winner's interview. He eventually relented and also drank from the milk bottle later in the post-race ceremonies after the broadcast was over, but the public relations damage had been done. The snub led to him being booed at the next ChampCar race in Milwaukee, Wisconsin the heart of dairy country, and by some, as late as the 2008 Indianapolis 500 in which he drove the pace car. In 2016, as a promotion the track gave out commemorative bottles of milk to 100,000 of those in attendance to toast the winner with milk after the race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nBroadcasting\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nRadio coverage of the race dates back to 1922. The race has been broadcast live on the radio in its entirety by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network since 1953.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Hulmans were somewhat resistant to allow live television coverage of the 500, largely to maximize gate attendance. The race was briefly televised live in 1949 and 1950 on WFBM-TV, after which the practice was discontinued. From 1964 to 1970, the race was broadcast live on closed-circuit television in theaters around the country. From 1965 through 1970, a highlighted version of the race was shown on ABC's Wide World of Sports. From 1971 through 1985, an edited same-day, tape delay broadcast of the race was shown in prime time. The race broadcast was edited down to either two or three hours in duration (including commercials).\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nSince 1986, ABC has televised the race live in its entirety. However, at the request of the Speedway, Indianapolis affiliate WRTV is required to blackout the live broadcast and carry it on tape delay in prime time to encourage local race attendance. In 2007 (the first year in which the race was carried under the ESPN on ABC branding), the race was first aired in high-definition.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2016, the IMS declared a sell-out of race tickets for the 100th running of the event, and announced at the same time that WRTV would be allowed to air the race live for the first time since 1950.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nCoverage of time trials on ABC dates back to 1961. ABC covered time trials in various live and in tape-delayed formats from 1961-2008 and from 2014-present. ESPN (and later along with ESPN 2) carried various portions of time trials from 1987-2008. Versus (now NBCSN) covered time trials from 2009-2013.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nPractice sessions have been streamed live online dating back to at least 2001.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2015, ABC celebrated its 50th anniversary of covering the Indianapolis 500.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":136698,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_1562"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Incooking, to cook quickly in boiling water, often to soften or loosen skin is called what?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Blanch"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["blenched","blanch","blanched","blanches","blenching","blanch disambiguation","blenches","blanching"],"string":"[\n \"blenched\",\n \"blanch\",\n \"blanched\",\n \"blanches\",\n \"blenching\",\n \"blanch disambiguation\",\n \"blenches\",\n \"blanching\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Cooking\n\nCooking or cookery is the art, technology and craft of preparing food for consumption with the use of heat. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the world, from grilling food over an open fire to using electric stoves, to baking in various types of ovens, reflecting unique environmental, economic, and cultural traditions and trends. The ways or types of cooking also depend on the skill and type of training an individual cook has. Cooking is done both by people in their own dwellings and by professional cooks and chefs in restaurants and other food establishments. Cooking can also occur through chemical reactions without the presence of heat, most notably with ceviche, a traditional South American dish where fish is cooked with the acids in lemon or lime juice.","Cooking\n\nPreparing food with heat or fire is an activity unique to humans. Some anthropologists think that cooking fires first developed around 250,000 years ago, although there is evidence for the controlled use of fire by Homo erectus beginning 400,000 years ago.","Cooking\n\nThe expansion of agriculture, commerce, trade and transportation between civilizations in different regions offered cooks many new ingredients. New inventions and technologies, such as the invention of pottery for holding and boiling water, expanded cooking techniques. Some modern cooks apply advanced scientific techniques to food preparation to further enhance the flavour of the dish served.","Cooking\n\nHistory","Cooking\n\nArchealogy, by its nature, can only identify the current earliest evidence of cooking. The possibility always remains of finding new evidence which indicates an even earlier date. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that human ancestors may have invented cooking as far back as 1.8 million to 2.3 million years ago. Re-analysis of burnt bone fragments and plant ashes from the Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa, has provided evidence supporting human control of fire there by 1 mya. There is evidence that Homo erectus was cooking their food as early as 500,000 years ago. Evidence for the controlled use of fire by Homo erectus beginning some 400,000 years ago has wide scholarly support. Archeological evidence, from 300,000 years ago, in the form of ancient hearths, earth ovens, burnt animal bones, and flint, are found across Europe and the Middle East. Anthropologists think that widespread cooking fires began about 250,000 years ago, when hearths started appearing.","Cooking\n\nIn the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, food was a classic marker of identity in Europe. In the nineteenth-century \"Age of Nationalism\" cuisine became a defining symbol of national identity.","Cooking\n\nCommunication between the Old World and the New World influenced the history of cooking. The movement of foods across the Atlantic, from the New World, such as potatoes, tomatoes, corn, yams, beans, bell pepper, chili pepper, vanilla, pumpkin, cassava, avocado, peanut, pecan , cashew, pineapple, blueberry, sunflower, chocolate, gourds, and squash, had a profound effect on Old World cooking. The movement of foods across the Atlantic, from the Old World, such as cattle, sheep, pigs, wheat, oats, barley, rice, apples, pears, peas, chick peas, green beans, mustard, and carrots, had a profound effect on New World cooking.","Cooking\n\nThe Industrial Revolution brought mass-production, mass-marketing and standardization of food. Factories processed, preserved, canned, and packaged a wide variety of foods, and processed cereals quickly became a defining feature of the American breakfast. In the 1920s, freezing methods, cafeterias and fast-food establishments emerged.","Cooking\n\nAlong with changes in food, starting early in the 20th century, governments have issued nutrition guidelines, leading to the food pyramid (introduced in Sweden in 1974). The 1916 \"Food For Young Children\" became the first USDA guide to give specific dietary guidelines. Updated in the 1920s, these guides gave shopping suggestions for different-sized families along with a Depression Era revision which included four cost levels. In 1943, the USDA created the \"Basic Seven\" chart to make sure that people got the recommended nutrients. It included the first-ever Recommended Daily Allowances from the National Academy of Sciences. In 1956, the \"Essentials of an Adequate Diet\" brought recommendations which cut the number of groups that American school children would learn about down to four. In 1979, a guide called \"Food\" addressed the link between too much of certain foods and chronic diseases, but added \"fats, oils, and sweets\" to the four basic food groups.","Cooking\n\nIngredients","Cooking\n\nMost ingredients in cooking are derived from living organisms. Vegetables, fruits, grains and nuts as well as herbs and spices come from plants, while meat, eggs, and dairy products come from animals. Mushrooms and the yeast used in baking are kinds of fungi. Cooks also use water and minerals such as salt. Cooks can also use wine or spirits.","Cooking\n\nNaturally occurring ingredients contain various amounts of molecules called proteins, carbohydrates and fats. They also contain water and minerals. Cooking involves a manipulation of the chemical properties of these molecules.","Cooking\n\nCarbohydrates","Cooking\n\nCarbohydrates include the common sugar, sucrose (table sugar), a disaccharide, and such simple sugars as glucose (from the digestion of table sugar) and fructose (from fruit), and starches from sources such as cereal flour, rice, arrowroot,and potato. The interaction of heat and carbohydrate is complex.","Cooking\n\nLong-chain sugars such as starch\ntend to break down into simpler sugars when cooked, while simple sugars can form syrups. If sugars are heated so that all water of crystallisation is driven off, then caramelization starts, with the sugar undergoing thermal decomposition with the formation of carbon, and other breakdown products producing caramel. Similarly, the heating of sugars and proteins elicits the Maillard reaction, a basic flavor-enhancing technique.","Cooking\n\nAn emulsion of starch with fat or water can, when gently heated, provide thickening to the dish being cooked. In European cooking, a mixture of butter and flour called a roux is used to thicken liquids to make stews or sauces. In Asian cooking, a similar effect is obtained from a mixture of rice or corn starch and water. These techniques rely on the properties of starches to create simpler mucilaginous saccharides during cooking, which causes the familiar thickening of sauces. This thickening will break down, however, under additional heat.","Cooking\n\nFats","Cooking\n\nTypes of fat include vegetable oils, animal products such as butter and lard, as well as fats from grains, including corn and flax oils. Fats are used in a number of ways in cooking and baking. To prepare stir fries, grilled cheese or pancakes, the pan or griddle is often coated with fat or oil. Fats are also used as an ingredient in baked goods such as cookies, cakes and pies. Fats can reach temperatures higher than the boiling point of water, and are often used to conduct high heat to other ingredients, such as in frying, deep frying or sautéing. Fats are used to add flavour to food (e.g., butter or bacon fat), prevent food from sticking to pans and create a desirable texture.","Cooking\n\nProteins","Cooking\n\nEdible animal material, including muscle, offal, milk, eggs and egg whites, contains substantial amounts of protein. Almost all vegetable matter (in particular legumes and seeds) also includes proteins, although generally in smaller amounts. Mushrooms have high protein content. Any of these may be sources of essential amino acids. When proteins are heated they become denatured (unfolded) and change texture. In many cases, this causes the structure of the material to become softer or more friable – meat becomes cooked and is more friable and less flexible. In some cases, proteins can form more rigid structures, such as the coagulation of albumen in egg whites. The formation of a relatively rigid but flexible matrix from egg white provides an important component in baking cakes, and also underpins many desserts based on meringue.","Cooking\n\nWater","Cooking\n\nCooking often involves water, frequently present in other liquids, which is both added in order to immerse the substances being cooked (typically water, stock or wine), and released from the foods themselves. A favourite method of adding flavour to dishes is to save the liquid for use in other recipes. Liquids are so important to cooking that the name of the cooking method used is often based on how the liquid is combined with the food, as in steaming, simmering, boiling, braising, and blanching. Heating liquid in an open container results in rapidly increased evaporation, which concentrates the remaining flavor and ingredients – this is a critical component of both stewing and sauce making.","Cooking\n\nVitamins and minerals","Cooking\n\nVitamins are materials required for normal metabolism but which the body cannot manufacture itself and which must therefore come from external sources. Vitamins come from several sources including fresh fruit and vegetables (Vitamin C), carrots, liver (Vitamin A), cereal bran, bread, liver (B vitamins), fish liver oil (Vitamin D) and fresh green vegetables (Vitamin K). Many minerals are also essential in small quantities including iron, calcium, magnesium and sulfur; and in very small quantities copper, zinc and selenium. The micronutrients, minerals, and vitamins in fruit and vegetables may be destroyed or eluted by cooking. Vitamin C is especially prone to oxidation during cooking and may be completely destroyed by protracted cooking. The bioavailability of some vitamins such as thiamin, vitamin B6, niacin, folate, and carotenoids are increased with cooking by being freed from the food microstructure. Blanching or steaming vegetables is a way of minimizing vitamin and mineral loss in cooking.","Cooking\n\nMethods","Cooking\n\nThere are very many methods of cooking, most of which have been known since antiquity. These include baking, roasting, frying, grilling, barbecuing, smoking, boiling, steaming and braising. A more recent innovation is microwaving. Various methods use differing levels of heat and moisture and vary in cooking time. The method chosen greatly affects the end result because some foods are more appropriate to some methods than others. Some major hot cooking techniques include:","Cooking\n\n;Roasting\nRoasting – Barbecuing – Grilling/Broiling – Rotisserie – Searing\n;Baking\nBaking – Baking Blind – Flashbaking\n;Boiling\nBoiling – Blanching – Braising – Coddling – Double steaming – Infusion – Poaching – Pressure cooking – Simmering – Smothering – Steaming – Steeping – Stewing – Vacuum flask cooking\n;Frying\nFry – Deep frying – Hot salt frying – Hot sand frying – Pan frying – Pressure frying – Sautéing – Stir frying\n;Steaming\nSteaming works by boiling water continuously, causing it to vaporise into steam; the steam then carries heat to the nearby food, thus cooking the food. By many it is considered a healthy form of cooking, holding nutrients within the vegetable or meat being cooked. \n;Smoking\nSmoking is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood.","Cooking\n\nHealth and safety","Cooking\n\nFood safety","Cooking\n\nCooking can prevent many foodborne illnesses that would otherwise occur if the food is eaten raw. When heat is used in the preparation of food, it can kill or inactivate harmful organisms, such as bacteria and viruses, as well as various parasites such as tapeworms and Toxoplasma gondii. Food poisoning and other illness from uncooked or poorly prepared food may be caused by bacteria such as pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Campylobacter, viruses such as noroviruses, and protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica. Parasites may be introduced through salad, meat that is uncooked or done rare, and unboiled water.","Cooking\n\nThe sterilizing effect of cooking depends on temperature, cooking time, and technique used. However, some bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum or Bacillus cereus can form spores that survive boiling, which then germinate and regrow after the food has cooled. It is therefore recommended that cooked food should not be reheated more than once to avoid repeated growths that allow the bacteria to proliferate to dangerous level.","Cooking\n\nCooking also increases the digestibility of some foods because many foods, such as grains, are inedible when raw, and some are poisonous. For example, kidney beans are toxic when raw or improperly cooked due to the presence of phytohaemagglutinin, which can be inactivated after cooking for at least ten minutes at 100 °C. A slow cooker however may not reach the desired temperature and cases of poisoning from red beans cooked in a slow cooker have been reported.","Cooking\n\nOther considerations for food safety in cooking include the preparation, handling, and storage of food. According to the USDA, the temperature range from 40 to is the \"Danger zone\" where bacteria is likely to proliferate, and food therefore should not be stored in this temperature range. Washing of hands and surfaces, especially when handling different meats, and keeping raw food separate from cooked food to avoidance of cross-contamination are good practices in food safety. Food prepared on plastic cutting boards may be less likely to harbor bacteria than wooden ones, other research however suggested otherwise. Washing and sanitizing cutting boards is highly recommended, especially after use with raw meat, poultry, or seafood. Hot water and soap followed by a rinse with a diluted antibacterial cleaner, or a trip through a dishwasher with a \"sanitize\" cycle, are effective methods for reducing the risk of illness due to contaminated cooking implements.","Cooking\n\nEffects on nutritional content of food","Cooking\n\nProponents of raw foodism argue that cooking food increases the risk of some of the detrimental effects on food or health. They point out that during cooking of vegetables and fruit containing vitamin C, the vitamin elutes into the cooking water as well as becoming degraded through oxidation. Peeling vegetables can also substantially reduce the vitamin C content, especially in the case of potatoes where most vitamin C is in the skin. However, research has shown that in the specific case of carotenoids a greater proportion is absorbed from cooked vegetables than from raw vegetables.","Cooking\n\nGerman research in 2003 showed significant benefits in reducing breast cancer risk when large amounts of raw vegetable matter are included in the diet. The authors attribute some of this effect to heat-labile phytonutrients. Sulforaphane, a glucosinolate breakdown product, which may be found in vegetables such as broccoli, has been shown to be protective against prostate cancer, however, much of it is destroyed when the vegetable is boiled.","Cooking\n\nCarcinogens","Cooking\n\nIn a human epidemiological analysis by Richard Doll and Richard Peto in 1981, diet was estimated to cause a large percentage of cancers. Studies suggest that around 32% of cancer deaths may be avoidable by changes to the diet. Some of these cancers may be caused by carcinogens in food generated during the cooking process, although it is often difficult to identify the specific components in diet that serve to increase cancer risk. Many foods, such as beef steak and broccoli, contain low concentrations of both carcinogens and anticarcinogens.","Cooking\n\nSeveral studies published since 1990 indicate that cooking meat at high temperature creates heterocyclic amines (HCAs), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans. Researchers at the National Cancer Institute found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done. While avoiding meat or eating meat raw may be the only ways to avoid HCAs in meat fully, the National Cancer Institute states that cooking meat below 212 F creates \"negligible amounts\" of HCAs. Also, microwaving meat before cooking may reduce HCAs by 90% by reducing the time needed for the meat to be cooked at high heat. Nitrosamines are found in some food, and may be produced by some cooking processes from proteins or from nitrites used as food preservatives; cured meat such as bacon has been found to be carcinogenic, with links to colon cancer. Ascorbate, which is added to cured meat, however, reduces nitrosamine formation.","Cooking\n\nResearch has shown that grilling, barbecuing and smoking meat and fish increases levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In Europe, grilled meat and smoked fish generally only contribute a small proportion of dietary PAH intake since they are a minor component of diet – most intake comes from cereals, oils and fats. However, in the US, grilled/barbecued meat is the second highest contributor of the mean daily intake of a known PAH carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene|benzo[a]pyrene at 21% after ‘bread, cereal and grain’ at 29%.","Cooking\n\nBaking, grilling or broiling food, especially starchy foods, until a toasted crust is formed generates significant concentrations of acrylamide, a possible carcinogen.","Cooking\n\nOther health issues","Cooking\n\nCooking dairy products may reduce a protective effect against colon cancer. Researchers at the University of Toronto suggest that ingesting uncooked or unpasteurized dairy products (see also Raw milk) may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Mice and rats fed uncooked sucrose, casein, and beef tallow had one-third to one-fifth the incidence of microadenomas as the mice and rats fed the same ingredients cooked. This claim, however, is contentious. According to the Food and Drug Administration of the United States, health benefits claimed by raw milk advocates do not exist. \"The small quantities of antibodies in milk are not absorbed in the human intestinal tract,\" says Barbara Ingham, PhD, associate professor and extension food scientist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. \"There is no scientific evidence that raw milk contains an anti-arthritis factor or that it enhances resistance to other diseases.\"","Cooking\n\nHeating sugars with proteins or fats can produce advanced glycation end products (\"glycotoxins\"). These have been linked to ageing and health conditions such as diabetes and obesity.","Cooking\n\nDeep fried food in restaurants may contain high level of trans fat, which is known to increase levels of low-density lipoprotein that in turn may increase risk of heart diseases and other conditions. However, many fast food chains have now switched to trans-fat-free alternatives for deep-frying.","Cooking\n\nScientific aspects","Cooking\n\nThe application of scientific knowledge to cooking and gastronomy has become known as molecular gastronomy. This is a subdiscipline of food science. Important contributions have been made by scientists, chefs and authors such as Herve This (chemist), Nicholas Kurti (physicist), Peter Barham (physicist), Harold McGee (author), Shirley Corriher (biochemist, author), Heston Blumenthal (chef), Ferran Adria (chef), Robert Wolke (chemist, author) and Pierre Gagnaire (chef).","Cooking\n\nChemical processes central to cooking include the Maillard reaction – a form of non-enzymatic browning involving an amino acid, a reducing sugar and heat.","Cooking\n\nHome-cooking and commercial cooking","Cooking\n\nHome cooking has traditionally been a process carried out informally in a home or around a communal fire, and can be enjoyed by all members of the family, although in many cultures women bear primary responsibility. Cooking is also often carried out outside of personal quarters, for example at restaurants, or schools. Bakeries were one of the earliest forms of cooking outside the home, and bakeries in the past often offered the cooking of pots of food provided by their customers as an additional service. In the present day, factory food preparation has become common, with many \"ready-to-eat\" foods being prepared and cooked in factories and home cooks using a mixture of scratch made, and factory made foods together to make a meal. The nutritional value of including more commercially prepared foods has been found to be inferior to home-made foods. Home-cooked meals tend to be healthier with fewer calories, and less saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium on a per calorie basis while providing more fiber, calcium, and iron. The ingredients are also directly sourced, so there is control over authenticity, taste, and nutritional value. The superior nutritional quality of home-cooking could therefore play a role in preventing chronic disease.","Cooking\n\nCohort studies following the elderly over 10 years show that adults who cook their own meals have significantly lower mortality, even when controlling for confounding variables.","Cooking\n\n\"Home-cooking\" may be associated with comfort food, and some commercially produced foods are presented through advertising or packaging as having been \"home-cooked\", regardless of their actual origin.","Cooking\n\nCommercial cooking methods have evolved to a point where many of the ingredients and techniques used at home are being used in commercial cooking to great success and acceptance by patrons."],"string":"[\n \"Cooking\\n\\nCooking or cookery is the art, technology and craft of preparing food for consumption with the use of heat. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the world, from grilling food over an open fire to using electric stoves, to baking in various types of ovens, reflecting unique environmental, economic, and cultural traditions and trends. The ways or types of cooking also depend on the skill and type of training an individual cook has. Cooking is done both by people in their own dwellings and by professional cooks and chefs in restaurants and other food establishments. Cooking can also occur through chemical reactions without the presence of heat, most notably with ceviche, a traditional South American dish where fish is cooked with the acids in lemon or lime juice.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nPreparing food with heat or fire is an activity unique to humans. Some anthropologists think that cooking fires first developed around 250,000 years ago, although there is evidence for the controlled use of fire by Homo erectus beginning 400,000 years ago.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nThe expansion of agriculture, commerce, trade and transportation between civilizations in different regions offered cooks many new ingredients. New inventions and technologies, such as the invention of pottery for holding and boiling water, expanded cooking techniques. Some modern cooks apply advanced scientific techniques to food preparation to further enhance the flavour of the dish served.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nArchealogy, by its nature, can only identify the current earliest evidence of cooking. The possibility always remains of finding new evidence which indicates an even earlier date. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that human ancestors may have invented cooking as far back as 1.8 million to 2.3 million years ago. Re-analysis of burnt bone fragments and plant ashes from the Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa, has provided evidence supporting human control of fire there by 1 mya. There is evidence that Homo erectus was cooking their food as early as 500,000 years ago. Evidence for the controlled use of fire by Homo erectus beginning some 400,000 years ago has wide scholarly support. Archeological evidence, from 300,000 years ago, in the form of ancient hearths, earth ovens, burnt animal bones, and flint, are found across Europe and the Middle East. Anthropologists think that widespread cooking fires began about 250,000 years ago, when hearths started appearing.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nIn the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, food was a classic marker of identity in Europe. In the nineteenth-century \\\"Age of Nationalism\\\" cuisine became a defining symbol of national identity.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nCommunication between the Old World and the New World influenced the history of cooking. The movement of foods across the Atlantic, from the New World, such as potatoes, tomatoes, corn, yams, beans, bell pepper, chili pepper, vanilla, pumpkin, cassava, avocado, peanut, pecan , cashew, pineapple, blueberry, sunflower, chocolate, gourds, and squash, had a profound effect on Old World cooking. The movement of foods across the Atlantic, from the Old World, such as cattle, sheep, pigs, wheat, oats, barley, rice, apples, pears, peas, chick peas, green beans, mustard, and carrots, had a profound effect on New World cooking.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nThe Industrial Revolution brought mass-production, mass-marketing and standardization of food. Factories processed, preserved, canned, and packaged a wide variety of foods, and processed cereals quickly became a defining feature of the American breakfast. In the 1920s, freezing methods, cafeterias and fast-food establishments emerged.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nAlong with changes in food, starting early in the 20th century, governments have issued nutrition guidelines, leading to the food pyramid (introduced in Sweden in 1974). The 1916 \\\"Food For Young Children\\\" became the first USDA guide to give specific dietary guidelines. Updated in the 1920s, these guides gave shopping suggestions for different-sized families along with a Depression Era revision which included four cost levels. In 1943, the USDA created the \\\"Basic Seven\\\" chart to make sure that people got the recommended nutrients. It included the first-ever Recommended Daily Allowances from the National Academy of Sciences. In 1956, the \\\"Essentials of an Adequate Diet\\\" brought recommendations which cut the number of groups that American school children would learn about down to four. In 1979, a guide called \\\"Food\\\" addressed the link between too much of certain foods and chronic diseases, but added \\\"fats, oils, and sweets\\\" to the four basic food groups.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nIngredients\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nMost ingredients in cooking are derived from living organisms. Vegetables, fruits, grains and nuts as well as herbs and spices come from plants, while meat, eggs, and dairy products come from animals. Mushrooms and the yeast used in baking are kinds of fungi. Cooks also use water and minerals such as salt. Cooks can also use wine or spirits.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nNaturally occurring ingredients contain various amounts of molecules called proteins, carbohydrates and fats. They also contain water and minerals. Cooking involves a manipulation of the chemical properties of these molecules.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nCarbohydrates\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nCarbohydrates include the common sugar, sucrose (table sugar), a disaccharide, and such simple sugars as glucose (from the digestion of table sugar) and fructose (from fruit), and starches from sources such as cereal flour, rice, arrowroot,and potato. The interaction of heat and carbohydrate is complex.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nLong-chain sugars such as starch\\ntend to break down into simpler sugars when cooked, while simple sugars can form syrups. If sugars are heated so that all water of crystallisation is driven off, then caramelization starts, with the sugar undergoing thermal decomposition with the formation of carbon, and other breakdown products producing caramel. Similarly, the heating of sugars and proteins elicits the Maillard reaction, a basic flavor-enhancing technique.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nAn emulsion of starch with fat or water can, when gently heated, provide thickening to the dish being cooked. In European cooking, a mixture of butter and flour called a roux is used to thicken liquids to make stews or sauces. In Asian cooking, a similar effect is obtained from a mixture of rice or corn starch and water. These techniques rely on the properties of starches to create simpler mucilaginous saccharides during cooking, which causes the familiar thickening of sauces. This thickening will break down, however, under additional heat.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nFats\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nTypes of fat include vegetable oils, animal products such as butter and lard, as well as fats from grains, including corn and flax oils. Fats are used in a number of ways in cooking and baking. To prepare stir fries, grilled cheese or pancakes, the pan or griddle is often coated with fat or oil. Fats are also used as an ingredient in baked goods such as cookies, cakes and pies. Fats can reach temperatures higher than the boiling point of water, and are often used to conduct high heat to other ingredients, such as in frying, deep frying or sautéing. Fats are used to add flavour to food (e.g., butter or bacon fat), prevent food from sticking to pans and create a desirable texture.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nProteins\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nEdible animal material, including muscle, offal, milk, eggs and egg whites, contains substantial amounts of protein. Almost all vegetable matter (in particular legumes and seeds) also includes proteins, although generally in smaller amounts. Mushrooms have high protein content. Any of these may be sources of essential amino acids. When proteins are heated they become denatured (unfolded) and change texture. In many cases, this causes the structure of the material to become softer or more friable – meat becomes cooked and is more friable and less flexible. In some cases, proteins can form more rigid structures, such as the coagulation of albumen in egg whites. The formation of a relatively rigid but flexible matrix from egg white provides an important component in baking cakes, and also underpins many desserts based on meringue.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nWater\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nCooking often involves water, frequently present in other liquids, which is both added in order to immerse the substances being cooked (typically water, stock or wine), and released from the foods themselves. A favourite method of adding flavour to dishes is to save the liquid for use in other recipes. Liquids are so important to cooking that the name of the cooking method used is often based on how the liquid is combined with the food, as in steaming, simmering, boiling, braising, and blanching. Heating liquid in an open container results in rapidly increased evaporation, which concentrates the remaining flavor and ingredients – this is a critical component of both stewing and sauce making.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nVitamins and minerals\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nVitamins are materials required for normal metabolism but which the body cannot manufacture itself and which must therefore come from external sources. Vitamins come from several sources including fresh fruit and vegetables (Vitamin C), carrots, liver (Vitamin A), cereal bran, bread, liver (B vitamins), fish liver oil (Vitamin D) and fresh green vegetables (Vitamin K). Many minerals are also essential in small quantities including iron, calcium, magnesium and sulfur; and in very small quantities copper, zinc and selenium. The micronutrients, minerals, and vitamins in fruit and vegetables may be destroyed or eluted by cooking. Vitamin C is especially prone to oxidation during cooking and may be completely destroyed by protracted cooking. The bioavailability of some vitamins such as thiamin, vitamin B6, niacin, folate, and carotenoids are increased with cooking by being freed from the food microstructure. Blanching or steaming vegetables is a way of minimizing vitamin and mineral loss in cooking.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nMethods\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nThere are very many methods of cooking, most of which have been known since antiquity. These include baking, roasting, frying, grilling, barbecuing, smoking, boiling, steaming and braising. A more recent innovation is microwaving. Various methods use differing levels of heat and moisture and vary in cooking time. The method chosen greatly affects the end result because some foods are more appropriate to some methods than others. Some major hot cooking techniques include:\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\n;Roasting\\nRoasting – Barbecuing – Grilling/Broiling – Rotisserie – Searing\\n;Baking\\nBaking – Baking Blind – Flashbaking\\n;Boiling\\nBoiling – Blanching – Braising – Coddling – Double steaming – Infusion – Poaching – Pressure cooking – Simmering – Smothering – Steaming – Steeping – Stewing – Vacuum flask cooking\\n;Frying\\nFry – Deep frying – Hot salt frying – Hot sand frying – Pan frying – Pressure frying – Sautéing – Stir frying\\n;Steaming\\nSteaming works by boiling water continuously, causing it to vaporise into steam; the steam then carries heat to the nearby food, thus cooking the food. By many it is considered a healthy form of cooking, holding nutrients within the vegetable or meat being cooked. \\n;Smoking\\nSmoking is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nHealth and safety\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nFood safety\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nCooking can prevent many foodborne illnesses that would otherwise occur if the food is eaten raw. When heat is used in the preparation of food, it can kill or inactivate harmful organisms, such as bacteria and viruses, as well as various parasites such as tapeworms and Toxoplasma gondii. Food poisoning and other illness from uncooked or poorly prepared food may be caused by bacteria such as pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Campylobacter, viruses such as noroviruses, and protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica. Parasites may be introduced through salad, meat that is uncooked or done rare, and unboiled water.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nThe sterilizing effect of cooking depends on temperature, cooking time, and technique used. However, some bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum or Bacillus cereus can form spores that survive boiling, which then germinate and regrow after the food has cooled. It is therefore recommended that cooked food should not be reheated more than once to avoid repeated growths that allow the bacteria to proliferate to dangerous level.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nCooking also increases the digestibility of some foods because many foods, such as grains, are inedible when raw, and some are poisonous. For example, kidney beans are toxic when raw or improperly cooked due to the presence of phytohaemagglutinin, which can be inactivated after cooking for at least ten minutes at 100 °C. A slow cooker however may not reach the desired temperature and cases of poisoning from red beans cooked in a slow cooker have been reported.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nOther considerations for food safety in cooking include the preparation, handling, and storage of food. According to the USDA, the temperature range from 40 to is the \\\"Danger zone\\\" where bacteria is likely to proliferate, and food therefore should not be stored in this temperature range. Washing of hands and surfaces, especially when handling different meats, and keeping raw food separate from cooked food to avoidance of cross-contamination are good practices in food safety. Food prepared on plastic cutting boards may be less likely to harbor bacteria than wooden ones, other research however suggested otherwise. Washing and sanitizing cutting boards is highly recommended, especially after use with raw meat, poultry, or seafood. Hot water and soap followed by a rinse with a diluted antibacterial cleaner, or a trip through a dishwasher with a \\\"sanitize\\\" cycle, are effective methods for reducing the risk of illness due to contaminated cooking implements.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nEffects on nutritional content of food\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nProponents of raw foodism argue that cooking food increases the risk of some of the detrimental effects on food or health. They point out that during cooking of vegetables and fruit containing vitamin C, the vitamin elutes into the cooking water as well as becoming degraded through oxidation. Peeling vegetables can also substantially reduce the vitamin C content, especially in the case of potatoes where most vitamin C is in the skin. However, research has shown that in the specific case of carotenoids a greater proportion is absorbed from cooked vegetables than from raw vegetables.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nGerman research in 2003 showed significant benefits in reducing breast cancer risk when large amounts of raw vegetable matter are included in the diet. The authors attribute some of this effect to heat-labile phytonutrients. Sulforaphane, a glucosinolate breakdown product, which may be found in vegetables such as broccoli, has been shown to be protective against prostate cancer, however, much of it is destroyed when the vegetable is boiled.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nCarcinogens\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nIn a human epidemiological analysis by Richard Doll and Richard Peto in 1981, diet was estimated to cause a large percentage of cancers. Studies suggest that around 32% of cancer deaths may be avoidable by changes to the diet. Some of these cancers may be caused by carcinogens in food generated during the cooking process, although it is often difficult to identify the specific components in diet that serve to increase cancer risk. Many foods, such as beef steak and broccoli, contain low concentrations of both carcinogens and anticarcinogens.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nSeveral studies published since 1990 indicate that cooking meat at high temperature creates heterocyclic amines (HCAs), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans. Researchers at the National Cancer Institute found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done. While avoiding meat or eating meat raw may be the only ways to avoid HCAs in meat fully, the National Cancer Institute states that cooking meat below 212 F creates \\\"negligible amounts\\\" of HCAs. Also, microwaving meat before cooking may reduce HCAs by 90% by reducing the time needed for the meat to be cooked at high heat. Nitrosamines are found in some food, and may be produced by some cooking processes from proteins or from nitrites used as food preservatives; cured meat such as bacon has been found to be carcinogenic, with links to colon cancer. Ascorbate, which is added to cured meat, however, reduces nitrosamine formation.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nResearch has shown that grilling, barbecuing and smoking meat and fish increases levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In Europe, grilled meat and smoked fish generally only contribute a small proportion of dietary PAH intake since they are a minor component of diet – most intake comes from cereals, oils and fats. However, in the US, grilled/barbecued meat is the second highest contributor of the mean daily intake of a known PAH carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene|benzo[a]pyrene at 21% after ‘bread, cereal and grain’ at 29%.