id int64 1 484 | passage stringlengths 22 2.59k | annotations dict |
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1 | Nuclear medicine (NM) images inherently suffer from large amounts of noise and blur. The purpose of this research is to reduce the noise and blur while maintaining image integrity for improved diagnosis. The proposed solution is to increase image quality after the standard pre- and post-processing undertaken by a gamma... | {
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"entity": "images",
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2 | Local sentences were introduced by J.-P. Ressayre who proved certain remarkable stretching theorems establishing the equivalence between the existence of finite models for these sentences and the existence of some infinite well ordered models. Two of these stretching theorems were only proved under certain large cardin... | {
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"entity": "infinite well ordered models",
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3 | Ignition delay times of cyclohexane-oxygen-argon and cyclopentane-oxygen-argon mixtures have been measured in a shock tube, the onset of ignition being detected by OH radical emission. Mixtures contained 0.5 or 1 % of hydrocarbon for equivalence ratios ranging from 0.5 to 2. Reflected shock waves allowed temperatures f... | {
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"entity": "oxygen",
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4 | Three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure is closely related to genome function, in particular transcription. However, the folding path of the chromatin fiber in the interphase nucleus is unknown. Here, we systematically measured the 3D physical distance between pairwise labeled genomic positions in gene-dense, highly... | {
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"entity": "Three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure",
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5 | According to Two-Time Physics, there is more to space-time than can be garnered with the ordinary formulation of physics. Two-Time Physics has shown that the Standard Model of Particles and Forces is successfully reproduced by a two-time field theory in 4 space and 2 time dimensions projected as a holographic image on ... | {
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... |
6 | In this article, localized linear defect modes due to bandgap guidance in two-dimensional photonic lattices with localized or non-localized defects are investigated theoretically. First, when the defect is localized and weak, eigenvalues of defect modes bifurcated from edges of Bloch bands are derived analytically. It ... | {
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7 | Question: Block moving with constant velocity relative to another block beneath it, no friction If you have two blocks with masses $m $ and $M$, all surfaces being frictionless, and you give a sharp impulse to say, the upper block with mass $m$, so that it has a velocity $v$, will the lower block also start moving? I'v... | {
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"entity": "masses",
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... |
8 | Question: Why does Nitrogen form N₂ (and not N₄) while but Phosphorus forms P₄ (and not P₂)? $\ce{N2}$ is a gas $\ce{P4}$ is a solid $\ce{N}$ and $\ce{P}$ are in the same group in the periodic table The bond enthalpies are: $\ce{N#N}$ triple bond is $949~ \mathrm{kJ/mol}$ $\ce{P#P}$ triple bond is $490~ \mathrm{kJ/mol}... | {
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"entity": "N₂",
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"entity": "N... |
9 | Question: Chloroplasts in an animal cell What would happen if we inject a chloroplast organelle into an animal cell? Will the animal cell destroy it? Or is it possible that the chloroplast will somehow survive, and even replicate? Could there be photosynthesis in such a cell, or will some of the necessary mechanisms be... | {
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"entity": "Chloroplasts",
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{
"start": 74,
"end": 95,
"entity": "chloroplast organelle",
"category": [
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{
"start": 29,
"end": 40,... |
10 | Question: Modulo vs Scaling vs Capping when performing filters I'm currently taking a graphics course and we've recently covered cross-correlation with regards to using a filter matrix that is applied to a region of pixels in a sort of continual raster-type scan across a larger input image to produce some output image.... | {
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"entity": "Scaling",
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"enti... |
11 | Question: Reading full photocell range with ADC I am trying to use PDV-P8103 photocell as a sensor for LCD dimming circuit. The application requirements are to have comfortable brightness level from almost total darkness up to direct sunlight. The problem is that the cell swings between about 300 Ohm all the way to ove... | {
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"entity": "photocell",
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"entity": "ll range",
"category": [
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12 | Question: When testing n items, how to cover all t-subsets by as few s-subsets as possible? This problem arose from software testing. The problem is a bit difficult to explain. I will first give an example, then try to generalize the problem. There are 10 items to be tested, say A to J, and a testing tool that can test... | {
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"entity": "t-subsets",
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13 | the polarity of a current flowing through a conductor depends on the direction in which the conductor is snubber. | {
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14 | high calorie foods have the highest calorific value. | {
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"entity": "calorie",
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"entity": "calorific value",
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15 | the theory of the local class field of matter is based on quantum mechanics | {
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16 | a phase diagram is a visual representation of the phases of an ion complex | {
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17 | a bronchiole is a muscular tube that transports sand and other particles from one place to another place. | {
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"entity": "muscular tube",
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18 | the vector analysis of a ray of light reveals the direction of the ray in relation to the plane of the ray. | {
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... |
19 | what happens when a magnet is pushed against a magnet pole? | {
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20 | the doline is the main unit of measurement for the dilution of liquids. | {
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21 | the application of engineering principles to the production of products is called applied engineering. | {
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22 | large deviation theory large deviation theory (ldt) is a type of physics that explains why a star appears red when it is actually blue. | {
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23 | interstellar travel can be accomplished by using a spacecraft. | {
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24 | wright gliders are gliders invented by william wright. | {
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25 | the conversion of chemical energy of an object into electric energy of an object takes the form of an electric current. | {
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"entity": "electric energy",
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26 | the greater the rolling resistance of a wheel , the lower its rolling resistance. | {
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"entity": "rolling resistance",
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27 | it produces uranium and thorium. | {
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"entity": "uranium",
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{
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"entity": "thorium",
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28 | in mathematics , if a matrix is a series of numbers , the numbers can be arranged into a group and then multiplied to arrive at a new number. | {
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29 | the circuit breaker in a house is protected by a circuit breaker panel. | {
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"entity": "circuit breaker panel",
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30 | a pulse width modulation control ( pwm ) circuit controls the repetition of a circuit 's on-off-on rhythmic pulse. | {
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... |
31 | machine vision is a branch of computer vision. | {
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"entity": "computer vision",
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32 | when a program is caught in an exception, the program is stopped and the exception handled. | {
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33 | acceleration of a moving object changes the direction of the motion | {
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"entity": "motion",
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34 | a radioactive decay is a type of beta decay | {
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},
{
"start": 2,
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"entity": "radioactive decay",
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35 | an axon is a bundle of nerve fibers that carries messages along a nerve pathway. | {
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"entity": "bundle of nerve fibers",
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36 | a base is any chemical substance with a ph value of below 7. a base is typically a metal, such as sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium. | {
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"entity": "chemical substance",
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37 | some scientists have developed a method to clone organisms based on genes that are already present by a process called gene-editing. | {
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"entity": "clone organisms",
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"entity": "genes",
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38 | the photon is also known as a zeptosecond. | {
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39 | the adsorption of an acid causes the acid to form a solid solution. | {
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"entity": "acid",
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"entity":... |
40 | the design of an electrical circuit is the most important aspect of electrical engineering. | {
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"entity": "electrical engineering",
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41 | arthropods are animals that move by attaching themselves to another animal. | {
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"entity": "animals",
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"end": 74,
"entity": ... |
42 | when a frog's egg fertilises , its fertilised egg attaches to the frog 's ova. | {
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"entity": "frog's egg fertilises",
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"entity": "fertilised egg",
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"start": 66,
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43 | translation of genes is a primary function of the human body. | {
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"entity": "genes",
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"entity": "human body",
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{
"start": 0,
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"entity": "t... |
44 | an example of a callus is the callus that forms on the sole of a foot. | {
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"entity": "callus",
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"entity": "sol... |