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nBaking, grilling or broiling food, especially starchy foods, until a toasted crust is formed generates significant concentrations of acrylamide, a possible carcinogen.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nOther health issues\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nCooking dairy products may reduce a protective effect against colon cancer. Researchers at the University of Toronto suggest that ingesting uncooked or unpasteurized dairy products (see also Raw milk) may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Mice and rats fed uncooked sucrose, casein, and beef tallow had one-third to one-fifth the incidence of microadenomas as the mice and rats fed the same ingredients cooked. This claim, however, is contentious. According to the Food and Drug Administration of the United States, health benefits claimed by raw milk advocates do not exist. \\\"The small quantities of antibodies in milk are not absorbed in the human intestinal tract,\\\" says Barbara Ingham, PhD, associate professor and extension food scientist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. \\\"There is no scientific evidence that raw milk contains an anti-arthritis factor or that it enhances resistance to other diseases.\\\"\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nHeating sugars with proteins or fats can produce advanced glycation end products (\\\"glycotoxins\\\"). These have been linked to ageing and health conditions such as diabetes and obesity.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nDeep fried food in restaurants may contain high level of trans fat, which is known to increase levels of low-density lipoprotein that in turn may increase risk of heart diseases and other conditions. However, many fast food chains have now switched to trans-fat-free alternatives for deep-frying.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nScientific aspects\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nThe application of scientific knowledge to cooking and gastronomy has become known as molecular gastronomy. This is a subdiscipline of food science. Important contributions have been made by scientists, chefs and authors such as Herve This (chemist), Nicholas Kurti (physicist), Peter Barham (physicist), Harold McGee (author), Shirley Corriher (biochemist, author), Heston Blumenthal (chef), Ferran Adria (chef), Robert Wolke (chemist, author) and Pierre Gagnaire (chef).\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nChemical processes central to cooking include the Maillard reaction – a form of non-enzymatic browning involving an amino acid, a reducing sugar and heat.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nHome-cooking and commercial cooking\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nHome cooking has traditionally been a process carried out informally in a home or around a communal fire, and can be enjoyed by all members of the family, although in many cultures women bear primary responsibility. Cooking is also often carried out outside of personal quarters, for example at restaurants, or schools. Bakeries were one of the earliest forms of cooking outside the home, and bakeries in the past often offered the cooking of pots of food provided by their customers as an additional service. In the present day, factory food preparation has become common, with many \\\"ready-to-eat\\\" foods being prepared and cooked in factories and home cooks using a mixture of scratch made, and factory made foods together to make a meal. The nutritional value of including more commercially prepared foods has been found to be inferior to home-made foods. Home-cooked meals tend to be healthier with fewer calories, and less saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium on a per calorie basis while providing more fiber, calcium, and iron. The ingredients are also directly sourced, so there is control over authenticity, taste, and nutritional value. The superior nutritional quality of home-cooking could therefore play a role in preventing chronic disease.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nCohort studies following the elderly over 10 years show that adults who cook their own meals have significantly lower mortality, even when controlling for confounding variables.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\n\\\"Home-cooking\\\" may be associated with comfort food, and some commercially produced foods are presented through advertising or packaging as having been \\\"home-cooked\\\", regardless of their actual origin.\",\n \"Cooking\\n\\nCommercial cooking methods have evolved to a point where many of the ingredients and techniques used at home are being used in commercial cooking to great success and acceptance by patrons.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":136699,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qg_1566"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What is the traditional victory beverage guzzled in the Winner's Circle of the Indianapolis 500?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Milk"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["sterilized milk","walrus milk","mammal milk","milk jugs","whole milk","cow milk","milk solids","sweet milk","milk jug","milk proteins","lowfat milk","homo milk","liquid milk","milk protein","reduced fat milk","gyunyu","milk","dudh","benefits of drinking milk","low fat milk","homogenized milk","dairy milk","breakfast milk","milk drink","cow s milk","food milk","cows milk","milk beverage","bovine milk","milker"],"string":"[\n \"sterilized milk\",\n \"walrus milk\",\n \"mammal milk\",\n \"milk jugs\",\n \"whole milk\",\n \"cow milk\",\n \"milk solids\",\n \"sweet milk\",\n \"milk jug\",\n \"milk proteins\",\n \"lowfat milk\",\n \"homo milk\",\n \"liquid milk\",\n \"milk protein\",\n \"reduced fat milk\",\n \"gyunyu\",\n \"milk\",\n \"dudh\",\n \"benefits of drinking milk\",\n \"low fat milk\",\n \"homogenized milk\",\n \"dairy milk\",\n \"breakfast milk\",\n \"milk drink\",\n \"cow s milk\",\n \"food milk\",\n \"cows milk\",\n \"milk beverage\",\n \"bovine milk\",\n \"milker\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. The event is held over Memorial Day (originally Decoration Day) weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May. It is contested as part of the Verizon IndyCar Series, the top level of American Championship Car racing, an open-wheel formula colloquially known as \"Indy Car Racing\". The name of the race is often shortened to Indy 500.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe event, billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing, is considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, which comprises three of the most prestigious motorsports events in the world. The official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, but the permanent seating capacity is upwards of 250,000, and infield patrons raise the race-day attendance to approximately 300,000.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe inaugural running was won by Ray Harroun in 1911. The race celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011, and the 100th running was held in 2016. Alexander Rossi is the defending champion. The most successful drivers are A. J. Foyt, Al Unser, and Rick Mears, each of whom have won the race four times. The active driver with the most victories is Hélio Castroneves, with three. Rick Mears holds the record for most career pole positions with six. The most successful car owner is Roger Penske, owner of Team Penske, which has 16 total wins and 17 poles.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor a list of races and winners, see List of Indianapolis 500 winners.","Indianapolis 500\n\nRace specifics","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5 mile oval circuit. Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles. Since its inception in 1911, the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day. Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nTraditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a starting grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. The event is contested by \"Indy cars\", a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, purpose-built race cars. As of 2015, all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550 -. Chevrolet and Honda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport. Firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is the exclusive tire provider.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe race is the most prestigious event of the IndyCar calendar, and one of the oldest and most important automobile races. It has been avouched to be the largest single-day sporting event in the entire world. Likewise, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the world's largest sporting facility in terms of capacity. The total purse exceeded $13 million in 2011, with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner, making it one of the richest cash prize funds in sports.","Indianapolis 500\n\nDue to safety issues, the race is not held in wet conditions. In the event of a rain delay, the race will be postponed until rain showers cease, and the track is sufficiently dried. If rain falls during the race, officials can end the race and declare the results official if more than half of the scheduled distance (i.e., 101 laps) has been completed.","Indianapolis 500\n\nHistory","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe early years","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones for motorcycles. The first long distance event, in \"fearful conditions\", was the 100-lap Prest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909, won by Bob Burman in a Buick. Breakup of the asphalt led to two fatal accidents in the first two long-distance events (a 250 mi and 300 mi, which was shortened to 235 mi after two severe wrecks).","Indianapolis 500\n\nThat these spectacles had attracted 15,000 paying customers (and crowds of up to 40,000) persuaded principal owner Carl G. Fisher to spend US$155,000 on repaving the track with 3.2 million bricks; he also added a 2 ft concrete wall around the track's circumference. During the 1910 Decoration Day weekend, the first events on the newly paved circuit drew 60,000 spectators; Ray Harroun won the 200 mi Wheeler-Schebler Trophy in a Marmon.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe crowds grew progressively smaller for the rest of the season, however, so the track owners chose to focus on a single race. They considered a 24-hour contest, in the fashion of Le Mans, or a 1000 mi. They instead chose a 500 mi contest, and offered a spectacular purse of $US25,000, equivalent to of pure gold. The combination allowed the track to rapidly acquire a privileged status for automobile races.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe first \"500\" was held at the Speedway on Decoration Day (as Memorial Day was known from its inception in 1868 to 1967 when Federal Law made Memorial Day the official name), May 30, 1911, run to a 600 cid maximum engine size formula. It saw a field of 40 starters, with Harroun piloting a Marmon Model 32-based Wasp racer — outfitted with his invention, the rear view mirror. Harroun (with relief from Cyrus Patschke) was declared the winner, although Ralph Mulford protested the official result. 80,000 spectators were in attendance, and an annual tradition had been established. Many considered Harroun to be a hazard during the race, as he was the only driver in the race driving without a riding mechanic, who checked the oil pressure and let the driver know when traffic was coming.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 1912, the purse was raised to US$50,000. The field was limited to 33 (where it remains) and a riding mechanic was made mandatory. This second event was won by Joe Dawson in a National, after Ralph de Palma's Mercedes broke. Although the first race was won by an American driver at the wheel of an American car, European makers such as the Italian Fiat or French Peugeot companies soon developed their own vehicles to try to win the event, which they did from 1912 to 1919. The 1913 event saw a change to a 450 cid maximum engine size.","Indianapolis 500\n\nAfter World War I, the native drivers and manufacturers regained their dominance of the race. Engineer Harry Miller set himself up as the most competitive of the post-war builders. His technical developments allowed him to be indirectly connected to a history of success that would last into the mid-1970s.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor musical entertainment prior to the start of the race, the Purdue All-American Marching Band began performing on the track near the finish-line in 1927 and has been the host band of the race ever since. In 1946 American operatic tenor and car enthusiast James Melton started the tradition of singing \"Back Home Again in Indiana\" with the Purdue Band before the race when asked to do so on the spur of the moment by Speedway president Tony Hulman. This tradition has continued through the years, notably by actor and singer Jim Nabors from 1972 until 2014. Nabors announced in 2014 that the 2014 Indy 500 would be the last at which he would sing. In 2015, the a cappella group Straight No Chaser sang the song before the race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nMiller and Offenhauser","Indianapolis 500\n\nFollowing the European trends, engine sizes were limited to 183 cid during 1920–1922, 122 cid for 1923–1925, and 91 cid in 1926–1929. The 1920 race was won by Gaston Chevrolet in a Frontenac, prepared by his brothers, powered by the first eight-cylinder engine to win the 500. For 1923, riding mechanics were no longer required. A supercharged car, ID, first won the race in 1924. In 1925, Pete DePaolo was the first to win at an average over 100 mph, with a speed of .","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn the early 1920s, Miller built his own 3.0 litre (183 in³) engine, inspired by the Peugeot Grand Prix engine which had been serviced in his shop by Fred Offenhauser in 1914, installing it in Jimmy Murphy's Duesenberg and allowing him to win the 1922 edition of the race. Miller then created his own automobiles, which shared the 'Miller' designation, which, in turn, were powered by supercharged versions of his 2.0 and 1.5 liter (122 and 91 in³) engine single-seaters, winning four more races for the engine up to 1929 (two of them, 1926 and 1928, in Miller chassis). The engines powered another seven winners until 1938 (two of them, 1930 and 1932, in Miller chassis), then ran at first with stock-type motors before later being adjusted to the international 3.0 liter formula.","Indianapolis 500\n\nAfter purchasing the Speedway in 1927, Eddie Rickenbacker prohibited supercharging and increased the displacement limit to 366 cid, while also re-introducing the riding mechanic.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 1935, Miller's former employees, Fred Offenhauser and Leo Goosen, had already achieved their first win with the soon-to-become famous 4-cylinder Offenhauser or \"Offy\" engine. This motor was forever connected with the Brickyard's history with a to-date record total of 27 wins, in both naturally aspirated and supercharged form, and winning a likewise record-holding 18 consecutive years between 1947 and 1964.","Indianapolis 500\n\nEuropean incursions","Indianapolis 500\n\nMeanwhile, European manufacturers, gone from the Indianapolis 500 for nearly two decades, made a brief return just before World War II, with the competitive Maserati 8CTF allowing Wilbur Shaw to become the first driver to win consecutively at Indianapolis in 1939–1940. With the 500 having been a part of the Formula One World Drivers' Championship between 1950 and 1960, Ferrari made a discreet appearance at the 1952 event with Alberto Ascari, but European entries were few and far between during those days. Among the Formula One drivers who did drive at the speedway was the legendary Argentinian Juan Manuel Fangio, though he failed to qualify for the 1958 race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn fact, it was not until the Indianapolis 500 was removed from the Formula One calendar that European entries made their return. In 1963, technical innovator Colin Chapman brought his Team Lotus to Indianapolis for the first time, attracted by the large monetary prizes, far bigger than the usual at a European event. Racing a mid-engined car, Scotsman Jim Clark was second in his first attempt in 1963, dominating in 1964 until suffering suspension failure on lap 47, and completely dominating the race in 1965, a victory which also interrupted the success of the Offy, and offering the 4.2 litre Ford V8 its first success at the race. The following year, 1966, saw another British win, this time Graham Hill in a Lola-Ford.","Indianapolis 500\n\nOffenhauser too would join forces with a European maker, McLaren, obtaining three wins for the chassis, one with the Penske team in 1972 with driver Mark Donohue, and two for the McLaren works team in 1974 and 1976 with Johnny Rutherford. This was also the last time the Offy would win a race, its competitiveness steadily decreasing until its final appearance in 1983. American drivers kept on filling the majority of entries at the Brickyard for the following years, but European technology had taken over. Starting in 1978, most chassis and engines were European, with the only American-based chassis to win during the CART era being the Wildcat and Galmer (which was actually built in Bicester, England) in 1982 and 1992 respectively. Ford and Chevrolet engines were built in the UK by Cosworth and Ilmor, respectively.","Indianapolis 500\n\nWorld Series","Indianapolis 500\n\nAfter foreign cars became the norm, foreign drivers began competing in the Indianapolis 500 on a regular basis, choosing the United States as their primary base for their motor racing activities. Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi, Italian Teo Fabi and Colombian Roberto Guerrero, were able to obtain good outings in the '80s, as was Dutchman Arie Luyendyk. However, it was not until 1993 that reigning Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell shocked the racing world by moving to the United States, winning the CART PPG IndyCar World Series Championship and only losing the 500 in his rookie year because of inexperience with green-flag restarts. Foreign-born drivers became a regular fixture of Indianapolis in the years to follow. Despite the increase in foreign drivers commonly being associated with the CART era, it should be noted that four of the first six Indianapolis 500 winners were non-American drivers.","Indianapolis 500\n\nRace name","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe race was originally advertised as the \"International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race\" from 1911 to 1916. However, from its inception, the race has been widely known as the Indianapolis 500 or, more simply as \"the 500\". In 1919, the race was referred to as the \"Liberty Sweepstakes\" following WWI. From 1920 to 1980, the race officially reverted to the \"International Sweepstakes\" moniker, as printed on the tickets and other paraphernalia, with slight variations over the years.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFollowing WWII, the race was commonly recognized as \"The 500\", \"The 500-Mile Race\", \"Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\", \"Indianapolis 500\", or the simple form \"Indy 500\". Usually the ordinal (e.g. \"50th\") preceded it. Often the race was also advertised on the radio as the \"Annual Memorial Day race,\" or similar variations.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor the 1981 race, the name \"65th Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\" was officially adopted, with all references as the \"International Sweepstakes\" dropped. Since 1981, the race has been formally advertised in this fashion, complete with a unique annual logo with the ordinal almost always included. Around that same time, in the wake of the 1979 entry controversy, and the formation of CART, the race changed to an invitational event, rather than an Open, rendering the \"sweepstakes\" description inappropriate.","Indianapolis 500\n\nSince its inception, the race has eschewed any sort of naming rights or title sponsor, a move, though uncommon in the modern sports world, has been well received by fans. While the facility has numerous sponsor billboards around the grounds, including some mildly controversial ads on the retaining walls and infield grass, the Speedway has preferred to feature a contingent of several prominent official race sponsors rather than one primary title sponsor. In the 21st century on television, the race broadcast has been advertised with a title sponsor. Currently on ABC-TV, the race is referred to as the Indianapolis 500 Telecast Presented by Firestone, but this appears only on the U.S. telecasts, and mention of the sponsor is not visible for patrons at the track.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Borg-Warner Trophy, introduced in 1936, proclaims the event as the \"Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\", with no reference at all to the name \"International Sweepstakes\".","Indianapolis 500\n\nCentennial Era","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2009, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway began a three-year-long \"Centennial Era\" to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the opening of the track (1909), and the 100th anniversary of the first Indy 500 (1911). As a gesture to the nostalgic Centennial Era celebration (2009–2011), tickets for the 2009 race donned the moniker \"93rd 500 Mile International Sweepstakes\". It is the first time since 1980 that the \"Sweepstakes\" title has been used. During the month of May 2009, the ordinal (93rd) was used very sparingly, and for the first time since 1981, was not identified on the annual logo. Instead, in most instances in print, television, and radio, the race was referred to as the \"2009 Indianapolis 500\". Since the race was not held during the United States' participation in the two World Wars (1917–18, 1942–45), the advertised Centennial Era occurred during the 93rd to 95th runnings. To avoid confusion between the 100th anniversary, and the actual number of times the race has been run, references to the ordinal during the Centennial Era were curtailed.","Indianapolis 500\n\nSix years later, in 2016, the race celebrated its 100th running with about 350,000 in attendance.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFemale drivers","Indianapolis 500\n\nFemale participation of any sort at Indianapolis was discouraged and essentially banned throughout the first several decades of competition. As such, female reporters were not even allowed in the pit area until 1971. There have been nine female drivers to qualify, starting with Janet Guthrie in 1977.","Indianapolis 500\n\nSarah Fisher has competed nine times, the most of any woman. Danica Patrick led 19 laps in the 2005 race and 10 laps in the 2011 race, the only times a woman has led laps during the race. Her third-place finish in 2009 is the best finish for a woman.\nAfrican-American drivers","Indianapolis 500\n\nTwo African-American drivers have competed in the Indy 500. Willy T. Ribbs was the first, racing in 1991 and 1993. George Mack drove in the 2002 race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nRace sanctioning","Indianapolis 500\n\nAAA and USAC","Indianapolis 500\n\nFrom 1911 to 1955, the race was organized under the auspices of the AAA Contest Board. Following the 1955 Le Mans disaster, AAA dissolved the Contest Board to concentrate on its membership program aimed at the general motoring public. Speedway owner Tony Hulman founded USAC in 1956, which took over sanctioning of the race and the sport of Championship racing.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFrom 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 also counted toward the FIA's World Championship of Drivers (now synonymous with Formula One), although few drivers participated in the other races of that series. Italian driver Alberto Ascari was the only European-based driver to actually race in the 500 during its World Championship years. His appearance in 1952 in a Ferrari was also the only time a Ferrari has ever appeared in the race. Juan Manuel Fangio practiced at the track in 1958, but declined an offer to race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nControl issues of monetary prizes and squabbles over technical regulations caused conflict in the 1970s. Soon after the death of Tony Hulman in 1977, and the loss of several key USAC officials in a 1978 plane crash, several key team owners banded together and formed CART in late 1978 to sanction the sport of Indy car racing.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 itself, however, remained under the sanctioning control of USAC. It became the lone top-level race the body still sanctioned, as it ultimately dropped all other Indy car races (as well as their stock car division) to concentrate on sprints and midgets. For the next three years, the race was not officially recognized on the CART calendar, but the CART teams and drivers comprised the field. By 1983, an agreement was made for the USAC-sanctioned Indy 500 to be recognized on the CART calendar, and the race awarded points towards the CART championship.","Indianapolis 500\n\nDespite the CART/USAC divide, from 1983 to 1995 the race was run in relative harmony. CART and USAC occasionally quarreled over relatively minor technical regulations, but utilized the same machines and the CART-based teams and driver comprised the bulk of the Indy 500 entries each year.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIndyCar Series","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 1994, Speedway owner Tony George announced plans for a new series, to be called the Indy Racing League. The Indy 500 would serve as its centerpiece. Opinions varied on his motivations, with his supporters sharing his disapproval of the race's lack of status within CART, the increasing number of foreign drivers (as American drivers were gravitating towards NASCAR), and the decreasing number of ovals in the season series. Detractors accused George of throwing his weight around and using the race as leverage to gain complete control of the sport of open wheel racing in the United States.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 1995 and in response to a change in schedule by the CART series that put several races in direct conflict with Indy Racing League events, George announced that 25 of the 33 starting positions at the 1996 Indy 500 would be reserved for the top 25 cars in IRL points standings (similar in practice to NASCAR's Top 35 rule introduced years later). The move effectively left only eight starting positions open to the CART-regulars that chose not to participate in the IRL races. CART's reaction was to refuse to compromise on the schedule conflicts, skip the IRL races required to accumulate the qualifying points, boycott the race, and stage a competing event, the U.S. 500, on the same day at Michigan. Veteran Buddy Lazier won a competitive but crash-filled 1996 Indy 500. Two CART teams, Walker Racing and Galles Racing, competed in the Indianapolis 500 to fulfill sponsor obligations and were welcomed without incident. The U.S. 500, meanwhile, failed to garner as much interest and was marred by a huge crash on the pace laps that forced ten teams to use backup cars. CART would run at Gateway International Raceway a 300-mile race in ensuing years (1997–99) instead.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor 1997, new rules for less expensive cars and \"production based\" engines were put into place. The move made it such that the IRL utilized different and incompatible equipment; no CART-based teams would enter the Indy 500 for the next three years.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2000, Target Chip Ganassi Racing, still a CART-mainstay, made the decision to cross lines and compete at Indianapolis with drivers Jimmy Vasser and Juan Pablo Montoya. On race day, Montoya dominated the event, leading 167 of the 200 laps to victory. In 2001, Penske Racing returned, and won the race with driver Hélio Castroneves. Penske and Castroneves repeated with a win in 2002.","Indianapolis 500\n\nBy 2003, Ganassi, Penske and Andretti Green all defected to the IRL permanently. CART went bankrupt later in the year, and its rights and infrastructure were purchased by remaining car owners, and it became the Champ Car World Series. The two series continued to operate separately through 2007. In early 2008, the two series were unified to create a single open wheel championship after a 12-year split being run under Indy Racing League/IMS controlknown as the IndyCar Series.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe 2012 race was the return of Turbocharged engines for the first time since 1996 with the use of the Dallara DW12 chassis and 2.2 L V-6 single turbo and twin turbocharged engines.","Indianapolis 500\n\nNASCAR and the 500","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn the 1960s and early 1970s, the Indy 500 and the World 600 at Charlotte Motor Speedway were held on different days of the week. A handful of NASCAR regulars participated in both events in the same year, including Bobby Allison, Donnie Allison, Cale Yarborough, and Lee Roy Yarbrough. From 1974–1992, the two events were scheduled for the same day and same starting time, making participation in both impossible. A few stock car drivers during that time, namely Neil Bonnett in 1979, nevertheless still attempted to qualify at Indy, even if that meant skipping Charlotte altogether.","Indianapolis 500\n\n\"Double Duty\"","Indianapolis 500\n\nFrom 1994 to 2014, several NASCAR drivers were able to compete in both the Indy 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte in the same day. Since 1993, the Coca-Cola 600 has been scheduled in the evening the same day as the Indy 500. The effort has been known as \"Double Duty\".\nAt the conclusion of the Indy 500, drivers would catch a helicopter directly from the Speedway to the Indianapolis International Airport. From there they would fly to Concord Regional Airport, and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race. John Andretti, Tony Stewart, and Robby Gordon, attempted the feat, with Kurt Busch being the latest in 2014. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first driver to complete the full race distance (1100 miles) in both races on the same day.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor 2005, the start of Indianapolis was pushed back to 1 p.m. EDT to improve television ratings. This significantly closed the window for a driver to be able to race both events in the same day. (The race's original starting time had been set at 11 a.m. EST – 12 noon EDT – because in 1911, race promoters estimated it would take six hours to complete the event, and they did not want the race to finish too close to suppertime. Nowadays the race is routinely completed in under three and one-half hours.)","Indianapolis 500\n\nTwo drivers, Mario Andretti and A. J. Foyt, have won the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500. Foyt also won the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, America's premier endurance races, as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Foyt won Le Mans in 1967, about one month after winning his third Indy 500. Andretti won the Formula One World Championship and is a three time Sebring winner (he also won the 6 Hour version of Daytona). Indianapolis 500 winner Johnny Rutherford once won one of the Daytona 500 qualifying races. In 2010 Chip Ganassi became the first car owner to win the Daytona and Indianapolis 500s in the same year, with Jamie McMurray winning the Daytona 500 and Dario Franchitti winning the Indianapolis 500.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2010, Bruton Smith (owner of Speedway Motorsports, Inc.), offered $20,000,000 to any driver, IndyCar or NASCAR, who can win both the Indianapolis 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 on the same day starting in 2011 – a feat that has never been done before. For 2011, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway moved the start time of the Indy 500 back to 12:15 PM EDT (prior to 2005, the engines started at 10:52 AM EST; under the modern schedule, engines start around 12:05 PM for a start around 12:15 PM), which re-opened the window for travel. Brad Keselowski suggested that he would consider answering the challenge in 2014. It was announced on March 4, 2014 that Kurt Busch would attempt to qualify for the 2014 Indianapolis 500, driving a fifth car for the Andretti Autosport team. Busch completed all 500 miles at Indy to finish sixth, but dropped out of the 600 with a blown engine just past the 400-mile mark.","Indianapolis 500\n\nTechnical regulations","Indianapolis 500\n\nTechnical specifications for the Indianapolis 500 are currently written by IndyCar. Rules are generally the same as every other IndyCar race. In the past, particularly during the era in which USAC sanctioned the Indy 500 (but CART sanctioned the other Indy car races), rules at Indy slightly differed at times. The result, for example, would be a particular chassis or engine configuration being legal at Indy, but not so at the CART-sanctioned events. This was rather commonplace in the 1980s and early 1990s, when \"stock-block\" engines (namely the V-6 Buick) was allotted an increased level of turbocharger boost by USAC at Indy, compared to the purpose-built V-8 quad-cam engines. While the \"stock block\" engines were technically legal in CART competition, they were not given the increased boost advantage, which effectively rendered them uncompetitive, and precluded their use by teams. The most famous manifestation of the USAC rules disparity was the Ilmor-built Mercedes-Benz 500I engine fielded by Roger Penske in 1994.","Indianapolis 500\n\nTeams may enter up to two machines under a given car number – the \"primary\" car and a \"backup\" car. The backup car is identified by the letter \"T\". For example, the two cars for the #2 team would be numbered #2 and #2T. Both cars may be practiced during the month, but due to engine lease rules, they must share the same engine. It is not uncommon for teams to prefer their backup car, if it is deemed faster, or for other strategic reasons. Additionally, as the month wears on, a \"T car\" may be split off into its own entry, and reassigned a new number, or be sold to another team.","Indianapolis 500\n\nAll cars must pass a rigorous technical inspection before receiving a sticker signifying that the car is eligible to practice. Various criteria includes minimum weight, dimensions, and approved parts, particularly safety equipment. Prior to and following qualification attempts, cars must pass another inspection. The pre-qualifying inspection is focused on safety aspects, and is done on the pit lane qualifying queue. It is relatively brief, due to the time constraints of the qualifying procedure. The post-qualifying inspection is much more stringent and lengthy, and takes place in the garage area. It is to detect deviations from the performance guidelines set forth by the league, and cars can and have been fined or outright disqualified if they fail inspection.","Indianapolis 500\n\nQualifying procedure","Indianapolis 500\n\nThroughout the years, the race has used a number of different qualifying procedures. The current four-lap (ten-mile) qualifying distance was first introduced in 1920, and has been used every year since 1939.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2014, the qualifying procedure was refined, such that the pole position winner, and the starting grid would be determined over two days. On the weekend before the race (Saturday and Sunday), all cars are entered into a blind draw for the qualifying order.","Indianapolis 500\n\n*Saturday: All entries can make up to three attempts to qualify. The top 33 cars at the end of the day are locked into the grid. The top nine cars will advance to a special \"shootout\" session to determine the pole position. Making a second (or third) attempt automatically forfeits the previous attempt.\n*Sunday: The drivers that qualified 10-33 on Saturday have their original times erased, and go out to make a new run. This run determines the grid lineup for positions 10-33. The drivers who qualified 1-9 on Saturday advance to the \"Shootout\". Those cars also have their original time erased. Each car makes a new attempt, and determine the lineup for positions 1-9, including the highly coveted pole positions.","Indianapolis 500\n\nFor each attempt, cars are allowed two warm-up laps. At that time, a member of the team is stationed at the north end of the mainstretch. He/she must wave a green flag, signaling an attempt, or else the car will be waved off. The attempt can be waved off during any of the four laps by the team, driver, or race officials. (The series will wave off the run if it is obvious the run will not be fast enough to qualify and it is getting late in the day.) If an attempt is waved off after the run starts, the attempt counts towards the three-attempt limit and the previous time is still forfeited, unless race officials waved off the attempt because of weather.","Indianapolis 500\n\nCulture","Indianapolis 500\n\nMemorabilia","Indianapolis 500\n\nMany people promote and share information about the Indianapolis 500 and its memorabilia collecting. The National Indy 500 Collectors Club is an independent active organization that has been dedicated to support such activities. The organization was established January 1, 1985 in Indianapolis by its founder John Blazier and includes an experienced membership available for discussion and advice on Indy 500 memorabilia trading and Indy 500 questions in general.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe longest-running Indy racing memorabilia show is the National Auto Racing Memorabilia Show.","Indianapolis 500\n\nEntertainment","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 has been the subject of several films, and has experienced countless references in television, movies, and other media.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIndianapolis 500 Legends, a Wii and DS game based on the race was released on December 18, 2007.","Indianapolis 500\n\nMilk","Indianapolis 500\n\nLouis Meyer requested a glass of buttermilk after winning his second Indy 500 race in 1933. After winning his third title in 1936, he requested another glass but instead received a bottle. He was captured by a photographer in the act of swigging from the bottle while holding up three fingers to signify the third win. A local dairy company executive recognized the marketing opportunity in the image and, being unaware Meyer was drinking buttermilk, offered a bottle of milk to the winners of future races. Milk has been presented each year since then apart from 1947 to 1955. Modern drivers are offered a choice of whole, 2%, and skim.","Indianapolis 500\n\nAt the 1993 Indianapolis 500, winner Emerson Fittipaldi, who owned and operated an orange grove, notoriously drank orange juice instead of milk during the televised winner's interview. He eventually relented and also drank from the milk bottle later in the post-race ceremonies after the broadcast was over, but the public relations damage had been done. The snub led to him being booed at the next ChampCar race in Milwaukee, Wisconsin the heart of dairy country, and by some, as late as the 2008 Indianapolis 500 in which he drove the pace car. In 2016, as a promotion the track gave out commemorative bottles of milk to 100,000 of those in attendance to toast the winner with milk after the race.","Indianapolis 500\n\nBroadcasting","Indianapolis 500\n\nRadio coverage of the race dates back to 1922. The race has been broadcast live on the radio in its entirety by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network since 1953.","Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Hulmans were somewhat resistant to allow live television coverage of the 500, largely to maximize gate attendance. The race was briefly televised live in 1949 and 1950 on WFBM-TV, after which the practice was discontinued. From 1964 to 1970, the race was broadcast live on closed-circuit television in theaters around the country. From 1965 through 1970, a highlighted version of the race was shown on ABC's Wide World of Sports. From 1971 through 1985, an edited same-day, tape delay broadcast of the race was shown in prime time. The race broadcast was edited down to either two or three hours in duration (including commercials).","Indianapolis 500\n\nSince 1986, ABC has televised the race live in its entirety. However, at the request of the Speedway, Indianapolis affiliate WRTV is required to blackout the live broadcast and carry it on tape delay in prime time to encourage local race attendance. In 2007 (the first year in which the race was carried under the ESPN on ABC branding), the race was first aired in high-definition.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2016, the IMS declared a sell-out of race tickets for the 100th running of the event, and announced at the same time that WRTV would be allowed to air the race live for the first time since 1950.","Indianapolis 500\n\nCoverage of time trials on ABC dates back to 1961. ABC covered time trials in various live and in tape-delayed formats from 1961-2008 and from 2014-present. ESPN (and later along with ESPN 2) carried various portions of time trials from 1987-2008. Versus (now NBCSN) covered time trials from 2009-2013.","Indianapolis 500\n\nPractice sessions have been streamed live online dating back to at least 2001.","Indianapolis 500\n\nIn 2015, ABC celebrated its 50th anniversary of covering the Indianapolis 500.","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 is an annual automobile race, held each year typically on the last weekend in May in correspondence with Memorial Day weekend. The race is held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, located in Speedway, Indiana. The Indianapolis 500 is an open-wheel car race and is currently sanctioned by Indy Racing League LLC, and has been run as an IndyCar Series event since 1996. The Indianapolis 500 is considered one of the most traditional and historical races in the world, and is also considered one of the three most significant motorsport races in the world.","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nThe first Indianapolis 500 was held in 1911, where Ray Harroun was declared the first winner, driving the Marmon Wasp. The race has been run annually since 1911 (with exceptions during World War I and World War II) and 69 drivers have been crowned champions of the 500-mile race over the course of 98 races. The most race victories held by a single driver is four, which has been accomplished only by A. J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears. The Indianapolis 500 has also drawn many international drivers to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway over the years, with 26 of the winners coming from outside of the United States, representing nine separate countries. The most recent champion of the Indianapolis 500 is Alexander Rossi, winner of the 2016 race.","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nThe winner of the Indianapolis 500 receives many prizes, many based on past tradition. One of the most iconic traditions is for the winner of the Indianapolis 500 to drink a bottle of milk, a tradition started by Louis Meyer who won the race in 1936. The winner is also presented with a wreath in victory lane, and has the opportunity to kiss the yard of brick (the start/finish line), an Indianapolis Motor Speedway tradition started by NASCAR driver Dale Jarrett in 1996 at the Brickyard 400 and adopted by 500 winners since 2003. The winner of the race also receives the pace car used during that race, and will have on the Borg-Warner Trophy a bas-relief sculpture of their face added to the base. The Borg-Warner Trophy has been used since 1936 and along with the sculpture on the original trophy, the winning driver and car owner receive a small replica. The Indianapolis 500 winner also receives a large purse, most recently at $2.49 million, given to Ryan Hunter-Reay in 2014.","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nOther prizes have been given to the race winner over the years, including a quilt, made by Jeanetta Holder, which is presented to the driver annually at the winner's photo shoot.","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nList of winners","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nFisher Era – AAA sanctioning (1911–1927)","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nRickenbacker Era – AAA sanctioning (1928–1945)","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nHulman/George Era – AAA sanctioning (1946–1955)","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nHulman/George Era – USAC sanctioning (1956–1995)","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nHulman/George Era – INDYCAR sanctioning (1996–present)","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\n** Race rain-shortened","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nDriver statistics","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nActive driver victories","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nMultiple victories","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nConsecutive victories","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nRookie winners (inaugural race inclusive)","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\n* Louis Meyer won in his first start in 1928, but had served as a relief driver, and thus running laps in competition, the year before.","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nNationalities of non-American winners","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\n[a] American national\n[b] Brazilian national\n[c] British national","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nRace and National Championship victories in same year","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\n* From 1979–1995, the Indianapolis 500-Mile Race and the American Open Wheel National Championship were sanctioned by separate organizations, USAC and CART, respectively. From 1980–1995, winners of a USAC Gold Crown Championship were officially declared. From 1985 onwards, the Indianapolis 500 was the only race on the Gold Crown calendar. The winner of the Indianapolis 500 would be the Gold Crown champion; as such championship consisted solely of Indianapolis, Gold Crown winners from 1985 to 1995 are indistinguishable from Indianapolis winners in those same years.\n** Retroactively declared and awarded, 1951.\n*** Declared and awarded, but retroactively re-declared and -awarded, 1951, to Tommy Milton.","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nWinning drivers who did not start next race","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\n1 Davis was relieved by Mauri Rose on Lap 72. Rose competed in the next 500 in 1946.","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\n2 Franchitti had signed with Chip Ganassi Racing to run a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season for Ganassi in 2008, but was injured April 25 at the Aaron's 312 Nationwide Series race. That team shut down in July 2008 because of sponsorship issues, and Franchitti returned to the IRL with Ganassi in time for the exhibition race in Surfers Paradise, racing the full season in 2009.","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nOwners","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nDriver/Owners","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nConstructors and suppliers","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nChassis","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nEngines","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nTires","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nMiscellanea","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nWinning starting positions","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nEntries starting from the first row have won forty-two out of one hundred races, 42%.","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nChronological","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nBy starting position","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nWinning car numbers","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nChronological","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nBy Number","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\n* The race winners in 1975, 1999, 2010 and 2012 were all entitled to have car number 1 as defending series champions, but chose not to use it.","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\nNotes","List of Indianapolis 500 winners\n\n* De Palma is usually shown as American, but his application for a United States passport (available at [http://www.ancestry.com]) reveals that he did not become a US citizen until 1920.\n* Resta was an Italian-born naturalized Briton.\n* The 1916 race was scheduled for 300 miles.\n* Chevrolet was French-born and held Swiss citizenship. It is uncertain if he became a United States citizen before his death.\n* Corum started the 1924 race in the car. During the race, Boyer took over in relief and drove the car to victory. As a result, the two drivers were declared co-winners.\n* Davis started the 1941 race in the car. During the race, Rose took over in relief and drove the car to victory. As a result, the two drivers were declared co-winners.\n* Robson was born in England, emigrated first to Canada and then to the United States. He became a United States citizen in 1937.\n* Andretti was an Italian-born naturalized American.\n* The 2013 race holds the record for the fastest average speed.\n* Gil de Ferran was French born.\n* Mauri Rose was co-winner with Floyd Davis in 1941.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nDue to the longevity of the Indianapolis 500, numerous traditions surrounding the race have developed over the years. Traditions include procedures for the running of the race, scheduling, and pre-race and post-race festivities. For many fans, these traditions are an important aspect of the race, and they have often reacted quite negatively when the traditions are changed or broken.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nAs part of the Memorial Day holiday weekend, the pre-race ceremonies of the Indianapolis 500 feature several patriotic songs. The most noteworthy and most popular traditions are the annual singing of \"Back Home Again in Indiana,\" and the victory lane bottle of milk.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nMonth of May","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nMemorial Day","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe race has always been scheduled in conjunction with Memorial Day. Through 1970, the race was held on Memorial Day proper (May 30), regardless of the day of the week, unless it fell on Sunday. In those cases it was scheduled for Monday May 31. After the Uniform Monday Holiday Act took effect in 1971, the race was scheduled for Memorial Day weekend instead.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nSundays were avoided for scheduling races dating all the way back to pre-500 races in 1909 and 1910. Sundays were used for practice and qualifying, but used sparingly in pre-WWII years.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*From 1971-1972, the race was scheduled for the Saturday of Memorial Day weekend.\n*In 1973, the race was scheduled for Memorial Day Monday. However, rain delayed it until Wednesday.\n*Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend.\n*The 1986 race was held the weekend after the official federal holiday because of two rainouts. The race was held the following Saturday, May 31, the pre-1971 date of the race if May 30 was a Sunday.\n*The 1997 race was similar to 1973 in having two rain delays, nearly as unique as 1986. It was scheduled for Sunday, May 25, but heavy rain washed out the day. The race began the next day, on Memorial Day (Monday May 26), but rain showers moved back into the area. The race was halted after 15 laps, and could not be restarted. Short of the 101 laps needed for an official race, track officials elected to resume the race on the following day (Tuesday May 27). The race was run to completion, as laps 16-200 were completed on Tuesday.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nArmed Forces Day also falls during the month of May, and usually coincides with one of the weekends of time trials. Since 1978 at the Speedway, that weekend is often filled with activities honoring the U.S. military, including an oath of enlistment ceremony.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nDays and Dates","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nPractice and Qualifying","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*The two to three weeks of practice and qualifying leading up to the race is known in racing circles simply as \"the month of May [at Indianapolis].\" In early years, the track traditionally opened for practice on May 1 (regardless of the day of the week). This practice dated back to 1911. The policy was typically to make the track available for practice no later than May 1, although in most years, few if any competitors would be on the grounds yet. In some years, the track would be available for practice/testing as early as April. For instance, in 1932, cars began to arrive on April 6, and in 1969, the first day of practice was April 28. In very early years, it was not uncommon for the track to be closed on Sunday during practice, or be open for only competitors with the gates were closed to the public. *In 1974, due to the energy crisis, the schedule was reduced, and the track opened instead three weeks before race day. The change was well-received, and the new schedule was made permanent, with various tweaks over the years.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn 2014, the Grand Prix of Indianapolis was added to the schedule as part of \"doubleheader\" of IndyCar Series races on both the infield road course and oval during the month of May.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*The final hour of practice and qualifying each day is referred to as \"Happy Hour.\" Due to the large double-decker grandstands on the frontstretch, large shadows are cast over a good portion of the track, cooling the asphalt surface. A lower ambient air temperature, along with a lower track surface temperature usually translates into faster speeds. Since Indiana began observing Daylight Saving Time in 2006, this phenomenon has been somewhat diminished. *The final practice session before pole day qualifying is nicknamed \"Fast Friday.\" The fastest speeds of the month are commonly observed on Fast Friday, as teams and drivers make their final preparations and look for final \"bragging rights\" before the run for the pole position. Since the current engine formula was adopted in 2012, elevated turbocharger \"boost\" levels have been permitted on Fast Friday, reflecting the increased level allowed during time trials. Drivers who have been \"sandbagging\" during the week may chose to reveal their speed, in an effort to distance themselves from the competition. Sometimes the speeds turned in on Fast Friday are overachieved by the respective drivers' due to a tow.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThough \"Fast Friday\" has been a fixture since the 1950s-1960s, the nickname was not coined until about 1996. Track records set on Fast Friday (as well as other practice sessions) are considered unofficial. The sanctioning body only recognizes speeds set during the officially competitive sessions of qualifying and the race.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*The first day of time trials is referred to as \"Pole Day.\" The fastest qualifier on pole day wins the highly coveted pole position. Over the years, the \"race for the pole\" was often regarded as a race in itself, a speed contest, and was advertised as the second-largest single day sporting event (second only to race day itself). Though crowds have diminished for pole day as of late, and rules changes have curtailed speeds, the nickname \"The Fastest Day in Motorsports\" is still used.\n*The final day of qualifying, when the final starting field is set is known as \"Bump Day\" (or \"Bubble Day\"). Drivers who are removed from the starting grid of 33 by being out-qualified by faster cars are said to have been \"bumped.\" The driver with the slowest speed in the field of 33, the first in line to be bumped, is said to be \"on the bubble.\" Unqualified drivers attempt to bump their way into the field and \"burst the slower driver's bubble.\" Prior to WWII, the term typically used for drivers being knocked out of the field was \"crowded out.\"","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*With the reduced practice time for the 2014 race as part of the overhaul of the month (only four and a half days of practice), a 3 1/2 hour practice after qualifying was added on the Monday after qualifying, should time suffice. In the rare case qualifying cannot be held on Saturday or Sunday, Monday would be used for qualifying according to the INDYCAR rule book. This Monday practice will also feature 2 1/2 hours of Indy Lights testing for the Freedom 100 support race, primarily for the lesser experienced drivers to gain their first laps at the track. *When the final practice session moved from Thursday to Friday in 2005, the Thursday became the practice and qualifying day for the Freedom 100. Three hours of practice, followed by qualifying for the Indy Lights cars, will be the only on-track action, although pit stop practice for INDYCAR teams are also included. *The final practice session before the race, currently held on the Friday before race day, is called \"Carburetion Day\" (shortened to \"Carb Day\" since 2000).","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe name originally came from the fact that it was the final session where teams could tune their carburetors in conditions similar to those that may be encountered on race day. The name has remained despite the fact that no qualified car has used a carburetor since 1963. The day is now similar to most motorsport weekends, as the final practice is now joined by both a pit stop competition among top pit crews and the support series, currently Indy Lights, feature race, Freedom 100, along with a concert at the circuit afterwards. From 1969-1972, Carb Day was held the Wednesday before the race. From 1973 to 2004, Carb Day was held the Thursday before the race. It was moved to Friday beginning in 2005 when the Indy Lights race was moved to this weekend. Prior to 1969, Carb Day was not on a fixed day of the week, instead simply scheduled for a nondescript day midway between the final day of time trials and race day, and was sometimes closed to the public.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nRadio","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe longtime flagship of the IMS Radio Network is WFNI AM 1070 (formerly 1070 WIBC). The network dates back to 1952, and was initially launched using WIBC talent. Since the late 1960s and early 1970s, the station has featured extensive daily coverage of practice, qualifications, as well as pre-race and post-race coverage on race day.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nSince 1971, the most popular and most traditional daily show during the month of May has been Donald Davidson's The Talk of Gasoline Alley.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nConcerts","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nSince 1998, a concert featuring a top act(s) have been held the weekend of the race. Numerous other local bands, indie bands, garage bands, and smaller musical acts perform at other times during the month on days featuring track activity. Since 1998, a headlining concert has been held on Carb Day. Starting in 2014, a second headlining concert has been held on Legends Day.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe performers have been as follows:\n*1998: Hamilton Brothers\n*1999: Lorrie Morgan and Sammy Kershaw\n*2000: Smash Mouth\n*2001: Collective Soul\n*2002: Better Than Ezra (Nine Days opened)\n*2003: Cracker (Kenny Bräck and the Subwoofers opened)\n*2004: Live (Kenny Bräck and the Subwoofers opened)\n*2005: The Black Crowes (22-20s opened)\n*2006: The B-52's & Third Eye Blind\n*2007: Kid Rock\n*2008: Stone Temple Pilots\n*2009: 3 Doors Down\n*2010: ZZ Top\n*2011: Staind & Papa Roach \n*2012: Lynyrd Skynyrd\n*2013: Poison\n*2014 (Carb Day): Sammy Hagar and The Wabos, Sublime with Rome\n*2014 (Legends Day): Jason Aldean\n*2015 (Carb Day): 38 Special, O.A.R., Jane's Addiction\n*2015 (Legends Day): Florida Georgia Line, Thomas Rhett, Frankie Ballard\n*2015 (July 4): The Rolling Stones (Zip Code Tour), Rascal Flatts\n*2016 (Carb Day): Journey\n*2016 (Legends Day): Corey Cox, Chris Janson, Blake Shelton","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nLast Row Party","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nA few days before the race, the \"Last Row Party\" has been held for charity since 1972. It is a scholarship benefit organized by the Indianapolis Press Club Foundation, and is usually held the Thursday evening or Friday evening before the race. Currently it is held at one of the suites in the Pagoda, and previously it was held at the Speedway Motel. The event is conducted as a roast for the final three qualifiers in the 500, who will be starting on the eleventh and final row (positions 31, 32, and 33). Due to the complex qualifying procedure for the race, these three drivers are usually, but not always, the slowest three cars in the field. Like Mr. Irrelevant, many of these drivers are often obscure, but seven former or eventual race winners have participated in the honor at some time during their career.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn addition to being on the receiving end of numerous good-natured jokes and jabs, the three drivers are presented with a special jacket, various gifts, and checks for 31¢, 32¢, and 33¢, respectively. The group becomes known as the \"11th Row Society\", an enjoys apéritif, cocktails, and hors d'oeuvre with attendees. Later they may sign autographs and pose for pictures, in what is generally a fun and laid-back environment. The emcee for the event is usually a media figure, and past hosts include Bob Jenkins, Robin Miller, Jack Arute, Dave Wilson, and Laura Steele. The 2015 and 2016 co-emcees were Curt Cavin (Indianapolis Star) and Chris Hagen (WXIN). The 2013 reception was not held but a brief ceremony was held on Carb Day to recognize the honorees.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nRecent honorees include:\n*2012: Bryan Clauson, Simona de Silvestro, Jean Alesi\n*2013: Conor Daly, Buddy Lazier, Katherine Legge\n*2014: Sage Karam, Sebastián Saavedra, Buddy Lazier\n*2015: Bryan Clauson, Ryan Briscoe, James Davison \n*2016: Jack Hawksworth, Buddy Lazier, Alex Tagliani","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nPublic Drivers Meeting / Legends Day","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe day before the race, a ceremonial drivers meeting is held at the track, which is open to the public, and is popularly attended. This tradition dates back many decades. During the meeting, the 33 starting drivers are presented with their starter's ring and various awards and trophies are handed out (such as trophies from the previous year's race, qualifying awards, lifetime achievement awards, etc.) The drivers are usually seated on a platform situated in the eleven rows of three, and numerous other celebrities and special guests may be honored or give remarks. Rules clarifications, instructions for the race, and other pertinent information is also discussed in the open forum. Drivers who can not attend due to scheduling conflicts (e.g., participating in another race) will usually have another team member of family member participate on their behalf.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThis drivers meeting is separate from the official drivers meeting, organized by race stewards. That meeting, held the morning of the race, is strictly closed to the public and the media.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nStarting in 1998, the days leading up to the race have included ceremonies and activities honoring former drivers. In some years, each day during the week would have a featured Indy legend, and might feature the driver taking ceremonial laps around the track in one of his winning race cars, or in a pace car. Other years utilized Opening Day as an opportunity to honor Indy legends. In addition, the day before the race was expanded to include an autograph session featuring the 33 starting drivers, former drivers, Q&A sessions, car displays, a \"fanfest\" midway, a memorabilia show, and other festivities. Starting 2011, the events of the day before the race have been officially themed \"Legends Day,\" and features a designated honoree.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nLegends Day Honorees\n*1998: \"Parade of Champions\" (Parnelli Jones, Bobby Unser, Gordon Johncock, Johnny Rutherford, Al Unser, Tom Sneva)\n*1999: \"Legends of the Speedway\" (Rodger Ward, A. J. Watson, Johnny Rutherford, Jim Rathmann, Lloyd Ruby)\n*2000: \"Legends of the Speedway\" (Joe Leonard, Duke Nalon, Emerson Fittipaldi, Rick Mears, Mario Andretti, Andy Granatelli)\n*2001: \"Salute to cars\" (Indy 500 winning cars from 1911, 1922, 1931, 1951, 1961, and the 1968 Wedge Turbine)\n*2003: \"Back-to-Back Winners\" (Wilbur Shaw, Mauri Rose, Bill Vukovich, Al Unser, Helio Castroneves)\n*2006: \"Andretti Opening Day\" (Mario, Michael, and Marco celebrating three generations of the Andretti family at Indy)\n*2007: \"A. J. Foyt Opening Day\" (Celebrating 50th year of A. J. Foyt participating at Indianapolis).\n*2008: \"Unser Opening Day\" (Al Sr., Al Jr., Robby, Johnny, and Al III, celebrating the Unser family at Indy) \n*2011: \"Legends Day\" with A. J. Foyt\n*2012: \"Legends Day\" with Roger Penske\n*2013: \"Legends Day\" with Parnelli Jones \n*2014: \"Legends Day\" with Mario Andretti\n*2015: \"Legends Day\" with Al Unser, Sr.\n*2016: \"Legends Day\" Honoring Champions of the 500","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n500 Festival Parade","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe [http://www.500festival.com/ 500 Festival] is a non-profit organization founded in 1957 to organize various civic events in the city of Indianapolis leading up to the race. The two largest events are the OneAmerica 500 Festival Mini-Marathon in early May, and the 500 Festival Parade the day before the race. Other events include \"Community Day\" at the track and the annual Snake Pit Ball, a black tie socialite gathering downtown.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn many years, the parade grand marshal has been a celebrity with ties to Indiana or the Indianapolis area, particularly Indianapolis-area sports figures. In many cases, the grand marshal of the parade is also honored during pre-race festivities on race morning. The organizing committee boast the parade as one of the largest in the nation. The grand marshals for the annual parade have been as follows:","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*1957 Lt. Gen. G. W. Arnold\n*1958 Shirley MacLaine\n*1959\n*1960 Gen. David M. Shoup, Indiana native, Medal of Honor receipient, 22nd USMC Commandant\n*1961 Lt. Gen. Joe W. Kelly, Indiana native, DFC receipient, 5th MATS Commander\n*1962 Gen. Herbert B. Powell\n*1963 Lt. Gen. Charles G. Dodge, Commanding General 5th U.S Army, Ft Sheridan, Illinois\n*1964\n*1965 James Stewart\n*1966 Walter Cronkite\n*1967 Lorne Greene, Dan Blocker, Michael Landon\n*1968 Ambassadors from Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador\n*1969 Manuel Fraga Iribarne\n*1970 Edie Adams\n*1971 George W. Romney, John Arthur Love, Carl Stokes\n*1972 Phil Harris\n*1973 James H. Kasler\n*1974 Mickey Mouse\n*1975 Peter DePaolo, winner 1925 Indianapolis 500 (driver); winner 1935 Indianapolis 500 (team owner)\n*1976 Tony Hulman & Bob Hope\n*1977 William Hanna & Joseph Barbera\n*1978 Roy Clark\n*1979 Gerald Ford\n*1980 Mike Douglas\n*1981 Joyce DeWitt (grew up in Speedway, Indiana, graduated from Speedway Senior High School)\n*1982 Merlin Olsen\n*1983 Joseph P. Allen (Crawfordsville, Indiana native)\n*1984 David Hasselhoff\n*1985 Mickey Mouse\n*1986 Jerry L.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nRoss\n*1987 Mario Vázquez Raña\n*1988 Jim Davis & Garfield (Davis is a native and lifelong resident of Indiana) \n*1989 Gene Autry\n*1990 Dan Quayle (sitting Vice President of the United States, an Indiana native)\n*1991 A. J. Foyt & Mary Fendrich Hulman (Foyt was planning to retire after the 1991 race, but recanted); General Norman Schwarzkopf was designated the grand marshal of the race itself. *1992 Mickey & Minnie\n*1993 Larry Bird (Indiana native)\n*1994 Mario Andretti & Bonnie Blair (Andretti was retiring at season's end, and 1994 would be his final Indy 500)\n*1995 A. J. Foyt, Rick Mears, Al Unser, Sr.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n(the three four-time Indy 500 winners)\n*1996 Jim Davis & Garfield\n*1997 Cam Cameron, Bob Davie, Joe Tiller (at the time the head coaches of the state's three Division I-A college football programs)\n*1998 David Wolf (Indianapolis native)\n*1999 Medal of Honor Recipients\n*2000 Jim Nabors\n*2001 Five Public Safety Agencies of Indianapolis\n*2002 Jim Caviezel\n*2003 Wynonna Judd\n*2004 Jane Pauley (Indianapolis native)\n*2005 Reggie Miller (retired after an 18-year NBA career, spent entirely with the Indiana Pacers, days earlier)\n*2006 Lance Armstrong (this was before the 2012 doping scandal)\n*2007 Peyton Manning (won Super Bowl XLI MVP with Indianapolis Colts)\n*2008 Patricia Heaton\n*2009 Dick Vitale\n*2010 Butler University Men's Basketball Team\n*2011 Anderson Cooper \n*2012 Olivia Newton-John \n*2013 Indiana Fever (defending WNBA champions)\n*2014 Jim Nabors (celebrating Nabors' final 500 performance of \"Back Home Again in Indiana\")\n*2015 Members of 1955 Crispus Attucks High School State Champion basketball team and cheerleaders\n*2016 Emma Stumpf","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nTrack lore","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe atmosphere at the track during the month of May and on race day has long been a source of traditions.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nGasoline Alley","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe garage area at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is known as \"Gasoline Alley.\" The nickname dates back to the early decades of the race, and for a time, referred specifically to a particular spot in the back where cars would refuel. Though the exact origin of the name is unclear, it may be loosely linked the eponymous comic strip. Later, the nickname was used for the main corridor of the garage area, and eventually was used colloquially for the entire garage complex. The use of gasoline at the Indy 500 was phased out in favor of methanol beginning in 1965 (and later ethanol in 2006), but the nickname nonetheless remained. Gasoline was not used again at Indy until NASCAR arrived for the Brickyard 400 in 1994.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe original Gasoline Alley consisted of two banks of garages, running east-west. The original garages were known for their signature green and white barn doors, and had a nostalgic quaintness admired by participants and fans. A fire swept through the garage area on the morning of the 1941 race, and burned down a significant portion of the south bank of garages. They were replaced, and eventually the complex expanded to 88 stalls. As the sport grew, and the cars and teams became larger and more sophisticated, work space was increasingly limited in the garages. Amenities were simple, corridors were heavily congested, and by the 1980s, the cars and teams had outgrown the aging facility.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nFollowing the 1985 race, the original Gasoline Alley garage area was torn down and replaced with a state-of-the-art, multimillion dollar garage complex. The nickname \"Gasoline Alley\" remained when the new complex opened in 1986. In 2000, an additional bank of garages was constructed along the mainstretch, in preparations for the U.S. Grand Prix. Although the pitside garages are used now for the Crown Royal 400 for NASCAR inspection and top teams for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series (lower teams and the Xfinity Series teams use Gasoline Alley), and other various uses, they are specifically not considered part of Gasoline Alley.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe Snake Pit","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe infield of the track in the vicinity of turn one was known as the \"Snake Pit.\" Long known for a reputation of rowdiness, heavy alcohol consumption, bikers, streaking, flashing, and an overall Woodstock/Mardi Gras-esque atmosphere, the Snake Pit was a popular location for college-age fans to spend time at the track, many of whom had little or no interest in the actual racing activities. Like the infield at the Kentucky Derby, the Snake Pit was often considered a rite of spring, and an excuse to party with abandon. Arrests for public intoxication, disorderly conduct, fights, and drug possession were frequent and common.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn periods of rain, the area usually became overwhelmed with mud, and mud wrestling was commonly observed. Bonfires and burned cars were also noted.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn 1980, a fatality occurred in the area after a Jeep flipped over. Around that time, track management decided to take steps to curtail the revelry. For the 1981 race, bleachers were erected in the turn one infield. In addition, capital improvements that included the new Gasoline Alley, a place for competitors to park motor homes, new support buildings, new restroom buildings, and other changes to the site, deliberately scaled back the size of the area. As a result, for the better part of the 1980s, the patrons migrated to the infield of turn four, and the less-intense Snake Pit II emerged. By the 1990s, the intensity of the rowdiness had dropped substantially, due largely in part to third-generation management at the Speedway (Tony George) and beefed up law enforcement. The Snake Pit eventually became more of a festive party zone, and by the end of the 20th century, almost disappeared completely.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe turn four infield was razed in 1999 to make room for the infield road course. The race day party scene migrated again, this time to its current location, the turn three infield. Later, the original turn one location was also razed to make room for road course modifications, a section sometimes referred to as the \"Snake Pit\" section. In 2010, the turn three infield was officially named the New Snake Pit, and began to be embraced and officially marketed by management. On race day, a concert stage is erected, and popular music acts and DJ's perform to entertain the infield crowd in a controlled and festive environment. For 2014, the Snake Pit section of the road course will be part of the Grand Prix of Indianapolis, the first time cars have used the Snake Pit section in competition (motorcycles have used it since 2008).","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nCoke Lot","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nSimilar to the aforementioned \"Snake Pit,\" the Coke Lot which is located outside the track, is the most noteworthy and popular camping location on the grounds of the Speedway. Officially designated Lot 1C, it has been nicknamed the \"Coke Lot\" for decades due to the presence of a Coca-Cola bottling plant located on an adjacent property.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe lot is an open field situated just to the northwest of the track, outside of turn 4 of the oval, off of Georgetown Road. Long known for intense revelry and all-night partying (particularly on the night before the race), the Coke Lot is a festive area and party scene for RVs and campers, as well as tent campers. The lot typically opens a few days before the race and allows fans to stay through the entire race weekend.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nWhile the Coke Lot is the most notorious camping area, several other camping lots are also situated around the vicinity of the Speedway, some focusing on family-friendly environments, while others are considered premium lot for high-end RV'ers.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn years past, another camping area called the \"North 40\" (named due to its size of approximately 40 acres) was another scene of intense overnight revelry. In the 1970s, its revelry surpassed that of the Coke Lot. Located directly north of the track off of 30th Street, in close proximity to the Speedway's golf course, and backed up against a neighborhood of homes, it is no longer used for camping. Currently it is only utilized for daytime car parking, and employee parking. During its peak, security had to begin using giant searchlights to keep North 40 campers from illegally wandering onto the golf course property late into the night.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nFood","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nA traditional food of choice at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is the pork tenderloin sandwich. The sandwich is a well-known midwestern creation, and is sold at the track concessions.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nBeer (largely domestic) is consumed in considerable amounts at the track. Unlike most sports stadiums and arenas, at Indianapolis (and most speedways), spectators are allowed to bring their own alcoholic beverages into the track for consumption. Beer is also sold at concessions. Glass bottles, however, are strictly prohibited at the track. Broken glass is considered an extreme hazard to the race cars (cut tires) on the track.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nPeanuts are considered bad luck. An ambiguous, long-standing superstition against eating peanuts at the race track has dominated Indianapolis dating back to at least the 1940s. Legend says, though unconfirmed, that a crashed car was found with peanut shells in the cockpit. As of 2009, however, peanuts are sold at trackside concessions, and the myth has lost a lot of its following.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nFrom the mid-1960s until her death in 1975, Mary Catherine \"Mom\" Unser (mother of Jerry, Bobby, and Al) was a well-known fixture at the race. She became famous for her spicy chili. Each year, she would treat the participants to a cook-out in the garage area.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nCurse of the Smiths","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nAmong the over 756 drivers who have participated in the Indy 500, none have had the last name Smith, the most common surname in the United States. Several Smiths have attempted to make the race, the last being Mark Smith who failed to qualify in 1993 and 1994, despite finishing 5th at the Michigan Superspeedway in a 1994 CART race. By contrast there have been seven different drivers with the last name Jones, and four with the last name Johnson.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nOnly two drivers with the surname Smith have ever competed at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, albeit in different events. Regan Smith has driven in the Brickyard 400 from 2008 until 2013, and has been a regular in the Lilly Diabetes 250. Motorcyclist Bradley Smith has competed in the Red Bull Indianapolis GP in either the 125 cc, Moto2, & MotoGP classes since 2008. Neither driver has won any of the events at Indianapolis. Regan has come in 3rd in the 2011 Brickyard 400, and is currently a competitive driver for JR Motorsports; while Bradley finishes 2nd in the 2009 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix when he is still racing in the 125cc class, and is currently competing in the MotoGP class with Monster Yamaha Tech 3 team.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nA German language translation of Smith has participated, with Sam Schmidt making three starts.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nPre race ceremonies","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*At 6 a.m., and in some years as early as 5 a.m., an explosive is set off to signal the opening of the gates. *At 8 a.m., the \"Parade of Bands\" marches around the racing circuit. Numerous marching bands from nearby and neighboring high schools and universities entertain the early arriving fans. This tradition dates back to 1922, and celebrated its 90th anniversary in 2015. Most of the bands in attendance also participate in the 500 Festival Parade downtown the day before. Traditional participants include the Purdue All-American Marching Band (along with the World's Largest Drum which is driven around the track) and Speedway High School. *The Purdue University All-American Marching Band plays several pre-race songs, including \"On the Banks of the Wabash\" and \"Stars and Stripes Forever.\"\n*In 1991, and in most years since about 2002, a special military appreciation lap has been held. Military personnel who have recently returned from active service overseas are honored in a parade around the track. In 1991, hundred of troops who had returned from Operation Desert Storm marched around the course on race morning. In the 2000s, troops (namely from Iraq and Afghanistan) have been paraded around in trucks and saluted by fans.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*About an hour or two before the race, there is a parade around the track (typically in convertible festival cars) of the 500 Festival Queen and her court of 500 Festival Princesses. Likewise, a similar parade of former race winners, celebrities in attendance, and other VIPs is conducted. *In many years, a ceremonial lap of vintage race cars and/or vintage pace cars is conducted. In some cases, the original drivers (or surviving relatives) are behind the wheel. *Starting in 2016, a new tradition was introduced, the \"march to the bricks.\" The Borg-Warner Trophy is paraded through the infield to the start/finish line. *Finally, driver introductions take place. They are usually in reverse starting order with the front row being introduced last. This is followed by the drivers being paraded around the track similar to the Festival Queen, her court, and other VIPs.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe pre-race ceremonies usually go in the following order:\n* Invocation\n* \"Taps\"\n* \"America the Beautiful\" and \"God Bless America\"\n* \"The Star-Spangled Banner\"\n* \"Back Home Again in Indiana\" accompanied by a balloon release\n* Starting command","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nGrand Marshal","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn some years, a Grand marshal has been named for the race. The duties of the grand marshal may include greeting drivers and dignitaries during pre-race ceremonies, delivering the \"drivers to your cars\" message, and riding in the pace car. This person may or may not be the same grand marshal as the 500 Festival Parade. Unlike other races, the grand marshall does not give the starting command.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*1991 - Norman Schwarzkopf\n*2015 - Nastia Liukin\n*2016 - Florence Henderson","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nNational anthem","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe Star-Spangled Banner has been performed before the start of the Indy 500 in most years. Up through the 1970s and early 1980s, the song was typically played by the Purdue All-American Marching Band without a vocalist. However, in some rare occasions, a vocalist was used. In 1976, Tom Sullivan and Up with People were invited to sing, as a gesture to the U.S. Bicentennial.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nBy the mid-1980s, the Speedway began inviting notable artists to perform the national anthem. In nearly all cases, they would be backed by the Purdue Band. In 1983, James A. Hubert flubbed the lyrics. He omitted the line \"O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?\" and instead repeated the second line \"What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming\", stumbling on the word \"twilight\" the second time around.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nAfter the national anthem is performed, the public address announcer gives the command \"Drivers, to your cars!\"","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn 2001, Steven Tyler of Aerosmith caused a controversy after he changed the lyrics of the song. Recent performers include:","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*1965 - Purdue Band\n*1966 - Purdue Band\n*1967 - Purdue Band\n*1968 - Purdue Band\n*1969 - Purdue Band\n*1970 - Al Hirt (trumpet solo)\n*1971 - Purdue Band\n*1972 - Purdue Band\n*1973 - Purdue Band\n*1974 - Purdue Band\n*1975 - Purdue Band\n*1976 - Tom Sullivan and Up with People\n*1977 - Purdue Band\n*1978 - Purdue Band\n*1979 - Purdue Band\n*1980 - Purdue Band\n*1981 - Purdue Band\n*1982 - Louis Sudler\n*1983 - James A. Hubert\n*1984\n*1985 - Robert McFarlin\n*1986 - David Hasselhoff\n*1987 - Sandi Patty\n*1988 - Sandi Patty\n*1989 - Tom Hudnut (brother of Indianapolis mayor Bill Hudnut)\n*1990 - Sandi Patty\n*1991 - Sandi Patty\n*1992 - Sandi Patty and the Voices of Liberty\n*1993 - Florence Henderson\n*1994 - Florence Henderson\n*1995 - Florence Henderson\n*1996 - Florence Henderson\n*1997 - Florence Henderson\n*1998 - Elizabeth Burch\n*1999 - CeCe Winans\n*2000 - Jessica Andrews\n*2001 - Steven Tyler\n*2002 - Josephine Holmon (West Point cadet)\n*2003 - Daniel Rodríguez\n*2004 - Jessica Simpson\n*2005 - Members of U.S. Armed Forces\n*2006 - Members of U.S. Armed Forces\n*2007 - Members of U.S.