45 | a sweet liquid produced by plants is known as nectar. | {
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"entity": "nectar",
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"entity": "plants",
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},
{
"start": 8,
"end": 14,
"entity": "liqu... |
46 | discrete geometry is an abstract mathematical area. | {
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"entity": "discrete geometry",
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},
{
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"entity": "mathematical",
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}
]
} |
47 | large hadron colliders investigate the physics of atoms and ions. | {
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"entity": "atoms",
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... |
48 | in the past , nanoimprinting was a way to create the atoms of an isotope in a molecule by using a stamp or punch , but the technology has moved to a much more | {
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{
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"end": 28,
"entity": "nanoimprinting",
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"entity": "atoms",
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49 | a ctl is a control law | {
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"entity": "ctl",
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},
{
"start": 11,
"end": 22,
"entity": "control law",
"category": [
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}
]
} |
50 | nano-medicine is the use of nano-technology to improve the way patients are treated. | {
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{
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"end": 43,
"entity": "nano-technology",
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]
} |
51 | glucocorticoids are produced by the adrenal gland. | {
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"entity": "glucocorticoids",
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},
{
"start": 36,
"end": 49,
"entity": "adrenal gland",
"category": [
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}
]
} |
52 | gluons are the subatomic particles in matter | {
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"entity": "subatomic particles",
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{
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"en... |
53 | virtual machine is the most important concept in modern computers | {
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{
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"entity": "virtual machine",
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},
{
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"entity": "computers",
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}
]
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54 | a thermal engineer would be interested in the design of a heat exchanger, a device to cool water by convection. | {
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{
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"entity": "thermal engineer",
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},
{
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"end": 72,
"entity": "heat exchanger",
"category": [
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},
{
"start": 100,
"end"... |
55 | metaheuristics are a type of computer simulation. | {
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},
{
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"entity": "computer simulation",
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}
]
} |
56 | after a piece of paper is drew on the diagram , the lines can be traced out with cr geometry. | {
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"entity": "cr geometry",
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]
} |
57 | a vent fan for an engine will blow air into the engine to cool it. | {
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"entity": "engine",
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"end": 54,
"enti... |
58 | when cells are divided into two groups of cells by dna , rna, and microtubules , the new cells have a new genome. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 5,
"end": 10,
"entity": "cells",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 51,
"end": 54,
"entity": "dna",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 57,
"end": 60,
"entity": "rna",
... |
59 | the iliac arteries are on the outside. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 4,
"end": 18,
"entity": "iliac arteries",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
}
]
} |
60 | a technical drawing is produced to express an engineering design concept | {
"result": [
{
"start": 2,
"end": 19,
"entity": "technical drawing",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"start": 46,
"end": 72,
"entity": "engineering design concept",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
}
]
} |
61 | the engine of a motor vehicle converts mechanical energy into rotational energy and a magnetic field into electric energy. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 4,
"end": 10,
"entity": "engine",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"start": 16,
"end": 29,
"entity": "motor vehicle",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"start": 39,
"end": 56,
... |
62 | the denotation for the group of all the measurable parts of a complex matrix is the differential galois theory. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 62,
"end": 76,
"entity": "complex matrix",
"category": [
"Mathematics"
]
},
{
"start": 84,
"end": 110,
"entity": "differential galois theory",
"category": [
"Mathematics"
]
}
]
} |
63 | when a mass is pushed, its momentum increases and its inertia decreases. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 7,
"end": 11,
"entity": "mass",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 27,
"end": 35,
"entity": "momentum",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 54,
"end": 61,
"entity": "iner... |
64 | the process in which eukaryotic cells migrate is known as translocation. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 21,
"end": 37,
"entity": "eukaryotic cells",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 58,