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nArmed Forces\n*2008 - Julianne Hough\n*2009 - Major Lisa Kopczynski (Indiana National Guard)\n*2010 - Jewel\n*2011 - Seal and Kelly Clarkson, accompanied by David Foster on piano. *2012 - Martina McBride\n*2013 - Sandi Patty\n*2014 - LeAnn Rimes\n*2015 - Jordin Sparks\n*2016 - Darius Rucker","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nOther songs","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn most years since 1991, the song \"America the Beautiful\" or \"God Bless America\" has been performed by Florence Henderson and others. Henderson, a native Hoosier, is a friend of the Hulman-George family that owns the Speedway. Her performance, usually not televised, precedes the national anthem. The performance of \"America the Beautiful\" was introduced for the race's 75th anniversary running in 1991, in part due to Operation Desert Storm. Henderson switched to the national anthem for 1993–1997, then resumed \"America the Beautiful\" in 1999. In 2003, her performance was switched to \"God Bless America,\" which became more popular in the post-9/11 era.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nBy 2009, \"America the Beautiful\" was re-added to the ceremonies, with a different artist each year. In 1999, Lee Greenwood did a special performance of \"God Bless the USA\", and in 2003, Darryl Worley performed \"Have You Forgotten?\".","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n\"America the Beautiful\"","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*1991 - Florence Henderson\n*1992 - Florence Henderson\n*1993—1998 - none\n*1999 - Florence Henderson\n*2000 - Florence Henderson\n*2001 - Florence Henderson\n*2002 - Florence Henderson\n*2003—2008 - none\n*2009 - Miss America 2009 Katie Stam\n*2010 - Major Lisa Kopczynski (Indiana National Guard)\n*2011 - Miss America 2011 Teresa Scanlan\n*2012 - Specialist Ron Walker\n*2013 - Lindsey Kraner [http://www.kpcnews.com/news/latest/newssun/article_73174946-2579-5e3e-bb37-9d1b68a4a473.html]\n*2014 - Martina McBride\n*2015 - Danielle Bradbery","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n\"God Bless America\"","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*2003 - Florence Henderson\n*2004 - Florence Henderson\n*2005 - Florence Henderson\n*2006 - Florence Henderson\n*2007 - Florence Henderson\n*2008 - Florence Henderson\n*2009 - Florence Henderson\n*2010 - Florence Henderson\n*2011 - Florence Henderson\n*2012 - Florence Henderson\n*2013 - Jon McLaughlin\n*2014 - Florence Henderson\n*2015 - Florence Henderson\n*2016 - Indianapolis Children's Choir","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nInvocation","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nStarting in 1974, the Indy 500 was moved to the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. As a gesture, the Speedway added an invocation to the pre-race ceremonies. Since 1978 (except in 1999), the Speedway has invited a representative of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis. In selected years, others have been invited including nationally famous clergymen Oral Roberts and Billy Graham.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe Most Reverend Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara participated several times until his death in early 1992. Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein took over as the traditional clergy in 1993. Buechlein customarily ended his invocation with the word \"Godspeed\" in the languages of all of the participating drivers. In 2011, Buechlein fell ill, and resigned from the archdiocese. Since 2011, new Archbishop Joe Tobin, or Auxiliary bishop Christopher J. Coyne has delivered the invocation.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*1974: Rev. Ray Montgomery\n*1975: Rev. Ray Montgomery\n*1976: Rev. Ray Montgomery\n*1977: Oral Roberts\n*1978: \n*1979: Rev. James Bonke\n*1980: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\n*1981: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\n*1982: Rev. James Bonke\n*1983: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\n*1984: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\n*1985: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\n*1986: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\n*1987: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\n*1988: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\n*1989: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\n*1990: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\n*1991: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\n*1992: Father Michael Welch\n*1993: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*1994: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*1995: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*1996: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*1997: Vicar general Joseph F. Schaedel\n*1998: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*1999: Billy Graham\n*2000: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*2001: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*2002: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*2003: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*2004: Monsignor Joseph F. Schaedel\n*2005: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*2006: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*2007: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*2008: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*2009: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\n*2010: Monsignor Joseph F. Schaedel\n*2011: Auxiliary bishop Christopher J. Coyne\n*2012: Auxiliary bishop Christopher J. Coyne\n*2013: Archbishop Joseph William Tobin\n*2014: Auxiliary bishop Christopher J. Coyne\n*2015: Archbishop Joseph William Tobin\n*2016: Archbishop Joseph William Tobin","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nTaps","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn remembrance of Memorial Day, \"Taps\" is played, and a U.S. military aircraft does a fly-by. In some years, multiple aircraft participate, executing the missing man formation. Traditionally, a member of the public address announcing team recited a preamble honoring those who have died in combat, and those who have perished in automobile racing. The preamble dated back to at least 1965. Jim Philippe recited the preamble until he died in 2003. Dave Calabro said it in 2006, and Jerry Baker reprised it in 2012. Since 2000, a notable military or government official has also offered a tribute or remarks.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe traditional preamble goes as follows:","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn the 1960s and 1970s, \"Taps\" was typically rendered by a combined U.S. Armed Forces Color Guard. Then from the about 1980 through 2005, it was usually played by the full Purdue Band. Since 2006, it has been a trumpet solo. In 2016, the trumpeter moved from the trackside victory podium to the starter's stand on the mainstretch.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nRendering of \"Taps\"\n*1960: Combined U.S. Armed Forces color guard\n*1964-1977: Combined U.S. Armed Forces color guard\n*1980: Purdue Brass Quartet\n*1983-1984: Purdue Band\n*1985: Combined U.S. Armed Forces color guard\n*1986: Ron Blomberg & Robert A. Nixon (74th Army Band of Fort Benjamin Harrison)\n*1987-1996 - Purdue Band\n*1997 - Larry Wiseman\n*1998-2005 - Purdue Band\n*2006-2008 - Sgt. [http://www.byronbartosh.com/ Byron Bartosh] (Indiana National Guard)\n*2009-2010 - Sgt. Joseph Young (Indiana National Guard)\n*2011-2016 - SSG Ron Duncan (38th Infantry Division Army National Guard Band)","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nRemarks","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*2000 - U. S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen\n*2001 - General James L. Jones\n*2003 - General Jack Keane\n*2004 - General William J. Begert\n*2005 - General Colin Powell (former United States Secretary of State)\n*2006 - General Colin Powell (former United States Secretary of State)\n*2007 - General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.\n*2008 - General Victor E. Renuart Jr.\n*2009 - General Craig R. McKinley followed by a 3-volley salute\n*2010 - Rear admiral John W. Miller followed by a 3-volley salute\n*2011 - General Peter W. Chiarelli followed by a 3-volley salute\n*2012 - Admiral James A. Winnefeld, Jr. followed by a 3-volley salute\n*2013 - Colonel Jack H. Jacobs followed by a 3-volley salute\n*2014 - General Frank J. Grass followed by a 3-volley salute\n*2015 - General Dennis L. Via followed by a 3-volley salute\n*2016 - Lieutenant General Joseph Anderson followed by a 3-volley salute, and tribute to Pearl Harbor Survivors","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nFly-bys","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*1991 - Four A-10s\n*1992 - The \"Black Aces\"\n*1994 - Four P-51 Mustangs, led by Chuck Yeager\n*1995 - B-17 Flying Fortress, led by Chuck Yeager\n*1996 - Four F/A-18 Hornets (Marine Aircraft Group 31)\n*1997 - Stealth Bomber\n*1999 - Stealth Bomber & four F-14 Tomcats\n*2000 - Two AV-8B Harrier IIs\n*2001 - Four F-16s, \"The Racers\" (181st Fighter Wing, Indiana Air National Guard)\n*2002 - Stealth Bomber \"Spirit of Washington\" (509th Bomb Wing, Whiteman Air Force Base)\n*2003 - Stealth Bomber \"Spirit of Indiana\" (509th Bomb Wing, Whiteman Air Force Base)\n*2004 - Four F-16s, \"The Black Snakes\" (122d Fighter Wing, Air National Guard)\n*2005 - Stealth Bomber\n*2006 - Historic Aircraft & four F-16s\n*2007 - Four F-22 Raptors (Langley AFB)\n*2008 - Two F-16 Vipers & two F/A-18 Hornets (Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center)\n*2009 - Two WWII B-25 Mitchell bombers\n*2010 - Four F/A-18 Hornets (Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center)\n*2011\n**Pre-race - Stealth Bomber \"Spirit of Indiana\" (509th Bomb Wing, Whiteman Air Force Base)\n**Post-race - Four F/A-18E Super Hornets\n*2012 - A-10 Thunderbolt \"Warthog\", F-16 Fighting Falcon, two P-51 Mustangs.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*2013 - One WWII North American B-25 Mitchell \"Axis Nightmare\" (Tri-State Warbird Museum) and five North American T-6 Texan trainer aircraft\n*2014 - Black Diamond Jet Team\n*2015 - Two A-10s\n*2016 - Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless and a P-51 Mustang; both aircraft are from the Commemorative Air Force. Also, two F/A-18E Super Hornets from VFA-81 and two EA-18G Growlers from VAQ-139.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n\"Back Home Again in Indiana\"","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe most traditional performance is the singing of \"Back Home Again in Indiana\". Jim Nabors, accompanied by the Purdue Marching Band, notably performed the song in most years from 1972-2014. During the line \"...the new mown hay...\" thousands of multicolored balloons are released from an infield tent. This tradition has accompanied the race since 1946. Racers stay in their cars during the entire song. The song has long been the last event in the order of the day, immediately preceding the command to start engines.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe song, which was first published in 1917, is reported to have been first played at the race in 1919. A trackside brass band played the song as Indiana-born Howdy Wilcox was finishing the final laps to victory.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn 1997, the race was rained out on Sunday, and the start was rescheduled for Monday. Nabors (as well as the Purdue band), had left the grounds by Monday morning. Rather than find a last-minute replacement, Nabors suggested that the Speedway utilize a recording of one of his previous performances. The Speedway replayed his 1993 rendition, and it was well received by the fans. Two days before the 2007 race, Nabors canceled his appearance due to an illness. On race morning, Nabors recorded a special video greeting to the fans from his Hawaii home, which was streamed over the internet. Fans were invited to sing along with the Purdue band, and a \"get well soon\" message was displayed for Nabors. In 2008, Nabors made a well-received return, and received a standing ovation at the public driver meeting.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nNabors again missed the race in 2012 due to an illness. This time, the Speedway sent a television crew to his home in Maui, and recorded a performance that was played on the video boards on race morning. In March 2014, Nabors announced that the 2014 race would be his final performance. The Speedway announced on December 22, 2014 that Straight No Chaser, started by former Indiana University students, will perform the song for the 2015 race.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*1946 - James Melton\n*1947 - James Melton\n*1948 - James Melton\n*1949 - Frank Parish\n*1950 - James Melton\n*1951 - Frank Parish\n*1952 - Morton Downey, Sr.\n*1953 - Morton Downey, Sr.\n*1954 - James Melton\n*1955 - Dinah Shore\n*1956 - Brian Sullivan\n*1957 - Jerome Hines & Purdue Band\n*1958 - Brian Sullivan\n*1959 - Purdue University Glee Club\n*1960 - Dennis Morgan\n*1961 - Mel Tormé\n*1962 - C. David Cochard (Purdue Varsity Glee Club)\n*1963 - Brian Sullivan\n*1964 - Vic Damone\n*1965 - Johnny Desmond\n*1966 - Ed Ames (music and stage actor)\n*1967 - Russell J. Wunderlich (Purdue Varsity Glee Club)\n*1968 - Richard O. Plothow (Purdue Varsity Glee Club)\n*1969 - Mack H. Shultz (Purdue Varsity Glee Club)\n*1970 - Saverio Saridis\n*1971 - Peter DePaolo\n*1972 - Jim Nabors\n*1973 - Jim Nabors\n*1974 - Jim Nabors\n*1975 - Jim Nabors\n*1976 - Jim Nabors\n*1977 - Jim Nabors\n*1978 - Jim Nabors\n*1979 - Peter Marshall\n*1980 - Dr. Richard Smith (Purdue Varsity Glee Club)\n*1981 - Phil Harris","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*1982 - Louis Sudler (Chicago Civic Opera)\n*1983 - Jim Nabors\n*1984 - Jim Nabors\n*1985 - Walt Disney World Voices of Liberty, conducted by Mickey Mouse\n*1986 - John S. Davies (Artist in residence, Indianapolis Opera) & the 74th Army Band of Fort Benjamin Harrison\n*1987 - Jim Nabors\n*1988 - Jim Nabors\n*1989 - Jim Nabors\n*1990 - Jim Nabors\n*1991 - Jim Nabors\n*1992 - Jim Nabors\n*1993 - Jim Nabors\n*1994 - Jim Nabors\n*1995 - Jim Nabors\n*1996 - Jim Nabors\n*1997 - Jim Nabors (via recording)\n*1998 - Jim Nabors\n*1999 - Jim Nabors\n*2000 - Jim Nabors\n*2001 - Jim Nabors\n*2002 - Jim Nabors\n*2003 - Jim Nabors\n*2004 - Jim Nabors\n*2005 - Jim Nabors\n*2006 - Jim Nabors\n*2007 - 300,000 race fans & Purdue Band\n*2008 - Jim Nabors\n*2009 - Jim Nabors\n*2010 - Jim Nabors\n*2011 - Jim Nabors\n*2012 - Jim Nabors (via videotape from Hawaii)\n*2013 - Jim Nabors\n*2014 - Jim Nabors (his final performance)\n*2015 - Straight No Chaser\n*2016 - Josh Kaufman & Indianapolis Children's Choir","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nStarting command","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe call for the engines to start is made by stating \"Gentlemen, start your engines!\" When female drivers are competing, the call has been amended to \"Lady and Gentlemen...\" or \"Ladies and Gentlemen...\"","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nThe exact origin of the phrase is unclear, and there have been several conflicting accounts of who was the first to recite it, and what the exact wording of it was. Prior to WWII, it was commonplace for an aerial bomb to signal the start of the engines. Seth Kline was the official starter of the \"500\" from 1925-1926 & 1934-1953. Kline is thought to have made an informal \"Gentlemen, start your motors!\" command as early as 1948 to accompany the bomb. The first documented case was in 1950, and that was recited by prolific public address announcer John Francis \"Irish\" Horan. Kline was again reported as saying it in 1951, (though some report it was Horan) Either Kline or Horan said it again in 1952. It was around that time the command was changed from \"...motors!\" to \"...engines!\" The participants and officials alike, preferred the more technical term \"engines\" to describe their machines. Sid Collins stated that chief steward Harlan Fengler explained to him \"there are no motors in the race, just engines.\"","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nWilbur Shaw, president of the Speedway from 1946–1954, was believed to be the person who coined the phrase, and it was erroneously claimed in his autobiography that he recited it in all the post-WWII years until his death. Speedway historian Donald Davidson, however, believes Shaw only recited it twice, in 1953 and 1954.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nAfter Shaw's death, Tony Hulman started reciting the command, and made it popular and famous. The normally soft-spoken and shy Hulman had a proud and vociferous version of the command annually. After Hulman's death in 1977, his widow Mary F. Hulman or his daughter, Mari Hulman George has done the honor.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn 1977, Janet Guthrie became the first female driver to qualify for the Indy 500. Controversy surrounded the command, because the Speedway management did not want to alter the traditional phrase. During the week before the race, the management announced that they would not change the wording of the command. Looking for an excuse, they insisted that the cars were actually started by male crew members with an electric hand-held starter from behind the car. Guthrie and her crew were quite displeased by the stubbornness of the Speedway management, considering her unprecedented accomplishment. The crew reacted by assigning Kay Bignotti (wife of George Bignotti) as the crew member to operate the inertial starter at the back of Guthrie's car. The Speedway's argument fell apart, and they decided upon a special amended command for that year. They did not announce beforehand what the special command would be, and Hulman's highly anticipated phrase was the following:","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn 1978-1979, when Guthrie again qualified for the race, it was simply amended to \"Lady and...\" In 1992, Lyn St. James became the second female to qualify for the race. She publicly requested, albeit not contentiously, that the command be changed to \"Drivers, start your engines.\" The request was dismissed, and the command used was the now customary \"Lady and...\" variation.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nFor many years, the traditional location for giving the command was at the pace car in the front of the starting grid. Public address announcer Jim Philippe normally introduced the command, describing it as the \"traditional command\" or the \"famous four words.\" Phillippe's final 500 was 2003. Likewise, for many years through 1989, Luke Walton traditionally introduced the command on the radio network broadcast. Since 2004, Dave Calabro introduces the command normally by calling it the \"most famous words in motorsports.\"","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nIn most cases, Hulman would give the command, then ride in the pace car during the pace laps. Mary F. Hulman would give the command near the pace car, but rarely rode in the pace car due to her age and declining health. Eventually, the location was moved to near the start/finish line, and in 2001, it was moved to the new Victory Podium stage adjacent to the Pagoda. In 2011, however, Mari George moved back to the front of the starting grid to give the command, and she rode in the pace car with A. J. Foyt. In 2014, as a special gesture to Jim Nabors's final performance at Indy, the starting command was given together by both Mari Hulman George and Nabors, the first time a non-member of the Hulman-George family had given the command for the 500 since 1954.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nStarting command\n*1948-1952 - Seth Klein/John Francis \"Irish\" Horan (unconfirmed)\n*1953-1954 - Wilbur Shaw\n*1955-1977 - Tony Hulman\n*1978-1980 - Mary F. Hulman\n*1981 - Mari George\n*1982-1996 - Mary F. Hulman\n*1997-2013 - Mari George\n*2014 - Mari George and Jim Nabors\n*2015 - Mari George\n*2016 - Four generations of the Hulman-George family (including Mari George and Tony George)","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nOn occasions when an accident or rain has halted the race, a second command has typically been given. Years include: 1967, 1973, 1982, 1986, 1997, 2004, 2007. The amended command, \"gentlemen, re-start your engines,\" has usually been used. In 1986, this restart command was given by Tony George. In 1997, it was given by Mari Hulman George. In 1982 and 2004 the command was given by public address announcer Tom Carnegie.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nOver the years, the starting command has been adopted to start all sorts of auto racing in the United States, including but not limited to NASCAR. However, in many venues outside of Indy, the phrase \"Drivers, start your engines\" appears to be the preferred version.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nHonorary starter","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nA recently-added tradition is the use of an honorary starter. A special guest has been invited in recent years to wave the green flag to start the race. Starting in 2013, the tradition was expanded where another celebrity arrives on race morning by helicopter to ceremoniously deliver the green flag.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*1993 - Nick Fornoro (retired CART starter, retired at the end of the 1992 CART season)\n*1996 - Robert James Eaton (Chairman and CEO of Chrysler Corporation)\n*1997 - General Ronald Fogleman (Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force)\n*1998 - Mark Page (Sr. VP of Store Operations for Pep Boys, IndyCar Series sponsor)\n*1999 - Jim Postl (President and CEO of Pennzoil)\n*2000 - Howard Katz (President of ABC Sports)\n*2004 - Nick Lachey\n*2005 - Reggie Miller\n*2006 - Sugar Ray Leonard\n*2007 - Peyton Manning\n*2008 - Kristi Yamaguchi\n*2009 - Allen Sirkin (COO of Phillips-Van Heusen, IndyCar Series Sponsor)\n*2010 - Jack Nicholson\n*2011 - Bruce P. Crandall (Medal of Honor recipient)\n*2012 - Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels\n*2013 - Michael Peña (promoting the film Turbo)\n**Green flag delivered by Chuck Pagano and Riley Hospital patient Willie Avila \n*2014 - Mark Cuban\n**Green flag delivered by Andrew Luck and Riley Hospital patients MaKenzi Rooksberry and Johliel Austin \n*2015 - Patrick Dempsey\n**Green flag delivered by Paul George, Pat McAfee, and Riley Hospital patient Tori Gwyn \n*2016 - Chris Pine\n**Green flag delivered by workers from IU Health University Hospital","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nCelebrity guests","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nSince the early years of the race, celebrities from all walks of fame have been invited to the race, some have returned for many years or even decades. Television and movie stars, recording artists, sports figures, politicians, and military, are among the many dignitaries invited. During the pre-race, a parade of stars is conducted around the track, usually in convertibles. Clark Gable is seen in a famous photograph of the 1947 race. Among the many celebrities who attended or have attended multiple Indy 500s include Jim Nabors, James Garner, former vice president Dan Quayle, David Letterman, Tim Allen, Florence Henderson, Linda Vaughn, and many others. Paul Newman, who starred in the Indy-related film Winning, attended the race many times, and from 1983-1995, and again in 2008, was at the race as co-owner of Newman/Haas Racing.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nDavid Letterman worked as a reporter for ABC during the 1971 race, and attended the race many times as a spectator. Since 2002, he has attended the race as co-owner of Rahal Letterman Racing. The team won the race in 2004 with driver Buddy Rice. At the 2015 race, Letterman was honored on the famous scoring pylon during the pre-race; just four days after he retired from the Late Show.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nDuring the 1960s and early 1970s, several NASA astronauts from the Apollo program were among invited guests.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nRace","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*The cars begin the race in a rolling start, traditionally in eleven rows of three, for a field of 33 total cars. Most other automobile races have two cars per row. The 33-car field derives from a 1919 AAA mandate of one car for every 400 feet (120 m) of track. Early races, however, saw varying numbers of starters, from as low as 21, to as high as 42. The number of cars in each row also varied, with as many as five abreast. Since 1933 there have only been the following exceptions to having a field of 33 racers:\n**In 1941, 33 cars initially qualified for the field during time trials. Sam Hanks was injured in a practice crash the day before the race and withdrew. Then on the morning of the race, George Barringer's car was destroyed in a fire that swept through the garage area, thus only 31 cars lined up to start the race. **In 1947, only 30 cars qualified. A boycott over the purse led to the smaller field.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n**In 1979, after a rules dispute over turbocharger inlets, and after controversy regarding the refusal of some entries from members of the CART series, a special fifth day of qualifying was added. However, only two cars ran sufficient speeds to be added to the field, and 35 cars lined up to start the race. Heavy attrition early on saw one car fail to complete a lap, and 7 cars out by lap 22. **In 1997, which used an \"all exempt tour\" concept similar to the PGA Tour since 1983, the top 25 teams headed in Indy Racing League team entry points standings earned exemptions into the field, with the top nine non-exempt cars making the race on speed. Some exempt teams bumped out other non-exempt cars that had actually qualified with faster speeds, but their teams were not in the top 25 of League points. Two bumped cars were restored to the field to ensure that the \"33 fastest entries\" were part of the field, for a total of 35 starters. Ironically on the pace lap, three cars crashed out together, while two suffered mechanical problems, and only 30 cars took the green flag.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n(A similar rule was used at the Crown Royal presents the Your Hero's Name Here 400 from 2005 to 2012 and the Lilly Diabetes 250 from 2012 to 2014. Both were NASCAR races which guaranteed a position for the top 35 drivers in the owners standings in the Sprint Cup Series and top 30 drivers for the Xfinity Series.)\n*Tom Carnegie announced on June 9, 2006 that the previous month's race, would be his last as official track announcer. Having called the race since 1946 on the public address system, he is best known for his lines, \"He's on it!\" (signaling the start of a qualifying attempt), \"It's a new track record!\" (when a driver surpasses either a one- or four-lap track record in qualifications), and \"He's slowing down on the backstretch!\" or \"Andretti's slowing down!\" (The latter for the Andretti family's historical misfortune at Indianapolis.). Indianapolis television personality David Calabro became the second PA announcer in the Hulman-George era after Carnegie's retirement for the 2007 race.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nPost-race","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nVictory lane bottle of milk","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nA long-standing tradition of the Indianapolis 500 is for the winner to drink a bottle of milk immediately after the race. This tradition dates back to 1936 after victor Louis Meyer asked for a glass of buttermilk, something his mother had encouraged him to drink on hot days. Meyer also reportedly drank milk after his victory in 1933, as did a few others in the immediate years afterward. The young tradition quickly went away, and for a time after WWII, was replaced by \"Water From Wilbur\" - a silver jug (resembling an ice bucket) filled with icy-cold water, presented by then-Speedway president, and three-time former winner Wilbur Shaw.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nBy 1956, the milk returned as a ritual as milk companies became sponsors of the race purse and handed a bottle of milk to the winner to promote their product. A sponsorship of currently $10,000 now paid out by the American Dairy Association if the winner sips the milk in victory lane. In 1993, Emerson Fittipaldi drank orange juice instead of milk after his victory. The snub drew considerable ire from fans. Later he took a sip of milk, at the urging of his car owner Roger Penske. Fittipaldi owned citrus farms in Brazil, and wished to promote his industry. As a result, he was booed in driver's introductions the following week by the crowd in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the heart of \"America's Dairyland.\" In 1981, Bobby Unser also did not drink the milk in victory lane. After Unser was tentatively stripped of his victory, Mario Andretti sipped from a bottle of milk the next morning during the traditional photo shoot.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nBorg-Warner Trophy","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nA bas-relief sculpture of the winner's face, along with his name, average speed, and date of victory is added to the Borg-Warner Trophy. The trophy has been in use since 1936. A smaller replica of this trophy has been officially presented to the winner after the race since 1988 and team principal since 1997, usually in a press conference either at the Speedway or in Detroit at the North American International Auto Show at the BorgWarner exhibit, except for the 2011 race because of extenuating circumstances (the winning driver had died in a crash at an aborted INDYCAR race; the winning team principal and the driver's widow were presented with the respective trophies in the ensuing January). Prior to that, winners received a replica mounted on a chestnut plaque.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nSelected awards","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*The winner has been awarded one of the pace cars, or a replica, almost every year since 1936. In 1941, there were only six copies of the special Chrysler Newport Phaeton, and no production models created. The co-winners did not receive it. In 1946, an oil painting and a trip was substituted as the award, but winner George Robson died in a motor sports accident before he received it. In 1971, Al Unser received a Dodge Charger from Palmer Dodge in the Indianapolis area, after the Dodge Challenger safety car was damaged in the start crash. Palmer repaired the car and kept it until selling in 2006 to local car collector Steven Cage. In 1991, the Dodge Viper was still a prototype vehicle, and only two were in existence. Winner Rick Mears was awarded instead a Dodge Stealth, which was to be the original pace car but after protests by the UAW (because the Stealth was a captive import built by Mitsubishi in Japan), they were instead used at the track for festival cars. *Among the numerous awards presented to the winner is the traditional Winner's Quilt.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nSince 1976, Jeanetta Holder has hand-crafted a special quilt blanket for the winner, which features an Indy-related design. She presents the quilt to the winning driver the morning after the race, during the traditional winner's photo shoot. *The morning after the race, the winning driver and team participates in the traditional winner's photo shoot at the start/finish line. The 1981 photo shoot is notable in that race winner Bobby Unser was stripped of the victory when official results were posted. Second place Mario Andretti was elevated to the win, and Andretti actually took part in the photo shoot. Later in the year, Unser was reinstated the victory. In 2009, heavy rain on Monday morning forced Helio Castroneves' photo shoot to take place indoors. *The night after the race, the prizes are distributed at the annual 500 Victory Banquet. The traditional awards banquet dates back many decades. In 1972, the black-tie gala was moved to the Indiana Convention Center, and was held there until the mid-2000s. In more recent years, it has been held at a pavilion on the grounds of the Speedway. The 1973 banquet was cancelled due to the rain delay and tragic circumstances surrounding the event.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nFor a brief time (2000-2001), the banquet was held on Sunday night, a few hours after the conclusion of the race. The 2000 race did not end until nearly 6 p.m. due to a rain delay, and participants had to rush downtown to make the banquet on time. In 2002, the banquet was moved back to Monday night. In 1986, the race was delayed until the following Saturday due to rain, and the banquet was cancelled due to scheduling concerns. A private victory luncheon for the top three finishers was held the day after the race at the Speedway Motel.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nOther post-race traditions","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*The Indianapolis 500 notably does not utilize a podium for the top-three finishers as is customary in other forms of racing, as well as at most other IndyCar events. Only the winning driver and team participate in victory lane celebrations, an homage to horse racing's Winner's Circle. * The tradition of the winning driver and crew kissing the yard of bricks that mark the start/finish, started by Dale Jarrett at the 1996 Brickyard 400, appears to have carried over to the Indy 500, starting with Gil de Ferran in 2003. *For many years, the results of the race were considered unofficial until the following day. After the race, the sanctioning body, namely USAC, would review the scoring records, as well as video tapes and film, prior to releasing the official results. It was not unusual for the vetting process to go late into the evening, past midnight, and into the early hours of the morning. Traditionally, the official results would be posted at 8 a.m. local time the morning after the race. Revisions were not unusual, as assessed penalties and scoring corrections would be part of the official standings.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nA brief protest period would open for the teams to voice complaints, and if there were no protests, the official results would stand. The most famous instance of protest occurred in 1981. Starting in 1990, a new electronic scoring system was implemented, simplifying the scoring process. In that year, officials were done compiling the official standings very early in Sunday evening, but still withheld the release until 8 a.m. the next day. By 1993, the rules were amended such that the official standings would be released approximately six hours following the conclusion of the race (rather than the next morning). This was largely due to the fact that computer and GPS-based scoring systems had automated the process, and serial scoring errors were almost non-existent outside of manually-assessed penalties (such as 1-lap penalties assessed for violations that occurred very late in the race, and were unable to be assessed/served before the race concluded).","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nRelated events","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nDuring the days leading up the race, numerous other related and unrelated events are held in and around Indianapolis.","Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\n*The Little 500 - Anderson Speedway: A 500-lap sprint car race held the night before the Indianapolis 500 at Anderson Speedway in Anderson, Indiana since 1949.\n*The Night before the 500 - Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis. INDYCAR Pro Mazda Championship and U.S. F2000 National Championship (lower two rungs of the Mazda Road to Indy developmental series) races featured.\n*Hoosier Hundred - Indiana State Fairgrounds\n*Carb Night Burger Bash - Since 2008, Curt Cavin (Indianapolis Star) and Kevin Lee (WFNI) host a reception in Indianapolis on the Friday evening before the race (Carb Day). The reception raises money for charity, and is highlighted by guest appearances by drivers from the starting field, former drivers, and other Indy personalities. From 2008 to 2015, the event was held at [http://www.96thstreetsteakburgers.com/ 96th Street Steakburgers]. For 2016 the event will be held downtown."],"string":"[\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. The event is held over Memorial Day (originally Decoration Day) weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May. It is contested as part of the Verizon IndyCar Series, the top level of American Championship Car racing, an open-wheel formula colloquially known as \\\"Indy Car Racing\\\". The name of the race is often shortened to Indy 500.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe event, billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing, is considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, which comprises three of the most prestigious motorsports events in the world. The official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, but the permanent seating capacity is upwards of 250,000, and infield patrons raise the race-day attendance to approximately 300,000.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe inaugural running was won by Ray Harroun in 1911. The race celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011, and the 100th running was held in 2016. Alexander Rossi is the defending champion. The most successful drivers are A. J. Foyt, Al Unser, and Rick Mears, each of whom have won the race four times. The active driver with the most victories is Hélio Castroneves, with three. Rick Mears holds the record for most career pole positions with six. The most successful car owner is Roger Penske, owner of Team Penske, which has 16 total wins and 17 poles.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor a list of races and winners, see List of Indianapolis 500 winners.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nRace specifics\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5 mile oval circuit. Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles. Since its inception in 1911, the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day. Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTraditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a starting grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. The event is contested by \\\"Indy cars\\\", a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, purpose-built race cars. As of 2015, all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550 -. Chevrolet and Honda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport. Firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is the exclusive tire provider.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe race is the most prestigious event of the IndyCar calendar, and one of the oldest and most important automobile races. It has been avouched to be the largest single-day sporting event in the entire world. Likewise, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the world's largest sporting facility in terms of capacity. The total purse exceeded $13 million in 2011, with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner, making it one of the richest cash prize funds in sports.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nDue to safety issues, the race is not held in wet conditions. In the event of a rain delay, the race will be postponed until rain showers cease, and the track is sufficiently dried. If rain falls during the race, officials can end the race and declare the results official if more than half of the scheduled distance (i.e., 101 laps) has been completed.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe early years\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones for motorcycles. The first long distance event, in \\\"fearful conditions\\\", was the 100-lap Prest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909, won by Bob Burman in a Buick. Breakup of the asphalt led to two fatal accidents in the first two long-distance events (a 250 mi and 300 mi, which was shortened to 235 mi after two severe wrecks).\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThat these spectacles had attracted 15,000 paying customers (and crowds of up to 40,000) persuaded principal owner Carl G. Fisher to spend US$155,000 on repaving the track with 3.2 million bricks; he also added a 2 ft concrete wall around the track's circumference. During the 1910 Decoration Day weekend, the first events on the newly paved circuit drew 60,000 spectators; Ray Harroun won the 200 mi Wheeler-Schebler Trophy in a Marmon.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe crowds grew progressively smaller for the rest of the season, however, so the track owners chose to focus on a single race. They considered a 24-hour contest, in the fashion of Le Mans, or a 1000 mi. They instead chose a 500 mi contest, and offered a spectacular purse of $US25,000, equivalent to of pure gold. The combination allowed the track to rapidly acquire a privileged status for automobile races.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe first \\\"500\\\" was held at the Speedway on Decoration Day (as Memorial Day was known from its inception in 1868 to 1967 when Federal Law made Memorial Day the official name), May 30, 1911, run to a 600 cid maximum engine size formula. It saw a field of 40 starters, with Harroun piloting a Marmon Model 32-based Wasp racer — outfitted with his invention, the rear view mirror. Harroun (with relief from Cyrus Patschke) was declared the winner, although Ralph Mulford protested the official result. 80,000 spectators were in attendance, and an annual tradition had been established. Many considered Harroun to be a hazard during the race, as he was the only driver in the race driving without a riding mechanic, who checked the oil pressure and let the driver know when traffic was coming.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 1912, the purse was raised to US$50,000. The field was limited to 33 (where it remains) and a riding mechanic was made mandatory. This second event was won by Joe Dawson in a National, after Ralph de Palma's Mercedes broke. Although the first race was won by an American driver at the wheel of an American car, European makers such as the Italian Fiat or French Peugeot companies soon developed their own vehicles to try to win the event, which they did from 1912 to 1919. The 1913 event saw a change to a 450 cid maximum engine size.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAfter World War I, the native drivers and manufacturers regained their dominance of the race. Engineer Harry Miller set himself up as the most competitive of the post-war builders. His technical developments allowed him to be indirectly connected to a history of success that would last into the mid-1970s.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor musical entertainment prior to the start of the race, the Purdue All-American Marching Band began performing on the track near the finish-line in 1927 and has been the host band of the race ever since. In 1946 American operatic tenor and car enthusiast James Melton started the tradition of singing \\\"Back Home Again in Indiana\\\" with the Purdue Band before the race when asked to do so on the spur of the moment by Speedway president Tony Hulman. This tradition has continued through the years, notably by actor and singer Jim Nabors from 1972 until 2014. Nabors announced in 2014 that the 2014 Indy 500 would be the last at which he would sing. In 2015, the a cappella group Straight No Chaser sang the song before the race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nMiller and Offenhauser\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFollowing the European trends, engine sizes were limited to 183 cid during 1920–1922, 122 cid for 1923–1925, and 91 cid in 1926–1929. The 1920 race was won by Gaston Chevrolet in a Frontenac, prepared by his brothers, powered by the first eight-cylinder engine to win the 500. For 1923, riding mechanics were no longer required. A supercharged car, ID, first won the race in 1924. In 1925, Pete DePaolo was the first to win at an average over 100 mph, with a speed of .\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn the early 1920s, Miller built his own 3.0 litre (183 in³) engine, inspired by the Peugeot Grand Prix engine which had been serviced in his shop by Fred Offenhauser in 1914, installing it in Jimmy Murphy's Duesenberg and allowing him to win the 1922 edition of the race. Miller then created his own automobiles, which shared the 'Miller' designation, which, in turn, were powered by supercharged versions of his 2.0 and 1.5 liter (122 and 91 in³) engine single-seaters, winning four more races for the engine up to 1929 (two of them, 1926 and 1928, in Miller chassis). The engines powered another seven winners until 1938 (two of them, 1930 and 1932, in Miller chassis), then ran at first with stock-type motors before later being adjusted to the international 3.0 liter formula.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAfter purchasing the Speedway in 1927, Eddie Rickenbacker prohibited supercharging and increased the displacement limit to 366 cid, while also re-introducing the riding mechanic.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 1935, Miller's former employees, Fred Offenhauser and Leo Goosen, had already achieved their first win with the soon-to-become famous 4-cylinder Offenhauser or \\\"Offy\\\" engine. This motor was forever connected with the Brickyard's history with a to-date record total of 27 wins, in both naturally aspirated and supercharged form, and winning a likewise record-holding 18 consecutive years between 1947 and 1964.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nEuropean incursions\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nMeanwhile, European manufacturers, gone from the Indianapolis 500 for nearly two decades, made a brief return just before World War II, with the competitive Maserati 8CTF allowing Wilbur Shaw to become the first driver to win consecutively at Indianapolis in 1939–1940. With the 500 having been a part of the Formula One World Drivers' Championship between 1950 and 1960, Ferrari made a discreet appearance at the 1952 event with Alberto Ascari, but European entries were few and far between during those days. Among the Formula One drivers who did drive at the speedway was the legendary Argentinian Juan Manuel Fangio, though he failed to qualify for the 1958 race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn fact, it was not until the Indianapolis 500 was removed from the Formula One calendar that European entries made their return. In 1963, technical innovator Colin Chapman brought his Team Lotus to Indianapolis for the first time, attracted by the large monetary prizes, far bigger than the usual at a European event. Racing a mid-engined car, Scotsman Jim Clark was second in his first attempt in 1963, dominating in 1964 until suffering suspension failure on lap 47, and completely dominating the race in 1965, a victory which also interrupted the success of the Offy, and offering the 4.2 litre Ford V8 its first success at the race. The following year, 1966, saw another British win, this time Graham Hill in a Lola-Ford.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nOffenhauser too would join forces with a European maker, McLaren, obtaining three wins for the chassis, one with the Penske team in 1972 with driver Mark Donohue, and two for the McLaren works team in 1974 and 1976 with Johnny Rutherford. This was also the last time the Offy would win a race, its competitiveness steadily decreasing until its final appearance in 1983. American drivers kept on filling the majority of entries at the Brickyard for the following years, but European technology had taken over. Starting in 1978, most chassis and engines were European, with the only American-based chassis to win during the CART era being the Wildcat and Galmer (which was actually built in Bicester, England) in 1982 and 1992 respectively. Ford and Chevrolet engines were built in the UK by Cosworth and Ilmor, respectively.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nWorld Series\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAfter foreign cars became the norm, foreign drivers began competing in the Indianapolis 500 on a regular basis, choosing the United States as their primary base for their motor racing activities. Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi, Italian Teo Fabi and Colombian Roberto Guerrero, were able to obtain good outings in the '80s, as was Dutchman Arie Luyendyk. However, it was not until 1993 that reigning Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell shocked the racing world by moving to the United States, winning the CART PPG IndyCar World Series Championship and only losing the 500 in his rookie year because of inexperience with green-flag restarts. Foreign-born drivers became a regular fixture of Indianapolis in the years to follow. Despite the increase in foreign drivers commonly being associated with the CART era, it should be noted that four of the first six Indianapolis 500 winners were non-American drivers.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nRace name\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe race was originally advertised as the \\\"International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race\\\" from 1911 to 1916. However, from its inception, the race has been widely known as the Indianapolis 500 or, more simply as \\\"the 500\\\". In 1919, the race was referred to as the \\\"Liberty Sweepstakes\\\" following WWI. From 1920 to 1980, the race officially reverted to the \\\"International Sweepstakes\\\" moniker, as printed on the tickets and other paraphernalia, with slight variations over the years.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFollowing WWII, the race was commonly recognized as \\\"The 500\\\", \\\"The 500-Mile Race\\\", \\\"Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\\\", \\\"Indianapolis 500\\\", or the simple form \\\"Indy 500\\\". Usually the ordinal (e.g. \\\"50th\\\") preceded it. Often the race was also advertised on the radio as the \\\"Annual Memorial Day race,\\\" or similar variations.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor the 1981 race, the name \\\"65th Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\\\" was officially adopted, with all references as the \\\"International Sweepstakes\\\" dropped. Since 1981, the race has been formally advertised in this fashion, complete with a unique annual logo with the ordinal almost always included. Around that same time, in the wake of the 1979 entry controversy, and the formation of CART, the race changed to an invitational event, rather than an Open, rendering the \\\"sweepstakes\\\" description inappropriate.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nSince its inception, the race has eschewed any sort of naming rights or title sponsor, a move, though uncommon in the modern sports world, has been well received by fans. While the facility has numerous sponsor billboards around the grounds, including some mildly controversial ads on the retaining walls and infield grass, the Speedway has preferred to feature a contingent of several prominent official race sponsors rather than one primary title sponsor. In the 21st century on television, the race broadcast has been advertised with a title sponsor. Currently on ABC-TV, the race is referred to as the Indianapolis 500 Telecast Presented by Firestone, but this appears only on the U.S. telecasts, and mention of the sponsor is not visible for patrons at the track.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Borg-Warner Trophy, introduced in 1936, proclaims the event as the \\\"Indianapolis 500-Mile Race\\\", with no reference at all to the name \\\"International Sweepstakes\\\".\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nCentennial Era\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2009, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway began a three-year-long \\\"Centennial Era\\\" to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the opening of the track (1909), and the 100th anniversary of the first Indy 500 (1911). As a gesture to the nostalgic Centennial Era celebration (2009–2011), tickets for the 2009 race donned the moniker \\\"93rd 500 Mile International Sweepstakes\\\". It is the first time since 1980 that the \\\"Sweepstakes\\\" title has been used. During the month of May 2009, the ordinal (93rd) was used very sparingly, and for the first time since 1981, was not identified on the annual logo. Instead, in most instances in print, television, and radio, the race was referred to as the \\\"2009 Indianapolis 500\\\". Since the race was not held during the United States' participation in the two World Wars (1917–18, 1942–45), the advertised Centennial Era occurred during the 93rd to 95th runnings. To avoid confusion between the 100th anniversary, and the actual number of times the race has been run, references to the ordinal during the Centennial Era were curtailed.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nSix years later, in 2016, the race celebrated its 100th running with about 350,000 in attendance.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFemale drivers\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFemale participation of any sort at Indianapolis was discouraged and essentially banned throughout the first several decades of competition. As such, female reporters were not even allowed in the pit area until 1971. There have been nine female drivers to qualify, starting with Janet Guthrie in 1977.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nSarah Fisher has competed nine times, the most of any woman. Danica Patrick led 19 laps in the 2005 race and 10 laps in the 2011 race, the only times a woman has led laps during the race. Her third-place finish in 2009 is the best finish for a woman.\\nAfrican-American drivers\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTwo African-American drivers have competed in the Indy 500. Willy T. Ribbs was the first, racing in 1991 and 1993. George Mack drove in the 2002 race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nRace sanctioning\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAAA and USAC\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFrom 1911 to 1955, the race was organized under the auspices of the AAA Contest Board. Following the 1955 Le Mans disaster, AAA dissolved the Contest Board to concentrate on its membership program aimed at the general motoring public. Speedway owner Tony Hulman founded USAC in 1956, which took over sanctioning of the race and the sport of Championship racing.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFrom 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 also counted toward the FIA's World Championship of Drivers (now synonymous with Formula One), although few drivers participated in the other races of that series. Italian driver Alberto Ascari was the only European-based driver to actually race in the 500 during its World Championship years. His appearance in 1952 in a Ferrari was also the only time a Ferrari has ever appeared in the race. Juan Manuel Fangio practiced at the track in 1958, but declined an offer to race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nControl issues of monetary prizes and squabbles over technical regulations caused conflict in the 1970s. Soon after the death of Tony Hulman in 1977, and the loss of several key USAC officials in a 1978 plane crash, several key team owners banded together and formed CART in late 1978 to sanction the sport of Indy car racing.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Indianapolis 500 itself, however, remained under the sanctioning control of USAC. It became the lone top-level race the body still sanctioned, as it ultimately dropped all other Indy car races (as well as their stock car division) to concentrate on sprints and midgets. For the next three years, the race was not officially recognized on the CART calendar, but the CART teams and drivers comprised the field. By 1983, an agreement was made for the USAC-sanctioned Indy 500 to be recognized on the CART calendar, and the race awarded points towards the CART championship.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nDespite the CART/USAC divide, from 1983 to 1995 the race was run in relative harmony. CART and USAC occasionally quarreled over relatively minor technical regulations, but utilized the same machines and the CART-based teams and driver comprised the bulk of the Indy 500 entries each year.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIndyCar Series\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 1994, Speedway owner Tony George announced plans for a new series, to be called the Indy Racing League. The Indy 500 would serve as its centerpiece. Opinions varied on his motivations, with his supporters sharing his disapproval of the race's lack of status within CART, the increasing number of foreign drivers (as American drivers were gravitating towards NASCAR), and the decreasing number of ovals in the season series. Detractors accused George of throwing his weight around and using the race as leverage to gain complete control of the sport of open wheel racing in the United States.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 1995 and in response to a change in schedule by the CART series that put several races in direct conflict with Indy Racing League events, George announced that 25 of the 33 starting positions at the 1996 Indy 500 would be reserved for the top 25 cars in IRL points standings (similar in practice to NASCAR's Top 35 rule introduced years later). The move effectively left only eight starting positions open to the CART-regulars that chose not to participate in the IRL races. CART's reaction was to refuse to compromise on the schedule conflicts, skip the IRL races required to accumulate the qualifying points, boycott the race, and stage a competing event, the U.S. 500, on the same day at Michigan. Veteran Buddy Lazier won a competitive but crash-filled 1996 Indy 500. Two CART teams, Walker Racing and Galles Racing, competed in the Indianapolis 500 to fulfill sponsor obligations and were welcomed without incident. The U.S. 500, meanwhile, failed to garner as much interest and was marred by a huge crash on the pace laps that forced ten teams to use backup cars. CART would run at Gateway International Raceway a 300-mile race in ensuing years (1997–99) instead.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor 1997, new rules for less expensive cars and \\\"production based\\\" engines were put into place. The move made it such that the IRL utilized different and incompatible equipment; no CART-based teams would enter the Indy 500 for the next three years.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2000, Target Chip Ganassi Racing, still a CART-mainstay, made the decision to cross lines and compete at Indianapolis with drivers Jimmy Vasser and Juan Pablo Montoya. On race day, Montoya dominated the event, leading 167 of the 200 laps to victory. In 2001, Penske Racing returned, and won the race with driver Hélio Castroneves. Penske and Castroneves repeated with a win in 2002.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nBy 2003, Ganassi, Penske and Andretti Green all defected to the IRL permanently. CART went bankrupt later in the year, and its rights and infrastructure were purchased by remaining car owners, and it became the Champ Car World Series. The two series continued to operate separately through 2007. In early 2008, the two series were unified to create a single open wheel championship after a 12-year split being run under Indy Racing League/IMS controlknown as the IndyCar Series.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe 2012 race was the return of Turbocharged engines for the first time since 1996 with the use of the Dallara DW12 chassis and 2.2 L V-6 single turbo and twin turbocharged engines.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nNASCAR and the 500\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn the 1960s and early 1970s, the Indy 500 and the World 600 at Charlotte Motor Speedway were held on different days of the week. A handful of NASCAR regulars participated in both events in the same year, including Bobby Allison, Donnie Allison, Cale Yarborough, and Lee Roy Yarbrough. From 1974–1992, the two events were scheduled for the same day and same starting time, making participation in both impossible. A few stock car drivers during that time, namely Neil Bonnett in 1979, nevertheless still attempted to qualify at Indy, even if that meant skipping Charlotte altogether.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\n\\\"Double Duty\\\"\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFrom 1994 to 2014, several NASCAR drivers were able to compete in both the Indy 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte in the same day. Since 1993, the Coca-Cola 600 has been scheduled in the evening the same day as the Indy 500. The effort has been known as \\\"Double Duty\\\".\\nAt the conclusion of the Indy 500, drivers would catch a helicopter directly from the Speedway to the Indianapolis International Airport. From there they would fly to Concord Regional Airport, and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race. John Andretti, Tony Stewart, and Robby Gordon, attempted the feat, with Kurt Busch being the latest in 2014. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first driver to complete the full race distance (1100 miles) in both races on the same day.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor 2005, the start of Indianapolis was pushed back to 1 p.m. EDT to improve television ratings. This significantly closed the window for a driver to be able to race both events in the same day. (The race's original starting time had been set at 11 a.m. EST – 12 noon EDT – because in 1911, race promoters estimated it would take six hours to complete the event, and they did not want the race to finish too close to suppertime. Nowadays the race is routinely completed in under three and one-half hours.)\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTwo drivers, Mario Andretti and A. J. Foyt, have won the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500. Foyt also won the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, America's premier endurance races, as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Foyt won Le Mans in 1967, about one month after winning his third Indy 500. Andretti won the Formula One World Championship and is a three time Sebring winner (he also won the 6 Hour version of Daytona). Indianapolis 500 winner Johnny Rutherford once won one of the Daytona 500 qualifying races. In 2010 Chip Ganassi became the first car owner to win the Daytona and Indianapolis 500s in the same year, with Jamie McMurray winning the Daytona 500 and Dario Franchitti winning the Indianapolis 500.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2010, Bruton Smith (owner of Speedway Motorsports, Inc.), offered $20,000,000 to any driver, IndyCar or NASCAR, who can win both the Indianapolis 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 on the same day starting in 2011 – a feat that has never been done before. For 2011, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway moved the start time of the Indy 500 back to 12:15 PM EDT (prior to 2005, the engines started at 10:52 AM EST; under the modern schedule, engines start around 12:05 PM for a start around 12:15 PM), which re-opened the window for travel. Brad Keselowski suggested that he would consider answering the challenge in 2014. It was announced on March 4, 2014 that Kurt Busch would attempt to qualify for the 2014 Indianapolis 500, driving a fifth car for the Andretti Autosport team. Busch completed all 500 miles at Indy to finish sixth, but dropped out of the 600 with a blown engine just past the 400-mile mark.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTechnical regulations\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTechnical specifications for the Indianapolis 500 are currently written by IndyCar. Rules are generally the same as every other IndyCar race. In the past, particularly during the era in which USAC sanctioned the Indy 500 (but CART sanctioned the other Indy car races), rules at Indy slightly differed at times. The result, for example, would be a particular chassis or engine configuration being legal at Indy, but not so at the CART-sanctioned events. This was rather commonplace in the 1980s and early 1990s, when \\\"stock-block\\\" engines (namely the V-6 Buick) was allotted an increased level of turbocharger boost by USAC at Indy, compared to the purpose-built V-8 quad-cam engines. While the \\\"stock block\\\" engines were technically legal in CART competition, they were not given the increased boost advantage, which effectively rendered them uncompetitive, and precluded their use by teams. The most famous manifestation of the USAC rules disparity was the Ilmor-built Mercedes-Benz 500I engine fielded by Roger Penske in 1994.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nTeams may enter up to two machines under a given car number – the \\\"primary\\\" car and a \\\"backup\\\" car. The backup car is identified by the letter \\\"T\\\". For example, the two cars for the #2 team would be numbered #2 and #2T. Both cars may be practiced during the month, but due to engine lease rules, they must share the same engine. It is not uncommon for teams to prefer their backup car, if it is deemed faster, or for other strategic reasons. Additionally, as the month wears on, a \\\"T car\\\" may be split off into its own entry, and reassigned a new number, or be sold to another team.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAll cars must pass a rigorous technical inspection before receiving a sticker signifying that the car is eligible to practice. Various criteria includes minimum weight, dimensions, and approved parts, particularly safety equipment. Prior to and following qualification attempts, cars must pass another inspection. The pre-qualifying inspection is focused on safety aspects, and is done on the pit lane qualifying queue. It is relatively brief, due to the time constraints of the qualifying procedure. The post-qualifying inspection is much more stringent and lengthy, and takes place in the garage area. It is to detect deviations from the performance guidelines set forth by the league, and cars can and have been fined or outright disqualified if they fail inspection.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nQualifying procedure\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThroughout the years, the race has used a number of different qualifying procedures. The current four-lap (ten-mile) qualifying distance was first introduced in 1920, and has been used every year since 1939.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2014, the qualifying procedure was refined, such that the pole position winner, and the starting grid would be determined over two days. On the weekend before the race (Saturday and Sunday), all cars are entered into a blind draw for the qualifying order.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\n*Saturday: All entries can make up to three attempts to qualify. The top 33 cars at the end of the day are locked into the grid. The top nine cars will advance to a special \\\"shootout\\\" session to determine the pole position. Making a second (or third) attempt automatically forfeits the previous attempt.\\n*Sunday: The drivers that qualified 10-33 on Saturday have their original times erased, and go out to make a new run. This run determines the grid lineup for positions 10-33. The drivers who qualified 1-9 on Saturday advance to the \\\"Shootout\\\". Those cars also have their original time erased. Each car makes a new attempt, and determine the lineup for positions 1-9, including the highly coveted pole positions.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nFor each attempt, cars are allowed two warm-up laps. At that time, a member of the team is stationed at the north end of the mainstretch. He/she must wave a green flag, signaling an attempt, or else the car will be waved off. The attempt can be waved off during any of the four laps by the team, driver, or race officials. (The series will wave off the run if it is obvious the run will not be fast enough to qualify and it is getting late in the day.) If an attempt is waved off after the run starts, the attempt counts towards the three-attempt limit and the previous time is still forfeited, unless race officials waved off the attempt because of weather.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nCulture\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nMemorabilia\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nMany people promote and share information about the Indianapolis 500 and its memorabilia collecting. The National Indy 500 Collectors Club is an independent active organization that has been dedicated to support such activities. The organization was established January 1, 1985 in Indianapolis by its founder John Blazier and includes an experienced membership available for discussion and advice on Indy 500 memorabilia trading and Indy 500 questions in general.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe longest-running Indy racing memorabilia show is the National Auto Racing Memorabilia Show.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nEntertainment\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Indianapolis 500 has been the subject of several films, and has experienced countless references in television, movies, and other media.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIndianapolis 500 Legends, a Wii and DS game based on the race was released on December 18, 2007.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nMilk\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nLouis Meyer requested a glass of buttermilk after winning his second Indy 500 race in 1933. After winning his third title in 1936, he requested another glass but instead received a bottle. He was captured by a photographer in the act of swigging from the bottle while holding up three fingers to signify the third win. A local dairy company executive recognized the marketing opportunity in the image and, being unaware Meyer was drinking buttermilk, offered a bottle of milk to the winners of future races. Milk has been presented each year since then apart from 1947 to 1955. Modern drivers are offered a choice of whole, 2%, and skim.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nAt the 1993 Indianapolis 500, winner Emerson Fittipaldi, who owned and operated an orange grove, notoriously drank orange juice instead of milk during the televised winner's interview. He eventually relented and also drank from the milk bottle later in the post-race ceremonies after the broadcast was over, but the public relations damage had been done. The snub led to him being booed at the next ChampCar race in Milwaukee, Wisconsin the heart of dairy country, and by some, as late as the 2008 Indianapolis 500 in which he drove the pace car. In 2016, as a promotion the track gave out commemorative bottles of milk to 100,000 of those in attendance to toast the winner with milk after the race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nBroadcasting\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nRadio coverage of the race dates back to 1922. The race has been broadcast live on the radio in its entirety by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network since 1953.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nThe Hulmans were somewhat resistant to allow live television coverage of the 500, largely to maximize gate attendance. The race was briefly televised live in 1949 and 1950 on WFBM-TV, after which the practice was discontinued. From 1964 to 1970, the race was broadcast live on closed-circuit television in theaters around the country. From 1965 through 1970, a highlighted version of the race was shown on ABC's Wide World of Sports. From 1971 through 1985, an edited same-day, tape delay broadcast of the race was shown in prime time. The race broadcast was edited down to either two or three hours in duration (including commercials).\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nSince 1986, ABC has televised the race live in its entirety. However, at the request of the Speedway, Indianapolis affiliate WRTV is required to blackout the live broadcast and carry it on tape delay in prime time to encourage local race attendance. In 2007 (the first year in which the race was carried under the ESPN on ABC branding), the race was first aired in high-definition.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2016, the IMS declared a sell-out of race tickets for the 100th running of the event, and announced at the same time that WRTV would be allowed to air the race live for the first time since 1950.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nCoverage of time trials on ABC dates back to 1961. ABC covered time trials in various live and in tape-delayed formats from 1961-2008 and from 2014-present. ESPN (and later along with ESPN 2) carried various portions of time trials from 1987-2008. Versus (now NBCSN) covered time trials from 2009-2013.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nPractice sessions have been streamed live online dating back to at least 2001.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500\\n\\nIn 2015, ABC celebrated its 50th anniversary of covering the Indianapolis 500.\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nThe Indianapolis 500 is an annual automobile race, held each year typically on the last weekend in May in correspondence with Memorial Day weekend. The race is held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, located in Speedway, Indiana. The Indianapolis 500 is an open-wheel car race and is currently sanctioned by Indy Racing League LLC, and has been run as an IndyCar Series event since 1996. The Indianapolis 500 is considered one of the most traditional and historical races in the world, and is also considered one of the three most significant motorsport races in the world.\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nThe first Indianapolis 500 was held in 1911, where Ray Harroun was declared the first winner, driving the Marmon Wasp. The race has been run annually since 1911 (with exceptions during World War I and World War II) and 69 drivers have been crowned champions of the 500-mile race over the course of 98 races. The most race victories held by a single driver is four, which has been accomplished only by A. J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears. The Indianapolis 500 has also drawn many international drivers to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway over the years, with 26 of the winners coming from outside of the United States, representing nine separate countries. The most recent champion of the Indianapolis 500 is Alexander Rossi, winner of the 2016 race.\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nThe winner of the Indianapolis 500 receives many prizes, many based on past tradition. One of the most iconic traditions is for the winner of the Indianapolis 500 to drink a bottle of milk, a tradition started by Louis Meyer who won the race in 1936. The winner is also presented with a wreath in victory lane, and has the opportunity to kiss the yard of brick (the start/finish line), an Indianapolis Motor Speedway tradition started by NASCAR driver Dale Jarrett in 1996 at the Brickyard 400 and adopted by 500 winners since 2003. The winner of the race also receives the pace car used during that race, and will have on the Borg-Warner Trophy a bas-relief sculpture of their face added to the base. The Borg-Warner Trophy has been used since 1936 and along with the sculpture on the original trophy, the winning driver and car owner receive a small replica. The Indianapolis 500 winner also receives a large purse, most recently at $2.49 million, given to Ryan Hunter-Reay in 2014.\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nOther prizes have been given to the race winner over the years, including a quilt, made by Jeanetta Holder, which is presented to the driver annually at the winner's photo shoot.\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nList of winners\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nFisher Era – AAA sanctioning (1911–1927)\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nRickenbacker Era – AAA sanctioning (1928–1945)\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nHulman/George Era – AAA sanctioning (1946–1955)\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nHulman/George Era – USAC sanctioning (1956–1995)\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nHulman/George Era – INDYCAR sanctioning (1996–present)\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\n** Race rain-shortened\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nDriver statistics\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nActive driver victories\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nMultiple victories\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nConsecutive victories\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nRookie winners (inaugural race inclusive)\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\n* Louis Meyer won in his first start in 1928, but had served as a relief driver, and thus running laps in competition, the year before.\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nNationalities of non-American winners\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\n[a] American national\\n[b] Brazilian national\\n[c] British national\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nRace and National Championship victories in same year\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\n* From 1979–1995, the Indianapolis 500-Mile Race and the American Open Wheel National Championship were sanctioned by separate organizations, USAC and CART, respectively. From 1980–1995, winners of a USAC Gold Crown Championship were officially declared. From 1985 onwards, the Indianapolis 500 was the only race on the Gold Crown calendar. The winner of the Indianapolis 500 would be the Gold Crown champion; as such championship consisted solely of Indianapolis, Gold Crown winners from 1985 to 1995 are indistinguishable from Indianapolis winners in those same years.\\n** Retroactively declared and awarded, 1951.\\n*** Declared and awarded, but retroactively re-declared and -awarded, 1951, to Tommy Milton.\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nWinning drivers who did not start next race\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\n1 Davis was relieved by Mauri Rose on Lap 72. Rose competed in the next 500 in 1946.\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\n2 Franchitti had signed with Chip Ganassi Racing to run a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season for Ganassi in 2008, but was injured April 25 at the Aaron's 312 Nationwide Series race. That team shut down in July 2008 because of sponsorship issues, and Franchitti returned to the IRL with Ganassi in time for the exhibition race in Surfers Paradise, racing the full season in 2009.\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nOwners\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nDriver/Owners\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nConstructors and suppliers\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nChassis\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nEngines\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nTires\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nMiscellanea\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nWinning starting positions\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nEntries starting from the first row have won forty-two out of one hundred races, 42%.\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nChronological\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nBy starting position\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nWinning car numbers\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nChronological\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nBy Number\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\n* The race winners in 1975, 1999, 2010 and 2012 were all entitled to have car number 1 as defending series champions, but chose not to use it.\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\nNotes\",\n \"List of Indianapolis 500 winners\\n\\n* De Palma is usually shown as American, but his application for a United States passport (available at [http://www.ancestry.com]) reveals that he did not become a US citizen until 1920.\\n* Resta was an Italian-born naturalized Briton.\\n* The 1916 race was scheduled for 300 miles.\\n* Chevrolet was French-born and held Swiss citizenship. It is uncertain if he became a United States citizen before his death.\\n* Corum started the 1924 race in the car. During the race, Boyer took over in relief and drove the car to victory. As a result, the two drivers were declared co-winners.\\n* Davis started the 1941 race in the car. During the race, Rose took over in relief and drove the car to victory. As a result, the two drivers were declared co-winners.\\n* Robson was born in England, emigrated first to Canada and then to the United States. He became a United States citizen in 1937.\\n* Andretti was an Italian-born naturalized American.\\n* The 2013 race holds the record for the fastest average speed.\\n* Gil de Ferran was French born.\\n* Mauri Rose was co-winner with Floyd Davis in 1941.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nDue to the longevity of the Indianapolis 500, numerous traditions surrounding the race have developed over the years. Traditions include procedures for the running of the race, scheduling, and pre-race and post-race festivities. For many fans, these traditions are an important aspect of the race, and they have often reacted quite negatively when the traditions are changed or broken.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nAs part of the Memorial Day holiday weekend, the pre-race ceremonies of the Indianapolis 500 feature several patriotic songs. The most noteworthy and most popular traditions are the annual singing of \\\"Back Home Again in Indiana,\\\" and the victory lane bottle of milk.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nMonth of May\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nMemorial Day\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe race has always been scheduled in conjunction with Memorial Day. Through 1970, the race was held on Memorial Day proper (May 30), regardless of the day of the week, unless it fell on Sunday. In those cases it was scheduled for Monday May 31. After the Uniform Monday Holiday Act took effect in 1971, the race was scheduled for Memorial Day weekend instead.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nSundays were avoided for scheduling races dating all the way back to pre-500 races in 1909 and 1910. Sundays were used for practice and qualifying, but used sparingly in pre-WWII years.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*From 1971-1972, the race was scheduled for the Saturday of Memorial Day weekend.\\n*In 1973, the race was scheduled for Memorial Day Monday. However, rain delayed it until Wednesday.\\n*Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend.\\n*The 1986 race was held the weekend after the official federal holiday because of two rainouts. The race was held the following Saturday, May 31, the pre-1971 date of the race if May 30 was a Sunday.\\n*The 1997 race was similar to 1973 in having two rain delays, nearly as unique as 1986. It was scheduled for Sunday, May 25, but heavy rain washed out the day. The race began the next day, on Memorial Day (Monday May 26), but rain showers moved back into the area. The race was halted after 15 laps, and could not be restarted. Short of the 101 laps needed for an official race, track officials elected to resume the race on the following day (Tuesday May 27). The race was run to completion, as laps 16-200 were completed on Tuesday.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nArmed Forces Day also falls during the month of May, and usually coincides with one of the weekends of time trials. Since 1978 at the Speedway, that weekend is often filled with activities honoring the U.S. military, including an oath of enlistment ceremony.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nDays and Dates\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nPractice and Qualifying\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*The two to three weeks of practice and qualifying leading up to the race is known in racing circles simply as \\\"the month of May [at Indianapolis].\\\" In early years, the track traditionally opened for practice on May 1 (regardless of the day of the week). This practice dated back to 1911. The policy was typically to make the track available for practice no later than May 1, although in most years, few if any competitors would be on the grounds yet. In some years, the track would be available for practice/testing as early as April. For instance, in 1932, cars began to arrive on April 6, and in 1969, the first day of practice was April 28. In very early years, it was not uncommon for the track to be closed on Sunday during practice, or be open for only competitors with the gates were closed to the public. *In 1974, due to the energy crisis, the schedule was reduced, and the track opened instead three weeks before race day. The change was well-received, and the new schedule was made permanent, with various tweaks over the years.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn 2014, the Grand Prix of Indianapolis was added to the schedule as part of \\\"doubleheader\\\" of IndyCar Series races on both the infield road course and oval during the month of May.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*The final hour of practice and qualifying each day is referred to as \\\"Happy Hour.