"end": 71,
"entity": "translocation",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
}
]
} |
65 | in nanotechnology the term molecular assembly can refer to the assembling of molecules into structures | {
"result": [
{
"start": 3,
"end": 17,
"entity": "nanotechnology",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
},
{
"start": 27,
"end": 45,
"entity": "molecular assembly",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 77,
"end": ... |
66 | then the temperature reaches a maximum strain if the atoms in the nucleus vibrate on a frequency f. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 9,
"end": 20,
"entity": "temperature",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 39,
"end": 45,
"entity": "strain",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 53,
"end": 58,
"entity": ... |
67 | computers are in an inactive state when the cpu is turned off. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 44,
"end": 47,
"entity": "cpu",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
},
{
"start": 0,
"end": 9,
"entity": "computers",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
}
]
} |
68 | an agent based model identifies a complex network of agents and their interdependent activities. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 3,
"end": 20,
"entity": "agent based model",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
},
{
"start": 42,
"end": 49,
"entity": "network",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
},
{
"start": 53,
"end": 59,
... |
69 | the computer is controlled by a machine code. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 4,
"end": 12,
"entity": "computer",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
},
{
"start": 32,
"end": 44,
"entity": "machine code",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
}
]
} |
70 | alternator synchronization is necessary in a power plant in order to keep the equipment running and the engine running. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 26,
"entity": "alternator synchronization",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"start": 45,
"end": 56,
"entity": "power plant",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"start": 78,
... |
71 | saltwater is a saltwater environment with high salinity and low oxygen content | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 9,
"entity": "saltwater",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 15,
"end": 24,
"entity": "saltwater",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 47,
"end": 55,
"entit... |
72 | a load flow study is used to determine how much weight a structure can carry. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 57,
"end": 66,
"entity": "structure",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"start": 2,
"end": 17,
"entity": "load flow study",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
}
]
} |
73 | plasma is the only state of matter that is always at the border between matter and energy. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 6,
"entity": "plasma",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 72,
"end": 78,
"entity": "matter",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 83,
"end": 89,
"entity": "energ... |
74 | a collimated beam is a light that is symmetric in its direction of propagation , and is aimed at a target at a specific distance. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 23,
"end": 28,
"entity": "light",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 67,
"end": 78,
"entity": "propagation",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 120,
"end": 128,
"entity"... |
75 | a conductor is an electrical conductor with an electric charge. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 2,
"end": 11,
"entity": "conductor",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 18,
"end": 38,
"entity": "electrical conductor",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 47,
"end": 62,
... |
76 | the body is attacked by a macrophage , a lymphocyte that destroys foreign body tissue. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 26,
"end": 36,
"entity": "macrophage",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 41,
"end": 51,
"entity": "lymphocyte",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 74,
"end": 85,
"entit... |
77 | rust is a chemical compound consisting of iron oxide and sulfate | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 4,
"entity": "rust",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 10,
"end": 27,
"entity": "chemical compound",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 42,
"end": 52,
"en... |
78 | organic compounds are usually not soluble in water | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 17,
"entity": "organic compounds",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 34,
"end": 41,
"entity": "soluble",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 45,
"end": 50,
... |
79 | bacteriophages cause infection by multiplying rapidly from the host host | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 14,
"entity": "bacteriophages",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 63,
"end": 67,
"entity": "host",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 68,
"end": 72,
"entity":... |
80 | in particle physics , muon neutrino physics , the muon neutrino is the most abundant part of the neutrino family. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 3,
"end": 19,
"entity": "particle physics",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 22,
"end": 43,
"entity": "muon neutrino physics",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 50,
"end": ... |
81 | salts are chemicals with high salt concentrations. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 5,
"entity": "salts",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 10,
"end": 19,
"entity": "chemicals",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 30,
"end": 49,
"entity": ... |
82 | nanocomposites are materials with nano-sized particles that are able to withstand chemical and mechanical stresses | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 14,
"entity": "nanocomposites",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
},
{
"start": 19,
"end": 28,
"entity": "materials",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 34,