\\\" Due to the large double-decker grandstands on the frontstretch, large shadows are cast over a good portion of the track, cooling the asphalt surface. A lower ambient air temperature, along with a lower track surface temperature usually translates into faster speeds. Since Indiana began observing Daylight Saving Time in 2006, this phenomenon has been somewhat diminished. *The final practice session before pole day qualifying is nicknamed \\\"Fast Friday.\\\" The fastest speeds of the month are commonly observed on Fast Friday, as teams and drivers make their final preparations and look for final \\\"bragging rights\\\" before the run for the pole position. Since the current engine formula was adopted in 2012, elevated turbocharger \\\"boost\\\" levels have been permitted on Fast Friday, reflecting the increased level allowed during time trials. Drivers who have been \\\"sandbagging\\\" during the week may chose to reveal their speed, in an effort to distance themselves from the competition. Sometimes the speeds turned in on Fast Friday are overachieved by the respective drivers' due to a tow.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThough \\\"Fast Friday\\\" has been a fixture since the 1950s-1960s, the nickname was not coined until about 1996. Track records set on Fast Friday (as well as other practice sessions) are considered unofficial. The sanctioning body only recognizes speeds set during the officially competitive sessions of qualifying and the race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*The first day of time trials is referred to as \\\"Pole Day.\\\" The fastest qualifier on pole day wins the highly coveted pole position. Over the years, the \\\"race for the pole\\\" was often regarded as a race in itself, a speed contest, and was advertised as the second-largest single day sporting event (second only to race day itself). Though crowds have diminished for pole day as of late, and rules changes have curtailed speeds, the nickname \\\"The Fastest Day in Motorsports\\\" is still used.\\n*The final day of qualifying, when the final starting field is set is known as \\\"Bump Day\\\" (or \\\"Bubble Day\\\"). Drivers who are removed from the starting grid of 33 by being out-qualified by faster cars are said to have been \\\"bumped.\\\" The driver with the slowest speed in the field of 33, the first in line to be bumped, is said to be \\\"on the bubble.\\\" Unqualified drivers attempt to bump their way into the field and \\\"burst the slower driver's bubble.\\\" Prior to WWII, the term typically used for drivers being knocked out of the field was \\\"crowded out.\\\"\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*With the reduced practice time for the 2014 race as part of the overhaul of the month (only four and a half days of practice), a 3 1/2 hour practice after qualifying was added on the Monday after qualifying, should time suffice. In the rare case qualifying cannot be held on Saturday or Sunday, Monday would be used for qualifying according to the INDYCAR rule book. This Monday practice will also feature 2 1/2 hours of Indy Lights testing for the Freedom 100 support race, primarily for the lesser experienced drivers to gain their first laps at the track. *When the final practice session moved from Thursday to Friday in 2005, the Thursday became the practice and qualifying day for the Freedom 100. Three hours of practice, followed by qualifying for the Indy Lights cars, will be the only on-track action, although pit stop practice for INDYCAR teams are also included. *The final practice session before the race, currently held on the Friday before race day, is called \\\"Carburetion Day\\\" (shortened to \\\"Carb Day\\\" since 2000).\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe name originally came from the fact that it was the final session where teams could tune their carburetors in conditions similar to those that may be encountered on race day. The name has remained despite the fact that no qualified car has used a carburetor since 1963. The day is now similar to most motorsport weekends, as the final practice is now joined by both a pit stop competition among top pit crews and the support series, currently Indy Lights, feature race, Freedom 100, along with a concert at the circuit afterwards. From 1969-1972, Carb Day was held the Wednesday before the race. From 1973 to 2004, Carb Day was held the Thursday before the race. It was moved to Friday beginning in 2005 when the Indy Lights race was moved to this weekend. Prior to 1969, Carb Day was not on a fixed day of the week, instead simply scheduled for a nondescript day midway between the final day of time trials and race day, and was sometimes closed to the public.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nRadio\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe longtime flagship of the IMS Radio Network is WFNI AM 1070 (formerly 1070 WIBC). The network dates back to 1952, and was initially launched using WIBC talent. Since the late 1960s and early 1970s, the station has featured extensive daily coverage of practice, qualifications, as well as pre-race and post-race coverage on race day.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nSince 1971, the most popular and most traditional daily show during the month of May has been Donald Davidson's The Talk of Gasoline Alley.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nConcerts\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nSince 1998, a concert featuring a top act(s) have been held the weekend of the race. Numerous other local bands, indie bands, garage bands, and smaller musical acts perform at other times during the month on days featuring track activity. Since 1998, a headlining concert has been held on Carb Day. Starting in 2014, a second headlining concert has been held on Legends Day.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe performers have been as follows:\\n*1998: Hamilton Brothers\\n*1999: Lorrie Morgan and Sammy Kershaw\\n*2000: Smash Mouth\\n*2001: Collective Soul\\n*2002: Better Than Ezra (Nine Days opened)\\n*2003: Cracker (Kenny Bräck and the Subwoofers opened)\\n*2004: Live (Kenny Bräck and the Subwoofers opened)\\n*2005: The Black Crowes (22-20s opened)\\n*2006: The B-52's & Third Eye Blind\\n*2007: Kid Rock\\n*2008: Stone Temple Pilots\\n*2009: 3 Doors Down\\n*2010: ZZ Top\\n*2011: Staind & Papa Roach \\n*2012: Lynyrd Skynyrd\\n*2013: Poison\\n*2014 (Carb Day): Sammy Hagar and The Wabos, Sublime with Rome\\n*2014 (Legends Day): Jason Aldean\\n*2015 (Carb Day): 38 Special, O.A.R., Jane's Addiction\\n*2015 (Legends Day): Florida Georgia Line, Thomas Rhett, Frankie Ballard\\n*2015 (July 4): The Rolling Stones (Zip Code Tour), Rascal Flatts\\n*2016 (Carb Day): Journey\\n*2016 (Legends Day): Corey Cox, Chris Janson, Blake Shelton\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nLast Row Party\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nA few days before the race, the \\\"Last Row Party\\\" has been held for charity since 1972. It is a scholarship benefit organized by the Indianapolis Press Club Foundation, and is usually held the Thursday evening or Friday evening before the race. Currently it is held at one of the suites in the Pagoda, and previously it was held at the Speedway Motel. The event is conducted as a roast for the final three qualifiers in the 500, who will be starting on the eleventh and final row (positions 31, 32, and 33). Due to the complex qualifying procedure for the race, these three drivers are usually, but not always, the slowest three cars in the field. Like Mr. Irrelevant, many of these drivers are often obscure, but seven former or eventual race winners have participated in the honor at some time during their career.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn addition to being on the receiving end of numerous good-natured jokes and jabs, the three drivers are presented with a special jacket, various gifts, and checks for 31¢, 32¢, and 33¢, respectively. The group becomes known as the \\\"11th Row Society\\\", an enjoys apéritif, cocktails, and hors d'oeuvre with attendees. Later they may sign autographs and pose for pictures, in what is generally a fun and laid-back environment. The emcee for the event is usually a media figure, and past hosts include Bob Jenkins, Robin Miller, Jack Arute, Dave Wilson, and Laura Steele. The 2015 and 2016 co-emcees were Curt Cavin (Indianapolis Star) and Chris Hagen (WXIN). The 2013 reception was not held but a brief ceremony was held on Carb Day to recognize the honorees.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nRecent honorees include:\\n*2012: Bryan Clauson, Simona de Silvestro, Jean Alesi\\n*2013: Conor Daly, Buddy Lazier, Katherine Legge\\n*2014: Sage Karam, Sebastián Saavedra, Buddy Lazier\\n*2015: Bryan Clauson, Ryan Briscoe, James Davison \\n*2016: Jack Hawksworth, Buddy Lazier, Alex Tagliani\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nPublic Drivers Meeting / Legends Day\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe day before the race, a ceremonial drivers meeting is held at the track, which is open to the public, and is popularly attended. This tradition dates back many decades. During the meeting, the 33 starting drivers are presented with their starter's ring and various awards and trophies are handed out (such as trophies from the previous year's race, qualifying awards, lifetime achievement awards, etc.) The drivers are usually seated on a platform situated in the eleven rows of three, and numerous other celebrities and special guests may be honored or give remarks. Rules clarifications, instructions for the race, and other pertinent information is also discussed in the open forum. Drivers who can not attend due to scheduling conflicts (e.g., participating in another race) will usually have another team member of family member participate on their behalf.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThis drivers meeting is separate from the official drivers meeting, organized by race stewards. That meeting, held the morning of the race, is strictly closed to the public and the media.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nStarting in 1998, the days leading up to the race have included ceremonies and activities honoring former drivers. In some years, each day during the week would have a featured Indy legend, and might feature the driver taking ceremonial laps around the track in one of his winning race cars, or in a pace car. Other years utilized Opening Day as an opportunity to honor Indy legends. In addition, the day before the race was expanded to include an autograph session featuring the 33 starting drivers, former drivers, Q&A sessions, car displays, a \\\"fanfest\\\" midway, a memorabilia show, and other festivities. Starting 2011, the events of the day before the race have been officially themed \\\"Legends Day,\\\" and features a designated honoree.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nLegends Day Honorees\\n*1998: \\\"Parade of Champions\\\" (Parnelli Jones, Bobby Unser, Gordon Johncock, Johnny Rutherford, Al Unser, Tom Sneva)\\n*1999: \\\"Legends of the Speedway\\\" (Rodger Ward, A. J. Watson, Johnny Rutherford, Jim Rathmann, Lloyd Ruby)\\n*2000: \\\"Legends of the Speedway\\\" (Joe Leonard, Duke Nalon, Emerson Fittipaldi, Rick Mears, Mario Andretti, Andy Granatelli)\\n*2001: \\\"Salute to cars\\\" (Indy 500 winning cars from 1911, 1922, 1931, 1951, 1961, and the 1968 Wedge Turbine)\\n*2003: \\\"Back-to-Back Winners\\\" (Wilbur Shaw, Mauri Rose, Bill Vukovich, Al Unser, Helio Castroneves)\\n*2006: \\\"Andretti Opening Day\\\" (Mario, Michael, and Marco celebrating three generations of the Andretti family at Indy)\\n*2007: \\\"A. J. Foyt Opening Day\\\" (Celebrating 50th year of A. J. Foyt participating at Indianapolis).\\n*2008: \\\"Unser Opening Day\\\" (Al Sr., Al Jr., Robby, Johnny, and Al III, celebrating the Unser family at Indy) \\n*2011: \\\"Legends Day\\\" with A. J. Foyt\\n*2012: \\\"Legends Day\\\" with Roger Penske\\n*2013: \\\"Legends Day\\\" with Parnelli Jones \\n*2014: \\\"Legends Day\\\" with Mario Andretti\\n*2015: \\\"Legends Day\\\" with Al Unser, Sr.\\n*2016: \\\"Legends Day\\\" Honoring Champions of the 500\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n500 Festival Parade\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe [http://www.500festival.com/ 500 Festival] is a non-profit organization founded in 1957 to organize various civic events in the city of Indianapolis leading up to the race. The two largest events are the OneAmerica 500 Festival Mini-Marathon in early May, and the 500 Festival Parade the day before the race. Other events include \\\"Community Day\\\" at the track and the annual Snake Pit Ball, a black tie socialite gathering downtown.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn many years, the parade grand marshal has been a celebrity with ties to Indiana or the Indianapolis area, particularly Indianapolis-area sports figures. In many cases, the grand marshal of the parade is also honored during pre-race festivities on race morning. The organizing committee boast the parade as one of the largest in the nation. The grand marshals for the annual parade have been as follows:\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*1957 Lt. Gen. G. W. Arnold\\n*1958 Shirley MacLaine\\n*1959\\n*1960 Gen. David M. Shoup, Indiana native, Medal of Honor receipient, 22nd USMC Commandant\\n*1961 Lt. Gen. Joe W. Kelly, Indiana native, DFC receipient, 5th MATS Commander\\n*1962 Gen. Herbert B. Powell\\n*1963 Lt. Gen. Charles G. Dodge, Commanding General 5th U.S Army, Ft Sheridan, Illinois\\n*1964\\n*1965 James Stewart\\n*1966 Walter Cronkite\\n*1967 Lorne Greene, Dan Blocker, Michael Landon\\n*1968 Ambassadors from Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador\\n*1969 Manuel Fraga Iribarne\\n*1970 Edie Adams\\n*1971 George W. Romney, John Arthur Love, Carl Stokes\\n*1972 Phil Harris\\n*1973 James H. Kasler\\n*1974 Mickey Mouse\\n*1975 Peter DePaolo, winner 1925 Indianapolis 500 (driver); winner 1935 Indianapolis 500 (team owner)\\n*1976 Tony Hulman & Bob Hope\\n*1977 William Hanna & Joseph Barbera\\n*1978 Roy Clark\\n*1979 Gerald Ford\\n*1980 Mike Douglas\\n*1981 Joyce DeWitt (grew up in Speedway, Indiana, graduated from Speedway Senior High School)\\n*1982 Merlin Olsen\\n*1983 Joseph P. Allen (Crawfordsville, Indiana native)\\n*1984 David Hasselhoff\\n*1985 Mickey Mouse\\n*1986 Jerry L.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nRoss\\n*1987 Mario Vázquez Raña\\n*1988 Jim Davis & Garfield (Davis is a native and lifelong resident of Indiana) \\n*1989 Gene Autry\\n*1990 Dan Quayle (sitting Vice President of the United States, an Indiana native)\\n*1991 A. J. Foyt & Mary Fendrich Hulman (Foyt was planning to retire after the 1991 race, but recanted); General Norman Schwarzkopf was designated the grand marshal of the race itself. *1992 Mickey & Minnie\\n*1993 Larry Bird (Indiana native)\\n*1994 Mario Andretti & Bonnie Blair (Andretti was retiring at season's end, and 1994 would be his final Indy 500)\\n*1995 A. J. Foyt, Rick Mears, Al Unser, Sr.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n(the three four-time Indy 500 winners)\\n*1996 Jim Davis & Garfield\\n*1997 Cam Cameron, Bob Davie, Joe Tiller (at the time the head coaches of the state's three Division I-A college football programs)\\n*1998 David Wolf (Indianapolis native)\\n*1999 Medal of Honor Recipients\\n*2000 Jim Nabors\\n*2001 Five Public Safety Agencies of Indianapolis\\n*2002 Jim Caviezel\\n*2003 Wynonna Judd\\n*2004 Jane Pauley (Indianapolis native)\\n*2005 Reggie Miller (retired after an 18-year NBA career, spent entirely with the Indiana Pacers, days earlier)\\n*2006 Lance Armstrong (this was before the 2012 doping scandal)\\n*2007 Peyton Manning (won Super Bowl XLI MVP with Indianapolis Colts)\\n*2008 Patricia Heaton\\n*2009 Dick Vitale\\n*2010 Butler University Men's Basketball Team\\n*2011 Anderson Cooper \\n*2012 Olivia Newton-John \\n*2013 Indiana Fever (defending WNBA champions)\\n*2014 Jim Nabors (celebrating Nabors' final 500 performance of \\\"Back Home Again in Indiana\\\")\\n*2015 Members of 1955 Crispus Attucks High School State Champion basketball team and cheerleaders\\n*2016 Emma Stumpf\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nTrack lore\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe atmosphere at the track during the month of May and on race day has long been a source of traditions.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nGasoline Alley\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe garage area at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is known as \\\"Gasoline Alley.\\\" The nickname dates back to the early decades of the race, and for a time, referred specifically to a particular spot in the back where cars would refuel. Though the exact origin of the name is unclear, it may be loosely linked the eponymous comic strip. Later, the nickname was used for the main corridor of the garage area, and eventually was used colloquially for the entire garage complex. The use of gasoline at the Indy 500 was phased out in favor of methanol beginning in 1965 (and later ethanol in 2006), but the nickname nonetheless remained. Gasoline was not used again at Indy until NASCAR arrived for the Brickyard 400 in 1994.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe original Gasoline Alley consisted of two banks of garages, running east-west. The original garages were known for their signature green and white barn doors, and had a nostalgic quaintness admired by participants and fans. A fire swept through the garage area on the morning of the 1941 race, and burned down a significant portion of the south bank of garages. They were replaced, and eventually the complex expanded to 88 stalls. As the sport grew, and the cars and teams became larger and more sophisticated, work space was increasingly limited in the garages. Amenities were simple, corridors were heavily congested, and by the 1980s, the cars and teams had outgrown the aging facility.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nFollowing the 1985 race, the original Gasoline Alley garage area was torn down and replaced with a state-of-the-art, multimillion dollar garage complex. The nickname \\\"Gasoline Alley\\\" remained when the new complex opened in 1986. In 2000, an additional bank of garages was constructed along the mainstretch, in preparations for the U.S. Grand Prix. Although the pitside garages are used now for the Crown Royal 400 for NASCAR inspection and top teams for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series (lower teams and the Xfinity Series teams use Gasoline Alley), and other various uses, they are specifically not considered part of Gasoline Alley.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe Snake Pit\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe infield of the track in the vicinity of turn one was known as the \\\"Snake Pit.\\\" Long known for a reputation of rowdiness, heavy alcohol consumption, bikers, streaking, flashing, and an overall Woodstock/Mardi Gras-esque atmosphere, the Snake Pit was a popular location for college-age fans to spend time at the track, many of whom had little or no interest in the actual racing activities. Like the infield at the Kentucky Derby, the Snake Pit was often considered a rite of spring, and an excuse to party with abandon. Arrests for public intoxication, disorderly conduct, fights, and drug possession were frequent and common.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn periods of rain, the area usually became overwhelmed with mud, and mud wrestling was commonly observed. Bonfires and burned cars were also noted.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn 1980, a fatality occurred in the area after a Jeep flipped over. Around that time, track management decided to take steps to curtail the revelry. For the 1981 race, bleachers were erected in the turn one infield. In addition, capital improvements that included the new Gasoline Alley, a place for competitors to park motor homes, new support buildings, new restroom buildings, and other changes to the site, deliberately scaled back the size of the area. As a result, for the better part of the 1980s, the patrons migrated to the infield of turn four, and the less-intense Snake Pit II emerged. By the 1990s, the intensity of the rowdiness had dropped substantially, due largely in part to third-generation management at the Speedway (Tony George) and beefed up law enforcement. The Snake Pit eventually became more of a festive party zone, and by the end of the 20th century, almost disappeared completely.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe turn four infield was razed in 1999 to make room for the infield road course. The race day party scene migrated again, this time to its current location, the turn three infield. Later, the original turn one location was also razed to make room for road course modifications, a section sometimes referred to as the \\\"Snake Pit\\\" section. In 2010, the turn three infield was officially named the New Snake Pit, and began to be embraced and officially marketed by management. On race day, a concert stage is erected, and popular music acts and DJ's perform to entertain the infield crowd in a controlled and festive environment. For 2014, the Snake Pit section of the road course will be part of the Grand Prix of Indianapolis, the first time cars have used the Snake Pit section in competition (motorcycles have used it since 2008).\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nCoke Lot\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nSimilar to the aforementioned \\\"Snake Pit,\\\" the Coke Lot which is located outside the track, is the most noteworthy and popular camping location on the grounds of the Speedway. Officially designated Lot 1C, it has been nicknamed the \\\"Coke Lot\\\" for decades due to the presence of a Coca-Cola bottling plant located on an adjacent property.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe lot is an open field situated just to the northwest of the track, outside of turn 4 of the oval, off of Georgetown Road. Long known for intense revelry and all-night partying (particularly on the night before the race), the Coke Lot is a festive area and party scene for RVs and campers, as well as tent campers. The lot typically opens a few days before the race and allows fans to stay through the entire race weekend.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nWhile the Coke Lot is the most notorious camping area, several other camping lots are also situated around the vicinity of the Speedway, some focusing on family-friendly environments, while others are considered premium lot for high-end RV'ers.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn years past, another camping area called the \\\"North 40\\\" (named due to its size of approximately 40 acres) was another scene of intense overnight revelry. In the 1970s, its revelry surpassed that of the Coke Lot. Located directly north of the track off of 30th Street, in close proximity to the Speedway's golf course, and backed up against a neighborhood of homes, it is no longer used for camping. Currently it is only utilized for daytime car parking, and employee parking. During its peak, security had to begin using giant searchlights to keep North 40 campers from illegally wandering onto the golf course property late into the night.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nFood\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nA traditional food of choice at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is the pork tenderloin sandwich. The sandwich is a well-known midwestern creation, and is sold at the track concessions.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nBeer (largely domestic) is consumed in considerable amounts at the track. Unlike most sports stadiums and arenas, at Indianapolis (and most speedways), spectators are allowed to bring their own alcoholic beverages into the track for consumption. Beer is also sold at concessions. Glass bottles, however, are strictly prohibited at the track. Broken glass is considered an extreme hazard to the race cars (cut tires) on the track.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nPeanuts are considered bad luck. An ambiguous, long-standing superstition against eating peanuts at the race track has dominated Indianapolis dating back to at least the 1940s. Legend says, though unconfirmed, that a crashed car was found with peanut shells in the cockpit. As of 2009, however, peanuts are sold at trackside concessions, and the myth has lost a lot of its following.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nFrom the mid-1960s until her death in 1975, Mary Catherine \\\"Mom\\\" Unser (mother of Jerry, Bobby, and Al) was a well-known fixture at the race. She became famous for her spicy chili. Each year, she would treat the participants to a cook-out in the garage area.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nCurse of the Smiths\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nAmong the over 756 drivers who have participated in the Indy 500, none have had the last name Smith, the most common surname in the United States. Several Smiths have attempted to make the race, the last being Mark Smith who failed to qualify in 1993 and 1994, despite finishing 5th at the Michigan Superspeedway in a 1994 CART race. By contrast there have been seven different drivers with the last name Jones, and four with the last name Johnson.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nOnly two drivers with the surname Smith have ever competed at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, albeit in different events. Regan Smith has driven in the Brickyard 400 from 2008 until 2013, and has been a regular in the Lilly Diabetes 250. Motorcyclist Bradley Smith has competed in the Red Bull Indianapolis GP in either the 125 cc, Moto2, & MotoGP classes since 2008. Neither driver has won any of the events at Indianapolis. Regan has come in 3rd in the 2011 Brickyard 400, and is currently a competitive driver for JR Motorsports; while Bradley finishes 2nd in the 2009 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix when he is still racing in the 125cc class, and is currently competing in the MotoGP class with Monster Yamaha Tech 3 team.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nA German language translation of Smith has participated, with Sam Schmidt making three starts.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nPre race ceremonies\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*At 6 a.m., and in some years as early as 5 a.m., an explosive is set off to signal the opening of the gates. *At 8 a.m., the \\\"Parade of Bands\\\" marches around the racing circuit. Numerous marching bands from nearby and neighboring high schools and universities entertain the early arriving fans. This tradition dates back to 1922, and celebrated its 90th anniversary in 2015. Most of the bands in attendance also participate in the 500 Festival Parade downtown the day before. Traditional participants include the Purdue All-American Marching Band (along with the World's Largest Drum which is driven around the track) and Speedway High School. *The Purdue University All-American Marching Band plays several pre-race songs, including \\\"On the Banks of the Wabash\\\" and \\\"Stars and Stripes Forever.\\\"\\n*In 1991, and in most years since about 2002, a special military appreciation lap has been held. Military personnel who have recently returned from active service overseas are honored in a parade around the track. In 1991, hundred of troops who had returned from Operation Desert Storm marched around the course on race morning. In the 2000s, troops (namely from Iraq and Afghanistan) have been paraded around in trucks and saluted by fans.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*About an hour or two before the race, there is a parade around the track (typically in convertible festival cars) of the 500 Festival Queen and her court of 500 Festival Princesses. Likewise, a similar parade of former race winners, celebrities in attendance, and other VIPs is conducted. *In many years, a ceremonial lap of vintage race cars and/or vintage pace cars is conducted. In some cases, the original drivers (or surviving relatives) are behind the wheel. *Starting in 2016, a new tradition was introduced, the \\\"march to the bricks.\\\" The Borg-Warner Trophy is paraded through the infield to the start/finish line. *Finally, driver introductions take place. They are usually in reverse starting order with the front row being introduced last. This is followed by the drivers being paraded around the track similar to the Festival Queen, her court, and other VIPs.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe pre-race ceremonies usually go in the following order:\\n* Invocation\\n* \\\"Taps\\\"\\n* \\\"America the Beautiful\\\" and \\\"God Bless America\\\"\\n* \\\"The Star-Spangled Banner\\\"\\n* \\\"Back Home Again in Indiana\\\" accompanied by a balloon release\\n* Starting command\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nGrand Marshal\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn some years, a Grand marshal has been named for the race. The duties of the grand marshal may include greeting drivers and dignitaries during pre-race ceremonies, delivering the \\\"drivers to your cars\\\" message, and riding in the pace car. This person may or may not be the same grand marshal as the 500 Festival Parade. Unlike other races, the grand marshall does not give the starting command.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*1991 - Norman Schwarzkopf\\n*2015 - Nastia Liukin\\n*2016 - Florence Henderson\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nNational anthem\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe Star-Spangled Banner has been performed before the start of the Indy 500 in most years. Up through the 1970s and early 1980s, the song was typically played by the Purdue All-American Marching Band without a vocalist. However, in some rare occasions, a vocalist was used. In 1976, Tom Sullivan and Up with People were invited to sing, as a gesture to the U.S. Bicentennial.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nBy the mid-1980s, the Speedway began inviting notable artists to perform the national anthem. In nearly all cases, they would be backed by the Purdue Band. In 1983, James A. Hubert flubbed the lyrics. He omitted the line \\\"O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?\\\" and instead repeated the second line \\\"What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming\\\", stumbling on the word \\\"twilight\\\" the second time around.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nAfter the national anthem is performed, the public address announcer gives the command \\\"Drivers, to your cars!\\\"\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn 2001, Steven Tyler of Aerosmith caused a controversy after he changed the lyrics of the song. Recent performers include:\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*1965 - Purdue Band\\n*1966 - Purdue Band\\n*1967 - Purdue Band\\n*1968 - Purdue Band\\n*1969 - Purdue Band\\n*1970 - Al Hirt (trumpet solo)\\n*1971 - Purdue Band\\n*1972 - Purdue Band\\n*1973 - Purdue Band\\n*1974 - Purdue Band\\n*1975 - Purdue Band\\n*1976 - Tom Sullivan and Up with People\\n*1977 - Purdue Band\\n*1978 - Purdue Band\\n*1979 - Purdue Band\\n*1980 - Purdue Band\\n*1981 - Purdue Band\\n*1982 - Louis Sudler\\n*1983 - James A. Hubert\\n*1984\\n*1985 - Robert McFarlin\\n*1986 - David Hasselhoff\\n*1987 - Sandi Patty\\n*1988 - Sandi Patty\\n*1989 - Tom Hudnut (brother of Indianapolis mayor Bill Hudnut)\\n*1990 - Sandi Patty\\n*1991 - Sandi Patty\\n*1992 - Sandi Patty and the Voices of Liberty\\n*1993 - Florence Henderson\\n*1994 - Florence Henderson\\n*1995 - Florence Henderson\\n*1996 - Florence Henderson\\n*1997 - Florence Henderson\\n*1998 - Elizabeth Burch\\n*1999 - CeCe Winans\\n*2000 - Jessica Andrews\\n*2001 - Steven Tyler\\n*2002 - Josephine Holmon (West Point cadet)\\n*2003 - Daniel Rodríguez\\n*2004 - Jessica Simpson\\n*2005 - Members of U.S. Armed Forces\\n*2006 - Members of U.S. Armed Forces\\n*2007 - Members of U.S.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nArmed Forces\\n*2008 - Julianne Hough\\n*2009 - Major Lisa Kopczynski (Indiana National Guard)\\n*2010 - Jewel\\n*2011 - Seal and Kelly Clarkson, accompanied by David Foster on piano. *2012 - Martina McBride\\n*2013 - Sandi Patty\\n*2014 - LeAnn Rimes\\n*2015 - Jordin Sparks\\n*2016 - Darius Rucker\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nOther songs\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn most years since 1991, the song \\\"America the Beautiful\\\" or \\\"God Bless America\\\" has been performed by Florence Henderson and others. Henderson, a native Hoosier, is a friend of the Hulman-George family that owns the Speedway. Her performance, usually not televised, precedes the national anthem. The performance of \\\"America the Beautiful\\\" was introduced for the race's 75th anniversary running in 1991, in part due to Operation Desert Storm. Henderson switched to the national anthem for 1993–1997, then resumed \\\"America the Beautiful\\\" in 1999. In 2003, her performance was switched to \\\"God Bless America,\\\" which became more popular in the post-9/11 era.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nBy 2009, \\\"America the Beautiful\\\" was re-added to the ceremonies, with a different artist each year. In 1999, Lee Greenwood did a special performance of \\\"God Bless the USA\\\", and in 2003, Darryl Worley performed \\\"Have You Forgotten?\\\".\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n\\\"America the Beautiful\\\"\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*1991 - Florence Henderson\\n*1992 - Florence Henderson\\n*1993—1998 - none\\n*1999 - Florence Henderson\\n*2000 - Florence Henderson\\n*2001 - Florence Henderson\\n*2002 - Florence Henderson\\n*2003—2008 - none\\n*2009 - Miss America 2009 Katie Stam\\n*2010 - Major Lisa Kopczynski (Indiana National Guard)\\n*2011 - Miss America 2011 Teresa Scanlan\\n*2012 - Specialist Ron Walker\\n*2013 - Lindsey Kraner [http://www.kpcnews.com/news/latest/newssun/article_73174946-2579-5e3e-bb37-9d1b68a4a473.html]\\n*2014 - Martina McBride\\n*2015 - Danielle Bradbery\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n\\\"God Bless America\\\"\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*2003 - Florence Henderson\\n*2004 - Florence Henderson\\n*2005 - Florence Henderson\\n*2006 - Florence Henderson\\n*2007 - Florence Henderson\\n*2008 - Florence Henderson\\n*2009 - Florence Henderson\\n*2010 - Florence Henderson\\n*2011 - Florence Henderson\\n*2012 - Florence Henderson\\n*2013 - Jon McLaughlin\\n*2014 - Florence Henderson\\n*2015 - Florence Henderson\\n*2016 - Indianapolis Children's Choir\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nInvocation\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nStarting in 1974, the Indy 500 was moved to the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. As a gesture, the Speedway added an invocation to the pre-race ceremonies. Since 1978 (except in 1999), the Speedway has invited a representative of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis. In selected years, others have been invited including nationally famous clergymen Oral Roberts and Billy Graham.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe Most Reverend Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara participated several times until his death in early 1992. Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein took over as the traditional clergy in 1993. Buechlein customarily ended his invocation with the word \\\"Godspeed\\\" in the languages of all of the participating drivers. In 2011, Buechlein fell ill, and resigned from the archdiocese. Since 2011, new Archbishop Joe Tobin, or Auxiliary bishop Christopher J. Coyne has delivered the invocation.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*1974: Rev. Ray Montgomery\\n*1975: Rev. Ray Montgomery\\n*1976: Rev. Ray Montgomery\\n*1977: Oral Roberts\\n*1978: \\n*1979: Rev. James Bonke\\n*1980: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\\n*1981: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\\n*1982: Rev. James Bonke\\n*1983: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\\n*1984: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\\n*1985: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\\n*1986: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\\n*1987: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\\n*1988: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\\n*1989: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\\n*1990: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\\n*1991: Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara\\n*1992: Father Michael Welch\\n*1993: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*1994: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*1995: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*1996: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*1997: Vicar general Joseph F. Schaedel\\n*1998: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*1999: Billy Graham\\n*2000: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*2001: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*2002: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*2003: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*2004: Monsignor Joseph F. Schaedel\\n*2005: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*2006: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*2007: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*2008: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*2009: Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein\\n*2010: Monsignor Joseph F. Schaedel\\n*2011: Auxiliary bishop Christopher J. Coyne\\n*2012: Auxiliary bishop Christopher J. Coyne\\n*2013: Archbishop Joseph William Tobin\\n*2014: Auxiliary bishop Christopher J. Coyne\\n*2015: Archbishop Joseph William Tobin\\n*2016: Archbishop Joseph William Tobin\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nTaps\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn remembrance of Memorial Day, \\\"Taps\\\" is played, and a U.S. military aircraft does a fly-by. In some years, multiple aircraft participate, executing the missing man formation. Traditionally, a member of the public address announcing team recited a preamble honoring those who have died in combat, and those who have perished in automobile racing. The preamble dated back to at least 1965. Jim Philippe recited the preamble until he died in 2003. Dave Calabro said it in 2006, and Jerry Baker reprised it in 2012. Since 2000, a notable military or government official has also offered a tribute or remarks.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe traditional preamble goes as follows:\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn the 1960s and 1970s, \\\"Taps\\\" was typically rendered by a combined U.S. Armed Forces Color Guard. Then from the about 1980 through 2005, it was usually played by the full Purdue Band. Since 2006, it has been a trumpet solo. In 2016, the trumpeter moved from the trackside victory podium to the starter's stand on the mainstretch.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nRendering of \\\"Taps\\\"\\n*1960: Combined U.S. Armed Forces color guard\\n*1964-1977: Combined U.S. Armed Forces color guard\\n*1980: Purdue Brass Quartet\\n*1983-1984: Purdue Band\\n*1985: Combined U.S. Armed Forces color guard\\n*1986: Ron Blomberg & Robert A. Nixon (74th Army Band of Fort Benjamin Harrison)\\n*1987-1996 - Purdue Band\\n*1997 - Larry Wiseman\\n*1998-2005 - Purdue Band\\n*2006-2008 - Sgt. [http://www.byronbartosh.com/ Byron Bartosh] (Indiana National Guard)\\n*2009-2010 - Sgt. Joseph Young (Indiana National Guard)\\n*2011-2016 - SSG Ron Duncan (38th Infantry Division Army National Guard Band)\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nRemarks\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*2000 - U. S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen\\n*2001 - General James L. Jones\\n*2003 - General Jack Keane\\n*2004 - General William J. Begert\\n*2005 - General Colin Powell (former United States Secretary of State)\\n*2006 - General Colin Powell (former United States Secretary of State)\\n*2007 - General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.\\n*2008 - General Victor E. Renuart Jr.\\n*2009 - General Craig R. McKinley followed by a 3-volley salute\\n*2010 - Rear admiral John W. Miller followed by a 3-volley salute\\n*2011 - General Peter W. Chiarelli followed by a 3-volley salute\\n*2012 - Admiral James A. Winnefeld, Jr. followed by a 3-volley salute\\n*2013 - Colonel Jack H. Jacobs followed by a 3-volley salute\\n*2014 - General Frank J. Grass followed by a 3-volley salute\\n*2015 - General Dennis L. Via followed by a 3-volley salute\\n*2016 - Lieutenant General Joseph Anderson followed by a 3-volley salute, and tribute to Pearl Harbor Survivors\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nFly-bys\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*1991 - Four A-10s\\n*1992 - The \\\"Black Aces\\\"\\n*1994 - Four P-51 Mustangs, led by Chuck Yeager\\n*1995 - B-17 Flying Fortress, led by Chuck Yeager\\n*1996 - Four F/A-18 Hornets (Marine Aircraft Group 31)\\n*1997 - Stealth Bomber\\n*1999 - Stealth Bomber & four F-14 Tomcats\\n*2000 - Two AV-8B Harrier IIs\\n*2001 - Four F-16s, \\\"The Racers\\\" (181st Fighter Wing, Indiana Air National Guard)\\n*2002 - Stealth Bomber \\\"Spirit of Washington\\\" (509th Bomb Wing, Whiteman Air Force Base)\\n*2003 - Stealth Bomber \\\"Spirit of Indiana\\\" (509th Bomb Wing, Whiteman Air Force Base)\\n*2004 - Four F-16s, \\\"The Black Snakes\\\" (122d Fighter Wing, Air National Guard)\\n*2005 - Stealth Bomber\\n*2006 - Historic Aircraft & four F-16s\\n*2007 - Four F-22 Raptors (Langley AFB)\\n*2008 - Two F-16 Vipers & two F/A-18 Hornets (Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center)\\n*2009 - Two WWII B-25 Mitchell bombers\\n*2010 - Four F/A-18 Hornets (Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center)\\n*2011\\n**Pre-race - Stealth Bomber \\\"Spirit of Indiana\\\" (509th Bomb Wing, Whiteman Air Force Base)\\n**Post-race - Four F/A-18E Super Hornets\\n*2012 - A-10 Thunderbolt \\\"Warthog\\\", F-16 Fighting Falcon, two P-51 Mustangs.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*2013 - One WWII North American B-25 Mitchell \\\"Axis Nightmare\\\" (Tri-State Warbird Museum) and five North American T-6 Texan trainer aircraft\\n*2014 - Black Diamond Jet Team\\n*2015 - Two A-10s\\n*2016 - Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless and a P-51 Mustang; both aircraft are from the Commemorative Air Force. Also, two F/A-18E Super Hornets from VFA-81 and two EA-18G Growlers from VAQ-139.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n\\\"Back Home Again in Indiana\\\"\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe most traditional performance is the singing of \\\"Back Home Again in Indiana\\\". Jim Nabors, accompanied by the Purdue Marching Band, notably performed the song in most years from 1972-2014. During the line \\\"...the new mown hay...