"end": 54,
... |
83 | a mesophilic animal prefers the watery environment to that provided by a hygrophilic animal | {
"result": [
{
"start": 2,
"end": 18,
"entity": "mesophilic anima",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 32,
"end": 50,
"entity": "watery environment",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 73,
"end": 91,... |
84 | adenosine triphosphate is a nucleic acid that is found in the nucleus of an adenosine triphosphate synthesizer and is used by adenosine | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 22,
"entity": "adenosine triphosphate",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 28,
"end": 40,
"entity": "nucleic acid",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 62,
"end": 69,... |
85 | a heat equation is the equation for the heat flow in a fluid. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 2,
"end": 15,
"entity": "heat equation",
"category": [
"General"
]
},
{
"start": 23,
"end": 31,
"entity": "equation",
"category": [
"Mathematics"
]
},
{
"start": 40,
"end": 49,
"e... |
86 | the voltage produced by the turbine can be used to regulate the flow of the water in the rectifier | {
"result": [
{
"start": 4,
"end": 11,
"entity": "voltage",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 28,
"end": 35,
"entity": "turbine",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"start": 76,
"end": 81,
"entity":... |
87 | air conditioning systems are generally set to a maximum temperature of 85 °f (29 °c). | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 24,
"entity": "air conditioning systems",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"start": 56,
"end": 67,
"entity": "temperature",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 71,
"end"... |
88 | combinatorial set theory has been used in the study of quantum theories. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 55,
"end": 71,
"entity": "quantum theories",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 0,
"end": 24,
"entity": "combinatorial set theory",
"category": [
"Mathematics"
]
}
]
} |
89 | tin is a chemical element found in the periodic table of the elements | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 3,
"entity": "tin",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 9,
"end": 25,
"entity": "chemical element",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 39,
"end": 53,
"entit... |
90 | the value of an atom in an ionization spectrum is called the electron volts | {
"result": [
{
"start": 16,
"end": 20,
"entity": "atom",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 27,
"end": 46,
"entity": "ionization spectrum",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 61,
"end": 75,
... |
91 | when a substance combines with another substance to become a compound , the change is called the reaction. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 7,
"end": 16,
"entity": "substance",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 39,
"end": 48,
"entity": "substance",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 61,
"end": 69,
"enti... |
92 | in electrical engineering , an electrical current transformer is used to convert electric current to another form of electrical current | {
"result": [
{
"start": 3,
"end": 25,
"entity": "electrical engineering",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"start": 31,
"end": 61,
"entity": "electrical current transformer",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"st... |
93 | plasmonics is the study of the interaction of ions , molecules , and atoms at the nanoscale. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 10,
"entity": "plasmonics",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
},
{
"start": 31,
"end": 50,
"entity": "interaction of ions",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 53,
"end": 62,
... |
94 | nanorobotics focuses on the development of nanomachines and micromachines for manufacturing and manufacturing products | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 12,
"entity": "nanorobotics",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
},
{
"start": 43,
"end": 55,
"entity": "nanomachines",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
},
{
"start": 60,
"end": 73,
... |
95 | when a sphere is rotated at a slant, it will have lenz's law | {
"result": [
{
"start": 7,
"end": 13,
"entity": "sphere",
"category": [
"Mathematics"
]
},
{
"start": 50,
"end": 60,
"entity": "lenz's law",
"category": [
"Physics"
]
}
]
} |
96 | display is a device used in information technology to show information on a screen. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 7,
"entity": "display",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
},
{
"start": 13,
"end": 19,
"entity": "device",
"category": [
"Technology"
]
},
{
"start": 28,
"end": 50,
"entity":... |
97 | in a chemical reaction , an endogenous variable is a substance that is directly added to the reaction mixture. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 5,
"end": 22,
"entity": "chemical reaction",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 53,
"end": 62,
"entity": "substance",
"category": [
"Chemistry"
]
},
{
"start": 93,
"end": 109,
... |
98 | a bacterium has a rudimentary cell wall and a symbiotic relationship with the bacterium. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 2,
"end": 11,
"entity": "bacterium",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 46,
"end": 68,
"entity": "symbiotic relationship",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 18,
"end": 39,
... |
99 | the erector spinae muscles are the main muscles that tighten the back vertebrae. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 4,
"end": 26,
"entity": "erector spinae muscles",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 40,
"end": 47,
"entity": "muscles",
"category": [
"Biology"
]
},
{
"start": 65,
"end": 79,
... |
100 | in engineering, bearing capacity refers to the amount of force required to transmit the motion of a component. | {
"result": [
{
"start": 3,
"end": 14,
"entity": "engineering",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"start": 16,
"end": 32,
"entity": "bearing capacity",
"category": [
"Engineering"
]
},
{
"start": 57,
"end": 62... |
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