\\\" thousands of multicolored balloons are released from an infield tent. This tradition has accompanied the race since 1946. Racers stay in their cars during the entire song. The song has long been the last event in the order of the day, immediately preceding the command to start engines.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe song, which was first published in 1917, is reported to have been first played at the race in 1919. A trackside brass band played the song as Indiana-born Howdy Wilcox was finishing the final laps to victory.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn 1997, the race was rained out on Sunday, and the start was rescheduled for Monday. Nabors (as well as the Purdue band), had left the grounds by Monday morning. Rather than find a last-minute replacement, Nabors suggested that the Speedway utilize a recording of one of his previous performances. The Speedway replayed his 1993 rendition, and it was well received by the fans. Two days before the 2007 race, Nabors canceled his appearance due to an illness. On race morning, Nabors recorded a special video greeting to the fans from his Hawaii home, which was streamed over the internet. Fans were invited to sing along with the Purdue band, and a \\\"get well soon\\\" message was displayed for Nabors. In 2008, Nabors made a well-received return, and received a standing ovation at the public driver meeting.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nNabors again missed the race in 2012 due to an illness. This time, the Speedway sent a television crew to his home in Maui, and recorded a performance that was played on the video boards on race morning. In March 2014, Nabors announced that the 2014 race would be his final performance. The Speedway announced on December 22, 2014 that Straight No Chaser, started by former Indiana University students, will perform the song for the 2015 race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*1946 - James Melton\\n*1947 - James Melton\\n*1948 - James Melton\\n*1949 - Frank Parish\\n*1950 - James Melton\\n*1951 - Frank Parish\\n*1952 - Morton Downey, Sr.\\n*1953 - Morton Downey, Sr.\\n*1954 - James Melton\\n*1955 - Dinah Shore\\n*1956 - Brian Sullivan\\n*1957 - Jerome Hines & Purdue Band\\n*1958 - Brian Sullivan\\n*1959 - Purdue University Glee Club\\n*1960 - Dennis Morgan\\n*1961 - Mel Tormé\\n*1962 - C. David Cochard (Purdue Varsity Glee Club)\\n*1963 - Brian Sullivan\\n*1964 - Vic Damone\\n*1965 - Johnny Desmond\\n*1966 - Ed Ames (music and stage actor)\\n*1967 - Russell J. Wunderlich (Purdue Varsity Glee Club)\\n*1968 - Richard O. Plothow (Purdue Varsity Glee Club)\\n*1969 - Mack H. Shultz (Purdue Varsity Glee Club)\\n*1970 - Saverio Saridis\\n*1971 - Peter DePaolo\\n*1972 - Jim Nabors\\n*1973 - Jim Nabors\\n*1974 - Jim Nabors\\n*1975 - Jim Nabors\\n*1976 - Jim Nabors\\n*1977 - Jim Nabors\\n*1978 - Jim Nabors\\n*1979 - Peter Marshall\\n*1980 - Dr. Richard Smith (Purdue Varsity Glee Club)\\n*1981 - Phil Harris\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*1982 - Louis Sudler (Chicago Civic Opera)\\n*1983 - Jim Nabors\\n*1984 - Jim Nabors\\n*1985 - Walt Disney World Voices of Liberty, conducted by Mickey Mouse\\n*1986 - John S. Davies (Artist in residence, Indianapolis Opera) & the 74th Army Band of Fort Benjamin Harrison\\n*1987 - Jim Nabors\\n*1988 - Jim Nabors\\n*1989 - Jim Nabors\\n*1990 - Jim Nabors\\n*1991 - Jim Nabors\\n*1992 - Jim Nabors\\n*1993 - Jim Nabors\\n*1994 - Jim Nabors\\n*1995 - Jim Nabors\\n*1996 - Jim Nabors\\n*1997 - Jim Nabors (via recording)\\n*1998 - Jim Nabors\\n*1999 - Jim Nabors\\n*2000 - Jim Nabors\\n*2001 - Jim Nabors\\n*2002 - Jim Nabors\\n*2003 - Jim Nabors\\n*2004 - Jim Nabors\\n*2005 - Jim Nabors\\n*2006 - Jim Nabors\\n*2007 - 300,000 race fans & Purdue Band\\n*2008 - Jim Nabors\\n*2009 - Jim Nabors\\n*2010 - Jim Nabors\\n*2011 - Jim Nabors\\n*2012 - Jim Nabors (via videotape from Hawaii)\\n*2013 - Jim Nabors\\n*2014 - Jim Nabors (his final performance)\\n*2015 - Straight No Chaser\\n*2016 - Josh Kaufman & Indianapolis Children's Choir\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nStarting command\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe call for the engines to start is made by stating \\\"Gentlemen, start your engines!\\\" When female drivers are competing, the call has been amended to \\\"Lady and Gentlemen...\\\" or \\\"Ladies and Gentlemen...\\\"\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nThe exact origin of the phrase is unclear, and there have been several conflicting accounts of who was the first to recite it, and what the exact wording of it was. Prior to WWII, it was commonplace for an aerial bomb to signal the start of the engines. Seth Kline was the official starter of the \\\"500\\\" from 1925-1926 & 1934-1953. Kline is thought to have made an informal \\\"Gentlemen, start your motors!\\\" command as early as 1948 to accompany the bomb. The first documented case was in 1950, and that was recited by prolific public address announcer John Francis \\\"Irish\\\" Horan. Kline was again reported as saying it in 1951, (though some report it was Horan) Either Kline or Horan said it again in 1952. It was around that time the command was changed from \\\"...motors!\\\" to \\\"...engines!\\\" The participants and officials alike, preferred the more technical term \\\"engines\\\" to describe their machines. Sid Collins stated that chief steward Harlan Fengler explained to him \\\"there are no motors in the race, just engines.\\\"\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nWilbur Shaw, president of the Speedway from 1946–1954, was believed to be the person who coined the phrase, and it was erroneously claimed in his autobiography that he recited it in all the post-WWII years until his death. Speedway historian Donald Davidson, however, believes Shaw only recited it twice, in 1953 and 1954.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nAfter Shaw's death, Tony Hulman started reciting the command, and made it popular and famous. The normally soft-spoken and shy Hulman had a proud and vociferous version of the command annually. After Hulman's death in 1977, his widow Mary F. Hulman or his daughter, Mari Hulman George has done the honor.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn 1977, Janet Guthrie became the first female driver to qualify for the Indy 500. Controversy surrounded the command, because the Speedway management did not want to alter the traditional phrase. During the week before the race, the management announced that they would not change the wording of the command. Looking for an excuse, they insisted that the cars were actually started by male crew members with an electric hand-held starter from behind the car. Guthrie and her crew were quite displeased by the stubbornness of the Speedway management, considering her unprecedented accomplishment. The crew reacted by assigning Kay Bignotti (wife of George Bignotti) as the crew member to operate the inertial starter at the back of Guthrie's car. The Speedway's argument fell apart, and they decided upon a special amended command for that year. They did not announce beforehand what the special command would be, and Hulman's highly anticipated phrase was the following:\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn 1978-1979, when Guthrie again qualified for the race, it was simply amended to \\\"Lady and...\\\" In 1992, Lyn St. James became the second female to qualify for the race. She publicly requested, albeit not contentiously, that the command be changed to \\\"Drivers, start your engines.\\\" The request was dismissed, and the command used was the now customary \\\"Lady and...\\\" variation.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nFor many years, the traditional location for giving the command was at the pace car in the front of the starting grid. Public address announcer Jim Philippe normally introduced the command, describing it as the \\\"traditional command\\\" or the \\\"famous four words.\\\" Phillippe's final 500 was 2003. Likewise, for many years through 1989, Luke Walton traditionally introduced the command on the radio network broadcast. Since 2004, Dave Calabro introduces the command normally by calling it the \\\"most famous words in motorsports.\\\"\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nIn most cases, Hulman would give the command, then ride in the pace car during the pace laps. Mary F. Hulman would give the command near the pace car, but rarely rode in the pace car due to her age and declining health. Eventually, the location was moved to near the start/finish line, and in 2001, it was moved to the new Victory Podium stage adjacent to the Pagoda. In 2011, however, Mari George moved back to the front of the starting grid to give the command, and she rode in the pace car with A. J. Foyt. In 2014, as a special gesture to Jim Nabors's final performance at Indy, the starting command was given together by both Mari Hulman George and Nabors, the first time a non-member of the Hulman-George family had given the command for the 500 since 1954.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nStarting command\\n*1948-1952 - Seth Klein/John Francis \\\"Irish\\\" Horan (unconfirmed)\\n*1953-1954 - Wilbur Shaw\\n*1955-1977 - Tony Hulman\\n*1978-1980 - Mary F. Hulman\\n*1981 - Mari George\\n*1982-1996 - Mary F. Hulman\\n*1997-2013 - Mari George\\n*2014 - Mari George and Jim Nabors\\n*2015 - Mari George\\n*2016 - Four generations of the Hulman-George family (including Mari George and Tony George)\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nOn occasions when an accident or rain has halted the race, a second command has typically been given. Years include: 1967, 1973, 1982, 1986, 1997, 2004, 2007. The amended command, \\\"gentlemen, re-start your engines,\\\" has usually been used. In 1986, this restart command was given by Tony George. In 1997, it was given by Mari Hulman George. In 1982 and 2004 the command was given by public address announcer Tom Carnegie.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nOver the years, the starting command has been adopted to start all sorts of auto racing in the United States, including but not limited to NASCAR. However, in many venues outside of Indy, the phrase \\\"Drivers, start your engines\\\" appears to be the preferred version.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nHonorary starter\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nA recently-added tradition is the use of an honorary starter. A special guest has been invited in recent years to wave the green flag to start the race. Starting in 2013, the tradition was expanded where another celebrity arrives on race morning by helicopter to ceremoniously deliver the green flag.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*1993 - Nick Fornoro (retired CART starter, retired at the end of the 1992 CART season)\\n*1996 - Robert James Eaton (Chairman and CEO of Chrysler Corporation)\\n*1997 - General Ronald Fogleman (Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force)\\n*1998 - Mark Page (Sr. VP of Store Operations for Pep Boys, IndyCar Series sponsor)\\n*1999 - Jim Postl (President and CEO of Pennzoil)\\n*2000 - Howard Katz (President of ABC Sports)\\n*2004 - Nick Lachey\\n*2005 - Reggie Miller\\n*2006 - Sugar Ray Leonard\\n*2007 - Peyton Manning\\n*2008 - Kristi Yamaguchi\\n*2009 - Allen Sirkin (COO of Phillips-Van Heusen, IndyCar Series Sponsor)\\n*2010 - Jack Nicholson\\n*2011 - Bruce P. Crandall (Medal of Honor recipient)\\n*2012 - Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels\\n*2013 - Michael Peña (promoting the film Turbo)\\n**Green flag delivered by Chuck Pagano and Riley Hospital patient Willie Avila \\n*2014 - Mark Cuban\\n**Green flag delivered by Andrew Luck and Riley Hospital patients MaKenzi Rooksberry and Johliel Austin \\n*2015 - Patrick Dempsey\\n**Green flag delivered by Paul George, Pat McAfee, and Riley Hospital patient Tori Gwyn \\n*2016 - Chris Pine\\n**Green flag delivered by workers from IU Health University Hospital\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nCelebrity guests\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nSince the early years of the race, celebrities from all walks of fame have been invited to the race, some have returned for many years or even decades. Television and movie stars, recording artists, sports figures, politicians, and military, are among the many dignitaries invited. During the pre-race, a parade of stars is conducted around the track, usually in convertibles. Clark Gable is seen in a famous photograph of the 1947 race. Among the many celebrities who attended or have attended multiple Indy 500s include Jim Nabors, James Garner, former vice president Dan Quayle, David Letterman, Tim Allen, Florence Henderson, Linda Vaughn, and many others. Paul Newman, who starred in the Indy-related film Winning, attended the race many times, and from 1983-1995, and again in 2008, was at the race as co-owner of Newman/Haas Racing.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nDavid Letterman worked as a reporter for ABC during the 1971 race, and attended the race many times as a spectator. Since 2002, he has attended the race as co-owner of Rahal Letterman Racing. The team won the race in 2004 with driver Buddy Rice. At the 2015 race, Letterman was honored on the famous scoring pylon during the pre-race; just four days after he retired from the Late Show.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nDuring the 1960s and early 1970s, several NASA astronauts from the Apollo program were among invited guests.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nRace\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*The cars begin the race in a rolling start, traditionally in eleven rows of three, for a field of 33 total cars. Most other automobile races have two cars per row. The 33-car field derives from a 1919 AAA mandate of one car for every 400 feet (120 m) of track. Early races, however, saw varying numbers of starters, from as low as 21, to as high as 42. The number of cars in each row also varied, with as many as five abreast. Since 1933 there have only been the following exceptions to having a field of 33 racers:\\n**In 1941, 33 cars initially qualified for the field during time trials. Sam Hanks was injured in a practice crash the day before the race and withdrew. Then on the morning of the race, George Barringer's car was destroyed in a fire that swept through the garage area, thus only 31 cars lined up to start the race. **In 1947, only 30 cars qualified. A boycott over the purse led to the smaller field.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n**In 1979, after a rules dispute over turbocharger inlets, and after controversy regarding the refusal of some entries from members of the CART series, a special fifth day of qualifying was added. However, only two cars ran sufficient speeds to be added to the field, and 35 cars lined up to start the race. Heavy attrition early on saw one car fail to complete a lap, and 7 cars out by lap 22. **In 1997, which used an \\\"all exempt tour\\\" concept similar to the PGA Tour since 1983, the top 25 teams headed in Indy Racing League team entry points standings earned exemptions into the field, with the top nine non-exempt cars making the race on speed. Some exempt teams bumped out other non-exempt cars that had actually qualified with faster speeds, but their teams were not in the top 25 of League points. Two bumped cars were restored to the field to ensure that the \\\"33 fastest entries\\\" were part of the field, for a total of 35 starters. Ironically on the pace lap, three cars crashed out together, while two suffered mechanical problems, and only 30 cars took the green flag.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n(A similar rule was used at the Crown Royal presents the Your Hero's Name Here 400 from 2005 to 2012 and the Lilly Diabetes 250 from 2012 to 2014. Both were NASCAR races which guaranteed a position for the top 35 drivers in the owners standings in the Sprint Cup Series and top 30 drivers for the Xfinity Series.)\\n*Tom Carnegie announced on June 9, 2006 that the previous month's race, would be his last as official track announcer. Having called the race since 1946 on the public address system, he is best known for his lines, \\\"He's on it!\\\" (signaling the start of a qualifying attempt), \\\"It's a new track record!\\\" (when a driver surpasses either a one- or four-lap track record in qualifications), and \\\"He's slowing down on the backstretch!\\\" or \\\"Andretti's slowing down!\\\" (The latter for the Andretti family's historical misfortune at Indianapolis.). Indianapolis television personality David Calabro became the second PA announcer in the Hulman-George era after Carnegie's retirement for the 2007 race.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nPost-race\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nVictory lane bottle of milk\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nA long-standing tradition of the Indianapolis 500 is for the winner to drink a bottle of milk immediately after the race. This tradition dates back to 1936 after victor Louis Meyer asked for a glass of buttermilk, something his mother had encouraged him to drink on hot days. Meyer also reportedly drank milk after his victory in 1933, as did a few others in the immediate years afterward. The young tradition quickly went away, and for a time after WWII, was replaced by \\\"Water From Wilbur\\\" - a silver jug (resembling an ice bucket) filled with icy-cold water, presented by then-Speedway president, and three-time former winner Wilbur Shaw.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nBy 1956, the milk returned as a ritual as milk companies became sponsors of the race purse and handed a bottle of milk to the winner to promote their product. A sponsorship of currently $10,000 now paid out by the American Dairy Association if the winner sips the milk in victory lane. In 1993, Emerson Fittipaldi drank orange juice instead of milk after his victory. The snub drew considerable ire from fans. Later he took a sip of milk, at the urging of his car owner Roger Penske. Fittipaldi owned citrus farms in Brazil, and wished to promote his industry. As a result, he was booed in driver's introductions the following week by the crowd in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the heart of \\\"America's Dairyland.\\\" In 1981, Bobby Unser also did not drink the milk in victory lane. After Unser was tentatively stripped of his victory, Mario Andretti sipped from a bottle of milk the next morning during the traditional photo shoot.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nBorg-Warner Trophy\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nA bas-relief sculpture of the winner's face, along with his name, average speed, and date of victory is added to the Borg-Warner Trophy. The trophy has been in use since 1936. A smaller replica of this trophy has been officially presented to the winner after the race since 1988 and team principal since 1997, usually in a press conference either at the Speedway or in Detroit at the North American International Auto Show at the BorgWarner exhibit, except for the 2011 race because of extenuating circumstances (the winning driver had died in a crash at an aborted INDYCAR race; the winning team principal and the driver's widow were presented with the respective trophies in the ensuing January). Prior to that, winners received a replica mounted on a chestnut plaque.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nSelected awards\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*The winner has been awarded one of the pace cars, or a replica, almost every year since 1936. In 1941, there were only six copies of the special Chrysler Newport Phaeton, and no production models created. The co-winners did not receive it. In 1946, an oil painting and a trip was substituted as the award, but winner George Robson died in a motor sports accident before he received it. In 1971, Al Unser received a Dodge Charger from Palmer Dodge in the Indianapolis area, after the Dodge Challenger safety car was damaged in the start crash. Palmer repaired the car and kept it until selling in 2006 to local car collector Steven Cage. In 1991, the Dodge Viper was still a prototype vehicle, and only two were in existence. Winner Rick Mears was awarded instead a Dodge Stealth, which was to be the original pace car but after protests by the UAW (because the Stealth was a captive import built by Mitsubishi in Japan), they were instead used at the track for festival cars. *Among the numerous awards presented to the winner is the traditional Winner's Quilt.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nSince 1976, Jeanetta Holder has hand-crafted a special quilt blanket for the winner, which features an Indy-related design. She presents the quilt to the winning driver the morning after the race, during the traditional winner's photo shoot. *The morning after the race, the winning driver and team participates in the traditional winner's photo shoot at the start/finish line. The 1981 photo shoot is notable in that race winner Bobby Unser was stripped of the victory when official results were posted. Second place Mario Andretti was elevated to the win, and Andretti actually took part in the photo shoot. Later in the year, Unser was reinstated the victory. In 2009, heavy rain on Monday morning forced Helio Castroneves' photo shoot to take place indoors. *The night after the race, the prizes are distributed at the annual 500 Victory Banquet. The traditional awards banquet dates back many decades. In 1972, the black-tie gala was moved to the Indiana Convention Center, and was held there until the mid-2000s. In more recent years, it has been held at a pavilion on the grounds of the Speedway. The 1973 banquet was cancelled due to the rain delay and tragic circumstances surrounding the event.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nFor a brief time (2000-2001), the banquet was held on Sunday night, a few hours after the conclusion of the race. The 2000 race did not end until nearly 6 p.m. due to a rain delay, and participants had to rush downtown to make the banquet on time. In 2002, the banquet was moved back to Monday night. In 1986, the race was delayed until the following Saturday due to rain, and the banquet was cancelled due to scheduling concerns. A private victory luncheon for the top three finishers was held the day after the race at the Speedway Motel.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nOther post-race traditions\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*The Indianapolis 500 notably does not utilize a podium for the top-three finishers as is customary in other forms of racing, as well as at most other IndyCar events. Only the winning driver and team participate in victory lane celebrations, an homage to horse racing's Winner's Circle. * The tradition of the winning driver and crew kissing the yard of bricks that mark the start/finish, started by Dale Jarrett at the 1996 Brickyard 400, appears to have carried over to the Indy 500, starting with Gil de Ferran in 2003. *For many years, the results of the race were considered unofficial until the following day. After the race, the sanctioning body, namely USAC, would review the scoring records, as well as video tapes and film, prior to releasing the official results. It was not unusual for the vetting process to go late into the evening, past midnight, and into the early hours of the morning. Traditionally, the official results would be posted at 8 a.m. local time the morning after the race. Revisions were not unusual, as assessed penalties and scoring corrections would be part of the official standings.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nA brief protest period would open for the teams to voice complaints, and if there were no protests, the official results would stand. The most famous instance of protest occurred in 1981. Starting in 1990, a new electronic scoring system was implemented, simplifying the scoring process. In that year, officials were done compiling the official standings very early in Sunday evening, but still withheld the release until 8 a.m. the next day. By 1993, the rules were amended such that the official standings would be released approximately six hours following the conclusion of the race (rather than the next morning). This was largely due to the fact that computer and GPS-based scoring systems had automated the process, and serial scoring errors were almost non-existent outside of manually-assessed penalties (such as 1-lap penalties assessed for violations that occurred very late in the race, and were unable to be assessed/served before the race concluded).\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nRelated events\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\nDuring the days leading up the race, numerous other related and unrelated events are held in and around Indianapolis.\",\n \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\\n\\n*The Little 500 - Anderson Speedway: A 500-lap sprint car race held the night before the Indianapolis 500 at Anderson Speedway in Anderson, Indiana since 1949.\\n*The Night before the 500 - Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis. INDYCAR Pro Mazda Championship and U.S. F2000 National Championship (lower two rungs of the Mazda Road to Indy developmental series) races featured.\\n*Hoosier Hundred - Indiana State Fairgrounds\\n*Carb Night Burger Bash - Since 2008, Curt Cavin (Indianapolis Star) and Kevin Lee (WFNI) host a reception in Indianapolis on the Friday evening before the race (Carb Day). The reception raises money for charity, and is highlighted by guest appearances by drivers from the starting field, former drivers, and other Indy personalities. From 2008 to 2015, the event was held at [http://www.96thstreetsteakburgers.com/ 96th Street Steakburgers]. For 2016 the event will be held downtown.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":1366,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":138384,"offset":136600,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSIsImtpZCI6IjVHZDBvd0g5MTM2eDZjc1FvbE1zcktNWUZoRVFoUm5PVVVybEpjOUhaUEEifQ.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc4OTg2MDkyMywianRpIjoiNzkwNTU1YTYtNjAzZi00MTllLTkyZmQtN2UzODMyMzkyYzBmIiwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL01lbW9yeUFzTW9kYWxpdHkvVHJpdmlhUUEiLCJleHAiOjE3ODk4NjQ1MjMsImlzcyI6Imh0dHBzOi8vaHVnZ2luZ2ZhY2UuY28ifQ.AFHMfFwy8o3HirIOMJuqJwgxs6c_z8V6JBaSGuAoX58EtyJAD_qWDXNa3dl_z4cq0bUtqh484prWEyhgrAZ-CA","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":138384,"numBytesParquet":4149441207},{"config":"default","split":"validation","numRows":17944,"numBytesParquet":531588839},{"config":"default","split":"test","numRows":17210,"numBytesParquet":506953567}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
id stringlengths 4 10 | question stringlengths 18 1.2k | answer stringlengths 1 179 | answer_aliases listlengths 0 358 | documents listlengths 1 1.63k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qg_1382 | Consisting of taurine, glucuronolactone, caffeine, B vitamins, sucrose, and glucose, what beverage gives you wiiings? | Red Bull | [
"red bull sugar free",
"red bull",
"red bull house of art",
"red bull energy",
"gives you wings",
"redbull",
"red bull energy drink",
"red bull events",
"red bull energy shot",
"ross cooney",
"red bull sailing team"
] | [
"Caffeine\n\nCaffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug. Unlike many other psychoactive substances, it is legal and unregulated in nearly all parts of the world. There are several known mechanisms of action to explain t... |
qg_1383 | Headquartered in Bloomington, Il, the logo for State Farm Insurance features the words Auto, Life, and what, inside little red ovals? | Fire | [
"🔥",
"fire damage",
"open flame",
"fire",
"alight",
"fires",
"firetending",
"causes of fire"
] | [
"State Farm Insurance\n\nState Farm is an American group of insurance and financial services companies in the United States.",
"State Farm Insurance\n\nThe group's main business is State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, a mutual insurance firm that also owns the other State Farm companies. The corporate ... |
qg_1387 | What soft drink, invented by Charles Hires in 1866, is traditionally flavored with the root of the sassafras plant? | Root beer | [
"racinette",
"charlie hires",
"rootbeer",
"root beer"
] | [
"Soft drink\n\nA soft drink (see terminology for other names) is a drink that typically contains carbonated water, a sweetener, and a natural or artificial flavoring. The sweetener may be sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, sugar substitutes (in the case of diet drinks), or some combination of these. Soft... |
qg_1389 | Hazel, filbert, and kola are all types of what? | Nuts | [
"nut disambiguation",
"nut",
"nuts",
"nuts disambiguation"
] | [
"Corylus avellana\n\nCorylus avellana, the common hazel, is a species of hazel native to Europe and western Asia, from the British Isles south to Iberia, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, north to central Scandinavia, and east to the central Ural Mountains, the Caucasus, and northwestern Iran.Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees o... |
qg_1392 | May 18, 1980 saw the eruption of what, causing the death of 57 people and over $3 billion in damages? | Mount St. Helens | [
"eruption of mt st helens",
"lawetlat la",
"mount saint hellens",
"mount st helens eruption",
"mount st helens explosion",
"mount st helens washington",
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"mt saint helen s",
"mt st helens",
"goat rocks dome",
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"mount st helens",
"m... | [
"1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens\n\nOn May 18, 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in the state of Washington, United States. The eruption (a VEI 5 event) was the only significant volcanic eruption to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915 eruption of Las... |
qg_1395 | What member of Public enemy, known for always being able to tell what time it was, had his own VH1 reality show? | Flavor Flav | [
"flavour flav",
"rico drayton",
"flavor flav",
"flav",
"william 22flavor flav 22 drayton",
"flava flave",
"william jonathan drayton jr",
"flavor flave",
"william jonathan drayton",
"flava flav",
"william drayton jr"
] | [
"Public Enemy (band)\n\nPublic Enemy is an American hip hop group consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Khari Wynn, DJ Lord, and the S1W group. Formed on Long Island, New York in 1982, they are known for their politically charged music and criticism of the American media, with an active interest in t... |
qg_1398 | How many bonus points does a Scrabble player receive when playing all 7 of their tiles in a single turn? | 50 | [
"fifty"
] | [
"Scrabble\n\nScrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles, each bearing a single letter, onto a gameboard which is divided into a 15×15 grid of squares. The tiles must form words which, in crossword fashion, flow left to right in rows or downwards in columns. The words must be ... |
qg_1399 | What is the wife of an Earl called? | Countess | [
"roman count",
"comital",
"kreivi",
"count",
"papal count",
"countship",
"kinds of countess",
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"lensgrevinde",
"comtesse",
"reichsgraaf",
"count title",
"count nobility",
"counts",
"lensgreve",
"comi... | [
"Earl\n\nAn earl is a member of the nobility. The title is Anglo-Saxon, akin to the Scandinavian form jarl, and meant \"chieftain\", particularly a chieftain set to rule a territory in a king's stead. In Scandinavia, it became obsolete in the Middle Ages and was replaced with duke (hertig/hertug/hertog). In late... |
qg_1400 | What famed Scottish author and physician, creator of Sherlock Holmes and The Lost World, had a birthday on the 22 May, 1859? | Sir Arthur Conan Doyle | [
"arthur c doyle",
"doyle arthur conan",
"arthur ignatius conan doyle",
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"conan doyle",
"doyle sir arthur conan",
"arthur conan ignatius sir doyle",
"arthur conan ignatius ... | [
"Sherlock Holmes\n\nSherlock Holmes is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Known as a \"consulting detective\" in the stories, Holmes is known for a proficiency with observation, forensic science, and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic, which he employs when... |
qg_1402 | Usually consisting of 16 points, what is the name of the figure on a map or a chart that indicates the cardinal directions? | Compass Rose | [
"compass rose"
] | [
"Cardinal direction\n\nThe four cardinal directions or cardinal points are the directions of north, east, south, and west, commonly denoted by their initials: N, E, S, W. East and west are at right angles to north and south, with east being in the clockwise direction of rotation from north and west being directly o... |
qg_1403 | Last week we had a question on the passing of Frank Sinatr A. Sporting one eye, what fellow Rat Pack member met his end on May 16, 1990? | Sammy Davis, Jr | [
"silent sam dancing midget",
"sammy davis jr",
"sammy davis junior",
"sammy jr davis",
"mr entertainment",
"arthur silber jr",
"sammy davis jnr"
] | [
"Frank Sinatra\n\nFrancis Albert \"Frank\" Sinatra (; December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century. Sinatra's music has been considered timeless by many. He is one of the best-selling music artists o... |
qg_1405 | Who is missing: Luke, Bo, Jesse, Coy, Vance? | Daisy | [
"daisy",
"daisy disambiguation",
"daisy film",
"daisy album",
"daisy flower",
"daisies"
] | [
"Luke Duke\n\nLucas K. \"Luke\" Duke was born on November 6th 1951, Luke is a fictional character in the American television series The Dukes of Hazzard which ran from 1979 to 1985. Luke was played by Tom Wopat.",
"Luke Duke\n\nLuke, and his younger cousin Bo Duke live in an unincorporated area of the fictional H... |
qg_1406 | What is the common name of the warning police officers give to arrestees that include phrases such as “You have the right to remain silent” and “You have the right to have an attorney present during questioning”? | Miranda warning | [
"miranda warning",
"right to remain silent",
"under caution",
"miranda rule",
"you have right to remain silent anything you say can and will be used against you in court of law you have right to attorney if you cannot afford attorney one will be provided for you",
"miranda admonition",
"mirada rights",
... | [
"Police\n\nA police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the pol... |
qg_1407 | What is the name of the man in the top hat that serves as the mascot of the game Monopoly? | Rich Uncle Pennybags | [
"monopoly man",
"rich uncle pennybags",
"mr monopoly",
"milburn pennybags",
"uncle pennybags",
"monopoly guy",
"pennybags"
] | [
"Top hat\n\nA top hat, beaver hat, high hat, silk hat, cylinder hat, chimney pot hat or stove pipe hat, sometimes also known by the nickname \"topper\", is a tall, flat-crowned, broad-brimmed hat, predominantly worn by men from the latter part of the 18th to the middle of the 20th century. By the end of World War ... |
qg_1411 | What famous brand of evaporated milk, created in 1899, got its start as the Pacific Coast Condensed Milk Company, in Kent, before changing its name and moving east of Seattle, founding a town in the process? | Carnation | [
"dianthus caryophyllus",
"carnation",
"carnation margaritae",
"clove pink",
"carnations"
] | [
"Evaporated milk\n\nEvaporated milk, known in some countries as unsweetened condensed milk, is a shelf-stable canned milk product with about 60% of the water removed from fresh milk. It differs from sweetened condensed milk, which contains added sugar. Sweetened condensed milk requires less processing since the ad... |
qg_1413 | Coming in various shades of amber, blue, brown, gray, green, hazel, and red, what portion of the eye is responsible for eye colors? | Iris | [
"iris",
"iris band",
"iris song",
"iris disambiguation",
"iris genus"
] | [
"Amber (color)\n\nThe color amber is a pure chroma color, located on the color wheel midway between the colors of gold and orange. The color name is derived from the material also known as amber, which is commonly found in a range of yellow-orange-brown-red colors; likewise, as a color amber can refer to a range o... |
qg_1414 | What Colorado census designated place was home to Columbine High School, home to the 1999 massacre perpetrated by a couple of major asshats? | Columbine | [
"columbine disambiguation",
"colombine",
"columbine"
] | [
"Columbine High School\n\nColumbine High School or CHS is a high school in Columbine, unincorporated Jefferson County, Colorado, United States. The school is part of the Jefferson County Public Schools district (not the Littleton Public Schools system). The school is located at 6201 South Pierce Street, one mile ... |
qg_1416 | What disgraced former Cincinnati Reds baseball player is the all-time Major League leader in hits (4,256), games played (3,562), at-bats (14,053), and outs (10,328) | Pete Rose | [
"rose pete",
"peter edward rose",
"pete rose",
"4256",
"peter e rose",
"pete rose american dilemma",
"4 256",
"charlie hustle"
] | [
"Cincinnati Reds\n\nThe Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Reds compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division. They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890.",
"... |
qg_1417 | What company, the largest manufacturer of bb guns in the world, is famous for the Red Ryder line of lever action air rifles? | Daisy | [
"daisy",
"daisy disambiguation",
"daisy film",
"daisy album",
"daisy flower",
"daisies"
] | [
"BB gun\n\nBB guns are a type of air gun designed to fire spherical projectiles similar to shot pellets of approximately the same size. Modern BB guns usually have a barrel with a bore and caliber of and are available in many varieties. BB shot for modern BB guns is usually steel, plated either with zinc or coppe... |
qg_1423 | Leapin' lizards! Which comic strip, created by Harold Gray in 1924, is ending its 85 year run next month, which means dog Sandy is going to have to find another little red haired girl to hang around with? | Little Orphan Annie | [
"annie character",
"little orphan annie",
"orphan annie eye",
"sandy little orphan annie",
"leapin lizards",
"orphan annie"
] | [
"Little Orphan Annie\n\nLittle Orphan Annie was a daily American comic strip created by Harold Gray (1894–1968) and syndicated by the Tribune Media Services. The strip took its name from the 1885 poem \"Little Orphant Annie\" by James Whitcomb Riley, and made its debut on August 5, 1924 in the New York Daily News. ... |
qg_1424 | What ancient Egyptian artifact, discovered by the French in 1799, was instrumental in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics, before eventually giving its name to a brand of computer language training software? | Rosetta Stone | [
"rosseta stone",
"stone of rosetta",
"rossetta stone",
"rosetta stone",
"rosetta inscription",
"pierre de rosette",
"decree of memphis ptolemy v",
"rashid stone",
"roseta stone"
] | [
"Ancient Egypt\n\nAncient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations to arise independently. Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC (... |
qg_1428 | The Ryder cup is presented as trophy in what sport? | Golf | [
"golfing",
"scramble golf",
"men s golf",
"development of golf technology",
"🏌",
"duffs",
"duffed",
"golf sport",
"golfer",
"golf tournament",
"golf",
"scotch foursomes",
"golf technology",
"golf conditioning",
"texas scramble"
] | [
"Ryder Cup\n\nThe Ryder Cup is a biennial men's golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States. The competition is contested every two years with the venue alternating between courses in the United States and Europe. The Ryder Cup is named after the English businessman Samuel Ryder who donated the... |
qg_1430 | At what Montana battle did Lt. Col George Custer famously loose his life? | Battle of the Little Big Horn | [
"custers last stand",
"custer s last stand",
"battle of greasy grass creek",
"battle of little big horn",
"custard s last stand",
"battle of greasy grass",
"custards last stand",
"reno hill",
"battle of little bighorn",
"legacy of battle of little big horn",
"greasy grass",
"custer last stand"... | [
"Montana\n\nMontana is a state in the Western region of the United States. The state's name is derived from the Spanish word (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including \"Big Sky Country\" and \"The Treasure State\", and slogans that include \"Land of the Shining Mountains\" and mo... |
qg_1431 | On this date in 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Where did he land? | Paris | [
"parís",
"paris europe",
"paris etymology",
"paname",
"cuisine of paris",
"paris",
"departement de paris",
"paříži",
"ville lumière",
"city of love city",
"paris île de france",
"paris ile de france",
"paříž",
"name of paris and its inhabitants",
"parisian person",
"sports in paris",
... | [
"Charles Lindbergh\n\nCharles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974), nicknamed Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, author, inventor, military officer, explorer, and social activist. In 1927, at the age of 25, Lindbergh emerged from the virtual obscurity of a U.S. Air M... |
qg_1432 | Of the 4 states making up the Pacific Northwest, which one leads with an unemployment rate of 12%? | Oregon | [
"oregon united states",
"regions of oregon",
"oregon state",
"oregon usa",
"state of oregon",
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"us or",
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"ore",
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"education in oregon",
"thirty third state",
"beaver state",
... | [
"Pacific Northwest\n\nThe Pacific Northwest (in the United States, commonly abbreviated as PNW), sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region and megaregion in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and loosely, by the Rocky Mountains on the east. Though no agreed boundary exis... |
qg_1434 | The ancient Aztecs called it the testicle tree. What do we know it as? | The Avacado | [
"avacada",
"persea americana",
"avocados",
"avocado cultivation in california",
"avacado pit",
"persea gratissima",
"avocado criollo",
"avokado",
"avocado pear",
"advocado",
"butter fruit",
"alligator pear",
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"avacado",
"fuerte avocado",
"avocardo",
"avocodo"
] | [
"Aztec\n\nThe Aztec ( ) people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries. The Nahuatl words aztecatl (singular) and aztecah (plural)Náhuatl: AR-Z. (n.d.). Vocabulario.com.mx. Ret... |
qg_1442 | Name the year: Paula Jones makes some unpleasant accusations against Bill Clinton; Monica Lewinsky affair broke; anti trust case is launched against Microsoft; Google is founded; | 1998 | [
"one thousand nine hundred and ninety eight"
] | [
"Paula Jones\n\nPaula Corbin Jones (born Paula Rosalee Corbin; September 17, 1966) is a former Arkansas state employee who sued U.S. President Bill Clinton for sexual harassment. The Paula Jones case precipitated Clinton's impeachment and acquittal by the Senate on February 12, 1999. Charges of perjury and obstruc... |
qg_1443 | Oil is traditionally sold in barrels. How many gallons in a barrel of oil? | 42 | [
"forty two"
] | [
"Barrel (unit)\n\nA barrel is one of several units of volume applied in various contexts; there are dry barrels, fluid barrels (such as the UK beer barrel and US beer barrel), oil barrels and so on. For historical reasons the volumes of some barrel units are roughly double the volumes of others; volumes in common u... |
qg_1444 | May 22, 1826 saw Charles Darwin leaving on his first voyage. Aboard what ship was he sailing? | HMS Beagle | [
"beagle ship",
"ship beagle",
"hms beagle 1820",
"h m s beagle",
"beagle",
"beagle 1",
"hms beagle",
"beagle i",
"hms bagel"
] | [
"Charles Darwin\n\nCharles Robert Darwin, (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and in a joint publication with Alfred Rus... |
qg_1445 | Thomas Lipton was the first to commercially offer tea in what? | Bag | [
"bag",
"sacking and sack manufacture"
] | [
"Tea\n\nTea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to Asia. After water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world. There are many different types of tea; some teas, like Darjeeling and Chinese greens,... |
qg_1446 | The Beaufort scale is used to measure the speed of what? | Wind | [
"aeolian action",
"wind gust",
"aeolian activity",
"wind weather",
"cyclostrophic wind",
"blustery",
"barometric gradient",
"wind",
"eolic",
"🌬",
"winds",
"gust wind",
"wind cycle",
"land and sea breeze",
"wind strength"
] | [
"Beaufort scale\n\nThe Beaufort scale is an empirical measure that relates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land. Its full name is the Beaufort wind force scale.",
"Beaufort scale\n\nHistory",
"Beaufort scale\n\nThe scale was devised in 1805 by Irish-born Francis Beaufort (later Rear Admiral Sir F... |
qg_1448 | What is the name of the field on which a rousing game of Cricket is played? | Pitch | [
"pitch disambiguation",
"pitch",
"pitched",
"pitching",
"pitches",
"pitching disambiguation"
] | [
"Cricket\n\nCricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long pitch with a wicket, a set of three wooden stumps sited at each end. One team, designated the batting team, attempts to score as many runs as possible, whils... |
qg_1450 | Hailing from the Isle of Man, what differentiates Manx cats from all others? | Tail | [
"scut disambiguation",
"tail",
"human tails",
"vestigial tail",
"tail anatomy",
"caudal appendage",
"human tail",
"scut"
] | [
"Isle of Man\n\nThe Isle of Man (; ), also known simply as Mann, is a self-governing Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. Foreign relations and def... |
qg_1451 | What is the last name of the performer mauled by Montacore, one of his very special white tigers, in Las Vegas on October 3, 2003? | Horn | [
"horn disambiguation",
"horns",
"horn"
] | [
"Siegfried & Roy\n\nSiegfried & Roy, consisting of Siegfried Fischbacher and Roy Horn (born Uwe Ludwig Horn) are a German-American duo of former stage magicians and entertainers who became known for their appearances with white lions and white tigers.",
"Siegfried & Roy\n\nFrom 1990 until Roy's severe onstage inj... |
qg_1452 | Often used in making pillows and comforters, what are the small feathers of the eider duck known as? | Down | [
"down album",
"down",
"down constituency",
"down disambiguation",
"down song"
] | [
"Pillow\n\nA pillow is used to sleep on and support the head/neck or other parts of the body while sleeping, lying down or sitting. In addition, pillows have decorative uses and are used on beds, couches or chairs; these are also referred to as cushions.",
"Pillow\n\nIn contemporary western culture pillows consis... |
qg_1453 | Which of the Nobel prizes is awarded in Norway, not Sweden? | Peace | [
"peece",
"inirascibly",
"peace",
"peacefully",
"peace time",
"inirascible",
"peaces",
"peacefulness",
"inirascibility",
"public peace"
] | [
"Norway\n\nNorway ( ; Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a sovereign and unitary monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the island Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard. The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic B... |
qg_1466 | Now a term describing those opposed to industrialization, computerization, or new technologies in general, what was the name for 19th century workers who protested the industrial revolution, often by destroying mechanized equipment? | Luddites | [
"luddites",
"luds",
"ludite",
"luddite",
"luddism",
"luddite riots",
"e p thompson on luddites",
"luddite movement",
"machine breaking",
"misoneism",
"ludditism",
"luddite revolution",
"luddities",
"luddite uprising",
"frame breaking"
] | [
"Industrial Revolution\n\nThe Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficienc... |
qg_1468 | Hatha, Bikram, and Integral are all types of what? | Yoga | [
"yôga",
"yogic",
"laughing yoga",
"yogic outer spiritualism",
"yoga therapy",
"history of yoga",
"urban yoga",
"real yoga",
"yogas",
"yoga",
"yóga",
"laughter clubs",
"benefits of yoga",
"योग"
] | [
"Hatha yoga\n\nHatha yoga (Sanskrit , ), also called Haṭhavidyā , is a branch of yoga. The word haṭha (lit. \"force\") denotes a system of physical techniques supplementary to a broad conception of yoga.",
"Hatha yoga\n\nHindu tradition believes that the deity Shiva is the founder of hatha yoga.See Burley, page 7... |
qg_1469 | According to legend, King Arthur's queen consort, Guinevere, had a torrid affair with which Knight of the Round Table? | Lancelot | [
"joyousgard",
"launcelot",
"launcelot du lac",
"arondight",
"sir lancelot du lac",
"joyous gard",
"llenlleawg",
"sir launcelot",
"lancelot of lake",
"joyous garde",
"lancelot du lac",
"lancelot",
"joyous guard",
"chevalier mal fet",
"sir launcelot du lake",
"llwch llenlleawg",
"aroun... | [
"King Arthur\n\nKing Arthur was a legendary British leader who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries AD. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existen... |
qg_1471 | May 26, 1940 saw Britain embark on Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of British forces from what famed northern French port city in the face of superior German forces? | Dunkirk | [
"dünkirchen",
"dunquerque",
"british dunkirk",
"duinkerken",
"dunkirchen",
"duinkerke",
"dunkerk",
"duenkirchen",
"malo les bains",
"dunkerque",
"dunkirk",
"dunquerke",
"dunkirk france"
] | [
"Dunkirk evacuation\n\nThe Dunkirk evacuation, code-named Operation Dynamo, also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940, during World War II. The operation was decided upon when large numbers of Belgian, ... |
qg_1473 | Who took off from Roosevelt Field at 7:52 AM on May 20, 1927, in an attempt to pilot his Ryan NYP on the world's first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean? | Charles Lindbergh | [
"charles lindburg",
"nr 727y",
"charles lindbergh",
"lindberghian",
"lucky lindy",
"charles linburgh",
"charles lindbergh jr",
"lone eagle",
"charles lindbergh sr",
"charles lindenburgh",
"charles augustus lindberg",
"charles augustus lindbergh",
"chas lindbergh",
"colonel lindbergh",
"c... | [
"Roosevelt Field (airport)\n\nRoosevelt Field is a former airport, located east-southeast of Mineola, Long Island, New York. Originally called the Hempstead Plains Aerodrome, or sometimes Hempstead Plains field or the Garden City Aerodrome, it was a training field (Hazelhurst Field) for the Air Service, United S... |
qg_1474 | Since replaced by Emerald Downs, Longacres is a defunct venue where locals could enjoy what sport, known as The Sport of Kings? | Horse racing | [
"horseracing",
"horserace",
"race horse",
"horse races",
"pony racing",
"scratch sheet",
"racehorse",
"racing horse",
"racehorses",
"keiba",
"horse racing",
"horse racing venue",
"horse racing in japan",
"racing on horseback",
"quarter horse racing",
"horse race",
"🏇",
"racing ind... | [
"Emerald Downs\n\nEmerald Downs is a thoroughbred racetrack in Auburn, Washington, located a half mile east of Highway 167. It is named after Seattle, the Emerald City.",
"Emerald Downs\n\nHistory",
"Emerald Downs\n\nEmerald Downs first opened its doors to race fans on June 20, 1996, with the inaugural 100-day... |
qg_1476 | May 20, 1916 saw which famed American artist have his first of 322 Saturday Evening Post covers when Boy With a Baby Carriage graced the front of the publication? | Norman Rockwell | [
"norman percevel rockwell",
"norman rockwellish",
"rockwellian",
"rockwellish",
"norman rockwell",
"norman rockwellesque",
"rockwellesque"
] | [
"The Saturday Evening Post\n\nThe Saturday Evening Post is a bimonthly American magazine. It was published weekly under this title from 1897 until 1963, biweekly until 1969, and quarterly and then bimonthly from 1971. In the 1920s to the 1960s, it was one of the most widely circulated and influential magazines for ... |
qg_1477 | What does the body secrete from the lacrimal glands? | Tears | [
"leamy eye",
"tears",
"teary",
"tear duct and gland",
"pre corneal tear film",
"alacria",
"tear film",
"epiphoria",
"reflex ears",
"wept",
"lacrimal fluid",
"lacrymation",
"lachrymation",
"lacrimation",
"bogorad s syndrome",
"watery eyes",
"basal tears",
"watering eyes"
] | [
"Lacrimal gland\n\nThe lacrimal-glands are paired, almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous-layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper-outer portion of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal-bone. Inflammation of the lacrimal-glands is called dacryo... |
qg_1479 | Notorious bank robbing duo Bonnie and Clyde were eventually ambushed by law enforcement agents in what U.S. state? | Louisiana | [
"religion in louisiana",
"louisiana",
"transport in louisiana",
"luisianna",
"louisiana usa",
"sugar state",
"pelican state",
"climate of louisiana",
"louisiana u s state",
"economy of louisiana",
"lousiana",
"education in louisiana",
"transportation in louisiana",
"louisana",
"état de l... | [
"Bonnie and Clyde\n\nBonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow a.k.a. Clyde Champion Barrow (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were American criminals who traveled the central United States with their gang during the Great Depression, robbing and killing people. At times, the... |
qg_1481 | What was the name of the Dutch cargo fluyt that carried the Pilgrims from Plymouth England to Plymouth, Mass? | Mayflower | [
"ship mayflower",
"english colony ship mayflower",
"mayflower",
"mayflower ship",
"may flower"
] | [
"Pilgrim Fathers\n\nThe Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were early European settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. The Pilgrims' leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist English Dissenters who had fled the volatile political environment in England for ... |
qg_1486 | What plastic drawing toy, produced by Hasbro, Inc, puts pen to paper to produce complex curves known mathematically as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids? | Spirograph | [
"spirograph",
"spiro graph",
"spirotot",
"spyrograph"
] | [
"Hasbro\n\nHasbro, Inc. (formerly Hassenfeld Brothers and Hasbro Bradley) is an American multinational toy and board game company. It is the second largest toy maker in the world after Mattel in terms of revenue and market. The brand also spawned TV shows, such as Family Game Night on the Discovery Family network,... |
qg_1488 | Which actor, born in Winterset, Iowa on May 26th, 1907, holds the record as the actor with the most leading parts 142. | John Wayne | [
"list of john wayne films",
"marion robert morrison",
"list of awards and nominations received by john wayne",
"michael morris john wayne",
"marion mitchell morrison",
"john wayne",
"marion michael morrison",
"marion morrison",
"michael morrison john wayne"
] | [
"Winterset, Iowa\n\nWinterset is a city in Madison County, Iowa, United States. The population was 5,190 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Madison County. \nWinterset is part of the Des Moines − West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area. Winterset is the birthplace of actor John Wayne.",
"Winterset... |
qg_1489 | Who did Snoopy take to the skies in his Sopwith Camel doghouse/biplane to do battle with in the comic strip Peanuts? | The Red Baron | [
"manfred von richthofen red baron",
"baron von rickthofen",
"baron von rickthoven",
"manfred von richtofen",
"manfred von richtoven",
"baron von richthoven",
"manfred von rickthoven",
"richthofen manfred freiherr von",
"manfred von rickthofen",
"manfred freiherr von richthofen",
"baron manfred v... | [
"Snoopy\n\nSnoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the Peanuts movies and television specials, like The Peanuts Movie. Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic st... |
qg_1490 | In the travel business, the "rack rate" refers to the published price for what commodity? | Hotel room | [
"hotels",
"hotel room",
"railway hotel",
"budget hotel",
"hotel industry",
"airport hotels",
"circuit house",
"luxury hotel",
"business hotel",
"hotel",
"hotel chain",
"treehouse hotel",
"🏨",
"economy limited service",
"hotel rooms",
"hotel chains"
] | [
"List price\n\nThe list price, also known as the manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP), or the recommended retail price (RRP), of a product is the price at which the manufacturer recommends that the retailer sell the product. The intention was to help to standardise prices among locations. While some stores ... |
qg_1492 | The religion of vodou (or voodoo) originated in what country? | Haiti | [
"arrondissements and communes of haiti",
"iso 3166 1 ht",
"history of haitian nationality",
"république d haïti",
"hayti",
"name of haiti",
"ayiti",
"haitian ancestry",
"repiblik ayiti",
"republic of haiti",
"haïti",
"haiti",
"administrative divisions of haiti",
"subdivisions of haiti",
... | [
"Haitian Vodou\n\nHaitian Vodou (,, also written as Vaudou; Vodun or Vodoun; and commonly Voodoo) is a syncretic religion practiced chiefly in Haiti and the Haitian diaspora. Practitioners are called \"vodouists\" (French: vodouisants) or \"servants of the spirits\" (Haitian Creole: sèvitè).",
"Haitian Vodou\n\... |
qg_1496 | What English novelist, a purveyor of romantic fiction, is responsible for such works as Mansfield Park, Northanger Abbey, and Emma, among others? | Jane Austen | [
"austen jane",
"mrs ann cawley",
"jane austen",
"jane austen society"
] | [
"Romance novel\n\nThe romance novel or romantic novel discussed in this article is the mass-market literary genre. Novels of this type of genre fiction place their primary focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people, and must have an \"emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending.\" There are ma... |
qg_1499 | In Morse code, what international distress signal replaced the original CQD in 1908? | SOS | [
"· · · — — — · · ·",
"save our ship",
"🆘",
"sos",
"save our souls",
"save our sailors",
"sos signal",
"· · · · · ·"
] | [
"Morse code\n\nMorse code is a method of transmitting text information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment. The International Morse Code encodes the ISO basic Latin alphabet, some extra Latin letters, the Arabic n... |
qg_1501 | May 22, 1859 saw the birth, in Edinburgh, Scotland, of what famed writer, creator of the world's only consulting detective? | Sir Arthur Conan Doyle | [
"arthur c doyle",
"doyle arthur conan",
"arthur ignatius conan doyle",
"arthur conan doyle s",
"arthur conan doyle",
"doylean",
"sir arthur conan doyle",
"sir arthur doyle",
"sir conan doyle",
"conan doyle",
"doyle sir arthur conan",
"arthur conan ignatius sir doyle",
"arthur conan ignatius ... | [
"Edinburgh\n\nEdinburgh (; ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's southern shore, it is Scotland's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The most recent official population estimates are... |
qg_1504 | Including radio, TV, newspaper, books, and even a pinball game, who created the Believe It or Not! series which deals in bizarre events and items so strange and unusual that the audience my question the claims? | Robert Ripley | [
"robert l ripley",
"robert leroy ripley",
"robert ripley"
] | [
"Ripley's Believe It or Not!\n\nRipley's Believe It or Not! is an American franchise, founded by Robert Ripley, which deals in bizarre events and items so strange and unusual that readers might question the claims. The Believe It or Not panel proved popular and was later adapted into a wide variety of formats, incl... |
qg_1505 | May 25, 1803 saw the birth, in Boston, MA, of what lecturer, essayist, and poet, who, along with Henry David Thoreau, was a founding force behind Transcendentalism? | Ralph Waldo Emerson | [
"poems emerson",
"ralph waldo emerson",
"ralph emerson",
"ralph emerson philosopher",
"emerson ralph",
"terminus poem",
"ralph emerson lecturer",
"ralph emerson essayist",
"r w emerson",
"emerson ralph waldo",
"ralph emerson disambiguation",
"emersonian",
"ralph emerson philosophy",
"ralph... | [
"Boston\n\nBoston (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 mi2 with an estimated population of 667,137 in 2015, ... |
qg_1506 | During this week in 1940, the evacuation of 340,000 allied troops, known as Operation Dynamo, was accomplished from what French port city? | Dunkirk | [
"dünkirchen",
"dunquerque",
"british dunkirk",
"duinkerken",
"dunkirchen",
"duinkerke",
"dunkerk",
"duenkirchen",
"malo les bains",
"dunkerque",
"dunkirk",
"dunquerke",
"dunkirk france"
] | [
"Dunkirk evacuation\n\nThe Dunkirk evacuation, code-named Operation Dynamo, also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940, during World War II. The operation was decided upon when large numbers of Belgian, ... |
qg_1508 | What 11 time Grammy award winner was born Robert Allen Zimmerman, in Duluth, MN, but took a stage name from a favorite Welsh poet? | Bob Dylan | [
"boo wilbury",
"dylanology",
"zimmy",
"list of people likened to bob dylan",
"tedham porterhouse",
"zimmerman robert allen",
"dylan bob",
"robert alan zimmermann",
"bobby dylan",
"zimmerman robert alan",
"zimmermann robert allen",
"bob dylon",
"robert alan zimmerman",
"bob zimmerman",
"s... | [
"Stage name\n\nA stage name, also called a screen name, is a pseudonym used by performers and entertainers such as actors, wrestlers, comedians, and musicians.",
"Stage name\n\nMotivation to use a stage name",
"Stage name\n\nA performer will often take a stage name because his/her real name is considered unattr... |
qg_1509 | What fashion did Union General Ambrose Burnside start during the Civil War? | Sideburns | [
"side whiskers",
"burnside s invention",
"muttonchops",
"muttonchop",
"lambchop sideburns",
"sideburns",
"mutton chop",
"sideburn",
"mutton chops",
"muttonchop sideburns",
"sideboards"
] | [
"Ambrose Burnside\n\nAmbrose Everett Burnside (May 23, 1824 – September 13, 1881) was an American soldier, railroad executive, inventor, industrialist, and politician from Rhode Island, serving as governor and a United States Senator. As a Union Army general in the American Civil War, he conducted successful campai... |
qg_1510 | What nation was eventually held liable for the bombing of the Navy destroyer U.S.S. Cole in 2000? | Sudan | [
"sudan proper",
"republic of sudan",
"iso 3166 1 sd",
"sudanese",
"north sudan",
"sudan",
"sport in sudan",
"السودان",
"islamic republic of sudan",
"as sudan",
"environment of sudan",
"جمهورية السودان",
"official language of southern sudan",
"clothing in sudan",
"administrative divisions... | [
"USS Cole bombing\n\nThe USS Cole bombing was a terrorist attack against the United States Navy guided-missile destroyer on 12 October 2000, while it was harbored and being refueled in the Yemeni port of Aden. 17 American sailors were killed, and 39 were injured. This event was the deadliest attack against a Unit... |
qg_1511 | Bifrost is a burning rainbow bridge between Earth and what realm of the gods? | Asgard | [
"asgård",
"asgard",
"åsgard",
"asgardr",
"ásaland",
"ásgarðr",
"asgaard",
"aasgard",
"asaland",
"ásgard",
"ásgardr",
"godheim",
"asgarthr",
"asguard"
] | [
"Bifröst\n\nIn Norse mythology, Bifröst ( or sometimes Bilröst or Bivrost) is a burning rainbow bridge that reaches between Midgard (the world) and Asgard, the realm of the gods. The bridge is attested as Bilröst in the Poetic Edda; compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and as Bifröst in t... |
qg_1512 | Which holiday, which had its first official recognition in 1868, was originally called Decoration Day? | Memorial Day | [
"memorial day weekend",
"memorial day united states",
"memorial day",
"national moment of remembrance",
"memorial day us",
"decoration day"
] | [
"Memorial Day\n\nMemorial Day is a federal holiday in the United States for remembering the people who died while serving in the country's armed forces. The holiday, which is observed every year on the last Monday of May, originated as Decoration Day after the American Civil War in 1868, when the Grand Army of the ... |
qg_1513 | What is the name of the crew member who steers the boat in competitive rowing? | Coxswain | [
"coxswains",
"cockson",
"coxswain",
"cox n",
"coxwain",
"coxing",
"cockswain"
] | [
"Rowing (sport)\n\nRowing, often referred to as crew in the United States, is a sport with origins back to Ancient Egyptian times. It is based on propelling a boat (racing shell) on water using oars. By pushing against the water with an oar, a force is generated to move the boat. The sport can be either recreation... |
qg_1514 | For a point each, name the countries surrounding the Federal Republic of Nigeria | Benin, Chad, Cameroon, and Niger | [
"benin chad cameroon and niger"
] | [
"Nigeria\n\nThe Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to as Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. It comprises 36 states and ... |
qg_1515 | May 25th is the anniversary of the release of the epic space opera, Star Wars. In what year was it released? | 1977 | [
"one thousand nine hundred and seventy seven"
] | [
"Space opera\n\nSpace opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare, melodramatic adventure, and often risk-taking, interplanetary battles, as well as chivalric romance. Set mainly or entirely in outer space, it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities, futuri... |
qg_1517 | Known as The Magnolia State or The Hospitality State, what was the 20th state to join the union on Dec 10, 1817? | Mississippi | [
"mississippi state",
"misisippi",
"misisipi",
"climate of mississippi",
"state of mississippi",
"demographics of mississippi",
"mississippi u s state",
"misissippi",
"state symbols of mississippi",
"hospitality state",
"20th state",
"us ms",
"misissipi",
"mississipi",
"missisippi",
"ge... | [
"Mississippi\n\nMississippi is a state located in the southern region of the United States.",
"Mississippi\n\nJackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of around 175,000 people. The state overall has a population of around 3 million people. Mississippi is the 32nd most extensive and the 32n... |
qg_1518 | May 25, 1992 saw Jay Leno take the reins of the Tonight Show, following the retirement of what host, who had a 30 run behind the Burbank desk? | Johnny Carson | [
"jonny carson",
"joanne carson",
"johny carson",
"johnny carson",
"king of late night",
"john william 22johnny 22 carson",
"earn your vacation",
"squirrel s nest",
"john william “johnny” carson",
"john william carson"
] | [
"Jay Leno\n\nJames Douglas Muir \"Jay\" Leno (; born April 28, 1950) is an American comedian, actor and television host. He was the host of NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno from 1992 to 2009. Beginning in September 2009, Leno started a primetime talk show, titled The Jay Leno Show, which aired weeknights at 10... |
qg_1519 | On May 24, 1844, Alfred Vail received the message “WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT” in Baltimore, MD, sent via what means? | Telegraph | [
"cablegram",
"telegraph signal",
"history of telegraphy",
"cable gram",
"telegrafy",
"telegraphed",
"telegraphy",
"telegraph station",
"telegram",
"cablegrams",
"far writing",
"telegramme",
"telegraph signaling",
"telegraphic signal",
"telegraphic communications",
"telegraphic",
"tel... | [
"Alfred Vail\n\nAlfred Lewis Vail (September 25, 1807 – January 18, 1859) was an American machinist and inventor. Vail was central, with Samuel F. B. Morse, in developing and commercializing the telegraph between 1837 and 1844. Vail and Morse were the first two telegraph operators on Morse's first experimental l... |
qg_1520 | May 23, 1969 saw the release of the world's first rock opera, when the English rock band The Who released what album? | Tommy | [
"tommy given name",
"tommeh",
"tommy film",
"tommy disambiguation",
"tommy",
"tommy name"
] | [
"Rock opera\n\nA rock opera is a collection of rock music songs with lyrics that relate to a common story. Rock operas typically are released as concept albums and are not scripted for acting, which distinguishes them from operas, although several have been adapted as rock musicals. The use of various character rol... |
qg_1522 | With a weight limit of 200 pounds, what boxing class comes between light heavyweight and heavyweight? | Cruiserweight | [
"cruiserweight disambiguation",
"cruiserweight"
] | [
"Light heavyweight\n\nLight heavyweight is a weight class in combat sports.",
"Light heavyweight\n\nBoxing",
"Light heavyweight\n\nIn amateur boxing, light heavyweight is a weight division above 165 lb and up to 178 lb, falling between middleweight and heavyweight. In professional boxing, the division is above ... |
qg_1524 | What American, founder of the Standard Oil company, was the first American to amass $1 billion, and is generally thought to have been the richest man in history? | John D. Rockefeller | [
"john davison rockefeller",
"john d rockefeller i",
"john d rockefeller sr",
"cleveland massacre",
"john davison rockefeller sr",
"j d rockefeller",
"john d rockefeller",
"first billionaire",
"jd rockefeller"
] | [
"Standard Oil\n\nStandard Oil Co. Inc. was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller as a corporation in Ohio, it was the largest oil refiner in the world of its time. Its controversial history as one of the world's first and largest multin... |
qg_1525 | Going out of business in 2001, what company had the first mail order sales in 1872? | Montgomery Ward | [
"jefferson ward",
"monkey wards",
"wards retail store",
"montgomary ward",
"wardmast r",
"wards department store",
"montgomery ward",
"montgomery ward co",
"montgomery ward company",
"focus montgomery ward",
"montgomery wards",
"powr kraft",
"montgomery ward s"
] | [
"Mail order\n\nMail order is the buying of goods or services by mail delivery. The buyer places an order for the desired products with the merchant through some remote method such as through a telephone call or web site. Then, the products are delivered to the customer. The products are typically delivered directly... |
qg_1527 | What comic strip, created by Brant Parker and Johnny Hart, follows the antics of a large cast of characters in a shabby medieval kingdom, featuring a King who refers to his subjects as "idiots"? | The Wizard of Id | [
"wizard of id s wiz math",
"wizard of id",
"sir rodney",
"king of id",
"king is fink",
"wizard if id"
] | [
"Brant Parker\n\nBrant Julius Parker (August 26, 1920 – April 15, 2007) was an American cartoonist. He co-created and drew The Wizard of Id comic strip until passing the job on to his son, Jeff Parker, in 1997. Cartoonist Johnny Hart, his co-creator, continued writing the strip until his death on April 7, 2007. Par... |
qg_1528 | May 26, 1868 saw the first impeachment trial in the US, when which US President, the 17th, was charged with illegally removing a cabinet member? | Andrew Johnson | [
"andrew johnson administration",
"president andrew johnson",
"presidency of andrew johnson",
"movement to impeach andrew johnson",
"andrew johnson judicial appointments",
"johnson andrew",
"andrew johnson",
"17th president of united states",
"list of judicial appointments made by andrew johnson",
... | [
"Impeachment\n\nImpeachment is a process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity, the outcome of which, depending on the country, may include the removal of that official from office as well as criminal or civil punishment.",
"Impeachment\n\nEtymology and history",
"Impeachment\n\nThe word \"impeac... |
qg_1529 | What 2 spices come from the nutmeg tree? | Nutmeg and Mace | [
"nutmeg and mace"
] | [
"Nutmeg\n\nNutmeg (also known as pala in Indonesia) is one of the two spices – the other being mace – derived from several species of tree in the genus Myristica. The most important commercial species is Myristica fragrans, an evergreen tree indigenous to the Banda Islands in the Moluccas (or Spice Islands) of Ind... |
qg_1530 | This weekend saw the opening of what they claim will be the final installment of the Shrek franchise. What is the name of the movie? | Shrek: Forever After | [
"shrek last chapter",
"shrek ever after film",
"shrek fourth",
"shrek goes fourth",
"shrek iv",
"shrek 4",
"shrek four",
"shrek final chapter",
"shrek forever after"
] | [
"Shrek\n\nShrek is a 2001 American computer-animated fantasy-comedy film directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson at their directorial debut. It features the voices of Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, and John Lithgow. It is loosely based on William Steig's 1990 fairy tale picture book Shrek!, and somewh... |
qg_1531 | May 28, 1787 saw the death of an Austrian composer, most famous as the father of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. What was his first name? | Leopold | [
"list of rulers named leopold disambiguation",
"leopold",
"léopold",
"leopold king",
"leopold disambiguation",
"leopold ruler",
"list of rulers named leopold"
] | [
"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\n\nWolfgang Amadeus Mozart (, English see fn.; 27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791), baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. Born in Salzburg, Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood. ... |
qg_1532 | May 27, 1949 saw the death of Robert Ripley, who made his fame by publishing what newspaper series? | Ripley's Believe It or Not! | [
"ripley s believe it or not odditorium",
"boomerang egg",
"ripley s believe it or not",
"ripley s odditorium",
"odditoriums",
"bion",
"ripleys believe it or not",
"ripley s believe it or not film",
"ripley s believe it of not",
"odditorium",
"ripley s",
"ripley believe it or not",
"believe i... | [
"Robert Ripley\n\nLeRoy Robert Ripley (December 25, 1890 – May 27, 1949), better known by the name Robert Ripley, was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur, and amateur anthropologist, who is known for creating the Ripley's Believe It or Not! newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd... |
qg_1533 | In which hand is the Statue of Liberty's torch? | Right | [
"right",
"peoples rights",
"rights ethics",
"right by birth",
"rights",
"people s rights"
] | [
"Statue of Liberty\n\nThe Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor, was built by Gustave Eiffel and dedicated on ... |
qg_1534 | Who is the only US president to win the Nobel Peace Prize after leaving office? | Jimmy Carter | [
"jimmie carter junior",
"jimmie carter jr",
"james earl carter jr",
"carter jimmie",
"jimi carter",
"james earl carter junior",
"james earl 22jimmie 22 carter junior",
"james e carter jr",
"james earle carter",
"jimmy carter junior",
"james earl 22jimmy 22 carter",
"james e carter",
"why not... | [
"President of the United States\n\nThe President of the United States of America (POTUS) is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.",
"President of th... |
qg_1535 | Who is missing: Catherine of Aragon, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr? | Anne Boleyn | [
"anne bullen",
"anne boylen",
"anne boleyn 1st marchioness of pembroke",
"anna bollina",
"anne bolyn",
"ann bullen",
"anne boullant",
"queen anne boleyn",
"ann boleyn",
"anne boleyn",
"anne boelyn"
] | [
"Catherine of Aragon\n\nCatherine of Aragon (Castilian: Catalina; also spelled Katherine, 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was the Queen of England from June 1509 until May 1533 as the first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of his elder brother Arthur.",
"Catherine of Ar... |
qg_1536 | Named for a revolutionary war general, what is the capital of Alabama? | Montgomery, Al | [
"cradle of confederacy",
"montgomery al",
"capital of alabama",
"montgomery ala",
"un locode usmgm",
"downtown montgomery alabama",
"montgomery alabama",
"southern convention"
] | [
"Alabama\n\nAlabama is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the 50 United States. At 1... |
qg_1537 | According to the legend, in which city did the Pied Piper lure all the children away? | Hamelin | [
"hilligsfeld",
"hamelyn",
"hameln",
"hamelin",
"afferde",
"hamelin germany",
"hameln germany"
] | [
"The Pied Piper (song)\n\n\"The Pied Piper\" is a pop song written by the duo of Steve Duboff and Artie Kornfeld, who first recorded the song in 1965 as The Changin' Times. Their version reached #87 on the Billboard Hot 100. British pop singer Crispian St. Peters scored a major hit with the song during the summe... |
qg_1538 | What U.S. president claimed that he was once attacked by a mysterious swamp rabbit while on a fishing trip? | Jimmy Carter | [
"jimmie carter junior",
"jimmie carter jr",
"james earl carter jr",
"carter jimmie",
"jimi carter",
"james earl carter junior",
"james earl 22jimmie 22 carter junior",
"james e carter jr",
"james earle carter",
"jimmy carter junior",
"james earl 22jimmy 22 carter",
"james e carter",
"why not... | [
"President of the United States\n\nThe President of the United States of America (POTUS) is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.",
"President of th... |
qg_1539 | What English write, author of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and The Diamond Smugglers, plus dozens of others, lived on the Jamaican estate Goldeneye? | Ian Flemming | [
"ian lancaster fleming",
"ian flemming",
"ian fleming"
] | [
"Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang\n\nChitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car is a children's novel written by Ian Fleming for his son Caspar, with illustrations by John Burningham. It was initially published in three volumes, the first of which was released on 22 October 1964 by Jonathan Cape in London.",
"Chitty-Chitty-... |
qg_1540 | What nursery rhyme character “runs through the town, Up stairs and down stairs in his night-gown, Tapping at the window, crying at the lock, Are the children in their bed, for it’s past ten o’clock?” | Wee Willie Winkie | [
"wee willie winky",
"wee willie winkle",
"wee willy winky",
"wee willie winkie"
] | [
"Wee Willie Winkie\n\n\"Wee Willie Winkie\" is a Scottish nursery rhyme whose titular figure has become popular the world over as a personification of sleep. The poem was written by William Miller and titled \"Willie Winkie\", first published in Whistle-binkie: Stories for the Fireside in 1841. It has a Roud Fol... |
qg_1541 | What is the name of the stick used by a conductor to control an orchestra? | Baton | [
"baton",
"batons",
"baton cantoral",
"baton disambiguation"
] | [
"Conducting\n\nConducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert. The primary duties of the conductor are to set the tempo, ensure correct entries by various members of the ensemble, and to \"shape\" the phrasing where appropriate. To convey their ideas and interpret... |
qg_1544 | Which actor, born in Winterset, Iowa on May 26th, 1907, holds the record as the actor with the most leading parts, with142? | John Wayne | [
"list of john wayne films",
"marion robert morrison",
"list of awards and nominations received by john wayne",
"michael morris john wayne",
"marion mitchell morrison",
"john wayne",
"marion michael morrison",
"marion morrison",
"michael morrison john wayne"
] | [
"Winterset, Iowa\n\nWinterset is a city in Madison County, Iowa, United States. The population was 5,190 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Madison County. \nWinterset is part of the Des Moines − West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area. Winterset is the birthplace of actor John Wayne.",
"Winterset... |
qg_1547 | Used primarily in railroad measurements (and, oddly enough, to mark the length of a cricket pitch), the chain consists of how many yards? | 22 | [
"twenty two"
] | [
"Cricket\n\nCricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long pitch with a wicket, a set of three wooden stumps sited at each end. One team, designated the batting team, attempts to score as many runs as possible, whils... |
qg_1548 | In a tradition that stretched back to 1933, what is the traditional beverage quaffed by the winning driver of the Indianapolis 500? | Milk | [
"sterilized milk",
"walrus milk",
"mammal milk",
"milk jugs",
"whole milk",
"cow milk",
"milk solids",
"sweet milk",
"milk jug",
"milk proteins",
"lowfat milk",
"homo milk",
"liquid milk",
"milk protein",
"reduced fat milk",
"gyunyu",
"milk",
"dudh",
"benefits of drinking milk",
... | [
"Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. The event is held over Memorial Day (originally Decoration Day) weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May. It is contested as part ... |
qg_1549 | May 23, 1934 saw the death, at the hands of some of the local law enforcement officers, of the known brigands Bonnie and Clyde. What was Bonnies' last name? | Parker | [
"parker film",
"parker disambiguation",
"parker",
"parker united states"
] | [
"Bonnie and Clyde\n\nBonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow a.k.a. Clyde Champion Barrow (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were American criminals who traveled the central United States with their gang during the Great Depression, robbing and killing people. At times, the... |
qg_1550 | Say Hey was the autobiography of what San Francisco Giants Hall of Fame baseball player? | Willie Mays | [
"william howard mays jr",
"mays willie howard jr",
"willie mays",
"willy mays",
"willie howard mays jr",
"say hey kid"
] | [
"San Francisco Giants\n\nThe San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball franchise based in San Francisco, California. Originally known as the New York Gothams, and then the New York Giants, the team moved to San Francisco in 1958. The Giants compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of... |
qg_1551 | What does the DSM-IV define as A. The predominant complaint is excessive sleepiness for at least 1 month (or less if recurrent) as evidenced by either prolonged sleep episodes or daytime sleep episodes that occur almost daily. B. The excessive sleepiness causes clinically significant distress or impairment in socia... | Primary Hypersomnia | [
"hypersomnias",
"secondary hypersomnia",
"oversleeping",
"excessive sleeping",
"hypersomnolence",
"hypersomnia",
"hypersomnea",
"primary hypersomnia"
] | [
"Narcolepsy\n\nNarcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder involving the loss of the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. Symptoms include excessive daytime sleepiness, comparable to how people who do not have narcolepsy feel after 24–48 hours of sleep deprivation, as well as disturbed sleep which oft... |
qg_1553 | Triggered by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat, the public transportation system in what US city was devastated by a year long boycott of their busses? | Montgomery, Al | [
"cradle of confederacy",
"montgomery al",
"capital of alabama",
"montgomery ala",
"un locode usmgm",
"downtown montgomery alabama",
"montgomery alabama",
"southern convention"
] | [
"Rosa Parks\n\nRosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist, whom the United States Congress called \"the first lady of civil rights\" and \"the mother of the freedom movement\". Her birthday, February 4, and the day she was arrested, December 1, ... |
qg_1557 | Who on featured on the 2 dollar bill? | Thomas Jefferson | [
"t jefferson",
"jefferson thomas",
"president jefferson",
"tomas jefferson",
"thomas jefforson",
"sage of monticello",
"thomas jeffersson",
"third president of united states",
"tom jefferson",
"jefferson administration",
"president thomas jefferson",
"thomasjefferson",
"thomas jefferson firs... | [
"United States two-dollar bill\n\nThe United States two-dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. The third U.S. President (1801–09), Thomas Jefferson, is featured on the obverse of the note. The reverse features a reproduction of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull. Thr... |
qg_1558 | Who “took an axe and gave her mother 40 whacks”? | Lizzie Borden | [
"lizzie bordon",
"liz borden",
"sarah anthony morse",
"emma lenora borden",
"bridget sullivan",
"borden lizzie andrew",
"john vinnicum morse",
"andrew jackson borden",
"borden lizzie",
"lizzie borden s maid",
"elizabeth borden",
"lizbeth borden",
"lizzie borden killer",
"emma borden",
"a... | [
"Lizzie Borden\n\nLizzie Andrew Borden (July 19, 1860 – June 1, 1927) was an American woman who gained infamy in being tried and acquitted for the 1892 axe murders of her father and stepmother in Fall River, Massachusetts.",
"Lizzie Borden\n\nThe case was a cause célèbre throughout the United States. Following h... |
qg_1559 | What area of the Yukon Territory experienced the gold rush of 1897? | Klondike | [
"clondike",
"klondike disambiguation",
"klondike"
] | [
"Yukon\n\nYukon (;; also commonly called the Yukon) is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories (the other two are Northwest Territories and Nunavut). The territory is very lowly populated with its about 35,000 people on almost half a million km2. Whitehorse is the territorial capital and ... |
qg_1560 | How many laps does it take to take to complete the Indianapolis 500 | 200 | [
"two hundred"
] | [
"Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. The event is held over Memorial Day (originally Decoration Day) weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May. It is contested as part ... |
qg_1562 | Incooking, to cook quickly in boiling water, often to soften or loosen skin is called what? | Blanch | [
"blenched",
"blanch",
"blanched",
"blanches",
"blenching",
"blanch disambiguation",
"blenches",
"blanching"
] | [
"Cooking\n\nCooking or cookery is the art, technology and craft of preparing food for consumption with the use of heat. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the world, from grilling food over an open fire to using electric stoves, to baking in various types of ovens, reflecting unique environmental... |
qg_1566 | What is the traditional victory beverage guzzled in the Winner's Circle of the Indianapolis 500? | Milk | [
"sterilized milk",
"walrus milk",
"mammal milk",
"milk jugs",
"whole milk",
"cow milk",
"milk solids",
"sweet milk",
"milk jug",
"milk proteins",
"lowfat milk",
"homo milk",
"liquid milk",
"milk protein",
"reduced fat milk",
"gyunyu",
"milk",
"dudh",
"benefits of drinking milk",
... | [
"Indianapolis 500\n\nThe Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. The event is held over Memorial Day (originally Decoration Day) weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May. It is contested as part ... |
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